UNIT OF COMPETENCY Install Computer System and Networks Diagnose and Troubleshoot Computer System Configure Computer System

and Networks Maintain Computer System and Networks Can I Yes or No Plan and Prepare work to ensure occupational health and safety (OHS) policies and procedures are followed. Yes Obtain materials, tools, equipment and testing devices needed to conform the job requirements. Yes Interpret work instructions according to the job requirements. Yes Obtain computer components/devices/systems and determines its location prior to installation. Yes Install equipment/devices/systems in accordance with the job requirements. Yes Check/test devices/systems and/ or installations to determine the conformity to the job requirements. Yes Check computer systems and networks for configuration in accordance with the specification and requirements. Yes Diagnose fault or problem in the computer systems and networks in line with the standard operating procedure. Yes Configure the identified systems and networks based on the specifications and job requirements. Yes Inspect and test configured computer systems and networks in conformity with manufacturer's instructions/manual. Yes Correct/adjust components or parts of computer system and networks in accordance with job requirements. Yes Test computer systems and networks to ensure safe operation. Yes Performs scheduled/periodic maintenance in accordance with manufacturer's requirements. Yes Make needed repairs/replacements in accordance with established procedures when necessary. Yes Document tasks undertaken in the accordance with standard operation procedure (SOP). Yes Clean and clear worksite of all surplus/excess materials in accordance with company standard operation procedure (SOP). Yes

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

OHS (Occupational Health Safety) Always ground yourself before touching any part of the computer Do not work alone Be careful with tools that may cause short circuit Replace only fuses with those proper ratings Wear safety glasses for protection against sparks and metal fragmented Use only grounded plugs and receptacles Working area should have ventilations, trash can, fire exit and capable of being disinfect. Keep one hand in your pocket when working live circuit. Wear rubber sole shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor.
Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.

Wear hard hat when someone working above you When making circuit changes switch off and unplug the power cord from the equipment then discharge the capacitors.

Process of Assemble/ Disassemble

PROCEDURE: The instructor will demonstrate how to disassemble/assemble a personal computer system. The instructor should tell some basic details about each component while demonstrating to the students. The students will perform the steps to disassemble and assemble PC after the instructor has demonstrated and explained each step given below. Taking Apart and Putting Together a PC 1. Verify the computer is working properly. 2. Turn off the computer and unplug it. Next, remove the cover of the computer, following these basic steps. a. Unplug the monitor, mouse, keyboard and other peripherals. Move them out of the way. b. Study the PC case and identify how to remove the cover. Note that PC cases come in various designs. Well assume a typical desktop mid-tower casing with two separate panels, one on each side. We want to remove the component side, i.e., the left side of the casing is facing you. Get help from your instructor, if necessary. c. Locate and remove screws. Be careful not to remove any other screws on the case. d. After you remove the screws, slide the cover a few inches back and away to remove it from the case. 3. Remove the following major components. Note: Do not remove the processor from its socket/slot. a. Hard disk drive b. Floppy disk, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drives c. Power supply

d. Memory To remove the memory, pull the supporting arms outward until the memory is released.

e. Expansion cards such as video card, sound card or modem card. f. Motherboard Before you remove the motherboard make sure you have read the manual that comes with the motherboard from beginning to end. You need to know the information specific to the motherboard. If in case there is no manual available, do not remove the motherboard. 4. Install the drivers. Install the drivers first. The reason for this is that if the motherboard is already in the case before the drivers are installed, you run the risk of dropping a drive on the motherboard and damaging it. If you installed the drivers before the motherboard, however; do not connect the power cords until the motherboard is in place. 5. Identify the settings of the jumpers/switches. Refer to the motherboard documentation on how jumpers and switches on the board are used. 6. Install RAM in the appropriate slots on the motherboard. Insert the DIMM into the slot by pressing down until the support arms lock into position. 7. Install the motherboard and attach cabling. The assembly process has involved preparing the case by installing the exhaust fan and spacers; installing any needed drivers; and

attaching the processor; cooling assembly, and memory modules to the motherboard. 8. Install the video card. Install the video card on the motherboard. The video card to be installed includes a registration tab that allows the card to fit into the

slot on the motherboard. When installing an expansion card, first read the documentation for the card and then determine if you need to set any jumper switches on the card. 9. Install the modem card (or, if external, skip this step and install in Step12) To install the modem card in a PCI slot, remove the faceplate from the PCI slot, insert the modem card, and then use a screw to secure it. A modem is not considered as essential device, so you can opt to install it after you have tested the system and installed the operating system. 10. Plug the computer into power source, and attach the monitor, keyboard and mouse. The installation of devices inside the case is now complete. Before you plug in the computer, make sure that no cords are obstructing the fans. Notice that some cables are coiled and tied with plastic ties. Coiling and tying up the cords makes the inside of the case less cluttered and prevents cords from obstructing airflow and fans. Do not coil and tie the cables until after you test the system to make sure everything works. Attach the monitor and any keyboard and then plug in the computer. 11. Turn on the power and check that the computer is working properly. 12. Boot the computer; check the CMOS settings, and make sure that everything is configured and working properly before replacing the computer case. Boot the system and press the appropriate keys to enter CMOS setup. The motherboard manual should contain a list of all their

CMOS settings, an explanation of their meanings, and

recommended values. Follow the instruction in the motherboard manual to set the CMOS settings required for the motherboard.

System Components

1. Motherboard 2. Processor 3. Memory (SDRAM, DDR I, II, III IV) 4. Case 5. Power supply 6. Hard disk drive 7. Floppy disk drive 8. Compact disk / digital versatile disk drive 9. Monitor (LCD, CRT) 10. Video card 11. Sound card 12. Keyboard 13. Mouse 14. LAN card 15. Modem 16. Power Cord 17. Router 18. Hub 19. Switch 20. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) 21. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) 22. FDD Cable/Connector 23. SATA Cable/connector (For HDD,CD/DVD) 24. PATA or ATA Cable/Connector (For HDD,CD/DVD)

System Components Motherboard - It is the core of the system which controls all the devices.

Processor - It is also called microprocessor or central processing Unit (CPU) which serves as the brain or engine of the PC.

Memory - It is the primary memory which is often called Random Access Memory (RAM). It contains data which the processor is using at a given time.

Case - It is a frame that houses the system unit.

Power supply - It is a source of electrical power of every part in the PC.

Hard disk drive (HDD) - A secondary storage device that is used when large amounts of data have to be stored, particularly if some of the data need not be accessed very frequently.

Floppy disk drive (FDD) - A secondary storage device that can read and write to a floppy disk. Newer floppy drives read 3.5-inch floppy disks or diskettes that hold about 1.44MB of data.

Compact disk / digital versatile disk drive (CD/DVD) - It is a high-capacity removable-media, optical storage device of the system.

Monitor (CRT, LCD) - It visually displays the output of the computer

Video card - An expansion card that provides a port for a monitor.

Sound card - An expansion card that provides a port for speakers and microphones.

Keyboard - It is the primary input device used to communicate with the PC.

Mouse - It is a pointing input device used to communicate with the PC.

LAN Card - Its either an expansion or built-in that provides a port for internet. - is a way of getting Internet from a hub or router and getting it to your PC or Laptop.

Modem - Modulation/Demodulation - Use to convert analog signal from telephone to digital signal of a computer

Power Cord - It is a standard interface use to connect the PC or System Unit to AVR or UPS

Router - chooses the best path for them through the network, and then switch them to the proper outgoing port - is a networking tool/device with the aim of selecting the appropriate path for to transfer data packages between different networks.

Hub - Two reasons for using hubs; are to create a central connection point for the wiring media, and to increase the reliability of the network.

Switch - combines the connectivity of a hub with the traffic regulation of a bridge on each port

AVR - also known as the "Automatic Voltage Regulator" - It regulates the sudden flow of electric current from AC supply to the PC.

UPS - Provide power for some time after a blackout has occurred. - Is a device that sits between a power supply (in a wall outlet) and a device (a computer) to prevent undesired features of a power source (outages, sags,surges,bad harmonics) from the power supply from adversely affecting the performance of a device.

FDD Cable/Connector - It is the standard interface that use to connect the floppy disk drive to motherboard.

SATA Cable - It is a standard interface that use to connect the HDD or CD/DVD to the motherboard.

PATA or ATA Cable/Connector - It is a standard interface that use to connect the HDD or CD/DVD to the motherboard

Motherboard

What is a motherboard? - It is the core of the system which control all the devices. - It is considered to be the centerpiece of the system unit. - The motherboard is capable of interfacing with other circuitry boards such as video cards and LAN card. These peripheral cards are also known as daughter cards.

Electronic Symbols

Wire Symbols Electrical Wire Connected Wires Not Connected Wires Conductor of electrical current Connected crossing Wires are not connected

Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols SPST Toggle Switch SPDT Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed DIP Switch SPST Relay Relay open / close connection by an electromagnet SPDT Relay Jumper Solder Bridge Close connection by jumper insertion on pins. Solder to close connection DIP switch is used for onboard configuration

Ground Symbols Earth Ground Chassis Ground Digital / Common Ground Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection. Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Resistor Symbols Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow. Resistor (IEC) Potentiometer (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. Potentiometer (IEC) Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals. Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC) Trimmer Resistor Thermistor Preset resistor Thermal resistor - change resistance when temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with light dependent resistor (LDR) intensity change

Capacitor Symbols Capacitor Capacitor Polarized Capacitor Polarized Capacitor Variable Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.

Electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols Inductor Iron Core Inductor Variable Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field Includes iron

Power Supply Symbols Voltage Source Current Source AC Voltage Source Generator Battery Cell Generates constant voltage Generates constant current. AC voltage source Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the generator Generates constant voltage

Battery Controlled Voltage Source Controlled Current Source

Generates constant voltage Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element. Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter Wattmeter Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in parallel. Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance. Connected serially. Measures resistance Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols Lamp / light bulb Lamp / light bulb Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through

Diode / LED Symbols Diode Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to right). Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

Zener Diode

Schottky Diode

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode Tunnel Diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) Photodiode LED emits light when current flows through Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light

Transistor Symbols NPN Bipolar Transistor PNP Bipolar Transistor Darlington Transistor JFET-N Transistor JFET-P Transistor NMOS Transistor PMOS Transistor Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle) Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle) Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product of each gain. N-channel field effect transistor P-channel field effect transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols Motor Transformer Electric bell Electric motor Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high. Rings when activated

Buzzer Fuse Fuse Bus Bus Bus Optocoupler / Optoisolator Loudspeaker Microphone Operational Amplifier Schmitt Trigger Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) Crystal Oscillator

Produce buzzing sound

The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents.

Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.

Optocoupler isolates onnection to other board Converts electrical signal to sound waves Converts sound waves to electrical signal Amplify input signal Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise. Converts analog signal to digital numbers Converts digital numbers to analog signal Used to generate precise frequency clock signal

Antenna Symbols Antenna / aerial Transmits & receives radio waves Antenna / aerial Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

Logic Gates Symbols NOT Gate (Inverter) AND Gate NAND Gate OR Gate NOR Gate XOR Gate D Flip-Flop Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1 Connects the output to selected input line. Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1 Demultiplexer / Demux 1 Connects selected output to the input line. to 4 Outputs 1 when input is 0 Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1. Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND) Outputs 1 when any input is 1. Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR) Outputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive OR) Stores one bit of data

Manufacturer of BIOS Abit Acer ALI (Acer Laboratories) AME Group American Megatrends Amptron Amstrad Antec Aopen ASUS Award Bare-Bone Biostar Commate Compaq Computer Computer Technology Computex Data Expert (Expert Media) Dell Computer Diamond Multimedia Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Elitegroup Computer Systems Famous Technology FIC Flexus Fujitsu Gateway Gemlight IBM Intel Jamicon Jetway J-Mark Koutech Matsonic Micron Mylex NEC NCR Packard Bell PC Partner PC Chips Phoenix Pine Group

AMI (American Megatrends) - AMIBIOS, AMI BIOS

Press Del when after powering on the computer. Some older motherboards that use AMIBIOS may prompt for the F1 or F2 key instead.

Award Software (now part of Phoenix Technologies) - AwardBIOS, Award BIOS

Press the Del key to enter the BIOS Setup Utility on nearly all AwardBIOS powered motherboards. Some older systems using Award's BIOS software asked for Ctrl+Alt+Esc to enter BIOS.

DTK (Datatech Enterprises) - DTK BIOS

Press the Esc key to enter BIOS, right after powering on the PC.

Microid Research - MR BIOS

Press F1 to access the BIOS setup utility.

Phoenix Technologies - Phoenix BIOS, Phoenix-Award BIOS

Press Del during the Power On Self-Test, immediately after the computer starts. Many older Phoenix BIOS systems required Ctrl+Alt+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Ins, or Ctrl+Alt+S to access BIOS.

Acer - Aspire, Power, Veriton, Extensa, Ferrari, TravelMate, Altos

Press Del or F2 immediately after powering on. The BIOS on the Acer Altos 600 server uses the Ctrl+Alt+Esc key and the F1 key for advanced options. Older Acer computers may use also use the F1 or Ctrl+Alt+Esc keys to access BIOS.

Compaq - Presario, Prolinea, Deskpro, Systempro, Portable

Press F10 while the cursor in the top right corner of the screen is blinking. Older Compaq computers may use the F1, F2, F10, or Del key to give access to BIOS.

Dell - XPS, Dimension, Inspiron, Latitude. OptiPlex, Precision, Vostro

Press F2 when the Dell logo appears. Press every few seconds until the message Entering Setup appears. Older Dell desktops and laptops may instead use Ctrl+Alt+Enter or Del to enter BIOS. Older Dell laptops may use Fn+Esc or Fn+F1.

eMachines - eMonster, eTower, eOne, S-Series, T-Series

Press Tab or Del while the eMachine logo displays on screen. Other eMachine computers may use F2 to enter BIOS.

Fujitsu - LifeBook, Esprimo, Amilo, Tablet, DeskPower

Press F2 once the Fujitsu logo appears.

Gateway - DX, FX, One, GM, GT, GX, Profile, Astro

Press the F1 key repeatedly after restarting the computer. Some older Gateway computers use F2 to access the BIOS Setup utility.

Hewlett-Packard (HP) - Pavilion, TouchSmart, Vectra, OmniBook, Tablet

Press the F1, F10, or F11 key after restarting the computer. HP Tablet PCs may use F10 or F12. Other HP computers may allow access to BIOS using the F2 or Esc keys.

IBM - PC, XT, AT

Press F1 immediately after powering on the computer. Older IBM computers (including some laptops) may utilize the F2 key for BIOS entry.

Lenovo (formerly IBM) - ThinkPad, IdeaPad, 3000 Series, ThinkCentre, ThinkStation

Press F1 or F2 after powering on the computer. Older Lenovo products allow access to BIOS using Ctrl+Alt+F3, Ctrl+Alt+Ins, or Fn+F1.

Micron (MPC Computers) - ClientPro, TransPort

Press F1, F2 or Del immediately after powering on the PC.

NEC - PowerMate, Versa, W-Series

Press F2 to enter the BIOS Setup.

Packard Bell - 8900 Series, 9000 Series, Pulsar, Platinum, EasyNote, imedia, iextreme

Press F1, F2, or Del to enter BIOS.

Samsung - Series 'x' laptops

Press F2 to start the BIOS setup utility.

Sharp - Notebook Laptops, Actius UltraLite

Press F2 after the computer starts. Some very old Sharp PCs require a Setup Diagnostics Disk to access BIOS.

Shuttle - Glamor G-Series, D'vo, Prima P2-Series, Workstation, X Mini XPC, Surveillance

Press F2 or Del on startup.

Sony - VAIO, PCG-Series, VGN-Series

Press F1, F2 or F3 after turning on the computer.

Toshiba - Portg, Satellite, Tecra, Equium

Press F1 or Esc after powering on to access BIOS. Press F12 on a Toshiba Equium.

The following companies are either closed for business or no longer manufacture or support mainstream computers systems so verifying the following BIOS access information is nearly impossible. I have included what I could dig up for anyone who might be interested: ARI / ALR / AST (Advantage) - Press the Ctrl+Alt+Esc or Ctrl+Alt+Del keys. Cybermax - Press the Esc key. Tandon - Press the Ctrl+Shift+Esc keys.

Process How to set the CD/DVD drive as first boot By pressing the DEL key when your computer is starting you should see something like this.

Using the arrow keys select Boot and press enter to access the Boot Device Priority menu.

Press enter on the highlighted 1st Boot Device and select CDROM from the menu.

In this BIOS you have to press F10 to save and exit any changes that you have made. Press enter and the changes will be saved and you will exit the BIOS. When your computer is starting it will now boot from the CD.

This is all that is required to make your computer boot from the CD/DVD drive and as long as you save the change you should be fine. If you do not you'll have to go back and start again. If you are uncertain of what you are doing then choose not to save any changes. Once you have finished booting from your CD/DVD drive make sure you change the order back so that the hard disk drive will now be booted from first.

Process of Installation in Windows XP Insert your Windows XP installation CD-ROM and power-on/restart your system: It will show the PC-BIOS start up message, like: memory test, memory installed :

When you get the message to "press any key to boot from CD...", press any key. ( this is new on Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP CD's: if you do not press any key, it will NOT boot from CD-ROM, but boot from hard disk, so that people which "forgot" to take out such bootable CD-ROM's are not getting confused by the CD-ROM installation procedure ) Once the boot from CD-ROM has started, it will display at the top of the screen: "Setup is inspecting your computer's hardware configuration. . ."

After a brief delay, the typical Microsoft "blue Installation screen" is displayed, with "Windows Setup" displayed at the top and at the bottom of the screen the information, that "Setup is loading Files" (loading all type of device drivers) :

It will finally state : "Setup is starting Windows" and will display after a short delay the "Windows XP Professional Setup" or "Windows XP Home Setup" screen :

Select "to set up Windows XP now" and press the ENTER-key :

The "Windows XP Licensing Agreement" is displayed; accept it by pressing the F8-key. (as indicated on the button of the screen). Setup will now display the partitioning of your disk:

1 5 If your system has already an operating system installed, you will see them listed. You have now a simple Disk Manager, allowing you to create and delete partitions.

You will need to select either an existing partition or "Unpartitioned space" (if available) to define, on which partition to install Windows XP, then press ENTER. The next screen is asking for the type of disk formatting to be used:

(if you install XP into an already existing partition, you have additional options to leave the current disk formatting intact). Select the type of disk formatting: FAT or NTFS FAT : possible to access from a DOS-boot floppy, but limited to max. 4 GByte with very inefficient file-storage (cluster-size of 64 KByte), no Security features NTFS : not accessible from a DOS-boot floppy, but NOT limited in size and using an efficient file-storage with a small cluster-size, able to use File-System Security features. Windows XP requires a lot of disk-space for itself, you should use at least a 4 GByte partition. I suggest using NTFS: make your choice (highlight) and select it by pressing ENTER.

Setup will start formatting the disk :

and will then start copying files from the CD-ROM to the disk :

The system will then need to reboot :

(This is a funny screen: the system will restart anyway after 1 second, and you

have only the choice to press ENTER to shorten the delay, saving max. 15 seconds in the complete installation process of 30-45 minutes)

After the restart, Windows XP starts the first time with the Graphical User Interface (GUI):

Setup will continue to copy files and to install devices:

You can adjust regional settings (for example if you install an English version of Windows XP in a different country and the keyboard layout/language is not the same language as your copy of Windows XP, you should use the button "Customize.." and configure the proper keyboard, to make sure that you can enter in the following steps of the setup/installation properly the information

Personalize your system by entering your name and organization :

Enter your 25 character Product key (as it was delivered with your Windows XP CD-ROM )

Define the name for your computer and the password for the Administrator account :

based on the organization (define above), Setup creates a name for your computer, with complex name (to make sure that the name will be unique in a network configuration. Since this name will be used later inside the "Network Neighborhood" / "My Network places", change it to an easy to understand , but UNIQUE name (like : P633VM ). If you enter a password for the Administrator Account, make sure that you remember it (to be save, write if down ! ). Check the "Date and Time Settings", allowing to check/define/correct the date, time and timezone :

If you have a network card in your system, which was detected by Setup, you will be asked to select whether to install a typical configuration (which you can

always change later) or if you like to make now already special settings (like: defining your IP-address )

Setup continues with "Finalizing installation " (nothing to do for you ) :

The system will reboot again:

Setup will configure then your screen resolution.

The system will try to connect via the Internet to the Microsoft website, you can safely select to "Skip" that step. You will be prompted to enter the first Usernames (which will be defined as Administrators) and you will get the new XP Welcome screen :

(note : if only one user was defined during setup and no password was defined, the system will skip the Welcome screen and continue to display immediately the new Windows XP desktop ).

You are now ready to use the "colorful" Windows XP : You can adjust the system to look and w

Process of Installation of Windows 7

1. Turn your computer on then press Del or F2 (depend on your computers mainboard) to enter the system BIOS

2. Go to Boot menu and choose Boot From CD/DVD.

3. Press F10 to save the configuration and exit BIOS then reset your computer.

4. Insert Windows 7 DVD into your DVD drive then start up your computer, Windows 7 will be loading files.

5. Select these parts: Language to Install,Time and currency format, Keyboard or input method. Then click Next.

6. Choose Install Now if you want to install Windows 7. Choose the Windows 7 version that you want to install in 'Select the operating system you want to install' . Here we choose Windows 7 Ultimate then click next (depending on your Windows DVD, this step is an option).

7. Click 'I accept the license terms' in 'Please read the license' then click Next.

8. Choose 'Upgrade' in 'Which type of installation do you want' if you want to upgrade from an older Windows version to Windows 7, 'Custom (advance)' if you want to install a new version of Windows.

9. Choose Partition for installation, if your computer has only one hard disk, it will be easy for selection, but if it has some Partition, you will have to consider which Partition to choose.

10. Wait for Installing Windows to progress. Your computer might be restarted during the process.

11.Type youre a user account and computer name. After click Next.

12. Type a password for your account, you can also Type a password hint to help in case of forgetting the password in the future, and then click Next.

13. Type in activation code or key for your license in Product key box if you have any. Click Next.

14. Choose how to protect your Windows. Here we choose Use recommended settings.

15. Set up your Time zone then click Next.

16. Choose an option from 3 choices: Public Network, Work Network, Home Network. Choose Home Network for using Internet at home.

Method 1 of 2: Hardware requirements

This is minimum hardware that you need to have on your computer and should be checked in advance of installing. o 1 GHz CPU with 32 bits or 64 bits. o 1 GB Ram for 32 bits or 2 GB Ram for 64 bits. o 16 GB empty space hard disk for 32 bits or 20 GB for 64 bits. o DVD drive (if installing from a DVD).

Method 2 of 2: Some errors during Windows 7 installation

After Windows 7 installation, if you cannot connect to Internet, please check these troubleshooting: o Make sure Internet cable and the modem are working properly, the connection points are not getting loose. o Check the network drive (normally Windows 7 automatically detects drivers). o Set up Windows IP if the modem doesnt analyze it automatically (searching on Internet for how to set it up) o Some devices might not work such as: USB 3.0, Webcam, Bluetooth etc. then you should check the driver ok to see if it has been installed properly.

PROCESS OF INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8 Step 1 - Place Windows 8 DVD in your dvd-rom drive and start your PC. Windows 8 will start to boot up and you will get the following screen with a rotating progress bar.

Step 2 - The next screen allows you to setup your language, time and currency format, keyboard or input method. Choose your required settings and click next to continue.

Step 3 - The next screen allows you to install or repair Windows 8. Since we are doing a clean install we will click on "install now".

Step 4 - The setup process starts as shown.

Step 5 - At this stage you need to type your product key that came with your copy of Windows 8. Click next once you have entered the product key correctly.

Step 6 - Read the license terms and tick I accept license terms. Then click next to continue.

Step 7 - Choose the type of installation you want. Since you are doing a clean install you need to click on custom.

Step 8 - Choose where you would like to install Windows 8. If you have one hard drive you will get an option similar to the image below. You can click next to continue then go to step 12. If you have more than one drive or partition then you need to select the appropriate drive and click next. At this stage you can go to step 12. If you want to partition a large drive then do not click next. Go to step 9.

Step 9 - If you want to partition an existing drive then click new. Choose the size of the partition and click apply.

Step 10 - Click OK to create the partition. Windows will create additional system partition which you don't have to worry about.

Step 11 - You will notice that you have 3 partitions. Partition 1 is system reserved. Leave this partition alone. Partition 2 is 30GB primary partition that was created in the last step. The third partition is unallocated which means it is not being used. You can however format it and use it as a second storage drive. This can be done after windows installation is finished so I will leave it for now. Choose partition 2 (Primary Partition). This is where I will install Windows 8. Click next to continue.

Step 12 - At this stage Windows starts to copy files to your hard drive and begins the installation. This process might take a few minutes depending on your computer specification. Now is a good time to grab yourself a coffee.

Step 13 - When all the necessary files are copied Windows 8 will automatically restart as shown.

Step 14 - You will go through various progress bar and information messages as shown on the following images. Windows might restart automatically second time.

Step 15 - You are now presented with "Let's go through a few basics" screen. It will automatically select personalize option.

Step 16 - Choose your PC name and personalize the color.

Step 17 - Here you can choose express settings or choose customize. I will choose customize to make further customization.

Step 18 - Choose Yes, turn on sharing and connect to devices.

Step 19 - Help protect and update your PC. Choose your preferred option and click next.

Step 20 - Send Microsoft info to help make Windows and apps better. Choose your preferred options or leave the default settings. Click next to continue.

Step 21 - Check online for solutions to problem. Choose your preferred options or leave the default settings. Click next to continue.

Step 22 - Sign in to your PC. Here you can login to your PC using a Microsoft email account such as your hotmail account. If you do not have a Microsoft account you can create one by clicking Sign up for a new email address. Go to Step 23. If you don't want to create an email account and prefer to create a local user name, click Sign in without a Microsoft account. Go to step 24.

Step 23 - Sign up for a new email address. If you want to create a new email account you need to complete the form below.

Step 24 - Click local account

Step 25 - Here you can choose a local user name and password. Choose finish to continue.

Step 26 - At this stage Windows starts to finalize your settings. You will get the following information screen as the installation moves forward.

Step 27 - As Windows 8 setup progresses you are given a presentation of the new interface. Its shows you how swiping the edge of the screen brings up the Charm bar. Using the Charm bar you can do a search or change your settings. It also demonstrates how you can hover your mouse on the bottom or top left corner to access the switch list. This list shows all open applications and allows you to switch between them.

Step 28 - Soon as the demonstration finishes windows moves into the final stages of the setup.

Step 29 - Finally the setup process is finished and you are presented with a completely new and unfamiliar Metro user interface. You have your most common application right in front of you. Clicking on any tiles will launch that application. At this point you can start using your computer. However, it may not be fully configured. You need to make sure that all the hardware is detected

correctly and the necessary device drivers are installed. This can be done from the device manager.

Step 30 - To go to device manager click search on charm bar on the right. Then type devmgmt.msc. Click on the devmgmt icon on the left.

Step 31 - You will see all your hardware listed as shown on the image below. You need to check if you have any yellow exclamation marks next to the name of the devices, similar to "Base System Device" on the image below. This indicates that the driver has not been installed for this device. At this stage you can install the driver for this device. To do so, Right Mouse click on Base System Device -> Update Driver Software...

Step 32 - You can choose to "Search automatically for updated driver software" or "Browse my computer for driver software". If you have the driver CD or if the driver is on a USB drive then choose "browse my computer for driver software". Window 8 will search and install the driver from the CD or you can locate the driver manually. Once you have removed all the yellow exclamation marks from the device manager your Windows 8 configuration would be fully complete.

Process of Device Driver Installation

Manual and automatic installation. Before installation please visit the device manager tab to view the hardware components device software installed or not.

Automatic installation. Place the CD device software installer in to the CDROM Drive then wait until it prompt then follow screen instructions. Manual installation. It is recommended for trouble shooting / isolation purposes.

Common Anti-virus AVG Free Edition AVG Resident Shield provides real-time protection executions of files and programs. It features a smart e-mail scanner, virus updates and virus vault for secure handling of the files which are infected by viruses. The base version for windows is Free for private and noncommercial use. Bit Defender Online Scan System BitDefender Scan Online scans systems memory, boot sector, all files and folders and also comes with automatic file cleaning option. Overall, it scans for over 70,000+ viruses, worms, trojans and other malicious applications. Inexpensive product received excellent scores in our performance tests, although its scan speed was sluggish. McAfee Virus Scan for Windows: This antivirus package detects all virus types, including Word and Excel macros; boot-sector infections; and file, multipartite, stealth, polymorphic, and encrypted viruses.

 Kaspersky

Anti-Virus

Personal

Pro

commonly

used

virus

protection solution offering full protection against macro-viruses and unknown viruses. It offers reliable data integrity control and protection of e-mails from viruses. ESET NOD32 Antivirus ESET NOD32 Anti-virus is available as an antivirus for small businesses, individuals and for large networks. The trial ware enables the user to try the application for a period of 30 days. Avast! Home Edition A free antivirus solution for scanning disk, CDs, in E-mail, HTTP, NNTP, IM and P2P. Panda Antivirus Platinum A complete virus protection package for home and business users. It comes with an easy installation and automatic protection from latest viruses. Norton Antivirus Norton Antivirus is the most popular and secure virus scanner for checking boot sector records at start up. The live update feature automatically installs new updates for regular protection against viruses. Handy Bits A free for personal use virus scanner integrator with features like auto-search which scans for already installed virus scanner. It scans for files using installed virus scanners there by utilizing the strengths of installed programs. Hijack This Software Hijack this is a small application for scanning and cleaning spyware, malware infections in computer. It enables the user to save the scan log in a txt file which can be examined later for system security analysis.

Top 50 Anti-virus

1. Kaspersky 2. avast! 3. AVG 4. Symantec (Norton) 5. Quick Heal 6. ESET 7. Microsoft Security Essentials 8. McAfee 9. Avira 10. BitDefender 11. Panda Security 12. Malwarebytes' Anti Malware 13. eScan 14. F-Secure 15. Avast Software 16. ZoneAlarm 17. K7 TotalSecurity 18. Trend Micro 19. Guardian AntiVirus 20. Comodo 21. Net Protector AntiVirus (NPAV) 22. Defender Pro 23. VIPRE Antivirus 24. PC Media Anti-Virus 25. Smadav 26. PremiumAV 27. Sophos Anti-virus 28. My Clean PC

29. Webroot 30. AhnLab 31. BKAV 32. SUPERAntiSpyware 33. Qihoo 360 34. TrustPort 35. BullGuard 36. E-Guard Anti Virus 37. PJ Magic 38. ARTAV Antivirus 39. 39Kingsoft Antivirus 40. Fixico 41. PC Tools Internet Security 42. IObit 43. Netlux Antivirus 44. Dr. Web 45. VirIT 46. Emsisoft Anti-Malware 47. Shaw Secure 48. Max Secure 49. GData 50. ArjunAV Internet Security

Computer Virus Symptoms

1. The computer suddenly slows down. 2. Application programs that used to run suddenly stop responding. 3. Computer starts to behave strangely. 4. Windows OS will not load upon opening the computer. 5. The system produces a double extension on a document that recently created or modified, such as .jpg.vbs or .gif.exe. 6. Any unexpected changes in the content of the files. 7. Out-of-memory error messages appear, even though your computer has plenty of RAM.

Virus detections & protections

1. Always install Antivirus protection program on your PC. 2. Always consider any external disk to be potential virus carrier and may infect your system. 3. Do not open any e-mail files coming from unknown sources. 4. Always be cautious in downloading files from the internet. Always activate the on guard properties of your anti virus program to scan the file before saving it to the PC. 5. Download only on sites that are legitimate and reputable to make sure that the file does not contain any malware. 6. Always delete chain emails and junk mails coming from unknown source. This unsolicited email may carry harmful malware to PC. 7. Always enable Microsoft Office macro virus protection. 8. Back-up files on a regular basis. There is no absolute security in virus prevention. If a virus destroys a certain file, replace it with the back-up copy. 9. Do not open e-mail attachments unless you know the content of the file. 10. Use an internet firewall. The firewall thats built into your operating system provides a helpful defense against viruses.

Removing a Computer Virus 1. Preliminary steps Use a non infected computer to download preferred antivirus software. Download the complete package of the antivirus assuming that it is a freeware. Burn the downloaded files into a CD and make sure that they are labelled properly. If the antivirus software is not available on the internet, buy the antivirus software kit from authorized dealers and distributors. Always buy the latest version of the software. 2. Install the antivirus software Assuming that Symantec antivirus was chosen, make sure that the PC does not have other anti- virus software. Install the antivirus and run the Live Update function. In case the antivirus does not install because of the detected virus in the memory, restart the computer and boot the computer into Safe Mode. Run the Msconfig command and in the StartUp Tab, uncheck all the files StartUp Items. Press OK and restart the PC using normal boot. Install again the Antivirus software. 3. Update the virus pattern It is important to update the virus definition files regularly, especially upon installation. This action will replace old files with the latest update. This is done by clicking in the system tray the anti- virus icon, then the update will start. 4. Scan computer If viruses are detected, cleaning (removing) will be done automatically. If virus removal fails, file quarantine will be performed. 5. Protect PC from future threats by installing personal firewall Software firewalls protect computers and networks from malicious malware and unauthorized access to computer system.

6. File quarantine and deletion There are cases that a certain virus is not curable by any antivirus program available. In case this is encountered, the best solution is to apply file quarantine (file isolation from the system) or if this does not work also, consider deleting the file. 7. Identify the malware and search for the appropriate antivirus program to remove it. The virus that infects the system may not be removed by the antivirus program installed in the system. Another solution for this problem is to identify the virus and search on the antivirus manufacturers site on how to remove this virus . 8. Connect the hard disk to a clean PC to be able to scan properly. Another way of removing virus from an infected hard disk is to connect it to a clean PC and let the installed antivirus program of the PC perform a complete scan and clean function to the hard disk.

Process of Printer Installation For old printers such as dot matrix etc. Connect the printer cable to the system Units printer port. Connect the power Cord to the outlet then switch ON the Printer. Insert the CD printer installer. Allow the System to detect the printer. Install the Printer driver software automatic or manual technique. Process of Printer Sharing After installing the printers driver software there will be an icon created inside the printer/fax tab icon in the control panel. Locate the appropriate printers name then right click. Click the sharing security, then click OK. Process of File Sharing Right Click folder to share > Properties > Sharing Tab > Network Sharing and Security (Click if you understand the security Risk..) > Just Enable Sharing > OK > Select share this folder on the network > OK Computer networks allow you to share files with friends, family, coworkers and customers. Before the Internet and home networks became popular, files were often shared using floppy disks. Nowadays, some people still use CD-ROM / DVD-ROM disks and USB keys for transferring their photos and videos, but networks give you more flexible options. Network file sharing is the process of copying files from one computer to another using a live network connection. This article describes the different methods and networking technologies available to help you share files.

File Sharing With Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows (and other personal computer operating systems) contain built-in features for file sharing. For example, Windows file folders can be shared across a local area network (LAN) or the Internet using any of several methods. You can also set up security access restrictions that control who can obtain the shared files.

Complications arise when attempting to share files between some computers running Windows and others that don't, but the below alternatives can help. FTP File Transfers File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an older but still popular method to share files on the Internet. A central computer called the FTP server holds all the files to be shared, while remote computers running FTP client software can log in to the server to obtain copies. All modern computer operating systems contain built-in FTP client software, and popular Web browsers like Internet Explorer can also be configured to run as FTP clients. Alternative FTP client programs are also available for free download on the Internet. As with Windows file sharing, security access options can be set on the FTP server requiring clients to supply a valid login name and password. P2P - Peer to Peer File Sharing Peer to peer (P2P) file sharing is a popular method for swapping large files on the Internet, particularly music and videos. Unlike FTP, most P2P file sharing systems do not use any central servers but instead allow all computers on the network to function both as a client and a server. Numerous free P2P software programs exist each with their own technical advantages and loyal community following. [p[Instant Messaging (IM) systems are a type of P2P application most

commonly used for chatting, but all popular IM software also supports sharing files. Email For decades, files have been transferred from person to person over a network using email software. Emails can travel across the Internet or within a company's intranet. Like FTP systems, email systems use a client/server model. The sender and receiver may use different email software programs, but the sender must know the recipient's email address, and that address must be configured to allow the incoming mail. Email systems are designed for transferring small amounts of data and generally limit the size of individual files that can be shared. Online Sharing Services Finally, numerous Web sites built for personal and/or community file sharing exist on the Internet. Members post or upload their files to the site using a Web browser, and others can then download copies of these files using their browser. Some community file sharing sites charge member fees, while others are free (advertising supported). Providers often tout the cloud storage technology advantages of these services, although available storage space tends to be limited, and having too much personal data in the cloud is a concern for some consumers.

Process of Back-up and Restore files Protect your data with backup and restore processes Note: This article doesnt apply to Access apps the new kind of database you

design with Access and publish online. See Create an Access app for more information. You will need a backup copy of your desktop database to either restore the entire database if there is a system failure or to restore an object when the Undo command isn't enough to fix a mistake. If a backup copy of your database seems a wasted use of storage space, consider the time that you might save by avoiding data and design loss. Creating backups on a regular basis is especially important when you have several users updating a database. Without a backup copy, you cannot restore corrupted or missing objects or any changes to the database design. In this article

Plan regular backups Back up a database Back up a split database Restore a database Restore objects in a database

Plan regular backups Some changes or mistakes cannot be reversed, so you don't want to wait for data loss to occur before you realize that you should have created a backup copy of the database. For example, when you use an action query to delete records or to change data, any values that were updated by the query cannot be restored by using Undo.

Tip

Consider making a backup before you run any action query, especially if

the query will change or delete data. If your database has several users, before you perform a backup make sure that all users close their databases so that all changes to the data are saved. Here are some guidelines to help you decide how often to back up your database:

If the database is an archive, or if it is used only for reference and rarely changes, it is sufficient to create backups only when the design or data is changed.

If the database is active and the data frequently changes, create a schedule to regularly backup the database.

If the database has multiple users, create a backup copy of the database after a design change.

Note

For data in linked tables create backups by using any available backup

features in the program that contains the linked tables. If the database that contains the linked tables is an Access database, use the procedure in the section Back up a split database. Back up a database When you back up a database, Access saves and closes objects that are open in Design view and saves a copy of the database file by using a name and location that you specify. Note Access reopens objects as specified by the value of the object Default

View property.

Open the database for which you want to create a backup copy and do the following: 1. Click File, and then click Save As. 2. Under File Types, click Save Database As. 3. Under Advanced, click Back Up Database, and then click Save As. 4. In the Save As dialog box, in the File name box, review the name for your database backup. You can change the name if you want, but the default name captures both the name of the original database file and the date that you make the backup. Tip When you restore data or objects from a backup, you usually want to know

which database the backup came from and when the backup was created, so its good practice to use the default file name. 5. Select the file type you want the backup database to be saved as from the Save as type list, and then click Save. Back up a split database A split database typically consists of two database files: a back-end database, which contains only data in tables, and a front-end database, which contains links to the tables in the back-end database, queries, forms, reports, and other database objects. All the data is stored in the back-end database. All the user interface objects, such as queries, forms, and reports, are kept in the front-end database. Backing up the front-end and back-end databases independent of one another as you must do with a split database can be time consuming. Because the back-end database contains the data, it is more important to make regular backups of the back-end database.

Make a backup of the front-end database when you change its design. Individual users of the front-end database can make arbitrary design changes, so consider requiring the users to make their own backup copies of the front-end database. Back up a back-end database Notify users before you start the backup process because running the backup process requires exclusive access to the database file, and users might be unable to use the back-end database while the backup process is running. 1. To open only the back-end database, start Access. 2. Click Open Other Files > Computer > Browse, and then select the backend database file that you want to back up. 3. Click the arrow next to Open, and then click Open Exclusive.

4. Click File, and then click Save As. 5. Under File Types, click Save Database As. 6. Under Advanced, click Back Up Database, and then click Save As. 7. In the Save As dialog box, in the File name box, review the name for your database backup. You can change the name if you want, but the default name captures both the name of the original database file and the date that you make the backup. Tip When you restore data or objects from a backup, you usually want to know

which database the backup came from and when the backup was created, so its good practice to use the default file name. 8. In the Save As dialog box, select a location in which to save the backup copy of your back-end database, and then click Save. Back up a front-end database To back up a front-end database after a design change, leave the database open immediately after you change its design, and then follow the steps in the section Back up a database, starting at step 2. Restore a database Note You can only restore a database if you have a backup copy of the

database. A backup is considered a "known good copy" of a database filea copy of which you are confident of its data integrity and design. You should use the Back Up Database command in Access to make backups, but you can use any known good copy to restore a database. For example, you can restore a database from a copy that is stored on a USB external backup device.

When you restore a whole database, you replace a database file that is damaged, has data problems, or is missing completely, with a backup copy of the database. 1. Open File Explorer and browse to the known good copy of the database. 2. Copy the known good copy to the location where the damaged or missing database should be replaced. If you are prompted to replace an existing file, do so. Restore objects in a database If you have to restore one or more objects in a database, import the objects from the backup copy of the database into the database that contains (or is missing) the object that you want restored. Important If other databases or programs have links to objects in the

database that you are restoring, it is critical that you restore the database to the correct location. If you do not, links to the database objects will not work and will have to be updated. 1. Open the database to which you want to restore an object. 2. To restore a missing object, skip to step 3. To replace an object that contains bad or missing data or if the object has stopped working correctly, do the following: a. If you want to preserve the current object, to compare it with the restored version after you restore, rename the object before you restore it. For example, if you want to restore a damaged form named Checkout, you can rename the damaged form Checkout_bad. b. Delete the object that you want to replace.

Note

Always be careful when you delete database objects as they could be

linked to other objects in the database. 3. Click External Data, and in the Import & Link group, click Access. 4. In the Get External Data-Access Database dialog box, click Browse to locate the backup database, and then click Open. 5. Select Import tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules into the current database, and then click OK. 6. In the Import Objects dialog box, click the tab that corresponds to the type of object that you want to restore. For example, if you want to restore a table, click the Tables tab. 7. Click the object to select it. 8. If you want to restore more objects, repeat steps 6 and 7 until you have selected all of the objects that you want to restore. 9. To review the import options before importing the objects, in the Import Objects dialog box, click the Options button. 10. After you select the objects and import setting options, click OK to restore the objects. To automate creating backups, consider using a product that performs automated backups of a file system, such as file server backup software or a USB external backup device.

Types of Network

Local area network (LAN) is computer network in which devices (i.e computers, printers, etc) are connected to a shared medium (wire or cable) to exchange data or share resources within a small geographic area. An individual network usually spans a single geographic area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus, or region. LANs are the most popular form of computer network.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

Wide Area Network (WAN) It is made up of multiple LANs tied together usually via telephone services or fiber-optic cabling. It covers a wider area than a LAN. WANs may span a city, state, country or even the world. Usually, a WAN is used to link the different sites or remote offices of a single enterprise using routers.

Color Configuration of Straight Thru Type A+B, Cross Over, Roll Over for each application

Straight-Through Wired Cables

Straight-Through refers to cables that have the pin assignments on each end of the cable. In other words Pin 1 connector A goes to Pin 1 on connector B, Pin 2 to Pin 2 ect. Straight-Through wired cables are most commonly used to connect a host to client. When we talk about cat5e patch cables, the Straight-Through wired cat5e patch cable is used to connect computers, printers and other network client devices to the router switch or hub (the host device in this instance).

Connector A Pin 1 Pin 2B Connector Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8

Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8

Crossover Wired Cables

Crossover wired cables (commonly called crossover cables) are very much like Straight-Through cables with the exception that TX and RX lines are crossed (they are at oposite positions on either end of the cable. Using the 568-B standard as an example below you will see that Pin 1 on connector A goes to Pin 3 on connector B. Pin 2 on connector A goes to Pin 6 on connector B ect. Crossover cables are most commonly used to connect two hosts directly. Examples would be connecting a computer directly to another computer, connecting a switch directly to another switch, or connecting a router to a router.Note: While in the past when connecting two host devices directly a

crossover cable was required. Now days most devices have auto sensing technology that detects the cable and device and crosses pairs when needed.

Connector A Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Rollover

Connector B Pin 3 Pin 6 Pin 1 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 2 Pin 4 Pin 5 Wired Cables

Rollover wired cables most commonly called rollover cables, have opposite Pin assignments on each end of the cable or in other words it is "rolled over". Pin 1 of connector A would be connected to Pin 8 of connector B. Pin 2 of connector A would be connected to Pin 7 of connector B and so on. Rollover cables, sometimes referred to as Yost cables are most commonly used to connect to a devices console port to make programming changes to the device. Unlike crossover and straight-wired cables, rollover cables are not intended to carry data but instead create an interface with the device.

Connector A

Connector B

Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8

Pin 8 Pin 7 Pin 6 Pin 5 Pin 4 Pin 3 Pin 2 Pin 1

How to put an IP Address (Windows XP)

Configuring the Computers: With the computer running MS Windows XP, double-click on Network Connections in the Control Panel (in Classic View). The window shown in Figure 2 should be similar to what is displayed on your screen.

Figure 2: Example Screenshot of Network Connections Window Right-click on the Local Area Connection icon and then select properties. The window shown in Figure 3 should be similar to what is displayed on your screen.

Figure 3: Example Screenshot of LAN Properties Window

Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) then click the Properties button. Select Use the following IP address option and enter the appropriate IP configuration in the IP address entry box. The window shown in Figure 3 should be similar to what is displayed on your screen.

Figure 4: Example Screenshot of IP Properties Window Refer to the settings listed below for the computer you are configuring:

PC1 IP Address: 192.168.0.1; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 PC2 IP Address: 192.168.0.2; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 PC3 IP Address: 192.168.0.3; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 PC4 IP Address: 192.168.0.4; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 PC5 IP Address: 192.168.0.5; Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Once all information are entered, click OK and then Close. The computer is now configured with basic IP settings. To verify the IP configuration just completed type in IPCONFIG in the computer terminals DOS mode. The following should be displayed:

C:\>ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . : <configured IP Address> Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : <configured Subnet Mask> Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :

Wait for other groups to complete and then in the computer terminals DOS mode, type in thefollowing: PING <other computers IP address>

At this point other computers should REPLY to your PING request. If a TIMED-OUT message is displayed, troubleshoot the problem. It may be a faulty cable, hub, or computer configuration.

If the PING command is successful, try to repeat step 2.6 for all the other computers. When all computers are able to PING the other computers, the basic IP configuration for each computer is done.

How to put IP address (Windows 7) TCP/IP defines how your computer communicates with other computers. To make it easier to manage TCP/IP settings, we recommend using automated Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP automatically assigns Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to the computers on your network, if your network supports it. If you use DHCP, then you don't have to change your TCP/IP settings if you move your computer to another location, and DHCP doesn't require you to manually configure TCP/IP settings, such as Domain Name System (DNS) and Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). To enable DHCP or change other TCP/IP settings, follow these steps:

1. Open Network Connections by clicking the Start button

, and then

clicking Control Panel. In the search box, type adapter, and then, under Network and Sharing Center, click View network connections. 2. Right-click the connection that you want to change, and then click Properties. If you're prompted for an administrator password or

confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. 3. Click the Networking tab. Under This connection uses the following items, click either Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) or Internet Protocol Versin 6 (TCP/IPv6), and then click Properties.

The Network Connection Properties dialog box

4. To specify IPv4 IP address settings, do one of the following:

o

To get IP settings automatically using DHCP, click Obtain an IP address automatically, and then click OK.

To specify an IP address, click Use the following IP address, and then, in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway boxes, type the IP address settings.

5. To specify IPv6 IP address settings, do one of the following:

o

To get IP settings automatically using DHCP, click Obtain an IPv6 address automatically, and then click OK.

To specify an IP address, click Use the following IPv6 address, and then, in the IPv6 address, Subnet prefix length, and Default gateway boxes, type the IP address settings.

6. To specify DNS server address settings, do one of the following:

o

To get a DNS server address automatically using DHCP, click Obtain DNS server address automatically, and then click OK.

To specify a DNS server address, click Use the following DNS server addresses, and then, in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server boxes, type the addresses of the primary and secondary DNS servers.

The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)Properties dialog box 7. To change advanced DNS, WINS, and IP settings, click Advanced. Note

To install IPv4, run Command Prompt as an administrator, type netsh interface ipv4 install, and then press Enter.

Question & Answer

You have just installed Windows 98. During testing , it fails to start after the starting Windows 98 message appear. What should you do to troubleshoot this problem? Name at least two ways. a. Type Win/D:M add the command prompt to start windows. b. Press F8 when Windows restarting and select safe mode

You have configured a dual boot system consisting Windows 98 in FAT 32 partition and Windows 2000 using NTFS partition. You check your Windows 2000 installation and it looked good. However, when you boot to Windows 98 you cannot see the files in the NTFS partition. What might be the source of the problem? Windows 98 is not compatible with NTFS

You have configured a dual boot system consisting Windows 98 in FAT 32 partition and Windows 2000 using NTFS partition. You check your Windows 2000 installation and it looked good. However, when you boot to Windows 98 you can not see the files in the NTFS partition. What might be the source of the problem? Windows 98 is not compatible with NTFS

You want to setup a dual boot scenario between Windows 98 and Windows 2000. How would you do this? Partition your hard drive. Install Windows 98 first. And install Windows 2000 to the second partition.

A customer complains that his hard disk is making lots of noise. After examining the computer and hearing the noise for yourself, you notice that high pitch noise seems to be coming from the fan in the power supply. Which component should be replaced? Power Supply

What part of HP Laser printer is malfunction if you receive a 50 service error? FUSER

A customer complains that he cant get his computer to work. When she turn it on, she gets no video and hears a series of beeps. The beeps are in the sequence of one long beep, then two short beeps. You tell the customer to bring the machine in. Upon further examination you are able to identify the problem. What should be your next step? What is the error? Replace the video card be sure that it is tighten

What is indicated by a 201 error at system start up? Bad memory. Most of the error begins with 2 indicate memory error of some sort.

What two command files are used by DOS to configure the computer? Autoexec.bat and Config.sys

You install a newly purchase sound card into your computer, but upon rebooting you find that the new device is not recognized by the system. Moreover, your modem, which has always worked perfectly, has stopped functioning. What is probably the problem? The sound card is using the same IRQ as the modem

What is the correct way to use the protocol utility IPCONFIG in a Windows 2000 environment? Choose start, click run and type cmd then press enter key. At the command prompt type IPCONFIG

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a collection of protocols that help manage the internet communication. Each computer running TCP/IP must have a unique IP address assigned to it. What is an IP address? Describe the format? An IP address is set of four numbers, each of which must be from 0 to 255.

What is the correct sequence to start Windows 2000 backup program? Choose start-Programs-then Accessories- then System Tools then Backup.

Youve setup a network whereby each computer act as a client and a server and in which each user shares each others resources, including printers. What is the correct term for such arrangement? Peer to peer networking

Sending and receiving electronic mail (e-mail) is a common benefit of the internet. Assuming a user has access to the internet on a properly configure PC. What is before a user can begin using e-mail? E-mail account and e-mail client

What is the name of the executable file for Microsoft Backup for DOS? For Windows 3.x? MSBACKUP.EXE

What would you type at a DOS command line to start the Microsoft AntiVirus? Type MSAV at the command prompt.

What program in the control panel can be used to create a startup disk.? Add/Remove Programs

What is the final option in the Configure Screen menu? Compatibility test

The MSBACKUP Program in DOS receives its settings from what file? SET file

Which Windows NT 4.0 utility should you use after installing a new hard drive to make usable? Disk Administrator

Which is the proper command to install Windows 2000 recovery console as a startup option in the CD Rom in drive E? E:\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons.

During the Windows 2000 setup, you are ask to choose between NTFS file system and the FAT filesystem. Can you site disadvantage on NTFS? NTFS is more sophisticated file system however it is not compatible with DOS.

After the successful upgrading to Windows 2000, what should you do with the temporary files generated during the setup process? Nothing, because all generated temporary files are automatically remove during the process.

You are preparing the computer for dual booting between Windows 98 and 2000. Your drive is partitioned, and Windows 98 is already installed. What should be your next step? You must choose FAT for Windows 2000 partition

Which of the following is not the Windows 2000 key Boot file? Why? Autoexec.bat This is the key boot for Windows 3.1 and 9X are not necessary for Windows 2000

What is the most likely cause of a paper jam on a dot matrix printer? Obstructed paper path

HP printer laser jet III printer is not printing at all. The computer indicates that the device on LPT1 is not ready You perform a service self test the printer and it prints on the page of vertical lines with no problem. The front panel self test does not work, however which component do you suspect is giving you the problem The Formatter

A computer is experiencing random reboots and phantom problems that disappear after reboot .What should you do? Open the cover and reset all cards and chips

Using either a Windows 9X or Windows 2000 workstation, what components do you need to connect to a Microsoft network server? Protocol, client and adapter

You are enable file and printer sharing on your Windows 9X system. You must now specify how security will be handled. What could be the options? Share level Access Control and User level control

A Windows 9x workstation includes default support for what network OS/client types? MS Windows Networking and Novells Netware within a Windows 9x workstation, clients are provided for Microsoft and Novell Network

What is the third element required to configure a Windows 2000 system as a network client? A client, an adapter, and ______? Protocol

What would you need to do to create a new dial-up networking (DUN) connection within a Windows 9x system? Choose: Start-Programs-Accessories: choose and click Dial up networking then double click Make new connection. Or double click My computer icon on the desktop then click dial up networking.

What would you use to map a network drive in both Windows 9x and Windows 2000? Map network Drive

What type of back up involves selecting the files you want to back up as well as when you want them to backup? Custom backup

There are several pieces of backup hardware that are currently available. Of the following, which is not valid backup hardware? Stationary hard disk

Which type of backup that backup files on a disk that has changed since the last full backup? Differential backup

Troubleshooting

Process of Installation Memory

A. Upgrading memory

Determining how much and what kind of memory to buy. 1. How much memory do I have and how much memory do I need? 2. What size and type of modules should I buy to be compatible with the memory already have installed?

3. How much and what types of memory can I fit on the motherboard? 4. How much memory can I afford? B. Installing memory When installing precautions: Protect the chips against static electricity. Always use a ground bracelet as you work. Be sure you have written down CMOS settings and make a recovery disk if you do not already have one. Turn off the computer and unplug it before you remove the cover. Look for notches that orient the module in the slot on one side or in the middle of the module. Check the documentation for any instructions specific to your modules.

memory

modules,

always

take

important

safety

C. Installing SIMM

D. Installing DIMM

E. Troubleshooting Memory Check if you have installed memory modules that are supported by your motherboard. Check if you have installed the right module size as stated in the motherboard documentation. Remove and reinstall each module. Remove the newly installed memory, place the memory in different sockets or slots and check whether the error message disappears. Try installing the new memory without the old installed. Clean the module edge connectors with a soft cloth or contact cleaner. Try flashing the BIOS.

Process of Processor

A. Upgrading Processor

Steps to Upgrade a CPU

Ensure that the power supply to the computer is turned off and all accessories are detached.

Remove the computers chassis cover carefully. Locate the CPU fan and heatsink and disconnect the CPU fan from its power supply.

Remove the CPUs heatsink on the motherboard, and find your computer's processor located below it.

Remove the old CPU by lifting up the tab holding it in place, and gently pulling it out.

The new CPU can be inserted by matching it correctly into position. Push down the tab to hold the new CPU into position. A thin, uniform layer of thermal compound should be applied before placing the heatsink back into position. This thermal compound is used to ensure improved conduction of heat from CPU to the heatsink.

The heatsink can then be reinstalled, and the fan's wire connected back to its power supply on the motherboard.

The next step will be to confirm that everything is properly connected, by gently trying to move the components.

When you are satisfied with the new installation, screw the computer's cover back into place. You can now remove the grounding wrist-strap.

Plug your computer into its power source, and attach all the accessories. Your computer can now be turned on and should be ready for use!

You can upgrade an older microprocessor to a newer one in easy steps. Before going ahead, you should gather information about which new CPU you need and whether your motherboard is compatible with it or not. The compatibility of your new CPU with your motherboard can be ascertained by searching for specific information on the Internet, or checking with your trusted computer dealer.

B. Installing Processor

Before getting started 1. Difficulty of installing computer processor should be a 3 out of 5. 2. Write down important information from the of the processor such as the Model Number, Serial Number and specifications. 3. Ensure you are familiar with ESD and its potential dangers. 4. When physically installing the processor, ensure the computer is off and that the power is disconnected. Remove previous processor If a processor is already installed in the computer it must be removed before a new processor can be added. If the processor is a socket processor and has an attached heat sink, it must first be removed before the processor can be removed. Generally, most socket heat sinks will have a wire to supply power to the fan, first remove this wire. Next, you should notice clips on either side processor holding it in place. Generally, pressing down on the larger end of the clip and then moving the clip away from the processor should release one end of the clip allowing for the heat sink to be removed. Once the socket heat sink has been removed, if your processor is a ZIF processor, remove the socket processor by locating a small arm on one of the sides of the processor. This arm is generally a small metal bar. Moving this bar from a horizontal to a vertical position will release the processor.

If your processor is a LIF processor you will need a processor / chip remove tool to remove the processor. Generally, if you are adding a new processor it is likely that this tool is included with the processor. If not, it can be purchased at a local computer shop or computer retail store. Place this tool between the processor and the socket and gently work the processor out of the socket, doing a little on each side of the processor at a time. When doing this, be careful not to bind or break any of the pins. If your processor is a slot processor, the heat sink does not need to be removed and in most cases cannot be removed. To remove a slot processor, locate two tabs on either side of the processor. Move these slots to the outward position and the processor should be able to be removed by vertically pulling it out. Install processor Once no processor is currently installed in the computer, follow the below steps for installing your processor. Socket Processor If you are installing a ZIF socket processor into the computer, begin first by moving the metal arm generally located on one of the sides of the socket to a vertical position. Next, examine the top of the processor that should have a small dot in one of the corners. This dot indicates where pin one is located on the bottom of the processor. Next, examine the socket on the motherboard; this socket should have a missing hole or should have a 1 indicating pin one. Position the processor so both pin1 and hole1 match and then place the processor down. If properly positioned, now when moving the metal arm to the down or horizontal position it should firmly connect the processor. If you are installing a LIF socket processor, first examine the top of the processor and locate pin one, generally located with a small white dot. Once pin one has been located, look at the socket and locate pin one on the socket on the motherboard. Pin one on the socket / motherboard will be

located by either looking for a missing hole on the socket itself or by looking for a small one next to one of the four corners. Once the pins have been aligned properly, gently press the processor into the socket until it is firmly attached. Slot Processor Finally, if you are installing a slot processor, first move the tabs on either side of the support brackets to the outward position. Next, install the processor by pressing the processor into the slot. Once successfully installed into the brackets the two tabs should snap into place.

Apply heat compound It is recommended if your computer processor is a 200MHz or higher and does not already contain a processor heat sink that a heat compound / grease be applied between the processor and heat sink to help distribute the heat away from the processor. Attach heat sink Once the processor has been successfully installed and the heat compound applied, attach the computer heat sink to the processor. Note: Users who have a socket processor, when attaching the heat sink clip, ensure not to scratch the motherboard with the clip. Also, when attaching the heat sink bracket to the plastic clip, be careful because if too much pressure is applied the plastic clip, it will break. C. Installing a Processor that cartridge type Installing a slot type CPU is the easiest, Basically the cartridge can only go one way, so lift the tiny clips on both sides of the socket drop in the cartridge and press down till the clip click in. The processor is now firmly in place now just plug in the built in fan and your done.

D. Installing a Processor that PIN type 1. Check the pins. Turn the chip over and inspect the pins. Are they bent? They should all stick straight up. If many of them are bent, then it is best to request a replacement processor. If only a couple are bent and the bend is not that much, then you may be able to use a screwdriver to gently bend the pins back into place. Do so VERY carefully. 2. Open ZIF Socket. This is done by grabbing the lever on one side of the socket and opening it. Pull the lever from the closed, level position, to the open, vertical position. You may need to pull the lever out a bit before it will open. Do this slowly and dont force it. You dont want to break the socket. On the way up, you may experience a little more force. This is normal. The top part of the ZIF socket will slide over a bit. 3. Orient The Chip. This involves locating Pin 1 on both the chip and the socket. This is easy to do. The chip is always marked at Pin 1. The mark may be a little dot on one corner, a slightly notched corner, or a mark at one of the pins under the chip. On the socket, there is usually a notch on one corner, or a big 1. These corners will be matched up for correct installation. 4. Insert Processor. Bearing in mind the orientation determined in Step 3, insert the chip into the socket. With a ZIF socket, the chip should install very easily. It should almost fall into the socket with all pins lining up. Thats why they call it the Zero Insertion Force socket. If not, the socket is probably not open all the way. If you do not have a ZIF socket (God forbid!), you need to exercise extreme care. Lay the chip on the socket. Make sure all pins line up. Then, slowly push the chip into the socket. Use your thumb and push on one side of the chip until it starts to go in. Then proceed to another side and repeat. Do this around the chip several times until it is completely installed. 5. When done, there should be basically no gap between the bottom of the processor and the socket. 6. Close ZIF Socket. Just close the lever. You will probably feel some resistance. This is normal and it should close anyway. If you really need to lean on it,

though, check to be sure the chip is installed correctly. When down, make sure the lever snaps into place.

7. Some retail processors come with the heat sink and fan already attached to the CPU, in which case you will need to attach the CPU fan to the socket at the same time as you close the ZIF socket. After you lock the CPU into place, take the retention clips on either side of the CPU fan (which should line up automatically for you if you inserted the processor correctly in step 4 above) and push them down until each side clips over the tabs on either side of the socket. Sometimes it takes using a screwdriver as leverage to be able to get the retention clips out and over the tabs, but if you do this be very careful not to slip and jab your motherboard with the screwdriver. E. Installing a Processor that PIN less type Remove all cables attached to the back of your computer. Put your computer on its side and slide the cover off. Some cases are designed with screws holding the covers on or latches that need to be opened before you can slide the cover off. Find the Socket 478 on the motherboard. It should be a small square with a black plastic bracket surrounding it. The square is the Socket 478 while the black plastic bracket is the retaining bracket for the CPU heatsink. Push the handle on the side of the Socket 478 up. Lower the CPU in place, aligning the pinless corners of the CPU with the holeless corners on the socket. Return the handle to its original location. Remove the plastic film covering the thermal compound from the bottom of the heatsink. Line up the corners of the heatsink with the corners of the retaining bracket on the motherboard. Keep the heatsink level as you lower it into place. Apply gentle pressure to each corner to ensure it clips into the bracket. Hold the heatsink down by its fan and lower the top clips one at a time.

 Attach the heatsink's fan to the small 3-pin power connector on the motherboard. The power connector should be fairly close to the CPU socket.

F. Troubleshooting a Processor Unplug the computer. Open the computer case. Ground yourself by holding the metal part of the case. Unplug the power source for the fan sitting atop the processor. Remove any screws that hold the heatsink and fan. Unlatch the clips on the side of the heatsink and fan and remove. Touch the processor. If it is too hot for you to keep your finger on the processor, the processor may be overheating. Check to see that the processor is properly faceted to the socket. If any of the hundreds of pins that fit into a socket on the motherboard are bent or not seated properly, the computer will not function. Check the BIOS for proper processor settings. If the BIOS is set to the wrong processor speed, the hardware can overheat and cause problems with the computer. Check that the BIOS displays the right processor speed and type when booting the computer. Swap out a good processor with the one having issues, if you have a spare processor that is compatible with the motherboard. If the computer runs fine with the other processor, then replace the processor. Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that a new processor you have bought or may buy is compatible. Most motherboard manufacturers list compatibility specifications on the corporate website.

Computer POST and beep codes The computer power-on self-test (POST) tests the computer to make sure it meets the necessary system requirements and that all hardware is working properly before starting the remainder of the boot process. If the computer passes the POST the computer will have a single beep (with some computer BIOS manufacturers it may beep twice) as the computer starts and the computer will continue to start normally. However, if the computer fails the POST, the computer will either not beep at all or will generate a beep code, which tells the user the source of the problem. If you're receiving an irregular POST or a beep code not mentioned below follow the POST troubleshooting steps to determine the failing hardware component. AMI BIOS beep codes Award BIOS beep codes IBM BIOS beep codes Macintosh startup tones Phoenix BIOS beep codes Motherboard help

AMI BIOS beep codes Below are the AMI BIOS Beep codes that can occur. However, because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes may vary. Beep Code 1 short 2 short 3 short 4 short 5 short 6 short 7 short 8 short 9 short 10 short 11 short 1 long, 3 short 1 long, 8 short DRAM refresh failure Parity circuit failure Base 64K RAM failure System timer failure Process failure Keyboard controller Gate A20 error Virtual mode exception error Display memory Read/Write test failure ROM BIOS checksum failure CMOS shutdown Read/Write error Cache Memory error Conventional/Extended memory failure Display/Retrace test failed Descriptions

AWARD BIOS beep codes Below are Award BIOS Beep codes that can occur. However, because of the wide variety of different computer manufacturers with this BIOS, the beep codes may vary. Beep Code 1 long, 2 short Any other beep(s) Description Indicates a video error has occurred and the BIOS cannot initialize the video screen to display any additional information RAM problem.

If any other correctable hardware issues, the BIOS will display a message.

IBM BIOS beep codes Below are general IBM BIOS Beep codes that can occur. However, because of the wide variety of models shipping with this BIOS, the beep codes may vary. Beep Code No Beeps 1 Short Beep 2 Short Beep Continuous Beep Repeating Short Beep One Long and one Short Beep One Long and Two Short Beeps Description No Power, Loose Card, or Short. Normal POST, computer is ok. POST error, review screen for error code. No Power, Loose Card, or Short. No Power, Loose Card, or Short. Motherboard issue. Video (Mono/CGA Display Circuitry) issue. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry. Keyboard or Keyboard card error. Video Display Circuitry.

One Long and Three Short Beeps. Three Long Beeps One Beep, Blank or Incorrect Display

Macintosh startup tones Tones Error Tone. (two sets of different tones) Error Problem with logic board or SCSI bus. Problem with video controller. Logic board problem. Problem with SIMM.

Startup tone, drive spins, no video Powers on, no tone. High Tone, four higher tones.

Phoenix BIOS beep codes Below are the beep codes for Phoenix BIOS Q3.07 OR 4.X Beep Code 1-1-1-3 1-1-2-1 1-1-2-3 1-1-3-1 1-1-3-2 1-1-3-3 1-1-4-1 1-1-4-3 1-2-1-1 1-2-1-2 1-2-1-3 Description and what to check Verify Real Mode. Get CPU Type. Initialize system hardware. Initialize chipset registers with initial POST values. Set in POST flag. Initialize CPU registers. Initialize cache to initial POST values. Initialize I/O. Initialize Power Management. Load alternate registers with initial POST values. Jump to UserPatch0.

1-2-2-1 1-2-2-3 1-2-3-1 1-2-3-3 1-2-4-1 1-3-1-1 1-3-1-3 1-3-2-1 1-3-3-1 1-3-3-3 1-3-4-1 1-3-4-3 1-4-1-3 1-4-2-4 1-4-3-1 1-4-3-2 1-4-3-3 1-4-4-1 1-4-4-2 2-1-1-1 2-1-1-3 2-1-2-1

Initialize keyboard controller. BIOS ROM checksum. 8254 timer initialization. 8237 DMA controller initialization. Reset Programmable Interrupt Controller. Test DRAM refresh. Test 8742 Keyboard Controller. Set ES segment to register to 4 GB. 28 Autosize DRAM. Clear 512K base RAM. Test 512 base address lines. Test 512K base memory. Test CPU bus-clock frequency. Reinitialize the chipset. Shadow system BIOS ROM. Reinitialize the cache. Autosize cache. Configure advanced chipset registers. Load alternate registers with CMOS values. Set Initial CPU speed. Initialize interrupt vectors. Initialize BIOS interrupts.

2-1-2-3 2-1-2-4 2-1-3-1 2-1-3-2 2-1-3-3 2-1-4-1 2-1-4-3 2-2-1-1 2-2-1-3 2-2-2-1 2-2-2-3 2-2-3-1 2-2-3-3 2-2-4-1 2-3-1-1 2-3-1-3 2-3-2-1 2-3-2-3 2-3-3-1 2-3-3-3 2-3-4-1 2-3-4-3

Check ROM copyright notice. Initialize manager for PCI Options ROMs. Check video configuration against CMOS. Initialize PCI bus and devices. Initialize all video adapters in system. Shadow video BIOS ROM. Display copyright notice. Display CPU Type and speed. Test keyboard. Set key click if enabled. 56 Enable keyboard. Test for unexpected interrupts. Display prompt Press F2 to enter SETUP. Test RAM between 512 and 640k. Test expanded memory. Test extended memory address lines. Jump to UserPatch1. Configure advanced cache registers. Enable external and CPU caches. Display external cache size. Display shadow message. Display non-disposable segments.

2-4-1-1 2-4-1-3 2-4-2-1 2-4-2-3 2-4-4-1 2-4-4-3 3-1-1-1 3-1-1-3 3-1-2-1 3-1-2-3 3-1-3-1 3-1-3-3 3-1-4-1 3-2-1-1 3-2-1-2 3-2-1-3 3-2-2-1 3-2-2-3 3-2-3-1 3-2-3-3 3-2-4-1 3-2-4-3

Display error messages. Check for configuration errors. Test real-time clock. Check for keyboard errors Set up hardware interrupts vectors. Test coprocessor if present. Disable onboard I/O ports. Detect and install external RS232 ports. Detect and install external parallel ports. Re-initialize onboard I/O ports. Initialize BIOS Data Area. Initialize Extended BIOS Data Area. Initialize floppy controller. Initialize hard disk controller. Initialize local bus hard disk controller. Jump to UserPatch2. Disable A20 address line. Clear huge ES segment register. Search for option ROMs. Shadow option ROMs. Set up Power Management. Enable hardware interrupts.

3-3-1-1 3-3-1-3 3-3-3-1 3-3-3-3 3-3-4-1 3-3-4-3 3-4-1-1 3-4-1-3 3-4-2-1 3-4-2-3 3-4-3-1 3-4-4-1 3-4-4-3 3-4-4-4 4-1-1-1 4-2-1-1 4-2-1-3 4-2-2-1 4-2-2-3 4-2-3-1 4-2-3-3 4-2-4-1

Set time of day. Check key lock. Erase F2 prompt. Scan for F2 key stroke. Enter SETUP. Clear in POST flag. Check for errors POST done - prepare to boot operating system. One beep. Check password (optional). Clear global descriptor table. Clear parity checkers. Clear screen (optional). Check virus and backup reminders. Try to boot with INT 19. Interrupt handler error. Unknown interrupt error. Pending interrupt error. Initialize option ROM error. Shutdown error. Extended Block Move. Shutdown 10 error.

4-3-1-3 4-3-1-4 4-3-2-1 4-3-2-2 4-3-2-3 4-3-2-4 4-3-3-1 4-3-3-2 4-3-3-3 4-3-3-4 4-3-4-1 4-3-4-2 4-3-4-3

Initialize the chipset. Initialize refresh counter. Check for Forced Flash. Check HW status of ROM. BIOS ROM is OK. Do a complete RAM test. Do OEM initialization. Initialize interrupt controller. Read in bootstrap code. Initialize all vectors. Boot the Flash program. Initialize the boot device. Boot code was read OK.

Procedures in Checking the fault and Problem Steps 1 Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self Test. This is generally the first or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problems found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full capacity during operation. 2 Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load time may indicate seek errors (or other errors) in the hard drive. 3 Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way of judging how hard a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any decent length audio file (usually above 30 secs). If the audio is choppy or slow, it usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to DMA allows for faster reads and writes, and can sometimes repair choppy audio. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially Windows, can conflict with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that are causing a problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange the properties of hardware.

6 Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts, the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be caused by software that starts automatically on boot. 7 Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy or sluggish system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming more resources than the computer can provide. An easy way to check this is to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager, and click the Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Mem Usage column indicates how much memory a process is consuming. 8 Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises, shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity. 9 Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus) and a commonly updated malware scanner (such as Spybot Search & Destroy). 10 Check for the problem in safe mode. As a last ditch effort, check the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.

General Error Messages Error Message Invalid partition Table Error Loading Operating System Missing Operating system Invalid Boot Disk Inaccessible boot device Missing Operating system, error loading Operating system Bad sector writing or reading to drive Configuration/CMOS error Hard drive not found Fixed disk error Invalid Drive Specification No boot device Available Non-system disk or disk error Bad or missing Command No Operating system found Not ready reading drive A: Abort , Retry, Fail? Bad command or file not found Write protect error writing drive A: Track 0 bad, disk not Usable Device Not Found Device/Service has failed to start Error in Config.sys line Xx Insufficient Memory

Acronyms

ATX Advance Technology Attachment RAM Random Access Memory SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory EDO RAM Extended Data Output Random Access Memory SIMM Single Inline Memory Module DIMM Double Inline Memory Module RIMM Rambus Inline Memory Module AT Advance Technology ATX Advance Technology Extended USB Universal Serial Bus IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer OHS Occupational Health and Safety PCIE - Peripheral Component Interconnect Express BIOS Basic Input Output System ISA Industry Standard Architecture PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture VESA Video Electronics Standard Association IDE Integrated Drive Electronics SCSI Small Computer System Interface CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor ROM Read Only Memory DDR Double Data Rate CPU Central Processing Unit UDMA Ultra Direct Memory Access