Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Personal Interviews:

McGee, Charles. Telephone Interview. 13 April. 2014. We interviewed Colonel Charles McGee, a Tuskegee Airman who engaged in combat missions abroad. Colonel McGee was able to describe his training experiences vividly, as well as details about the discrimination he confronted. He was also able to tell us the reasons why he chose to join the Army Air Corps despite the fact that he knew he would be discriminated against. Colonel McGee truly gave us insight into the perspective of a Tuskegee Airman and showed the patriotism and courage these airmen had in serving America.

Ransom, Victor. Personal Interview. 4 April. 2014. We interviewed Second Lieutenant Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman who participated in the Freeman Field Mutiny. Mr. Ransom gave us information about his personal background and details of how he decided to join the Army Air Corps. In addition, Mr. Ransom described his experience in the Freeman Field Mutiny, a protest in which one hundred and one African American officers entered a white officers club and were arrested. Mr. Ransom helped us understand why the Tuskegee Airmen were so determined to fight racism at home. Websites: Ray Elliot - 1939-1945: Two Wars to Win. [Online version, http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv, January 20, 2014.] This website filled with primary pictures and audio interviews aided us in gaining an understanding of how the Double V Campaign impacted soldiers lives. This information came from an African American soldier in World War II named Ray Elliot who explained the role of the Double V Campaign. His recollections helped us understand why the black press was so successful.

Documents: Five Newspapers Join Double V Campaign. [Online version, http://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/double_v_campaign_.pdf, New York Public Library. January 14, 2014. ] This newspaper from The Pittsburgh Courier, the newspaper that started the Double Victory Campaign, provided information about the great efforts of supporters of the movement. The information on the activities the people of the campaign used to encourage others to join the fight for civil rights helped us understand that people were active in attempting to spread the

movement everywhere. This was done by selling Double V merchandise such as pins, songs, and stickers, and by holding Double V clubs, picnics, and contests. The Tuskegee Airmen. [Online version, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/pdfs/tuskegee.pdf, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. January 29, 2014.] This collection of letters exchanged by Eleanor Roosevelt and Tuskegee Army Air Field cadet Cecil Patterson showed the First Ladys involvement in the Tuskegee Airmens growth. It also provided us with information on the daily life of Tuskegee cadets. S.Con.Res.11 - A concurrent resolution honoring the Tuskegee Airmen for their bravery in fighting for our freedom in World War II, and for their contribution in creating an integrated United States Air Force. [Online version, http://beta.congress.gov/bill/109th/senate-concurrent-resolution/11/text Library of Congress. January 8, 2014.] This document honoring the Tuskegee Airmen helped us understand their accomplishments: assisting in the integration of the air force, their outstanding combat record, and their achievement of inspiring numerous African Americans to pursue careers in air and space as well as the army. A bill to authorize the President to award a gold medal on behalf of Congress, collectively, to the Tuskegee Airmen in recognition of their unique military record, which inspired revolutionary reform in the Armed Forces. [Online version, http://beta.congress.gov/bill/109th/senate-bill/392/text, Library of Congress. January 8, 2014.] This bill issued by Congress summarized the achievements of the Tuskegee Airmen, such as desegregating the military. Other accomplishments similar to these led to the conclusion that the fighter group should be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Not only did this document help us with the pages of the website, but also provided interesting information to analyze. Democracy: Double Victory at Home-Abroad. [Online version, http://www.learner.org/courses/amerhistory/resource_archive/resource.php?unitChoice=1 9&ThemeNum=3&resourceType=2&resourceID=10106, Annenburg Learner. January 15, 2014.] This letter written by James G. Thompson to The Pittsburgh Courier about the suggestion to start a Double Victory Campaign was one of our key primary sources. It helped us truly understand the origins of the movement, showing that it served to ensure that democracy was enforced abroad and in the United States. Analyzing this source helped us gain knowledge about the Pittsburgh Couriers motive for getting involved in the campaign. Articles:

Ransom, Victor. My Story. Asbury Park Press. Print. This article written by Victor Ransom, a Tuskegee Airman interviewed by us, gave us his background story. Not only did this article explain the reasons why Mr. Ransom joined the war, but it also described how he was extremely persistent in fighting racism. By reading this article, we found Mr. Ransoms contact information, and we were able to interview him personally. Books:

Dryden, Charles W. A-train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, 1997. Print. These memoirs from a member of the Tuskegee Airmen was one of our most valuable sources; it explained the background of a young African American soldier who had a passion for airplanes and eventually utilized it when given the opportunity to fly at Tuskegee Army Air Field. His insights gave us an understanding about the difficulty of entering the program, the discrimination the Red Tails confronted, and their outstanding escort missions. We also took several quotes from this book.

Motley, Mary Penick. "The Spookwaffe." The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier, World War II. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1975. 194-257. Print. This book filled with primary interviews of the Tuskegee Airmen was also one of our most valuable sources. The interviews compiled in this book helped us understand all aspects of the Tuskegee Airmens lives, and helped us visualize ourselves as the Red Tails to place our topic in a historical perspective. These sources not only helped us understand about the rights and responsibilities involved with our topic, but also the discrimination and everyday lives of the Tuskegee Airmen.

Interviews (not self-conducted): Bowman, James E. Interview by Ann Carothers. Veterans History Project. November 11, 2010. This interview of a Tuskegee Airman in the Veterans History Project gave us great insight into life as a cadet in Tuskegee Institute and various other locations in which the Red Tails were stationed. This flight officer recounted the horrible discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced from his personal experience, showing that almost everyone around at the time did not believe that these African American soldiers would succeed. James E. Bowman also spoke about the great achievements of the Tuskegee Airmen, and provided interesting quotes for us to utilize in the website. Brown, Harold Haywood. Interview by Rebecca Wiggenhorn. Veterans History Project. May 15, 2010.

This Tuskegee Airman told of his experiences as a cadet training for combat. As a young man in the air force, he explained the various stages of training (primary, basic, advanced) and the knowledge he acquired about piloting as he continued to learn in Tuskegee. He also explained the types of planes the airmen flew and the different locations in which cadets were stationed, helping us understand about the personal life of a pilot in Tuskegee. Cargill, Gilbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This civilian instructors interview gave us an overview of the admission and training processes the Tuskegee Airmen had to pass. It also provided us with a description of the number of soldiers eliminated from the program, since the officials were critical in their selection of soldiers. The interview provided insight into how this selective process actually helped the Tuskegee Airmen succeed, since each individual had to have a substantial education and qualifications.

Jones, Ralph. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Sergeant-Major Ralph Joness interview described the point from which the Tuskegee flight program started. He not only elaborated on the appearance of Tent City, the cluster of tents in the airfield while construction was going on, but the first instructors as well. The fact that all of the instructors were white introduced us to the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced.

Pitts, Robert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This intelligence officers account of the Tuskegee Experience elaborated on the discrimination the Red Tails faced. Several minor details were mentioned, such as the way the Tuskegee Airmen had to move to the back of buses and the rule that they could not possess The Pittsburgh Courier or any other inflammatory material. This interview offered us insight into the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen endured and protested against in subtle ways.

Downs, Walter. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Lieutenant Colonel Walter Downss interview introduced us to the Tuskegee Airmens combat abroad. The interview contained accounts of the the battles of the fighter squadrons. In this interview, we sensed the pride of a Tuskegee Airmen who stated that the Red Tails were the first to sink a German destroyer. Also, the soldier explained the qualifications needed to enter the Tuskegee program.

Fuller, Samuel. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This interview provided lots of information on Tent City and an interesting description of it through eloquent language. Additionally, it gave information on the Tuskegee Airmens entrance into Detroit, where the Tuskegee Airmen faced great discrimination. It described one of the riots

going on in one of the segregated army bases, showing us the violence that occurred at the time. Samuel Fuller also offered information on the missions the Tuskegee Airmen went on to escort bomber planes in Italy, which helped us understand the risks they took.

Jefferson, Alexander. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This interview explained the start of the Tuskegee flight program all the way to missions the Tuskegee Airmen completed in places such as Ploesti and Ramitelli in Italy. The soldier showed how numerous soldiers were extremely nervous during the different stages of training, and that it was exhilarating to fly abroad. He also elaborated on the details of various planes the Tuskegee Airmen flew throughout their training and missions.

Peoples, Henry. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Lieutenant Colonel Henry Peopless interview described the Tuskegee Experience overall. From Tent City to different planes flown by the Red Tails to missions in Italy, this account was abundant with details. It truly helped us understand the perspectives of the Tuskegee Airmen.

Hill, Charles A. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This interview from Charles A. Hill was mainly about the Tuskegee Airmens experience overseas. He explained their missions in detail, as well as small details about daily life on the base. Charles A. Hill explained numerous facts about how the Air Force was segregated, and how the Tuskegee Airmen were called the Spookwaffe to mock the German Luftwaffe. Overall, this interview helped us understand the aspect of daily life overseas.

Barland, Herbert. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Explaining the travels of the Tuskegee Airmen around countries such as Italy, this interview helped us understand a different perspective from the Tuskegee Airmen. Not only were they segregated, but in several locations, they were honored as members of the best escort group in the business. This offered a new perspective of the Tuskegee Experience.

Kennedy, Earl. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Lieutenant Earl Kennedys recollection described the overall Tuskegee Experience: daily life, discrimination, and missions. He also helped us understand the impact of the black press on soldiers abroad and how numerous Tuskegee Airmen perused the Pittsburgh Courier even though it violated rules on the base. This Tuskegee Airmans interview also provided quotes for us to utilize throughout our website.

Nutt, Ambrose B. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. Corporal Ambrose B. Nutts interview helped us understand the process by which Tuskegee Airmen were accepted into the flight program. He also articulated how the officers were extremely meticulous in their choice of cadets, and how numerous talented people were rejected. This Tuskegee Airman was also able to describe the unceasing discrimination he confronted almost everywhere. This interview provided us with information and quotes for our website.

Bryant, Warren. The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier; World War II. By Mary Penick Motley. 1975. Web Jan. 21. 2014. This engineer from Tuskegee elaborated on the Tuskegee Airmens experience in North Africa in locations such as Benghazi. He explained how many white people there were controlling, and the level of discrimination increased drastically. The physical and verbal abuse they received was described in this interview. In addition, Warren Bryant explained the effects of segregation in North Africa.

Videos: The Negro Soldier. Dir. Stuart Heisler. U.S. War Department, 1943. Film. This film from 1943 contains a plethora of primary footage from World War II as well as reenactments. The Negro Soldier introduced us to the perspectives of African American soldiers and citizens in the 1940s. Providing information on the roles of African American soldiers from the Revolutionary War to World War II, the film helped us create numerous pages in our website. Pictures: The Use of Negro Manpower in War. Digital image. [Online version, http://ows.edb.utexas.edu/site/african-american-experience-wwii/other-artifacts, University of Texas. January 21, 2014.] We used a page of The Use of Negro Manpower in War in our African American Soldiers page, and read and analyzed the document.

Aerial view of Tuskegee Army Air Field from an altitude of 4,000 feet. Digital image. [Online ] version, http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/lgimage/air19.htm, Air Force Historical Research Agency. January 21, 2014.] This picture of Tuskegee Army Air Field was used in our Origin page.

First pilots to become Tuskegee Airmen. Digital image. [Online version, http://web.wvstateu.edu/about-wvsu/history/tuskegee-airmen-wvsu-connection, West Virginia State University. January 21, 2014.] We used this photograph of the first 5 cadets in Tuskegee in our Origin page.

Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Symbol. Digital image. [Online version, http://tuskegeeairmen.org/, Tuskegee Airmen Inc. January 21, 2014.] This picture of the Tuskegee Airmen logo was used in our Origin page.

Soldiers in primary and basic training. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-168.jpg, National Archives. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of the airmen in primary and basic training was used in our Origin page.

Airman in advanced trainer. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-218.jpg, National Archives. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of a Tuskegee Airman climbing onto plane in advanced training was used in our Origin page.

The Buffalo Soldiers. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.buffalosoldiers-amwest.org/images/history.jpg, Buffalo Soldiers of the American West. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of the African American Buffalo Soldiers during the Civil War was used in our African American Soldiers page.

First Tuskegee Airmen. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.tuskegee.edu/sites/www/Uploads/images/About%20Us/Airmen/Tuskegee%2 0Airmen1.jpg, Tuskegee University. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of the first Tuskegee Airmen is used throughout our website, serving as a header.

African American foot soldier. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/research/africanamericans/ww2-pictures/images/african-americans-wwii-00a-l.jpg&c=, National Archives. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of an African American Soldier in World War II was used in our African American Soldiers page.

Tuskegee Airmen briefing. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.tuskegeeairmennationalmuseum.org/image-gallery/historygallery?AG_MK=0&AG_form_paginInitPages_3=3&AG_form_albumInitFolders_3=his

torygallery&AG_form_scrollTop=174&AG_form_scrollLeft=0&AG_MK=0, Tuskegee Airmen National Museum. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of a preflight briefing was used in our Origin page. Eleanor Roosevelt with Chief Anderson, 1941. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/tuskegee-airmen.cfm, Air Force Historical Research Agency. January 21, 2014.] We analyzed and utilized this photograph of Eleanor Roosevelt with Chief Anderson in our Discrimination page.

African American soldiers with white soldier. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_integration/, U.S. Department of Defense. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of African Americans soldiers with white soldier was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page.

Tuskegee Airmen lined up in front of a white officer. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-167.jpg, National Archives. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of the Tuskegee Airmen lined up in front of a white officer was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page.

United We Win. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-259.jpg, National Archives. January 21, 2014.] This poster, United We Win, was examined and used in our slideshow in the Discrimination page.

Noel Parrish. Digital image. [Online version, http://civilrights.si.edu/blackwings/tuskegee-airmen-benjamin-o-davis-jr-noel-f-parrish, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. January 21, 2014.] This picture of Noel Parrish was used in the slideshow of our Discrimination page.

White officer in front of Tuskegee Airmen, ready for departure. Digital image. [Online version, http://civilrights.si.edu/blackwings/tuskegee-airmen-benjamin-o-davis-jr-noel-f-parrish, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. January 21, 2014.] This photo of the Tuskegee Airmen ready to leave abroad in front of a white officer was utilized in our Discrimination slideshow.

Picture of Bill Clinton pinning a star on Benjamin O. Davis Jr.s uniform. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/dodcmsshare/newsphoto/1998-12/981209-D-2987S043.jpg, U.S. Department of Defense. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of Bill Clinton decorating Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was used in our Accomplishments page.

Benjamin O. Davis Jr. in a plane. Digital image. [Online version, http://library.famu.edu/tuskegeeairmen, FAMU Libraries Subject Guides. January 21, 2014.] This picture of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was used in our Origin page.

Charles Hall. Digital image. [Online version, http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/blackwings/tuskegee.cfm, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. January 21, 2014.] This picture of Charles Hall was used in our Accomplishments page. Newspaper headline stating President Trumans signing of Executive Order 9981. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/0902001r.jpg, Library of Congress. January 21, 2014.] This picture of a newspaper headline stating the desegregation of the military was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page.

A. Philip Randolph to Harry S. Truman, with attached White House memos, July 7, 1948. Official File, Truman Papers. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/desegregation/large/docume nts/index.php?pagenumber=5&documentid=1-5&documentdate=1948-0707&studycollectionid=coldwar&groupid=, Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. January 21, 2014.] This letter to President Truman from the Committee Against Jim Crow in Military and Training was used in our Accomplishments page.

Tuskegee Airmen Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony. Digital image. [Online version, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/veterans/tuskegee/, The White House: President George W. Bush. January 21, 2014.] This photograph of the Tuskegee Airmens Congressional Medal Award Ceremony was used in our Accomplishments page.

Double Victory Campaign Symbol. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/12/classroom-connections-wwii-double-v-campaigngr-10-12, New York Public Library. January 21, 2014.]

This depiction of the Double V emblem was used in our Double Victory page.

Pittsburgh Courier article and buttons. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.newseum.org/news/2007/02/power-of-the-black-press.html, Newseum. January 21, 2014.] This Pittsburgh Courier article was used in our Double Victory page.

Double V advertisement. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 21, 2014.] This Double Victory Campaign advertisement was used in our Double Victory page.

Pittsburgh Courier article marking the start of the Double V Campaign. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 21, 2014.] This Pittsburgh Courier article stating the beginning of the Double V Campaign was used in our Double Victory page.

Pittsburgh Courier asking about quality of Double V Campaign. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 21, 2014.] We used this photograph of a Pittsburgh Courier advertisement in our Double Victory page.

Keep Us Flying. Digital image. [Online version, http://civilrights.si.edu/blackwings/items/show/32, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. January 21, 2014.] This poster asking to buy war bonds was used in our Double Victory page.

Picture of Tuskegee Airmen sitting on plane. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0705/tuskegee.html, Library of Congress. January 21, 2014.] We used this photograph of Tuskegee Airmen sitting on a plane in our Red Tails page.

One of the airmen receives an award at the Tuskegee Army Air Field. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0705/tuskegee.html, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] This picture of an officer handing a Tuskegee Airman an award was used in our Red Tails page.

African American soldier sitting. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/larger-image.html?i=/research/africanamericans/ww2-pictures/images/african-americans-wwii-00a-l.jpg&c=, National Archives. January 22, 2014.] We used this photograph of an African American soldier in our African American Soldiers page.

African American soldiers crouched around with a white officer. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_integration/, U.S. Department of Defense. January 22, 2014.] We used this picture of African American soldiers with a white officer in our Red Tails page.

President Harry Truman. Digital image. [Online version, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/ht33.html, The White House: President George W. Bush. January 22, 2014.] This painting of Harry Truman was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page.

Integrated soldiers. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_integration/, U.S. Department of Defense. January 22, 2014.] This picture of integrated soldiers was used in our Integration of the U.S. Army page.

African American soldiers of the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.nps.gov/fosc/historyculture/firsttoserve.htm, National Park Service. January 22, 2014.] This painting of African American soldiers in the Civil War was used in our Background page.

Carnegie Library, Tuskegee Institute, Ala. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/det.4a13433/, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of Tuskegee Institute was used in our Background page.

Kids flashing Double V signs. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv, Memorial Hall Museum Online. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of children flashing the Double Victory Campaign symbol was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page.

Participants in the Double V Campaign gathered, offering posters. Digital image. [Online

version, http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-riverstocross/files/2013/07/100facts_worldwarII.jpg, National Archives and Records Administration. January 22, 2014.] We used this photograph of participants of the Double V Campaign in our Spearheading Civil Rights page. Inkspots singing Yankee Doodle Tan. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv, Memorial Hall Museum Online. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of the vocal group Inkspots singing Yankee Doodle Tan was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page.

Jackie Robinson. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/topics/baseball/featured/jackierobinson.html, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of baseball player Jackie Robinson was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page.

The NAACP logo. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.neworleansnaacp.org/, NAACP New Orleans Branch. January 22, 2014.] The NAACP logo shown on this website was used in our Spearheading Civil Rights page.

Picture of a Tuskegee Airman about to escort bombers. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/african-a mericans-wwii-050.jpg, National Archives. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of an airman about to escort bombers was used in our Fighting for America page. A Tuskegee Airmans flight documents. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/lgimage/air32.1.htm, National Park Service. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of a Tuskegee Airmans flight documents was used in our Fighting for America page.

Benjamin O. Davis and another airman. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0705/tuskegee.html, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] This photograph of Benjamin O. Davis and another airman was used in our Fighting for America page.

Why Should We March? Digital image. [Online version, http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mssmisc/ody/ody0808/0808001v.jpg, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] We used this poster promoting the March on Washington in our Supporting the Campaign page.

Alston, Charles. Digital image. BACKING THE ATTACK ON ALL FRONTS!!! [Online verison, http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv, Memorial Hall Museum Online. January 22, 2014.] We used this poster about the black press on our Supporting the Campaign page.

Double V logo. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv, Memorial Hall Museum Online. January 22, 2014.] This picture of the Double V logo was used in our Rights page.

Freeman Field Mutiny. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.redtail.org/the-airmen-a-brief-history/feeman-field-mutiny/, Library of Congress. January 22, 2014.] This rare photograph of the Freeman Field Mutiny was used in our Rights page.

Official U.S. Army Air Force Training Command photograph of 20 Tuskegee Airmen posing in front of a plane. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/aviation/tus.htm, National Park Service: Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. January 22, 2014.] We used this photograph of Tuskegee Airmen posing in front of a plane in our Responsibilities page.

The Pittsburgh Courier Logo. Digital image. [Online version, https://www.asurams.edu/web/event-civil-rights/scrapbook, Albany State University. January 23, 2014.] We used this picture of The Pittsburgh Courier logo on our Responsibilities page.

Integrated Army. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_integration/, U.S. Department of Defense. January 23, 2014.] We used this photograph of an integrated unit in our Impacts page.

Rowe, Abbie. Digital image. March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom (August 1963). [Online version, http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/intro.htm, National Park Service. January 23, 2014.] This picture of the March on Washington was used in our Impacts page.

Washington, Booker Taliaferro. Cheynes Studio. Photograph, ca. 1903. LC-USZ62-49568. Digital image. [Online version, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/photo12.jpg, Library of Congress. January 23, 2014.] We used this photograph of Booker T. Washington in our Tuskegee Institute page.

Tuskegee Map. Digital image. [Online version, http://scholar.library.miami.edu/bobsimms/map.html, University of Miami Libraries. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee, Alabama on a map in our Tuskegee Institute page.

"Pilots of a U.S. Army Air Forces fighter squadron, credited with shooting down 8 of the 28 German planes destroyed in dog-fights over the new Allied beachheads south of Rome, on Jan. 27, talk over the day's exploits at a U.S. base in the Mediterranean theater. Negro members of this squadron, veterans of the North African and Sicilian campaigns, were formerly classmates at a university in the southern U.S." February 1944. 208-MO-18H-22051. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2pictures/images/african-americans-wwii-048.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] We used this photograph of a group of Tuskegee Airmen in our Conclusion page. Tuskegee Airmen lined up in Freeman Field. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.indianamilitary.org/ATTERBURYAAF/images/10104Tuskegee2.jpg, Indiana Military Org. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee Airmen in Freeman Field in our Move to Integration page.

Tuskegee Airmen sitting by plane in Freeman Field. [Online version, http://www.indianamilitary.org/ATTERBURYAAF/images/10105Tuskegee3.jpg, Indiana Military Org. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee Airmen sitting in Freeman Field in our Move to Integration page. "Members of the 99th Fighter Squadron of the Army Air Forces, famous all-Negro outfit, who are rapidly making themselves feared by enemy pilots, pose for a picture at the Anzio beachhead. In the foreground, head bared, is 1st Lt. Andrew Lane." Ca. February 1944. 80-G-54413. Digital image. [Online version,

http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/african americans-wwii-044.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] This picture of several Tuskegee Airmen gathered together was used in our Home page. "Howard A. Wooten." Graduated December 1944 from Air Corps School, Tuskegee, AL. Ca. December 1944. 18-T-44-K-17. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-043.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] We used this portrait of a Tuskegee Airman, Howard A. Wooten, in our Home page. "Fliers of a P-51 Mustang Group of the 15th Air Force in Italy `shoot the breeze' in the shadow of one of the Mustangs they fly." Left to right: Lt. Dempsey W. Morgan, Jr.; Lt. Car roll S. Woods; Lt. Robert H. Nelson, Jr.; Capt. Andrew D. Turner; and Lt. Clarence P. Lester. Ca. August 1944. 208-NP-6XXX-1. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2pictures/images/african-americans-wwii-047.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] This picture of a group of Tuskegee Airmen was used in our Home page. "Capts. Lemuel R. Custis (left) and Charles B. Hall, of the 99th Fighter Squadron of the U.S. Army Air Forces, chat while on leave in New York City. Their all-Negro squadron first went into action in North Africa on June 4, 1943, and is now closely supporting Allied ground forces advancing in Italy. The fighter group flies all types of combat missions--bomber escort, dive bombing, patrol for beachheads, and strafing. In one year, the squadron has made more than 3,000 sorties and has shot down 17 planes, scored 3 probables and damaged 6 other planes." Ca. June 1944. 208-MO-120H-29054. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/african-a mericans-wwii-053.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of two Tuskegee Airmen, Captain Lemuel R. Custis and Captain Charles B. Hall, in our Home page. "1st Lt. Lee Rayford...who has returned to the United States from Italy where he served with the 99th Fighter Squadron. The nature of his assignment here has not been announced. Other pilots formerly assigned to the 99th now back in America include 1st Lts. Walter I. Lawson, Charles W. Dryden, Graham Smith and Louis R. Purnell." N.d. 208-NP-6EEE-1. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-054.jpg, National Archives. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Lieutenant Lee Rayford seated in his plane in our Home page. "Members of the Nation's first Negro Navigation Cadets, who will receive their commissions in the Army Air Forces on February 26th, visited City Hall as guests

of Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia this afternoon. They are shown on the steps of City Hall as the mayor greeted their commanding officer, Maj. Galen B. Price." February 16, 1944. Acme. 208-PU-113M-26. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/images/africanamericans-wwii-052.jpg, National Archives. March 30, 2014.] This photograph of Tuskegee Airmen graduates was used in our Home page. Integrated Soldiers together. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2013/0713_integration/ , U.S. Department of Defense. April 13, 2014.] We used this picture of several white and African American soldiers in our Move to Integration page. COLORED ONLY. Digital image. [Online version, http://recordsofrights.org/events/59/doublevvictory-at-home-and-abroad, National Archives. April 13, 2014.] We used this photograph of a segregated building in our Move to Integration page. Fax, Elton. Come, let us take counsel together! Attend NAACP Wartime Conference for Total Peace. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/world-war-ii and-the-post-war-years.html, Library of Congress. April 13, 2014.] We used this advertisement for a NAACP conference in our Move to Integration page.

A. Philip Randolph. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/hallofhonor/1989_randolph.htm, United States Department of Labor. April 13, 2014.] We used this picture of A. Philip Randolph in our Move to Integration page.

Harry Truman, half-length portrait, seated at desk, facing front, holding pencil. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b17497/, Library of Congress. April 13, 2014.] We used this picture of President Truman in our Move to Integration page.

Tuskegee Airmen lined up in Freeman Field. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.indianamilitary.org/ATTERBURYAAF/images/10104Tuskegee2.jpg, Indiana Military Org. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee Airmen in Freeman Field in our Move to Integration page.

Tuskegee Airmen sitting by plane in Freeman Field. Digital image [Online version, http://www.indianamilitary.org/ATTERBURYAAF/images/10105Tuskegee3.jpg, Indiana Military Org. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee Airmen sitting in Freeman Field in our Move to Integration page. Charles McGee. Digital image. [Online version, http://nationalaviation.org/wp-content/themes/NAHF/images/McGee.jpg, The National Aviation Hall of Fame. April 14, 2014.] This photograph of Colonel Charles McGee was used in our Interviews page. Victor Ransom. Digital image. 2014. We used this picture of Mr. Ransom in our Interviews page.

Secondary Sources Personal Interviews: Gates, Henry Louis. Telephone Interview. 5 April. 2014. We interviewed Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr., a literary critic, scholar, writer, professor, and creator of the PBS documentary The African Americans: Many Rivers To Cross. Dr. Gates served as a consultant to director Steve McQueen in the movie Twelve Years a Slave and wrote an article entitled What Was Black Americas Double War?, which gave us an abundance of information about the Double Victory Campaign. Dr. Gates was able to give us insight into the determination of the Tuskegee Airmen and their reasons for joining the war, as well as information about the courage of the black press and their integral role in securing rights for African Americans. Dr. Gates was also able to articulate the patriotism of African Americans throughout history, and he also provided us with insight on how African Americans have progressed incredibly since World War II.

Jackson, Ruth. Telephone Interview. 12 April. 2014. We interviewed Dr. Ruth Jackson, the creator of the Tuskegee Airmen Archive in University of California, Riverside. Dr. Jackson provided us with a plethora of information on the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced as well as insight as to how the Tuskegee Airmens efforts inspired the Civil Rights Movement, which occurred later in history. Dr. Jackson also provided us with insight into the reasons why African Americans were willing to fight despite discrimination, and why numerous white people wanted the Tuskegee Experiment to fail. Overall, Dr. Jackson truly gave us a deeper understanding of our topic and articulated the courage of the Tuskegee Airmen in serving America. Documents:

A Brief History: Overcoming Adversity. [Online version, http://tuskegeeairmen.org/explore-tai/a-brief-history/, Tuskegee Airmen Inc. January 2, 2014.] This source was a small outline of the history of the Tuskegee Airmen starting from the launch of the 99th Pursuit Squadron to President Clintons approval to create the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in 1998. It helped us create a timeline for our research and offered pieces of information to research further on the Red Tails. Summary of Tuskegee Airmen History. [Online version, http://newsite.tuskegeeairmen.org/wpcontent/uploads/Summary_of_Tuskegee_Airmen_H istory.pdf, Tuksegee Airmen Inc. January 2, 2014.] In the beginning of our research, this source provided a brief overview of the accomplishments of the Tuskegee Airmen. It provided information about several notable missions they achieved, as well as information about key leaders in the squadron such as Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. This source was a substantial secondary source that provoked our curiosity about the topic and led us to more research from both primary and secondary sources. Number of Combat Missions of the Tuskegee Airmen. [Online version, http://tuskegeeairmen.org/wpcontent/uploads/Number_of_Tuskegee_Airmen_Combat_M issions.pdf, Tuskegee Airmen Inc. January 5, 2014.] This document stated the number of missions the Tuskegee Airmen flew in total (1,491 missions), how many each squadron completed, and the locations of several notable missions. This information helped us identify the Red Tails accomplishments and why they had an outstanding flight record.

Websites: The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords. [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/film/index.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 20, 2014.] An interesting source based on a documentary about the black press during World War II, this website provided interviews from historians on the topic of the Double Victory Campaign. We were able to utilize these interviews in our research by extracting several passages and analyzing them. African Americans in World War II: Fighting for a Double Victory. [Online version, http://www.nationalww2museum.org/assets/pdfs/african-americans-in-world.pdf, National WWII Museum. January 2, 2014.] This source gives a brief overview of the experience of African American citizens and soldiers in World War II. It provides information on the Double Victory Campaign and how its supporters fought for civil rights at home and abroad.

NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom. [Online version, http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/naacp/worldwarii/ExhibitObjects/AfricanAmericanSoldiers DuringWWII.aspx, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. January 1, 2014.] Providing information on the history of African Americans dating from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, this source helped us create our Background pages on our website about the history of African Americans before World War II. African Americans in WWII and Civil Rights. [Online version, http://learn.uakron.edu/beyond/ww2_civilRights.htm, University of Akron. January 1, 2014.] A source on the overall history of African Americans in World War II, this website gave information on the segregation of the Jim Crow Military. It also provided information on the Double Victory Campaign, which made us more inquisitive about the topic. Before Their Tails Were Red. [Online version, http://www.nps.gov/tuai/index.htm, National Park Service: Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. January 1, 2014.] This website written by the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site gave us information on the Tuskegee Experiment and how persistent the Tuskegee Airmen were in their goals of proving that African Americans could fly airplanes as well as any white man. It also provided videos, pictures, and the legends commonly associated with the Red Tails. Airmen Overview. [Online version, http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airoverview.htm, National Park Service. January 1, 2014.] This websites information on the Tuskegee Experiment and the Civilian Pilot Training Program helped us understand why the experiment was started. By showing what sparked the NAACPs request for African Americans to join the Army Air Corps, the website taught us about the attempts to integrate the army before the Tuskegee Airmen came to be. The Pittsburgh Courier: Publisher Robert Lee Vann. [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 1, 2014.] This article on the history of The Pittsburgh Courier showed us how this newspaper written by African Americans inspired African Americans to join the Double Victory Campaign. It also showed us the means of spreading the campaign by creating Double V magazines, pictures, and the Double V logo. A Campaign for Freedom. [Online version,

http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4682, The University of Richmond. January 1, 2014.] In this source, there was an abundance of details on the Double Victory Campaign and how motivated African American men and women were in promoting this cause. It also shows the impact of the campaign and how it moved America a step closer to full equality in the U.S. Army. The Depression, The New Deal, and World War II. [Online version, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart8.html, African American Odyssey: Library of Congress. January 5, 2014.] This website provided information on the discrimination the Tuskegee Airmen faced while traveling in the U.S. and other countries. This helped us create the Discrimination page for our website, and gave us insight into the way the Red Tails were able to overcome racism. Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site: Tuskegee, Alabama. [Online version, http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/cultural_diversity/Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Hi storic_Site.html, National Park Service: Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site. January 5, 2014.] Filled with information on key leaders, events, and locations associated with the Tuskegee Airmen, this site helped us obtain an overview of the Tuskegee Experience. It also provided us with a quote and information on how the Red Tails fought for the Double Victory Campaign. Tuskegee Airmen Facts. [Online version, http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen/tuskegee_airmen_fa cts.aspx, Tuskegee University. January 5, 2014.] This site provided us with fun facts about the Tuskegee Airmen such as information on leaders Benjamin O. Davis and Colonel Parrish, and information on each separate squadron from Tuskegee. The websites information on the Red Tails missions helped us create our Accomplishments page on our website. Tuskegee Airmen Archive: About the Tuskegee Airmen. [Online version, http://library.ucr.edu/view/tuskegee/tuskegeeairmen.html, University of California Riverside Libraries. January 5, 2014.] Information from this site on the Red Tails training, their service abroad, and their leaders helped us create our Origin and Discrimination pages. The information provided gave us a better understanding of the Tuskegee Airmens achievements. Treason? [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/educate_event/treason.html, Public Broadcasting Service. January 6, 2014.]

In this website, there was an abundance of information on the creation of the Double Victory Campaign and Hoovers attempt to quench it. These facts assisted us in creating the Double Victory section of our website. History of American Journalism: Social Climate. [Online version, http://history.journalism.ku.edu/1940/1940.shtml, University of Kansas. January 6, 2014.] This source provided a brief explanation of why the Double Victory Campaign was started and the message it conveyed. It made us interested about the impacts of the campaign, and the information the site showed that despite the injustice African Americans were facing at home, they still wanted to join the war. Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation. [Online version, http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/AfrAmer.html, Department of Defense. January 20, 2014.] Showing the accomplishments and impacts of the Tuskegee Airmen on the present military, this website provided a plethora of information not only on the Red Tails but on previous African American soldiers as well. The information on the history of African American soldiers helped us with our Background pages.

Articles: Gates, Henry Louis. What Was Black Americas Double War? [Online version, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-wasblack-americas-double-war/, Public Broadcasting Service. January 20, 2014.] This article helped us understand the role of the black press during World War II. Filled with extensive information on the Double Victory Campaign, it assisted us in comprehending the campaigns participants courage and persistence in assuring the desegregation of the U.S. It also provided us with several quotes to use. White, Brynda. Patriotism, Courage, Discipline, Skill and Determination: Tuskegee Airmen Honored at Great Hall Reception. [Online version, http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0705/tuskegee.html, Library of Congress. January 5, 2014.] This article provided information on the Tuskegee Airmens receival of the Congressional Gold Medal at a ceremony in the Great Hall with former President George W. Bush. Several speakers outlined the achievements of the Red Tails, showing how they were willing to sacrifice their lives for a country in which they were being discriminated. This gave us an idea of how courageous and noble the Red Tails were. Shahid, Sharon. Power of the Black Press. [Online version,

http://www.newseum.org/news/2007/02/power-of-the-black-press.html, Newseum. January 6, 2014.] Filled with insight on the creation of the Double Victory Campaign, this article not only showed the methods in which the movement was spread, but how it truly affected the lives of African American soldiers and citizens. It also provided us with a picture and a quote to use in our Double Victory page. Piggott, Felice. Classroom Connections: World War II and the Double V Campaign (Gr. 1012). [Online version, http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/12/classroom-connections-wwii-double-v-campaigngr-10-12, New York Public Library. January 6, 2014.] Information on the role of people involved in the Double Victory Campaign was difficult to find, but this source provided extensive information on the topic. The article portrayed how people sold war bonds, sent supplies to soldiers abroad, and had clubs to promote their cause. It also showed several primary pictures to analyze. Pike, Brett. Discrimination Against African-American Soldiers in World War II: Racial Policies and the March to Desegregation. [Online version, http://legacy.usfsm.edu/academics/cas/capstone/2010-2011/history/pikediscrimination%20against%20african%20american%20soldiers%20in%20wwii.pdf, The University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee. January 6, 2014.] When first conducting our research, this paper helped us gain a solid understanding of the contributions of the Tuskegee Airmen and other African-American soldiers to the war, which got us more excited about our topic. Also, the information on the Double Victory Campaign helped us understand that the movement was what facilitated the desegregation of the military, moving African American society a step closer to equality. Taylor, Clarence. Patriotism Crosses the Color Line: African Americans in World War II. [Online version, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-ii/essays/patriotism-crossescolor-line-african-americans-world-war-ii, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. January 6, 2014.] One of our first sources on the Double Victory Campaign, this source showed how the campaign benefited not only African American society but also the rest of America, since it supported the war effort. Showing the effectiveness of the advertisements for the Double Victory Campaign, the article explained how numerous African American and white people joined together to support the campaign. Hodges, Karen. Continuity or Change: African Americans in World War II. [Online version, http://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/Continuity_or_Change_African_Americans_in_ World_War_II(PrinterFriendly).pdf, University of Maryland, Baltimore County. January 6, 2014.]

Addressing a student audience, this article written by a teacher gave us insight into the responsibilities of African Americans in the war; to not only fight for America, but to fight for the desegregation of the military. The information on the Double Victory Campaign shows how it clearly influenced the rights of the Tuskegee Airmen, which helped us in our Double Victory page in our website.

Videos: The Tuskegee Airmen. Dogfights. The History Channel. 6 Dec. 2007. Documentary. This documentary on the Tuskegee Airmen featured several interviews of Tuskegee Airmen as well as footage from World War II. It provided insight into the perspectives of the original Tuskegee Airmen and their accomplishments. We used the first forty-three seconds of this documentary in our Home page.

Red Tails. Dir. Anthony Hemingway. Perf. Cuba Gooding Jr., Gerald McRaney, David Oyelowo. Lucasfilm. Film. Watching the movie Red Tails helped us gain an overview of the perspectives of the Tuskegee Airmen. It also changed our first thoughts about what the Tuskegee Airmen would be like. Instead of being wary of Jim Crow, the Tuskegee Airmen were bold and adventurous. This film showed us that despite great obstacles along the way, such as discrimination, the Tuskegee Airmen were courageous and never lost sight of their goals.

Books: De, Capua Sarah. The Tuskegee Airmen: African-American Pilots of World War II. Chanhassen, MN: Child's World, 2004. Print. This secondary source helped us obtain an idea about the main leaders of the Tuskegee Airmen. It also helped us in creating a timeline for our topic. The book got us quite excited about the Tuskegee Airmen, and made us curious in knowing more about their achievements. McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack. Red-tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Walker and, 1995. Print. This book was one of our first secondary sources. It helped us gain a brief overview of our topic and guided us in creating a timeline. Written for a juvenile audience, this book helped us understand the basics of the Tuskegee Airmen. Scott, Lawrence P., and William M. Womack. Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1994. Print. This book helped us dig deep into our topic by searching for certain details and analyzing them. It was an extremely valuable resource because it placed the Tuskegee Airmen in historical perspective and made unique conclusions about them. We also used several quotes from this book.

Pictures: Tuskegee Map. Digital image. [Online version, http://scholar.library.miami.edu/bobsimms/map.html, University of Miami Libraries. January 25, 2014.] We used this picture of Tuskegee, Alabama on a map in our Tuskegee Institute page. Henry Louis Gates Jr. Digital image. [Online version, http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/10.26/99-gates.html, Harvard University Gazette. April 14, 2014.] We used this picture of Dr. Gates in our Interviews page. Dr. Ruth Jackson. Digital image. [Online version, http://mediasources.ucr.edu/expertprofile.html?id=343, University of California, Riverside. April 14, 2014.] We used this photograph of Dr. Jackson in our Interviews page.