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Bacteria can grow in the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space of the CNS
Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Bacteremia
Meningitis
- Antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin can be used.
Abortion/ Stillbirth
- may affect the infant after birth causing meningitis
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate
anaerobe
Found in soil contaminated by animal feces
Grows in deep wounds
Tetanospasmin
- neurotoxin released upon death &
lysis of the bacteria
enters the CNS via peripheral nerves & blood
Flaccid Paralysis
Respiratory/Cardiac Failure
Botulinum toxin is destroyed through boiling-"botulinum cook" at 121 °C (250 °F) for 3 mins
Foodborne botulism has more frequently been from home-canned foods with low acid
content, such as carrot juice, asparagus, green beans, beets, and corn.
Treatment:
Supportive care
Antibiotics are almost of no use
Antitoxin A, B and E
Leprosy
Hansen’s disease
Mycobacterium leprae
Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30°C
Grows in peripheral nerves and skin cells
Transmission requires prolonged contact with an infected person
- secretions containing the pathogen
- nasal mucosa
2 forms of Leprosy:
1. Tuberculoid (Neural) form - Loss of sensation in skin areas
- spontaneously heal
- positive lepromin test
2. Lepromatous (Progressive) form - Disfiguring nodules over body
- negative lepromin test
Prevention:
*A single dose of rifampicin is able to reduce the rate of leprosy in contacts by 57% to 75%
*BCG is able to offer a variable amount of protection against leprosy as well as against
tuberculosis
Treatment:
Dapsone, Rifampicin, Clofamizine
WHO Recommendation:
- The first was a 24-month treatment using rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone.
- The second was a six-month treatment using rifampicin and dapsone
Diagnosis:
Recovery of poliovirus from a stool sample or a swab of the pharynx
Prevention:
BCG
1. Salk vaccine/ IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine)
2. Sabin vaccine / 0PV(Oral Polio Vaccine)
Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)
Rhabdovirus “bullet shaped”
Mode of transmission:
1. Bite of an infected animal
- Any mammal may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms, including
humans.
- bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle,
wolves, dogs, mongoose (normally yellow mongoose)
or cats.
2. Lick from an infected animal on scratches
3. Aerosol – Bats
Hydrophobia
- spasm of muscles of the mouth and pharynx
triggered by the sight of liquid
- extensive damage to nerves and spinal cord
leads to difficulty in swallowing, increase in salivation.
Diagnosis:
*The reference method for diagnosing rabies is by
performing PCR or viral culture on brain samples
taken after death.
*Inclusion bodies called Negri bodies are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection
Treatment:
Preexposure prophylaxis: Human diploid cells vaccine
Postexposure treatment: Vaccine + immune globulin
Arboviral Encephalitis
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several families
Vertebrate infection occurs when the infected arthropod takes a blood meal.
Arboviral encephalitides have a global distribution
- eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
- western equine encephalitis (WEE)
- St. Louis encephalitis (SLE)
- La Crosse (LAC) encephalitis
- Japanese encephalitis (JE)
* transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks,
• Most cases of arboviral encephalitis occur from June through September, when arthropods
are most active.
• The majority of human infections are asymptomatic or may result in a nonspecific flu-like
syndrome.
Onset may be insidious or sudden with fever, headache, myalgias, malaise and
occasionally prostration.
Infection may, however, lead to encephalitis, with a fatal outcome or permanent neurologic
sequelae.
Fungal Disease of the Nervous System
If untreated, symptoms spread to include anemia, endocrine, cardiac, and kidney diseases and
disorders.
enters a neurological phase when the parasite passes through the blood-brain barrier.
- confusion and reduced coordination
- the sleep cycle is disturbed with bouts of fatigue punctuated with
manic periods progressing to daytime slumber and nighttime insomnia. (Sleeping Sickness)
Naegleria fowleri
also known as "the brain-eating amoeba“
can invade and attack the human nervous system
Protozoan infects nasal mucosa from swimming water
N. fowleri can invade and attack the human nervous system; although this occurs rarely[1],
such an infection will nearly always result in the death of the victim.
invade the central nervous system via the nose, more specifically the olfactory mucosa and
nasal tissues.
climb along nerve fibers through the floor of the cranium via the cribriform plate and into the
brain.
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM or PAME).
- changes in olfactory perception (taste and smell)
- followed by vomiting, nausea, fever, headache
- rapid onset of coma and death in two weeks.
• occurs in healthy children or young adults with no prior history of immune compromise
• exposed to bodies of fresh water(swimming
pool)
Tx:
- Amphotericin B is effective against N. fowleri
- survival remains less than 1%.