INTRODUCTION OF NORMAL URINE Definition: It is yellow color fluid, slightly acidic in nature, Excreted by kidneys.

Normal value: Depends upon water intake and out put of urine Composition: 5% Solids, 95% Organic Constituents: !rea "# g$ per day !ric %cid & #.9 g$ per '( hours )reatinine& #.* g$ per '( hours +ippuric %cid& ,.' g$ per '( hours %$$onia & #.* g$ per '( hours ater

Inorganic Constituents: -a & 9.,' g$ per '( hours / & '." g$ per hours )l & 5.0 g$ per '( hours 1g,)a & , g$ per '( hours Sulphur 2 3hosphorus & ,.' g$ per '( hours

Formation of urine ! " processes: i# ii# iii# 4i5 Filteration Rea sorption E$cretion Filteration & 6ccurs by glo$erulus 2 depend upon fluid present in our body -or$al in adult 7.8.9 :,'# $l ;$in& ,'# x 0# x '( :,<#### $l per '( hours Rea sorption & It occurs by distal tubules 9ate : ,,9 $l ; reabsorp : ,,9 x 0# x '( : ,*<50# $l per '( hours 4iii5 E$cretion & , $l of urine is excreted fro$ urethra : , $l x 0# x '( : ,((# $l per '( hours

4ii5

Normal range : one to two lit& 4,###.'### $l5

T%E ANAL&'I' OF NORMAL URINE

)6==E)>I6- 68 !9I-E S%13=E

!rine should be collected in clean sterili?ed tight fitting closure bottle. >hen exa$ination $ust be carried out within half an hour after, collection if for any reason delayed in exa$ination, urine $ust be preser@ed with preser@ation.

(reservation are 4,5 8or$aldehyde 4'5 8or$aline 4"5 >hy$ol and 4(5 >auline and then refrigerate
T%E ANAL&'I' OF NORMAL URINE :
!rine is exa$ined by " processes

, 3hysical exa$ination ' )he$ical exa$ination

" 1icroscopic exa$ination

(%&'ICAL E)AMINATION:
)olour %ppearance 6dour >aste 3+ Specific gra@ity Bolu$e
Range *+++ , -+++ ml

& Slightly yellowish due to presence of urochro$e pig$ent. & )lear >ransparent & %ro$atic s$ell due to presence of a$$onia. & Saline test due to presence of electrolyte. & Slightly acid (.5 to 0.5 & ,.#,5 A ,.#'5 & ,.5 lit or ,5## $l

!rine increases due to polyurea in diabetes 1ellitus Diabetes : urine or fluid C 1ellitus : Sugar !rine @olu$e decreases in ede$a and su$$er season.
Oligourea (ol!urea

An urea
Oe.ema De/!.ration

: hen the @olu$e of urine is less then 0## $l. : hen @olu$e of urine is abo@e '### $l. : co$plete ceasation of urine : %ccu$ulation of water in the body 4inside the tissues5
: decrease

of body water

MICRO'CO(IC E)AMINATION:
3reparation of slide & >ake ,# $l nor$al urine in ).>.> %nd centrifuge it in centrifuge $achine for about ,# $in & the crystal or solids settle down in botto$ of test tube fro$ $achine and discard upper part of urine but put few drops on glass but fro$ botto$ of test tube and obser@e under $icroscope nor$al under $icroscope exa$ination we only see crystals of uric acid and calciu$oxelate but nothing else but if any other structure is present like 9D)s, D)s, 3us cells, bacterias, urates and highline cast crystals and sper$s they show abnor$alities.
-or$al )onstituents !ric acid crystals )aC 9ectangular Shape Star Shape or Du$bell Shape

9esult&
>he nor$al urine is analy?ed which shows physically...................................., )he$ically present ........................... and $icroscopically seen...................

C%EMICAL E)AMINATION:
INOR0ANIC CON'TITUENT':
EE3E9I1E-> *# TE'T FOR C%LORIDE': 6DSE9B%>I6hite ppt& %ppeared I-8E9E-)E )l is 3resent

>ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> 2 add few drops of +-o" 2 ' $l %g -o" 2 shake well

-# TE'T FOR (%O'(%ATE': EE3E9I1E-> 6DSE9B%>I6Fellow ppt& >ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> C %ppeared few drops of +-o" C ' $l of a$$oniu$ $olybate 2 heat it on low fla$ burner till sol& boils EE3E9I1E-> "# TE'T FOR 'UL(%ATE: 6DSE9B%>I6hite ppt& %ppeared

I-8E9E-)E 3hosphate Is present

I-8E9E-)E Sulphate is 3resent

>ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> 2 add few drops of +)l 2 add ' $l Dariu$ )hloride 2 shake well

EE3E9I1E->

1# TE'T FOR Ca: 6DSE9B%>I6hite ppt& %ppeared

I-8E9E-)E )a is 3resent

>ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> C add few drops of +)l 2 add ' $l of 6xylate 2 shake well

OR0ANIC CON'TITUENT':
EE3E9I1E-> *# TE'T FOR CREATININE: 6DSE9B%>I69ed ppt& Is %ppeared I-8E9E-)E )reatinie is 3resent

>ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> C add ,$l of ,# % -ao+ then , $l of picric acid 2 shake Solution

-# TE'T FOR %I((URIC ACID: EE3E9I1E-> 6DSE9B%>I6>ake " $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> C add '$l of of ferric chloride 2 shake it well. Dark crea$ colour %ppeared

I-8E9E-)E +ippuric acid is 3resent

EE3E9I1E->

"# TE'T FOR UREA: 6DSE9B%>I6hite )ryatals are seen during shaking

I-8E9E-)E !rea is present

,. >ake 5 $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> C add few drops of )onc& +-o" 2 shake well

hite effer@esces are '. >ake 5 $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> appeared C add ' $l sodiu$ hypobro$inde and shake well. 1# TE'T FOR AMMONIA: 6DSE9B%>I6-

6r

!rea is present

EE3E9I1E->

I-8E9E-)E %$$onia is present

9ed )olour beco$e pink >ake 5 $l of nor$al urine in ).>.> when @apaurs touch with add few drops of phenyl then dissol@e glass red it in ,# % -ao+ till red colour appears, heat the sol& upto boil fu$es are appeared abo@e the >.> are a$$oniu$ copours which are pink coloured 2 check these @apours by holing of glass rod abo@e >.>