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Directional relay responds to the flow of power in a definite direction or the flow of current in a particular direction. They can be directional power relays, directional over-current relays or directional earth relays. In these relays, the induction type hatthour construction can be modified to sense the direction. This can be done by using two actuating coils called current coil and voltage coil as shown in figure. 19
hen fault takes place, the fault current flows in the current coil and produces a flu! in the upper magnet "I# and the voltage coil produces a flu! in the lower v . The two flu!es produce a tor$ue % &'I sin " ( # here is the angle between ' ) I " leading # is the angle between ' ) v " lagging # o when % * then " ( # % +, and the tor$ue becomes ma!imum . hen ( % , or *-,o , the tor$ue % zero. hen ( between *-,o and ./,o, the relay will restrain .
2. O er Current Protection
0ver current protection is that protection which the relay picks up when the magnitude of the current e!ceeds the pickup level. 0ver current protection includes the protection from overloads, which means that e$uipment takes more current than its rated current. This is usually protected by thermal relays. 0verload and ma!imum permissible temperature rise have limits based on insulation class. hen e!cessive current flows in a circuit, it is necessary to trip the circuit breaker protecting that circuit. This type of protection is usually provided by either time-delay or instantaneous overcurrent relays. The instantaneous relay, although inherently fast, re$uires a short time to operate, whereas time-delay relays have intentional time delay built into them to provide coordination with other overcurrent relays for selectivity. The selectivity is obtained by ad1ustment of current setting "sensitivity# and time, using the most applicable of several time-characteristics. The relay time characteristics differ by the rate at which the time of operation of the relay decreases as the current increases. The time characteristics for each family of overcurrent relay consist of inverse, very inverse, e!tremely inverse, definite time, short time, and long time. The application of overcurrent relay is generally more difficult and less permanent than that of other types of relaying. This is because the operation of overcurrent relays is affected by variations of short-circuit current magnitudes. These magnitude variations in short-circuit current are caused by changes in system operation and system configuration. 2hort circuit protection is provided using fuses or circuit breakers fitted with or tripped by over current relays or series connected trip coils operating switching devices. 0vercurrent protection is the most basic form of short circuit protection, but in many parts of the system it is not ade$uate to provide the level of protection "dependability, security, selectivity, etc.# that is demanded of the modern electric power system protective relaying system. 3evertheless, in some areas it still finds application, especially on radial feeders that serve only loads, on small and medium sizes of motors, and on certain transformer primaries. 4ach of these, and other, applications will be covered in detail later, but we will find it helpful to review the fundamental basis for overcurrent relays now. 5esides introducing an important topic, it will allow some more concrete e!amples of the philosophical issues previously discussed. Instantaneous overcurrent relays
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To protect against very severe short circuits, such as a bolted three-phase short circuit close to the source end of a line, the overcurrent relay may be used to instantaneously trip the circuit breaker. 6ere instantaneous means with no intentional time delay. 0bviously, this is an e!ample of a pure magnitude type relay, which lacks fle!ibility to protect against low-level short-circuit currents, such as a line-to-line short circuit at the far end of a long line. 6owever, the most damaging faults may be detected much more $uickly by instantaneous overcurrent than any other type of relay. 7onse$uently, this relay is often used with relatively high settings to detect very severe faults, in con1unction with other types of relays to detect the other faults.
Time-overcurrent current relays
8 more or less obvious improvement is to introduce time as a variable, producing the timeovercurrent relay. This device will trip its breaker if a short-circuit current e!ists for a certain time, but not if the same current e!ists for a shorter time. This allows much more fle!ibility in coordination between ad1acent relays on a line, or between line and transformer protection. The over current protection should not operate for starting current, permissible over current or current surges. To achieve this, the time delay is provided or high-set instantaneous relay is used. 0ver current protection should be coordinated with neighboring over current protections for discrimination. 0ver current protection is used for motors and transformers. 9or small motors, thermal relays and 6:7 fuses are employed. Thermal relays are used for overload and 6:7 fuses for short circuits. 9or large motors "larger than *;,, 6<# relays are used. 8lso, for transformers less than =,, &'8, fuses are usually used. 9or large transformers, differential relays or 0.7. relays are used.
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In the absence of earth fault Ia ( Ib ( Ic % , % I: In case of fault I: , then the relay operates b- Neutral to earth protection
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b- #iased or percent differential relay In this relay, the operating coil is connected to the mid point of the restraining coil. The total number of ampere turns in the restraining coil % I*3 ; ( I;3 ; % " I* ( I; # 3 ;
9or e!ternal faults, I* ) I; increases and there by the restraining tor$ue increases which prevents the mal- operation. c- #alanced voltage differential protection
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? % &* % constant &; The operating characteristic in terms of voltage and current is shown in fig.*, where the effect of the control spring is shown as causing a noticeable bend in the characteristic only at the low-current band. 9or all practical purposes, the dished line, which represents a constant value of ?, may be considered the operating characteristic.
?%
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8 much more useful way of showing the operating characteristic of distance relay is by means of @Impedance diagramA or the @ : > B diagram @. The numerical value of the ratio ' to I is shown as the length of a radius vector ? and the phase angle between ' and I determines the position of the vector. 8ny value of ? less than the radius of the circle will result in the production of a positive tor$ue and any value of ? greater than ? will produce negative tor$ue regardless of the phase angle ' ) I . 0C represents the feeder on the :B diagram. If fault occurs within distance 0?, the relay operates. 9or faults beyond ?, the relay does not operate.
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b- $irectional Impedance Relay Directional feature senses the direction in which the fault power flows with respect to the location of 7T and 'T. This means that the directional unit will permit tripping only in its positive tor$ue region. The net result is that the tripping will occur only for points that arc both within the circle "characteristic impedance# and above the directional unit characteristic. This means that the relay will operate only when faults occur on one side of the relay.
c- Modified ( shifted " characteristic The modified impedance relay is like the impedance type e!cept that the impedance characteristic is shifted by a @ current bias @ which merely consists of introducing into the voltage supply an additional voltage proportional to the current " I ; #, then T % &*I; > &; " ' ( cI #;
d- Reactance type distance relay The reactance type is an over current relay with directional restraint. The directional element is arranged to develop ma!imum negative tor$ue when its current lags the voltage by +, o.
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T % &*I; > &;'I sin - &. ' sin % ? sin % B % constant I which is a straight line on the :-B diagram. In other words the relay operates only on the reactance. 0r
e- Mho type distance relay It is also called the admittance relay. This relay is similar to the impedance relay but is made inherently directional by the addition of a voltage winding known as the polarizing winding. The characteristic e$uation of this relay is ? % & cos " - # &* This e$uation represents a circle of diameter & % ?: &* This is the ohmic setting of relay which passes through the origin. This means that the characteristic e$uation of a Dho relay is a circle passing through the origin.
e consider the two lines 85 and 87, with mho relay located at "8#, it will only operate for faults occurring in the line 85 but not for faults in the line 87. This relay does not need a directional relay "separate# because it is inherently directional. 3oticeE 8ny fi!ed setting such as ., o, F=o, /,o or G=o can be given to " # which is called the characteristic angle of the relay.
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%&leE 8 line section has an impedance of ;.- (H= ohms. 2how this on :-B diagram as impedance vector. If the relay is ad1usted to 1ust operate for a zero impedance short circuit at the end of the line section. 2how the operating characteristic ofE *. an impedance relay. ;. a reactance relay. .. a mho relay " assume that the centre of the mho relay operating characteristic lies on the line impedance vector. If the arcing short circuit occurs having an impedance of *.= ( 1 , ohms anywhere along the line. 9ind for each type the ma!imum protected portion of the line. 2olution E 08 % ;.- ( H = The circle with 0 as centre ) 08 as radius represents the characteristic of the impedance relay. The circle with 08 is the diameter and passing by the origin is the mho relay characteristic. The line parallel to 05 and passing by 8 is the characteristic of the reactance relay. The impedance of the 2.7. % *.= ( H , represented by the line 0D. The total impedance of the line ) the 2.7. is the line from D and parallel to 08. i.e. D94. This line cuts the mho circle in 9 and the impedance circle in 4. Drawing 93 and 4D parallel to 0D, then the protected part of the line in the mho relay id 03 and for the impedance relay is 0D. The percentage protected zones are 03 I 08 % -; J for the mho relay and 0D I 08 % -= J for the impedance relay. The reactance relay is unaffected and the percentage protected zone % *,, J.
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