203

Fetwa

on

the

Appointment By Richard

of Gottheil.

Dhimmis

to

office.

In Goldziher rulers has Shafi'ite wawT. Belin of sister interest, of given

the

Rcvtic has

des discussed

Etudes the

Juives, employment in high ruling

vol. by offices on century, the

XXVIII, Mohammedan of state,

p.

75

Jews the theologian The

and text

Christians of of a tlie fetwa also deals the to short

and by al-Naby is to pages. the one it's a

subject Yahy published As it

thirteenth of with relation return to Ibn this of it

extensive 185 1,')

Nakksh subject. Mohammedanism in the

in

showing I venture the winter

faiths, During

following cataloguing at the text 268,

of in the on the

190910, Kutainah same on in by The p.

while Library subject, 45 a of the 'Umar itself

Arabic I came I give

manuscripts across below. volume a fetwa It that \J^XjCi^_ ibn Khalil is

Jerusalem, of a which small ijLJ'

found

Ms. ('yJ'

quarto |.ikXJI mad

contains Uaj

addition 'Ali fetwa

Ab

ibn bears

Muham the title:

al-Ishbili.

ijHS--^' ment I of have the of not Dhimmis, been able

4X4^^ by to

ijsd^S Ahmad find the at the the

(J^l ibn author my

JU*Xwl al-Husain

"The

Employ al-Mliki." in any

mentioned It the latest is,

biographies impossible which called

or to

histories fix

command. at which The

conse oc

quently, curred

time decision.

event authority

forth

i)

jfournal

Asiatique

1851,

p. 431.

204

R.

Gottheil

tncntioncd That the it is

is not

al-Turtshi, all of the too old froin Hadith idea are

who modern, Persian the

died I

in should

520 like the

AH to

(1126 infer

AD). from

')

mention The

gentry, Koran, which in gathering

Dihkns.") served the and as a basis

passages later The sayings of laid appoint

for Fetwa. of in said wall in true, period and

the

mentioned the unwillingness over the the; strict as the earlier state, Caliphs, strong. (295320 appointed of the secretary, one (ca. 256 when

accompanj'ing the invention

underlying was the

such a

to believers. rule: scribe." better days but of

see

a non-believer Al-Shafi'i is nor usual was

position to have

authority down

"Neither 3) But, as

cadi is This

should such not under cases,

a Dhimmi got the

necessity during the

theor}^ even tlie in influence

only of the was

formative later times of the the

Mohammedan 'Abbasid particularl}^

the Ibn AH),

theologians of when office, placed Billh According Mutamid Sa'id, also 1) The 1310), I, 479; the Caliph charged by

al-Furat, defends

vizier himself, to

al-Muktadir with having the instances Isr'il, a Christian some

non-Mohammedans al-Nsir army, *) of AH) li-din and Malik the was of ibn viziers 'Abdn Allh al-Mu

citing

who tadid

a Christian, who had so and a

over as

al-Walid. of alibn

authorities,

al-Muwaffak Christian. of the 5) Sirj Kitb der Loli' Ja yuy

author Ibn

al-Multik, al-Sillah

Ibn

Khiillikfin, 1883), ZDMG

Wafayat p. 518. LX, 32. (^aj

(Blk

Bashkuwl, Geschichte Ljyii

(Madrid p. 440; Jl^

2) NLDEKE, 3) (J^Xj

Sassaniden tXiVj LtXuMC

uLJ L*^^

i^^-k+i-ktk+JI

t5*'^'''

Cited otlier

fiom

the

Kit."ib will be

al-Umni found. The

by

al-KalkashandT,

Subh

al-/{sh

]). 40,

where

o])inions 4) H. F.

Amedroz,

Historical

Remains

of

Hill

al-Sbi

(Leyden

1904),

p. 95. 5) Ykt, Irshd Vizier al-Arib may be (Ed. Sa'id Margoliouth) (ihn Makhlad), II, who 259; but the to have text is

not

plam,

the

is said

been

Fetwa

on

the

A))pointnient

of Dhimmis

to office.

205

It that saj^s efficient the

was rule

especially was honoured "Under had and

in

Egypt in the

and

under

the

Fatimides

breach. many the Al-Aziz provinces, a to Jew put a most Diwn

Al-Kalkashandi excellent al-Insh, had ibn a and both Chri

expressly: secretaries

their charge

rule, of ') of the was

Mohammedans stian one but death.") rm Vizier dismiss later, head a of the as of he governor his was Under Armenian al-Afdal him, Jew the his

Dhimmis." of one in

Billh Is named both

Nestor;

deputies coinpelled al-Hafiz, 3) was place a

Syria afterwards there

Menasseh; of Vizier, factor of forced A was that at he little the had them Bahthe to to

was and When

Christian the chief

(529 Jew. was

AH);

al-Afdal by a ibn

was

taken

Christian.*) Sha'yali a canal

named Department being excuse authority (5"' to he etc.)

Abul-Munajjah of named was on Agriculture, after necessary the cent. theorj^ AH) this (ibn al-AthIr latter a "Bureau certain him.

constructed Some The tions, order great

5) for of these contraventions. institu distinction between ed. 293, 'Alxln Blrdj 294) as ibn say his I, 505). anything brother. theory Neither of his in

Mohammedan a fine

al-Mawardi partially before 1930

makes difference

overcome took nor office Ibn The

a Christian TaliarT having (loc. stian, (HI, lieen laud.

KlialUkn, (VII,

a Cliristian. \i. 247) head mentions of the

mentions

Ykt a Chri

al-Muhadhdhab

Abil-MalTh,

as tlie

of Fiefs".

i)

k_jUX3t

J..0UI

iicL+i.

[V^

j>L-ijbil

(j'^Ji^

lij^

Cited of

from

the

/)a7i Knn

al-Subh Diwn ibn

of .al-Kalkashandi al-Insh (Cairo

by 1905) AH), Szibh

'All

Bahgat

in his Even scribe

Edition the ibn

al-Sairafi's

p. 13. a Christian al-Ash I

under Ishk

TiUunid Nasr

Khumrawaih ,al-'riiadi

Ahmad

(270280

is mentioned;

al-Kalkashandi, al-Zahirah Ta'rikh 172. the Under Jew"; IJ

59.

2) Abul-Mahasin, Maured Allatafet 3) Khital hear of a scribe 4) JQR 5) Jewish IX p. 4; (Cairo "Ibn 29;

al-NuJutn Ibn 1324) abil-Dam X 430; V lys, II

(ed. Poi'per) Mi^r the I 48. s,ame

II 2, p. 4; Cari.yi.e,

al-Hfiz laud.

(524544) p. 13.

we

al-Sairafi, 444.

loc.

ZDMG 62.

Encyclopedia

2o6

R.

Gottheil

and also, first cond, ever, Omar own Jew bribes, works mentary

practice. carry case, tlie have ibn more or a and of the to The with none holder

Not

only them

the full

viziership, powers can Dhimmi.') have or be

but special

other powers.

high

offices In the se how

but may

Moslem be a

appointed; The foisted extremists, upon to office

in

the

gone al-Khattb intolerant Christian, bribes

further a view: because are

and tradition "Do

the explain to to

Caliph their either accept a

tending not are in give

they

accustomed The a strange

unlawful

Islam."") offer

historical com

Mohammedans this statement. put Christians and think of or duties imprison in one be a who allowed lordly a to

themselves

question Can

Ahmad and as Jews

ibn

Husain be

covers as in

pretty official

wide scribes, What to and he him; And, a if

field:

appointed officers

tax-gatherers is one the like? have behave is to to

executive who charge lead or in such dress and a

general? a Dhimmi

Moslem to take

appoints of him use the an into violence Mosque

gatter the might even finally,

poll-tax, His to

inheritance a mosque; against itself. and himself is not as 3)

might a Moslem fashion

occupies to

position comport

Moslem he were? Ahmad

ibn To enter does so

al-Husain place the must law an mind be and

is infidel of either

in in one

no

uncertainty authority over "a fellow attempts

as

regards

his would He norant

answer. never who of

a Moslem heart". or to be ig

who a godless He

had

sound

Moslem

practice.

prove

1) Maverdti and In the regaid two to

Conslituliones (351, see 12;

Politicae, 361,4) p. 53,

ed. Enoer, mentioned last line.

pp. 33, by

17 et seq., loc.

43,

12,

passages the

Goi.d/.iher,

laud.

wildyah,

ibid.

2) L^yi Absliihi, 3) SirZij

1*4-1^0 JJI Kitb Cfr.

^j

Liyi

(j^Aj

|V.g.jU Al-Tmtshl, 10. Christian

i^^L^^JI^ Sirj al-Mulk p.

^^y^ Ii8;

^ al-

(j Jk2^ ilj al-Mustafraf I 93, the stoiy p. 1 18. about the

scribe

of

Aim

Msa

al-Ash'ail,

al-MulTik

B'ctwa

on

Uic Ap])ointmcnt

of

Dhimmis

to offico.

207

that changer from

Dhimmi or traditions as The 56, 62. a

is butcher

not

even etc.;

to citing from

be

used passages the learned

as

a scribe, from the

a money Koran, and the

emanating well verses From the in light "Do of how idolaters their not that an of the idolatr}^ to employ prophet this be aid the the of new from not as

''companions" men the a story Koran is until further of them told he Hadith in are

"followers", generations. 140; hammed fessed "Do usual ting of not his V

from cited

preceding IV how had is with point", 143, Mo con cited the ci is to but of in told have had Omar view nor as a simi :

from

Iladith an faith. the consult fire

refused belief obtain

unbeliever A

idolaters", on The any

explanation in Aba support Bakr, with to Viceroys fact such

Koran ordered who He a had

III, his

11 4.

story not

followers Moslems command

dealings returned to of his the

become cites the

non-Moslem neither be to made Abu and Moslem".') prophet, al-Malik the minted survey Dhimmis of a the do

Ktib, commanded ; as Hurairah not No nor in Diwn ask well

had to Caliph deeds, of of a the

allowed lar the any was Caliphs. was carded, ibn of pact; unbelievers oppress the office "betrays if the old put

appointment the same their affair time of of dirhams his AH). is service in any is be the a

command idolaters, idolater employed In in dinars al-Husain al-Muktadir therefore,

"Remove help non-Moslem that of were Ahmad to the by remove if he in do time their all they cites any this, Lastl}^ and it is to is has be un of the 'Irak dis from

disavow in in the charge and carries (295 it from an the time

'Abd Moslem, were historical The dut}' in the

Christians in Arabic. down are Moslem bound to especially, a general the best does Moslems". his trust way,

Diwns; In to He and put who the

believers rule which Allah, Dhimmi anything to it l) Cfr. is its to in that is

manner. proper filled.

it to his

man not

messenger question has Moslems to Bait his

betrayed

taken returned known,

from owner go al-A'sh, to

the or the p. 35.

unlawfully, heirs. al-Mal. If the

owner

Snblf

208

R.

Gottheil

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LLoii

Fetwa

on

the

A]>pointnient

of

Dlihnmis

to offiee.

209

15+^:!

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Ms. ib.

^jjO. V, 62.

2)

ATira

IV,

143.

3)

ib. IV,

140.

4) ib. V,

56.

Zeitschrift

f. Assyrioloj^in,

XXVI.

I4

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j^^il |fj^-.*i*j' J^l V^'*^

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OJ>'-*j'

1) Cfr.

Siiaj

nl-ihilk

p. Iig;

Bei.in,

Ioc.

Iniul.

p, 425.

2) 5) IIO AH. 6)

&'/-/'

^jl.

3) .il-Has.in

ib. ^iKj. al-Basrl, in Ylait, i. c. Mii'jani

4) al-Hasan VI,

i^'l^^jibn 379. Abil-ljasan Yasr, died

Prob.-ibly .See Ms.

references

LjkJW. III, 114.

7) Koran

Kolwa

on

llic

A]ipoinlnienl

of

Dliinimis

to office.

2 I 1

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1) Abu p. 153;

Sa'Jd

Sa'd

ibn

Mlik

ibn

.Sinn

al-KliudiT;

see

Dahslia,

Tnhfah

al-Khazrajl, 2) The Ms.

Khulsah in not clear

p. 115. here. After Lxi^ there are the letters H" |fbl|jS*i!

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^^^^.aj^LJI ItXiC i^s stX^gjJ ^bll J^ i

^A^J-ku^JI jJ.jJJI

^A4-b*MJ(

^bif ybtXAoJfj ^X! iUj ^^.gXijj ^^T^l JX

bf|

JUcbll ^JiLi^y

Jjj ijjjL.ii.Jlj ^^1 J>******^J

bl

^^1 *lp)yij

iUi

^ Jl.xibll

u^i.! sbijj ^Ai^ *bljJ8

J-S?j ^^^

jj-^J.**JJ (J-o

Jl^bil

(J,XI

iU (jl

1) .il-MakrizI, 2) So 4) Cfr. 5) I. c. Ms.! the the

al-Niikd 3) Ms. writings so-called cited "Pact

al-lslmiyyah unrcad.-ible by !

(Const.

1298)

p. 6.

Goldziher, of Oni.ir".

loc.

land.

|i. 93,

note

0.

Fetwa

on

the

Ap|iciintnient

of

f)hiniinis

to office.

-1.1

')Jo^Jlj jjj-ail ^Liijj (jA-l^j ^ItXjIj

j.l^lj Jlj.xibll ^j^xfl.i.1

^ajj-JIj (jlji-j

^jjjjj^JI^ oL^aiJI jj^l^l jvff

isb^.^JI (^tXJI ^j.jj>JI

i^jl |Jj.aJIj ^t>ljiJ.lj

lil

l^JI

Uj^j

o'r-^'j j^l^l

J^^^^' Lx.i J.JO

^l-^T^J J.^ ^i

;L*.^JI; jjjOjJI

;LXIt

yUjtJI j^cXJI

lj.A4Xi-JI

^.j-

Jw^

stXj

o*.^

U^i

J.**a*j

^(

|fj.A

jl

ltX;c

^ slj^ sA^as. ^jUfc jj J1.9 Jly)| <Xiii ^JJ<l eUxi

Jci "^y^)^ i^-s^ adJ ^ iijiy' Lx^i jl j^/oj-JI

iU.^

Jj

^Ij

.JoJ.fi ''^

^<Xftj

^.ol sXjc ^)|V^Lil tXs! jjCj xLl ij-x! ^L.

^i^^s-U^fc-L' .X^ do ^jL~>j ^ ti

>iLLo ^^-^^l ^x j^ JLij isiJ^^J Ijjc

iulj^

ij xjLajiJI

loUaii-l

^).^Ax)^l ^^'^ J^ ^Ij

xJ^^u^j

Lg.jUj ijjo

^A*-lA4.JI 5).jjj^^j jJjl

1) Ms. 2) Cfr.

i>^lj. Aaa al-Ummal HI, 203 (No. 3110): ikjoLc (_LjliLwl

i_>ljcXj

jvicl^ .^a^Xm^^JI 3) Referring

>iUj.J ^^yt^y probably ibn Blk) II, to

Jjl

(.gj ^y*")) al-Mustadrak called

Jjl

jvJjij

jJCj

jj.XfJ-*^l xJLwuj xJUt 'Abd

' alal-Sahtliain al-Nlsbrl; V, 521;

of Ibn

Abu

allh

Muhammad (Ed.

'Abdallah, 1, 484; 273;

al-IJakim

Khallikn, Muham

Wafayat medanische

KhjT

Khallfah

Goldziher, I, 166.

Studien

BROCKELMANN,

Geschichte

4) Cfr. n-iy^yy iXJI

Kanz

al-Umml tXi

III,

196 jJJ

(No.

2877): (^-^ ^

^je j^

bL*-^

Jl^JiXauI l*'^^^

jJ,X> jul-afi

Xx>

tJ^^^J'^ 5) Cfr. Kanz al-Ummal 111, 163 (No. 2594): ^^jo JLs ^jjO

2 14

K. fidtllicil,

l'clwa

on

ihi-

AjiiMiinttnoiU

of

Dliinnnis

to office.

joL^I c:JL(;>

J>.s. JLo

s3y jb) JU"

-^7^' ^

').... . tXi-'

'

Ulis b)|j lj-ti.

jt > ^1

^A^JLwJI 5I

|JUJI ^LJI

^LiJI

^AXiJI ^JtX.JI

sjo l_)Lg_W

J=?

xaaTj

ivifil

xL'l^ Jk.Xw.JI

XjLjI xxikxJI iXt^^

,_aX.W*JI j^XJU-'l

,_kAAil

|_g**ki.l

jj>A.*=.

(jLi^

lX

viJLJj.J

b"

iJL4jiAM.j

i'jI^iJ

^'

isO^J

ils.^ *^.r*;5

Jk*^(

.jj-yuo^^JI^ l) Ms. illegible; looks like (jk.jU!

215

Ibrhim By Reynold

b. A.

Adham. Nicholson.

Ibrhim Jbir in man, him him who pray of al-Tamimi Khursn. made was up were for these the prayers and we in born his

b.

Adham al-Ijh Adham,

(Ab belonged who is to holy and city.')

Ishq) to described Mecca His the Ka'ba, adds The a

b.

Mansr') noble as famil)' a rich wife, it is

b.

Yazid of and and said, Balkh pious Ibra took ascetics them "some

b.

the

pilgrimage in arms the

with father,

his

followed the

devotees and the story was that he asked

and

circumambulating child. were may seems east (Ibn poet {Aghnf Ibrhim from composed thou art not was the in to much awe Nafalyl the al-Uns, 160 doubt more of Irn, "Evidently", granted".

to

biographer, bears really first of His sister of Kfa, VI the a

legendary Ibrahim's saw Balkh, was the the the who 272, 20). dates

stamp, birthplace. light ancient mother died In given b. in what in

whether probable in VI

Mecca

It the Bactria of 207 3^ear range the AH far

the 38, b.

province 1 6). Kunsa lb" is His verses what less as of al-Athir uncertain: nephew, on exceeds than little, God

al-Athir Muhammad XII himself to the 166

111,7; died AH.

Muhammad this occasion sufficiency. enough. :'3)

Kunsa, "I But He For see Ibn regarded he

following with with this command "li.

content content of

Adham

world

held

concerning

it

1) According 2) IJilyat 3) Aghini

Sul.iynin

1). Mansr".

al-Awliyd, XII 113.

l.eidcn

MS.,

1 183.