Power Electronic Devices and Circuits (EEL-209)

By:

Prof. Bhim Singh

Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-10016, India- 110016 email: bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in Ph.:011-2659-1045

DC-DC Converters Choppers

Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

Block Diagram of a DC-DC Converters

DC-DC Converters
Choppers
Non- Isolated DC-DC Converters

Isolated DC-DC Converters

DC-DC Converters
Current Source Converter Voltage Source Converter

Chopper Step Down Class A Chopper Two Quadrant Class C Chopper Four Quadrant Class E Chopper Step Up Class B Chopper Two Quadrant Class D Chopper Multi Phase Chopper

Non Isolated Converter

Isolated Converter Buck Forward Converter Fluyback Converter Buck Full Bridge Converter Buck Push Pull Converter Boost Forward Converter Buck Half Bridge Converter Boost Full Bridge Converter Boost Push Pull Converter SEPIC Converter

Buck Converter

Boost Converter Buck Half Bridge Converter Boost Full Bridge Converter SEPIC Converter

Buck Boost Converter Buck Full Bridge Converter Cuk Converter

ZETA Converter

Cuk Converter

ZETA Converter
5

Choppers

Choppers
DC choppers are normally used to convert constant dc voltage to variable dc voltages for realizing a dc current source. It is considered a dc converter equivalent similar to ac transformer with a variable turns ratios. The output dc voltage is varied through a solid slate switch in pulse width modulation PWM control at constant or variable frequency switching.

Applications of DC-Choppers
DC motors control in locomotives, Subway cars, Battery operated pallet trucks, Folk lift trucks, Electric boats, Submarines, Battery operated fans and small fans in cooling Computers, Toys etc.
8

DC MOTORS CONTROL IN LOCOMOTIVES

SUBWAY CARS

10

FOLK LIFT TRUCKS

11

ELECTRIC BOATS

12

SUBMARINES

13

BATTERY OPERATED FANS

14

COMPUTERS

15

BATTERY OPERATED TOYS

16

Solid state switches used for choppers

Thyristors with forced commutation (Obsolete) GTO (higher power rating and below 1kHz frequency) IGBT (medium power rating and up-to 20kHz frequency) MOSFET (small power rating and up-to 100kHz frequency)
17

Types of Chopper
Step down class A chopper Step up class B chopper Two quadrant class C chopper Two quadrant class D chopper Four quadrant class E chopper Multi phase chopper
18

Circuit Topologies of Choppers

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Step down chopper

Vo = DVD
20

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Step up chopper

VD V0 = (1 D)
21

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Step up chopper for regenerative braking of DC motor

22

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Two quadrant class C chopper

23

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Two quadrant class D chopper

24

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Four quadrant class E chopper

25

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Multi-phase chopper

V0 = (D1 + D 2 )VD
26

Circuit Topologies of Chopper

Multi-phase chopper in DC Motor Speed Control

Quadrant Operation of Choppers

Chopper Voltage polarity Class A Class B Class C Class D Positive & Negative Class E Positive & Negative Positive & Negative I, II, III & IV
28

Positive

Positive

Positive

Current polarity Quadrant of operation

Positive

Negative

Positive & Negative

Positive

II

I & II

I & IV

Mathematical Analysis of Choppers

29

Step Down Chopper

For continuous conduction, the chopper output voltage is independent of output current. It has two operating modes. In the first mode, solid state switch (S) is on and diode (D) is off and current flows from source to load.

Mode 1
30

Step Down Chopper cont..

During second mode, solid switch is off and load current flows through free-wheeling diode (D). In majority of loads, load or circuit time constant (Ta = L/R) is quite high compared to chopping period (T) resulting in linear rise of load current with time and linear fall in second mode of operation.

Mode 2
31

Step Down Chopper

The chopper output average voltage is as: VO = Vin Ton / (Ton + Toff) = Vin D (1) Where, Ton is on time, Toff is off time and (Ton + Toff) = T =(1/f) (2)

T is total on chopping period. f is switching or chopping frequency. D is duty ratio = Ton/T. (3)
32

Step Down Chopper (CCM) cont..

Waveforms for continuous conduction mode

33

Step Down Chopper in mode 1

The load current (ion) for first mode may be achieved from: Vin = R ion + L (dion/dt) + E (4) At initial condition this current ion (t = 0) = Imin. The solution of eqn gives the load current as: ion(t) = Imin e-(tR/L) + (Vin-E/R) (1- e-(tR/L)) (5) This first mode is for 0<t<Ton (=DT), and at the end of this mode, the load current is as: (6) ion (t = Ton= DT) = Imax
34

Step Down Chopper in mode 2

The load current in second mode may be achieved from the volt current equation as: 0 = R ioff + L (dioff/dt) + E (7) With initial current ioff ( t=0) = Imax and resetting the time origin (i.e. t=0), the current (ioff) in second mode can be expressed as: ioff (t) = Imax e (tR/L) (E/R) (I e ( tR/L)) (8) This second mode is only for 0 t Toff = {(1 D) T}. At the end of second mode, the load current is as: (9) ioff (t =Toff) = Imin
35

Step Down Chopper cont..

The relations between minimum and maximum currents from eqns. can be written as: (10) Imax = Imin e DT/Ta + {(Vin E) /R} (1 e DT/Ta) And Imin = Imax e (1 D) T/Ta (E/R) (1 e (1-D) T/Ta) (11) Where Ta is time constant = L/R. Solving eqns. Imin and Imax are as: (12) Imin =(Vin/R) {(e Dx 1) / (ex 1)} - (E/R) Where x=T/Ta = TR/L = ratio of chopping period to circuit time constant. Imax = (Vin/R) {e Dx 1) / (e x 1)} - (E/R) (13)
36

Step Down Chopper cont..

The peak to peak load current ripple may be computed as. I = Imax Imin = (Vin/R) (1 e Kx + e x e(1 D)x)/(1-e-x) (14)

I/(Vin/R)

37

Step Down Chopper cont..

Conclusions from the above figure 1. The ripple current I reduces to zero as D 0 and D 1. 2. Differentiation of equation for I reveals that the maximum ripple current I occurs at D = 3. The longer the load L /R time constant, Ta, the lower the output ripple current I . 4. The higher the switching frequency, 1/T, the lower the output ripple.

38

Step Down Chopper cont..

The maximum current ripple can be obtained as: D(I)/dD = 0 It results in e-Dx e(1D)x = 0 or D =-(1-D) or D=0.5. Thus the maximum current ripple is at D=0.5 and it is: Imax = (Vin/R) Tanh(R/4fL) =(Vin/R) (1 e 0.5T/Ta)/(1+e0.5T/Ta ) (15) For the assumption 4fL>>R, Tanh and maximum ripple current may be approximately as: Imax=Vin/(4fL) (16)

Step Down Chopper cont..

For continuous conduction, various relations can be derived as: Iin = DIo from power equality Pin = Vin Iin = Po = VoIin Input effective resistance is as: Rin=Vin/Iin=R/D Inductor average current ILav= Io Inductor minimum current ILmin = Imin Inductor maximum current ILmax = Imax
40

Step Down Chopper cont..

Inductor rms current is as: ILrms = [Imin2 + {(Imax Imin)2/3} + Imin (Imax Imin)} Input source average current Iinav=DIo Input source minimum current Iinmin = 0 Input source maximum current Iinmax = Imax Solid state switch (S) average current Isav = DIo Solid state switch (S) maximum current Ismax = Imax Switch rms current Isrms=D0.5[Imin2+{Imax-Imin}2/3]+Imin(Imax-Imin)0.5 Switch average voltage Vsav=(1-D)Vin Switch maximum voltage Vsmax=Vin Switch rms voltage Vsrms=Vin(1-D)0.5
41

Step Down Chopper cont..

Diode average current IDav=(1-D)Io Diode maximum current IDmax=Imax Diode rms current Isrms=(1-D)[Imax2+{Imax-Imin}2/3]+Imax(Imax-Imin)] Diode average voltage VDav=-DVin Diode maximum voltage VDmax=-Vin Diode rms voltage VDrms=Vin D0.5

42

Step Down Chopper

(Discontinuous Current Mode)
For low values of duty ratio especially at low voltage output and high value of battery voltage, E (or back emf), the load current may be discontinuous.

43

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

Vin/Vo=1.25

Vin/Vo=2.0

Vin/Vo=5.0

44

Step Down Chopper (DCM) cont..

Waveforms for discontinuous conduction mode

45

Step Down Chopper (DCM)

For the case of discontinuous current, Imin=0 and ion(t)={(Vin-E)/R}(1-e-t/Ta) Current flowing during the off state ioff(t)={(0-E)/R}(1-e-t/Ta) Moreover, for 0<t<Tc ioff(t=Tc)=0, which results in: Tc=(L/R) ln{1+(RImax)/E} At t=DT, current ion(t) is as: ion(t)=Imax={(Vin-E)/R}(1-e-Dx) After substituting for Imax, critical time Tc is as: Tc=(L/R) ln{1+{(Vin-E)/E}(1-e-x)] (17a) (17b)

(18) (19) (20)

46

Step Down Chopper (DCM) cont

However, for boundary condition of continuous current for Imin 0, [{(eDx-1)/(ex-1)}-(E/Vin)]0 This provides the value of ratio (E/Vin)=Z as: Z=(E/Vin)(eDx-1)/(ex-1) (22) (21)

47

Step Down Chopper Filters

To improve the performance of the chopper at input source and output load, a set of filters is used. The input filter is normally LC filter and Output filter is generally an inductor (L), which may be a separate inductor or part of the load or combination of external inductor and inductance of the load. The objective of output filter is to make an ideal ripple free dc current in the load or at least continuous current
48

Step Down Chopper Filters

49

Step Down Chopper Out-Put Filters

Normally, the design of this output filter inductor is made for a specified current ripple in the load current, which is also dependent on chopper frequency f. The maximum current ripple occurs at duty ratio D = 0.5 and
e 0.5 x = (1 y ) / (1 + y )

(23) . (24) (25)

50

Where x=T/Ta, TR/L=R/(Lf); y=ImaxR/Vin Eqn.(9.43) may be modified as: T/Ta=2 ln{(1+y)/(1-y)} L=(R/f)/ [2 ln{(1+y)/(1-y)}]

Step Down Chopper In-Put Filter

It is observed that without input filter supply current is same as chopper switch current which varies from zero (during turn off) to maximum load current (during on period of the chopper). This type of fluctuating current from dc supply, which may cause undesirable effects of voltage fluctuations, EMI and RFI, supply voltage distortion, additional heating etc.
51

Step Down Chopper In-Put Filter

The nth harmonic current in the dc supply is as: Isn=[(Xc/n)/{(nXL)-(Xc/n)}]ICHn Where, XL=2fL, Xc=1/(2fC), n is order of harmonic. Isn=ICHn/{(2nf)2LC-1}= ICHn/{(nf/fr)2-1} (26) (27)

Where fr = resonant frequency of the filter = 1/{2(LC)}. These two frequencies f and fr must be different to avoid resonance, which results in large oscillation of supply voltage. Normally f is selected more than twice of fr In such case supply harmonic current may be approximated to: (28) Isn={fr/(nf)}2ICHn
52

Step Down Chopper In-Put Filter

For an ideal chopper with perfect filters on both input source and output load shown in Fig. 9.3, the following relations simplified as: Voltage ration Vo/Vin=D Current ratio Io/Iin=1/D Average switch current Isav = DIo RMS switch current Isrms=Io D Average diode current IDav = Io(1D) RMS diode current IDrms=IoD (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34)
53

Step Up Chopper
Class B chopper is used to step up variable voltage to constant voltage

Mode 1

Mode2
54

Step Up Chopper

Waveforms in CCM Mode of operation

55

Step Up Chopper (CCM)

Average input voltage (Vin) can be expressed in terms of output voltage (Vo) as: Vin=Vo Toff/(Ton+Toff)=Vo(1-D) (35)

Alternately, a boost inductor used in step up chopper does not store any energy under steady state condition in a PWM period. It means the energy, which it stores in on period same it releases during off period. Therefore, the energy stored in input inductor during on period must equal to off period considering current in the inductor remains constant (I) as: VinITon=(Vo-Vin)IToff (36)
56

Step Up Chopper (CCM) cont..

Solving it, the relation between input and output voltages is as: Vo=Vin(Ton+Toff)/Toff=VinT/(T-Ton)=Vin/(1-D) (37)

For deriving current relationship, it is considered that an input practical inductor (L) has a small definite resistance (R). Assuming an ideal filter at the output high voltage (Vo), a voltcurrent equation during turn on period is as: L(dion/dt)+Rion=Vin With initial condition ion= Imin at t =0.
57

(38)

Step Up Chopper (CCM) cont..

With initial condition ion= Imin at t =0. The volt-current equation during turn off period is as: Vo-Vin=Rioff+L(dioff/dt) With the initial condition ioff= Imax at t=0. (39) (40)

Imax and Imin maximum and minimum currents. These maximum and minimum currents values are to be same under steady state condition in different chopping cycles. The solution of eqns. is with proper initial conditions as: Imax=(Vin/R)(e-Ton/Ta)+Imine-Ton/Ta (41) Where Ta= L/R. Imin={(Vin-Vo)/R}(1-e-Toff/Ta)+Imaxe-Toff/Ta (42)
58

Step Up Chopper (CCM)

Further solving these equations the Imax and Imin are as: Imax=(Vin/R)-(Vo/R){(e-Ton/Ta-e-T/Ta)/(1- e-T/Ta)} Imin=(Vin/R)-(Vo/R){(1-e-Toff/Ta)/(1- e-T/Ta)} (43) (44)

The peak to peak current ripple is as: I=Imax-Imin=(Vo/R){(1+ e-T/Ta)-(e-DT/Ta+e-(1-D)T/Ta)}/ (1- e-T/Ta) (45) The condition for maximum current ripple can be derived in the similar manner and it also appears at D = 0.5. The average input current can be derived as: (46) Iinav=(Vin-Vsav)/R={Vin-(1-D)Vo}/R
59

Step Up Chopper Discontinuous Current Mode

The input current drawn from dc source (Vin) of low voltage may become zero before the end of the off period of the chopper. The boundary condition between continuous and discontinuous current may be achieved for Imin=0, which results in as: (Vin/Vo)={(1-e-Toff/Ta)/(1- e-T/Ta)} (47)

However, DCM may be avoided either by increasing the value of inductance or frequency of chopping or both.
60

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

Vin/Vo=0.25 Vin/Vo=0.5

Vin/Vo=0.8

61

Step Up Chopper Filters

Normally a high value of an inductor (Li) is used in the input, which is low voltage side to reduce the current ripple to a specified value. A C-L filter is used on output high voltage side to have ripple free current and ripple free voltage.

62

Step Up Chopper Filters

The following relations can be derived as: Iin/Io=1/(1-D) Average input current Iinav=Io/(1-D) Switch average current Isav=IoD/(1-D) Switch average voltage Vsav=Vin=Vo(1-D) Switch peak voltage Vsmax=Vo Diode average current IDav=Io Diode maximum current IDmax= Imax Diode average voltage VDav=DVo Diode peak voltage VDmax=Vo
63

Class B chopper

Mode 1

Mode 2

continuous inductor current

Discontinuous inductor current

64

During the switch on-period, when vo = 0 R io+ L (dio/dt) =E Which yields io(t) = Imin e-(t/Ta) + E/R (1- e-(t/Ta)) E= R io + L (dio/dt) + Vs Which yields io (t) = Imax e (t/Ta) ((E-Vs)/R) (I e ( t/Ta)) (0 tTc) (51)
tT Ta

(48)

(0 tTon)

(49) (50)

During the switch off-period, when vo = Vs

I m ax = I m in =

E R

Vs R

T Ta

1 e 1 e 1 e

T Ta

(5 2 ) (5 3)
65

E R

Vs R

T + To n Ta T Ta

Two-quadrant dc chopper - Q I and Q II

Mode 1

Mode 2
66

Waveforms for quadrant 1

Waveforms for quadrant 2

67

Four possible output modes can occur, depending on the relative polarity of the maximum and minimum currents shown in figure as shown above Imin > 0, Imax > 0 and Io > 0 When the minimum current (hence average output current) is greater than zero, the chopper is active in the first-quadrant. The switch T2 and diode D2 do not conduct during any portion of the operating period. Imin < 0, Imax > 0 and Io > 0 When the minimum current is negative but the maximum positive current is larger in absolute magnitude, then for a highly inductive load, the average output current is greater than zero, and the chopper operates in the first-quadrant. If the load is not highly inductive the boundary is determined by the average output current Io > 0. The various circuit waveforms are shown in figure (a).
68

Imin < 0, Imax > 0 and Io < 0 For a highly inductive load, if the magnitude of the negative peak is greater than the positive maximum, the average is less than zero and the chopper is operating in the regenerative mode, quadrant II. If the load is not highly inductive the boundary is determined by the average output current Io < 0. Imin < 0, Imax < 0 and Io < 0 When the maximum current and the average current are both negative, the chopper is operational in the second-quadrant. Since the load current never goes positive, switch T1 and diode D1 never conduct, as shown in figure

69

Two-quadrant dc chopper - Q 1 and Q IV

T1 and T4 forming a +Vs path

T1 and D4 (or T4 and D1) forming a zero voltage loop

D1 and D4 creating a -Vs path

70

Operation in quadrant I

Operation in quadrant IV
71

T1 and T4 T1 and D4 T1 and T4 T4 and D1 T1 and T4 T1 and D4

Vs 0 Vs 0 Vs 0,

(not T1 and D4 again) etc. D1 and D4 T1 and D4 D1 and D4 T4 and D1 D1 and D4 T1 and D4 In regeneration mode -Vs (that is T1 and T4 off) 0 -Vs 0 (not T1 and D4 again) -Vs 0, etc.

There are two types of switching Multilevel switching is when both switches are controlled independently to give all three output voltage states (three levels), namely Vs and 0V. Bipolar switching (or two level switching) is when both switches operate in unison, where they turn on together and off together. Only two voltage output states (hence the term bipolar), are possible, +Vs and Vs.
72

Four quadrant chopper

73

Multilevel (three-level) output voltage (a) with Vo> 0 and Io > 0

Multilevel (three-level) output voltage (b) with Vo < 0 and Io < 0

74

The output voltage switches between + Vs and Vs and the relative duration of each state depends on the magnitude of the modulation index D. If D = 0 then T1 and T4 never turn-on since T2 and T3 conduct continuously which impresses Vs across the load. At the other extreme, if D = 1 then T1 and T4 are on continuously and Vs is impressed across the load. If D = then T1 and T4 are turned on for half of the period T, while T2 and T3 are on for the remaining half of the period. The output voltage is Vs for half of the time and + Vs for the remaining half of any period. The average output voltage is therefore zero, but disadvantageously, the output current needlessly ripples about zero (with an average value of zero). The chopper output voltage is defined in terms of the triangle voltage reference level v by v > , vo = -Vs v < , vo = +Vs
75

Bipolar (two-level) output voltage (c) with Vo > 0 and Io > 0

Bipolar (two-level) output voltage (d) with Vo < 0 and Io < 0

76

Multi-phase Chopper

Multiphase chopper is a chopper, which has several identical choppers operated in parallel and phase shifted from each other. These may also be configured in different quadrant operation. They offer the advantages of reduced ripple current and an increase in ripple frequency resulting in reduction in supply harmonic current.
77

Multi-phase Chopper
They are preferred in large power rating, when either use several solid state devices in parallel or use multiphase chopper, which avoids the problems of matching of dynamic and static characteristics of several devices in single chopper. Each chopper in P-phase chopper is operated at same frequency and duty cycle. The start of switching is phase shifted by (T/P) seconds and (360/P) in terms of angle. Effect of phase shift on current waveforms can be observed as an increase in ripple frequencies .

78

Multi-phase Chopper

79

Multi-phase Chopper
The number of choppers are to be on simultaneously at any instant of time, is dependant on the value of duty cycle D. For 0 < D<(1/P), there is an interval when only one chopper switch is on and all other phase choppers are free wheeling. During this period net load current rising to maximum value Imax. Followed by this, there is an interval when all chopper switches are off and all phases diodes are freewheeling. During this period, net load current is decaying towards minimum value Imin.
80

Multi-phase Chopper
In this fashion, it can be generalized that for any value of D, {(Q-1)/P} < D < (Q/P), where Q is a positive integer less than or equal to P, there is two modes of conduction as: Q choppers are on and load current is increasing towards Imax. Only (Q-1) choppers are on and load current decreases to Imin. Where P is no of phases while Q is no of phases conducting
81

Multi-phase Chopper
For writing basic volt-current relations, it is considered that Q phases are conducting and (P-Q) phases freewheeling diodes are conducting. For such condition, these equations are as: Ri1+L(di1/dt)+RLio+LL(dio/dt)=Vin Ri2+L(di2/dt)+RLio+LL(dio/dt)=Vin RiQ+L(diQ/dt)+RLio+LL(dio/dt)=Vin RiQ+1+L(diQ+1/dt)+RLio+LL(dio/dt)=Vin RiP+L(diP/dt)+RLio+LL(dio/dt)=Vin (54) (55) (56)
(57)

(58)
82

Multi-phase Chopper
Eqns. (54)-(58) can be lumped together as: R1io+L1(dio/dt)=V1 Where R1=R+PRL, L1=L+PLL, and V1=PVin (59)
(60)

Eqn. (59) is applicable to the condition of increasing io, when Q chopper switches are on. Considering this period Ti of increasing current as: Ti=DT-{(Q-1)/P}T=T{D-(Q-1)/P} (61) Considering reference time t=0 at the instant of rising current with initial condition as: (62) io=Imin at t=0
83

Multi-phase Chopper
Based on this eqn. (62), the solution of eqn. (59) is as: io=Imine-t/Ta+(V1/R1) (1-e-t/Ta) Where equivalent time constant is as: Ta=(L1/R1) The maximum current Imax occurs at t=Ti, therefore: Imax=(V1/R1)(1-e-Ti/Ta)+Imine-Ti/Ta (63) (64) (65)

During the period of the decay of load current io, (Q-1) switches are on and other phase choppers are freewheeling. The duration of this period is from turn off switch 1 to the turn on (Q+1) switch, which is as: Td=(Q/P)T-DT=T{(Q/P)-D} (66)
84

Multi-phase Chopper
During decay of current, only (Q-1) equations will have Vin on RHS and remaining are having zero. By adding all equations, the resulting equation is as: R1i0+L1(di0/dt)=V2 (67) Where V2=(Q-1) Vin (68) Considering a new reference for the period of decay of current, the initial condition for eqn. (67) is as: I0=Imax at t=0 (69) Solving the eqn. (67) during decay of current is as: i0=Imax e-t/Ta+(V2/R1)(1-e-t/Ta) (70) This current decay to minimum current Imin at t=Td, as: Imin = Imax e Td/Ta (V2/R1) (1 e Td/Ta)
85

Multi-phase Chopper
Solving eqns. (66) and (70) for Imin and Imax as: Imax = (Vin/R1) {Q-(e Ti/Ta e T/PTa)/(1- e T/PTa)} Imin=(Vin/R1) {Q-(1-e Td/Ta)/(1- e T/PTa)} The relation between P and Q can be written as: (Q-1)/P<D<(Q/P) (71) (72) (73)

(T/P) is the duration of the output current ripple, which is as: (T/P)=Ti+Td (74)

86

Multi-phase Chopper
Average value of output voltage and current are as: V0=DVin-R(I0/P)=I0RL I0=DVin/(RL+R/P) V0=DVinRL/(RL+R/P) (75) (76) (77)

For the load having battery or back emf (E), eqns.(71) and (72) may be modified similar to single equivalent chopper as: Imax=(-PE/R1)+(Vin/R1){Q -(e Ti/Ta e T/PTa)/(1- e T/PTa)} (78) Imin=(-PE/R1)+(Vin/R1){Q-(1-e Td/Ta)/(1- e T/PTa)} (79)

87

Multi-phase Chopper (DCM)

For a boundary condition between CCM and DCM, keeping Imin=0, it results in as: (E/Vin)= {Q-(1-e Ti/Ta)/(1- e T/PTa)}/P (80)

88

Numerical Examples

89

Numerical Example -1
1. In a battery-operated car, the battery voltage is 144 V. It employs a dc motor with armature resistance of 0.25 ohms through step up dc chopper. During regenerative braking, when car is moving down hill at some speed its back-emf is 120 V and braking motor current is 15A. Calculate (a) the duty ratio, (b) value of peak, rms, and average current in the battery, and (c) values of peak, rms, and average voltage and current of the solid-state switch and diode

90

Solution
V = E R a Ia V = 120 3.75 = 116.25
V (1 D ) 1 1 6 .2 5 144 = 1 D V B at =

Dutyratio, D = .19
Battery Parameters Iinpeak = Ia = 15A Iinaverage = (1 D)I a = 12.15A Iinrms = (1 D)Ia = 13.5A
91

Switch voltage and currents

ISpeak = Ia = 15A ISaverage = DIa = 2.85A ISrms = DIa = 6.54A
VSpeak = Vin = 144V VSaverage = (1 D)Vin = 116.64V VSrms = (1 D)Vin = 129.6V

Diode currents and voltages

I Dpeak = Ia = 15A I Daverage = (1 D)Ia = 12.15A I Drms = (1 D)Ia = 13.5A
VDpeak = Vin = 144V VDaverage = DVin = 27.36V VDrms = DVin = 62.76V

92

Numerical Example- 2
2. A first quadrant dc chopper feeding to a dc motor the out put current is constant due to large inductance of motor. (a) Show that max. input current ripple takes place at D=0.5, (b) design an input filter with switching frequency is 400 Hz, armature current 100 amp if I1rms is 10% of average dc current let available capacitors are of 1F and can take 5amp current

93

Solution
Iinaverage = DIa Iinrms = DIa Iinripple = (( DIa ) 2 (DI a ) 2 ) = Ia D D 2 d 2 I inripple = Ia (1 2D) dD d 2 I inripple = 0 dD 1 2D = 0 D = 0.5

i in = I inave + I inave

4 Ia (sin t + sin 3 t + ...........) 2n = I a D = 100 *.5 = 50A 4 Ia 1 = ( ) = 45.1733A 2 1 2

I in1rms

94

But input ac current not to surpass 10% of dc current

I in 1 rm s = I in a v e Ii = ( 5 = ( X
L

10 = 5A 100 ) I in 1 rm s
C

XC XL X XC XL X
C

) 45
C

= 10X

I C1 = (

XL XL X

) I in 1 rm s
C

I C1 = 5 0 A

But maximum capacitor current is 5 amp. Therefore 10cap can be connected in parallel
Cequivalent = 10F X L = 10X C L = 0.15821mH
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Numerical Example -3
3. A dc step down chopper controlled electric train is fed from a 1750 V dc source. The minimum effective ON time solid state switching device is 30 sec. If the chopper frequency is 1.5 kHz, what is the minimum possible output voltage?

Solution Vin = 1750V Ton = DT = 30sec f = 1.5 kHz T = 1/f = 0.667msec D = Ton/T = 0.045 Vo = DVin = 0.045*1750 = 78.75V
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Numerical Example - 4
4. A battery powered, chopper fed dc motor driven pallet truck is running at constant speed. The battery voltage is 112V and motor back-emf is 60 V. The chopper frequency is 2 kHz and duty ratio is 80%. The motor circuit resistance is 0.8 ohms and inductance is 0.25 mH. Calculate (a) peak, average and rms motor currents, and (b) peak to peak value of the current ripple of the motor.

Solution (a) (i)Imax = (Vin/R){(1-e-(Ton/Ta))/( 1-e-(T/Ta))} E/R = (112/0.8){(1-e-(0.4/0.3125))/( 1-e-(0.5/0.3125))} 60/0.8 = 51.32A
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(ii) Imin = (Vin/R){(e(Ton/Ta)-1)/( e(T/Ta)-1)} E/R

= (112/0.8){(e(0.4/0.3125)-1)/( e(0.5/0.3125)-1)} 60/0.8 = 16.96A (iii) Io = (Vo E)/R = (DVin- E)/R = (0.8*112 60)/25 = 37A (iv) Iorms = {Imin2+(Imax - Imin)2/3+ Imin(Imax - Imin)}0.5 = {16.962+(51.32 16.96)2/3+16.96(51.32 16.96)}0.5 = 35.55A (b) Io = (Imax - Imin) = 51.32 16.96 = 34.36A

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Numerical Example - 5
5. The four phase chopper is operating at 125 Hz and at a duty cycle of 0.55. These choppers are having the inductors of 5.0 mH with their resistances 0.5 ohms. This chopper is feeding RLE load having R=5 ohms and L=5 mH and E=120V. The dc supply voltage is 240 V. Calculate (a) ripple current in the load, (b) frequency of output ripple current, (c) average voltage across load resistance, (d) average load current, (e) values of peak, rms, and average voltage and current of the solid state switch and diode, (f) value of E at which load current will become just discontinuous, and (g) value of duty cycle at which load current will become just discontinuous with E=120 V. Ta = (L+Ls/N)/(R+Rs/N) = 1.22msec D1 = (Ta/T)ln[1+E/Vin*(e(T/Ta) 1)] = (1.22/8)ln[1+(120/240)*(e(8/1.22) 1) = 0.895
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Solution

Here the actual duty ratio D becoming less than D1, therefore it becomes DCM operation. Imax = ((Vin E)/Req)*(1-e-( Ton/ Ta)) = ((240 120)/5.125)*(1-e-(4.4/1.22)) = 22.78A (a) Io = Imax = 22.78A (b) frequency of o/p ripple current = 125Hz (c) Io = (Vo E)/R Vo = DVin+(1 Tx/T)E Tx = Ton+Ta*ln[1+((Vin E)/E)*(1-e-( Ton/ Ta))] = 7.77msec Vo = 0.55*240+(1 7.77/8)*120 = 135.45V Io = (135.45 - 120)/5.125 = 3.015A Voltage across load resistance = IoR = 3.015*5 = 15.075A
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(d) Io = 3.015A (e) (i) Vspeak = Vin = 240V (ii) Vsave = (1/T){Vin(Tx - Ton)+(Vin - E)(T - Tx)} = 104.55V (iii) Vsrms = {(1/T)[Vin2(Tx - Ton)+(Vin - E)2(T - Tx)]}1/2 = 157.09V (iv) VDpeak = Vin = 240V (v) VDave = (1/T)(VinTon+E(T - Tx)) = 135.45V (vi) VDrms = {(1/T)(Vin2Ton+E2(T - Tx))}1/2 = 179.15V (vii) Ispeak = Imax/4 = 5.695A (viii) Isave = Imax*(Ton/(2T))/4 = 22.78*4.44/(2*8)/4 = 1.58A (ix) Isrms = Imax*(Ton/(3T))/4 = 22.78*(4.44/(3*8))/4 = 2.495A (x) IDpeak = Imax/4 = 5.695A (xi) IDave = Imax*((Tx Ton)/(2T))/4 = 1.2A (xii) IDrms = Imax*((Tx Ton)/(3T))/4 = 2.134A (f) If D = 0.55 D = (Ta/T)ln[1+E/Vin*(e(T/Ta) 1)] 0.55= (1.22/8)ln[1+(E/240)*(e(8/1.22) 1) E = 12.22V (g) D1 = 0.895

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References
1. N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics, Converter, Application and Design, Second Edition, John Willey & Sons, 1995, New York, ISBN 997151-177-0. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, circuits, Devices and Applications, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1995, India, ISBN 81-203-0869-7. B. W. Williams, Power Electronics: Devices, Drivers and Applications,Wiley,1987.NewYork,ISBN: 0470206969. W. C. Lander, "Power Electronics", 3rd Edition, McGrawHill, 1993, New York, ISBN: 0077077148S. Joseph Vithyathil, Power Electronics principles and applications, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition.
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2. 3. 4. 5.

Thank you

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