!

Management Information System

Report

Smart School Management System

An application of MIS in education from perspective of Pakistan

Submitted by: Junaid Ali Khan ID: I2 !"22!##

Abstract
$his report e%plains the idea of an MIS system in education& 'hich can offer same (uality of education to rich and poor and improve the learnin) and testin) methodolo)y of traditional schools* $he purpose of this concept to build a lifelon) learnin) society in Pakistan that values lifelon) learnin)& so that everyone en+oys learnin)& has the attitude and ability for lifelon) learnin)& and has access to diverse channels and opportunities for learnin)* Also to construct a diverse school system: to in+ect diversity in education ideolo)ies& modes of financin) and focus of curriculum& so that learners have more choices and multi,faceted talents 'ill be nurtured* $o create an inspirin) learnin) environment: to build a learnin) environment that is inspirin) and conducive to the creative and e%ploratory spirit*

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Table of Contents
Abstract**************************************************************************************************************************2 $able of -ontents***********************************************************************************************************" .ack)round********************************************************************************************************************/ Introduction to 0MIS*****************************************************************************************************/ 1b+ectives and 2unctions of 0MIS********************************************************************************3 0mer)in) technolo)ies and approaches*************************************************************************3 A* -044 P5160S****************************************************************************************************# .* $A.40$ -1MP7$08S***************************************************************************************# -* 911940 0A8$5 A6D DI9I$A4 MAPPI69***************************************************# D* P4A66I69 SIM74A$I16 A6D .7SI60SS I6$044I906-0*********************# 0* 1P06 S178-0 S12$:A80******************************************************************************# 2* A--0SS $1 $50 :184D :ID0 :0.************************************************************; $he components of a System<s 4ife -ycle*********************************************************************; Data -ollection***********************************************************************************************************; Data Processin) *********************************************************************************************************= Data Analysis ************************************************************************************************************= Presentation****************************************************************************************************************= Problems Associated 'ith $raditional 0ducation System In Pakistan***************************= Smart School Solution**************************************************************************************************! Interactive >ideo 4ectures***************************************************************************************! :ide Area 6et'ork ?:A6@************************************************************************************! Smart School Mana)ement System ?SSMS@************************************************************! 2rame'ork of Smart School Mana)ement System *****************************************************!! 2uture Scope and 0%tension of 'ork***************************************************************************!2 -onclusion********************************************************************************************************************!" 8eferences********************************************************************************************************************!/

Background
4earnin) is the key to one<s future& and 0ducation is the )ate'ay to our society<s future* 0ducation enables individuals to develop their potentials& construct kno'led)e and enhance personal (uality* It empo'ers the individuals* 0ducation is not only preparin) (ualified personnel for the societyA it has a more far,reachin) mission of )ivin) everyone& re)ardless of social ori)in or family back)round& e(uitable opportunities for personal advancement* 6o one is deprived of such opportunities for self,development and success& if only he has the ability and determination to fully e%ploit the learnin) opportunities* 5ence& education creates opportunities and facilitates social mobility* .ut 'hen 'e look to the education system in Pakistan 'e realiBe that 'ith each passin) year the education system becomin) 'eaker to make the students as an asset for prosperity and development of Pakistan& and therefore parents are emphasiBin) to send their children to private schools* And those students 'ho are in )overnment school mostly remains there because of their financially instability and due to defected (uality education become economic burden* :e are here to provide opportunity to each and individual student to learn in their natural environment and become an asset for prosperity and development of Pakistan* 2or this 'e are proposin) a solution of Csmart 0ducationD in 'hich education system 'ill be one and 'ill be available online usin) 0MIS?0ducation Mana)ement Information System@'here same syllabus and time table 'ill be follo'ed in overall country and development of students can be follo'ed on real time basis* :e are proposin) this solution because in Pakistan the total number of 9ovt* primary schools are over ! & accordin) 2 #,2 ; report and increased in past E years& and due to economic condition of Pakistan it is nearly impossible to provide (uality teachers in each and every education institute of Pakistan so 'e are proposin) to CSmart SchoolD system 'here 'ith basic I$ trainin) of currently hired teachers the (uality of education in )overnment institutes of Pakistan can be increased drastically*

Introduction to EMIS
An 0ducation Mana)ement Information System ?0MIS@ can be defined as a comprehensive system that brin)s to)ether people& practices& and technolo)y to provide (uality education statistics in a timely& cost,effective& and sustainable manner& at every administrative level& and to support selected operational functions* Althou)h many 0MIS issues remain as they 'ere almost ! years a)o& donors< and the 'orld<s attention recently has refocused from access to (uality in education and the advent of ne'er technolo)ies* $heir rapid and thorou)h adoption in the second and third 'orld 'as hardly foreseen ten years a)o and has had an impact on the direction of 0MIS* $he key lessons in the ne%t section center on some fundamentals about 0MIS& includin): F 0MIS data need to be accurate* F 0MIS data need to be timely* F 0MIS data need to be reliable* F 0MIS data need to be understandable* Most e%istin) systems are some compromise of the above four factors* Accuracy can re(uire more time than is allo'ed* $imeliness may re(uire some rela%ation of complete accuracy* 8eliability is affected by e%ternal factors like fundin)& manpo'er&

E and political events* $urnin) data into informationG creatin) meanin) from CfactsDG is a constant challen)e of makin) data& then information& then kno'led)e useful for decision makin)* $he repeated lesson is that creatin) a sustainable& 'orkable 0MIS depends on three factors: !* $he ri)ht P01P40& motivated to perform and skilled in their 'ork 2* $he ri)ht P81-0SS0S that reduce duplication and reinforce accuracy and accountability "* $he ri)ht $0-561419H& appropriate to the state of the country& and the reliability of its infrastructure People are fre(uently the slo'est to chan)e and the hardest to affect directly* .oth technolo)y and processes can be altered (uicker& but people can delay reinstitutin) ne' value structures and 'orkin) methods* People,related issues typically are resolved throu)h: Modelin) C)ood behaviorD in terms of skills use& 'ork habits& and approaches to learnin) ne' skills Makin) appropriate technical assistance available 'hen needed to keep a small problem from Cfesterin)D and becomin) bi))er $rainin) repeatedly and sufficiently until concepts and practices are reinforced Processes are critical for the effective flo' of information in a country* Multiple layers ?national& re)ional& district& and school@ need accurate and appropriate information for the responsibilities assi)ned* 2or most emer)in) countries& the process around information transfer is e%tremely burdensome for schoolsA most headmasters receive ! to !E re(uests for almost the same information from multiple sources in a )iven term* $his reduces attention to mana)in) a school& reduces accuracy& and creates confusion at hi)her levels* Information practices need to follo' at least the follo'in): Processes must ensure that information is available to those 'ho can make use of it (uickly* Processes should reduce the number of times schools and districts ans'er the Csame (uestion in a sli)htly different form*D People at every level should check the data as they are developed& entered& edited& and distributedA as many eyes as possible should see the final product* :ith the increased focus on (uality education& accurate and useful 0MIS information at the school level is even more criticalGsince only the school& ultimately& can en)ender (uality education* Processes need to shift as the )eneral kno'led)e environment shifts* $echnolo)y is often the most noticeable aspect of 0MIS& but it is only a part of the education information solution* Increasin)ly& laptops are replacin) desktop computers* As importantly& smaller computers ?netbooksICclassmatesDIeven tablet computers@ can no' be used 'ith much lo'er re(uirements for coolin)& security& and electricity* 1nly some of these technolo)ies have been available over the last si% years G hence their full application has not yet been tested* -ell phones have )otten much more po'erfulGcapable of transmittin) data via SMS or 9P8SGin useable formats for Cur)entD or hi)h,demand information* Soft'are has also improved 'ith simpler to use soft'are like 0J-04& A--0SS& or MySK4 'ith enhanced features and better trainin)& offerin) more options even at the school level* 2or lar)er systems& there are many more alternatives for school, based 0MIS ?from open source and from proprietary vendors@ as 'ell as inte)ration of all the various technolo)iesG computers& servers& cell,phones& and paper makes data more mana)eable*

Objectives and Functions of EMIS

$o abolish the difference bet'een the education system for rich and poor and ensure to have same (uality of education for everyone* $o build a lifelon) learnin) society: to develop Pakistan into a society that values lifelon) learnin)& so that everyone en+oys learnin)& has the attitude and ability for lifelon) learnin)& and has access to diverse channels and opportunities for learnin)* $o raise the overall (uality of students: to improve the overall (uality of our society throu)h up)radin) the kno'led)e& ability and attitude of all students* $o construct a diverse school system: to in+ect diversity in education ideolo)ies& modes of financin) and focus of curriculum& so that learners have more choices and multi,faceted talents 'ill be nurtured* $o create an inspirin) learnin) environment: to build a learnin) environment that is inspirin) and conducive to the creative and e%ploratory spirit* $o ackno'led)e the importance of moral education: to provide students 'ith structured learnin) e%periences in the areas of moral& emotional and spiritual education* $o develop an education system that is rich in tradition but cosmopolitan and culturally diverse: to help students develop an international outlook so that they can learn& 'ork and live in different cultural environments*

Emerging technologies and a

roaches

$he follo'in) technolo)ies or approaches already hold )reat promise for developin) country 0MISGthey all tend to both democratiBe& and provide information faster and in more useable formats*

A. CELL PHONES
-ell phone use has increased e%ponentially in the developin) 'orld* $here are no' more cell phones in use in 2nd and "rd 'orld nations than in the entire CdevelopedD 'orld* -ell phones already reach more schools than computers have or 'ill in the ne%t five yearsGand 'ill form an essential part of any future 0MIS* -ell phones are already used to lo) school locations and to communicate key information such as Cattendance or enrollment dataD to District or national offices rapidly* $hey are typically more CsustainableD because people 'ant them for multiple reasonsGbut mainly because they allo' for relatively cheap communication* -ell phones can also provide a relatively lo' cost option for communicatin) bet'een users and suppliers of key school necessities*

B. TABLET COMPUTERS
$ablet computers& and& to some e%tent Cnetbooks&D hold the promise of both lo'er cost and hi)hly portable and adaptable instruments to place more information into more stakeholder<s hands than ever before* $ablets lend themselves to classroom observation and easy presentation of )raphics* $hey can be used 'ith minimal trainin) and they lo'er the cost of movin) educational information to the school and classroom level* $hey also support 8e)ional and 6ational levels need to be informed*

C. GOOGLE EARTH AND DIGITAL MAPPING

$his e%tremely po'erful )eo)raphic presentation application& no' available on almost any computin) device& allo's a rapid presentation of the CstatusD of any social sector& but particularly education for very lo' cost* >irtually any di)ital data ?photos& facts& video@ can be linked to its )eo)raphic locusG and allo' even modestly trained personnel to understand the si)nificance of allocatin) resources* It also provides& throu)h hi)hly visual means the opportunity to plot pro)ress*

D. PLANNING SIMULATION AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

SimulationIpro+ection has been a CstapleD of five,year plans for many years* $he dramatic increase in the po'er of 0J-04 spreadsheets ?'hich no' incorporate many advanced features@ and other tools allo's 0MIS systems to routinely accommodate for'ard plannin)* 5ence& 'hile current& mana)erially oriented information remains at the heart of an 0MIS& the ability to (uickly translate accurate Cbase informationD into pro+ected future outcomes are increasin)ly important* Moreover& the use of .usiness Intelli)ence soft'are ?'hich can CassembleD data from a variety of sourcesGboth di)ital and manual@ can dramatically increase the speed and ease of use of information* $ools such as .usiness 1b+ects& 5yperion& or advanced SAS& have all proved effective in this re)ard* 1ne element of these pro)rams is the ability to not only provide )raphs and charts& but to create CdashboardsD 'hich dynamically indicate pro)ress or decline accordin) to established tar)ets* $his information can& in turn& be communicated either to :eb sites& or sent to cell phones 'ith CsmartD capacity* 5o'ever& these more sophisticated tools only make sense if they continue to ans'er (uickly and accurately ?'hich is dependent upon solid information from schools and teachers@ the (uestions that policymakers or stakeholders are askin)*

E. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Developed as an alternative to proprietary soft'are driven by specific commercial interests ?and often re(uirin) both hi)h licensin) and maintenance fees@& Copen source

; soft'areD has become more 'idespread and increasin)ly present in many educational applications* A number of 691 lead efforts have made use of Copen sourceD free soft'are to create special applications* Many university and pre,university pro)rams no' train personnel in Copen sourceD approaches* Many 0MIS systems 'ill likely become a mi%ture of both Copen sourceD and proprietary soft'are for the near,term futureGopen source often re(uires more trainin) for the user& 'hereas many proprietary systems often re(uire a lar)e commitment and more funds Cup frontD in e%chan)e for or)aniBed trainin) and certain performance )uarantees* $he key is to provide points 'ithin 0MIS technolo)y 'here different applications can be accessed or e%ported so that alternatives are available over time* 0%amples of some recent& )enerally Copen sourceD soft'are approaches include: Android& 4inu%& Java& and a massive variety of open source applications available on the :eb*

F. ACCESS TO THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Increased access to the Internet is the 'ave of the futureGevery nation& 'ith rare e%ception& aspires to access to the information and economic benefits that the Internet provides* :hile it clearly has transformative effects on the culture& not all of 'hich can be predicted& the :eb is a po'erful ad+unct to better education systemsGboth administratively and academically* Its introduction in a formal system of education needs to be calibrated to enhance and not undo positive practices* $he :eb can dramatically increase the ability to be responsive to education need and shorta)esGif linked to appropriate political and administrative units* Accordin)ly every future 0MIS system needs to plan for and incorporate it as countries increase access to the :eb* $he ne%t ten years 'ill see more technolo)ical and political pro)ress capable of improvin) education than has occurred in the last ten years* $his pro)ress can empo'er students& teachers& parents and schools to be more competent than ever before* $he 0MIS challen)e is to adapt to a much more decentraliBed& democratic and self,empo'ered education system 'hose demands for (uality 'ill drive the ne%t 'ave of education for all*

The com onents of a S!stem"s #ife C!cle

$his section defines the steps re(uired to )et the data from the field& process it& and take the result back to the user* 2or an efficient and reliable system an I$ solution has be devised for the system& 'hich 'ill have the follo'in) components*

Data Collection
Data collection is the most important part for desi)nin) a MIS* $he success of the system depends ho' accurate and reliable the data you have for processin)* If data is faulty the results 'ill be inaccurate and the decisions taken on these basis 'ill have ne)ative effects* So to ensure the reliable collection of data in our 0MIS all the data 'ill be collected throu)h online portal& 'hich the school 'ill use for deliverin) lectures and students 'ill use for )ivin) e%ams and doin) home'ork*

Data Processin
If you haven<t collected the data you 'ill have nothin) to process* 5o'ever once the data has been collected from the schools and students& 'e need to plan ho' to or)aniBe it into different types so that it is usable for plannin) purpose* :hen data is not 'ell or)aniBed& it cannot be properly utiliBed* Data processin) is therefore one of the main activity in the cycle*

Data Anal!sis
After the data has been processed& it 'ill be analyBed to e%tract information useful for plannin) and decision,makin)* Data analysis should be done 'ith the users in mind& for 'hat purpose this data is analyBed and to 'hom 'e have to present the information*

Presentation
After the processin) and analysis 'e have to take the decision ho' to present our data so it is easy to understand and achieve result* It can either be tables& reports& charts or )raphs*

$roblems Associated S!stem In $akistan

%ith

Traditional

Education

-urrently there are t'o education systems in Pakistan 9overnment and Private education system* Private education system covers the needs of upper and upper middle class of society 'ho 'ants best education for their children 'ithout 'orryin) about the cost* $he )overnment education system is for the poor 'ho have no money to send their children to private schools* $he )overnment education system is nearly collapsed due to lack of fundin) and support* Student of )overnment schools don<t have e(ual opportunities to pro)ress& as are those available to the students of private schools* $he difference bet'een the (uality of education bet'een private and )overnment schools is clear and vast* Another problem& that our traditional education system face is lack of time and resources* 1n avera)e a student in Pakistan has to spend E hours per day in school for !E days per year* 6o' this time is not enou)h for a teacher to make every student understand everythin) in a class of E students* So 'hat parents do is they hire a private tutor 'ho teaches the student after school hours but a)ain this option is only available to those 'ho have enou)h money* Also the methodolo)y of teachin) and testin)& 'hich is follo'ed in our school& is not the best one lo)ically* In a traditional classroom& you have a couple of home'ork& home'ork& lecture& home'ork& lecture& and then you have a snapshot e%am* And that e%am& 'hether you )et a # percent& an ; percent& a = percent& or a =E percent& the class moves on to the ne%t topic* And even that =E percent student& 'hat 'as the five percent they didnLt kno'M And keep addin) these lack of EN understandin) eventually there 'ill be a time 'hen even the brilliant student 'ill keep scorin) less because of these S'iss cheese )aps* So the traditional testin) system doesn<t aim to achieve mastery in students& it penaliBes students for e%perimentation and failure*

Smart School Solution

:ith our I$ based smart school solution the problems identified in previous section can be solved accordin)ly*

Interacti"e #i$eo Lect%res

$he basic problem amon) the different education system in Pakistan is the difference in (uality of education* $he main reason behind this is the resources available 'ith private section to hire better teachers 'ho can deliver better lectures that students can understand easily* So the first step of our solution is to hire the best teachers in each sub+ect on part time basis and develop interactive video lectures of each topic 'ith the help of a professional I$ team* $he team of coursera*com has developed such interactive lectures and ed%*com& 'hich )ives the student a chance to 'atch lectures at their o'n& pace and attend in,lecture (uiBBes*

Wi$e Area Net&or' (WAN)

In order to ensure that all the school follo' the same lectures at the same schedule 'e 'ill install a 'ide area net'ork amon) all the schools of countries and a hub system 'ill be developed 'hich 'ill have all the lectures available for the students and teachers dependin) upon their credentials* Also throu)h hub system 'e can make sure that all the schools of our system follo' the same timetable so everyone learns the same amount of thin) over a period of time*

S*art Sc+ool Mana e*ent S!ste* (SSMS)

SSMS or smart school mana)ement system 'ill be the brain behind our 0MIS& 'hich 'ill be responsible for data collection& processin) and presentation* It 'ill also keep track of the pro)ress of schools and students and ensure the availability of teacher and let us kno' 'hich students have attended the 'hich lectures at 'hat time and 'hat are their stron) and 'eak areas* .y keepin) the record of the lectures and (uiBBes they attended* Also to achieve the mastery of a topic in our students 'e have desi)ned a module& 'hich 'ill only let the student move to ne%t topic once they have )iven ! correct ans'ers in a ro' to randomly picked (uestions of different difficulty levels* So the student 'ill not be advanced to ne%t topic 'ith only ; or = N of understandin)* $he key points of SSMS are as follo's* 1. To create visual contents of all subjects which will be taught at school, so that student will not only stick to the lecture of the given day but he have now opportunity to revise the lecture which will be given by the teacher online. 2. A central Monthly Plan will be created on the hub, which will include the details of which lecture will be given on which day and what assign ent will be given in that lecture. The assign ent ust include logical !uestions so that the student can search over "nternet and increase his#her knowledge. $. The assign ents and !ui%%es given to students will be online and the progress will be easured by our &&M& by deter ining how uch ti e is spend by each student on each !uestion and how any ti es he have failed before giving a right answer. The report will be presented to the teacher so if students have proble with so e particular topic or !uestion it can be addressed. '. Also online discussion foru s will be available to the students where

!! they can discuss their proble s with each other students all over the country and not just their class ates. (. Ad ission procedure will be online and student can view his account, which courses he wants to study and check the schedule of classes and also the !ui%%es in co ing onth. ). All reports regarding to the perfor ance of the child will be online and parents will be infor ed according to the perfor ance of their child using & s caster. *. & s +aster will also be used to give daily report to the parents according to the perfor ance of the child, the !ui%%es taken place, the assign ent that had been given, and any co plaint regarding the behavior of child. Student 0nrolled

8e)ister a course

Student attend a lecture

Frame%ork of Smart Management Student

attend a (uiB

School S!stem

Did studen t achiev ed 100%?

6o

Hes 6e%t 4ecture

9enerate 8eport

Send 8eport to $eacher

Send 8eport to Parents

Send 8eport to Student

!2

$he purpose of SSMS 'ill be to record each and every activity of the student from the re)istration of course to the number of time spend on each lecture and each (uiB* $he teacher 'ill have a clear idea about ho' much time each student have spend on each topic and on each (uestion in a (uiB* So if there 'ere most students 'ho spend more time on one particular (uestion as compared to other (uestions* $he teacher can e%plain that (uestion in class ne%t time* $his system 'ill let the student 'atch lectures on their laptop or notepad at their home and ho' many times they 'ant 'ithout 'orryin) about others* Also the reports )enerated by the system 'ill be shared 'ith parents on their smart phone so they can have real time access to their child<s pro)ress*

Future Sco e and E&tension of %ork

$raditionally a statistics section e%ists in the ministry of education section of Pakistan* $his section is responsible for collectin) and reportin) statistics on schools& teachers and students* 5o'ever& this is limited in terms of the information re(uirement for policy plannin) and implementation* Also the data collection done by statistic section is not so efficient and reliable as they rely on the (uestionnaires and surveys conducted& 'hich in lar)e sample only has " N of reliability* 5ence& the idea of 0MIS 'as born* $he idea behind movin) to 0MIS is to look into information re(uirement of the ministry from 'ider perspective* 5ence& the idea of ac(uirin) both (uantitative and (ualitative information for educational policy plannin) and implementation can be achieved throu)h 0MIS* So the role of 0MIS 'ill be to coordinate& in an or)aniBed and systemic 'ay& information necessary for educational plannin)& policy formulation& decision makin) and resource allocation* $his includes& information on both formal and non,formal education& hi)her institutions& technical

!" and vocational education& special education and educational research institutes*

$his is follo'ed by data processin)& analysis& publication& and dissemination* Dissemination includes reportin) to relevant clients 'ithin or outside the ministry* $his is an established 'orkin) procedure 'ith each step tied to)ether 'ith another so much so that the incompletion of a sin)le step implicates the incompletion of the other and the incompletion of the 'hole* 5ence 'e cannot separate them 'ithout affectin) the role each one plays in order to arrive at a complete set of functions in 0MIS* Some users& especially decision makers& emphasiBe for e%ample on analysis 'ithout payin) due attention or )ivin) it necessary support& on data collection and processin)* :e can only have a )ood data analysis and interpretation only 'hen 'e have a )ood data collection and data cleanin) system in place* $herefore& each of the steps in the procedure has to be attended to& planned& monitored and evaluated* $herefore& the system is made of components each of 'hich should 'ork to)ether to achieve our vision*

Conclusion
Information technolo)y as in other fields of life also have a lot to offer to improve the (uality of educational system and the 'ay 'e perceive the learnin) methodolo)ies* :ith better application of mana)ement information system in education sector 'e can make sure that everyone has access to hi)her (uality of education and fulfill the different needs of students efficiently* In Pakistan 'here the society is already hi)hly se)mented and poor feels that he and his children has no future& the revolution in the field of education can surely )ive them hope to chan)e their and their children future by havin) same education as that of a upper class citiBen* Surely settin) up this system 'ill have hi)h initial cost but once installed can be used for comin) decades 'ith little maintenance cost*

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'eferences
!* Frank Land, !===& 8e,inventin) Mana)ement Information Systems: MIS, be)innin)s& 4ondon School of 0conomics and Political Science& 4ondon* 2* Xavier Furtado& 2 !& DecentraliBation and -apacity Development: 7nderstandin) the 4inks and the Implications for Pro)rammin)& -apacity development 1ccasional Paper Series& -IDA Policy .ranch* "* Patricia P. lmsted& Data -ollection and System Monitorin) in 0arly -hildhood Pro)rams: 5i)hIScope 0ducational 8esearch 2oundation& 760S-1* /* Stephen !. "aines, 2 & $he -omplete 9uide to Systems $hinkin) and 4earnin)& 58D press& Inc* MA& 7SA* E* Luis #rouch& no date& :hat is information and 'hy Information matters Some theory* 3* Luis #rouch, !==;& 0MIS in Perspective: 1rientation to 0MIS 'orkshop& Mmabatho* #* Shelley $. Phipps& 2 & .eyond Measurin) Service Kuality O 4earnin) from the >oices of the -ustomers& the Staff& the Processes& and the 1r)aniBation& :ashin)ton D*-* ;* %urt &. Moses& no date& 0ducation mana)ement Information System: :hat is it and 'hy do 'e not have more of itM& Academy for 0ducational Development& :ashin)ton D*-* =* 'he (orld )ank& 2 !& DecentraliBation and 9overnance: Does decentraliBation improve public service deliveryM& $he :orld .ank* ! * *+$S# & !==;& 0ducation Mana)ement Information System $rainin) Packa)e& Principal 8e)ional 1ffice for Asia and the Pacific& .ankok& !==;* !!* *+$S# & !=;2& 9eneral Principles of Mana)ement& .asic $rainin) Pro)ram in 0ducational Plannin) and Mana)ement& 760S-1 8e)ional 1ffice for 0ducation in Asia& $he Pacific& .ankok* !2* *+$S# & !=;2& Principles and Problems of 0ducational Mana)ement& .asic $rainin) Pro)ram in 0ducational Plannin) and Mana)ement& 760S-1 8e)ional 1ffice for 0ducation in Asia& $he Pacific& .ankok* !"* *+$S# & !=;2& Process of 0ducational Plannin)& .asic $rainin) Pro)ram in 0ducational Plannin) and Mana)ement& 760S-1 8e)ional 1ffice for 0ducation in Asia& $he Pacific& .ankok* !/* ,alade- .., )am/erger M*& P!==/Q& Monitorin) and 0valuatin) Social Pro)rams in Developin) -ountries& A handbook for Policymakers& Mana)ers& and 8esearchers& 0DI Development Studies& $he :orld .ank& :ashin)ton D*-* !E* 0valuation ne's letter: Some Methods***: A Step,by,Step Approach to Pro)ram 0valuation& no* !! September !== * !3* Stephen !. "aines& !==!& 4eadin) and Masterin) a Strate)ic -han)e& -enter for Strate)ic Mana)ement& San Die)o& -alifornia* !#* Stephen !. "aines& April 2 "& Methods of -ommunication& -enter for Strate)ic Mana)ement& San Die)o& -alifornia* !;* Stephen !. "aines& !===& Systems $hinkin) and 4earnin)A 2rom chaos and comple%ity to ele)ant simplicity& -enter for Strate)ic Mana)ement& San Die)o& -alifornia* !=* Stephen !. "aines& 2 2& :hat is 4earnin) and 4earnin) 1r)aniBationA .est Practices be Damned O 7se a 5olistic Systems $hinkin) Approach Instead& -enter for Strate)ic Mana)ement& San Die)o& -alifornia*

!E 2 * Stephen !. "aines& 2 2& $he A.-<s of strate)ic Mana)ement: $he Systems $hinkin) Approach to creatin) a customer,focused& hi)h performance& learnin) or)aniBationA -enter for Strate)ic Mana)ement& San Die)o& -alifornia* 2!* &unham Ro0ley 0d* D& 2 !& .uildin) Social -apital for School )overnance in Southern 0thiopia& A'asa 0thiopia* 22* Landrey R., 1mara +., Lamari M., Social -apital& Innovation and Public Policy& ISMA >ol* 2* 6o*! sprin) 2 !* 2"* )onsting .& !==2& $he $otal Kuality 8evolution in 0ducation& 0ducational 4eadership& vol* E & no* "& 6ovember !==2* 2/* 'ung %. #. !===& 1penin) statement: Adult 4earnin)& 6on,2ormal 0ducation& and 1pen 4earnin): $he missin) data in 02A 2 Assessment& 5arare !===* 2E* 'ung %. #. !===& $he 8ole of Statistics in Policy 8evie'& mid,production :orkshop on 0ducation for All 2 Assessment and Sub,re)ional Meetin) on 6ational 0ducation Statistical Information Systems ?60SIS@& 6yan)a& Rimbab'e* 23* 'ung %. #. Pno dateQ& $he >ision and the 2actors of Success in 0MIS* development& 6i)eriaM 2#* &unham R., 2334& .uildin) Social -apital for School 9overnment In Southern 0thiopia& A'asa& 0thiopia* 2;* 'ung %. #. Pno dateQ& Partnership for -apacity .uildin) of Sustainable 6ational Statistical Information systems for 0ducation*