a Ae of Dental Medicine Radiology Friedrich A. PaslerVill Table of Contents Radiographic Examination of the Patient in the Dental Office 3. Examination Strategy and Active Protection Against Radiation Exposure 4 Examination Strategies Panoramic Radiography for Basic Information and Supplemental Examination Using Special Radiographs 9. Technique for Panoramic Radiography 47 The Bite-Wing Radiograph 10 Technique for Panoramic Radiography 50 Examples of Diagnosis Using Bile-Wings 12 Positioning of the Patient in the Apparatus 14 Increased Radiographic Qualiy through Positioning 51. Apical and Periodontal Radiographic Technique According to Indication 52. Radiographic Surveys for Patients of Various Ages 17 Typical Incorrect Positioning 53 Apical and Periodontal Survey in Adults 18 Incorrect Positioning 54 Maxilla 19 Positioning in the Mixed Dentition Stage 58 Mandible 20. Positioning to Visualize Periodontal Destruction 62 Third Molars 21 Positioning of the Tongue 22 Depiction of the Alveolar Ridges 63 Radiographic Technique with the Occlusal Film 23° “Zonarc," A Special Instrument for Clinics 64 Intraoral 24 Special Radiographs Using the Cephalometric Attachment 68 Extraoval 25. Radiographic Anatomy in the Panoramic Radiograph 69 Radiographic Anatomy in Periapical and Occlusal 26 Survey of the Anatomic Structures Visible in a Radiographs Panoramic Radiograph 70 Radiographic Anatomy During Tooth Development 27 Ventral Portion of the Facial Skeleton 71 Radiographic Anatomy of Special Regions 28 Ventral Portion ofthe Facial Skeleton in the Mexia, 71 Maxillary Anterior Region 29 Variations in the Maxillary Sinus 72 Maxillary Canine Region 30 Retromaxillary Space 73 Maxillary Premoiar Region 31 Extemal Ear and Temporomangibular Joint Region 75 Maxillary Molar Region 32 Palatal Bone in the Shadow of the Coronoid Process «76 ~—- Mandibular Anterior Region 33° Tuberosity Region and the Cervical Vertebrae 77 Mandibular Canine Region 34 Chin Region 78 Mandibular Premolar Region 36 Chin Region and the Body of the Mandible 80 Mandibular Molar Region 37 Mandibular Canal, Mandibular Rami and the Cervical 82. Radiographic Anatomy in Occlusal Radiographs Veriebrae 38 Mandibular Canal and Retromolar Structures 83 Localization Using Various Methods 39 _Hyoid Bone and Cervical Region 86 Panoramic Radiography as an Aid in Localization 49 Hyoid Bone and Subtraction Effect from the Base of «87 _ Special Localization Problems the Skull 87 Buccal Impacted Mandibular Canine 41, _ Angle of the Mandible and the Styloid Process 88 Ectopically Positioned Anterior Teeth 42, Examination of Children and Adolescents Using the 89 Apically Displaced Maxillary Third Molars Panoramic Radiograph 90 Axially Presented Maxillary Third Molars 45__Diagram of Formation and Eruption of the Deciduous Teeth 46 Diagram of Formation and Eruption ofthe Permanent TeethTable of Contents Ix a 92 92 94 94 95 97 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Errors in Technique That Reduce Radiograph Quality Tips for Preparation of Good Panoramic Radiographs Before Positioning the Patient in the Apparatus With the Patient in the Apparatus Tips for Preparation of Good Radiographs Before Exposing the Film Immediately Before Exposure ‘Summary of Basic Rules for Preparation of High Quality Radiographs Common Errors During Preparation of Periapical Radiographs Common Errors During Preparation of Occlusal Radiographs Processing Technique and Errors Leading to Poor Quality Radiographs Tips for Error-Free Processing Tips for Error-Free Development Tips for Etror-Free Fixation Optimum Radiograph Reducing Overdeveloped Radiographs ‘Supplemental Examinations Using Conventional and Modern Imaging Techniques 110 110 1 112 113 114 15 116 17 118 119 120 121 122 124 Conventional Skull Films First Standard Projection: Posteroanterior Cephalometric Skull Projection ‘Second Standard Projection: Lateral Cephalometric ‘Skull Projection ‘Special Construction of a High Capacity Cephalometric instrument Third Standard Projection: Full Axial Projection of the Skull Lateral Oblique Projection of the Mandible Special Positioning for the Lateral Oblique Projection of Mandible Zygoma/Cheek Tangential Skull Projections Mandibular Posteroanterior Skull Radiograph (Reverse Towne) Waters’ Projection Radiograph ‘Supplemental Examination of the Maxillary Sinus with ‘Additional Methods Transcranial Projection: “The Modified Schiller TM4 Film, Open and Closed" Tomography: Supplemental Examination of the ‘Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Selected Examples of Dental Radiographic Diagnosis 127 128 129 130 131 132 134 135 136 137 138 139 147 151 152 153 ‘Anomalies of Dental Development and the Teeth Congenitally Missing Teeth, Retention and Inclusion Retention, Malocclusion and Resorption Retention of Supernumerary Teeth, Resorption of Retained Teeth Retained Teeth in Special Locations Retained and Ankylosed Teeth Mesiodens, Gemination, Taurodontism and Dens in dente Hypercementosis and Enamel Pearls ‘Amelogenesis imperfecta Dentinogenesis imperfecta Additional Dental Dysplasias Posterior Open Bite with Macroglossia and “Idiopathic Root Resorptio Concrements, Calcifications, Ossifications Regressive Changes in Teeth and Jaws Inflammation of the Jaws and Osteoradionecrosis ‘Acute and Chronic Apical Periodontitis Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis in Chronic Apical and Marginal Periodontitis 154 155 156 157 158 159 162 163 164 165 167 168 170 71 173 and Inflammatory Reactive Sclerosing Osteomyeli Osteosis Osteomyelitis in infants and Children ‘Acute Osteomyelitis Secondary Chronic Osteomyelitis Primary Chronic Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis Dentogenic Sinus Disorders Panoramic Radiography of Dentogenic Sinus Pathology ‘Additional Signs of Dentogenic Infection Incidental Findings and the Significance of the Waters’ Projection Acute Unilateral Dentogenic Sinusitis ‘Schematic View of Sinus Diagnosis in Waters’ Projection Radiographs ‘Acute and Chronic Maxillary Sinusit Computed Tomography for Supplemental Diagnosis Foreign Bodies, Root Fragments and Surgical Defects ‘Temporomandibular Joint Disturbances Examination of the Masticatory Organ Using the Panoramic Radiograph Temporomandibular Joint Pain with Malocclusion