Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Programa Disciplina
Data 11/03/11 19/03/11 25/03/11 01/04/11 08/04/11 15/04/11 22/04/11 29/04/11 06/05/11 13/05/11 20/05/11 Horrio 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h Local 173/AT7 173/AT7 173/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 Descrio 1 Aula Introdutria 2 Aula n 2 3 Aula n 3: Anlise Trmica de Metais / Polmeros 4 Aula n 4 5 Aula n 5 6 Aula n 6 No haver Aula 7 Aula n 7: Difrao de Raios-X (DRX) 8 Aula n 8 9 Aula n 9 10 Aula n 10 Obs Nascente Ademar Conrado/ Ademar Ademar Ademar Conrado Feriado Nascente/ Conrado Conrado Conrado Nascente
Programa Disciplina
Data 20/05/11 27/05/11 03/06/11 10/06/11 17/06/11 24/06/11 Horrio 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h 14:00 17:40h Local 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 163/AT7 Descrio 10 Aula n 10 11 Aula n 11: Microscopia de Fora Atmica (AFM) 1 Avaliao Semestral Apresentao Seminrio Apresentao Seminrio 2 Avaliao Semestral (Sub) Obs Nascente Nascente/ Conrado P2 S1 S1 P3
Referncias Bibliogrficas
ASM American Society for Metals, Casting Metals Handbook, v.15, Metals Park, Ohio, USA, 1988. W.Kurz e D.J.Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification, Trans Tech Publication LTD, Swirtzerland, 1986. H.Jones e W.Kurz (Editores), Solidification Microstructures 30 Years after Constitutional Supercooling, Materials Science and Engineering, Special Issue, 65, 1984. H.Biloni, Solidification, em Physical Metallurgy, Part I, Ed. R.W.Cahn e P.Haasen, Nort-Holland Physics Publishing, 1983. A.Ohno, Solidificao de Metais, Livraria Cincia e Tecnologia Editora Ltda. M.P.Campos Filho e G.J.Davies, Solidificao e Fundio de Metais e suas Ligas, Livros Tcnicos e Cientficos Editora S.A e Editora da USP, 1978. M.C.Flemings, Solidification Processing, McGraw Hill, New York, 1974. G.J.Davies, Solidification and Casting, Applied Science, London, 1973. B. Chalmers, Principles of Solidification, John Willey Co., New York, 1964.
Apresentam mais de uma fase slida aps a solidificao; Como as ligas monofsicas, tb podem eventualmente apresentar interface S/L plana; A instabilidade da interface depender de V e G;
A redistribuio do soluto na interface mais complexa (movimento difusivo de soluto na direo de crescimento e na lateral); Entre as ligas com interface plana: monotticas e as eutticas (importante devido a grande variedade de morfologias estruturais);
CRESCIMENTO simultneo de duas ou mais fases As microestruturas de eutticos podem ser classificadas: LAMELAR: f 0.5 (Pb - Sn) as duas fases em propores (Al - Al2Cu) FIBROSO: uma das fases em pequena proporo (NiAl - Cr) REGULAR: as duas fases so no facetadas IRREGULAR: uma das fases facetada
Ligas Eutticas
Transformao Euttica: Lquido + (slidos)
Apresenta ponto de fuso menor que os 2 constituintes da liga euttica Euttico vem do grego e significa: de fuso mais fcil As fases apresentam porcentagem segundo Diagrama de Fases
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Lamelares: placas parelelas e alternadas das duas fases EXEMPLO: Al Al2Cu
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Fibrosas: barras finas ou lminas de uma das fases envolvidas por uma matriz EXEMPLO: Al Al3Ni
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Globulares: glbulos de uma das fases envolvidos pela matriz EXEMPLO: Cu CuO2
Aplicao na produo de materiais com anisotropia de propriedades mecnicas, pticas, eletrnicas ou magnticas ( Ex: Al - Al3Ni , NiSb InSb )
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Regulares complexas: Duas regies de aspectos distintos: - uma com um padro repetitivo - outra com orientao ao acaso
EXEMPLO: FoFo
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Aciculares: agulhas de uma das fases envolvidas pela matriz EXEMPLO: Al AlSi
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Tipo de microestrutura pode ser relacionado com a morfologia da interface S/L: Obteno de ou microestruturas regulares Facetada lisa depender Difusado oucontrole Rugosadas condies trmicas
Tipo Microestrutura I II III Regular Regular Complexa Irregular Morfologia de crescimento euttico Difusa / Difusa Difusa / Facetada Difusa / Facetada Facetada / Facetada Exemplos
Sn-Pb , Al-Zn , Al-Cu , Al-Ag Al-Si , Sn-Bi , Pb-Bi , Al-Ge Al-Si , Fe-C
Comp.orgnicos
Benzil/ azobenzeno
CBr4 / hexacloretano
Facetado/Facetado
EUTTICOS LAMELARES
Microestruturas de Ligas Eutticas Crescimento de Eutticos Regulares: Entretanto se a fase minoritria for
EUTTICO LAMELAR
Crescimento euttico COOPERATIVO COOPERATIVO: uma fase rejeita soluto outra fase absorve soluto Depende das condies de Superesfriamento na interface (SR)
.V = cte
2 E
Microestrutura euttica depende de V e Tt e no diretamente da taxa de resfriamento como ocorre com os crescimentos celulares e dendrticos
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
Ligas Eutticas
EX.: Zn-4%Al
(Refinada; P0mm)
EX.: Zn-4%Al
(Grosseira; P50mm)
Ligas Eutticas
Formao de falhas lamelares
MODIFICAO DE EUTTICOS:
Tratamento de Modificao: pequenas alteraes na composio qumica do euttico para produzir mudanas microestruturais e das propriedades
MODIFICAO DE EUTTICOS:
Al-Si: principal liga de fundio utilizando modificaes (Al-11,7% Si) Boa fluidez Resistncia corroso Pequena contrao Boa relao resistncia/peso Propriedades dependero: i) processo de fundio, fundio, ii) composio da liga iii) estrutura euttica iv) distribuio e granulometria do silcio
O que acontece????
Microestrutura Veios de Si so(espaamento) transformados em uma forma Macroestrutura (gro) NO SE ALTERA!!!. ALTERA!!! fibrosa e ramificada envolvida por uma matriz. NO SE ALTERA!!!. ALTERA!!!
100x
100x
ESTADO Bruto de Fuso. Molde de areia. Modificado com adio de sdio no banho lquido
250x
300x
ESTADO Bruto de Fuso. Molde de areia. Modificado com adio de sdio no banho lquido,
ESTADO Bruto de Fuso. Molde refrigerado. Modificado pelas altas taxas de resfrimento
Ponto 1
C
C C
C C
DIFUSO DO C
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
AUSTENITA CEMENTITA
Ponto 3
Perlita
LEDEBURITA
Ponto 4 - 728 C
Ponto 2
Dendritas de Austenita
Lquido remanescente
Ledeburita (Fe3 C + )
Ponto 3
Resfriamento rpido: FoFo Branco (perlita e ledeburita) Resfriamento lento: Fofo Cinzento ferrtico (perlita e grafita)
L+ o 912 C
Ponto 2
%C no lquido remanescente
Fe3 C
Ledeburita (Fe3 C + )
Ponto 3
Cinzento
(veios grafita e perlita)
Nodular
(ferrita e ndulos grafita)
Nodular
(perlita e ndulos grafita)
Ligas Peritticas:
Transformao Perittica: Lquido + (slido)
Ligas Monotticas:
Transformao Monottica: Lquido1 + Lquido2
Mistura total no lquido e mistura parcial no slido No patamar perittico ocorrem 3 fases: Lquido + +
Ligas Peritticas
No Equilbrio Fora do Equilbrio
Ligas Peritticas
Liga Pb-20% Bi
Ligas Peritticas
Ligas Monotticas:
Transformao Monottica: Lquido + Lquido
Apresentam essa transformao os sistemas: Al-Bi, Al-In, Bi-Zn,Cu-Pb Mistura parcial no lquido e mistura parcial no slido No patamar monottico ocorrem 3 fases: Lquido1 + + Lquido2
Micrografia de Ao Microligado ao Nb
Micrografia de Ao ao Mangans
Micrografia de Ao Liga
Micrografia de Ao FeCrC
Micrografia de Ao FeCrC+Nb
Exo
605 C
1080 C
1200 1000
FeTi
a = 0,2986 nm FeTi
Intensity (a.u.)
(110)
FeTi
(110)
As-cast
a = 0,3203 nm
a = 0,2996 nm FeTi
(211)
60
70
80
2 (Degrees)
Anlise Trmica de DTA da Liga euttica Ti-32,5Fe (%peso) e DRX da Liga Fundida em Forno Arco (As-Cast) e Solidificada Direcionalmente.
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
(220)
(200)
(211)
90
TEM micrographs in (a) bright field (BF) sign showing the -Ti matrix (bcc) and the cross section of the ordered TiFe fiber phase (cubic). Respective SADP showing orientation relationship between the (314) // (113)TiFe zone axis
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
SEM micrographs showing transversal and longitudinal cross-sections at growth rates of (a) and (b) 10 mm/h, (c) and (d) 30 mm/h and (e) and (f) 60 mm/h.
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
0.15
0.20
0.25
-1/2
0.30
0.35
Relationship between the average interspacing (m) and the solidification velocity (mm/h) for directionally solidified Ti-Fe eutectic alloy.
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
SEM micrographs in BSE sign showing transversal cross-section of Ti-Fe eutectic alloy directionally solidified at v= 30 mm/h in different magnifications.
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
Evolution of hardness with interphase spacing (m): Vickers microhardness (HVmicro) and nanohardness (HVnano).
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
Evolution of hardness with interphase spacing (m): Vickers microhardness (HVmicro) and nanohardness (HVnano).
E. S. Lopes, Directionally Solidified Ti-Fe Eutectic Alloy processed by Arc Melting Technique, Submitted to Intermetallics.
SEM secondary electron micrographs of as-cast Ti65Fe35 (a and b), (Ti65Fe35)99Sn1 (c and d) and (Ti65Fe35)97Sn3 (e and f) alloys.
J.H. Han, Ultrafine Eutectic TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 483 (2009) 4446.
Roomtemperature engineering stressstrain curves (a) and SEM micrographs of fracture surface of as-cast Ti65Fe35 (b), (Ti65Fe35)99Sn1 (c) and (Ti65Fe35)97Sn3 (d) alloys.
J.H. Han, Ultrafine Eutectic TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 483 (2009) 4446.
XRD patterns for (Ti0.705Fe0.295)100x Snx (x = 0 and 3.85) as-cast rods and arc-melted ingots.
J. Das et al., Bulk ultra-fine eutectic structure TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 434435 (2007) 2831.
SEM back scattered electron images of: (a) Ti70.5Fe29.5 ingot (near the Cu hearth), inset (near air-cooled region); (b) Ti67.79Fe28.36Sn3.85 ingot; (c) Ti70.5Fe29.5 as-cast rod; (d) Ti67.79Fe28.36Sn3.85 as-cast rod. The micrographs clearly reveal the change in morphology of the eutectic up on Sn addition
J. Das et al., Bulk ultra-fine eutectic structure TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 434435 (2007) 2831.
Room temperature compressive engineering stressstrain curves of the Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti67.79Fe28.36Sn3.85 ingots and as-cast rods
J. Das et al., Bulk ultra-fine eutectic structure TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 434435 (2007) 2831.
Room temperature compressive engineering stressstrain curves of the Ti70.5Fe29.5 and Ti67.79Fe28.36Sn3.85 ingots and as-cast rods
J. Das et al., Bulk ultra-fine eutectic structure TiFeSn alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 434435 (2007) 2831.
Variation of lminDe in the ZrCu diagram. The vertical dashed lines indicate the experimental ranges of BMGs reported for the ZrCu system and the arrows indicate the intermetallic stable compositions [13]. The symbols mark the lowest calculated critical cooling rates
M.F. de Oliveira et al., Topological instability and glass forming ability of amorphous alloys, Intermetallics 17 (2009) 183185
Variation of mine in the TiNi diagram. The experimental points for the alloy (open symbols) were produced by melt-spinning [15].
M.F. de Oliveira et al., Topological instability and glass forming ability of amorphous alloys, Intermetallics 17 (2009) 183185
Multiphase microstructures formed in the terminal stages of solidification in (a) AlSi 7Mg 0.6as cast, (b) FeC 0.9Cr 4Mo 5W 6.5thixo cast, (c) CuSn 12Ni 2as cast and in ternary AlCuAg alloys after unidirectional solidificationin cross section of Al70Cu13Ag17 (at%)
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
With increasing Cr-content in ternary FeCCr alloys the d-ferrite field extends to higher carbon content than in the binary FeC system.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Isothermal cut through the phase diagram of the ternary alloy system AlCuAg at T = 505 8C.
Univariant and nonvariant reactions on the liquidus surface of the AlCuAg system.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Multiphase patterns in ternary AlCuAg alloys after unidirectional solidification: eutectic cells in longitudinal (a) and cross section (b) of AlCu 13.66 at.%Ag 10.27 at.% and a three-phase eutectic pattern (c) in cross section of AlCu 13.6 at.%Ag 16.4 at.%.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Cross section through an array of elongated cells of the ternary alloy Al70Cu13Ag17 (at%) after unidirectional solidification in a temperature gradient G = 27x103 K/m with a velocity v = 1.42x10-6 m/s (a) and snapshot of the three-phase eutectic pattern obtained for a 3D simulation for G = 5x103 K/m and v = 0.5x10-6 m/s (b). For both images (a) and (b), the phases are Ag2Alwhite, Al2Culight grey, a(Al)dark grey.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Cross section through the three-phase eutectic pattern of the ternary alloy Al70Cu13Ag17 (at%) after unidirectional solidification in a temperature gradient G = 27x103 K/m with a velocity v = 1.42x10-6 m/s (a) and snapshot of the three-phase eutectic pattern obtained for a 3D simulation for G = 5x103 K/m and v = 0.5x10-6 m/s (b). For both images (a) and (b), the phases are Ag2Alwhite, Al2Culight grey, a(Al)dark grey.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Solidification of FeC 1 at.%Mn 1 at.% at a cooling rate of 1 K/s in a temperature gradient of 20 103 K/m. Shown are the composition maps of carbon and manganese in atom fractions as well as the phase map.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
2D dendritic solidification of a binary NiCu alloy as predicted by the phase field theory at 1574 K and a supersaturation of 0.8. By the end of solidification about 300 dendritic particles form. The calculation has been performed on a 3000 3000 grid. In (a) the color map represents compositions, with yellow and blue corresponding to the solidus and liquidus compositions, respectively. In (b) the colors denote crystallographic orientations.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Equiaxed solidification in hypo-eutectic (cCu = 0.3), eutectic (cCu = 0.35), and hyper-eutectic (cCu = 0.4) Ag-Cu liquids at 900 K as simulated by the phase field model. Composition maps are shown in the top row, the respective orientation maps are in the bottom row. The simulations were performed in 2D on a 1000 1000 grid.
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Heterogeneous crystal nucleation on rough (sinusoidal) surfaces in a binary liquid as predicted by the phase field simulations. Composition maps are shown (liquidusblue, solidusyellow, graywalls
U. Hecht et al., Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, Materials Science and Engineering R 46 (2004) 149
Precipitation Hardening
The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be improved by the formation of extremely small, uniformly dispersed particles (precipitates) of a second phase within the original phase matrix. Other alloys that can be precipitation hardened or age hardened:
Copper-beryllium (Cu-Be) Copper-tin (Cu-Sn) Magnesium-aluminum (Mg-Al) Aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) High-strength aluminum alloys
Precipitation Hardening
Particles impede dislocation motion. 700 Ex: Al-Cu system T( C) Procedure: 600 +L
-- Pt A: solution heat treat (get solid solution) -- Pt B: quench to room temp. (retain solid solution) -- Pt C: reheat to nucleate small particles within phase.
500 400 A L +L
CuAl2
C 20
+
30 40 50
(Al)
300 0 B 10
wt% Cu
At room temperature the stable state of an aluminum-copper alloy is an aluminum-rich solid solution () and an intermetallic phase with a tetragonal crystal structure having nominal composition CuAl2 ().
Pt B
Time
Small solute-enriched regions in a solid solution where the lattice is identical or somewhat perturbed from that of the solid solution are called Guinier-Preston zones.
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
Hard precipitates are difficult to shear.
Ex: Ceramics in metals (SiC in Iron or Aluminum).
precipitate
Side View Large shear stress needed to move dislocation toward precipitate and shear it. Unslipped part of slip plane Dislocation advances but precipitates act as pinning sites with spacing S.
Top View
S
Slipped part of slip plane
1 Result: y ~ S
24
Several stages in the formation of the equilibrium PPT () phase. (a)supersaturated solid solution; (b)transition () PPT phase; (c) equilibrium phase within the matrix phase.
2014 Al Alloy:
%EL (2 in sample)
30 20 10 0 149 C
204 C
Effects of Temperature
Characteristics of a 2014 aluminum alloy (0.9 wt% Si, 4.4 wt% Cu, 0.8 wt% Mn, 0.5 wt% Mg) at 4 different aging temperatures.
Aluminum rivets
Alloys that experience significant precipitation hardening at room temp and after short periods must be quenched to and stored under refrigerated conditions. Several aluminum alloys that are used for rivets exhibit this behavior. They are driven while still soft, then allowed to age harden at the normal room temperature.
Peritectic Solidification
Peritectic Reaction
All three phase in contact (, and liquid)
Peritectic Transformation
Liquid and are separated by B phase Transformation Reaction
l
Growth of
Diffusional Growth Mass Balance at interface dC D = V C dx x= 0 2 interfaces / and /l dC dx D = C C ] [ dx dt x= x dC dx l D = [Cl Cl ] dx x= x l dt
Cl
C C
Cl
5 Modes of Solidification