Air is a gas.

Gases have various properties that we can observe with our senses, including the gas pressure (p), temperature (T), mass (m), and volume (V) that contains the gas. Careful, scientific observation has determined that these variables are related to one another, and the values of these properties determine the state of the gas. If we fi an! two of the properties we can determine the nature of the relationship between the other two. If the pressure and temperature are held constant, the volume of the gas depends directl! on the mass, or amount of gas. This allows us to define a single additional propert! called the gas densit! (r), which is the ratio of mass to volume. If the mass and temperature are held constant, the product of the pressure and volume are observed to be nearl! constant for a real gas. (The product of pressure and volume is e actl! a constant for an ideal gas.) This relationship between pressure and volume is called "o!le#s $aw in honor of %obert "o!le who first observed it in &''(. )inall!, if the mass and pressure are held constant, the volume is directl! proportional to the temperature for an ideal gas. This relationship is called Charles and Ga!*$ussac#s $aw in honor of the two )rench scientists who discovered the relationship.

The gas laws of "o!le and Charles and Ga!*$ussac can be combined into a single e+uation of state given in red at the center of the slide, p-V.T/n-% where - denotes multiplication and . denotes division. To account for the effects of mass, we have defined the constant to contain two parts, a universal constant (%) and the mass of the gas e pressed in moles (n). 0erforming a little algebra, we obtain the more familiar form, p * V = n * R * T A three dimensional graph of this e+uation is shown at the beggining of the ne t page. The intersection point of an! two lines on the graph gives a uni+ue state for the gas. Aerod!namicists use a slightl! different form of the e+uation of state that is speciali1ed for air. If we divide both sides of the general e+uation b! the mass of the gas, the volume becomes the specific volume, which is the inverse of the gas densit!. 2e also define a new gas constant (%), which is e+ual to the universal gas constant divided b! the mass per mole of the gas. The value of the new constant depends on the t!pe of gas as opposed to the universal gas constant, which is the same for all gases. The value of the e+uation of state for air is given on the slide as .34' 5ilo 6oule per 5ilogram per degree 7elvin. The e+uation of state can be written in terms of the specific volume or in terms of the air densit! as p - v / % - T or p / r - % - T 8otice that the e+uation of state given here applies onl! to an ideal gas, or a real gas that behaves li5e an ideal gas. There are in fact man! different forms for the e+uation of state for different gases. Also be aware that the temperature given in the e+uation of state must be an absolute temperature that begins at absolute 1ero. In the metric s!stem of units, we must specif! the temperature in degrees 7elvin (not Celsius). In the 9nglish s!stem, absolute temperature is in degrees %an5ine (not )ahrenheit).

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Air is a gas. Gases have various properties which we can observe with our senses, including the gas pressure (p), temperature, mass, and the volume (V) which contains the gas. Careful, scientific observation has determined that these variables are related to one another, and the values of these properties determine the state of the gas. In the mid &'((#s, %obert "o!le studied the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a confined gas held at a constant temperature. "o!le observed that the product of the pressure and volume are observed to be nearl! constant. (The product of pressure and volume is e actl! a constant for an ideal gas.) This relationship between pressure and volume is called Boyle's Law in his honor. )or e ample, suppose we have a theoretical gas confined in a :ar with a piston at the top. The initial state of the gas has a volume e+ual to ;.( cubic meters and the pressure is &.( 5ilopascal. 2ith the temperature and number of moles held constant, weights are slowl! added to the top of the piston to increase the pressure. 2hen the pressure is &.<< 5ilopascals the volume decreases to <.(

cubic meters. The product of pressure and volume remains a constant (; &.<<<<< ).

&.( / <

Air is a gas. Gases have various properties that we can observe with our senses, including the gas pressure, temperature (T), mass, and the volume (V) that contains the gas. Careful, scientific observation has determined that these variables are related to one another and that the values of these properties determine the state of the gas. The relationship between temperature and volume, at a constant number of moles and pressure, is called Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law in honor of the two )rench scientists who first investigated this relationship. Charles did the original wor5, which was verified b! Ga!*$ussac. The! observed that if the pressure is held constant, the volume is e+ual to a constant times the temperature. )or e ample, suppose we have a theoretical gas confined in a :ar with a piston at the top. The initial state of the gas has a volume +ual to ;.( cubic meters, and the temperature is <(( degrees 7elvin. 2ith the pressure and number of moles held constant, the burner has been turned off and the gas is allowed to cool to 33= degrees 7elvin. (In an actual e periment, a cr!ogenic ice*bath would be re+uired to obtain these

temperatures.) As the gas cools, the volume decreases to <.( cubic meters. The volume divided b! the temperature remains a constant(;.<(( / <.33= )

!deal gas e"uation

This pro#ect has been made by $otop %ntonio class &th C'