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Concept 1: Categorization of numbers

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Concept 2: Recurring decimals as rational numbers

Real

Imaginary

Let Irrational

x = 0.77777 (1)

then 10x = 7.77777 (2) Rational Subtracting (1) from (2) 9x = 7 So x = = 0.7777. Similarly 0.7272727272 =

Non-recurring/non-terminating

Natural numbers

Whole numbers

Integers

Fractions

Prime

Composite Proper Improper Mixed Vulgar

Concept 3: Prime & Composite numbers A prime number is a number that is divisible by 1 and itself only. Eg.2, 7, 17, 101 etc. (Please note 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number) (The only even prime number is 2)

Decimal

Definitions: Imaginary number: square root of any negative number Eg. - 4 = i24 = i2 (where i2 = -1)

A composite number is one, which is a product of one or more primes. Eg.6, 9, 42 etc.

Concept 4: Factorials Real Number: Any number that can be marked on the number line. Rational Number: Any number that can be written in the form of p/q where q 0. Irrational number: defined as non-recurring and non-terminating eg. Root of any prime number Natural number N: N 1, 2, 3 Concept 5: The number line Whole numbers W: W 0, 1, 2, 3.. Integers I :I --3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. Proper fraction: , Improper fraction: , Mixed fraction: 1 , -3 (denominator > numerator) (numerator > denominator) (combination of integer and a proper fraction) A number line is a line with 0 at the center and numbered from 1 to at equal intervals towards the right of 0 and from -1 to - towards the left of 0. - -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Represented as n! = n.(n-1).(n-2).(n-3)3.2.1 Eg. 6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1 = 720 and 0! = 1 Factorials play an important role in permutation & combination.

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Concept 6: Absolute value Absolute value describes the distance of a number on the number line from 0 without considering which direction from zero the number lies. The absolute value of a number is never negative. It is called absolute or mod value. Mod x or absolute value of x is denoted as IxI Eg. IxI = 5. Means x = 5 IxI > 5 means -5 > x > 5 IxI < 5 means -5 < x < 5 Q: If I2x-7I = 5. Find x

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Concept 7: Brackets in interval notation x (5,) means x lies between 5 and not including 5 or x [5,) means x lies between 5 and including 5 but not including x (-, 4] U [8, 14] means lies between - to 5 not including - but including 5 and between 8 to 14 including both Concept 8: Prime factors of a number The prime factors of a positive integer are the prime numbers that divide that integer exactly, without leaving a remainder. Eg. 84 can be divided by the prime numbers 2, 3 and 7. So the prime factors of 84 are 2,3 and 7. Q: What are the prime factors of 3465.

DIVISIBILITY TESTS Divisibility Tests

Example Concept 9: Factors of a number If N = am x bn, where a & b are prime factors Then the number of factors of N = (m+1).(n+1) Eg. 84 = 22 x 3 x 7 No. of factors of 84 = (2+1)(1+1)(1+1) = 12 (Perfect squares have odd number of factors. The reverse is also true. If an integer has odd number of factors then the integer is a perfect square Q: Find the number of odd factors of 6300 HCF & LCM Concept 10: HCF of numbers (HCF of a set of integers must be the smallest number of the set) The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest number that is a factor of all of the given numbers. HCF is also known as GCD Greatest Common Denominator Eg. The HCF of 40, 48 and 56 40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 56 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 The common factors for all 3 numbers are 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 Alternately: Find the HCF of (48-40) and (56-48)

A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 168 is divisible by 2 since the last digit is 6 or 8. 8. A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is 168 is divisible by 3 since the sum of the divisible by 3. digits is 1+6+8=15, and 15 is divisible by 3. A number is divisible by 4 if the last 2 digits of the number are divisible by 4. 316 is divisible by 4 since 16 is divisible by 4.

A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is either 0 195 is divisible by 5 since the last digit is or 5. 5. A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 AND 168 is divisible by 6 since it is divisible it is divisible by 3. by 2 AND it is divisible by 3. A number is divisible by 7 if the number obtained 182 is divisible by 7 since 18 + 5x2 = 28 by adding5 times the number of units to the tens is is divisible by 7. divisible by 7 A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8. 7,120 is divisible by 8 since 120 is divisible by 8.

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is 549 is divisible by 9 since the sum of the divisible by 9. digits is 5+4+9=18, and 18 is divisible by 9. A number is divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0. 1,470 is divisible by 10 since last digit is 0.

A number is divisible by 11 if the difference 1738 is divisible by 11 since (7+8) between the sum of the digits in the odd place and (1+3) = 11 is divisible by 11. the sum of the digits in the even place = 0 or a multiple of 11

Q:Find the HCF of 48, 84 and 132

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Q:The maximum number of children amongst whom 1001 pens and 910 pencils can be distributed such that each student gets the same number of pens and the same number of pencils? The LCM of fractions = Eg. Concept 11: LCM of numbers (LCM of a set of integers must be the largest number of the set) The least common multiple (LCM of two or more integers, is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by all the relevant integers Eg. The LCM of 40, 48 and 56 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 56 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 80 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 LCM = Product of (Prime factors common to three xPrime factors common to two x Remaining prime factors LCM = (2 2 2) (2) (3 5 7) COMPARISONS BETWEEN NUMBERS a> b then, a + c > b + c and a c > b c a> b and c > 0 then, ac>bc and a/c > b/c if a, b 0 and n > 0 an>bn and 1/an< 1/bn Concept 12: Relation between HCF &LCM of two numbersa & b. Product of a and b = HCF(a,b) x LCM(a,b) Ix yI = Iy xI Ix.yI = IxI. IyI Concept 13: HCF of Fractions The HCF of fractions = Eg. Find HCF of and . INDICES & SURDS Concept 15: Rules of Indices So HCF of and =

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Find LCM of

and

LCM of 126 and 90 = 630 and HCF of 15 and 25 = 5 So LCM of and is = 126

Ix + yI IxI + IyI Ix + yI IxI - IyI

HCF of 126 and 102 = 6 and LCM of 15 and 25 = 75

am bm = (a.b)m am an = a(m+n) am an = a(m-n) (am)n = amn am (am)n = 28whereas (22)3 = 26

Eg.

Concept 16: Surds Concept 14: LCM of Fractions A surd is an irrational number. All square roots of prime numbers are surds.

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2 is a surd. 2 = 21/2 Cube root of 4 is written as = 4 a .b = (ab)
1/3

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Units digit of n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Units digit of n, n2, n3, n4, n5, . 1,1,1 2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, . 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 4, 6, 4, 6, .. 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, .. 7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, .. 9, 1, 9, 1, .. 0, 0, 0 Cycle 1 4 4 2 1 1 4 4 2 1

Eg. 2 13 = 26

Complex surd combination of a rational and irrational term Eg. 7 + 32 Conjugate of a surd Eg. If 7 + 32 is a surd, its conjugate is 7 - 32

Concept 17: Rationalization of Surds If a surd is of the form

the concept of rationalization is to make the

denominator a rational number. So the numerator and the denominator are multiplied by the conjugate of the denominator. Eg. = = = = =

{(a+b)(a-b) = a2 b2}

Eg. Find the units digit of 37254 The unit digit is 7 and the cycle for 7 is 4 So 254 = 463 + 2 i.e. 254 is 63 complete cycles and the 2nd part of the 64th cycle The unit digit of the 2nd part of a cycle for n = 7 is 9 So unit digit of 37254 is 9

Concept 21: Rule of cyclicity for Remainders Eg. Find the remainder when 4326 7 41/7 R = 4, 44/7 R = 4, Cycle for 4n/7 is 3 326 = 3108 + 2 i.e 326 = 108 complete cycles and the 2nd part of the 109th cycle So the remainder when 4326 7 is 2 42/7 R = 2, 45/7 R = 2, 43/7 R = 1 46/7 R = 1

Q: Rationalize

Concept 18: Square root of quadratic surds A quadratic surd is of the form (a + b) = a + b + 2ab Eg. (2 + 3)2 = 2 + 3 + 223 = 5 + 26 Conversely if a surd is of the form a + b + 2ab, then its sq. root is a + b. Eg. 7 + 43 = 7 + 2(4.3) = (7 + 212) = 4 + 3 = 2 + 3 Similarly (7 - 43) = 2 -3 Q: Find the square root of 8 - 60
2

Concept 19: Rule of Cyclicity for units digit

PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS

The units digit of successive powers of n follow a cycle

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Concept 22: The product of n consecutive integers is divisible by n! an bn is divisible by a + b for n even an + bn is divisible by a + b for n odd Concept 23: n n is always divisible by p (where n is a whole number and p is a prime) Q: Whats the remainder when 1511 is divided by 11?
p

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an + bn is not divisible a - b for any n

REMAINDER THEOREM & REMAINDERS Concept 24: Odd + Odd = Even Odd + Even = Odd Even + Even = Even If a function of x f(x) is divided by x-a then the remainder R is a function of a i.e. R = f(a) Eg.x3 3x2 + 7x -8 is divided by x-2 Then R = f(a) = 23 3(2)2 + 7.2 8 = 2 Also if R = 0 then x-2 is a factor of f(x) (If the sum of the coefficients of the function = 0 then x-1 is a factor) (If the sum of the odd powers of x = sum of even powers of x, then x+1 is a factor) Eg. If 222 x 224 x 226 is divided by 13 what is the remainder. When 222 is divided by 13 the remainder is 1 When 224 is divided by 13 the remainder is 3 When 226 is divided by 13 the remainder is 5 So the problem can be treated as 1 x 3 x 5 13 = 15 13 Remainder = 2 Eg. If 225 + 227 + 229 is divided by 13 what is the remainder. When 225 is divided by 13 the remainder is 4 Concept 27: a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2- ab bc - ca) So a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc if a + b + c = 0 When 227 is divided by 13 the remainder is 6 When 229 is divided by 13 the remainder is 8 So the problem can be treated as (4 +6 +8) 13 = 18 13 Remainder = 5

Concept 25:

Odd x Odd = Odd Odd x Even = Even Even x Even = Even

ALGEBRAIC RELATIONSHIPS Concept 26: Some common formulae Q: (a + b)(a - b) = a2 b2 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a - b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 (a + b)3 = a3 +3ab(a + b) + b3 (a - b)3 = a3 3ab(a - b) b3 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) What is the value of 182 + 172 162 - 152

Concept 28: Divisibility an bn is divisible by a - b for all n

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BINOMIAL THEOREM (a + b) = C0.a + C1 .a .b + C2 a
n n n n n-1 1 n . n-2

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Concept 30: Other number bases The base number is always written as a subscript either as 5648 or (564)8. A base of n has digits 0 to n-1 i.e an octal system has digits 0 to 7. Base is 12, digits are 0, 1, 29, A, B (A denotes 10 and B denotes 11)

.b +. Cn-1.a .b

n-1

+ Cn.a .b

Also an bn = (a b)(an-1.b0 +an-2.b1 + an-3.b2+ .a1.bn-2 + a0.bn-1) Eg. What is the 40th term of (2x+y)42 40th term = 42C39.(2x)3.y39 40th term = 11,480.23.x3..y39 40th term = 91840 x3.y39 Eg. What is the remainder when 1717 is 6 1717 = (18-1)17 Expanding 1817 + 17C1.1816.(-1)1+ 17C21815.(-1)2 +.17C16.181.(-1)16 + (-1)17 Now, all the terms except the last term is divisible by 6, so the remainder is (-1)17 = -1 hence positive remainder = 6 1 = 5

Concept 31: Conversion from decimal to other bases A number in the decimal system can also be obtained by arranging the remainders obtained by successive division of the number by 10 as below: 10 10 10 372 37 3 0 R 2 7 3 = 372

(372)10 is converted to another system (say, octal 8) in the same manner 8 8 372 46 5 0 R 4 6 5 = (564) 8 = (372)10 (Note: As the base decreases the number value increases)

NUMBER BASED SYSTEMS Decimal system: The decimal system has 10 as a base The decimal system has 10 digits i.e. digits 0 to 9

8 8

Concept 32: Addition and subtraction in other bases When 2 or more digits are added, what is in excess of base/multiples of base is written and the base/multiples of base carried to the next higher place. Eg. (4 7 6)8 + (5 7 7)8 (1 2 7 5)8 Units, Tens, Hundreds, 6 + 7 = 13, excess of base is 13 - 8 =5 write 5 carry 1 1+7+7=15 excess of base 158=7 write 7 carry 1 1+4+5=10 excess of base 10-8=2 write 2 carry 1

Concept 29: Mathematical notation of a number A number xyz in a decimal system denotes x.102 + y.101 + z.100 xyz = 100x + 10y + z Eg. 372 = 3.102 + 7.101 + 2.100 = 300 + 70 + 2 All number based systems follow the same notation. (256)8 denotes the number 256 to the base 8 and (256)8 = 2.82 +5.81 + 6.80 = 128 + 40 + 6 = (174)10

Thousands, 1 write 1. Concept 33: Multiplication When two numbers are multiplied what is in excess of base/multiples of base is written and the base/multiples of base carried to the next higher place.

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Eg. (4 7) 8 (5 7) 8 421 173 ( 2 3 5 1) 8

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Concept 34: Decimal to Binary conversion Binary system (Base 2) Digits 0 and 1 Conversion from decimal to binary Methodology Eg. Find 237 to base 2, 4 and 8 Find the nearest power of 2 larger than the number 28 = 256 28 1 in binary = 11111111 ( eight 1s) = 255 To obtain 237, subtract 255-237 = 18 from the above i.e 16+2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 111 0 1 1 0 1 = 23710

From base 2 to base 4, take digits 2 at a time (11)(10)(11)(01) = 32214

From base 2 to 8, take digits 3 at a time (11)(101)(101) = 355 8