Lecture No.

Impedance Matching
Design of Matching Networks

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Spring 2009

Department of Electrical Engineering Air University

Why Impedance Matching?

Impedance matching i.e., transforming one impedance value to another, is an immensely important part of microwave component or system design engineering. Why impedance matching is necessary?
Maximum power is delivered to the load when the TL is matched at both the load and source ends Increased sensitivity of the device Reflected power can be harmful to some microwave devices and demands extra protection circuitry To avoid multiple reflections which cause amplitude and phase distortions.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Introduction

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Impedance Matching and Tuning

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Matching a TL Circuit

Impedance matching using discrete components Impedance matching using distributed components
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Features

Matching network should ideally be lossless to avoid unnecessary loss of generator power The simplest design of matching network that satisfies the required specification is generally the most preferable.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

General Rule- Impedance Matching

In order to match a complex load impedance to a TL of Z0, the real part of the input impedance looking into the matching network must be Z0 while the imaginary part must be zero. This implies that a general matching network must have at least two degrees of freedom.

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Matching Network

Narrowband Matching Wideband Matching

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Types of Solutions
In designing an impedance matching circuit, we have two broad approaches at our disposal: Solve analytically to calculate the values of required elements To rely on Smith Chart as a graphical design tool
Both methods have advantages and disadvantages
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Matching Techniques
We will discuss three methods for impedance matching in this course:

L Networks Single Stub Tuner

Discrete component implementation Microstrip or stripline Implementation

Quarter Wave Transformer

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Matching With Lumped Elements

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

L-Networks
At a single frequency, any positive real complex impedance can be matched to any other positive real complex impedance using no more than two reactive elements. There are 8 possible L-matching circuits:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Matching With L-Network

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

The Technique
Imagine that yL =gL +jbL is at the point marked Load in the circuit for gL< 1. By adding jb we will move on the constant g=gL circle. We select the value of b such that we land at one of the two intersections of the g=gL circle with the r = 1 circle.

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

The Technique

At this point, the impedance is 1 + jx, and the series-tuning element can be used to remove the reactive part. The solution that demands the smallest b should normally be chosen, because it gives the largest bandwidth.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Smith Chart Solution

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Example - Case RL< Z0

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Solution Procedure
1. Mark the normalized load impedance point on smith chart

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Solution on Smith Chart

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Impedance Movement-Smith Chart

The addition of series reactance with load results in motion along constant- resistance circle. A shunt connection produces motion along the constantconductance circle. A general rule of thumb concerning the direction of rotation is that whenever an inductor is involved we move the impedance in the upper half of the chart while capacitance results in the movement towards lower half.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

L-Matching Networks
zL* zs
Four possible matching networks

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Mixed Design Matching

No. of transmission line sections connected in series with capacitors placed in parallel configuration. Inductors are usually avoided because they tend to have higher resistive losses than capacitors. Placement and the component value of capacitor gives greater tuning flexibility.
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Microstrip Line Matching Networks

Increasing frequency means decreasing wavelength, and the effect of parasitics in discrete components becomes noticeable. This makes design more complicated and often the distributed elements are used. In mid-GHz range, matching networks usually employ combined discrete and distributed components
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Quarter Wave Transformer

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Quarter Wave Transformer- Matching

l = 4 l = 2 rad tan l =
1 1 1

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

QWT Design

We can adjust Z1 such that Zin = Z0

In other words, a quarter wavelength TL section with this particular characteristic Impedance, will present a perfect match (=0) to the left hand side of TL
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Broadband QWT

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Taper Design

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Microstrip Broadband QWT

Multi-section QWT

Tapered Line QWT

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

QWT Matching
DISADVANTAGES

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Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Adjusting TL Z0

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

STUB Matching

Parallel or Series connection SINGLE STUB TUNER DOUBLE STUB TUNER

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Single Stub Tuner (SST)

At input: Yin = Y0 + j Bs We require: Yin = Y0 + j 0

This is an example of parallel SST. The shunt-connected section is called the STUB
RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009 Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Adjustable Parameters
Two degrees of design freedom 1. Length of the stub line section ls 2. Location of the stub line from the load d

Although not necessary, all the TL sections will be assumed to have same

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

For Proper Impedance Match

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

For Proper Impedance Match

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

SST Design Using Smith Chart

Normalized values

Procedure:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

SST Design Example

Question:

Solution:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

The Solution
Normalized admittance coordinates

Two Solutions are possible:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Solution Contd-

Rotate wavelengths towards generator to:

FINAL 2 SOLUTIONS:

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Short or Open Stubs?

In stripline and microstrip form, open circuited stubs are much more popular than short circuited stubs, because they are simpler to make. Good short circuits are difficult to make in microstrip and stripline, but they are easy to make in coaxial line. Series stubs cannot be made in stripline or microstrip. In coaxial line it is possible, but mechanically difficult and therefore expensive.

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

2 GHz Power Amplifier for a cellular phone

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Printed Circuit Board Layout

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU

Study
Article 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 from the text book Next topic of Discussion Microwave Network Analysis

RF & Microwave Engineering BETE-Fall 2009

Basit Ali Zeb Department of Electrical Engineering, AU