Project members: J.ANURAGINI-10521A0120 PRUTHVI NATH-10521A0137 S.

RADHA -10521A0151 GOWTHAM-11521A0101 RAMJI-10521A0147

ABSTRACT
The aim of the project is to plan and design a hospital building with various departments for surgery,operation theatre,patients resting rooms with single bed and double bed with capacity of total 16 beds whereas A.C suits with double bed capacity. In our project planning and detail design of hospital building is undertaken following basic rules prescribed for hospitals using codal provisions.Various soil tests viz., direct shear test, sieve analysis, core cutter method are done on soil to find out the properties of soil. The hospital plan is made out by following basic building bye laws. Then the hospital is designed with its various rooms viz., ICU, labour ward, operation theatre, patients waiting rooms , different wards for particular case viz., for surgery, cardiology ,neurology outpatient departments etc.,. Our hospital building is planned for g+2; 2 storeyed building. Detail design of slabs,beams,columns,footings is done. One way slab and two way slab design is done with beams placed on columns in every position with isolated foundation.

CHAPTER -1
Introduction: A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialised staff and equipment. Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations (for profit or non profit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers. TYPES OF HOSPITALS Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave ('outpatients') without staying overnight; while others are 'admitted' and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months ('inpatients'). Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others often are described as clinics. General The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which is set up to deal with many kinds of disease and injury, and normally has an emergency department to deal with immediate and urgent threats to health. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities. Some hospitals, especially in the United States, have their own ambulance service.

District A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care and long-term care; Specialised Types of specialised hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on a non profit basis by governments or charities. There are however a few exceptions, e.g. China, where government funding only constitutes 10% of income of hospitals. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals. For example, Narayana Hrudayalaya's Bangalore cardiac unit, which is specialised in cardiac surgery, allows for significantly greater number of patients. It has 3000 beds (more than 20 times the average American hospital) and in pediatric heart surgery alone, it performs 3000 heart operations annually, making it by far the largest such facility in the world.Surgeons are paid on a fixed salary instead of per operation, thus the costs to the hospital drops when the number of procedures increases, taking advantage of economies of scale. Additionally, it is argued that costs go down as all its specialists become efficient by working on one "production line" procedure.
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Departments Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments (or "wards") they have. Each is usually headed by a Chief Physician. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as: Emergency department Cardiology Intensive care unit Paediatric intensive care unit Neonatal intensive care unit Cardiovascular intensive care unit Neurology Oncology Obstetrics and gynaecology Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units such as behavioral health services , dentistry , dermatology psychiatric ward , rehabilitation services, and physical therapy. Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information departments, Information Management (aka IM, IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments.
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Emergency department: An Emergency department (ED), also known as accident & emergency (A&E), emergency room (ER), or casualty department, is a medical treatment facility specializing in acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, either by their own means or by ambulance. The emergency department is usually found in a hospital or other primary care center. Due to the unplanned nature of patient attendance, the department must provide initial treatment for a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and require immediate attention. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry points for those without other means of access to medical care. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, although staffing levels may be varied in an attempt to mirror patient volume. Critical conditions handled: Cardiac arrest Heart attack Trauma Mental illness Asthma and COPD Cardiology : Cardiology (from Greek kardia ,- "heart" and logia) is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart be it human or animal. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiac surgeons.
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Intensive care unit(ICU) An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as a critical care unit (CCU), intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive care medicine. hospitals may have ICUs that cater to a specific medical speciality or patient, such as those listed below: Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) Coronary care unit (CCU): Also known as Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) Neurology : Neurology (from Greek, neuron "nerve" and the suffix logia study of") is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Buildings of hospitals: Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimise the effort of medical personnel and the possibility of contamination while maximising the efficiency of the whole system. Travel time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of patients between units is facilitated and minimised. The building also should be built to accommodate heavy departments such as radiology and operating rooms while space for special wiring, plumbing, and waste disposal must be allowed for in the design.

Aspects to be given particular consideration in the hospital construction:

Therapeutic environments (environment of care, green design and sustainability)

IT and health care technology and communications (includes patient documentation, imaging)

Infection control (includes biohazard control, handwashing, infection control risk assessments, construction materials)

Disaster planning Safety and security Dimensional consideration (includes space planning, costs) Energy and cost-effectiveness

Single vs semiprivate room key findings: Private rooms are the trend in hospital planning and design. The advantages of single occupancy rooms are cited as improvements in patient care, a reduction in the risk of cross infection, and greater flexibility in operation. However, it is important to view and interpret the benefits of single-occupancy rooms within the context of patient care issues, other environmental changes and management policy changes in order to bring about desired and sustainable outcomes

First and operating costs:

Literature focusing on comparative first costs for single and multi-occupancy rooms is scarce. The limited number of articles exploring the relationship between
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first costs and operating costs indicates that operating costs are proportionately more than the capital cost of hospitals, and this is true even for cost estimates Universal rooms or acuity adaptable rooms are a current trend in design, especially in hospitals that are promoting patient-centered care and family participation in the patients healing program. These rooms are all private rooms. Results from a limited number of studies have indicated that medication errors, patient falls and procedural problems may be reduced in acuity adaptable . However, these results may be specific to the particular institutions studied. More detailed study with examples from multiple hospitals is required before drawing specific conclusions.

CHAPTER -2
Scope of Our project is planning and designing of hospital building by cement stabilization.

Planning of the hospital building and its various departments as listed above in introduction is done.

The various soil tests viz.,core cutter method ; liquid limit , plastic limit tests;sieve analysis are carried out.

The design is carried out for 2 storeyed hospital building i.e., g+2. Each room dimensions and department dimensions are taken according to basic bye laws provisions.

Design is carried out for slabs The slab is checked for one way or two way then by following regular design procedure of slab the design is carried out.

Design of beams is carried out The regular design procedure of beams is carried out Rectangular simply supported beams design is carried out Design of columns is carried out Design of square columns is carried out Where max loading is changing there the design is carried out and from it the various columns design is taken Design of footings is carried out. Footings may be isolated or combined. Generally isolated footings are considered in our design

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The scope of project is to plan the hospital building with its various departments viz.,cardiology,ICU etc as stated above,soil tests are carried out to check whether the soil is suitable for the building to be constructed on it or not. After the suitable tests conducted on soil , making ensure that those properties are satisfied and soil is suitable for construction the designing of the building is carried out. Design of slabs,beams,columns footings of the building is done This is our project based on.

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Core cutter method apparatus

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Sieve analysis being done by mechanical shaker.

SIEVE ANALYSIS SIEVES WITH VARIOUS SIZES

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DESIGN OF
HOSPITAL BUILDING

design of slabs

design of beams

design of columns

design of footings

SLABS
one way two way

COLUMNS rectangular columns

FOOTINGS isolated

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BUILDING ATTRIBUTES Regardless of their location, size, or budget, all hospitals should have certain common attributes. Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness An efficient hospital layout should: Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between frequently used spaces Allow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-design programming Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators, pneumatic tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic chutes, for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies and the removal of waste, recyclables, and soiled material Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared by adjacent functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi-purpose spaces Consolidate outpatient functions for more efficient operationon first floor, if possiblefor direct access by outpatients Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirements Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical intensive care unit adjacent to the operating suite. These adjacencies should be based on a detailed functional program which describes the

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hospital's intended operations from the standpoint of patients, staff, and supplies. Flexibility and expandability: Since medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change hospitals should: Follow modular concepts of space planning and layout Use generic room sizes and plans as much as possible, rather than highly specific ones Be served by modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical and electrical systems Where size and program allow, be designed on a modular system basis, such as the VA Hospital Building System. This system also uses walkthrough interstitial space between occupied floors for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing distribution. For large projects, this provides continuing adaptability to changing programs and needs, with no firstcost premium, if properly planned, designed, and bid. The VA Hospital Building System also allows vertical expansion without disruptions to floors below. Be open-ended, with well planned directions for future expansion; for instance positioning "soft spaces" such as administrative departments, adjacent to "hard spaces" such as clinical laboratories. Therapeutic Environment

Some important aspects of creating a therapeutic interior are: Using familiar and culturally relevant materials wherever consistent with sanitation and other functional needs
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 Using cheerful and varied colours and textures, keeping in mind that some colours are inappropriate and can interfere with provider assessments of patients' pallor and skin tones, disorient older or impaired patients, or agitate patients and staff, particularly some psychiatric patients . Admitting ample natural light wherever feasible and using colourcorrected lighting in interior spaces which closely approximates natural daylight Providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed, and elsewhere wherever possible; photo murals of nature scenes are helpful where outdoor views are not available Designing a "way-finding" process into every project. Patients, visitors, and staff all need to know where they are, what their destination is, and how to get there and return. A patient's sense of competence is encouraged by making spaces easy to find, identify, and use without asking for help. Building elements, colour, texture, and pattern should all give cues, as well as artwork and signage. Cleanliness and Sanitation Hospitals must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by: Appropriate, durable finishes for each functional space Careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and finish transitions to avoid dirt-catching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints Adequate and appropriately located housekeeping spaces Special materials, finishes, and details for spaces which are to be kept sterile, such as integral cove base. The new antimicrobial surfaces might be considered for appropriate locations.

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 Incorporating O&M practices that stress indoor environmental quality (IEQ) Accessibility: All areas, both inside and out, should: Ensuring grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and sidewalks and corridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily Ensuring entrance areas are designed to accommodate patients with slower adaptation rates to dark and light; marking glass walls and doors to make their presence obvious Controlled Circulation A hospital is a complex system of interrelated functions requiring constant movement of people and goods. Much of this circulation should be controlled. Outpatients visiting diagnostic and treatment areas should not travel through inpatient functional areas nor encounter severely ill inpatients Typical outpatient routes should be simple and clearly defined Visitors should have a simple and direct route to each patient nursing unit without penetrating other functional areas Separate patients and visitors from industrial/logistical areas or floors Outflow of trash, recyclables, and soiled materials should be separated from movement of food and clean supplies, and both should be separated from routes of patients and visitors Transfer of cadavers to and from the morgue should be out of the sight of patients and visitors Dedicated service elevators for deliveries, food and building maintenance services

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Aesthetics Aesthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment (homelike, attractive.) It is important in enhancing the hospital's public image and is thus an important marketing tool. A better environment also contributes to better staff morale and patient care. Aesthetic considerations include: Increased use of natural light, natural materials, and textures Use of artwork Attention to proportions, color, scale, and detail Bright, open, generously-scaled public spaces Homelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation rooms, and offices Compatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundings Security and Safety: In addition to the general safety concerns of all buildings, hospitals have several particular security concerns: Protection of hospital property and assets, including drugs Protection of patients, including incapacitated patients, and staff Safe control of violent or unstable patients Vulnerability to damage from terrorism because of proximity to highvulnerability targets, or because they may be highly visible public buildings with an important role in the public health system. Sustainability

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Hospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the environment and economy of the surrounding community. They are heavy users of energy and water and produce large amounts of waste. Because hospitals place such demands on community resources they are natural candidates for sustainable design.

EMERGING ISSUES Among the many new developments and trends influencing hospital design are: The decreasing numbers of general practitioners along with the increased use of emergency facilities for primary care The increasing introduction of highly sophisticated diagnostic and treatment technology Requirements to remain operational during and after disasters requiring earthquake resistance, both in designing new buildings and retrofitting existing structures Preventative care versus sickness care; designing hospitals as allinclusive "wellness centers" Use of hand-held computers and portable diagnostic equipment to allow more mobile, decentralized patient care, and a general shift to computerized patient information of all kinds. This might require computer alcoves and data ports in corridors outside patient bedrooms. For more information, see WBDG Integrate Technological Tools Need to balance increasing attention to building security with openness to patients and visitors Emergence of palliative care as a specialty in many major medical centers

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 A growing interest in more holistic, patient-centered treatment and environments such as promoted by Planetree.

Guidelines in the planning of hospital buildings departments: Space-area in square meters: Office of the Chief of Hospital- 5.02/staff Maintenance and Housekeeping Area -5.02/staff Parking Area for Transport Vehicle- 9.29 Supply Room -5.02/staff Dietary Dietitian Area -5.02/staff Food Preparation Area- 4.65 Cooking and Baking Area -4.65 Serving and Food Assembly Area -4.65 Washing Area -4.65 Garbage Disposal Area -1.67 Dining Area -1.40/person Toilet -1.67 Clinical Service Emergency Room Waiting Area- 0.65/person Toilet -1.67 Nurse Station -5.02/staff

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 Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink 7-.43/bed Observation Area- 7.43/bed Equipment and Supply Storage Area -4.65 Outpatient Department Waiting Area- 0.65/person Toilet -1.67 Admitting and Records Area -5.02/staff Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink -7.43/bed Consultation Area -5.02/staff Surgical and Obstetrical Service Major Operating Room -33.45 Delivery Room- 33.45 Sub-sterilizing Area -4.65 Sterile Instrument, Supply and Storage Area- 4.65 Dressing Room- 2.32 Toilet -1.67 Nurse Station- 5.02/staff Space Area in Square Meter for Administrative Service: Lobby Waiting Area -0.65/person Information and Reception Area- 5.02/staff Toilet- 1.67 Business Office- 5.02/staff Medical Records -5.02/staff

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CHAPTER 3 Design considerations of hospital by FGI guidelines:

Dining, recreation, and day spaces. A total of 55 square feet (5.11 square meters) per bed shall be provided for dining, recreation, and day spaces (areas may be in separate or adjoining spaces). Physical therapy treatment room(s). The size of the therapy space shall depend upon the requirements of the functional program. Space requirements shall be designed to permit access to all equipment and be sized to accommodate equipment for physical therapy. (1) Privacy. For thermotherapy, diathermy, ultrasonics, hydrotherapy, etc., cubicle curtains shall be provided around each individual treatment area. (2) Hand-washing station(s) shall also be provided. One hand-washing station shall be permitted to serve more than one cubicle. (3) Facilities for collection of wet and soiled linen and other material shall be provided. (4) As a minimum, one individual treatment area shall be enclosed within walls and have a door for accessminimum size 80 square feet (7.43 square meters). Curtained treatment areas shall have a minimum size of 70 square feet (6.51 square meters). Patient Room Capacity (1) The maximum number of beds per room shall be one unless the functional program demonstrates the necessity of a two-bed arrangement. Approval of a two-bed arrangement shall be obtained from the licensing authority.

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(2) Where renovation work is undertaken and the present capacity is more than one patient, maximum room capacity shall be no more than the present capacity, with a maximum of two patients. Space requirements (1) Area. In new construction, patient rooms shall be constructed to meet the needs of the functional program and have a minimum clear floor area of 120 square feet (11.15 square meters) in a single-bed room and 100 square feet (9.29 square meters) per bed in a multiple-bed room. (2) Clearances *(a) The dimensions and arrangement of rooms shall be such that there is a minimum clear dimension of 3 feet (91.44 centimeters) between the sides and foot of the bed and any wall or any other fixed obstruction. (b) In multiple-bed rooms, a minimum clear dimension of 4 feet (1.22 meters) shall be provided at the foot of each bed to permit the passage of equipment and beds. (3) Where renovation work is undertaken, every effort shall be made to meet the above minimum standards. If it is not possible to meet the above minimum standards, authorities having jurisdiction may grant approval to deviate from this requirement. In such cases, patient rooms shall have a minimum clear floor area of 100 square feet (9.29 square meters) in a single-bed room and 80 square feet (7.43 square meters) per bed in a multiple-bed room.

LDR/LDRP rooms. In accordance with the functional program, a specific

number of patient rooms shall be provided with the capability of serving as labor/delivery/recovery (LDR) or labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum (LDRP) rooms in the event an obstetrical patient arrives at the facility in need of such services. (1) Space requirements
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(a) LDR and LDRP rooms shall have a minimum clear floor area of 340 square feet (31.57 square meters) with a minimum dimension of 13 feet (3.96 meters). This includes an infant stabilization and resuscitation space with a minimum clear floor area of at least 40 square feet (3.7 square meters). (i) The infant stabilization and resuscitation space shall be an area within the room that is distinct from the mother's area. (ii) Where required by the functional program, there shall be enough space for a crib and reclining chair for a support person. (b) When renovation work is undertaken, every effort shall be made to meet the above minimum standards. If it is not possible to meet the above square-footage standards, existing LDR or LDRP rooms shall be permitted to have a minimum clear area of 200 square feet (18.58 square meters). *(2) Storage. If LDR/LDRP functions are programmed for a critical access hospital, a storage area for case carts, delivery equipment, and bassinets shall be provided. Diagnostic X-Ray Space requirements. Radiography rooms shall be of a size to accommodate the functional program. Tomography and radiography/fluoroscopy rooms. Separate toilets with handwashing stations shall be provided with direct access from each dedicated gastrointestinal fluoroscopic room and to an adjacent passage so that a patient can leave the toilet without having to reenter the fluoroscopic room. Mammography rooms Shielded control alcoves (1) Each x-ray room shall include a shielded control alcove. For mammography machines with built-in shielding for the operator, omission of the alcove shall

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be permitted when approved by the certified physicist or state radiation protection agency. (2) This area shall be provided with a view window designed to provide full view of the examination table and the patient at all times, including full view of the patient when the table is in the tilt position or the chest x-ray is in use. Hand-washing station. A hand-washing station shall be provided within the procedure room unless the room is used only for routine screening such as chest x-rays where the patient is not physically handled by the staff. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Space requirements (1) Space within the overall MRI suite shall be provided as necessary to accommodate the functional program and to meet the minimum technical siting requirements provided by the MRI equipment manufacturer. (2) MRI suites as well as spaces around, above, and below (as applicable) shall be designed and configured to facilitate adherence to U.S. Food and Drug Administration requirements established to prevent unscreened individuals from entering the 5-gauss (0.5 millitesla) volume around the MRI equipment. (3) The MRI scanner room shall be large enough to accommodate equipment and to allow clearance in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. Design configuration of the MRI suite (1) Suites for MRI equipment shall be planned to conform to the four-zone screening and access control protocols identified in the American College of Radiologys Guidance Document for Safe MR Practices. (2) The layout shall include provisions for the following functions: (a) Patient interviews and clinical screening
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(b) Physical screening and changing areas (as indicated) (c) Siting of ferromagnetic detection systems (d) Access control (e) Accommodation of site-specific clinical and operational requirements (3) An anteroom visible from the control room shall be located outside the MRI scanner room so that patients, health care personnel, and other employees must pass through it before entering the scanning area and control room. This room shall be outside the restricted areas of the MRIs magnetic field. (4) Any area in which the magnetic field strength is equal to or greater than 5 gauss (0.5 millitesla) shall be physically restricted by the use of key locks or pass-key locking systems. Control room (1) A control room shall be provided with a full view of the patient within the MRI scanner. (2) The control console shall be positioned so the operator has a full view of the approach and entrance to the MRI scanner room. Hand-washing station. Hand-washing stations shall be provided convenient to the MRI scanner room, but need not be within the room. Computer room. A computer room shall be provided. Equipment installation requirements (1) Power conditioning shall be provided as indicated by the MRI manufacturers power requirements and specific facility conditions. (2) Magnetic shielding shall be provided at those sites where magnetic field hazards or interferences cannot be adequately controlled through facility planning.

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(3) For super-conducting MRI equipment, cryogen venting, emergency exhaust, and passive pressure relief systems shall be provided in accordance with the original equipment manufacturer's specifications.

In new construction, single-patient rooms should be at least 12 feet (3.65 meters) wide by 13 feet (3.96 meters) deep (approximately 160 square feet or 14.86 square meters). These spaces should accommodate comfortable furniture for one or two family members without blocking staff member access to patients.

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WAITING ROOM OF HOSPITAL

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CHAPTER 4
Sand confining to zone 2 (Visakhapatnam zone) M 20 grade of concrete is used M10 grade of P.C.C is used

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

DESIGN OF SLAB

Design of a one way slab: Effective span= 4.8 m live load= 3 kn , Factored load= 1.5 kn , Fck=M20 Wall thickness=300 mm Solution: Given ly=12.7mts, lx=4.5mts If ly/lx >2 then it is a one way slab. Depth: In general depth is given by d= l/25 d=4800/25 d=180mm, Clear cover =40mm Adopt=12mm diameter Total depth=206mm Effective spans:

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Lex= 4.5mts Ley=12.7mts Loads: Self weight of the slab= D25 = 0.2065 =5.15kn/m2 Live load= 3kn/m2 Floor finish=1kn/m2 Total load=Live load+ self weight of slab+ floor finish =5.15 +3+1 =9.15kn/m2 Factored load=1.5Total load =1.5 9.15=13.72kn/m2 Factored Bending moment and shear force: Factored bending moment (Mu) =wul2/8 =13.724.682 =37.56kn-m Factored shear force (Vu) = wl/2 =13.72 4.68 =32.10 kn-m Minimum depth required: Mu=0.138fckbd2 =0.1381000.1502

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d =116.6mm>Mu Section is under reinforced Tension reinforcement: Mu=0.87fyAst[1-fyAst/fckbd] Ast=622.63mm2 so provide Ast=620mm2

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT =0.12% of gross area 0.12*1000*206=247.2mm2 Ast>Astmin Hence it is ok. Use 12mm dia bars and spacing of bars Spacing: S=ast/Ast 100 S=181.64 mm Maximum spacing (i) 3*d=3*180=540mm (ii)300mm whichever is less Hence provide 12mm bars at180mm c/c. Distribution reinforcement: Ast=0.12% of given gross area Ast=247.2mm2 Using 12mm diameter bars of 300 mm c/c.

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Check for deflection : Pt=100 Ast/bd P=0.345 fs=0.58415=240.7 modification factor =1.5 maximum permitted l/d ratio=1.520 =30 l/d provided=4500/180 =25<30 Hence deflection control is safe. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS DATA: Short span lx =4.5m Long span ly =8.6m Live load = 3kn/m2 Floor finish =1 kn/m2 fck=M20 N\mm2, fy=415N/mm2 THICKNESS: Assume effective depth d=span/28 =4.5/28 =160mm Over all depth= D=160+40=200mm EFFECTIVE SPAN:

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lx=4.5+0.16=4.6m ly=8.6+0.16=8.76m ly/lx =8.76/4.6=1.90. LOADS: Per unit area of slab:Self weight of the slab=0.2*25=5 Live load=3kn/m2 Floor finish=1kn/m2 Total load=9kn/m2 Factored load wu=1.5x9=13.5kn/m2

DESIGN MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE:x(+ve)=0.062 , y(-ve)=0.037,x(-ve)=0.082,y(+ve)=0.028 Mux(-ve)=0.082x13.5x4.62=23.42kn-m Mux(+ve)=0.062x13.5x4.62=17.71kn-m Muy(-ve)=0.037x13.5x4.62=10.56kn-m Muy(+ve)=0.028x13.5x4.62=7.99kn-m Vu=wul/2=13.5x4.6/2=31.05kn MINIMUM DEPTH REQUIRED: Mu=0.138xfckxbxd2 23.42x106=0.138x20x1000xd2 d=92.11<160mm

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Hence provided depth is required REINFORCEMENT: Along x-direction Mux=0.87xfyAstxd[1-(fy Ast)/(fckbd)] Asrt=430mm2 Using 12mm dia bars, spacing of bars S=(ast/Ast)x1000 =( /4)xd2x1000/430 =263mm Maximum spacing: 3xd=3x160=480mm 300mm whichever is less. hence provide 12mm bars @260mmc/c

Along X-direction(+ve): Mux=0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)] Ast=319.8mm2 Ast=320mm2 Using 12mm diameter bars, spacing of bars S=(ast/Ast)x1000 =113.09x1000/320=350mm Hence provide 12mm bars@350mm c/c.

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Maximum spacing: 3xd=3x160=480mm 300mm whichever is less. ALONG Y-DIRECTIION:Muy(-ve)= 0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)] Ast=200mm2 Using 12mm dia bars, spacing of bars S=(ast/Ast)x1000 =113.09x1000/200=565mm Maximum spacing 3xd=3x148=444mm 300mm whichever is less Hence provide12mm bars@560mm c/c. Muy(-ve)= 0.87 fyAstd[1-(fyAst)/fckbd)] Ast=150mm2 Using 12mm dia bars, spacing of bars S=(ast/Ast)x1000 =113.09x1000/150=754mm Maximum spacing 3xd=3x148=444mm 300mm whichever is less. Hence provide12mm bars@560mm c/c. REINFORCED IN EDGE STRIPS:

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Ast=0.12% of gross area =0.12x1000x200=240mm2 Using 12mm dia bars, spacing of bars S=(ast/Ast)x1000 =47.12 Maximum spacing (i) 5xd=5x160=800mm (ii) 450mm whichever is less. Hence provide 12mm bars at 40mmc/c in edges TORSION REINFORCEMENT:Two adjacent edges discontinuous, area of reinforcement of each layer, At=3xAst/4=3x320/4=240mm2 Distance over which torsion reinforcement is to be provided. Lx/5=4600/5=920mm Using 8mm dia bars, spacing S=(/4)xd2x1000/240=209.41mm;d=8 Hence provide 8mm of bars200c/c at corners where two adjacent edge discontinuous. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION: l/d ratio =20 % of steel at mid span Pt=(ast/bd)x100=(/4)x122x100/150x160=0.47% Percentage of steel=0.47%

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fs=0.58fy=0.58x415=240N/mm2 Modification factor=1.5[from is 456-2000] Maximum permitted l/d ratio=1.5*20=30 l\d provide=4600/160=28.7 so 28.7<30 hence deflection is safe

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Design of columns:
columns c1,c4,c29,c32 which at the corners of building for ground floor
Given data. Load =875.5 Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18 mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= = lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than =/4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16* consider 300 spacing provide 6mm ties at 300 1313.25 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

122733.6 350*400 1227.336

1526.81 121206.8 1349830 1349.830> 1313.25

4.5 Or 6

450 288

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Columns c1,c4,c29,c32 first floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 8 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= 788 1182 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

100850.47 300*450 1008.5047

2034.72 98815.747 1182

Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 1297171.3 = 1297.171> lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than =/4= 4.5 Or 6 adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 450 16* 288 provide 6mm ties at 300c/c

44

Columns c1,c4,c29,c32 second floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16* provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 709.2 1063.8 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

99420.56 300*350 994.2056

1526.81 97893.75 1163326 1163.32> 1063.8

4.5 Or 6

450 288

45

Columns c5,c8,c9,c12,c13.. for ground floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 690 1035 0.01 of Ag

Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag Axially loaded short column Ag= 96728.97 Size of column= 300*350 Asc= 967.2897 provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= 1526.81 Ac=Ag-Asc= 95202.16 Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16*= provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 1141793 1141.793> 1035

4.5 Or 6

450 288

46

Columns c5,c8,c9,c12,c13.. For first floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 621 931.5 0.01 of Ag

Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag Axially loaded short column Ag= 87056.07 Size of column= 300*350 Asc= 870.5607 provide 4 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= 1017.36 Ac=Ag-Asc= 86038.71 Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 941632.4 941.632> lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= 4.5 Or 6 adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 450 16* 288 provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 931.5

47

Columns c5,c8,c9,c12,c13.. Second floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 558.9 838.35 0.01 of Ag

Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag Axially loaded short column Ag= 78350.47 Size of column= 300*350 Asc= 783.5047 provide 4 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided 1017.36 Ac=Ag-Asc= 77333.11 Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 871987.5 871.987> 838.35 lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= 4.5 Or 6 adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 450 16* 288 provide 6mm ties at 300c/c

48

Columns c2,c3,.c30,c31 Ground floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) 720 1080 0.01 of Ag

Area of concrete= 0.99 Ag Axially loaded short column Ag= 100934.6 Size of column= 350*300 Asc= 1009.346 provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= 1526.81 Ac=Ag-Asc= 99407.77 Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16*= provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 1175438 1175.438> 1080

4.5 Or 6

450 288

49

Columns c2,c3,.c30,c31 First floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16*= provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 648 972 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

90841.12 350*300 908.4112

1526.81 89314.31 1094690 1094.69> 972

4.5 Or 6

450 288

50

Columns c2,c3,.c30,c31 Second floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= 583.2 874.8 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

81757.01 300*350

Asc= 817.5701 provide 4 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided 1017.36 Ac=Ag-Asc= 80739.65 Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= 899239.8 899.239> lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= 4.5 Or 6 adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 450 16*= 288 provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 874.8

51

Columns c23,c33.. Lift ground floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16* provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 850 1275 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

119158.9 350*400 1191.589

1526.81 117632.1 1321232 1321.232> 1275

4.5 Or 6

450 288

52

Columns c23,c33.. Lift first floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16*= provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 765 1147.5 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

107243 350*400 1072.43

1526.81 105716.2 1225905 1225.905> 1147.5

4.5 Or 6

450 288

53

Columns c23,c33.. Lift second floor

Data Given Load = Factored load= Assuming 1% steel(Asc) Area of concrete= Axially loaded short column Ag= Size of column= Asc= provide 6 bars of 18mm dia. Asc provided= Ac=Ag-Asc= Pu=0.4fckAc+0.6fyAsc= lateral ties diameter of lateral ties should not be less than /4= adopt 6 mm dia pitch least lateral dia 16*= provide 6mm ties at 300c/c 688.5 1032.75 0.01 of Ag 0.99 Ag

96518.69 300*350 965.1869

1526.81 94991.88 1140111 1140.11> 1032.75

4.5 Or 6

450 288

54

55

DESIGN OF BEAMS:
B 21 beam =A1=E4+G2 =((1.52+6.1)/2*3.05)+(1/2*6.1*3.05) =11.62+9.3 =20.92 m2 Loads: Dead load=20.92*0.15*25=78.45 KN Live load=20.92*3=62.76 KN Floor finish=20.92 KN Self wt. of beam=0.3*0.5*6.1*25=22.875 KN Total load(W1)=185 KN Factored load (Wu)=1.5*185=277.5 KN U.D.L=277.5/6.1 = 45.48KN/m B 22 area =F4+H2 =2.95 m2 Total load (W)=31.972 KN Factored load (Wu)=1.5*31.972

56

=47.958 KN U.D.L =47.958/2.43=19.73 KN/m In fixed beams : MAB=-wl2/12=-45.49*6.12/12 =-141.05 KN.m MBA=wl2/12=+141.05 KN.m MBC=-wl2/12=-19.73*2.432/12 =-9.7 KN.m MCB=+9.7 KN.m Stiffness factor: Joint B:KBA =4EI/L=0.65EI KCB=4EI/2.43=1.64EI KB=KBA+KCB=0.65EI+1.64EI =2.29EI Distribution factor: KBA/KB =0.65EI/2.29EI= 0.28 KCB/KB=1.64EI/2.29EI =0.72

57

A -141.05 141.05 -36.78 -18.39 -159.44 104.27

B -9.7 -94.57 -47.286 -104.27 -37.586 9.7

MA=-159.44 KN.M MB=104.27 KN.M MC=37.586KN.M Breadth= 300mm Mid span of B 1: MD=wl2/8=45.49*6.12/8=211.58*106 N.mm MD =0.87 fy Astd(1-fyAst/fck bd) 211.58*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350) Ast=2530.36 mm2 Mid span of B2: MD=wl2/8=19.73*2.432/8 = 14.56*106 N.mm M D=0.87 fy Ast d(1-fyAst/fckbd )
58

4.56*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350) Ast =117.96 mm2 Depth required: Mu=0.138fck bd2 211.58*106=0.138*20*1000*d2 d= d=276.87 mm take d=350 mm because small values not suitable check overall depth required =350 mm Reinforcement: MA =0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/fck bd) 159.44*106 =0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415*Ast/20*300*350) Ast=2400 mm2 MB= 0.87fyASTD(1-FYAST /FCKBD) 104.27=0.87*415*AST*350(1-415AST/20*300*350) AST=1038 mm2 MC=0.87fyAstd(1-fyAst/fckbd)
6

/0.138*20*1000

59

37.586*106=0.87*415*Ast*350(1-415Ast/20*300*350) Ast=317.83 mm2 Provide 8 @20 mm bars Hence Ast provided=2513. 2mm2 Check Depth of neutral axis: Xu=0.87fyAst/0.36fckbd=0.87*415*2513.2/0.36*20*300=420 mm Xu1max=0.48d=0.48*350=168 mm Xu>Xu1max Hence the section is over reinforced section Moment of resistance: Mu=0.36fckbxumax(d-0.42xumax) =0.36*20*300*168*(350-0.42*168) =101.4*106 N.mm =101.4 KN.m Design of shear reinforcement: B =300 mm D =350 mm

60

Max S.F in beam =wl/2=45.49*6.1/2=138.7 KN Nominal shear stress= T v=Vu/bd=138.7*103/300*350 =1.32N/mm2 Percentage of tension steel: P t =Ast/bd*100 =(2513.2/300*350)*100 =2.4% From table 19 of IS 456-2000 Shear stress Tc=0.81N/mm2 Max shear stress in concrete from table 20 T cmax=2.8 N/mm2 Shear force (Vu)=138.7*103 N As Tv<Tc minimum reinforcement has to be provided using 2 legged 8mm stirrups Asv=2*(8)2/4= 100.53 mm2 SV=0.87fyAst/0.4b=0.87*415*100.53/0.4*300=302.47 mm Max spacing is 1. 0.75d=0.75*350=262.5 mm
61

2. 300 mm Hence provide 2 legged 8 mm stirrups @265 mm Check for deflection: E=200N/mm2 W =45.49 KN/m=0.04549 KN/mm I xx=bd3/12=300*3503/12 Y max =5wl4/384EI=5*0.04549*61004/384*350(300*3503/12) =2.18 mm Y per=span /325=6100/325=18.76 mm Y max <Yper Hence safe

62

Design of foundation : , , ,

Soil Pressure Axial load =2372.7KN Column= 350 400mm

Approximate area of footing required= = 5.2m 5.2m = 27.04

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM

Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is taken due to shear considerations. Area of tension steel is given by BM ( ( ) )

Shear one-way action

63

((

Shear two-way action ( ( ) )

Nominal Shear stress ( Shear strength of M20 concrete )

Development of reinforcement Development length for 10mm bars ( 1.6 is factor due to deformed bars )

Actual embedment provided from face of the column is ( )

64

Load transfer from column to footing Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete

Allowable bearing stress= To carry excess load ( )

Provide 5-20mm bars as dowels,

The stress in 20 mm dowels

must be developed above and below the junction of column and footing. for compression =
( )

The available vertical length

for anchorage is

= 600-35(clear cover)-2 10(footing bars)-20(dowel) =525mm 695mm Let us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical length in the footing is sufficient for anchorage. Use 16 mm bars as dowels. Development length = 34.75 16 = 560mm Provide 8 16 mm bars,

65

Design of foundation:
Soil Pressure Axial load =1951 KN Column= 350300 Approximate area of footing required= = 4.5m 4.5m = 20.25

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM

Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is taken due to shear considerations. Area of tension steel is given by BM ( ( ) )

Shear one-way action (( ) )

66

Shear two-way action ( ( ) )

Nominal Shear stress ( Shear strength of M20 concrete )

Development of reinforcement Development length for 10mm bars ( 1.6 is factor due to deformed bars )

Actual embedment provided from face of the column is ( )

Load transfer from column to footing Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete
67

Allowable bearing stress= To carry excess load ( )

Provide 5-20mm bars as dowels,

The stress in 20 mm dowels

must be developed above and below the junction of column and footing. for compression =
( )

The available vertical length

for anchorage is

= 600-35(clear cover)-2 10(footing bars)-20(dowel) =525mm 695mm Let us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical length in the footing is sufficient for anchorage. Use 16 mm bars as dowels. Development length = 34.75 16 = 560mm Provide 8 16 mm bars,

68

Design of foundation:
Soil Pressure Axial load =2303KN Column= 350 300

Approximate area of footing required= = 5.2m 5.2m = 27.04

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is taken due to shear considerations. Area of tension steel is given by BM ( ( ) )

Shear one-way action (( ) )

69

Shear two-way action ( ( ) )

Nominal Shear stress ( Shear strength of M20 concrete )

Development of reinforcement Development length for 10mm bars ( 1.6 is factor due to deformed bars )

Actual embedment provided from face of the column is ( )

Load transfer from column to footing Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete

70

Allowable bearing stress= To carry excess load ( )

Provide 5-20mm bars as dowels,

The stress in 20 mm dowels

must be developed above and below the junction of column and footing. for compression =
( )

The available vertical length

for anchorage is

= 600-35(clear cover)-2 10(footing bars)-20(dowel) =525mm 695mm Let us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical length in the footing is sufficient for anchorage. Use 16 mm bars as dowels. Development length = 34.75 16 = 560mm Provide 8 16 mm bars,

71

Design of foundation

Soil Pressure Axial load =1869.9 KN Column= 300350 Approximate area of footing required= = 4.5m 4.5m = 20.25

Bending moment

Bending moment about x-x axis

Effective depth required is, BM

Adopt 560mm effective depth and 600mm overall depth. Increased depth is taken due to shear considerations. Area of tension steel is given by BM ( ( ) )

Shear one-way action

72

((

Shear two-way action ( ( ) )

Nominal Shear stress ( Shear strength of M20 concrete )

Development of reinforcement Development length for 10mm bars ( 1.6 is factor due to deformed bars )

Actual embedment provided from face of the column is ( )

73

Load transfer from column to footing Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete

Allowable bearing stress= To carry excess load ( )

Provide 5-20mm bars as dowels,

The stress in 20 mm dowels

must be developed above and below the junction of column and footing. for compression =
( )

The available vertical length

for anchorage is

= 600-35(clear cover)-2 10(footing bars)-20(dowel) =525mm 695mm Let us provide smaller diameter bars as dowels so that the available vertical length in the footing is sufficient for anchorage. Use 16 mm bars as dowels. Development length = 34.75 16 = 560mm Provide 8 16 mm bars,

74

SYNOPSIS:
o The hospital building is planned in a proper way so that it satisfies all the basic requirements as given above. Sanitation ,ventilation etc are to be considered while planning various departments of hospital. o Soil is tested before constructing the hospital building on it so that it will avail whether it is suitable for building construction or not. o Now coming to design part, Design of slabs,beams,columns,footings are carried out for proper existence of the building in feature without any failure or collapse. Design considerations are taken and respective components are designed accordingly Dimensions of beams columns and the reinforcement needed for each component are done to accurate extent. Materials used for construction like cement ,sand,aggregate in particular quantities are taken.

75

REFERENCES
Is 456-2000 Interent browsing-google search Websites like FGI( facility guidelines institute) ; WBDG(whole building design guide). Standard text books like cm&m by B.C.Punmia,Rangwala;structures by A.K.Jain ;Rangwala

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