sundara veerraju .

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol. 01, No. 01, Jan-Dec 2012

A status survey of medicinal plant diversity at Kondapalli reserve forest, Andhra Pradesh, India
I. SIVA RAMA KRISHNA and M. SUJATHA Freshman Engineering Department, K L University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: isivaram76@gmail.com, sujatha7klu@gmail.com
Abstract: A preliminary survey was carried out in 2010-11 in Kondapalli reserve forest, one of the historical and tourist spot in Andhra Pradesh, India and identified 33 medicinal plants which are being used by the ethnic people. During the survey the status survey has also been carried for all identified plants and identified the local threats to the medicinal plants. Kondapalli is famous world over toy making from Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem (Tella poniki). Some plants are being over used by the local people for making toys and other goods, which are having the medicinal properties. As the species becoming endangered in that locality, there is an urgent need to take strategies towards conservation and management of that area. In this paper a detailed list of various medicinal plants located in the study area have been listed out and discussed the various conservation and management steps. Key words: Medicinal plants, Kondapalli forest, Conservation, management Introduction: The application of traditional medicine and medicinal plants has expanded globally. It has gained extensive popularity and now has become a crucial part of human health care. Traditional medicines have been used by the Indian people since many centuries. In India, the use of plants for medicinal treatment dates back to 5000 years. It was officially recognized that 2500 plant species have medicinal value while over 6000 plants are estimated to be explored in traditional, folk and herbal medicine (Huxley 1984).The medicinal plants find application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industry. The medicinal herbs usage for curing disease has been documented in history of all civilizations. Man in the pre-historic era was probably not aware about the health hazards associated with irrational therapy. With the onset of research in medicine, it was concluded that plants contain active principles, which are responsible, for curative action of the herbs. The plant-based traditional medical systems continue to provide the primary health care to more than threequarters of the worlds populace. The World Health Organization has estimated that over 80% of the global population relies chiefly on traditional medicine (Akerele 1992). India has rich diversity of medicinal plants. The supply base of 90% herbal raw drugs used in the manufacture of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani & Homoeopathy systems of medicine is largely from the wild. This wild source is speedily shrinking day-byday. Therefore, there is a need for conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants. It is hoped that, in the future, ethnobotany may play an increasingly important role in sustainable development and biodiversity conservation (Rajasekaran & Warren 1994). The key threats for medicinal plants are due to over dependency by local people, grazing, forest fires

and commercial activities. The local people depend upon these plants are due to the effective nature, non availability of medical facilities and ethno cultural beliefs. Cultivation is clearly a sustainable alternative to the present collection of medicinal plants from the wild. This can be a potential provider of returns to the farmers. Literature review: Ethnobotanical investigation has led to the documentation of a large number of wild plants used by tribal for meeting their multifarious requirements (Anonymous 1990). Studies on ethnobotany were initiated by Janaki-Ammal as an official programme in the Economic Botany Section of Botanical Survey of India (Howrah) in 1954. From 1960, Jain started intensive field studies among tribal areas of central India (Jain 1963 a-e; 1964 a-c; 1965 a-b). These publications in early sixties triggered ethnobotanical activities in many botanists, anthropologists and ayurvedic medical practitioners. V. S. Raju (2001) made a note on Ethnoveterinary medicine in Andhra Pradesh. Ratnam & Raju (2005) reported Folk medicine used for common women ailments by Adivasis in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. S.N. Jadhav & K.N. Reddy (2006) presented detail account on threatened medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. K.N. Reddy et. al (2002, 2007) published several papers on ethnobotanical studies. Bhakshu & Raju (2007) made abstract account on Ethno-medico-botanical studies of certain medicinal plants and certain Euphorbiaciaceous medicinal plants of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Geetha & Raju (2007) made a note on Ethno-medico-botanical properties of Terminalia species in the forests of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.

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sundara veerraju .

I. SIVA RAMA KRISHNA, M. SUJATHA

Study Area: The Kondapalli reserve forest spreads over an area of 62 Sq. Km. situated in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. The forest spreads in the Deccan plateau in between 16o 37N and 80o 31E-latitudes and 16o 45N and 80o 26E longitudes (Map 1). The study area is one of the historical regions of our country with highly undulating and rocky quartzite terrain. The historic fort on the hill located to the west of the Kondapalli village was built by Prolaya Vema Reddy of Kondavidu during the 14th century. The local people are mainly depending on Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem (local name: Tella poniki), which is used exclusively for the manufacture of the famous Kondpalli toys. The forest vegetation around Kondapalli fort and the nearby hills are also well known for medicinal plants and trees such as Phyllanthus amarus (Telugu local name "nela usiri"), Andrographis paniculata (local name: adavi mirapa or nelavemu), Wrightia tinctoria, Tephrosia purpurea, Albizia amara, Streulia urens and Chloroxylon swetenia. The hill range is mainly made up of charnockites, with some pyroxene granulites, granites, khondalites, pyroxenites and dolerites.

experts. Line transect method has been used for carryout the study of various plant species. The specimens were identified with the aid of standard local floras. The status survey has also been done for all the three seasons and grouped them as Rare, Sporadic and Common. Results: The taxa are arranged alphabetically followed by local name and family names (Table 1). Ethnobotanical investigation has led to the documentation of a large number of wild plants used by tribals for meeting their demands. In India, many organized ethnobotanical studies were initiated by intensive field studies in the tribal areas. The state of Andhra Pradesh is ethonobotanically better explored. There is very little documentation in the study area. The terrain is undulated and it is very difficult to explore the region. The present study reveals 33 species belonging to 32 genera under 26 families. As per the detailed survey carried out for one year, 17 species are common, 12 species are Sporadic and 4 species are rarely occurred (Table 2, Fig 2).

Fig. 1 - Map showing the study area of Kondapalli Reserve Forest in India (Not to Scale) Methodology: A survey has been conducted from April, 2010 to March 2011 for all three seasons (summer, mansoon and winter) in various habitats with special emphasis on medicinal values. Secondary data has also been collected from the local villagers. A data form is prepared in local language to know the particulars of the plants which are useful for preparing medicines. An exhaustive list of various medicinal plants has been prepared after proper photo documentation and identification of unknown species with the help of

Fig. 2 Graph showing the status of various medicinal plants available at Kondapalli Reserve Forest These medicinal plants are known to cure 16 types of ailments. The main ailments in the study area were boils, body pains, insect and dog bites, cold, fever, chest pain, ear ache, foot cracks, skin diseases, Kidney stones, motions, stomachache, toothache, wounds and external tumors. For most of the diseases, tribal people are using single plant and for few they are using the combination of others.

Table 1: List of medicinal plant species found in Kondapalli Reserve Forest S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Scientific Name Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. Andrographis paniculata Nees Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer. Atalantia monophylla A.DC Azima tetracantha Lam Bauhinia racemosa Linn Common Name Pala malli Nela vemu Konda nimma Telluppi Chinnare Family Alangiaceae Mimosaceae Acanthaceae Convolvulaceae Ruteaceae Zygophyllaceae Fabaceae

sundara veerraju

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol. 01, No. 01, Jan-Dec 2012, pp 1-5

sundara veerraju . A status survey of medicinal plant diversity at Kondapalli reserve forest, Andhra Pradesh, India
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Boswellia serreta Roxb. Canavalia virosa Roxb. Caralluma adscendens Roxb. Cassytha filiformis L. Cayratia auriculata Roxb. Chloroxylon swietenia DC Cleome gynandra L. Commiphora caudata Wight & Arn Crateva magna (Lour.) DC Cyperus rotundus L. Datura metel L. Elytraria acaulis L.f. Givotia moluccana L. Sreem Grewia hirsuta Vahl Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Lawsonia inermis L. Malachra capitata L. Marsdenia volubilis T. Cooke Mimosa pudica L. Moringa concanensis Nimmo Ex Gibs Phyllanthus amarus Schum.et Thonn Phyllanthus reticulates Poiret Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Pterospermum xylocarpum Gaertn. Tylophora indica Burm.F.Merr. Anthuka Adavi chamma Kundeti kommulu Paachi theega Chephichi Theega Billika Vamintaku Metta mamidi Uskia-Tammidi Tunga Kayalu Nallummetta Nalamarri Tella Puniki Gundu bontha Puniki Pappucharu theega Gorintaku Yerribenda Bandi guruvinda Atti patti Adavi Mulaga Nela Usiri Nalla Pulcheru Chitramulamu Lolugu Mekameyani Aku Burseraceae Papilionaceae Asclepidaceae Lauraceae Vitaceae Rutaceae Capparidaceae Burseraceae Capparidaceae Cyperaceae Solanaceae Acanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Tiliaceae Hernandiaceae Convolvulaceae Lythraceae Malvaceae Asclepiadaceae Mimosaceae Moringaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Plumbaginaceae Strerculiaceae Asclepiadaceae

Table 2: Status of medicinal plant species found in Kondapalli Reserve Forest S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Scientific Name Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. Andrographis paniculata Nees Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer. Atalantia monophylla A.DC Azima tetracantha Lam Bauhinia racemosa Linn Boswellia serreta Roxb. Canavalia virosa Roxb. Caralluma adscendens Roxb. Cassytha filiformis L. Cayratia auriculata Roxb. Chloroxylon swietenia DC Cleome gynandra L. Commiphora caudata Wight & Arn Crateva magna (Lour.) DC Cyperus rotundus L. Datura metel L. Elytraria acaulis L.f. Givotia moluccana L. Sreem Grewia hirsuta Vahl Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Lawsonia inermis L. Malachra capitata L. Marsdenia volubilis T. Cooke Mimosa pudica L. Status Common Common Common Common Common Sporadic Common Rare Sporadic Rare Common Sporadic Common Common Sporadic Rare Sporadic Common Sporadic Common Common Sporadic Common Common Sporadic Common Common

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International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol. 01, No. 01, Jan-Dec 2012, pp 1-5

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28 29 30 31 32 33

I. SIVA RAMA KRISHNA, M. SUJATHA

Moringa concanensis Nimmo Ex Gibs Phyllanthus amarus Schum.et Thonn Phyllanthus reticulates Poiret Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Pterospermum xylocarpum Gaertn. Tylophora indica Burm.F.Merr.

Sporadic Common Sporadic Sporadic Rare Sporadic [8] Jain, S.K. 1963a. The origin and utility of some vernacular plant names. Proc. Nation. Acad. Sci. India, Sec. B. 33: 525-530. [9] Jain, S.K. 1963b. Studies in Indian Ethnobotany II. Plants used in medicine tribals of Madhya Pradesh. Bull. Reg. Res. Lab. Jammu 1: 126-128. [10] Jain, S.K. 1963c. Magico-religious beliefs about plants among the adivasis of Bastar. Q. J. Myth. Soc. 4: 73-94. [11] Jain, S.K. 1963d. Observations on ethnobotany of tribals of Madhya Pradesh. Vanyajati 11: 177183. [12] Jain, S.K. 1963e. Studies on Indian Ethnobotany Less known uses of 50 common plants from tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 223-226. [13] Jain, S.K. 1964a. The role of botanist in folklore research. Folklore 5: 145-150. [14] Jain, S.K. 1964b. Wild plant foods of the tribals of Bastar. Khadi Gramodyog 10: 557-561. [15] Jain, S.K. 1964c. Native plant remedies for snake-bite among adivasis of central India. Indian Med. J. 57: 307-369. [16] Jain, S.K. 1965a. Wooden musical instruments of the Gonds of Central India. Ethnomusicology 9: 39-42. [17] Jain, S.K. 1965b. Medicinal plant-lore of the tribals of Bastar. Econ. Bot. 19: 236-250. [18] Jain, S.K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi. [19] Jain, S.K. 1994. Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India. CIBA Foundation Symposium 185. In: J. Chadwick and J. Marsh (Ed.), Ethnobotany and the Search of New Drugs. John Willy & Sons, United Kingdom, pp. 153168. [20] Jain, S.K, & R. Mitra 1997. Ethnobotany in India : Retrospect and prospect. In: S.K. Jain (Ed.) Contribution to Indian Ethnobotany. pp. 1-15

Conclusion: Due to deforestation and other threats to biodiversity lead to loss of medicinal plant diversity in all habitats. Even though the protection measures are taken up by the government and other NGOs, there is still more efforts are required for the conservation and management of medicinal plant wealth. The present study reveals that the local people are having good knowledge on traditional uses of plants. But due to the modernisation, this knowledge may be lost in due course. Hence it is essential to study and document the ethnic knowledge, which can provide valuable information to biochemists and pharmacologists in screening of individual species and their phytoconstituents. References: [1] Akerele, O. 1992. WHO guideline for assessment of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 63: 99-118. [2] Anonymous, 1990. Ethnobiology in India: A Status Report. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1 68 pp. [3] Bhakshu, L & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Ethno-medicobotanical studies of certain threatened medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. National Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th Page: 28. [4] Bhakshu, L & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Ethno-medicobotanical studies on certain Euphorbiaceous medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. National Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th Page: 41. [5] Geetha, K & R.R.V. Raju 2007. Ethno-medicobotanical properties of Terminalia species in the forests of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th Page: 35. [6] Huxley, A. 1984. Green Inheritance: The World Wildlife Fund Book of India, Collins/Harvel, London. [7] Jadhav, S.N. & K.N Reddy 2006. Threatened Medicinal Plants of Andhra Pradesh. ENVISSDNP Newsletter special issue pp 18-28.

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International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol. 01, No. 01, Jan-Dec 2012, pp 1-5

sundara veerraju . A status survey of medicinal plant diversity at Kondapalli reserve forest, Andhra Pradesh, India
[21] Jain, S.K (Assisted by S. Srinivasa) 1999. Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India. Deep Publications, New Delhi. [22] Pullaiah, T. 2007. Medicinal plants in Andhra Pradesh. Regency publications, New Delhi. [23] Rajasekaran, B & D.M. Warren 1994. Indigenous knowledge for socio-economic devolopment and biodiversity conservation: the Kolli hills. Indigenous Knowledge & Devolopment Monitor 2: 13-17. [24] Raju V S, 2001. Ethnoveterinary medicine in Andhra Pradesh, Nation. Symp. 21st Century Perspectives in Plant Sciences, July 29-31, Andhra University, Waltair, India. [25] Raju, V.S. & K.N. Reddy, 2005. Ethnobotanic medicine for Dysentery and Diarrhoea from Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 4(4), pp.443-447. [26] Ratnam K.V & R.R.V. Raju. 2005 Folk medicine used for common women ailments by adivasis in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, Indian J Traditional Knowledge, 4(3) 267-270. [27] Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy, M.R. Bhanja & V.S. Raju. 2002. Herbal folk medicine of Chenchus of Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany 14: [28] Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2002. Ethnobotanical observation on some Orchids of Andhra Pradesh. J. Non-Timber Forest Products 9 (3/4): 146-147. [29] Reddy, K.N., C.S., Reddy, E.N. Murthy, C. Pattanaik & V.S. Raju 2007. Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of Seshachalam hills in Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, India (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 28-29th Dec.).

sundara veerraju

International Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology Vol. 01, No. 01, Jan-Dec 2012, pp 1-5