Evaluation of Liquefaction

Potential of Delhi SubSub-soil

C. Ghosh
NIDM
P. Mishra & A.K. Shukla
EREC,IMD
Kishor Kumar
CRRI
Acknowledgement
to
EREC, IMD, DST
CRRI, GSI, DST, CGWB, SOI..

Microzonation Issues of Delhi

Proximity to Himalaya with multiple fault lines

Ridge area and sandy silty soil >300m

Yamuna river basin of Holocene times

Basin Margin and Basin effect Chattarpur area

Mixed built environment

Significant
Past
Earthquake
Near Delhi

Study of liquefaction
Evaluation of liquefaction hazards
Evaluation of potential ground
displacements
Mitigating liquefaction hazards by suitable
ground improvement techniques

Parameters required for

liquefaction assessment
Seismological EQ. Magnitude, source
distance, intensity, PGA,
amplification/deamplification factor, spectral
acceleration
Geotechnical penetration resistance
(SPT/CPT/..), soil type, grain size, thickness of
liquefiable zone, density, water table depth, bed
rock depth, .
Built environment Foundation type, zonation
code, Building type, building dimension, soilstructure interaction factor.

Liquefaction studies of NCT

Delhi
Geotechnical data (DDA, CPWD, DMRC..)
(Collected by CRRI (441 reports) and
EREC (50 reports)
Total No. of Boreholes = 1950 (CRRI) +
500 (EREC)
One Borehole (from each project) having min N
value and possible liquefiable soil types (based
on grain size, Liquid limits, density) selected

Modalities of Liquefaction
studies
Depth ranges taken are 0-3m, 3-6m, 6-10m,
10-15m and >15m
Water table (as per CGWB, Nov-2004)
PGA values of Delhi region (Sharma et al,
2003) [0.19 to 0.33g, M=7.24]
Soil amplification (Rao, 2005)[1.2 to 2.5]
Calculation of CRR(Cyclic Resistance Ratio)
& CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio) for SPT based
on Idriss and Boulanger (2004)

Soil Type (0-3m)

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Fs-0-3m.dbf
1
2
Gwt_2004.shp
0-2
10-20
2-5
20-40
5-10
> 40
N
W

20

40 Kilometers

Liquefaction (Soil type)

Non-liquefiable type = CL, CI, CH,
Liquefiable type = SP, SM, ML, CL-ML
Liquefaction Susceptability (%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0-3 (465)

3-6 (489)

6-10 (471)

NON-LIQUEFIABLE SOIL

10-15 (353)

>15 (228)

LIQUEFIABLE SOIL

Ground water depth range

Ground WT Depth as per CGWB (491
Locations)
35.0
28.1

Bore Holes (%)

30.0

27.3

25.0

22.2
18.1

20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0

4.3

0.0
0-3

3-6

6-10

10-15

>15

Depth Range (m)

Bore hole depth

Bore Hole Depth (491 Locations)
35.0
27.9

Bore Holes (%)

30.0

23.2

25.0
20.0

15.1

14.1

15.0
9.4

10.0
5.0

9.4

1.0

0.0
<6

6-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30

>30

Depth Range (m)

SPT values
N-Values at different depth ranges
<5 5-9 9-13 13-18 18-23 23-30

>30

35.0
N-Values (%)

30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0-3
(465)

3-6
(489)

6-10
(471)

10-15
(353)

>15
(228)

Depth Range (m)

SPT values

SPT values
<13
13-23
23-30
>30

Lique potential
High
Med
Low
V. low

N-Values at different depth ranges

0-3 m (465 No.)

3-6 m (489 No)

6-10 m (471 No.)

10-15 m (353 No.)

>15 m (228 No.)

35.0
30.0

N-Values (%)

25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
<5

5-9

9-13

13-18
18-23
Corrected N-Values

23-30

>30

Liquefaction opportunity
Liquefaction Opportunity (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-3 (465)

3-6 (489)

High

6-10 (471)

Medium

Low

10-15 (353)

>15 (228)

No Lique.

Liquefaction opportunity
Liquefaction Opportunity (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High
0-3 m (465)
10-15 m (353)

Medium
3-6 m (489)
>15 m (228)

Low

No Lique.
6-10 m (471)

Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)

The Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) is a measure of the
shear stress that a soil feels during a seismic
event.
CSR = 0.65(amax/g)(v0/v0)rd
amax Peak ground accn., g Accn. due to gravity
v0 In-situ overburden pressure
v0 Effective overburden pressure
rd Stress reduction factor (<1)

Cyclic Resistance Ratio

(CRR)
The Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) of a soil is a
measure of the soils ability to resist
liquefaction.
Cyclic Resistance Ratio charts are available for
Standard Penetration Testing (SPT), Cone
Penetration Testing (CPT) and shear wave
velocity testing (Vs).

Evaluation of Liquefaction
The Factor of Safety (FS) for liquefaction of
a cohesionless soil deposit is typically
defined as;
FS = CRR / CSR
where,
CRR =
CSR =

cyclic resistance ratio, and

cyclic stress ratio.

CSR vs SPT-N

Liquefying zone

Nonliquefying zone

10

Factor of safety (0-3m)

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Fs-0-3m.dbf
0.1 - 0.5
0.5 - 0.8
0.81 - 1
1.05 - 10
Gwt_2004.shp
0-2
10-20
2-5
20-40
5-10
> 40
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40 Kilometers

Factor of safety (3-6m)

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Fs-3-6m.dbf
0.1 - 0.5
0.51 - 0.8
0.81 - 1
1.05 - 10
Gwt_2004.shp
0-2
10-20
2-5
20-40
5-10
> 40
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N
W
9

18

27

36 Kilometers

11

Factor of safety (6-10m)

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Fs-6-10m.dbf
0.1 - 0.5
0.51 - 0.8
0.81 - 1
1.05 - 10
Gwt_2004.shp
0-2
10-20
2-5
20-40
5-10
> 40

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W
0

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27

36

45 Kilometers

Conclusions
Trans-Yamuna area of Delhi is prone
to liquefaction damage (based on
M7.2 EQ.)
>80% of the soil have potential to
liquefy
Geotechnical/Geophysical
investigation up to 30 m depth have
to undertaken

12