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CHAPTER ONE
AUTOCAD 2002
1.1 AUTOCAD 2002 ENVIRONMENT
Figure 1.1 shows a typical environment for autocad 2002. The main areas to consider are the model
space and the command window. A lot of toolbars together with a wide variety of commands are
available for designing in the model space.
Object
Crosshairs
UCS icon
Model tab
X, Y, Z. Model space
Coordinate of pointer Drawing Aids eg. SNAP, GRID, etc
AutoCAD operates in either Model space or Paper space. You use model space (the Model tab) to do
drafting and design work and to create two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models. You use
paper space (a layout tab) to create a finished layout of a drawing for plotting. When you are in a layout,
you can enter mspace on the command line to make the last viewport in the layout current, and then
work in model space in that viewport within the layout. You can switch to model space by double-
clicking a viewport, and you can switch to paper space by double-clicking an area of paper space.
1.1.1 Toolbars
Toolbars contain buttons that start commands. When you move the pointing device over a toolbar
button, the tooltip displays the name of the button. Buttons with a small black triangle in the lower-right
corner have flyouts that contain related commands. With the cursor over the icon, hold down the pick
button until the flyout appears. Release the pick button on a preferred flyout option. The Standard
toolbar at the top of the drawing area is displayed by default. This toolbar is similar to those found in
Microsoft Office programs. It contains frequently used AutoCAD commands such as DIST, PAN, and
ZOOM, as well as Microsoft Office standard commands such as New, Open, and Save.
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To display a toolbar
1. From the View menu, choose Toolbars.
2. In the Customize dialog box, Toolbars tab, select the name of the toolbar you want to show.
3. Choose Close.
Shortcut menu: You can also display a toolbar by right-clicking any toolbar button and choosing a
toolbar from the shortcut menu.
To dock a toolbar
1. Position the cursor on the name of the toolbar or in any blank area, and hold down the button
on your pointing device.
2. Drag the toolbar to a docking location at the top, bottom, or either side of the drawing area.
3. When the outline of the toolbar appears in the docking area, release the button.
To place a toolbar in a docking region without docking it, hold down CTRL as you drag.
To undock a toolbar
1. Position the cursor on the double bars at the end of the toolbar, and hold down the button on
your pointing device.
2. Drag the toolbar away from its docked location and release the button.
To resize a toolbar
1. Position the cursor on the edge of a floating toolbar until the cursor changes to a horizontal
or vertical double arrow.
2. Hold down the button and move the cursor until the toolbar is in the shape you want.
To close a toolbar
If the toolbar is docked, undock it Click Close button in upper-right corner of toolbar.
If you want to repeat a command that you have just used, press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click
your pointing device at the Command prompt. You also can repeat a command by entering multiple, a
space, and the command name, as shown in the following example:
Command: multiple circle
To cancel a command in progress, press ESC.
Command aliases are shortcuts or alternative names for commands that you enter at the keyboard. This
appendix lists the command aliases provided in the standard acad.pgp file. You can change or delete
these aliases, or you can add some of your own by editing the acad.pgp file.
Command aliases
Commands Aliases Commands Aliases
ADCENTER (autocad design adc - LINETYPE -lt, -ltype
centre)
Fig. 1.3
a. Figure 1.4a could best be drawn using the polyline command. Hence, select polyline command.
Command: _pline
Specify start point: Click to specify start point
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @0,20
b. Select arc from within polyline command. Specify also the direction of the arc where necessary.
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: d
Specify the tangent direction for the start point of arc: Ortho on: Click required direction (left)
Specify endpoint of the arc: @20,20
Designingprocessing,
in AutoCAD like all other forms of design requires planning: planning of starting,
finishing and polishing up; planning of final display of design (of how
design will look like). In effect, a model is needed. Mental imaging (thinking about the purpose and
nature of design) and conceptualising (considering the possible solutions alongside constraints and
available resources) are the initial stages of modelling. The next stage is to sketch on paper calculating
all distances and angles of possible ideas so as to make the paper design a true representation of what is
to be expected. Drawing the object model space follows up in the next stage and all other forms of
finishing including rendering are the final stages of designing in AutoCAD.
1.3.1 Line
The line command, unlike polyline is disjointed. Where an object is drawn using line, individual
segments of the objects could be selected separately. You can either group them together using the
command; group or convert them to polyline using polyline edit (pedit join).
To draw lines
1. From the Draw menu, choose Line.
2. Specify the start point. Use the pointing device or enter a coordinate on the command line.
3. Complete the first line segment by specifying the endpoint. To undo the previous line segment
during the LINE command, enter u or choose Undo on the toolbar.
4. Specify the endpoints of any additional line segments.
5. Press ENTER to end or c to close a series of line segments.
To start a new line at the endpoint of the last line drawn, start the LINE command again and press
ENTER at the Specify Start Point prompt.
The Width and Halfwidth options set the width of the next polyline segments you draw. Zero (0) width
produces a thin line. Widths greater than zero produce wide lines, which are filled if Fill mode is on and
outlined if Fill mode is off. The Halfwidth option sets width by specifying the distance from the center
of the wide polyline to an outside edge.
Taper
When you use the Width option, AutoCAD prompts for both a starting and an ending width. By
entering different values, you can taper the polyline. The starting and ending points of wide polyline
segments are in the center of the line. Intersections of adjacent wide segments are usually beveled.
However, AutoCAD does not bevel nontangent arc segments, acute angles, or segments that use a dash-
dot linetype.
1.3.3 Polygon
Polygons are closed polylines with between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. Creating polygons is a
simple way to draw squares, equilateral triangles, octagons, and so on.
There are many ways to create polygons:
Specifying the radius when you know the distance between the center of the polygon and the
endpoint of each side (inscribed)
Specifying the radius when you know the distance between the center of the polygon and the
midpoint of each side (circumscribed)
Specifying the length of an edge and where you want to place it
1.3.4 Arc
You can create arcs in several ways. With the exception of ‘specifying three points’ method, arcs are
drawn counterclockwise from the start point to the endpoint.
1.3.5 Circle
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You can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and the radius.
AutoCAD provides several ways of drawing a circle.
1.3.6 Spline
AutoCAD uses a particular type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve. A
NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points. Splines are useful for creating
irregularly shaped curves, for example, drawing contour lines for geographic information system (GIS)
applications or automobile designs.
Fig. 1.6
You create splines by specifying points. You can close the spline so that the start and endpoints are
coincident and tangent. Tolerance describes how closely the spline fits the set of fit points you specify.
The lower the tolerance, the more closely the spline fits the points. At zero tolerance, the spline passes
through the points. You can change the spline-fitting tolerance while drawing the spline to see the
effect.
1.3.7 Elipse
The shape of an ellipse is determined by
two axes that define its length and width.
The longer axis is called the major axis,
and the shorter one is the minor axis.
1.3.9 Hatch
Many drafting applications use a process called hatching to fill an area with a pattern. The pattern is
used to differentiate components of a project or to signify the material composing an object. You can
use a predefined hatch pattern, define a simple line pattern using the current linetype, or create more
complex hatch patterns.
You can choose among several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch, and you can control
whether the hatch automatically adjusts when the boundary changes (associative hatching).
To hatch areas
1. From the Draw menu, choose Hatch.
2. In the Boundary Hatch dialog box, choose
Pick Points.
3. In your drawing, specify a point inside each
area you want hatched and press ENTER.
This point is known as the internal point.
4. In the Boundary Hatch dialog box, Quick tab,
in the swatch box, verify that the sample
pattern is the pattern you want to use. To
change patterns, select another pattern from
the Pattern list. To see how the hatch pattern
will look, choose [...] next to Pattern. Choose
OK when you finish previewing.
5. In the Boundary Hatch dialog box, make
adjustments, if necessary. You can specify
new hatch boundaries by choosing Pick
Points.
6. In the Boundary Hatch dialog box, choose OK to create
Fig.the
1.9hatch.
Boundary Hatch Dialogue Box
Specify one internal point per hatch block. Specifying more than one internal point can produce
unexpected results when you edit the hatch boundary.
You can determine how islands, enclosed areas within the hatch boundary, are hatched using the three
hatching styles: Normal, Outer, and Ignore. You can preview these hatching styles in the Advanced
Options dialog box by selecting Preview.
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Normal hatching style (the default) hatches inward from the outer boundary. If the hatching process
encounters an internal boundary, hatching is turned off until another boundary is encountered.
If you hatch using the Normal hatching style, islands remain unhatched and islands within islands are
hatched, as shown below.
Fig.
1.10
Outer hatching style hatches inward from the outer boundary and stops at the next boundary. Ignore
hatching style hatches the entire enclosed area, ignoring internal boundaries.
1.4.1 Copy
To copy an object
1. From the Modify menu or modify toolbar, choose Copy.
2. Select the objects to copy and specify the base point.
3. Specify the second point of displacement.
1.4.2 Mirror
Mirroring creates a mirror image of objects. It is useful for creating symmetrical objects because you
can quickly draw half the object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object. You flip objects
about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image. To specify this temporary mirror line, you
enter two points. You can choose whether to delete or retain the original objects. Mirroring works in
any plane parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS.
When you mirror text, attributes, and attribute definitions, they are reversed or turned upside down in
the mirror image. To prevent this, set the MIRRTEXT system variable to 0 (off). Text then has the same
alignment and justification as before the mirroring. Compare the following illustrations.
To mirror objects
1. From the Modify menu, choose Mirror.
2. Select the objects to mirror.
3. Specify the first point of the mirror line.
4. Specify the second point.
5. Press ENTER to retain the original objects, or enter y to delete them
1.4.3 Offset
Offset creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape of a selected object. Offsetting a circle or an
arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which side you specify for the offset.
A highly effective drawing technique is to offset objects and then trim or extend their ends.
You can offset
Lines 2D polylines
Arcs Construction lines (xlines)
Circles Rays
Ellipses and elliptical arcs Splines
Original object
Object with
offset
1.4.4 Array
You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an array. For
rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and
the distance between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of
copies of the object and whether the copies are rotated. To create
many regularly spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.
To create a rectangular array
1. From the Modify menu, choose Array.
2. In the Array dialog box, choose Rectangular Array.
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3. Choose Select Objects. The Array dialog box closes and AutoCAD prompts for object selection.
4. Select the objects to be arrayed and press ENTER.
5. In the Rows and Columns boxes, enter the number of rows and columns in the array.
6. Specify the horizontal and vertical spacing (offsets) between objects by using one of the
following methods:
In the Row Offset and Column Offset boxes, enter the distance between rows and between
Fig. 1.13 Rectangular Array
columns. Adding a plus sign (+) or a minus sign (-) determines direction.
Row offset=45,
Click the Pick Both Offsets button to use the pointing device to specify Column
the diagonal offset=70
corners of a
cell in the array. The cell determines the vertical and horizontal spacing of the rows and
columns.
Click the Pick Row Offset or Pick Column Offset button to use the pointing device to specify
the horizontal and vertical spacing. The example box displays the result.
7. To change the rotation angle of the array, enter the new angle next to Angle of Array.
8. The default angle 0 direction setting can also be changed in UNITS.
9. Choose OK to create the array.
1.4.6 Rotate
To rotate an object
1. From the Modify menu, choose Rotate and select the object to rotate.
2. Specify the base point for the rotation.
3. Do one of the following:
Enter the angle of rotation.
Drag the object around its base point and specify a point location to which you want to rotate the
object.
4. You can rotate an object by specifying a relative angle using one of two methods:
Enter a rotation angle value from 0 to 360 degrees. You can also enter values in radians, grads,
or surveyor bearings.
Drag the object around the base point and specify a second point. Turning on Ortho and Polar
Tracking, or using object snaps for the second point, is often useful with this method.
In this example, you rotate the plan view of a house by selecting the object (1), specifying a base
point (2), and specifying an angle of rotation by dragging to another point (3).
Rotate an Object in 3D
With ROTATE, you can rotate objects in 2D about a specified point. The direction of rotation is
determined by the current UCS. ROTATE3D rotates objects in 3D about a specified axis. You can
specify the axis of rotation using two points; an object; the X, Y, or Z axis; or the Z direction of the
current view. To rotate 3D objects, you can use either ROTATE or ROTATE3D.
1.4.7 Scale
Scale Objects
With scaling you can make an object larger or smaller, but you cannot alter its proportions. You can
scale it by specifying a base point and a length, which is used as a scale factor based on the current
drawing units, or by entering a scale factor. You can also specify the current length and a new length for
the object. Scaling changes the size of all dimensions of the selected object. A scale factor greater than 1
enlarges the object. A scale factor less than 1 shrinks the object.
You can also scale by reference. Scaling by reference uses an existing measurement as a basis for the
new size. To scale by reference, specify the current measurement and then the new desired size. For
example, if one side of an object is 4.8 units long and you want to expand it to 7.5 units, use 4.8 as the
reference length.
You can use the Reference option to scale an entire drawing. For example, use this option when the
original drawing units need to be changed. Select all objects in the drawing. Then use Reference to
select two points and specify the intended distance. All the objects in the drawing are scaled
accordingly.
1.4.8 Stretch
Stretch Objects
To stretch an object, you specify a base point and then a point of displacement. Because stretching
moves the endpoints that lie within the crossing selection window, you must select the object with a
crossing selection. To stretch with greater accuracy, you can combine grip editing with object snaps,
grid snaps, and relative coordinate entry.
To stretch an object
1. From the Modify menu, choose Stretch.
2. Select the object using a crossing window selection. The crossing window must include at least
one vertex or endpoint. Specify a crossing window either by entering a c or by clicking, moving
your pointing device from right to left, and clicking again.
3. Do one of the following:
Enter the displacement in the form of a relative Cartesian, polar, cylindrical, or spherical
coordinate. Do not include the @ sign, because a relative coordinate is assumed. Press ENTER
at the prompt for the second point of displacement.
Specify the base point for the move, and then specify a second point, the point of displacement.
Any objects with at least one vertex or endpoint included within the crossing window are
stretched. Any objects that are completely within the crossing window are moved without
stretching.
1.4.9 Lengthen
Lengthen Objects
You can change the included angle of arcs and the length of some objects. You can change the length of
open lines, arcs, open polylines, elliptical arcs, and open splines. The results are similar to extending
and trimming. You can alter length in several ways:
Dragging an object endpoint (dynamically)
Specifying a new length or angle as a percentage of the total length or angle
Specifying an incremental length or angle measured from an endpoint
Specifying the object's total absolute length or included angle
1.4.10 Trim
To trim an object
1. From the Modify menu, choose Trim.
2. Select the objects to serve as cutting edges. To select all objects in the drawing as potential
cutting edges, press ENTER without selecting any objects.
3. Select the objects to trim.
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You can trim objects so that they end precisely at boundary edges defined by other objects. Cutting
edges can be lines, arcs, circles, polylines, ellipses, splines, blocks and rays. They can also be layout
viewport objects in paper space.
You can extend objects without leaving the TRIM command. Hold down SHIFT and select the objects
to be extended. You can trim objects to their nearest intersection with other objects. Instead of selecting
cutting edges, you press ENTER. Then, when you select the objects to trim, AutoCAD automatically
chooses the nearest objects in the drawing as cutting edges. In this example, the walls are trimmed so
that they intersect smoothly.
1.4.11 Extend
To extend an object
1. From the Modify menu, choose Extend.
2. Select the objects to serve as boundary edges. To select all objects in the drawing as potential
boundary edges, press ENTER without selecting any objects.
3. Select the objects to extend.
Extending operates the same way as trimming. You can extend objects so they end precisely at
boundary edges defined by other objects. In this example, you extend the lines precisely to a circle,
which is the boundary edge.
You can extend objects without leaving the TRIM command. Hold down SHIFT and select the objects
to be extended.
1.4.12 Break
Using BREAK is a convenient way to create a gap in an object, resulting in two objects with a space
between them. BREAK is often used to create space for block or text insertion.
1.4.13 Chamfer
Using CHAMFER is a fast way of creating a line between two nonparallel lines. It is usually used to
represent a beveled edge on a corner. CHAMFER can also be used to bevel all corners of a polyline.
You can chamfer lines, polylines, xlines, and rays. With the distance method, you specify the amount
that each line should be trimmed or extended. With the angle method, you can also specify the length of
the chamfer and the angle it forms with the first line. You can retain the chamfered objects as they were
before the chamfer, or you can trim or extend them to the chamfer line.
When you chamfer an entire polyline, AutoCAD chamfers only the segments that are long enough to
accommodate the chamfer distance. The polyline in the following illustration has some segments too
short to be chamfered.
Fig. 1.22c Chamfer: Entire Polyline with Segments too Short to Chamfer
1.4.14 Fillet
Filleting connects two objects with a smoothly fitted arc of a specified radius. An inside corner is called
a fillet and an outside corner is called a round; you can create both using FILLET in AutoCAD.
You can fillet;
Arcs Polylines
Circles Rays
Ellipses and elliptical arcs Splines
Using FILLET is also a convenient method of creating an arc
Lines Xlines
with a specified radius that is tangent to
two selected objects. FILLET can be used to round all corners on a polyline using a single command.
If both objects being filleted are on the same layer, the fillet arc is created on that layer. Otherwise, the
fillet arc is created on the current layer. The layer affects object properties including color and linetype.
1.4.15 Explode
You can explode a compound object such as a polyline, dimension, hatch, or block reference to convert
it into individual elements. For example, exploding a polyline breaks it down to simple lines and arcs.
Exploding a block reference or an associative dimension replaces it with copies of the objects that
compose the block or dimension.
To explode an object
1. From the Modify menu, choose Explode.
2. Select the objects to be exploded. For most objects, exploding has no visible effect.
Assignments
1. Design the object of Fig. 1.24b using Fig. 1.24a as a guide.
2. Design and apply solid hatch to alternate spaces of the star as shown in Fig. 1.25b. Use
Fig. 1.25a as a guide to obtain the required object. Note that Fig. 1.25a has a pentagon
inside which is the star. Hence, use a pentagon and join the inner points to obtain the
star.
Command: _pline
1 Fig. 1.26
Specify start point: click any point (point 1)
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Jump 4 points (J4p). Click point (Cp) 2.
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp3
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp4
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp1
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp5
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp6
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp4
Command:
iii. Select line or polyline command
Command: _pline
Specify start point: click point 6
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp7
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp8
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp9
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp6
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp10
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp11
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp9
Command:
iv. Select line or polyline command
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Command: _pline
Specify start point: click point 10
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp3
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp12
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp13
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp14
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: J4p. Cp11
Command:
v. Select line or polyline command
Command: _line Specify first point: click point 3
Specify next point or [Undo]: J4p. Cp14
Command:
vi. Select line or polyline command
Command: _line Specify first point: click point 8
Specify next point or [Undo]: J4p. Cp15
Specify next point or [Undo]: J4p. Cp11
Command:
vii. Select line or polyline command
Command: _line Specify first point: click point 11
Specify next point or [Undo]: J4p. Cp16
Specify next point or [Undo]: J4p. Cp13
Command:
viii. Choose an isometric plane by typing isoplane at command line
Command: isoplane
Current isoplane: Left
Enter isometric plane setting [Left/Top/Right] <Top>: L
Command:
ix. Draw isometric circle using ellipse isocircle
Command: _ellipse
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle: click centre of plane A
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: click midpoint of one of the enclosing edges
Command:
x. Choose another isometric plane by typing isoplane at command line
Command: isoplane
Current isoplane: Left
Enter isometric plane setting [Left/Top/Right] <Top>: R
Command:
xi. Draw isometric circle using ellipse isocircle
Command: _ellipse
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle: click centre of plane B
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: click midpoint of one of the enclosing edges
Command:
xii. Choose another isometric plane by typing isoplane at command line
Command: isoplane
Current isoplane: Right
Enter isometric plane setting [Left/Top/Right] <Top>: T
Command:
xiii. Draw isometric circle using ellipse isocircle
Command: _ellipse
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle]: i
Specify center of isocircle: click centre of plane C
Specify radius of isocircle or [Diameter]: click midpoint of one of the enclosing edges
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Command:
Assignment
Using isometric grid and snap as well as isoplane, ellipse isocircle option and trim commands, draw the
isometric diagrams shown in figures 1.27 and 1.28.
Fig. 1.27
Fig. 1.28
1.6.1 Elevation
The default Z value above or below the XY plane of the current user coordinate system, which is used
for entering coordinates and digitizing locations. (ELEV). The ELEV command sets elevation and
extrusion thickness of new objects.
The current elevation is the Z value that AutoCAD uses whenever it
expects a 3D point but receives only X and Y values. AutoCAD
maintains separate current elevations in model space and paper space.
Specifying an elevation setting in one viewport makes that elevation
current in all viewports regardless of whether viewports are set up to
retain their own user coordinate systems (UCSs). AutoCAD resets the
elevation to 0.0 whenever you change the coordinate system.
a b c
Fig. 1.29
i. Enter the command ELEV at the command prompt to set elevation at zero (0) and thickness 60.
Command: elev Specify new default elevation <60.0000>: 0
Specify new default thickness <0.0000>: 50
ii. Click the line command button, click any convenient place for start point of object and moving in
anticlockwise direction while ORTHO is on, enter short distances of 100 and long distances of 200.
Command: _line Specify first point: click any convenient point
Specify next point or [Undo]: 200
Specify next point or [Undo]: 100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 200
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 200
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c
iii. Click SW Isometric view from the View toolbar to see an isometric view as in Fig. 3D1b.
iv. Enter the command HI to hide lines that are supposed to be hidden.
Example 2
a b c d e
Fig. 1.30
i. Using ELEV, specify elevation of 0 and thickness of 100
Command: elev Specify new default elevation <0.0000>: 0
Specify new default thickness <0.0000>: 100
ii. Select the polyline (alias PLINE) command and starting at the origin 0,0 for clockwise movement
draw a square of side 100 by 100
Command: _pline
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Specify start point: 0,0
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 0,100
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 100,100
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 100,0
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c
iii. Change the elevation settings for a new elevation of 100 and thickness of 150.
Command: elev Specify new default elevation <0.0000>: 100
Specify new default thickness <0.0000>: 150
Note: The circle will be drawn at a raised elevation of 100 and will have a thickness of 150. This means
the circle will appear as a cylinder of height 150 with its base starting from top of the square since the
circle’s elevation and square’s thickness are the same i.e. 100. Assuming the circle’s elevation is 50,
then the circle (appearing as a cylinder) will have 50 of its height buried in the square of height 100
that will appear as a cube.
v. Change the elevation settings for a new elevation of 250 and thickness of 50.
Command: elev Specify new default elevation <100.0000>: 250
Specify new default thickness <150.0000>: 50
vii. Select the square, go to Color Control palette of Object Properties toolbar and choose red.
viii. Select the circle, go to Color Control palette of Object Properties toolbar and click yellow.
ix. Select the pentagon, go to Color Control palette of Object Properties toolbar and click green.
x. Click SW Isometric view from the View toolbar to see an isometric view as in Fig. 3D2c.
xi. Enter the command HI to hide lines that are supposed to be hidden as in Fig. 3D2d.
xii. Click on Gouraud shading in shade toolbar.
xiii. Click on 3D orbit to turn the resulting figure at various angles.
1.6.2 Solids
A solid object represents the entire volume of an object. Solids are the most informationally complete
and least ambiguous of the 3D modeling types. Complex solid shapes are also easier to construct and
edit than wireframes and meshes.
Solids are created from one of the basic solid shapes of box, cone, cylinder, sphere, torus, and wedge or
by extruding a 2D object along a path or revolving a 2D object about an axis. Once a solid is created in
this manner, more complex shapes can be created by combining solids. Solids can be joined, subtracted
from each other, or can be analysed to find their common volume (overlapping portion).
Solids can be further modified by filleting, chamfering, or changing the color of their edges. Faces on
solids are easily manipulated because they don't require you to draw any new geometry or perform
Boolean operations on the solid. AutoCAD also provides commands for slicing a solid into two pieces
or obtaining the 2D cross section of a solid.
The ISOLINES system variable controls the number of tessellation lines used to visualize curved
portions of the wireframe. The FACETRES system variable adjusts the smoothness of shaded and
hidden-line objects.
10
11
12
13
Use EXTRUDE to create a solid from a common profile of an object, such as a gear or sprocket.
EXTRUDE is particularly useful for objects that contain fillets, chamfers, and other details that might
otherwise be difficult to reproduce except in a profile. If you create a profile using lines or arcs, use the
Join option of PEDIT to convert them to a single polyline object or make them into a region before you
use EXTRUDE.
Tapering the extrusion is useful specifically for parts that need their sides defined along an angle, such
as a mold used to create metal products in a foundry. Avoid using extremely large tapered angles. If the
angle is too large, the profile can taper to a point before it reaches the specified height.
Fig. 1.31 a b c d
Command: ext EXTRUDE
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: select original object (outer object of Fig. 1.31a) 1 found
Select objects: select offset object (inner object of Fig. 1.31a) 1 found, 2 total
Select objects:
John Annan CAD 31
AutoCAD 2002 UMaT, Tka
Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: 50
Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>:
Command:
iii. View using view toolbar SW Isometric View (Fig. 1.31 c. d is in hidden mode)
iv. Subtract using subtract tool under solid editing toolbar
Command: subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: select object to subtract from (original) 1 found
Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: select object to remove (offset object) 1 found
Select objects:
Command:
v. Shade and view by orbitting
Fig. 1.32 a b c d
i. Draw three circles as shown in Fig. 1.32 a. Big circle R100, top circle at quadrant of big
circle R20, centre circle R30. Fig. 1.32 a
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 100
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: <Osnap on>
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <100.0000>: 20
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.0000>: 30
Command:
ii. Polar array top small circle. Number = 12, centre of array is centre of big circle. b
iii. Trim off all unwanted areas. First select cutting edge and then unwanted areas. c
Command: _trim
Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=None
Select cutting edges ...
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: select all objects. 14 found
Select objects: select unwanted areas
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: select unwanted areas
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/Edge/Undo]: select unwanted areas
iv. Join all objects using polyline edit (pedit) Fig. 1.32 c
Command: pedit Select polyline or [Multiple]: m
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: select all objects using crossing window 25 found
Select objects:
Convert Lines and Arcs to polylines [Yes/No]? <Y>
Enter an option [Close/Open/Join/Width/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: j
Join Type = Extend
Enter fuzz distance or [Jointype] <0.0000>: type 0.1
23 segments added to polyline
Enter an option [Close/Open/Join/Width/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]:
v. Extrude resulting objects as in Fig. 1.32 c
John Annan CAD 32
AutoCAD 2002 UMaT, Tka
Command: ext
EXTRUDE
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=4
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects: 1 found, 2 total
Select objects:
Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: type 50
Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>:
Command:
vi. Subtract inner circle from outer object d
Command: _subtract Select solids and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: Select the outer object with curved projections 1 found
Select objects: Select solids and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: select inner circle 1 found
Select objects:
Command:
vii. Shade, view and rotate to have clear d
1.6.4 Revolve
With REVOLVE, you can create a solid by revolving a closed object about the X or Y axis of the current
UCS, using a specified angle. You can also revolve the object about a line, polyline, or two specified
points. Similar to EXTRUDE, REVOLVE is useful for objects that contain fillets or other details that
would otherwise be difficult to reproduce in a common profile. If you create a profile using lines or arcs
that meet a polyline, use the PEDIT Join option to convert them to a single polyline object before you
use REVOLVE.
You can use REVOLVE on closed objects such as polylines, polygons, rectangles, circles, ellipses, and
regions. You cannot use REVOLVE on 3D objects, objects contained within a block, polylines that
have crossing or intersecting segments, or polylines that are not closed.
Note: You cannot edit objects while 3DORBIT is active. To exit 3DORBIT, press ENTER or ESC, or
choose Exit from the shortcut menu.
1.8 SHADE
Note: When you shade objects in the 3D Orbit view, the shading is still applied to the objects after you
exit 3DORBIT. Use SHADEMODE to change the shading when 3DORBIT is not active.
The result of the subtraction. If you supply more than two number arguments, this function returns the
result of subtracting the sum of the second through the last numbers from the first number. If you supply
only one number argument, this function subtracts the number from zero, and returns a negative
number. Supplying no arguments returns 0.
Examples
(- 50 40) returns 10
(- 50 40.0) returns 10.0
(- 50 40.0 2.5) returns 7.5
(- 8) returns -8
The result of the multiplication. If you supply only one number argument, this function returns the
result of multiplying it by one; it returns the number. Supplying no arguments returns 0.
Examples
(* 2 3) returns 6
(* 2 3.0) returns 6.0
(* 2 3 4.0) returns 24.0
(* 3 -4.5) returns -13.5
(* 3) returns 3
The result of the division. If you supply more than two number arguments, this function divides the first
number by the product of the second through the last numbers, and returns the final quotient. If you
supply one number argument, this function returns the result of dividing it by one; it returns the number.
Supplying no arguments returns 0.
Examples
(/ 100 2) returns 50
(/ 100 2.0) returns 50.0
(/ 100 20.0 2) returns 2.5
(/ 100 20 2) returns 2
(/ 4) returns 4