Running head: REVIEW OF RESEARCH

Nursing 350 Review of Research Sara J Staffen Ferris State University

REVIEW OF RESEARCH

Abstract This paper explores the importance of finding credible, factual sources pertaining to nursing research. The goal of nursing research is to find multiple case studies and evidence that proves a nursing intervention should be implemented. In order for an article or journal to be classified as reliable nursing research it much be written by nurses, peer-reviewed by nurses, published by a nursing source, or pertain to topics of nursing. Evidence based practice is proven through nursing research and is paramount in providing the best possible care to improve the health of all patients. Two articles are reviewed, one that is classified as nursing research and one that is not. In comparing the two types of articles and determining their credibility, a conclusion was reached that an article or journal that is truly nursing research makes a much more reliable source that is more pertinent to being used in a clinical setting. Keywords: nursing research, credibility, evidence-based practice (EBP), patient safety & quality

REVIEW OF RESEARCH

Nursing 350 Review of Research Introduction The purpose of this assignment is to re-evaluate references used to guide practice decisions, using knowledge gained from the first few weeks of class. (Singleterry, 2014, p. 8). I will try to meet course outcomes and expand my previous knowledge base of evidence based practice while exploring the meaning of nursing research. I will also strive to improve my APA formatting ability, as I have struggled with it in the past. Credibility A scholarly source is typically written by a professional in their field of work, it should be a peer-reviewed article, published in a recognized scholarly journal or by a reputable university. Ray (2014) states there are two main points to consider when determining if a source is reliable and scholarly. Number one: is the author of the article a scholar? Look up their credentials, if they have earned a graduate degree in the field they are writing about, they are considered a scholar. Is the journal peer-reviewed? Meaning the original content is edited and validated by other experts in the field of topic. Number two: is the article sponsored by a scholarly organization? Credible sources are preferably retrieved from a scholarly journal or university affiliation. With an infinite amount of information now available on the internet, it can be difficult to distinguish what sources are considered credible scholarly information with valid data to back them up. Yin (2001) suggested that there should be more reliable quality control involved to improve the research, evaluation, verification process, and citations of online libraries and journals collections. Yin also indicated that writers have the responsibility to contribute high quality work, but it is still the duty of the researcher to verify the validity of a credible source, by

REVIEW OF RESEARCH determining if an article comes from an established journal or at least one of the authors has a reputation for solid, peer-reviewed work. Nursing research according to Henley (2014) is an interdisciplinary effort involving

nurses, doctors, scientists, researchers, publishers, and editors that aims to improve care, alleviate suffering, advance well-being, and put evidence based best medicine into practice. Henley also states that nursing research should critically review the current practices and evaluate their outcomes and possible improvements. Nursing research priorities should relate especially to advancements in disease prevention and treatment, symptom management, and nursing implementations to improve care. The American Nurses Associations (ANA) mission in nursing is to advance our profession to improve health for all. (2011) In order to fulfill this mission, nursing research is at the forefront to implement evidence based best medicine into clinical practice. Nursing research is paramount in meeting this goal and closing gaps where there is a lack of knowledge or efficacy. The ANA is searching for quality outcomes that improve patient health. In order for a nursing intervention to be introduced as best practice, there needs to be ample evidence before it can be safely instituted because of the potential to affect patients. Therefore, higher levels of proof and factual data are necessary to change evidence based practice. Nurses should find the highest level of evidence available when researching anything that could affect the health or comfort of a patient. (American Nurses Association, 2011)

Article One The first research source reviewed, Evolving View of the In-Vivo Kinetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells, was written by Nicholas Chiorazzi and Manlio Ferrarini and published by the Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program (2006).

REVIEW OF RESEARCH Chiorazzi is a Medical Doctor at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Ferrarini at the Division of Medical Oncology C in Italy. This article would normally be classified as level seven evidence, background information and expert opinions, according to EBM Pyramid and EBM Page Generator (2006) because it reviews the literature on the topic, much like a research

paper when pertinent articles are researched and an overview is provided. However, after reading this article, it appears that the experts did a review, and synthesized the evidence. Therefore making it a higher level of evidence, along the lines of a critically appraised topic (Evidence Syntheses), so I think the article is actually level two evidence. According to The Hematology American Society website (2012), The Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program is a reputable journal published annually and reviewed by four expert Doctors in the fields of hematology and research. The website did not specify if it was peer-reviewed, however it did credit editors that are experts in the field of Hematology. There was no impact factor listed. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were the population studied and the clinical significance comes from the concept that was discovered, dividing leukemia cells could be the prime target treated to limit the dangerous evolution of cancer cells. (Chiorazzi & Ferrarini, 2006). However, there was not a relevant discovery that was significant specifically to nursing. Evolving View of the In-Vivo Kinetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells (2006) is not a nursing research article. The article was written by Doctors, not nurses and neither the article nor the journal it was published in was edited by nurses and the topic does not pertain to nursing clinical research. Article Two The second research source reviewed was called The Effect of Neutropenic Diet in the Outpatient Setting: A Pilot Study. This article written by DeMille, D., Deming, P., Lupinacci,

REVIEW OF RESEARCH P., et al. and published by the Oncology Nursing Forum (2006). This article would be classified as level four, randomized control trial, because it is a clinical trial that provides evidence based clinical guidance that is peer-reviewed. According to DeMille, D., Deming, P., Lupinacci, P., et

al. (2006) the population studied was 28 patients aged 33-67 years beginning treatment with one of thirteen chemotherapy regimens. Nursing significance of this study indicates that no clear evidence exists that proves adherence to a neutropenic diet changes the overall rate of infection or cases of reported neutropenia. This study was conducted and the article was written by nurses, published by a professional nursing journal, and pertains to a topic significant to nursing clinical research, therefore it is a nursing research article. The Oncology Nursing Forum is a nursing journal that is published bi-monthly by the Oncology Nursing Society. The journal is edited by Anne Katz, RN, PhD and peer-reviewed six to eight weeks with a 52% acceptance rate upon review, and has an impact factor of 2.39. (Oncology Nursing Society, 2013) Significance to Nursing Comparing the two articles it is apparent that one of them was written by nurses with a focus on nursing and the other was not. The comparison exemplifies the importance of utilizing sources distinct to nursing. Article two included implications for nursing right in the text and the conclusion discussed the clinical significance of nurses providing education for their patients. It was easy to read and I was able to navigate to sections of the article that were pertinent to my research. Article one was not nursing research and it was above and beyond the scope of practice for nursing. I could not find information that helped guide clinical decisions pertaining to nursing.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH In order for research to be a valuable contribution to nursing it must improve safety, reliability, quality of care, cost containment, and efficiency according to the American Nurses Association. (2011) Nursing interventions should be aimed at improving patient outcomes and

reducing health disparities world-wide. Research allows nurses the opportunity to analyze quality data to improve patient care. The American Nurses Association (2011) strives to define and improve safety standards in nursing through quality measures, nursing research, and collaborative learning to improve patient outcomes. The Institute of Medicine defines patient safety as the prevention of harm to patients. Patient safety should emphasize prevention of errors and learning from errors that do occur and serve as the basis of high-quality nursing care. (Mitchell & Soule, 2008) Similarly, The Institute of Medicine considers patient safety indistinguishable from the delivery of quality health care. (Mitchell & Soule, 2008) Nursing research aims to consistently improve quality nursing care, ensure safety, and promote positive patient outcomes. As Rycroft-Malone (2012) points out, nursing research often leads to more questions and perplexities than it does direct answers. However it can be a revolving door that leads the way for further research in different areas of nursing which is beneficial to improving clinical practice and patient care. It is important to explore quality sources and research that has been implemented in a real-world clinical setting because of the range of complex complications and safety issues that could arise when working with real patients. Rycroft-Malone goes on to say that after a number of quality research projects were conducted in clinical practice, they failed at the front line of care. (2012) Those experiences of clinical failure also offer opportunities to overcome the unforeseen challenges of working with real patients that depend on nursing care.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH Conclusion In reviewing and comparing these two articles, the importance of nursing clinical research is really reinforced. It should be focused on improving nursing care and patient outcomes by striving to find the most current evidence and data to support nursing practice. Evidenced based practice (EBP) is the main reason for conducting nursing research and it implies that nurses use the most up-to-date clinical research to make clinical judgments.

Knowledge of EBP is generated through nursing research that is conducted, reviewed, published, and peer reviewed by nurses. Nursing research is ever changing the face of clinical practice through discovery of effective solutions for complex healthcare issues.

REVIEW OF RESEARCH References

American Nurses Association. (2011, April 20). American Nurses Association Research Agenda. Retrieved from http://nursingworld.org/ *Chiorazzi, N. & Ferrarini, M. (2006). Evolving view of the in-vivo kinetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program, 2006, 273-278. **DeMille, D., Deming, P., Lupinacci, P., et al. (2006). The Effect of Neutropenic Diet in the Outpatient Setting: A Pilot Study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32(2), 337-343. Henly, S. J. (2014). Advancing Science and Improving Patient Care, Journal of the Eastern Nursing Research Society and the Western Institute of Nursing, (63)1, 1-72. Mitchell, P. H., & Soule, E. S. (2008) Patient Safety and Quality. An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Oncology Nursing Society. (2013). About ONF. Retrieved from: https://www.ons.org/practiceresources/onf/about-onf Ray, D. (2014). How to Identify Scholarly Sources. Retrieved from http://www.millsaps.edu/academics/heritage_how_to_indentify_scholarly_sources.php Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012). Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in the Reality of Clinical Practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9(1), 1. Singleterry, L. (2014). NURS 350 Research in Nursing [Syllabus]. p. 8. The Hematology American Society. (2012). Hematology. Retrieved from: http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/ Trustees of Dartmouth College and Yale University. (2006). [EBM Pyramid and EBM Page Generator.] Retrieved from: http://ferris.libguides.com/content.php?pid=473695

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Yin, Z. (2001). Scholarly Use of Internet-Based Electronic Resources. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 52(8), 628.