ALKANE A saturated hydrocarbon with general formula: Each carbon atoms undergoes sp3 hybridisation during bonding.

Nomenclature CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3 CHCH CH2 C CH3 CH2 CH3

CH2 CH2 CH3

hysical roperties Al!anes with C" and C# are gases at room temperature.

$easoning: %he melting and boiling points of al!anes &&&&&&&&&&&& as the number carbon atoms increase.

$easoning: 'or any one set of branched chain isomers( the boiling point decreases as the branching increase.

$easoning: %he more highly branched molecules are more nearly spherical in shape) the surface area of contact is smaller. %herefore they cannot be pac!ed together so closely resulting in a decrease in strength of the intermolecular *.+., force. All al!anes do not dissol-e in water.

$easoning) All al!anes are practically less dense than water( the li.uid and solid al!anes float on the surface of water.

/". ,hich of the following al!anes is a solid at temperature 20123 A. CH34CH25"6CH3 7. CH34CH256CH3 C. 4CH352CHCH2CH4CH352 +. 4CH352CH4CH25#CH3

/2. ,hich of the following compounds has the highest boiling point3 A. CH3 CH2C4CH35

C. CH3 CH2CH4CH35 CH2 CH3

7. CH3 CH2 4CH35 CH2CH2CH3 +. CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 CH2CH3

/3. ,hich of the following properties of al!ane decreases in numerical -alue when the number of carbon atoms in the homologue series increases3 1

A. density

7. enthalpy of -apourisation

C. number of isomer

+. -apour pressure

Natural source of al!anes:

1. Fractional distillation of crude oil

Alkanes CH# C#H"8 C9H"2 C"8H22 C"8H"2 C"6H3# C"2H26 C29H92 C"0H#8 C#8H12

Class $efinery gas :asoline 2erosene +iesel oil <ubricant $esidue

Uses 'uel 4coo!ing gas5 and as a feedstoc! for petrochemicals etrol for transport and as a feedstoc! for petrochemical 'uel for ;et( for crac!ing into petrol 'uel for transport( for crac!ing into petrol <ubricating oil( cosmetics creams(candles olishing wa=( bitumen on road

2. Cracking Crac!ing is a process in which large al!ane molecule is bro!en up into smaller al!ane molecules in the absence of o=ygen. +uring the process of crac!ing small akane and alkene (unsaturated hydrocarbon ) molecules are produced. Thermal cracking (using heat alone 1000oC) This process proceeds via carbonium ion mechanism. Catalytic cracking (using catalyst and heat 400oC) Catalyst: a mixture o silica and aluminium (!eolite) This process proceeds via free radical mechanism" %he molecules in the residue can be crac!ed. %he catalytic crac!ing only wor!s on the distillate 4li.uid that has been distillate5. %he ad-antages of thermal crac!ing 2

crac!ing

eg:

C1H"1

eg: C"8 H22

Laboratory synthesis of alkanes 1. From alkenes by catalytic hydrogenation $2 C C %i& 1'0 C %i CH3CH > CH2 ? H2 1'0 oC eg " : CH3CH > CHCH > CH2 eg 2: CH3CH2CH3 ( a balanced e"uation)
o

CC H H

(sho!ing the reaction)

note: 1 mole of double bond re"uired 1 mole of #2 for com$lete hydrogenation. 2. %ecarbo&ylation Carbo=ylic acids and salts of carbo=ylic acids can be decarbo=ylated by heating !ith soda lime. @ $ C @H heat or @ soda lime $H heat soda lime $H

$ C @Na

eg":

CH3C@@H

eg2:

2A methylbutanoic acid

eg3:

sodium benBoate

eg#:

potassium propanoate

note : After decarbo=ylation( the product has one carbon atom less than the initial reactant.

Chemical 'ro$erties #

%he al!anes are not reacti-e towards the polar reagents. %he C H bond is only slightly polar because of the small difference in electronegati-ity -alues between carbon atom and hydrogen atom. %herefore( the al!anes molecules ha-e no distinguished electrical charge resulting in not able to attract charged species li!e H?( @HA amd Cn@#A Al!anes react with reagents which are nonApolar li!e @2 and halogen 1. Combustion. 4a5 Complete combustion:

4b5 Dncomplete combustion:

2. #alogenation $H ? Cl2

uv $Cl ? HCl 4 free radical substitution5

@bser-ation: white fumes 4HCl5 e-ol-ed. Cechanism:

note : the stability of free radical (o > free radical 2o > free radical 1o etrol and the @ctane number Hydrocarbon C9 E C"2 are the ma;or components in petrol Each hydrocarbon components in petrol is used as fuel to mo-e the engines. 'uel which can undergo smooth combustion is said to be efficient fuel. 'uel which cannot undergo smooth combustion will gi-e knocking to the engine. 2noc!ing will lead to a loss of power( inefficiency use in fuel and an increase in wear. )ctane number is a measure of the petrol grade. @ctane number -aries in the range from 8 to "88. Higher the octane number( higher is the .uality of the petrol. 4

2(2(#Atrimethylpentane resembles the best fuel4 although now there are some other better still with octane number more "88 5( gi-es the least !noc!ing to the engines and is graded with octane number of "88. Dn the other hand( heptanes is graded with octane number of 8 which is considered as a bad fuel. 7ranched E chain al!anes burn more smoothly in engine than straightAchain al!anes( therefore they are graded with higher octane number. @ctane number of a petrol can be upgraded by i5 ii5 iii5 adding small amount of antiA!noc!ing agen such as tetraethylllead or tetramethyllead. adding more branchedAchain hydrocarbons adding of aromatic hydrocarbons( such as benBene.

%he leaded petrol will cause deposition of lead o=ide in the cylinder wall after combustion( therefore small amount of "(2A dibromoethane is added to the leaded petrol so that to con-ert the lead compounds to the -olatile lead bromide( which are swept out of the engine as the e=haust gases. Howe-er the use of lead in petrol to raise octane number is now being phased out in most countries for two reasons both related to the pollution of en-ironment by lead discharged through e=hausts.. D5 DD5 lead is poison that accumulated in the bodies of human and other animals. e=haust lead inhibits the action of catalysts in catalytic con-erters. 4catalyst poison5.

@ctane number of unleaded petrol is raised by adding more branchedAchain hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons( which is !nown to be carcinogenics.

%he effect of hydrocarbons on the en-ironment %he pollution caused by the -ehicle emissions and the solution to the -ehicle pollution seem to be the hot topics of discussion for scientist. the ma;or e=haust gases from -ehicles are nitrogen 4 air consists of F1G of nitrogen 5 carbon dio=ide 4 gi-es the green house effect that causes the global warming 5 Carbon mono=ide4 a poisonous gas 5 unburnt hydrocarbons 4 carcinogen 5 o=ides of nitrogen such as N@ and N@2 4 poisonous gases( cause the acid rain and photochemical smog 5 Catalytic con-erters Catalysts can be used to reduced e=haust emissions. A mi=ture of latinum and $hodium in catalytic con-erter is used to catalyse the reactions of the e=haust gases to remo-e pollutants. Catalytic '

con-erter catalyses the o=idation of the poisonous carbon mono=ide to carbon dio=ide and water. Dt also catalyses the reaction of a=ides of nitrogen to nitrogen and o=ygen.