GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
The feasibility studies on GPS is begun in 1960s by
the Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS), and first satellite launched in 1978, while the system declared fully operational in April, 1995.

The system is made up from 26 satellites (24

functioning & 2 spares). Each satellite is 20,000 km high (from earths surface) in a fixed position. always in view. The location of the objects on earth is detected by distance-distance intersection.

Orbits are planned so that at least 4 satellites are

 Now a days GPS become more popular as we find its

way into car, boats, planes, construction equipments, farm machinery, laptop and computer etc, so now its become almost as basic as telephone. segments:

The global positioning system is comprised of three Space segment Operational control segment User equipment segment

 User segment
GPS antennas & receiver/processors Position Velocity Precise timing Used by Aircraft Ground vehicles Ships Individuals

POSITIONING USING SATELLITE SIGNALS

A position is based on real-time satellite tracking and its defined by a set of coordinates. A position represents only an approximation of the receivers true location. A position is not static. It changes constantly as the GPS receiver moves (or wanders due to random errors). A receiver must be in 2D or 3D mode (at least 3 or 4 satellites acquired) in order to provide a position fix. 3D mode dramatically improves position accuracy.

Application of GPS Technology

Location - determining a basic position Navigation - getting from one location to another Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and

things
Mapping - creating maps of the world Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

 Private and recreation Traveling by car Hiking, climbing, biking Vehicle control Mapping, survey, geology Agriculture General and commercial Spacecraft Maritime

REMOTE SENSING

INTRODUCTION
Remote means far away and sensing means acquiring

some information. So, remote sensing means acquiring information of objects from a very large distance. surface are captured and then used for generating a map.

In the remote sensing, whole the data of the earth

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining

information about an object, area or phenomenon through an analysis of the data acquired by a device which is not in contact with the object under investigation.

 So, it consists collecting and interpreting information

about an object without being in physical contact with them. means of detecting characteristics. and measuring target

The remote sensing use electromagnetic energy as

The data collection of the remote sensing is carried

out by highly sophisticated sensors like camera, multispectral scanner, radar etc and the data basically consists of wave length intensity information. images of a very large area, and now a days remote sensing is mainly done from space using satellites.

The sensors are located at so high that they can make

CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing is broadly classified into two

categories:

a) Passive remote sensing b) Active remote sensing

a) Passive remote sensing It uses sun as a sources of EM energy and records

the energy that is naturally radiated and /or reflected from the objects, and the photographs are taken on a clear bright days.

b) Active remote sensing It uses its own source of EM energy, which is

directed towards the object and return energy is measured. So, this system utilizes man-made sources of energy for data collection.

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing has a very broad application which

proves very useful for accurate and continuous monitoring of the earths natural and other resources and of determining the impact of mans activities on air, water and land. decisions for planning many human development activities. case of forest fires and natural disasters.

Remote sensing data can be used for taking sound

It is also possible to take preventive action as in the

 Some of the major application of remote sensing are

as under:

Agriculture Forestry Environment Coastal mapping Marine application Urban environment Land and water resources development Geology Land use/ land cover Information

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The Geographical Information System (GIS) consists

of two distinct disciplines, geography and information system. It is the data management system that provides many facilities for surveyors and planners. stores spatially referenced data with other relevant attributes and enables us to manipulate, analysis and display in suitable formats. provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

GIS is a computer based system which collects and

GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GIS. A GIS

Objectives of the GIS

The basic objectives of the GIS are as follows: a) To collect, analyses and manipulate spatial data. b) To

produce maps and other products standardized formats for different uses. decision making for planners. as non spatial data.

in

c) To supply information in useful formats for logical d) To support research activities using spatial as well

DEFINATION
The GIS has been defined in many ways: GIS may be defined as a computer based information

system which attempts to capture, store, manipulate, analyze and display spatially referenced and associated attribute data for solving complex research, planning and management problems. software and spatial data for capturing, storing, displaying, updating, manipulating and analyzing in order to solve complex management problems.

GIS is a systematic integration of computer hardware,

 GIS is defined as an information system that is used

to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geospatial data or geographically referenced data, in order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, transportation, urban facilities, environment and other administrative records.

Key components of GIS

The GIS consists of five key components as under: Hardware Software Procedure Data Users

Function of GIS
What would happen if . . .

A chemical leaked into a river?

Where does . . .

The Green Belt exist in relation to the City?

Has . . .

Population changed over the last ten years?

Is there a spatial pattern related to . . .

Car ownership in our area?

GIS APPLICATIONS
Surveying and mapping are the primary area of GIS

application. The following are the major application of GIS:

Engineering mapping Automated photogrammetry Highway mapping Utility/facility mapping/management Land use management Natural resources management Routing highway, pipeline.. Urban and regional planning