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Research Methodology A Research Map For Intended Area of Research and Study Research Area : RF & Microwaves (Antennas,transmission lines,RF ampliers)
Muhammad Salman Zubairi Registration # 835 Submitted to : Dr. Usman Ilyas

I. I NFLUENTIAL AUTHORS

PerSimon Kildal Antenna systems designs Institute : CHALMERS http://www.chalmers.se/en/staff/Pages/per-simon-kildal. aspx Ronan SAULEAU Electro magnetic , Antennas Institute:- Institute dlectronique et de Tlcommunications de Rennes http://www.ietr.fr/spip.php?auteur90 Tayeb A. Danidni Antennas and Radio Frequencies Institute :- INRS http://www.inrs.ca/english/tayeb-denidni Kamal sarabandi Director Radiation Laboratory at University of Michigan College of Engineering https://web.eecs.umich.edu/saraband/ Yahya rahmat sami Antennas,satellite Eletromagnetics Institute:- UCLA http://www.ee.ucla.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/ yahya-rahmat-samii Tatsuo itoh Microwave and millimeter waves electronics, guided wave structures,low power wireless technologies Institute:- UCLA http://www.ee.ucla.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/ tatsuo-itoh Manos M Tentzeris Printed RF electronics,RF packaging Antennas Intitute:- The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology http://users.ece.gatech.edu/etentze/ Raj Mittra Computational electromagnetic, EMI/EMC Electromagnetic Modeling,Antenna Designs

Institute:- The Pennsylvania State University http://www.ee.psu.edu/directory/FacultyInfo/Mittra/ MittraProlePage.aspx Fadhel M. Ghannouchi Advanced Rf and Microwave measurements and istrumentations,Advanced RF Front end design, Power ampliers Institute:- SCHULICH School of Engineering http://enel.ucalgary.ca/proles/fadhel-ghannouchi Some other Important Authors in the Field of RF and Microwaves related to Antennas,Transmission Lines and RF Power Ampliers are as follows

Frederick H. Raab Green Mountain nresearch laboratory John W. Bandler McMaster University Gabriel M. Rebeiz University of Michigan Michael B. Steer North Carolina State University Joy Laskar Georgia Institute of Technology Peter M. Asbeck University of California San Diego Nuno Borges de Carvalho Universidade de Aveiro Qi-Jun Zhang Carleton University Linda P. B. Katehi University of California Davis Lis K. Nanver Delft University of Technology II. I NFLUENTIAL R ESEARCH G ROUPS

Microwave and RF Research group University of Colorado

Microwave and RF Research group California institute of technology Centre for wireless and microwave information systems University of south orida The Microwave Circuit Technology Group (MiRCTECH) Radio-Frequency and Microwave Group (RF&M) u Ottawa School of electrical Engineering and computer science UCSD ECE Microwave and RF Research Group Canterbury University RF Group EECS UMICH RF and Microwave Group UNT The Radio Frequency Circuits & Systems Research (RFCSR) University of Florida Sabanci university RFIC Group The RFM group Liverpool John moores Universiity RF Microwave and Photonics Indian Institute of Technology Center for Microwave and RF Technologies(CMRFT) Shanghai RIMMS National University of Science and Technology Islamabad III. K EY R EFERENCE PAPERS & B OOKS

Adaptive antennas: Concepts and performance Author:Campton,R.T Microstrip lines and slotlines Authors: Gupta, K C ; Garg, Ramesh ; Bahl, Inder J Microstrip antenna aperture-coupled to a microstripline Author:D.M Pozar Feed-forward biasing for RF ampliers Authors:Nathan R. Iyer, Michael R Kay RF and Microwave Power Amplier and Transmitter Technologies Authors:Frederick H. Raab, Peter Asbeck System for RF communication between a computer and a remote wireless data input device Author:Yasumi Ushikubo Antenna Theory Author:Constantine A. Balanis Transmission Line Theory Author:David M. Pozar

RF Power Ampliers for Wireless Communications, Second Edition (Artech House Microwave Library (Hardcover)) Author: Steve C. Cripps Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications Author: Jia-Shen G. Hong, M. J. Lancaster Nonlinear Microwave and RF Circuits Author: Stephen A. Maas Antenna engineering handbook /2nd edition/ Author:Johnson, R. C.; Jasik, H. Antennas Author: John D. Kraus On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas Authors:G.J. Foschini, M.J. Gans Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas Author:Gerard J. Foschini Microstrip antennas Authors:Bahl, I.J. , Bhartia, P. Dielectric Resonator Antennas Author:K.M Luk

IV. T IER -1 C ONFERENCES AND J OURNALS IN INTENDED A REA The Tier-1 conferences and journals in the area of RF & Microwaves are given below. A. Journals

IEEE TAP IEEE MWCL IEEE T-MTT IEEE AWPL IEEE JSSC PIER International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields-Wiley Journal of Progress in Electromagnetic Research (PIER) Microwave and Optical Technology Letters (MOPTL)Wiley IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation-IEEE

B. Conferences

IMS - International Microwave Symposium EuMW - European Microwave week RWS - Radio & wireless Symposium EuCAP - European Conference on Antenna Propagation APS - Antenna Propogation symposium IEEE Conference Antennas and Propagation (LAPC) Applied Computational Electromagnetics Symposium (ACES)

V. C LASSIFICATION OF T HE C HOSEN R ESEARCH A REA The Classication of the chosen Research area into some important sub research areas can be demonstrated by the above Pie Chart.

PIFA, 1980s.

VI. D EVELOPMENT IN THE I NTENDED AREA OVER THE Y EARS A. Antennas The developments in the eld of Microwave antennas is being very signicant in the lest century. Hainrich Hertz was the man who invented antenna for the rst time , that antenna was a straight wire DIPOLE antenna. Then the Development phase started in this eld and different types of antennas with different physical and electrical properties were introduced. The development over the years is given below. Yagi-Uda Antenna, 1920s

A lot of search is being done now a days on meta material (Left Hand Materials)Antennas and also on the numerical techniques for the antenna designs so that their properties are known before they are built. B. Transmission Lines Transmission Lines:- The Mathematical modeling and the study of the behaviors of transmission lines started in late 1850s. Different parameters of the transmission lines were studied thoroughly in different conditions and then the transmission lines were designed for the different uses. Some Of the transmission lines are mentioned below: Coaxial cable

Microstrip lines Strip line Twisted pair Star Squad Twin Lead Lecher Lines

Horn antennas, 1939. Interesting, the early antenna literature discussed waveguides as hollow metal pipes. Antenna Arrays, 1940s Parabolic Reectors, late 1940s, early 1950s? Just a guess. Patch Antennas, 1970s.

Single Wire Lines Wave Guides

VIII. T ESTBEDS AND FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR R ESEARCH Following instruments are needed to research in the RF and Microwave eld. vector network analyzer spectrum analyzer signal generator digital oscilloscope signal analyzer antenna pattern measurement facility. IX. S OME PAPERS WITH L ARGE I MPACT Some of the Papers with Large Impact are given as Follows Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena (Citations: 1283) J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, W. J. Stewart

In the past years microwave engineers had different issues using these transmission lines like reections occurred during the transmission,Return losses power loss due to phase change and others. This issue was solved by using different techniques like impedance matching ,using stub circuits and other advanced techniques. In the modern age research is being done in mathematical modeling of these transmission lines using the graphical and mathematical tools and the parameters of the circuits like S,Y,Z ABCD parameters. VII. I MPORTANT T ERMINOLOGIES Antenna : Any device which converts the electrical energy into Radio waves. Conversion Loss:The ratio in dB of the IF output of a mixer to the rf input power. Directivity : it is the direction of maximum radiation of the antenna. Gain:It is the ratio of the power output to the power input of the amplier in dB HPBW: it is the Half Power Beam Width where the power radiated by antenna remains Half of the total power Insertion Loss: it is the power loss as a signal enters an RF component. LNA : Low Noise Amplier. MIMO: Multi Input Multi Output Channel. Meta Materials: Materials With negative Permitivity and permeability. Microstrip Line: A type of Transmission line which is actually a layer of conductor with specied length and width on a substrate. Noise Floor: This is dened as the lowest possible input to a chain or a component, that will produce a detectable output Noise factor: its it is the ration of Available SNR at generator to the available SNR at output terminals of the device PIN Diode: A diode with an intrinsic region between P and N junction which behaves as variable resistor depending on biasing. polarization : The direction of E-eld vector of EM waves is called polarization of EM waves. resonator: A component which can naturally produce oscillations at some frequency. Return Loss : is dened a ratio of the incoming signal to the same reected signal as it enters a component. Scattering Parameters: Also known as S parameters dene the scattering properties of the network for a two port network S11 (Input Reection Coefcient ) S12 (Isolation) S21 (Forward Transfer Coefcient or Gain /Loss) S22 (Output Reection Coefcient) Transceiver: A device which can transmit and recieve the RF signal at a same time. UHF: Ultra High Frequency range i.e 300MHz - 3GHz

Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity (Citations: 1223) D. R. Smith, Willie J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. NematNasser, S. Schultz Negative index meta-materials based on two-dimensional metallic structures (Citations: 16) Gennady Shvets, Yaroslav A. Urzhumov Large suspended inductors on silicon and their use in a 2-m CMOS RF amplier (Citations: 282) J. Y.-C. Chang, A. A. Abidi, M. Gaitan Large suspended inductors on silicon and their use in a 2-m CMOS RF amplier (Citations: 282) J. Y.-C. Chang, A. A. Abidi, M. Gaitan Measurement technique for characterizing memory effects in RF power ampliers (Citations: 159) Joel H. K. Vuolevi, Timo Rahkonen, Jani P. A. Manninen A theoretical analysis and experimental conrmation of the optimally loaded and overdriven RF power amplier (Citations: 78) D. M. Snider An IC for linearizing RF power ampliers using envelope elimination and restoration (Citations: 109) David K. Su, William J. McFarland Solid state radio engineering (Citations: 238) Herbert L. Krauss, Charles W. Bostian, Frederichk H. Raab Single-Sideband Transmission by Envelope Elimination and Restoration (Citations: 206) Leonard Kahn Linear Amplication (Citations: 211) with Nonlinear Components

D. Cox

Rajendra Prosad Chowdhury

Ghosh,

Bhaskar

Gupta,

S.

K.

High-efciency single-sideband HF/VHF transmitter based upon envelope elimination and restoration (Citations: 32) F. H. Raab, D. J. Rupp Demonstration of inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle microstrip lines on alumina for RF power modules Vittorio Camarchia, Alessandro Chiolerio, Marco Cotto, Jie Fang, Giovanni Ghione, Paolo Pandol, Marco Pirola, Roberto Quaglia, Chiara Ramella An improved broadband transition in LTCC H. Peng, Y. Liu, T. Yang waveguide-to-microstrip

An Auxiliary Differential Equation Method for FDTD Modeling of Wave Propagation in Cole-Cole Dispersive Media Ioannis T. Rekanos, Theseus G. Papadopoulos Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs detection using UWB radars Marco Baldi, Franco Chiaraluce, Blerina Zanaj, Matteo Moretti Target detection in the near eld with focused pulsed electromagnetic radiation Chandra Bajracharya, Shu Xiao Jiang Li, Karl H. Schoenbach

A broad-band LTCC integrated transition of laminated waveguide to air-lled waveguide for millimeter-wave applications (Citations: 21) Yong Huang, Ke-Li Wu A Cavity-Backed Aperture-Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Sum/Difference Beams C. Hua, X. Wu, W. Wu An ultra-wideband microstrip-to-slotline transition J.-L. Li, W. Shao, X.-S. Yang Subwavelength Array of Planar Monopoles With Complementary Split Rings Based on Far-Field Time Reversal Guang-Ding Ge, Bing-Zhong Wang, Duo Wang, Deshuang Zhao, Shuai Ding Electromagnetic Target Detection in Uncertain Media: Time-Reversal and Minimum-Variance Algorithms (Citations: 23) Dehong Liu, Jeffrey Krolik, Lawrence Carin FDTD-based time reversal for microwave breast cancer Detection-localization in three dimensions (Citations: 25) Panagiotis Kosmas, Carey M. Rappaport Characterization of space-time focusing in time-reversed random elds (Citations: 46) Claude Oestges, Arnold D. Kim, George Papanicolaou, Arogyaswami J. Paulraj Milestones of microwaves Harold Sobol, Kiyo Tomiyasu Wireless telemetry for electronic pill technology Mehmet R. Yuce, Tharaka Dissanayake, Ho Chee Keong Broadband printed dipole antennas with shaped ground plane

A. Reason The Reason for selecting these papers is either the number of citations of the paper is high in the specic eld or the reputation of the journals/conferences in which these papers are published. the authors of thepapers also count to have great impact on the papers citations.

X. S OME I MPORTANT R ESEARCH PROBLEMS IN PAST FEW

YEARS

Following are some of the Research problems on which researcher in Rf and Microwave domain are working are mostly related to. UHF wide band Antennas in medical imaging Frequency Selective Antennas Highly efcient Printed Antennas Design of Meta material antennas Split ring resonators designs Highly efcient RF power amplier Reducing the Reection coefcient of microstrip lines Increasing the gain of the RF ampliers using GaN ,GaAs transistors Highly Linear Low noise ampliers in RF. Coupled microstrip line with innite ground planes Dual link MIMO channel measurement Frequency tuning of small antennas Non resonant coupling elements XI. KEY SOURCES

www.ieeexplore.ieee.org dl.acm.org www.scholar.google.com www.google.com www.wikipedia.org http://academic.research.microsoft.com