A Micro Hydro Power Plant for Distributed Generation using Municipal Water Waste with Archimedes Screw

Ali Raza Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan i.will.rize@gmail.com , aliraza4446@gmail.com Dianguo Xu School of Electrical and Automation Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang, China
Abstract-Electrical power is stipulation of human life. Now-adays electricity is produced from number of sources like hydraulic energy, coal, steam, wind stream and nuclear power etc. Electricity generated by hydraulic power is cheapest and environment friendly. A large dam is mandatory to generate power in megawatt (MW), to build enormous dams need of large capital cost and hefty land reforms but renewable resources can be used for generation of electricity on small scale. Distribution generation (GD) can be produced by using municipal water waste after giving some chemical treatment or otherwise. A most suitable turbine for such a low head hydro power plant is Archimedes turbine. In this research a model of Archimedes Turbine s designed in Simulink MATLAB while keep in mind all geometrical parameters. A detailed scrutiny has been made on theoretical model of Archimedes turbine while considering minimal different flow rate of water and keeping drop head constant which will make easiness and robustness for design engineer. During this work we will use Archimedes turbine first time in Pakistan with municipal water for generating power and a feasibility report of Nala Tamrahi (canal) is presented while its designing different parameters will kept in mind like weather effects, operation and maintenance of installed system, how its ease to install the system, wear and tears. Second part of work consist of modeling of micro hydro power plant system (MHPPS) using an Archimedes turbine and interconnecting the output power of MHPPS to existing national grid distribution network in such a way that extra energy of MHPPS is transferred to national grid consumers.

Muhammad Saleem Mian Department of Electrical Engineering Rachna College of Engineering & Technology Gujranwala, Pakistan

Jawad Ahmed Department of Electrical Engineering HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan Hydro Power plants which has capacity less than 1000KW are referred as mini Power plant while power plant having capacity less than 100KW are known as micro power plant.[2][3]. The first section is the micro-hydro power generation system; the core components of this section are turbine and generator. Selecting the right turbine is one of the most important parts of designing a micro-hydropower system and in our case Archimedes turbine will be preferred for low head. Micro Hydel power plant system (MHPPS) main chunks are turbine, low speed connecting shaft, gear box, high speed connecting shaft and generator. From these fragments generator is the most important. For small generation of electricity where water flow rate change over the year output power of MHPPS can vary and the quality of power may come to be bad which may damage the equipment. To avoid it proper control mechanism is installed and main focus is kept on voltage and system frequency which tells about the quality of power of any system. Both 3-phase and single phase induction and synchronous generator available but induction generators are generally more appropriate for MHPPS [2]. Induction generators are more beneficial than synchronous generator in case of MHPPS as a source of power. Induction generator reduced ruggedness, unit cost, brushless in case of squirrel cage construction, reduced size, ease of maintenance , selfprotection against short circuit (SC) and severe over load and no need of external Direct current (DC) supply while capacitor is use for excitation[1][4][5]. Induction Generator is used for small generation like 10 KW to 15KW. A 4 pole induction machine to be used for small generation where small flow rate of water is persisted as 4 pole machines has 1500RPPM rather than a 2 pole machine which has 3000RPM. A turbine rotating at speed less than required revolution per minute (RPM) needs a speed increasing mechanism named as gear box or proper pulley and belts. For a micro hydel power plant system using municipal water a 4 pole induction generator machine is proposed. Second section deals with the interconnection of generated power with Distribution network and to load. Distribution network may be a single small factory, group of

I.

INTRODUCTION

Micro Hydel Power Plant system (MHPPS) is more important renewable energy resource and has great importance in developed countries where government cannot bear the expenses of Power Grid Station, transmission and distribution lines. MHPPS can run as isolate Distribution Generation (DG) system. MPPS mainly have very small rating thats why it is for single user or small group of users. These small systems get importance where the flow rate is fast and head is small or vice versa. In this research main concentration is put on first scenario and turbine used is Archimedes screw which was invented by Greek Scientist Archimedes (circa 287-212 B.C.). [1]

978-1-4799-3043-2/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

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small factories and houses depending upon the generation of electric power. Third section deals with the designing of load management house with respect to generated power which enables the owner of plant to make handsome supply of power from MHPP to consumer end and also to National grid distribution network when its own load end is off or less. Substitute technology of municipal water waste of sewage plant with Archimedes Turbine can be practically implemented at any sewage cleaning plant or a sewage canal. Reuse of municipal water waste of the city can be a stable, inflation proof, reliable, economical and renewable source of electricity in power scenario of 21st century. [6][7] Vitruvius writes detailed theory on Archimedes screw working and somewhat about design in his book De Architectura (X-Chapter VI) [8]. Vitruvius screw is shown in Fig. 1. It is clear from figure that it has eight blades trunked on its surface and has its length sixteen times of its diameter. Vitruvius screw slanted in obverse of hypotenuse of rectangle 3-4-5 triangle. So that can rotate about its axis. But this strategy is not up-to-date and efficient. A more efficient designing of Archimedes screw presented in [9][10]

n s p e e d = 6 0 Q /V u

(1)

Fig 2: 2D view of Screw with 3 fins and designed parmeters [9]

A. ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION Product of efficiencies of all installed auxiliaries like gear box, belt drive etc. should be considered to compute the total electrical power transfer from produced mechanical power is given by (4)

Pe = BD GB gen Pmech
Fig 1: Vitruvius Screw built from trunk tree having eight blades [1]

(4)

Till now all printed data on Archimedes machine is not enough for designer and site operator [9]. Available data only deals with its optimization of geometry and empirical formula with respect to height of inflow water, speed and volume. It is noted that the efficiency of such screw is 83% [10] and depends upon mechanical leakage loss as per nagel1968[10][11]. This large efficiency of Screw make it superior than all other hydraulic turbine for low head power plant (Brada and Radik 1996, Brada 1999 , Hellman 2003)[9][10][12][13][14]. Complexity is to design the different parameters of Archimedes screw as depicted in Fig. 2 that - the inclination angle of screw, Ra- Outer radius of screw, Radius of trough Ra + S_sp, wherein S_sp is the gap width between trough and screw outer periphery, the radius Ri and length Lsh the central tube, the number of transitions N and S is the pitch, the length of the blades screw is LB, the employment angles on outer and inner radius are and at the optimum head of water, the water depth in the inlet channel w and the height of the threshold water is h1, the optimum height underwater at lower end of screw is h4, the optimum filling point F is where no water stays just flows through the central tube to the next cell. Likewise, the water level is higher than F. The speed n and the output torque M (transmission, stem, bearing design), the efficiency of the worm , the nominal electric capacity at the terminals of the generator Pe and the system efficiency of the entire hydroelectric plant is A[15] and speed of rotation given by

and equation from Entwurfsfluss fr Wasserkraftschnecken,(Design flow for hydropower screw) [15] a Simulink model of Archimedes turbine is developed as shown in Fig. 3. II. MHPPS MODEL DESCRIPTION A comprehensive model of MHPPS is presented here using the developed model of Archimedes turbine with Induction generator. No storage is a method developed by Hydro-Quebec to minimize the cost of distributing electricity in remote areas is used to promote this model, High penetration Hydro- diesel system [16][17].The optimal Hydro penetration (installed Hydel capacity/peak demand) be determined by the site transport cost of petroleum and accessible hydel reserve. The scheme developed in this study customs to a 11000 V, 70 kVA synchronous generator, a Archimedes screw acting as a prime mover for a 11000 V, 50 kVA asynchronous generator, a 25 kW consumer load and a inconstant secondary load (0 to 50 kW). Electrical Power is generated on 11KV because of serene to connect with local National grid distribution system. At low flow rate of water both the asynchronous generator and the fuel dependent synchronous generator are essential to run the load [18]. When the electrical energy generated from hydraulic energy surpasses the load, shut off the fuel dependent generator. In this all-hydraulic approach, the synchronous generator is employed as a synchronous condenser and its excitation system help to keep constant nominal voltage of the whole system. Synchronous generator is engaged as a synchronous condenser throughout the exertion. A secondary load panel is deployed to control the whole scheme frequency

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by engrossing the hydro electric energy surpassing the consumer request. The Archimedes turbine built in Fig. 4 by means of a 2-D Lookup Table to calculate the output torque (Tm) which is a function of flow rate of water (Q_water) has to run the file name (intial_conditions) to upload the characteristics in workspace. Intial_condition torque values come from developed Archimedes turbine model with assumed water flow rate from 0 to 2.7m3/sec. The Secondary Load panel comprises of eight groups of 3phase rheostats interconnected in series with gate turn off (GTO) thyristor switches. The nominal rating of every group of associated resistors track a binary progression in such a way that the secondary load can change between 0 to 50 KW as per requirement to keep nominal voltage and frequency of system

voltage and frequency of system constant by steps of 1kW. GTOs are considered as ideal switches. The frequency of developed scheme is organized by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. The module consists of a customary three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) arrangement to analyze the whole scheme frequency. The analyzed frequency is matched with the base frequency (50 Hz) to attain the frequency error. This inaccuracy is incorporated to acquire the phase error. Then phase error is sent to a Proportional Differential (PD) controller to get yields of a signal demonstrating the necessary secondary load rating. Produced signal is changed into an 8-bit binary signal to control the switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. Load shifting is performed at zero crossing of voltage to minimize the voltage falactuations. MHPPS for Nala Tamrahi (small

Fig 3: Archimedes Turbine Simulink MATLAB Model

Fig 3: Archimedes Turbine Simulink MATLAB Model[19]

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Fig 4: MHPPS model interconnected to National grid Distribution network via CB

canal) is depicted in Fig. 4. III. MHPPS MODEL DEMONSTRATION In intended demonstration, hydraulic flow rate is enough for Archimedes screw to generate sufficient power to run the main load. Generator operating on petroleum connected engine is included here and it is in stationary mode while synchronous Machine is functioning as a synchronous condenser through input mechanical power (Pm) fixed at '0. The demonstration elucidates the dynamic performance of the frequency control scheme when an extra 25 kW consumer load is added. Run simulation and perceive currents, voltages, system frequency response particularly on switching of load and active and reactive power flow both in MHPPS and NG on scopes. As the induction machine is working as a generator, so its rotor F rotational speed is somewhat more than the synchronous speed(1.011 pu). As per Archimedes screw features, power obtained from turbine is 0.82 pu (41KW). Due to induction machine losses, the hydraulic screw gives almost 36 kW as shown in Fig. 5. As the main load is 10KW which become 25KW with in 0.2sec by triggering on the CBs, the secondary load absorbs 11 kW to maintain a constant 50 Hz frequency. At

t=0.1 s, the additional load of 5 kW is switched on. The frequency momentarily drops to 49.85 Hz and the absorbed by

Fig 5: Power output of Induction generator and Secondary load switching become zero at 0.4sec, CB switched ON

the secondary load in order to bring the frequency back to 50 Hz and after the 0.4 sec when the entire load is tripped by using circuit breaker (CB), whole generated power 36 KW is merged into national grid (NG) power as it is clear from Fig. 5, 6 while frequency start rising from 50Hz to 50.3Hz as for some moment about 0.01sec load is removed from system and at

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easily with small capital cost and less operation and maintenance expenditures. All designed parameters for Archimedes Turbine designing, Civil work calculations, rating of Electrical generator along transmission ratio of gear box, mass and length of turbine with pre assumed three number of blades of screw and inclination angle 26 for best efficiency [9] is mentioned in table 1.
TABLE I. Designed Parameter for MHPPS at Nala Tamrahi (NT)

Designed Parameter Name Head (H) Flow Rate (Q)

Fig 6: Frequency Response of MHPPS is settled down to 50 Hz after 0.4Sec while in NG become steady at 0.7Sec due to frequency regulator

Values 1.5meter 0.5m3/sec 26.0 3.0 0.295 0.2 0.059 0.711 meter 0.355 m 1.832 0.0054 m 0.7164 m 0.858m3/sec 34.95 RPM 1.067m2/sec 0.286m3/sec 285.94 Kg 0.482 meter 0.212 meter 0.711 meter 0.611 meter 3.767 meter 0.838 7353 watt 6161.8 watt 2020 Nm 0.008 meter 0.01 meter 171.9 Kg 515.7 kg 809.5 Kg 1325.5 Kg 6356.7Watt 1558.7RPM 44.59

Inclination Angle () No. of Blades (N) Normalized Volume (nu) Normalized Pitch ( ) Normalized Volume per turn ( nu) Outer Radus (Ra) Inner radius (Ri) Pitch (S) Gap between Blades and Trough (S_sp) Trough Radius (Rtrog) Total Volume in Screw (Vu) Rotational Speed (n) Axial transport velocity (C_ac) Volume of a bucket (Vs) Mass of a Bucket (ms) Water Height before entering to screw (h2) Water depth to lower blade of screw (w) Total water height (h1) Tail water depth (tdepth) Length of bladed Screw (LB) Efficiency of screw ( ) Hydraulic Power (P hyd) Mechanical Power at shaft (P mech) Torque (M) Blade thickness (sBl) Thickness of central Tube (sW) Mass of one blade (mBl) Mass of three blades (mBlN ) Mass of central Tube (mTCT) Mass of Screw (mScrew) Electrical Output Power Generator (Pelec) Rotational Speed of Generator (ngen) Transmission factor of gear box and Belt drive (i)

secondary load in order to bring the frequency back to 50 Hz and after the 0.4 sec when the entire load is tripped by using circuit breaker (CB), whole generated power 36 KW is merged into national grid (NG) power as it is clear from Fig. 5, 6 while frequency start rising from 50Hz to 50.3Hz as for some moment about 0.01sec load is removed from system and at

Fig 7: Generated voltage stay at 1 pu, no flicker is observed

this time frequency regulator again play its role and bring back system frequency to 50Hz through generating binary progress-ion for secondary load. Magnitude of Voltage remains at 1 pu and no glimmer is notices instead of start of induction machine as depicted in Fig 7. [18] IV. PREMEDITATED PARAMETERS FOR MHPPS AT NALA
TAMRAHI

Pakistan is an agricultural country and about 63% of its total population lives in rural areas and also facing huge load shedding due to less generation of electricity which demands that more power plants must be installed. MHPPS with Archimedes turbine can easily be installed at any small canal. For one small canal (Nala tamrahi) located nearby Taxila, Punjab has water flow rate of 0.5 m3/sec and water fall can be developed up to 1.5meter. From this canal using MHPPS with Archimedes Screw can generate electrical power 6356.7Watt

V. WORKING OF GENERAL MHPPS WITH ARCHIMEDES SCREW

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When canal water streams through the hydraulic screw, alternator start kick is the cause of initial revolution of screw generator and hence producing mechanical energy. Gear box mechanism is employed to change the low rotational speed to high matched speed of alternator to get the electrical power from it. Working of MHPPS with hydro screw can be done via remote control. Intake to MHPPS can be closed through programmable logic control gate and its functioning can be examined by means of online monitoring using radio frequency [20] A coarse screen is located in way of water to avoid MHPPS power screw from solids like branches etc. but allow to pass fishes. Fish passage also built besides the MHPPS, permits the fishes to swim upstream. Broad fluid volume carrying capacity of hydro screw is about 16m3/sec for the screw having diameter of 5meter and number of blades also 5 giving electrical power output about 800KW.Output power of screw vary with change of any parameter among following number of blades, Inclination angle and flow rate of water. To obtain best efficiency it is mandatory to keep minimum gap between screw outer periphery and trough. MHPPS with Archimedes screw has plug and play composition with adjustable inclination angle for different flow rate and gradient of height. One of most important benefit of MHPPS is requirement of a minimal small civil work and less installation time as its package can be constructed from concrete or metal and just need to put it in passage of water and MHPPS will be operational. [21] VI. CONCLUSION In this paper MHPPS prospective is described for rural areas. A MHPPS is highly stable, economical and accomplished of generating reliable energy at need because of its erection on small canals/sewage plants which run throughout the year. Design of 36KW MHPPS is presented in Simulink MATLAB software with interconnection of NG and 6.6KW MHPPS is proposed on Nala Tamrahi (A canal near Taxila City, Punjab Pakistan) for given flow rate and drop head. Main objective of paper is to present the design and development of MHPPS with Archimedes turbine and its interconnection with existing national grid distribution network in such a way that extra unused energy of MHPPS is shifted to national grid and ease of operation and maintenance of MHPPS by using Archimedes screw. Future work projected for Micro/Nano/Pico/Femto hydro generation from upstairs water tanks of kitchen, washrooms and also from the sewage of single home or a building to charge the small batteries and cell phones.

[4]. J.W. Twidel and A.D. Weir, "Renewable Energy Sources", 2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis, New York, USA, 2006. [5]. R.C. Bansal, T.S. Bhatti, and D.P. Kothari, "A bibliographical survey on induction generators for appl ication of non-conventional energy systems", IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Vol. 18, No.3, pp. 433-439, Sept. 200l. [6]. Saket, R.K. Bansal, R.C. and A. Kumar "Reliability Evaluation of Hybrid Micro Hydro Power Generation using municipal waste water", GMSARN International Journal on sustainable Development: Issues and prospects for the GreaterMekong Sub-region, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand, First issue of the Biannual journal, June 2007, vol. 1, No: 1, pp: 13-20. [7]. Saket, R.K. and A. Kumar, K.S. "Hybrid Micro Hydro Power Generation using Municipal Waste Water and its Reliability Evaluation", In proceedi-ng of the Greater Mekong Sub region Academic and Research Network (GMSARN) International Conference-6-7 December 2006 on Sustainable Development: Issues and Prospects for the Greater Mekong Sub region, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, pp: 13-20. [8]. Vitruvius (circa first century B.C.). De Architectura, Book X, Chapter VI, The Water Screw. Translation and diagram by Morris Hicky Morgan in Vitruvius: The ten books on architecture, Harvard University press, Cambridge, 1914. Republished by Dover, New York, 1960, 295297. [9]. Dirk M. Nurnberg, Chris Rorres, Analytical Model for water inflow of an Archimedean screw using in hydro power generationJ. Hydraul. Eng. 2013.139.213-220. [10]. G. Muller, J. Senior, Simplified theory of Archimedean screws Journal of Hydraulic Research Vol. 47, No. 5, 2009 ,Page 666669 [11]. Nagel, G. (1968). Archimedean screw pump handbook.Ritz- Atro Pum-pwerksbau GMBH Roding, Nurnberg, Germany. [12]. Brada, K. (1999). Wasserkraftschnecke ermglicht Stromerzeugung b-er Kleinkraftwerke [Hydraulic screw generates electricity from micro hydropower stations]. Maschinenmarkt Wrzburg, Mitteilung 14, 5256. [13]. Brada, K., Radlik, K.-A. (1996).Water screw motor for micropower plant. 6th Intl. Symp. Heat exchange and renewable energy sources, 4352, W. Nowak, ed. Wydaw Politechniki Szczeciskiej, Szczecin, Poland. [14]. Hellmann, H.D. (2003). Gutachten zur Wirkungsgradbestimmung einer Wasserkraftschnecke Fabrikat Ritz-Atro [Report on determination of hydraulic screw efficiency manufactured by Ritz-Atro Ltd.] Fachbereich Maschinenbau undVerfahrenstechnik, Technical University,Kaiserslau-tern, Germany. [15]. Dirk M. Nurnberg, Entwurfsfluss fr Wasserkraftschnecken,[Design flow for hydropower screw]. [16]. R. Gagnon, B. Saulnier, G. Sybille, P. Giroux; "Modeling of a Generic H-igh-Penetration No-Storage Wind-Diesel System Using Matlab/Power s-ystem Blockset" 2002 Global Windpower Conference, April 2002, Paris, France [17]. B. Saulnier, A.O. Barry, B. Dube, R. Reid; "Design and Development of a Regulation and Control System for the High-Penetration No-Storage wind/Diesel Scheme" European Community Wind Energy Conference 8, 6-10 june 1988, Herning, Denmark. [18]. www.mathworks.com, powersys examples wind-turbine asynchronous generator in isolated network access on 5th march2013. http://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/powersys/examples/windturbineasynchronousgenerator-in-isolated-network.htm [19]. Ali Raza, Mian Saleem, Yasir Saleem ." Modeling Of Archimedes turbi-ne For Low Head Hydro Power Plant In Simulink MATLAB ", Vol.2- Is-sue 7 (July - 2013), International Journal of Engineering research &Tec-hnology (IJERT) , ISSN: 2278-0181 , www.ijert.org [20]. Ali Raza, Manzoor Ellahi, Adnan Bashir , Muhmmad Iqbal, Online mo-nitoring of electricity data through wireless transmission using radio fre-quency ISSR Journals2013. [21]. Archimedean Screw Turbines:How it works, available a https://www.you-tube.com/watch?v=1Nm0aaCZ4iY, access on 23 March 2013.

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