Frank Nestmann and Klaus Hurrelman. 1994. Social Networks and Social Support in Chilhood Adolescence.

Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

(Social Support) Name Antonucci T.C, Akiyama. H. Convoy of Attachment and Social Relation in Children, Adolescence and Adults/ pages: 39, 40, 41 Content (Antonucci, 1985; Israel 1985) Support is describes as exchanging or giving something. The entity can be divided into; (1) Tangible: (material aid) Lending Money, (2) Intangible: giving love and affection. Main affect: (1) Direct effect: Allowed individual to feel better about him @ herself. (2) Indirect effect: Ameliorating the effects of stressful live-event or crisis. Support Paradigm is: Crises---Supporting/Coping= increased well-being Rohrle. B, Sommer, G. Social Support and Social Competences: Some Theoretical and Empirical Contributions to their Relationship. Pages: 111. Social Support is a complex construct with different component like emotional support, instrumental or tangible support, informational support or cognitive guidance & social integration. Social support can be further be characterized as being more or less available, as being received or enacted and as being perceived. Social support has been regarded as a resource of the social environment. Part

On The Interface Between Social Support And Prosocial Behavior: Methodological And Theoretical Implications. Bierhoff. H.W pages 159

Giving & receiving help that relationships offer when coping with stressful life events and daily hassles. Social support might have positive as well as negative consequences for the support recipient. A central issue of the social support research tradition is whether social support protects the individual against the disadvantageous consequences of negative life events with special emphasis on health outcomes. The term social support, and related terms such as social integration and social networks, are often used interchangeably to refer to three distinct aspects of social relationships-their existence or quantity, their formal structure, and their functional content or the degree to which they involve flows of affect or emotional concern, instrumental or tangible aid, information, and the like (Gottlieb, 1985; House and Kahn, 1985). Social support has main, mediating, and moderating effects on well-being, although it is most effective in less abusive relationships Social support may buffer against stress in several ways, such as enhancing self-esteem, influencing perceptions of stressful events, and increasing knowledge of coping

House J.S, 1987

Social Support and Social Structure

Katerndahl, W.D, Burge S., Ferrer, R., Becho J., and Wood R. 2012 Bonnie E. Carlson, LouiseAnne McNutt, Deborah Y. Choi and Isabel M. Rose. 2008.

strategies (e.g., Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet,& Farley, 1988). In addition, merely having a confidante available with whom to discuss ones problems has been shown to be beneficial (Cohen&Hoberman, 1983)