ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 19: 495515, 2008 The Neotropical Ornithological Society

AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA CENTRAL OF THE ANDES, COLOMBIA

Andrs M. Cuervo1, Paulo C. Pulgarn2, Diego Caldern-F.2, Jos M. Ochoa-Quintero3, Carlos A. Delgado-V.2, Alejandro Palacio2, Jorjany M. Botero2, & Wilmar A. Mnera2

Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A. E-mail: acuerv1@lsu.edu
2 3

Instituto de Biologa, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medelln, Colombia.

Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Amsterdam University, Kruislan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Resumen. Avifauna del norte de la Cordillera Central de los Andes, Colombia. Entre 1999 y 2006, realizamos inventarios de aves mediante observaciones de campo, grabaciones sonoras y colecta de especmenes en el extremo norte de la Cordillera Central Andina, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Registramos un total de 335 especies en 18 bosques de niebla localizados entre 1300 y 1915 m s.n.m. Entre las diez localidades ms visitadas, Bodega Vieja (231 especies), Alto Chaquiral [= Arrierito Antioqueo (202)], La Forzosa (199) y Santa Gertrudis (162) tuvieron la mayor riqueza. Presentamos una evaluacin cualitativa de la abundancia relativa y uso de hbitat para cada especie. El ensamble de esta avifauna exhibe una mezcla de afinidades biogeogrficas con elementos de los Andes del Norte, las tierras bajas y piedemonte del Choc, Nech-Magdalena, y Centro Amrica. Adems de esto, la cantidad de registros novedosos que encontramos contradicen la visin de la Cordillera Central como un rea bien explorada en Colombia. Diecisis especies prioritarias para la conservacin tienen poblaciones importantes en estos bosques nublados; por ejemplo, ac reportamos las 16 localidades conocidas para el Arriero Antioqueo (Lipaugus weberi), cuyo rango de distribucin est totalmente confinado a nuestra rea de estudio. Las caractersticas nicas de esta avifauna resaltan la necesidad de una estrategia de conservacin integral desde las comunidades locales para contrarrestar el impacto del cambio del paisaje que resulta de la expansin actual de la ganadera, caficultura, y cultivos ilcitos en la zona. Abstract. From 1999 to 2006, we conducted bird inventories based on observations, tape-recordings, and general specimen collecting in the northern end of the Andean Cordillera Central, Department of Antioquia, Colombia. We recorded 335 species in 18 cloud forests located between 1300 and 1915 m a.s.l. Among the ten localities more frequently visited, Bodega Vieja (231 species), Alto Chaquiral [= Arrieto Antioqueo (201)], La Forzosa (199) and Santa Gertrudis (162) had the higher species richness. We present a qualitative assessment of relative abundance and habitat preferences for each species. The avifauna assemblage of this region exhibits mixed biogeographic affinities, with elements from the northern Andes, the lowlands and foothills of Choc, Nech-Magdalena, and Central America. Besides this, the outstanding new bird records we found contradict the view of the Cordillera Central as a relatively well explored area in Colombia. Sixteen species of conservation concern have healthy populations in these cloud forests; for instance, we report all the 16 localities known for the Chestnut-capped Piha (Lipaugus weberi) whose range is entirely confined to our study region. The unique features of this avifauna highlight the necessity of an integral, community-based conservation strategy to ameliorate the effect of landscape

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changes resulting from the ongoing expansion of cattle ranching, coffee plantations, and illicit crops. Accepted 7 June 2008. Key words: Antioquia, Choc, Nech lowlands, Porce river, northwestern South America, premontane forests.

INTRODUCTION
The cloud forests of the Andes in northwestern South America are recognized for their extremely high levels of avian diversity and endemism (Stotz et al. 1996, Rahbek & Graves 2001). The peaks of this pattern lie along the eastern slope of the Andes from southern Peru to southern Colombia (Rahbek & Graves 2001, Hawkins et al. 2007). However, many more localities in that stretch of the Andes are better known, particularly in eastern Ecuador and Peru (Terborgh 1975, Stotz et al. 1996, Pitman et al. 2002), than other portions with continuous cloud forests along altitudinal gradients such as the unexplored areas of the Andes of Colombia (van Velzen 1992). The northern Andes attain their higher complexity in Colombia where the main range split in three cordilleras: Occidental, Central and Oriental (Fig. 1). Each cordillera has a unique geological history and distinctive topographic, climatic and ecological features (McCourt et al. 1984, van Velzen 1992, Gregory-Wodzicki 2000, IGAC 2003); for instance, the Cordillera Central (Fig. 1) is the oldest (c. 65,000,000 years) and the highest on average, of the three (McCourt et al. 1984, Gregory-Wodzicki 2000). At its northern end, the Cordillera Central smoothly terminates in the very wet slopes and foothills of the Nech and Porce valleys, and the Remedios-Segovia low pass to Serrana de San Lucas (Fig. 1). Ornithological studies conducted since 1999 have suggested that the avifauna of the premontane forests of the northern Cordillera Central is one of the most intriguing of northern South America. First, taxa from multiple 496

biogeographic areas converge to this region (Cuervo et al. in press). Second, several new species-level taxa, like the Chestnut-capped Piha (Lipaugus weberi), have been found in such a small area (Cuervo et al. 2001). Lastly, populations of threatened, poorly known, and rare cloud forest birds have been found to be relatively common and to thrive in its fragmented landscape (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007). Here we report a comprehensive list of the avifauna of the cloud forests of the northern Cordillera Central as a result of our studies in 18 localities of the region from 1999 to 2006. Our goal is to provide baseline information for ongoing and future biodiversity research and conservation action in the region.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Our study area encompasses the northernmost end of the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, consisting of 18 premontane wet forests (Espinal 1992) located between 13001915 m in the upper Nech and lower Porce valley, municipalities of Anor and Amalfi, Department of Antioquia, Colombia (Fig. 1, Table 1). The landscape consists of a collage of multiple fragments of mature cloud forest, including several large tracts of continuous forest, embedded in a matrix of pastures and, to a lesser extent, coffee plantations (Cuervo & Restrepo 2007). Since 1999 we have been conducting opportunistic observations, recordings of bird vocalizations, and general specimen collecting that complemented a more comprehensive systematic survey focused on the nine localities reported by Cuervo & Restrepo (2007),

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FIG 1. Map of northwestern South America depicting terrain above 1000 m elevation in gray. The location of our study area in the northern Cordillera Central is delimited by a square and shown in detail in the right panel. Open circles represent the location of study sites and numbers within correspond to the locality list in Table 1.

plus La Forzosa (Table 1). The systematic samplings consisted in 1723 days of mistnetting in the interior and forest edge at each of this subset of nine localities. Copies of all recordings were archived at Banco de Sonidos Animales, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, and many have been published in a sound guide (lvarez et al. 2007). Voucher specimens were taken whenever possible and deposited in the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), Museo Universidad de Antioquia (MUA), and Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). Details on habitats, vegetation, sampling strategies, dates, and co-workers have been

reported elsewhere (Cuervo et al. 2005, Cuervo & Restrepo 2007).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We recorded a total of 335 species in the cloud forests of the northern tip of the Cordillera Central (Appendix 1), a relatively high number for a local montane avifauna in such narrow elevation range. For example, Renjifo (1999) reported a comprehensive list of 243 species in a fragmented landscape of similar area in the western slope of this same cordillera. The high species richness of the north497

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TABLE 1. Geographic coordinates (north latitude, west longitude), elevation range (m a.s.l.), accumulated number of days, and number of species recorded in 18 localities of the northern Cordillera Central. Locality numbers as mapped in Figure 1. Localities 1. Finca Los Canales* 2. La Secreta* 3. Bosque Guayabito* 4. Bosque Las nimas* 5. Bosque de El Abuelo-Escuela Las nimas* 6. Bosques de Santa Catalina 7. Bodega Vieja* 8. Alto El Chaquiral* [=Arrierito Antioqueo] 9. Reserva La Forzosa 10. Finca Macondo 11. Filo Largo 12. Mangas de Rosita 13. Mampuestos* 14. Quebrada La Nutria 15. La Condena 16. Alto La Serrana 17. Camino Anor-Santa Gertrudis 18. Santa Gertrudis* Coordinates 649',7505 649',7506' 652',7506' 656',7501' 656',7500' 657',7502' 658',7503' 658',7508' 659',7508' 700',7505' 703',7510' 704',7508' 704',7510' 704',7511' 706',7506' 706',7508' 706',7509' 708',7509' Elevation (m) 18101880 18201915 17001815 15001550 15051610 15001540 13001550 16501735 15501740 14001600 14751520 15201550 14451495 14251440 16001750 16301700 16001700 14201470 Fieldwork days 22 20 36 19 19 5 34 22 36 5 1 1 17 1 3 5 4 23 Species richness 135 157 179 148 164 106 231 202 198 73 47 34 136 39 59 84 83 162

*One of the nine localities reported in Cuervo & Restrepo (2007), that along with La Forzosa (9) were more thoroughly sampled.

ern slope of the Cordillera Central is consistent with a peak in avian diversity expected at middle elevations in the tropical Andes, due to an area effect and influx of species from the lowlands (Rahbek 1997, Kattan & Franco 2004); this pattern, however, can only be tested when comparable data from the adjacent lowlands and highlands become available. Of the ten localities more thoroughly sampled, species richness was higher in Bodega Vieja, Bosque Guayabito, Alto Chaquiral [=Arrierito Antioqueo], La Forzosa, and Santa Gertrudis (Table 1). These are, overall, medium to large forests (from 110 to more than 1000 ha) with lower disturbance levels than the other sites. In addition to cloud forest birds, we also recorded lowland and open country species in the pastures, 498

young second growth, edges or gaps surrounding these forests (Appendix 1). We predict that, when properly sampled, La Condena and Macondo, two of the sporadically visited sites, will exhibit similar composition and richness values as the ones mentioned above given the large extension of forest they encompass. The birds that assemble the avifauna of the northern Cordillera Central of Colombia show diverse biogeographic patterns (Cuervo et al. in press). To this region coincide the geographic ranges of taxa, at the species and subspecies level, characteristic of the northern Andes (e.g., Phaethornis guy emiliae, Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus, Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis, Cyclarhis nigrirostris), the Nech-Magdalena lowlands and foothills (e.g., Capito hypoleucus, Hyloctistes

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subulatus cordobae, Piprites chloris antioquiae, Habia gutturalis), Choc (e.g., Androdon aequatorialis, Trogon comptus, Myiophobus phoenicomitra litae, Diglossa indigotica), or lowlands and foothills of Central America (e.g., Philydor fuscipenne, Automolus rubiginosus saturatus). Except for the adjacent northern Cordillera Occidental and Serrana de San Lucas (Fig. 1), no other avifauna in the northern Andes is expected to consist of such mixture of montane and transAndean lowland rainforest elements. Overall, the species pool of the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes has been previously considered to be relatively well known. However, not only new species have been recently described (Cuervo et al. 2001, 2005; Donegan 2007), but also important range extensions have been reported (Beltrn & Kattan 2001). For example, we presented evidence for 36 unexpected species in the region that reinforced the pattern of mixture of biogeographical realms in this corner of South America (Cuervo et al. in press). That the avifauna of the Cordillera Central was presumed to be generally well known was based on the assumption that the various expeditions and recent works conducted in the coffee growing region in the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Quindo, and Risaralda were representative of the whole range. Indeed, there are vast areas where little or no exploration has been conducted yet, such as the pramos and upper montane forests in northern Antioquia, the hill slopes of the dry Cauca canyon, the eastern slope from Antioquia to Tolima, and the southern portion from Parque Nacional Las Hermosas south to Parque Nacional Purac. The finding of a distinct avifauna in its northern end implies that collecting surveys in the poorly-explored areas of this cordillera should be a priority for field ornithologists in Colombia. Six IUCN threatened and ten near-threatened species have populations in the northern Cordillera Central (Appendix 1); many of

which were not even known to occur in this area at all such as Tinamus osgoodi, Bangsia melanochlamys, and Chlorocrysa nitidissima. Furthermore, Lipaugus weberi is exclusively known from the sixteen localities reported in this paper, twelve more since its description in 2001. Although this cotinga may indeed be restricted to the cloud forests of Anor and Amalfi, ornithological exploration is poor in adjacent areas like Yolomb, Campamento, Yarumal, the northern Cordillera Occidental, and Serrana de San Lucas. Except for Odontophorus hyperythrus, Pyrilia pyrilia, and H. gutturalis, the rest of species of conservation concern mostly range between 1000 and 2000 m, the altitudinal belt at which most forest cover have disappeared in Colombia (Etter & van Wyngaarden 2000). That many premontane birds locally extirpated in other portions of the Colombian Andes (see Renjifo 1999) have relatively large populations in our region is indicative of the mild history of disturbance of the northern end the cordillera. Instead of the extensive deforestation of premontane wet forests due to the expansion of coffee cultivations and cattle ranching that characterized the Colombian Andes in the 20th century, this region remained mostly forested in many parts due to a low local human population density and a gold-mining based economy. However, land use is rapidly changing due to the exhaustion of gold mines, the expansion of illicit crops and cattle ranching all over Colombia, and stable international coffee prices. Bodega Vieja in Amalfi and Santa Gertrudis in Anor are two key large forest blocks that still remain unprotected. By being located in the middle of a forest continuum from 1800 m a.s.l. to 150 m, Santa Gertrudis represents a unique opportunity for expanding the Bajo Cauca-Nech reserve (45,000 ha) which currently protects the lower foothills and lowlands (150850 m). There are no national parks in the northern Cordillera Central, but 499

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three small reserves were recently established based on our studies: Bosque Guayabito (c. 1000 ha), La Forzosa (c. 350 ha), and Arrierito Antioqueo (i.e., Alto El Chaquiral, c. 110 ha). Although only the Anor region was identified as an Important Bird Area (Franco & Bravo 2005), realistic conservation impact of the IBA program on the cloud forest habitats of the region is still to be seen. We believe that a network of reserves owned by local farmers would cradle long-term, sustainable conservation of the lower Porce and upper Nechi forests, which are now threatened by ongoing land use changes and increasing human colonization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We appreciate the hospitality of the local people of Anor and Amalfi. Funding and equipment was provided by CORANTIOQUIA, the NSF-CREST program at University of Puerto Rico, Sigma Xi, Instituto Humboldt, Organization for Tropical Studies, Neotropical Bird Club, Idea Wild, Optics for the Tropics, the Incentivos a la Investigacin program of Museo Universitario at Universidad de Antioquia, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Asociacin Calidris, and Barrick Museum of Natural History. CORANTIOQUIA granted research permits. We thank J. Toro for encouraging us to study the birds of this region. For their hard work and company in the field we are very grateful to many friends and students in Colombia acknowledged elsewhere. M. A. Echeverry-Galvis and C. D. Cadena made useful comments that improved the quality of the manuscript.

REFERENCES
lvarez, M., V. Caro, O. Laverde, & A. M. Cuervo. 2007. Gua sonora de las aves de los Andes colombianos/A guide to the birds sounds of the Colombian Andes. Banco de Sonidos Ani-

males, Instituto Alexander von Humboldt & Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. Beltrn, W., & G. Kattan. 2001. First record of the Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush in the central Andes of Colombia, with notes on its ecology and geographical variation. Wilson Bull. 113: 134139. Cuervo, A. M., & C. Restrepo. 2007. Assemblage and population-level consequences of forest fragmentation on bilateral asymmetry in tropical montane birds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 119 133. Cuervo, A. M., P. Salaman, T. Donegan, & J. M. Ochoa. 2001. A new species of piha (Cotingidae: Lipaugus) from the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Ibis 143: 353368. Cuervo, A. M., C. D. Cadena, N. Krabbe, & L. M. Renjifo. 2005. Scytalopus stilesi, a new species of tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae) from the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Auk 122: 445463. Cuervo, A. M., P. C. Pulgarn, & D. Caldern-F. in press. New distributional bird data from the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, with implications for the biogeography of northwestern South America. Condor. Donegan, T. 2007. A new species of brush finch (Emberizidae: Atlapetes) from the northern Central Andes of Colombia. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 127: 255268. Espinal, L. S. 1992. Geografa ecolgica de Antioquia: Zonas de vida. Editorial Lalon, Medelln, Colombia. Etter, A., & W. van Wyngaarden. 2000. Patterns of landscape transformation in Colombia, with emphasis in the Andean region. Ambio 29: 432439. Franco, A. M., & G. A. Bravo. 2005. reas importantes para la conservacin de las aves en Colombia. Pp. 117282 in reas importantes para la conservacin de las aves en los Andes tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conservacin de la biodiversidad. BirdLife International & Conservation International, Quito, Ecuador. Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. 2000. Uplift history of the central and northern Andes: a review. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112: 10911105. Hawkins, B. A., J. A. F. Diniz-Filho, C. A. Jaramillo,

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& S. A. Soeller. 2007. Climate, niche conservatism, and the global bird diversity gradient. Am. Nat. 170: S16S27. IGAC. 2003. Atlas de Colombia. Instituto Geogrfico Agustn Codazzi & Imprenta Nacional de Colombia, Bogot, Colombia. Kattan, G., & P. Franco. 2004. Bird diversity along elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: area and mass effects. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 13: 451458. McCourt, W. J., J. A. Aspden, & M. Brook. 1984. New geological and geochronological data from the Colombian Andes: continental growth by multiple accretion. J. Geol. Soc. 141: 831845. Pitman, N., D. K. Moskovits, W. S. Alverson, & R. Borman. 2002. Ecuador: Serranas CofnBermejo, Sinangoe. Rapid Biological Inventories Report 3, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois. Rahbek, C. 1997. The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in Neotropical birds. Am. Nat. 149: 875902. Rahbek, C., & G. R. Graves. 2001. Multiscale

assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 45344539. Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, & D. F. Stotz. 2008. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists Union. Available on http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html [Version 24 April 2008]. Renjifo, L. M. 1999. Composition changes in a subandean avifauna after long-term forest fragmentation. Conserv. Biol. 13: 11241139. Stotz, D. F., J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker, III, & D. Moskovits. 1996. Neotropical birds: Ecology and conservation. Chicago Univ. Press, Chicago, Illinois. Terborgh, J. 1975. Bird species diversity on an Andean elevational gradient. Ecology 58: 10071019. van Velzen, H. P. 1992. Priorities for conservation of the biodiversity in the Colombian Andes. Noved. Colomb. 4 (Esp.): 132.

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APPENDIX 1. Avifauna of the northern Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes, indicating relative abundance, major habitats where the species were recorded, and type of evidence gathered per species. See Table 1 for codes and geographic data of the 18 localities studied. Taxonomy follows the A.O.U. South American Checklist Committee recommendations (Remsen et al. 2008). English names1 Tinamidae Black Tinamou (VU) Little Tinamou Cracidae Sickle-winged Guan Crested Guan Wattled Guan (NT) Speckled Chachalaca Odontophoridae Rufous-fronted Wood-Quail Chestnut Wood-Quail (NT) Ardeidae Striated Heron Cattle Egret Cathartidae Turkey Vulture Black Vulture King Vulture Accipitridae Gray-headed Kite Swallow-tailed Kite White-tailed Kite Semicollared Hawk (NT) Sharp-shinned Hawk White Hawk Savanna Hawk Harris's Hawk Roadside Hawk Scientifi names2 Tinamus osgoodi Crypturellus soui Chamaepetes goudotii Penelope purpurascens Aburria aburri Ortalis guttata columbiana Odontophorus erythrops Odontophorus hyperythrus Butorides striata Bubulcus ibis Cathartes aura Coragyps atratus Sarcoramphus papa Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Elanus leucurus Accipiter collaris Accipiter striatus ventralis Leucopternis albicollis Buteogallus meridionalis Parabuteo unicinctus Buteo magnirostris Localities 9 710,18 15,79,13 7 3,5,79,1518 19,11,13,1517 7,8 2,3,5,8,9,13,16,18 7 79 1912,13,18 118 2,6,710,18 1 110,13,17,18 7,9 7,8 3,8,13 8,9 3,9 6,7 19,12,13,1518 Abundance3 SC U FC SC U C U FC X U C C U X U U SC U SC SC SC C Habitats4 I III I,II,III I I II,III I I IV III V V V II II,III,V III I,II I,II II II III II,III Evidence5 S,H R,H R,S,H R,S,H R,H R,S,H R,S,H R,S,H S S S S S S R,P,S,H S M,P,S,H M,P S S S R,P,S,H

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Broad-winged Hawk Red-backed Hawk Short-tailed Hawk Zone-tailed Hawk Black Hawk-Eagle Ornate Hawk-Eagle Falconidae Laughing Falcon Barred Forest-Falcon Crested Caracara Red-throated Caracara Yellow-headed Caracara American Kestrel Bat Falcon Aplomado Falcon Rallidae Russet-crowned Crake Charadriidae Southern Lapwing Columbidae Ruddy Ground-Dove Scaled Pigeon Band-tailed Pigeon Pale-vented Pigeon Ruddy Pigeon Ground-Dove Eared Dove White-tipped Dove Psittacidae Blue-fronted Parrotlet Scientifi names2 Buteo platypterus Buteo polyosoma Buteo brachyurus Buteo albonotatus Spizaetus tyrannus Spizaetus ornatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Micrastur ruficollis Caracara cheriway Ibycter americanus Milvago chimachima Falco sparverius Falco rufigularis Falco femoralis Anurolimnas viridis Vanellus chilensis Columbina talpacoti Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas fasciata Patagioenas cayennensis Patagioenas subvinacea Geotrygon m. montana Zenaida auriculata Leptotila verreauxi Touit dilectissimus Localities 1 13,5,8,9 13 8 39,17,18 3 1,310,13,18 15,79,18 14,11,13,17,18 3,59,11,13,1518 1,2,8,9,13 1,311,13,14,1618 18 2 1,4,5,7,8,13,14 1,3,5,8,9,13,18 8,9,18 6,8,16,18 19,11,13,16,18 4,79,18 110,13,17,18 2,6,7,10 2,8,13 8,9 19,1114,1618 Abundance3 X U X X FC X FC FC U FC U C SC X FC U U U C U C SC SC SC C Habitats4 II II,III,V II II II,V II II,III I,II III I,II II,III III II III III III III II I,II,III II,III I,II I III II I,II Evidence5 S,H R,P,S,H S S R,P,S,H S R,S,H R,S,H S R,S,H S,H R,S,H S,H S
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R,S,H S,H S R,S,H R,S,H S,H R,S,H M,R,H S,H S R,S,H

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Saffron-headed Parrot (NT) Blue-headed Parrot Bronze-winged Parrot Mealy Parrot Cuculidae Squirrel Cuckoo Smooth-billed Ani Striped Cuckoo Pavonine Cuckoo Strigidae Tropical Screech-Owl Cinnamon Screech-Owl Mottled Owl Nyctibiidae Common Potoo Caprimulgidae Common Nighthawk6 Common Pauraque Band-winged Nightjar Apodidae Chestnut-collared Swift White-collard Swift Gray-rumped Swift Short-tailed Swift Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Trochilidae White-necked Jacobin White-tipped Sicklebill Rufous-breasted Hermit Band-tailed Barbthroat Scientifi names2 Pyrilia pyrilia Pionus menstruus Pionus c. chalcopterus Amazona farinosa Piaya cayana Crotophaga ani Tapera naevia Dromococcyx pavoninus Megascops choliba Megascops petersoni Ciccaba virgata Nyctibius griseus Chordeles minor Nyctidromus albicollis Caprimulgus longirostris ruficervix Streptoprocne rutila Streptoprocne zonaris Chaetura cinereiventris Chaetura brachyura Panyptila cayennensis Florisuga mellivora Eutoxeres aquila munda Glaucis hirsutus affinis Threnetes ruckeri darienensis Localities 13,58,13,17,18 7,14 4,5,7,8,11,13,14,17,18 17,18 19,15,16,18 111,13,14,1618 1,2,4,5,79,12,13,16,17 3,8,9,15,18 15,710,13,18 8,9 14,79,13 3,4,79,13 7 24,610,13,14,16 13,59,16,18 110,13,1618 14,710,13,1518 3,7,8 13 7 3,13 15,710,18 13 10 Abundance3 FC SC FC U FC C FC U FC U FC FC SC C C C FC FC X SC SC C SC SC Habitats4 I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II,III II,III II,III II,III II,III I,II I,II II II III II,III V V V V V II,III I,II II II Evidence5 M,R,P,S,H S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,S,H R,H R,H R,S,H M,R,P,H R,S,H R,P,S,H S S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H P,S,H R,S,H S S S M,P,S M,P M

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Stripe-throated Hermit Green Hermit Tawny-bellied Hermit Green-fronted Lancebill Wedge-billed Hummingbird Brown Violetear Green Violetear Sparkling Violetear Tooth-billed Hummingbird Purple-crowned Fairy Black-throated Mango Greenish Puffleg Bronzy Inca Booted Racket-tail Green-crowned Brilliant Purple-throated Woodstar Western Emerald Violet-headed Hummingbird Green-crowned Woodnymph Rufous-tailed Hummingbird Andean Emerald Steely-vented Hummingbird Trogonidae Golden-headed Quetzal Collared Trogon Blue-tailed Trogon Alcedinidae Green Kingfisher Momotidae Blue-crowned Motmot Scientifi names2 Phaethornis s. striigularis Phaethornis guy emiliae Phaethornis s. syrmathophorus Doryfera l. ludovicae Schistes geoffroyi albogularis Colibri delphinae Colibri thalassinus Colibri c. coruscans Androdon aequatorialis Heliothrix barroti Anthracothorax nigricollis Haplophaedia a. aureliae Coeligena coeligena ferruginea Ocreatus underwoodii Heliodoxa j. jacula Calliphlox mitchelli Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus pumilus Klais guimeti Thalurania f. fannyi Amazilia t. tzacatl Amazilia f. franciae Amazilia s. saucerrottei Pharomachrus auriceps Trogon collaris subtropicalis Trogon comptus Chloroceryle a. americana Momotus momota aequatorialis Localities 4,7,8 110,1316,18 8 1,35,710,13,16,18 2,3 3 1 1 7,18 7 1,4,7 13,710,12,15,16,18 13,8,9,15,16 13,59,15,16,18 110,13,16,18 5,9 15,7,911,1315,17 7,18 310,12,13,16,18 4,68,11,13 19,11,1318 15,7,8,13 14,710,13,1518 110,1318 18 9,13,17,18 14,79 Abundance3 U C SC C U X X U U X SC C FC C C SC C SC C U C FC FC FC X SC U Habitats4 I,II I,II II I,II I,II I II II,III I I III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II,III I I,II,III III I,II II,III I,II I,II I II,IV I,II,III Evidence5 M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S M,P S,H M,P,S,H M,P,S,H S S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,P,S M,P M,P,S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,S,H M,P,S P,S,H

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505

APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Bucconidae Moustached Puffbird Lanceolated Monklet Capitonidae White-mantled Barbet (EN) Red-headed Barbet Ramphastidae Black-mandibled Toucan Channel-billed Toucan Crimson-rumped Toucanet Picidae Olivaceous Piculet Acorn Woodpecker Red-crowned Woodpecker Smoky-brown Woodpecker Golden-olive Woodpecker Spot-breasted Woodpecker Lineated Woodpecker Crimson-crested Woodpecker Furnariidae Tawny-throated Leaftosser Azara's Spinetail Pale-breasted Spinetail Slaty Spinetail Red-faced Spinetail Spotted Barbtail Treerunner Montane Foliage-gleaner Lineated Foliage-gleaner Striped Woodhaunter Scientifi names2 Malacoptila m. mystacalis Micromonacha lanceolata Capito h. hypoleucus Eubucco b. bourcierii Ramphastos ambiguous swainsonii Ramphastos vitellinus citrolaemus Aulacorhynchus h. haematopygus Picumnus olivaceus Melanerpes formicivorus flavigula Melanerpes rubricapillus Picoides f. fumigatus Colaptes rubiginosus gularis Colaptes punctigula Dryocopus lineatus Campephilus melanoleucus Sclerurus mexicanus andinus Synallaxis azarae media Synallaxis albescens Synallaxis brachyura Cranioleuca erythrops griseigularis Premnoplex b. brunnescens Margarornis sp. Anabacerthia striaticollis Syndactyla subalaris striolata Hyloctistes subulatus cordobae Localities 110,13,1618 7,8 2,7,8,10 110,16,18 7,9,17,18 3 15,710 14,7,9,13,15 13,5,79,11,13,14,16,18 1,810 110,13,16,18 158,10,18 1,46,8 35,7,8,11,13,14,18 15,79,13 7 19,11,12,14,1618 19,11,13,14 7 13,5,79,18 2,3,5,79,18 7 2,3 15,79,16,18 57,9,17,18 Abundance3 FC SC U FC SC X FC U U SC FC FC U FC FC SC C FC SC FC FC X SC FC FC Habitats4 I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II,III II I,II I,II,III II,III III I,II I,II,III III II,III I,II,III I I,II,III II,III II I,II I II I I,II I Evidence5 M,R,P,S,H S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,H S M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H S,H P,S,H R,P,S,H M,P,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S P,S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H

506

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Streak-capped Treehunter Ruddy Foliage-gleaner Plain Xenops Streaked Xenops Plain-brown Woodcreeper Olivaceous Woodcreeper Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Strong-billed Woodcreeper Black-banded Woodcreeper Spotted Woodcreeper Olive-backed Woodcreeper Montane Woodcreeper Brown-billed Scythebill Thamnophilidae Bar-crested Antshrike Uniform Antshrike Plain Antvireo Checker-throated Antwren Slaty Antwren Long-tailed Antbird Rufous-rumped Antwren Parker's Antbird Immaculate Antbird Formicariidae Rufous-breasted Antthrush Grallaridae White-bellied Antpitta Ochre-breasted Antpitta Scientifi names2 Philydor fuscipenne erythronotum Philydor rufum riveti Thripadectes virgaticeps magdalenae Automolus rubiginosus saturatus Xenops minutus littoralis Xenops rutilans heterurus Dendrocincla fuliginosa Sittasomus griseicapillus levis Glyphorhynchus spirurus integratus Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus Dendrocolaptes picumnus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius insolitus Xiphorhynchus t. triangularis Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger Campyloramphus p. pusillus Thamnophilus multistriatus Thamnophilus unicolor grandior Dysithamnus mentalis semicinereus Epinecrophylla fulviventris salmoni Myrmotherula s. schisticolor Drymophila c. caudata Terenura c. callinota Cercomacra parkeri Myrmeciza i. immaculata Formicarius rufipectus carrikeri Grallaria h. hypoleuca Grallaricula flavirostris Localities 7,18 19,12,13,1518 13,5,79,15 5,7,18 4,5,79,18 15,7,8,13,15,18 7,9,18 25,710,15,17,18 7 3,5,7,9 9 47,10,13,18 13,8,9,16 2,3,5,9 2,3,5,79,16,18 1,35,79,12 14,69,1518 25,710,18 5 210,18 1,2 2,3,79,18 110,13,1518 7,15,18 3,9,10 2,3,8,9,16 2,5,8,9,16 Abundance3 U C U SC U FC SC FC SC U SC FC U U FC FC FC FC X FC U U C SC SC U U Habitats4 I I,II I I I,II I,II I I,II I I I I I I,II I II,III I,II I,II I I I,II I,II I,II,III I I I I Evidence5 M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S S,H R,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S,H P,S,H M,R,P,S,H
AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES

R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,S,H M,R,S,H R,S,H M,R,P,S,H

507

APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Conopophagidae Chestnut-crowned Gnateater Rhinocryptidae White-crowned Tapaculo Stiles's Tapaculo (NT) Tyrannidae Sooty-headed Tyrannulet Ashy-headed Tyrannulet Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet Gray Elaenia Yellow-bellied Elaenia Lesser Elaenia Mountain Elaenia Torrent Tyrannulet Golden-faced Tyrannulet Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant Rufous-browed Tyrannulet Streak-necked Flycatcher Olive-striped Flycatcher Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Slaty-capped Flycatcher Ornate Flycatcher Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant Common Tody-Flycatcher Fulvous-breasted Flatbill White-throated Spadebill Orange-crested Flycatcher Tawny-breasted Flycatcher Cinnamon Flycatcher Scientifi names2 Conopophaga c. castaneiceps Scytalopus atratus confusus Scytalopus stilesi Phyllomyias griseiceps Phyllomyias cinereiceps Phyllomyias plumbeiceps Myiopagis caniceps Elaenia flavogaster Elaenia chiriquensis albivertex Elaenia frantzii Serpophaga cinerea Zimmerius c. chrysops Phylloscartes o. ophthalmicus Phylloscartes superciliaris Mionectes striaticollis columbianus Mionectes olivaceus hederaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris poliocephalus Myiotriccus ornatus stellatus Lophotriccus pileatus hesperius Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus Platyrinchus mystaceus neglectus Myiophobus phoenicomitra litae Myiobius v. villosus Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus pyrrhopterus Localities 47,9,10,13,18 35,79,13,18 110,13,1518 7,8,17 2 2,3,5,7 3,7,9 1,2,4,5,79,13,15 13 1,2,5,7 57,9 19,1118 13,5,79,13,17,18 15,79,1315,17,18 13,8,10,15,16 1,4,69,13,15,16,18 4,7,11 1,35,7,8,13,15,18 29,12,13,1618 111,1318 3,10 4,5,79,11,13,14,17 2,5,7,9 29,18 7 5,7,18 13,8,9,17 Abundance3 U FC C U SC U U FC SC U FC C FC FC C C SC FC FC C SC SC SC FC SC SC U Habitats4 I II I II I,II I I II,III II II IV I,II,III I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II I,II,III I,II I,II II III I I I I I,II Evidence5 M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,S,H M,P M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,P R,P,S,H S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,S,H S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,P,S M,R,P,S,H

508

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Acadian Flycatcher6 Willow Flycatcher6 Alder Flycatcher6 Olive-sided Flycatcher6 (NT) Smoke-colored Pewee Eastern Wood-Pewee6 Western Wood-Pewee6 Black Phoebe Vermillion Flycatcher Rufous-tailed Tyrant Cattle Tyrant Piratic Flycatcher Rusty-margined Flycatcher Great Kiskadee Lemon-browed Flycatcher Golden-crowned Flycatcher Streaked Flycatcher Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tropical Kingbird Rufous Mourner Dusky-capped Flycatcher Pale-edged Flycatcher Great Crested Flycatcher5 Bright-rumped Attila Oxyruncidae Sharpbill Cotingidae Golden-breasted Fruiteater Chestnut-capped Piha (EN) Purple-throated Fruitcrow Scientifi names2 Empidonax virescens Empidonax trailli Empidonax alnorum Contopus cooperi Contopus fumigatus ardosiacus Contopus virens Contopus sordidulus Sayornis nigricans Pyrocephalus rubinus Knipolegus poecilurus Machaetornis rixosa Legatus leucophaius Myiozetetes cayanensis Pitangus sulphuratus Conopias cinchoneti Myiodynastes chrysocephalus minor Myiodynastes maculatus Tyrannus savanna Tyrannus melancholicus Rhyptipterna holerythra Myiarchus t. tuberculifer Myiarchus cephalotes caucae Myiarchus crinitus Attila spadiceus sclateri Oxyruncus cristatus Pipreola a. aureopectus Lipaugus weberi Querula purpurata Localities 4,7,8,13,18 13 25,7 3,69 2,3,7,9,16 38,13,17,18 7 1,4,69,13,15,17,18 4 3 79,11 5,7,8 310,13,14 1,4,8,9 18 19,13,18 5,79 19,11,13 116,18 7 15,79,13,18 13,59,13,1618 13 25,7,8 18 2,3,8,9 29,1118 2,3,5,7,18 Abundance3 FC SC SC SC U FC SC C SC SC FC SC C U X FC U FC C SC FC FC X FC X U FC U Habitats4 I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II,III I,II II,III II,III 3,4 III II III II III III II I,II II,III III II,III I I,II I,II II I,II I I,II I,II I,II Evidence5 M,P,S M,P,S M,P,S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,H S,H S R,P,S,H S,H H R,P,S,H R,S,H S R,P,S,H R,S,H S,H R,P,S,H S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,P M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H

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509

APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Red-ruffed Fruitcrow Pipridae Golden-winged Manakin Striped Manakin Blue-crowned Manakin White-bearded Manakin Green Manakin Yellow-headed Manakin (NT) White-crowned Manakin Golden-headed Manakin Tityridae Masked Tityra Thrush-like Schiffornis Barred Becard Cinereous Becard Cinnamon Becard White-winged Becard Incerta Sedis 1 Wing-barred Piprites Vireonidae Black-billed Peppershrike Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo Yellow-throated Vireo6 Brown-capped Vireo Red-eyed Vireo6 Rufous-naped Greenlet Corvidae Black-chested Jay Green Jay Hirundinidae Scientifi names2 Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis Masius chrysopterus bellus Machaeropterus regulus antioquiae Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus abditivus Xenopipo holochlora litae Xenopipo flavicapilla Pipra pipra bolivari Pipra erythrocephala Tityra semifasciata columbianus Schiffornis turdina panamensis Pachyramphus v. versicolor Pachyramphus r. rufus Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus polychopterus cinereiventris Piprites chloris antioquiae Cyclarhis nigrirostris Vireolanius eximius Vireo flavifrons Vireo l. leucophrys Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus semibrunneus Cyanocorax affinis Cyanocorax yncas galeatus Localities 2,3,9 13,5,79,11,16 4,7,9,10,18 18 2,9 18 2 47,9,10,13,18 5,18 7,9,10 18 2,3,9,10,1618 7,13 3,4,6,7,10,18 18,16,18 2,3,58,1618 15,79 7,10 5 13,8,18 2,8,13,18 19,13,18 1,2,4,5,810,18 110,13,1618 Abundance3 U FC U X SC X U C X SC X U U FC FC FC FC U X FC SC C U C Habitats4 I,II I,II I,II II II I I I,II I II I I,II II II,III I,II I,II I,II I II I,II II I,II II,III I,II Evidence5 R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S M,P,H M,P M,P M,R,P,S,H P P,S,H M,P,H R,P,S,H M,P,S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,S,H S M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,S,H M,R,P,S,H

510

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Blue-and-white Swallow White-thighed Swallow Southern Rough-winged Swallow Gray-breasted Martin Troglodytidae Scaly-breasted Wren House Wren Sooty-headed Wren Whiskered Wren Bay Wren Gray-breasted Wood-Wren Song Wren Polioptilidae Long-billed Gnatwren Turdidae Andean Solitaire Gray-cheeked Thrush6 Swainson's Thrush6 Pale-eyed Thrush Great Thrush Glossy-black Thrush Black-billed Thrush Pale-vented Thrush Mimidae Tropical Mockingbird Thraupidae Black-faced Tanager Oleaginous Hemispingus White-lined Tanager Crimson-backed Tanager Scientifi names2 Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Atticora tibialis minima Stelgidopterix ruficollis Progne chalybea Microcerculus marginatus Troglodytes aedon striatulus Thryothorus spadix Thryothorus mystacalis Thryothorus nigricapillus Henicorhina l. leucophrys Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Ramphocaenus melanurus griseodorsalis Myadestes ralloides plumbeiceps Catharus minimus Catharus ustulatus Turdus leucops Turdus fuscater quindio Turdus serranus Turdus i. ignobilis Turdus o. obsoletus Mimus gilvus tolimensis Schistochlamys melanopis Hemispingus f. frontalis Tachyphonus rufus Ramphocelus dimidiatus Localities 19,1113,1618 68 118 7 7,9,10 19,1114,17,18 110,13,1518 1 57,9,15,18 218 7 1,7,9 13,69,16,18 5,79,13,16,18 15,710,13,15,18 3,5,79,13,15,18 13,6,8,9,11,12,1417 2,3,9,16 19,13 7 19,13 1,3,69,1214,17,18 2,3,8,9 1,2,5 110,12,13,15,17 Abundance3 FC U C U U FC C SC U FC X U FC U C FC FC SC FC SC FC U FC U FC Habitats4 III,V II,V III,V IS,V I II,III I,II II,III II,IV I,II I I,II I,II I,II I,II,III I,II II,III I II,III I,II III II,III I,II III III Evidence5 S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H H R,S,H M,R,P,S,H H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H P,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S R,P,S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H S M,R,P,S,H S,H S,H
AVIFAUNA OF THE NORTHERN CENTRAL ANDES

511

APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Flame-rumped Tanager Blue-gray Tanager Palm Tanager Black-and-gold Tanager (VU) Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager Purplish-mantled Tanager (NT) Multicolored Tanager (VU) Golden Tanager Silver-throated Tanager Saffron-crowned Tanager Speckled Tanager Bay-headed Tanager Scrub Tanager Blue-necked Tanager Blue-necked Tanager Black-capped Tanager Purple Honeycreeper Green Honeycreeper Guira Tanager Scarlet-and-white Tanager Rusty Flowerpiercer Indigo Flowerpiercer Incerta Sedis 2 Common Bush-Tanager Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager Bananaquit Yellow-faced Grassquit Dull-colored Grassquit Buff-throated Saltator Black-winged Saltator Scientifi names2 Ramphocelus flammigerus icteronotus Thraupis episcopus canus Thraupis palmarum atripennis Bangsia melanochlamys Anisognathus somptuosus antioquiae Iridosornis porphyrocephalus Chlorocrysa nitidissima Tangara arthus occidentalis Tangara i. icterocephala Tangara xanthocephala Tangara guttata tolimae Tangara gyrola deleticia Tangara vitriolina Tangara cyanicollis granadensis Tangara nigroviridis consobrina Tangara heinei Cyanerpes caeruleus microrhynchus Chlorophanes spiza Hemithraupis guira guirina Chrysothlypis salmoni Diglossa sittoides dorbignyi Diglossa indigotica Chlorospingus ophthalmicus nigriceps Chlorospingus f. flavigularis Coereba flaveola columbiana Tiaris olivaceus Tiaris o. obscurus Saltator maximus Saltator a. atripennis Localities 4,614,17,18 114,17,18 1,35,711,13,17,18 8,9,1618 14,6,8,9,18 13,69,1518 2,3,5,79 15,79,1118 2,3,7,8 3 310,13,14,18 1,35,79,13,14,17,18 19,1114,16,17 15,79,1113,14,17 19,11,1318 15,7,8,11,13,1618 7,18 9 25,79,13,18 7,15,18 13 8,9,1618 1,2 24,710,13,1518 19,11,13,1518 113,17 5 4,5,710,13 19,12,13,17,18 Abundance3 FC FC FC U FC FC U C FC X U FC FC U FC FC SC SC U FC U SC U C C C SC FC FC Habitats4 III II,III II,III I,II I,II,III I,II,III I,II I,II I,II II I,II I,II,III II,III II,III I,II II,III I I,II I,II I,II II,III I,II II I,II I,II,III II,III II II,III I,II Evidence5 S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,P,S S M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H P,S M,R,P,S,H R,P,S,H R,P,S,H M,P,S R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H

512

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Grayish Saltator Streaked Saltator Emberizidae Rufous-collared Sparrow Slaty Finch Saffron Finch Blue-black Grassquit Slate-colored Seedeater Variable Seedeater Yellow-bellied Seedeater Ruddy-breasted Seedeater Thick-billed Seed-Finch Black-striped Sparrow Chestnut-capped Brush-Finch Stripe-headed Brush-Finch White-naped Brush-Finch Cardinalidae Summer Tanager6 Scarlet Tanager6 White-winged Tanager Sooty Ant-Tanager (NT) Crested Ant-Tanager Lemon-spectacled Tanager Rose-breasted Grosbeak6 Blue-black Grosbeak Parulidae Golden-winged Warbler6 (NT) Tennessee Warbler6 Tropical Parula Bay-breasted Warbler6 Scientifi names2 Saltator coerulescens Saltator striatipectus Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Haplospiza r. rustica Sicalis flaveola Volatinia jacarina Sporophila schistacea Sporophila corvina Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila minuta Oryzoborus funereus ochrogyne Arremonops conirostris Arremon brunneinucha frontalis Arremon torquatus atricapillus Atlapetes albinucha gutturalis Piranga rubra Piranga olivacea Piranga leucoptera venezuelae Habia gutturalis Habia cristata Chlorothraupis olivacea Pheucticus ludovicianus Cyanocompsa c. cyanoides Vermivora chrysoptera Vermivora peregrina Parula pitiayumi Dendroica castanea Localities 79 1,4,5,9 19,1114,1618 15 68 35,79,13,14 9,16 10 1,39,13 79,11,13,17,18 5,7,10,13,15 49,13,17,18 19,11,13,17,18 5,7,9 19,13,15,16,18 15,6,8,9,12,13,17,18 8,13,18 2,3,5,79,15,18 7 18 7 25,13,18 5,7,10 4,5,8,9,16 3,5,8 7,9 2,4,5,7,13,17 Abundance3 U FC C SC SC U SC X C U U FC FC U FC FC FC U X SC X U U U U U FC Habitats4 II,III II,III II,III I III III II III II,III III I III I,II II II,III I,II,III II I,II I I,IV I II,III I,II I I,II II,III II Evidence5 S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S,H S,H S S R,P,S,H S M,P,S R,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H P,S,H P M,R,P,S,H M,R,S,H R,S,H S P,S M,R,P,S,H S P,S S P,S

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APPENDIX 1. Continued. English names1 Blackburnian Warbler6 Yellow Warbler6 American Redstart6 Black-and-white Warbler6 Northern Waterthrush6 Mourning Warbler6 Canada Warbler6 Slate-throated Redstart Golden-crowned Warbler Rufous-capped Warbler Three-striped Warbler Buff-rumped Warbler Icteridae Russet-backed Oropendola Scarlet-rumped Cacique Red-bellied Grackle (EN) Giant Cowbird Shiny Cowbird Fringillidae Andean Siskin Yellow-bellied Siskin Lesser Goldfinch Thick-billed Euphonia Golden-rumped Euphonia Orange-bellied Euphonia Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia Scientifi names2 Dendroica fusca Dendroica petechia Setophaga ruticilla Mniotilta varia Seiurus noveboracensis Oporornis philadelphia Wilsonia canadensis Myioborus miniatus ballux Basileuterus culicivorus Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus Basileuterus tristriatus Phaeothlypis fulvicauda Psarocolius angustifrons salmoni Cacicus uropygialis Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Molothrus oryzivorus Molothrus bonariensis Carduelis spinescens Carduelis x. xanthogastra Carduelis psaltria Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia cyanocephala pelzelni Euphonia xanthogaster oressinoma Chlorophonia cyanea longipennis Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys Localities 19,1114,1618 6 4 15,79,11,16,18 4,13 4,13,18 15,7,8,10,13,18 19,13,1518 7 3,4 15,712,1518 6,7,18 110,13,1518 7,18 110,12,13,1518 3,4,7,9 3,4,7,8,12,13 8 2,3,79 1,49,13,16 4,8,9 5,7,13 110,13,1518 2,3,6,7,18 8,9,15 Abundance3 C U U FC U U FC C SC U C U C SC C SC U X U FC U SC C U SC Habitats4 I,II,III II II I,II II,IV II I,II I,II,III I,II II,III I,II II,IV I,II,III I,II I,II,III III III II II III III II I,II I I Evidence5 P,S S P,S S P,S P,S P,S M,R,P,S,H P,S M,P,S M,R,P,S,H R,S,H R,P,S,H R,S,H M,R,P,S,H S S,H S M,R,P,S,H S,H S,H M,P,S M,R,P,S,H M,R,P,S,H S

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Letters in parenthesis refer to the global IUCN Red List categories: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near threatened. Subspecies names are given, when available, from identified specimens in the museum or from unambiguous identifications from other evidence. Relative abundance: C = common (more than 10 individuals per day and daily encounters), FC = fairly common (less than 10 individuals per day and daily or almost daily encounters), U = uncommon (found in small numbers and not daily in prime habitat), SC = scarce (only occasionally found in small numbers), X = single record. Habitat: I = forest interior, II = edges and gaps, III = young second growth, pastures, and cultivated areas, IV = riverine vegetation or water courses, V = aerial or soaring. Type of evidence: M = museum specimen, R = tape recording, P = photograph, S = sight record, H = vocalization heard and confidently identified. Nearctic migrant.

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