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Marques Green Leslie Walcott ENC 1102 14 March 2014 Annotated Bibliography about 3-D Printings Impact on Engineering 3-D printing is a relatively new technology that first took roots in the 1980s when Chuck Hull of 3D systems Corp created the first working printer. 3-D Printing technology has had many uses; but its primary use was for prototyping. Now, due to advances in the technology it not only has usefulness in prototyping, but also final goods. 3-D printing uses CAD, Computer-Aided Design, software to create the object. Some other names 3-D printing has are additive manufacturing, and rapid prototyping. The name additive manufacturing comes from the process in which 3-D printing creates objects. 3-D printers create objects through sequential layering of nanoparticles. Which is opposite of the method known as subtractive manufacturing which uses machines to cut out from materials. Currently 3-D printers have limitations, such as certain materials, living organic tissue, and circuits. But the potential capabilities are limitless, which are explained by many of the researchers listed in the sources below. This technology has already impacted many areas of society today in areas like medicine and engineering. I will only be providing sources that were published post year 2000. The reason for this is because in the field of engineering, out dated research does not benefit current project. Exceptions being original work/data when 3-D printing was first created.

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Engineers and engineering companies have already taken the leap into 3-D printing, and are currently manufacturing and distributing 3-D printed goods. The main goal of this annotated bibliography is to expose students pursuing a career in engineering to the future of the field. 3-D printing has already made its way to engineering firms, and even households as a hobbie, or for professional reasons. According to some members of the engineering community, 3-D printing will lead to the second industrial revolution.

Mertz, Leslie New World of 3-D Printing Offers Completely New ways of Thinking: Q&A with Author, Engineer, and 3-D Printing Expert Hod Lipson.IEEE Pulse 4.6 (2013): 12-14. IEEEXplore. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. The Format of this periodical is in the form of a Q&A with 3-D printing expert Hod Lipson. Throughout the article the author asks many questions regarding the phenomenon of 3-D printing. Hod Lipson very efficiently describes 3-D printing, talks about why the new technology is so important, and finally he gives applications, and talks about his own goals/research. This is significant to my own discussion on the impact of 3-D printing on engineering because when he is talking about the applications he talks about being able to create virtually anything you can design on your computer. His current limitation is creating circuits, so making electronic equipment is in the works. But, in the engineering world, once they can get past that hump, this technology will take a turn.

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Mertz, Leslie Dream It, Design It, Print It in 3-D: What Can 3-D Printing Do for You? IEEE Pulse 4.6 (2013): 15-21. IEEEXplore. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. The author, science, medical and technical writer Leslie Mertz use this article to talk about the process of 3-D printing. She clarifies two different methods: fused deposition modeling, and polyjet printing. The idea is to use additive methods, opposed to subtractive methods to manufacture/produce items. Like my previous source, she also talks about some applications mainly in the manufacturing industry, but also in prosthetic limb design. This is important to my discussion on the impact of 3-D printing on Engineers because again, the article gives a deeper explanation into the limitations and methods of 3-D printing. The limit Hod Lipson talked about in my previous source, creating circuits, is again discussed in this article. But, with recent research conducted by a research group at North Carolina State University, liquid metals have proven the ability to print using metal materials. This will help when making wires and such for circuits when creating electronic items. Banks, Jim Adding Value in Additive Manufacturing IEEE Pulse 4.6 (2013): 22-26. IEEEXplore. Web. 26 Feb. 2014. Throughout the journal author J Banks emphasizes the fact that 3-D printing has been a huge impact in the medical sector, but to keep in mind that it will be years before any major medical advances. For instance, he speaks about research being done at Loughborough University in order to create an ultimate training tool for surgeons. This tool is essentially an artificial human body designed to have a specific clinical objective. But, aside from this future goal/objective, 3-D printing has been very successful in making implants such as hearing aids. They are restricted by the fact that

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they cannot print living tissue, therefore they cannot make any organic implants for the human body. That includes organs and skin. Another professor at the University of Glasgow, Lee Cronin, is researching applications in organ growth used for drug discovery. Some of the reasons why I chose to include this academic journal was for one it displayed and showed some recent applications of 3-D printing. It shows a direction that the 3-D is taking and gives some examples of researchers who are taking ground breaking steps to the future. Hoske, Mark. Additive Manufacturing Used for Hydraulic Workholding Plant Engineering 67.8 (2013): 1 p. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. James Tool, a manufacturer of hydraulic workholdings, recently made the move to 3-D printing. The company decision to implement 3-D printing was because the nature of the work is very unique and designs are usually custom work (Hoske). According to Jeff Toner, the president of James Tool, the company was not unaware of the new technology, they just waited until the technology evolved some, and became more affordable (Hoske). Hoske reports how fast and easy the company began using their new method of manufacturing; when Jeff Toner explained how they began to print two hours after the initial installation. Jeff Toner has already pointed out that engineering and quoting time has reduced substantially for their workholding fixtures and other production (Hoske). Jeff Toner is very confident in the idea that additive manufacturing

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(3-D Printing) will be the future of manufacturing and will render subtractive manufacturing obsolete. This is significant to my conversation because this is one company that has taken the leap towards 3-D printing. If this is any representation of the future, many more engineering and manufacturing companies will resort to 3-D printing due to its potentially limitless design capabilities. This new technology speeds up the process of manufacturing and allows for easy customization, that subtractive manufacturing does not. Ultimately, this article was significant because it gave an example of a real companys application and effects of 3-D printing. Kesner, Samuel, and Robert Howe. Design Principles for Rapid Prototyping Force Sensors Using 3-D Printing. (2011): 866-870. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Samuel Kesner and Robert Howe wrote this paper to describe the uses and advantages of 3-D printing force sensors, which are implemented in robotics, manufacturing, transportation, and more (Kesner 866). According to Kesner and Howe 3-D printing has numerous advantages, which include the fact that the sensors can be customized and tailored for any system. Kesner and Howe also explain how 3-D printing allows for a sensor to be quickly and inexpensively optimized and tested because of how fast they can redesign and manufacture each prototype. Finally, they go on to explain how the ability to print miniature structures is an advantage. This allows for the sensors to be easily adaptable to specific applications (Kesner 867).

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This article is significant because they give specific examples where 3-D printing provided an advantage compared to traditional methods. In this situation they do not print the whole object, but different pieces that 3-D printing can efficiently produce that will not reduce the quality of the actual force sensor. This speeds up their process, and is more cost efficient than using traditional methods. This is just another example of an application of 3-D printing that provides a method that is more efficient than current and traditional methods. Thilmany, Jean. History in 3-D. Mechanical Engineering. 134.4 (2012) 44-46. Business Source Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Jean Thilmany, an associate of Mechanical Engineering magazine, writes about Franz Reuleauxs kinematic mechanisms, the father of kinematics, and how through 3-D printing we are able to replicate his designs. At Cornell University they are developing models for internet users to view; and those with 3-D printers will have the ability to also reproduce Reuleauxs mechanisms by downloading CAD designs. Along with being able to reproduce original kinematic mechanisms, through reverse engineering, and 3-D printing a World War I soldiers remains we able to be identified as Private Thomas Lawless of Calgary, Alberta. (Thilmany 44) I chose to input this source primarily because of the significance that students, researchers, and educators, have the ability to have hands on analysis of original kinematic mechanisms that guide engineers today. I believe that this will allow for future engineers to be better educated. Thus, this is an impact on engineering now, and in the near future.

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Fuller, Sawyer B., Eric J. Wilhelm, and Joseph M. Jacobson. Ink-jet Printed Nanoparticle Microelectromechanical Systems. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 11.1 (2002) 54-60. Science Citation Index. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Sawyer B. Fuller, Eric J. Wilhelm, and Joseph M. Jacobson, all graduates from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, created this manuscript to demonstrate the capabilities of ink-jet printing (3-D printing) (Fuller 59). They built a highly inductive resonant coil, linear and rotary electrostatic drive motors, and in-plane and vertical heatuators. These mechanisms were made from silver and gold material, and include as many as 400 layers. Importantly, these devices only took minutes to produce. These devices represent the first known application of ink-jet printing (fuller 59). Their expectation is that more materials will be exposed and implemented in creating more advanced devices, through the process of inkjet printing. This manuscript plays a role in my conversation, because the devices printed represent some of the first devices recorded being printed. This was a significant step to what inkjet printing can produce. The research is old, but it is not irrelevant. Their research allows engineers today to continue their work, and find more materials that can be used to print more sophisticated mechanisms. Schubert, Carl, Larry A. Donoso, and Mark C Van Langeveld. Innovations in 3-D Printing. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98.2 (2014) 159-161. Science Citation Index. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Carl Schubert, Larry A. Donoso, members of the department of Ophthalmology at Wills Eye Hospital; and Mark C van Langeveld, a member at the department of engineering at the University of Utah, talk about the potential help in

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medicine 3-D printing could provide. They speak about Pharmacies being able to print pharmaceutical drugs to provide a more efficient method of distributing, printing organs in order to better treat patients, and even repair or replace organs such as skin, heart, and kidneys. Like some of my previous sources, these advances have not yet been made, but they are being researched and expected to be a huge industry (Schubert 160). This has a place in my conversation because future applications of 3-D printing will change our society as we know it. Advances in medicine will potentially create an environment where people can be treated more efficiently. The engineers behind making such advances will be responsible for creating methods to keep people healthy. Reiss, David. The future of 3-D technology. Mechanical Engineering. 135.2 (2013) 16-17. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. David Reiss, CEO of Stratasys, talks about the impact of 3D technology, which is all around us, and transforming the world as we know it (Reiss 1). More specifically he talks about 3-D printing and some of the benefits. He gives examples of companies like Black & Decker and Lamborghini being able to make better products, due to their ability to test prototypes easily made through 3-D printing method. (Reiss 1) Ultimately, he believes that 3-D printing will lead to the next industrial revolution (Reiss 1). He compares the impact of the assembly line to what the effect of 3-D printing will have in the world. He claims that 3-D printing will replace injection molding, casting, and machining (Reiss 2).

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This article is significant to my conversation mainly for one reason. That reason is because it gives the reader a realization of how impactful 3-D printing will be. Engineers will no longer have to rely on slow operating, and expensive methods of production. They are able to test their prototypes, and create replacements more efficiently, therefore producing optimized goods for society. Lipson, Hod Design in the age of 3-D Printing. Mechanical Engineering. 134.10 (2012) 30-35. Business Source Premier. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Hod Lipson, a professor in the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University, believes that as additive manufacturing technology develops the only limit on it will be our own imaginations (Lipson 30). He starts off by giving the advantages of 3-D printing. Lipson makes the point that it is not more difficult, expensive, or time consuming to make complex or simple objects. (Lipson 32) To create these objects, CAD designs are read by the printer and print three dimensional objects. Lipson states that there is an increase in artists, casual users and even children using CAD systems which were originally created for engineers. This proves how additive manufacturing using 3-D printers will essentially allow for people untrained in engineering to be engineers. This article proves to be significant to my conversation about how 3-D printing will impact engineering because when more people are exposed to CAD, or Computer-Aided Design, they will be able to design and produce anything they can design. Thus, the future engineers of our world will have to efficient at designing using some sort of CAD software.

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Lipson, Hod. This Will Change Everything. New Scientist. 211.2823 (2011) p. 20. Academic OneFile. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. Hod lipson, a professor at the Sibley school of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Cornell University, believes that we are at the beginning of a second industrial revolution (Lipson 1). He talks about the range of 3-D printing reaching from nylon to glass, and chocolate to titanium (lipson 1). He gives examples like making tennis rackets, and spinal-disc implants, in order to provide a description of some potential capabilities of 3-D printing. This demonstrates our ability to control the composition of printed matter. Finally he talks about a third stage of the second industrial revolution as being able to control the behavior of the printed matter. This means we will be able to program the matter to have certain behaviors such as computation, sense, and reacting (Lipson 1) This article plays a role in my conversation because Lipson is giving future applications of 3-D printing, and major ideas about how 3-D printing will impact our society. He states that 3-D printing is the ultimate tool, and eventually you will be able to print virtually anything.