Shallow Foundation

SI-224 PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR BAWAH DOSEN:

Dr. techn. INDRA NOER HAMDHAN, ST., MT.
JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL

BANDUNG 2013
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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations vs Deep Foundations

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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations vs Deep Foundations Shallow foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the earth directly beneath a structure has sufficient bearing capacity to sustain the loads from the structure

Deep foundation: A type of foundation that is used when the soil near the ground surface is weak.
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Shallow Foundations
Shallow Foundations vs Deep Foundations
Shallow foundation: 1) Light, flexible structure: older residential construction, residential construction which include a basement, and in many commercial structures, 2) Nice soil condition: hard, uniform soil. 3) Cheaper than deep foundation 4) Easier construction 5) Typically types: spreading footing foundation, slab-ongrade foundation, pad foundation, strip foundation, and raft foundation. Deep foundation: 1) Heavy, rigid structure: other uncommon building, such as large bridge, tower, and the empire state building. 2) Poor soil condition: liquefaction, soft clay and sands. 3) Typically more expansive 4) More complex to construct and more time than shallow foundation. 5) Typically types: battered piles, bearing piles, caissons, and friction piles.
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Shallow Foundations
Pondasi batukali

Pondasi telapak

Pondasi telapak (spread footing)

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Shallow Foundations
Introductions Two main characteristics: 1) The foundations have to be safe against overall shear failure in the soil that supports them. 2) The foundations cannot undergo excessive displacement or settlement The load per unit area of the foundations at which shear failure in soil occurs is called the ultimate bearing capacity.

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Shallow Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
General concepts: 1) A strip foundation with a width of B resting on the surface of a dense sand or stiff cohesive soil. If a load gradually applied to the foundations, settlement will increase. At a certain point when the load per unit are equals qu a sudden failure in the soil supporting the foundation will take place, and the failure surface in the surface in the soil will extend to the ground surface. The load per unit are, qu, is usually referred to as the ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation. When such sudden failure in soil takes place, it is called general shear failure. Sipil Itenas 2013 Page 7

Shallow Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
2) If the foundation under consideration rests on sand or clayey soil of medium compaction, an increase in the load foundation will also be accompanied by an increase in settlement. The failure surface in the soil will gradually extend outward from the foundation. When the load per unit area on the foundation equal qu(1), movement of the foundation will be accompanied by sudden jerks. A considerable movement of the foundation is then required for the failure surface in soil to extend to the ground surface. The load per nit area at which this happens is the ultimate bearing capacity, qu.
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Shallow Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Beyond that point, an increase in load will accompanied by a large increase in foundation settlement. The load per unit area of the foundation, qu(1), is referred to as the first failure load. A peak value of q is not realized in this type of failure, which is called the local shear failure in soil. 3) If the foundation supported by a fairly loose soil, the failure surface in soil will not extend to the ground surface. Beyond the ultimate failure load, qu, the load-settlement plot will be steep and practically linear. This type of failure in soil is called the punching shear failure.
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Shallow Foundations
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Vesic (1973) proposed a relationship for the mode of bearing capacity failure of foundations resting on sands.

For square foundations, B=L; for circular foundations, B = L = diameter, so B* = B

Modes of foundation failure in sand.

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Terzaghi (1943) was the first to present a comprehensive theory for the evaluation of the ultimate bearing capacity of rough shallow foundation. Terzaghi suggested that for a continuous or strip foundation, the failure surface in soil at ultimate load may be assumed: general shear failure.

Bearing capacity failure in soil under a rough rigid continuous foundations.

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
The failure zone under the foundation can be separated into three parts: 1) The triangular zone ACD immediately under the foundation. 2) The radial shear zones ADF and CDE, with the curves DE and DF being arcs of a logarithmic spiral. 3) Two triangular Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG. The angles CAD and ACD are assumed to be equal to the soil friction angle f. With the replacement of the soil above the bottom of the foundation by an equivalend surcharge q, the shear resistance of the soil along the failure surfaces GI and HJ was neglected.

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Using equilibrium analysis, Terzaghi expressed the ultimate bearing capacity in the form:
Assumed: general shear failure

B = width/diameter of foundation.

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Terzaghis bearing capacity factor:

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
For foundations that exhibit the local shear failure mode in soils, Terzaghi suggested the following modification:

Nc, Nq and N, the modified bearing capacity factors, can be calculated by using the bearing capacity equations (for Nc, Nq, and N, respectively) by replacing by = tan-1 ( tan )

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Terzaghis modified bearing capacity factor:

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Shallow Foundations
Factor of Safety (FS)
Calculating the gross allowable load bearing capacity of shallow foundation requires the application of a factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate bearing capacity, or: The net ultimate bearing capacity is defined as the ultimate pressure per unit are of the foundation that can be supported by the soil in excess of the pressure cause by the surrounding soil at the foundation level.

So,

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Example #1 A square foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a friction angle =20o, and c = 15.2 KPa. The unit weigh of soil, , is 17.8 KN/m3. Determine the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS) of 4. Assume that the depth of the foundation (Df) is 1 meter and that general shear failure occurs in soil. Answer: From table:

Allowable gross load:

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Shallow Foundations
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory
Example #2 Repeat example #1, asssuming that local shear failure occurs in the soil supporting the foundation. Answer: From table:

Allowable gross load:

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Shallow Foundations
Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table
If the water table is close to the foundation, some modification of the bearing capacity equations will be necessary: Case I: If the water table is located so that 0 D1 Df, the factor q in the bearing capacity equations take the form: The value of in the last term of the equations has to be replaced by Case II: If the water table is located so that 0 d B: The value of in the last term of the equations has to be replaced by where Case III: If the water table is located so that d B, the water will no effect on the ultimate bearing capacity. Sipil Itenas 2013 Page 20

Shallow Foundations
Meyerhofs Bearing Capacity Theory
Meyerhof (1963) suggested the following form of the general bearing capacity equation:

Where:

for the case of rectangular foundation (0 < B/L < 1) and account the shearing resistance along the failure surface in soil above the bottom the foundation.
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Shallow Foundations
Meyerhofs Bearing Capacity Theory

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Shallow Foundations
Meyerhofs Bearing Capacity Theory
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Nq 1 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.57 1.72 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.47 2.71 2.97 3.26 3.59 3.94 Nc 5.14 5.38 5.63 5.90 6.19 6.49 6.81 7.16 7.53 7.92 8.34 8.80 9.28 9.81 10.37 10.98 N 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.28 0.37 0.47 0.60 0.74 0.92 1.13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Nq 4.34 4.77 5.26 5.80 6.40 7.07 7.82 8.66 9.60 10.66 11.85 13.20 14.72 16.44 18.40 Nc 11.63 12.34 13.10 13.93 14.83 15.81 16.88 18.05 19.32 20.72 22.25 23.94 25.80 27.86 30.14 N 1.37 1.66 2.00 2.40 2.87 3.42 4.07 4.82 5.72 6.77 8.00 9.46 11.19 13.24 15.67

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Shallow Foundations
Meyerhofs Bearing Capacity Theory
Example #3 A square foundation has to carry a gross allowable total mass of 15.290 kg. The depth of foundation is 0.7m. The load is inclined at an angle of 20o to vertical. Determine the width of the foundation, B. Use Meyerhofs Bearing Capacity theory and a factor of safety of 3. Answer: From table: Nc = 30.14, Nq = 18.40, N = 15.67 q = Df = 18 * 0.7 = 12.6 kN/m2 Fqs = Fs = 1+0.1 (B/L) tan2 (45+/2)
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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
In several cases, foundation are subjected to moments in addition to the vertical load. The nominal distribution of pressure:

Where: Q = total vertical load M = moment on the foundation

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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
The distance: is the eccentricity. So:

When the eccentricity e becomes B/6, qmin is zero. For e > B/6, qmin will be negative, which means that tension will develop. Because soil cannot take any tension, there will then be a separation between the foundation and the soil underlying it. The value of qmax:

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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
The factor of safety for such types of loading against bearing capacity failure can be evaluated by using the procedure suggested by Meyerhoff (1953), which is generally referred to as the effective area method. The following is Meyerhofs step-by-step procedure for determining the ultimate load that soil can support and the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure: 1) Determine the effective dimensions of the foundation: B = effective width = B 2e L = effective length = L (if the eccentricity were in the direction of the length of the foundation, the value of L = L 2e and B = B.

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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
2) The ultimate bearing capacity:

To evaluate of shape factor with effective length and effective width dimension instead of L and B, respectively. To determine depth factor do not replace B with B. 3) The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is: 4) The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure is: 5) Check the factor of safety againts qmax or FS = qu/qmax

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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
Example #4 A continuous foundation is shown in figure. If the load eccentricity is 0.5ft, determine the ultimate load, Qult per unit length of the foundation Answer:

AND THEN .?

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Shallow Foundations
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
Example #5 A square foundation is shown in figure. Q = 10 ton and M= 1 ton m. Use FS = 4 and determine the size of the footing. Use bearing capacity, shape, and depth factors from Meyerhof. Answer:
Q M 1m B = 1.6 t/m3

sat = 1.8 t/m3

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Stress Due To A Concentrated Load
In 1885, Boussinesq developed the mathematical relationships for determining the normal and shear stress at any point inside homogeneus, elastic, and isotropic medium due to a concentrated load located at the surface.

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Stress Due To A Circularly Loaded Area
Boussinesqs equation can also be used to determine the vertical stress below the centre of a flexible circularly loaded area. Let the radius of the loaded area B/2, and let qo be the uniformly distributed load per unit area.

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Stress Below A Rectangular Area
The integration technique of Boussinesqs equation also allows the vertical stress at any point below the corner of a flexible rectangular load area to be evaluated.

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Stress Below A Rectangular Area ( 2 : 1 Method)
Based on assumption that the stress from the foundation spreads out along lines with a vertical-tohorizontal slope of 2 : 1.

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Stress Increase Under An Embankment
Figure shows the cross section of an embankment of height H. For this two dimensional loading condition, the vertical stress increase may be expressed as:

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Shallow Foundations
Vertical Stress Increase in A Soil Mass
Exercise
Find average increase in pressure (av) at clay layer caused by load of foundation.

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated by using the theory of elasticity. From Hooks law:

Where:

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible, the settlement may be expressed as:

Where:

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity

Center of foundation: Corner of foundation:

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of Es may vary with depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987) recommended using a weighted average of Es:

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Example #6

Answers:

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Shallow Foundations
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Example #6

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Consolidation settlement occurs over time in saturated clayey soils subjected to an increased load caused by construction of the foundation. On the basis of the onedimensional consolidation settlement equations:

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Note that the increase in effective pressure, , on the clay layer is not constant with depth. The magnitude of will decrease with the increase in depth measured from the bottom of the foundation. The average increase may be approximated by:

Where t, m, and b are respectively, the effective pressure increases at the up, middle, and bottom of the clay layer that are caused by the construction of the foundation.
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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7

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Shallow Foundations
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7

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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On SPT Data
Dikembangkan oleh Terzaghi & Peck (1967) dan Meyerhof (1974). Kemudian Bowles (1982) menganjurkan kenaikan 50% dari kapasitas daya dukung izin yang dianjurkan Meyerhof.

qall = kapasitas daya ukung ijin (kPa). Kd = faktor kedalaman = 1 + 0.33 Df/B B = lebar fundasi F = faktor koreksi (berperan sebagai faktor keamanan). N = nilai NSPT rata-rata yang sudah dikoreksi
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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On SPT Data
Faktor Koreksi (F):

Harga Ni untuk i = 55, 60, dan 70 adalah jumlah tumbukan yang telah dikoreksi berdasarkan perbandingan energi standard.
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Shallow Foundations
Koreksi NSPT:

Catatan: Ein yang umum digunakan di Indonesia adalah koreksi Seed yaitu 60% N160 = N standard = NSPT CN CB CR CS

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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On SPT Data
Nilai NSPT Rata-Rata: nilai rata-rata (secara statistik) antara 0.5 Df di atas dasar fundasi sampai dengan 2B di bawah dasar fundasi.

Df BxB 0.5Df

Nilai NSPT Rata-Rata

2B

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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On CPT Data
Dikembangkan oleh Schmertmann (1978) untuk Df/B 1.5:

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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On CPT Data
Nilai qc Rata-Rata: nilai rata-rata antara 0.5 B di atas dasar fundasi sampai dengan 1.1B di bawah dasar fundasi.

Df BxB 0.5B

Nilai qc Rata-Rata
1.1B

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Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Based On CPT Data
Dikembangkan oleh Meyerhof (1965) untuk tanah pada umumnya (c soils) dengan asumsi penurunan yang terjadi sebesar 25mm:

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