sociologia

sociologia
 SOCIOLOGY

CRAIG CALHOUN, DONALD LIGHT,

SUZANNE KELLER
 sociologia

qreg kalhuni, donald laiTi,

suzen keleri

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2008
 am wigniT sociologiis ZiriTad sakiTxebs gaecnobiT. mniSvnelovani soci­
ologiuri sakiTxebis kritikuli ganxilva Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi
Caxedvis saSualebas mogcemT da srulfasovani adamianisaTvis arsebiTi kriti­
kuli azrovnebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT. saSualeba geqnebaT kriti­
kulad SevafasoT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi da sociologiuri azrovnebisa da/an
kvlevisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli unarebi ganiviTaroT.

avtorebi ecadnen sociologiis iseTi saxelmZRvanelo SeeqmnaT, romlis wa­

kiTxva studentebisaTvis sasurveli iqneboda da amave dros maT Tanamedrove da
klasikuri sociologiis safuZvlebs Seaswavlida. funqciuri integraciis, Za­
lauflebis, socialuri struqturis da kulturis koncefciebi am sociologi­
uri naSromis ZiriTad instrumentebad aris gamoyenebuli.

es studentze orientirebuli da diskusiaze dafuZnebuli wignia, Tumca

vfiqrobT, is mxolod studentebisTvis rodi iqneba saintereso.

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saminis­tros pro­

gramiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~ da ilia WavWavaZis saxelm­
wifo universitetis mier.

ucxouri gamocemis yvela uflebas gankargavs

The McMGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 1997

pirveli qarTuli gamocema 2008

yvela ufleba daculia. (dauSvebelia wignis romelime nawilis gamoyeneba ga­

momcemlis nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva kanoniT isjeba.)

c 2008. ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

ISBN 978-99940-58-05-1


 saZiebeli

avtorTa Sesaxeb ................................................................................................. 7

winasityvaoba ...................................................................................................... 9

nawili I mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.........................................................13

Tavi 1 sociologiuri perspeqtivebi.......................................................15
Tavi 2 sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi...............................................59

nawili II. individi da sazogadoeba.......................................................................97

Tavi 3 socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqtura......................................99
Tavi 4 kultura..........................................................................................157
Tavi 5 socializacia da identoba sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi............197
Tavi 6 deviacia da danaSauli............................................................... 237

nawili III gansxvaveba da uTanasworoba........................................................... 285

Tavi 7 klasi da stratifikacia..............................................................287
Tavi 8 rasa da eTnosi...........................................................................323
Tavi 9 sqesi da genderi..........................................................................373
Tavi 10 Taobebi da mosaxleobis dabereba..........................................403

nawili IV socialuri institutebi..........................................................................447

Tavi 11 ojaxi.............................................................................................449
Tavi 12 ganaTleba......................................................................................491
Tavi 13 religia..........................................................................................527
Tavi 14 janmrTeloba da jandacva...........................................................573

nawili V socialuri cvlilebebi da globalizacia............................................607

Tavi 15 samuSao, organizaciebi da ekonomika....................................609
Tavi 16 saxelmwifo da politika............................................................655
Tavi 17 globaluri integracia da globaluri uTanasworoba..............703
Tavi 18 mosaxleoba da garemo................................................................753
Tavi 19 Temi da urbanizacia...................................................................807
Tavi 20 socialuri Zvrebi da koleqtiuri qmedebebi............................ 851


.
 avtorTa Sesaxeb
qreg kalhuni (Craig Calhoun) sociologiis da istoriis profesori da Crdi­
loeT karolinis Capel hilis (Chapel Hill) universitetis saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa
sauniversiteto centris direqtoria. profesorma kalhunma daafuZna sauniver­
siteto programa socialur Teoriasa da kulturaTa kvlevaSi, iyo magistratu­
ris dekani. is aswavlida CineTSi, inglisSi, eritreaSi, norvegiasa da sudanSi, kv­
levebs atarebda am da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi.
mqadageblis Svili profesori kalhuni kentukis, ilinoisis, indianasa da kali­
forniis sxvadasxva TemSi gaizarda; yoveli axali sacxovrebeli adgilis Seswavla
sociologiaSi misi pirveli gakveTili iyo. samxreT kaliforniisa da kolumbiis
universitetebSi swavlis Semdeg man inglisSi swavlis stipendia moipova da doqto­
ris wodeba oqsfordis universitetSi miiRo. is Capel hilSi 1977 wlidan aswavlis.
profesor kalhunis bolodroindeli wignebia: `arc RmerTebi da arc impera­
torebi: studentoba da demokratiisaTvis brZola CineTSi~ (kalifornia, 1995),
romelic amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis mier politikuri sociologiis
seqciis premiiT dajildovda da `kritikuli socialuri Teoria: kultura, is­
toria da gansxvavebulobis sirTule~ (bleksveli, 1995w.). is ramdenime sxva wig­
nis avtori da redaqtoricaa, romelTa Sorisaa: `habermasi da sazogadoebrivi
sfero~ (MIT, 1992w.), `burdie: kritikuli perspeqtivebi~ (m. postonTan (M. Post-
one) da e. lipumasTan (E. LiPuma) erTad, Cikago, 1993w.) da `socialuri Teoria da
identobis politika~ (bleksveli, 1994w.). mis statiebs SexvdebiT mraval samec­
niero JurnalSi, rogoricaa `sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali~, `sazogadoebisa
da istoriis SedarebiTi Seswavla~ `saerTaSoriso sociologia~, `kvlevis soci­
ologiuri meTodebi~ da `Teoria da sazogadoeba~. misi Sromebi ramdenime enazea
Targmnili.
profesori kalhuni amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis Jurnal `sociolo­
giuri Teoriis~ redaqtori da asociaciis seqciaTa _ `SedarebiTi istoriuli
sociologia~ da `sociologiuri Teoria~ _ Tavmjdomarecaa. amJamad is Sedar­
ebiT istoriul kvlevas atarebs nacionalizmisa da eTnikurobis, demokratiisa
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, komunikaciebsa da satransporto teq­nologiebSi
globalur cvlilebaTa socialuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
pedagogiur moRvaweobas profesor kalhunis saqmianobaSi arsebiTi adgili
uWiravs. sociologiis mravalferovani kursebis swavlebis garda, is araerTgzis
monawileobda UNITAS _ multikulturuli cxovrebisa da swavlis eqsperimentSi,
romlis damfuZnebeli da samecniero xelmZRvanelia dRemde. 1988 wels CrdiloeT
karolinis universitetis studentebma is sapatio sazogadoeba `oqros verZis or­
denis~ wevrad airCies.

donald laiTi (Donald Light) sociologiis profesoria ratgeris univer­

sitetSi da socialuri da qcevis medicinis profesori fsiqiatriis kaTedraze
niu-jerzis medicinisa da stomatologiis universitetSi. profesori laiTi ma­
saCusetsSi daibada da gaizarda, swavlobda stenfordis kolejSi da sadiplomo


namuSevari sociologiaSi Cikagosa da brandeisis universitetebSi Seasrula. pre­
zident kenedis `dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis programis~ ganxorcieleba­
Si monawileobisas, romelic muSakTa umciresobisken iyo mimarTuli, ganaTlebisa
da jandacvis sferoTi dainteresda. amJamad is amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi mim­
dinare sociologiur cvlilebebs ikvlevs.
profesori laiTi Tavdapirvelad prinstonis universitetSi aswavlida Sesa­
val kurss sociologiasa da ganaTlebaSi. swored aq Sexvda da daumegobrda suzen
kelers da masTan erTad Seqmna winamdebare wignis pirveli gamocema. man gamoaqvey­
na cnobili naSromi medicinaSi _ `fsiqiatroba: me-s profesiuli transforma­
cia~ (nortoni, 1980). is jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ramdenime naSromis avtori da
redaqtoria. igi avtoria mravali statiisa, romlebic gamoqveynda `sociologiis
amerikul JurnalSi~, `janmrTelobisa da socialuri qcevis JurnalSi~, `adminis­
traciul mecnierebaTa kvartalur Jurnalsa~ da `axali inglisis medicinis Jur­
nalSi~.

suzen keleri (Suzanne Keller) prinstonis universitetis sociologiis pro­

fesoria da sociologiis kaTedras xelmZRvanelobs. is venaSi daibada da SeerTe­
bul StatebSi bavSvobisas Cavida, Tumca profesiuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
nawili evropaSi gaatara. 1953 wels kolumbiis universitetSi miiRo filosofiur
mecnierebaTa doqtoris wodeba sociologiaSi. 1957 wels brandeisis universite­
tis asistent-profesori gaxda, aqve aswavlida socialuri Teoriis kurss, strati­
fikaciasa da religiis sociologiaSi. 1963 wels fulbraiTis leqciebma aTenSi
ekistikis doqsiadis centrSi safuZveli Cauyara arqiteqturisa da sazogadoe­
brivi dagegmarebisadmi mis interess. fulbraiTis programis damTavrebis Semdeg
1967 wlamde profesori keleri centris TanamSromeli iyo. imave wels is prinsto­
nis universitetis miwveuli profesori, xolo 1968 wels ki profesoris StatSi mo­
muSave pirveli qali iyo. mas ramdenime arCeviTi Tanamdeboba hqonda amerikis soci­
ologiur asociaciaSi, maT Soris, vice-prezidentisa, xolo ukanasknel periodSi
_ aRmosavleTis sociologiuri sazogadoebis prezidentisa.
prinstonSi suzen keleri aswavlis Semdeg kursebs: Tanamedrove elita, sao­
jaxo sistemaTa Sedareba, kacobriobis Teoriebi da socialuri fsiqiatria. mrava­
li statiisa da ramdenime wignis avtorma profesorma kelerma prinstonSi safuZve­
li Cauyara `qalTa kvlevis~ programas. amJamad is asrulebs muSaobas wignze `Temis
Seq­mna~ da iwyebs Tanamedrove elitis kvlevas. profesori keleri amerikasa da sxva
qveynebSi bevri universitetis, korporaciisa da samTavrobo dawesebulebis kon­
sultantia, miRebuli aqvs ramdenime stipendia da jildo, maT Soris gugenheimis
jildo, sapatio samecniero xarisxi, xolo ukanasknel periodSi Temis Sesaxeb naS­
romis gamo rokfeleris fondis granti. amJamad is DBH fondis xelmZRva­nelia ada­
mianuri da usafrTxo garemo pirobebis miRwevis mimarTulebiT.


 w i n a s i t y v a o b a
sociologiis erT-erTi momxibvleloba isaa, rom mudam axalia. amis mizezi
nawilobriv sociologTa mier socialuri cxovrebis modelebis Sesaxeb axali aR­
moCenebia, nawilobriv ki _ axali Teoriebisa da socialuri cxovrebis axleburi
xedvis SemuSaveba. magram ZiriTadi mainc isaa, rom Tavad socialuri cxovrebaa
mudmivad cvalebadi.

socialuri cvlilebis arsi

sazogadoeba adamianTa aqtiurobis Sedegia da amitom mudam icvleba. tradi­
ciaTa SenarCunebasac ki Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. socialur cvlilebaTa umravleso­
ba mcirea. individebis cxovrebis cvlilebas _ axal samsaxurs, Svilebis dabade­
bas _ aucileblad rodi mosdevs mTeli sazogadoebis cvlileba. am individualur
cvlilebaTa garda, arsebobs ufro didi cvlilebebic: mTliani Sromis bazris cv­
lileba, mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gazrda. iSviaTad xdeba kidev ufro didi cv­
lilebebi _ moZvelebuli samrewvelo teqnologiis Secvla axali kompiuteruli
komunikaciebiTa da avtomatizaciiT, rac samudamod cvlis Sromis bazars. wignis
SesavalSi mocemuli magaliTi adasturebs, rom axali teqnologiebi da cvalebadi
kulturuli Rirebulebebi aseve cvlis Svilebis yolis bunebriv process.
wignis meore gamocemisas gaviTvaliswineT rogorc sociologiuri codnis ga­
farToeba, aseve TviT socialuri samyaros cvlilebebi. Cven xelT arsebuli uax­
lesi monacemebi gamoviyeneT da uaxlesi samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi avxseniT.
Tanamedrove socialuri debatebisa da sajaro sakiTxebis magaliTebi movitaneT
imis saCveneblad, rogor gvexmareba sociologia axlebur xedvaSi. amavdroulad,
SevajameT mravali sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegi, romlebmac drois gamocdas
gauZlo da sazogadoebis sxva TaviseburebaTa cvlilebis miuxedavad ucvleli
darCa. aseve warmovadgineT klasikuri Teoriuli Sexedulebebi, romlebmac so­
ciologiuri azrovneba Seqmna. am gamocemaSic gansakuTrebuli yura­dReba mieqca
xuT ZiriTad sociologiur koncefcias _ funqcias, struqturas, Zalauflebas,
moqmedebasa da kulturas, romlebic centraluria sociologiaSi misi daarsebis
dRidan da dRemde sociologiuri kvlevisa da TeoriisaTvis orientiria.
am saxelmZRvanelos yovel axal gamocemaze muSaoba sociologiasTan Cvens
pirvel `Sexvedras~ gvaxsenebs. is, ramac maSin mogvxibla, dResac yvelaze mniS­
vnelovnad gveCveneba: uTvalavi globaluri mimarTulebis dakavSirebis unari
da sakiTxebi, romlebic Tanamedrove samyaros ayalibebs Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis mravali myisieri sazrunavis safuZvelze. sociologias unikaluri
unari aqvs, gaaRrmavos Cveni codna analizis mraval gansxvavebul doneze da
gansxvave­buli masStabiT, dawyebuli piradi fiqrebidan globaluramde insti­
tucionaluri Tu organizaciuli safexurebis gavliT. is mdidari socialuri
cxovrebis sisavsis Sesacnobad codnis sxvadasxva ganzomilebis _ ekonomikuris,
politikuris, kulturulis _ TavmoyraSi gvexmareba.


globalur da adgilobriv doneTa dakavSireba

mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso cvlilebebisa da Cvens cxovrebaze maTi Zireuli

gavlenis gamo gamocemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba davuTmeT am globalur ten­
denciebsa da kulturaTa Sedarebebs. es mTliani teqstidanac Cans, magram gansa­
kuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa CanarTebis seriaSi `globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi
Sedegebi~. am SemTxvevaSi `adgilobrivi~ xSirad, Tumca ara yovelTvis, `amerike­
lebs~ gulisxmobs. aq iseTi sakiTxebia ganxiluli, rogoricaa globa­luri Zalebis
zemoqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi mcxovreb adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze,
magaliTad, ra gavlenas axdens tropikul tyeebSi mcxovreb adamia­nebze morebis
warmoebis gazrdis globaluri ekonomikis stimuli.

socialuri debatebi da sajaro arCevani

CvenTvis, rogorc individebisa da moqalaqeebisaTvis, sociologiis mniSvn­

eloba arsebuli arCevanis gaazrebaSi gamoixateba. kerZod, raki socialuri sam­
yaro adamianTa aqtivobis Sedegia, ufleba gvaqvs mis Secvlas xma mivceT. imis xa­
zgasasmelad, rogor gvexmareba sociologia, gansakuTrebiT ki zemoxsenebuli
xuTi koncefcia, sajaro sakiTxebisa da arCevanis ukeT gagebaSi, wignSi CanarTTa
seria warmovadgineT amJamindeli ZiriTadi `socialuri debatebiT~. miuxedavad
sakamaTo sakiTxis arsisa, rogor gavaumjobesoT skola an ratom gaxda aborti
politikuri diskusiis sagani, sociologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi imis Rrmad
CawvdomaSi gvexmareba, ras emyareba socialuri debatebi da ra safrTxea maTSi.

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

sociologia mxolod SexedulebaTa da koncefciaTa Sesaxeb mecniereba ro­

dia. is mecnieruli kvlevis saganicaa. saxelmZRvaneloSi uaxlesi da saukeTeso
kvlevebia mocemuli, romelic socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis axsnaSi
gvexmareba. erTi mTliani Tavi kvlevis meTodebs eZRvneba. magram amas garda, Cven
CanarTTa seria mivamateT, romelic sociologebma ukanasaknel periodSi Catare­
buli mniSvnelovani kvlevebisas gamoiyenes. aseTi CanarTebi maSin aris warmodge­
nili, rodesac sakvlevi Tema _ dawyebuli sqesobrivi qcevidan quCis garCevebiT
damTavrebuli _ sakamaTo xdeba. im CanarTebSi, romelSic Zalze mniSvnelovani
kiTxva `ratom~ aris dasmuli, Tavmoyrili informaciis sizuste SevamowmeT. maTSi
aRwerilia kvlevebi da eqsperimentebi, monawileTa siRrmiseuli dakvirveba da sx­
vadasxva kulturaTa Sedarebebi, romelic aCvenebs, rogor awy­debian mkvlevarebi
winaaRmdegobebs CarCoebs miRma kvlevisas da rogor moipoveben ufro Rrma da
srulyofil informacias mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.

10
vizualuri sociologia
es saxelmZRvanelo mxolod Teoriisa da kvlevis Sedegebis krebuli rodia;
is kargi maga­liTebiTa da gasagebi axsniT sociologiis gacocxlebis mcdelo­
baa. es wignze muSaobisas upirveles da umTavres miznad davisaxeT. unda iTqvas,
rom zogierTi udidesi nabiji sociologiur codnaSi daxvewili vizualuri te­
qnikis saSualebiT aris gadadgmuli. wina TaobebisaTvis raodenobrivi informa­
ciis udidesi nawili cxrilebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. amJamad, kompiuteruli
grafikis daxmarebiT, amgvari informaciis ufro gasagebi, martivi da mimzidveli
formiT warmodgena SegviZlia. cifrebis garda, wignSi mravalgvar grafiks nax­
avT, Tumca es mxolod TvalismomWreli ilustraciebi rodia. rukebi, `namcxvri­
seburi~ da `Zeliseburi~ grafikebi da sxv., sociologiuri informaciis vizua­
luri formiT warmodgenis saSualebebia. rogorc wesi, isini adamianTa sxvadasxva
jgufisa da socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb informaciis,
magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebSi an Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebSi saSualo Se­
mosavlis Sedarebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas fotoebsa da naxatebzec. es ar aris mxolod mimzidveli
suraTebi, romlebic dekoraciis rols asrulebs, isini sociologiuri informa­
ciis wyaroa. maTi saTaurebi dagexmarebaT ufro kargad gaigoT suraTiT `naTqva­
mi~, magram vizualuri informaciis `wakiTxvis~ unaris ganviTarebaze Tavad unda
izrunoT. axali fotoebi ferTa siuxviT Zvel, xSirad Sav-TeTr fotoebTan da
naxatebTan aris Serwymuli da warsulis socialur pirobebs asaxavs.

madlierebis niSnad
sociologiis mTavari gakveTili is aris, rom individTa miRwevebi, rogorc
wesi, sxvaTa daxmarebasa da TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli. es sruli WeS­
maritebaa am wignTan mimarTebaSic. samive avtori erTmaneTisagan swavlobda da
kvlevisa da weris tvirTs iziarebda. Cven mravali sxva adamianic gvedga mxarSi.
makgrei hilSi (McGraw-Hill) wignze muSaobis sxvadasxva safexurze mravalma
adamianma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. wigns, avtorTa garda, mbeWdavi, koreq­
tori, dizaineri da gamyidveli sWirdeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmareba, al­
baT, araCveulebrivma redaqtorebma gagviwies, romlebic Cveni azris ufro cxa­
dad gadmocemaSi, sociologiis gacocxlebaSi gvexmarebodnen da amowmebdnen,
rom raime ar gamogvrCenoda. Cven madlierebi varT ana levinis (Ann Levine),
meri marSalis (Mary Marshall) da gansakuTrebiT roberta meieris (Roberta Mey-
er), romelmac araCveulebrivi redaqtoroba gagviwia. yvelam wina gamocemebzec
imuSava da am wignis warmatebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT. eseni arian fil batCeri
(Phil Butcher) da jil gordoni (Jill Gordon) makgrei hilis gamomcemeli da sociolo­
giis redaqtori. aseve gvsurs Tavdauzogavi SromisaTvis madloba gadavuxadoT
redaqtirebaze, dizainsa da fotoebis moZiebaze momuSave niWier TanamSromlebs
_ qeiT Sainmans (Kate Scheinman), karen quiglis (Karen Quigley), nensi daiers

11
(Nancy Dyer), barbara zalcs (Barbara Salz), anete maieskis (Annette Mayeski), emi
smeltzlis(Amy Smeltzley) da joel bernStains (Joel Bernstein).
sociologiis ori niWieri maswavlebeli muSaobis procesSi mudam sasarge­
blo rCevebs gvaZlevda. madlobas vuxdiT ted vagenaars (Ted Wagenaar) maiamis
universitetidan da tom gierins (Tom Gieryn) indianas universitetidan. aseve
dagvexmara sociologiis bevri maswavlebeli, romelTac wina gamocemis mixedviT
dagvakvalianes, risi Secvla SeiZleboda studentTa sasargeblod. eseni arian:
Carlz qeisi (Charles Case), avgustas kolejidan (Augusta College); dana dani (Dana
Dunn) texasis universitetidan; jon v. a. ehli umcrosi (John V. A. Ehle Jr.) Crdil­
oeT virjiniis adgilobrivi kolejidan; barens v. jonstoni (Barrance V. John-
ston) Crdilo-dasavleT indianas universitetidan; rabi s. levisi (Ruby C. Lewis),
dekalbis kolejidan (Dekalb College); kenet e. mileri (Kenneth E. Miller) dreikis
universitetidan (Drake University); kim d. Sopmaieri (Kim D. Schopmeyer) henri
fordis adgilobrivi kolejidan da avtar singi (Avtar Singh) aRmosavleT karo­
linis universitetidan.
SesaZloa daxmarebis lomis wili Cvens studentebze modiodes. sociologiis
Sesavals wlebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT students vaswavliT da mniSvnelovan­
wilad maTgan viswavleT sociologiuri Sexedulebebisa da informaciis miwo­
debis gzebi. zogierTma maTganma damatebiT am wignis axali gamocemis kvlevis
asistentis rolic Seasrula. stiv pfafma (Steve Pfaff), mark regnerusma (Mark
Regnerus) da met titolom (Matt Titolo) didi daxmareba gagviwies statistikuri
monacemebis ganaxlebis, informaciis moZiebisa da kvlevis procesSi. madlobas
vuxdiT maT da am wigns vuZRvniT yvela Cvens students.

qreg kalhuni
dDonald laiTi
suzen keleri

12
 nawili I

mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

14
 Tavi 1

sociologiuri perspeqtivebi

sociologiuri warmosaxva
. ZiriTadi koncefciebi

sociologia, rogorc mecniereba

. mecnieruli meTodi
. socialuri faqtebi

sociologiis safuZvlebi
. sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa
. klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

15
16
r a SeiZleba iyos ufro bunebrivi, vidre bavSvis dabadeba?
vilma da vilem stiuartebi, 30 wels gadacilebuli holandieli wyvili, Za­
lian gaxarebulebi iyvnen: vilmam Soba janmrTeli tyupebi, tuni da koeni. Tavda­
pirvelad stiuartebs yuradReba ar miuqceviaT im faqtisTvis, rom tyupebi erT­
maneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen, magram Tveebi gadioda da gansxvaveba ufro da ufro
sagrZnobi xdeboda: tuns, iseve, rogorc mis mSoblebs, Ria feris Tma da kani hqonda,
xolo koens _ muqi feris kani da xuWuWa yavisferi Tma.
rodesac stiuartebi TavianT tyupebs saerTo etliT aseirnebdnen, garSemo
myofni gaocebas ver malavdnen: `raa?, eseni tyupebi arian? ki magram, es xom SeuZle­
belia?~ xalxi interesdeboda: `koeni hqvia? rogori holandiuri saxelia aseTi eg­
zotikuri garegnobis mqone bavSvisTvis!~ bolos, mezobelma vilmas dausva kiTxva,
rac yvelas aeWvebda: `gamimxile Seni saidumlo. or mamakacTan gqonda erTi da imave
dros urTierToba? (niu-iork Taimsi, 28 ivnisi, 1995)~. tyupebis sxvadasxva feris
kani garSemomyofebisTvis im faqtis dadastureba iyo, rom vilma qmars Ralatobda.
sinamdvileSi, `saidumlo~ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi sti­
uartebis ojaxSi bavSvis Casaxvis yvela mcdeloba warumateblad mTavrdeboda. bo­
los maT `in vitro~ ganayofierebis, anu IVF-is specialur klinikas miakiTxes. `in
vitro~ iseTi proceduraa, romlis drosac qalis kvercxujredebs iReben sakver­
cxeebidan da anayofiereben mamakacis spermiT. ramdenimedRiani inkubaciis Semdeg,
rodesac darwmundebian, rom namdvilad moxda gana­yofiereba, eqimebi warmoqmnil
embrions danergaven qalis saSvilosnoSi.
rodesac tyupebis kanis feri garSemomyofTa yuradRebis sagani gaxda da
zurgs ukan CurCuli gamZafrda, stuartebma TavianT eqims mimarTes. dnm-s tes­
tma aCvena, rom koens sxva mama hyavda. Semdgomma, ufro srulyofilma kvlevam ki
yvelafers naTeli mohfina: rodesac vilem da vilma stiuartebi `in vitro~ klini­
kaSi mividnen, im dRes iq ramdenime aseTi procedura Catarda. rogorc gairkva,
teqnikurma personalma wesebi daarRvia da ori proceduris Casatareblad erTi
sawveTuri gamoiyena. Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda, rom koenis genebis naxevari ekuTvno­
da karibis erT-erT kunZulze, aribaze mcxovreb mam­akacs, romelic klinikas Ta­
vis colTan erTad swored im dRes ewvia, ra dResac stiuartebi. stiuartebs un­
dodaT TavianTi Svilebi daecvaT stigmatizaciisgan, rom maTTvis aravis daeZaxa
`xelovnuri ganayofierebiT Seqmnili bavSvebi~. stiuartebi daiRalnen Tanaso­
flelebis kritikiT, maT aseve SeeSindaT, rom koenisTvis SeiZleboda moekiTxa
mis aribel mamas....
aziaSi gogonebis raodenoba biWebTan SedarebiT izr­deba. rogorc wesi, yov­
el 100 gogonaze modis 106 biWi. imdenad, ramdenadac mamrobiTi sqesis axalSobi­
lebs gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT, vidre mdedrobiTi sqesisas, adreuli bavS­
vobis periodSi gogonebisa da biWebis raodenoba Tanabrdeba. magram indoeTSi,
magaliTad, 1991 wels sqesobrivi Sefardeba aseTi iyo: 929 gogona yovel 1000 bi­
Wze (balakriSani, 1994). es Tanafardoba SemTxveviTi ar aris.
saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi bevri aziuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo bi­
WebisTvis prioritetis miniWeba gogonebTan SedarebiT. indoeTis udides nawil­

17
Si am sakiTxis mimarT zogadi damokidebuleba aseTia: `gogonas aRzrda mezoblis
mcenaris morwyvas hgavs~ (kusumi, 1993). qaliSvilis yola finansur tvirTad iTv­
leba. wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad, gogonas mSoblebma mis momaval meuRles sakmaod
didi mziTevi unda SesTavazon; gaTxovebis Semdeg gogona qmris ojaxis nawili
xdeba. qaliSvilebisagan gansxvavebiT, vaJebi agrZeleben ojaxis gvars; da imde­
nad, ramdenadac isini memkvidreobiT iReben ojaxis kuTvnil miwas an bizness, iTv­
leba, rom isini ojaxis simdidris SenarCunebaze zrunaven. socialuri dazRvevi­
sa da moxucebulTa saxlebis ararsebobis gamo, rodesac mSoblebi berdebian, maT
vaJiSvilebi (da maTi colebi) uvlian.
warsulSi mSoblebs mxolod imedi unda hqonodaT da elocaT, rom maT vaJiSvi­
li SesZenodaT. dRes ki, axalma teqnologiam SesaZ­lebeli gaxada, rom vaJiSvilis
dabadeba mSoblebis arCevanze iyos damokidebuli da ara mxolod survilze. am­
niocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi qals SesaZleblobas aZlevs
amoicnos jer kidev daubadebeli bavSvis sqesi da gadawyvitos, dabados igi Tu
aborti gaikeTos. qalTa centrebis kvlevam bombeiSi daadgina, rom amniocentez­
isis Semdeg gakeTebuli 8.000 abortidan, 7.999 Canasaxi mdedrobiTi sqesis iyo
(msoflio jandacvis organizacia, 1992). rodesac indoeTis mTavrobam Canasaxis
sqesis niSniT abortebis gakeTebis mizniT amniocentezis gamoyeneba akrZala, Sav­
ma bazarma es procedura Tavis Tavze aiRo da daakmayofila arsebuli moTxovna
(balakriSani, 1994). bilbordebi iuwyebodnen: `sjobs 500 rupia gadaixadoT axla
(eqoskopiasa da abortis gakeTebaSi), vidre 50.000 rupia mogvianebiT (mziTvisT­
vis)~. eqoskopiis mowyo­bilobiT SeiaraRebuli specialuri manqanebi dadioda
provinciebSi da im ojaxebs sTavazobdnen `arCevans~, romlebic Tanamedrove sa­
medicino momsaxurebis cent­rebisagan Sors cxovrobdnen.

sqema 1.1. sqesis arCeva

kulturuli tradiciis mixedviT bi­
Webis yolis survilma da mTavrobis
mkacrma politikam, romelic ojaxze
_ erTi Svilis yolas gulisxmobs,
biWebisa da gogoebis Tanafardoba Ci­
neTSi, biWebisken gadaxara.

wyaro: CineTis mosaxleobis aRweris

biuro da gamouqveynebeli monacemebi,
citirebulia `niu iork Taims-Si~, 21
ivlisi 1993w. gv. a1.

CineTSi vaJiSvilebisTvis tra­diciuli prioritetis miniWeba gar­­Tu­lebulia

mTavrobis mier Se­moRebuli `erTi Svilis~ dadgenilebiT. imisaTvis, rom Seemci­

18
rebinaT mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda, 1979 wels CineTis mTavrobam daakanona
mSobiarobis erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri sakontrolo po­li­tika, rac odesme yo­
fila (kuni da li, 1994, ii da sxvani, 1993). wyvilebs ekrZalebaT iyolion erTze
meti Svili. rogorc in­doeTSi, CineTSic aikrZala teqnologiis gamoye­neba sqesis
SerCevis mizniT. Tumca, imdenad, ramdenadac teqnologia bevrgan arsebobs, wyvi­
lebs martivad SeuZliaT eqimebis moqrTamva Canasaxis sqesis gasa­gebad. Sedegad
CineTSi axalSobilTa sqesobrivi Tanafardoba mamrobiTi sqesisaken gadaixara (ii
da sxvani, 1993) (ix. sqema1.1).
xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva teqno­
logia, zrdis adamianis mier bunebrivi procesebis gakontrolebis SesaZleb­
lobas. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnologia Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna uSvilo
wyvilebis dasaxmareblad, imisaTvis, rom isini mSoblebi gamxdariyvnen. ganayo­
fierebis teqnologia aseve exmareboda im wyvilebs, romlebsac genetikuri avad­
myofoba aReniSneboda (rogoric aris, magaliTad tai-zaxis avadmyofoba an kidev
namgliseburi anemia) da asakian qalebs (romlebisTvisac ufro maRalia daunis
sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis riski), imis dasadgenad, rom gaegoT,
janmrTeli daibadeboda Tu ara maTi Svili.
axal teqnologiaTa da sxva movlenaTa gavlenis arsi TviT teqnologiebisa da
maT momxmarebel individTa miRma _ im socialur ZalebSi unda veZioT, romlebic
adamianur qcevas ayalibeben. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi cariel ad­
gilze rodi Cndeba. isini SobadobaSi samedicino Carevis Tanamedrove tendenciis,
ufro zogadad ki _ mecnierebisa da teqnikis bunebaze `sazedamxedvelod~ gamoy­
enebis nawilia. gvian Seqmnili ojaxebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva
qveynebSi patara ojaxebis Seqmnis miswrafeba aseve arsebiT rols asrulebs, radgan
potenciuri Semosavlis wyaro xdeba reproduqciuli klinikebisaTvis (yo­vel Sem­
TxvevaSi SeerTebul StatebSi). aziis zogierT kulturaSi vaJiSvilisaTvis myari
tradiciuli upiratesobis miniWebam da CineTis mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis gam­
oyenebam waaxalisa reproduqciuli teqnologiebic. wyvilebis mier reproduqci­
uli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis arCevanisa da misi Sedegebis gasagebad maT qcevaze
moqmedi socia­luri Zalebi unda gvesmodes. amgvari gageba sociologiur warmosax­
vas moiTxovs.
es Tavi sociologiis mimoxilviT daviwyeT. rogor gaamdidra sociologiur­
ma perspeqtivam axali teqnologiebis, msoflio movlenebisa da TviT cxovrebis
Cveneuli xedva? wignis winamdebare nawili xuT ZiriTad sociologiur kon­
cefcias warmogidgenT, romelsac SemdgomSic SexvdebiT. esenia: socia­luri
struqtura, socialuri qcevebi, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura. Semdeg sociologias mecnieruli kuTxiT ganvixilavT da aRvwerT,
rogor iyeneben sociologebi mecnierul meTodebs socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb
kvlevebis Casatareblad. dabolos, sociologiis fesvebs gavyvebiT da gavecno­
biT klasikur sociologiur Teoriebs, romlebic Tanamedrove Teoriisa da kv­
levebis safuZvelia.

19
sociologiuri warmosaxva

sociologia ikvlevs adamianuri cxovrebis organizebis gzebs. sociologebi

sxvadasxva garemoSi socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT samecniero kvleviT
meTodebsa da Teoriebs iyeneben. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon rogorc intimuri
urTierTobebi, aseve vrceli globaluri qselebi da yvelaferi, rac maT Soris
arsebobs. sociologebi dainteresebulebi arian im gzebiT, riTic adamianebi uka­
vSirdebian erTmaneTs. sxva socialuri mecnierebani ZiriTadad Seiswavlian so­
cialuri cxovrebis mxolod erT sferos: ekonomika Seiswavlis bazrebis dinamika­
sa da produqtebis cirkulacias; politikuri mecniereba uRrmavdeba samTavrobo
da Zalauflebis urTierTobebs; anTropologia ekologiasa da kulturul Ta­
viseburebebs ikvlevs; fsiqologia swavlobs biologias, adamianur ganviTarebasa
da individualur mentalur Taviseburebebs Soris urTierTkavSirs. sociologia
ki moicavs yvela am aspeqts. sociologebi yvelaze metad dainterese­bulni ari­
an socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis urTi­erTqmedebiT – magaliTad, ra
gavlenas axdens religiuri Sexedulebebi bavSvis gaCenis teqnologiebis mimarT
ojaxis damokidebulebaze da, Sesabamisad, ra gavlenas axdens maTi gadawyvetile­
bebi samedicino momsaxurebis bazarze, bavSvebis raodenobaze, romlebsac moma­
valSi dasWirdebaT skola da a.S.
sociologia gvTavazobs ara mxolod informacias, aramed samyaros dakvirvebi­
sa da am samyaroSi Cveni adgilis moazrebis gansakuTrebul gzas. xSirad vcdi­
lobT Cveni monawileobiT mimdinare movlenebis axsnas im adamianebis motivebiT,
romlebic pirdapir iyvnen dakavSirebulni ama Tu im movlenasTan. sociologebi
gvibiZgeben, rom mxolod individualuri fsiqologiis amocnobas ki ar davjer­
deT, aramed yuradReba mivaqcioT adamianebis damokidebulebebsa da qmedebebSi
arsebul ganmeorebad tendenciebs da sxvadasxva periodis, kulturisa Tu so­
cialuri jgufis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, am tendenciebis erTmaneTisa­
gan gansxvavebas. magaliTad, socio­logi ubralod ar ikiTxavs: `ratom iyeneben in­
dividebi eqoskopias da `in vitro~ (Sida) ganayofierebas?~ is aseve dainteresdeba
`ram ganapiroba ganayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebis ganviTareba;
romelma jgufebma moaxdines am teqnologiebis popularizacia (an, piriqiT, See­
cadnen SezRudvas); visTvis aris xelmisawvdomi xelovnuri gziT ganayofiereba?~
sociologebi individs ar uweven ignorirebas, isini gvaCveneben, rom individis
qmedebaTa da Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebis gasa­gebad saWiroa socialuri konte­
qstis gaTvaliswineba. magaliTad, Cinelebis mier vaJiSvilisaTvis prioritetis
miniWeba ganpirobebulia CineTSi memkvidreobis sistemis specifikiT, imiT, rom
ojaxis gvars mamakaci agrZelebs da winaprebis didi TayvaniscemiT. SesaZloa,
swored es socialuri maxasiaTeblebi iwvevdes Cinelebis mier mamrobiTi sqesis
STamomavlebisaTvis prioritetis miniWebis midrekilebas.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samedicino daxmarebis xelmisawvdomoba ZiriTa­
dad ganpirobebulia gadaxdisunarianobiT; uSvilobis mkurnaloba gavrcelebu­

20
li biznesia. 1995 wels daaxloebiT 3 milionamde amerikelma mimarTa xelovnuri
ganayofierebis klinikebs (begli, 1995), xelovnuri gana­yofierebisTvis wyvilebi
xarjaven sul cota 10.000 dolars; xandaxan es Tanxa 100.000 dolarsac ki aRwevs.
janmrTelobis dazRvevis zogierTi saagento ixdis Sida ganayofierebasTan daka­
vSirebul xarjebs, magram bevri sadazRvevo saagentos momsaxurebaSi es xarjebi
ar Sedis. xSir SemTxvevaSi ki qals kerZo janmrTelobis dazRvevac ar gaaCnia,
rac niSnavs, rom ganayofierebis axal teqnologiebze xeli mxolod SeZ­lebulebs
miuwvdeba.
Cveni piradi cxovrebis mraval aspeqts, _ Tundac Cveni dabadebis garemoe­
bebs, Cvengan damoukidebeli Zalebi marTavs: ra xnis arian Cveni mSoblebi; gvy­
avs Tu ara da-Zma da ramdeni; Cveni asakisa Tu Taobis ramdeni adamiani gagviwevs
konkurencias vakansiebis dasakaveblad jer sabavSvo baRSi, Semdeg ki _ samsaxur­
Si; da isic saTuoa, saerTod, davibadebiT Tu ara. am Sexedulebis gaazreba didi
nawilia im cnebisa, rasac didi amerikeli sociologi raiT milsi `socialur war­
mosaxvad~ moixseniebs.
socialuri warmosaxva niSnavs sakuTari gamocdilebis aRqmas socialur sa­
myaroSi mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi. es im farTo socialur movlenaTa
aRqmasac gulisxmobs, romlebic araa gamovlenili martooden pirovnul gamoc­
dilebaSi. magaliTad, xalxi, visac uSualod hqonia saqme reproduqciul teqno­
logiebTan, mozaikis mxolod erT nawils xedavs. mTliani suraTis ageba ki pozi­
ciaTa da zne-CveulebaTa sistematur mecnierul Seswavlas moiTxovs sxvadasxva
drosa da adgilas, sxvadasxva socialur garemoebasa da socialur klasebSi,
agreTve socialur qmedebaTa gamiznuli Tu une­blie Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas.
socialuri warmosaxva dagvanaxebs, rom imaze bevrad metni varT, vidre mxo­
lod Cvens pirad speqtaklebSi monawile msaxiobebi. is farTo socialuri mov­
lenebi, romlebSic CarTulni varT, did socialur scenaze TamaSdeba. rogorc
milsi (1959/70. gv. 3,9) werda:

amJamad [adamianebi] xSirad SeigrZnoben, rom maTi piradi cxovreba

ma­xeebis qselia. isini xvdebian, rom yoveldRiur samyaroSi Tavs ver
daaRweven problemebs da am gancdaSi xSirad marTalni arian.
am TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT umuSevroba. rodesac 100 000-ian qa­
laqSi mxolod erTi kacia umuSevari, es misi piradi gasaWiria da mis
dasaxmareblad, Cveulebriv, misi xasiaTi, unari, agreTve uSualod bed­
nieri SemTxveviToba unda gaviTvaliswinoT. magram rodesac umuSevar­
ia mravali aTasi, rac ukve socialuri sakiTxia, ver SevZlebT igi erTi
individuumisTvis xelmisawvdom SemTxveviTobaTa rigiT gadavWraT. aq
irRveva SemTxveviTobis TviT struqtura. rogorc problemis swori
formulireba, aseve SesaZlo gadawyvetilebani moiTxovs ganvixiloT
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebi da ara ubralod
calkeul individuumTa pirovnuli situacia da xasiaTi.
ganvixiloT omi. rodesac omi iwyeba, pirovnebis winaSe wamoWri­

21
 li problema SeiZleba iyos: rogor gadarCes anda rogor daiRupos
gmirulad; rogor gamdidrdes omis pirobebSi; rogor miaRwios maRal,
usafrTxo, samxedro Tanamdebobas, ra wvlili Seitanos omis damTavre­
baSi... xolo omis struqturuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia mis socialur
mizezebTan; im xalxis tipTan, romelic mas warmarTavs; mis zegavlenas­
Tan ekonomikasa da politikaze, ojaxisa da religiur institutebze;
erTa da saxelmwifoTa qaosur upasuxismgeblobasTan.

sociologiuri warmosaxva xels gviwyobs CavxvdeT rogorc pirovnul gamoc­

dilebas, aseve sazogadoebriv sakiTxebsac.
Cven gvgonia, rom mniSvnelovan pirad gadawyvetilebebs _ rogorc, davuSvaT,
bavSvebis gaCenaa _ damoukideblad viRebT. sinamdvileSi Cvens pirovnul arCev­
ans socialuri Zalebi gansazRvravs. amas Sobadobis cvalebadi maCvenebelic mow­
mobs. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi SeerTebul StatebSi Sobadoba nela, magram
mudmivad iklebda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, meurneobis ganviTarebam, binaT­
mflobelobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeram da gareubnebis zrdam, qalebis daTxovnam
samsaxuridan omis veteranTaTvis adgilis dasaTmobad da sxva faqtorebma bavS­
vebis `bumi~ gamoiwvia. 1960-70-ian wlebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli kvlav daeca,
radgan marto cxovreba, uSvilo ojaxebi da gayra Cveulebrivi da ufro misaRebi
gaxda. 1980-ian wlebSi es tendencia ramdenadme ukuiqca, radgan bavSvebis `bumis~
Taobam daiwyo Svilebis gaCena da qalebs, romlebmac dedoba gadades, drom mou­
wia. amJamad, bevri axalgazrda qali, winamorbedi TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
nayofierebis problemaTa SiSiT, amjobinebs adre gaaCinos Svili. es cvlilebe­
bi milionobiT individualur gadawyvetilebaTa erTiani Sedegia, magram drois
politikur-ekonomikur klimatsac Seesatyviseba (laskeri da borgi, 1994).

ZiriTadi koncefciebi

sociologia socialuri fenomenis sakuTari xedvis Camosayalibeblad da mis

specifikur niSnebsa da sakiTxebze yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad, sxva mecniereba­
Ta msgavsad, cnebebs iyenebs. Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur saubarSi xSirad gamoiyene­
ba sociologiisgan nasesxebi mravali cneba da termini _ magaliTad, `asakobrivi
jgufi~ anda `Sida qalaqi~ _ magram isini sociologiis konteqstSi gamoyenebisas
ufro specifikur mniSvnelobas iZenen. ganvixilavT xuT mTavar cnebas, romleb­
sac sociologebi socialuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa Sesafaseb­
lad iyeneben.

struqtura

socialuri struqtura im xalxis urTierTobebis, poziciebisa da rao­

denobis modelia, vinc mosaxleobis, mcire jgufi iqneba es Tu mTeli sazogadoeba,
socialuri organizebis `ConCxs~qmnis. urTierTobebi arsebobs, Tuki adamianebi

22
SedarebiT mdgrad da xangrZliv interaqtiursa da/Tu ormxriv damokidebule­
baSi arian _ magaliTad, qorwineba an samsaxuri _ pirovnebaTSoris doneze,
anda ganaTlebisa Tu jandacvis sistemaTa msgavsi institutebi _ ufro farTo
gagebiT da abstraqtul doneze. poziciebi (zogjer statusebad moxseniebuli)
gansazRvravs adgils socialur urTierTobaTa sqemaSi, rogorc _ deda, prezi­
denti, mRvdeli, _ rac, Cveulebriv, qcevis (rols rom uwodeben) mosalodnel
yaidas gansazRvravs. xalxis raodenoba sxva­dasxva kategoriis SigniT (rogori­
caa: qalTa klubebi Tu eris gansaxleba, martoxela dedebi Tu momuSave qalebi) da
gansakuTrebiT, am kategoriaTa SefardebiTi odenoba (rogoricaa: mosaxleobaSi
samocdaTxuTmets gada­cilebuli mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba an armiaSi
momsaxureTa Soris oficerTa proporciuli raodenoba), zemoqmedebas axdens so­
cialur struqturaze.
mniSvnelovania ganvasxvavoT socialuri struqtura da pirovnebebi an `per­
sonali~. universitetis struqtura, magaliTadAD, SedarebiT Ystabiluria, Tumca
personali mudmivad icvleba. yovel gazafxulze bolo kursis studentebi am­
Tavreben da Semdeg Semodgomaze maT adgils axlad Semosuli kursi Seavsebs. icv­
lebian pirovnebebi inglisurisa da qimiis fakultetebze, agreTve fexburTis
gundsa da sauniversiteto gazeTis StatSi. es SeiZleba gansakuTrebul adamianeb­
sac Seexos, visac reqtoris, dekanis, kaTedris gamgisa Tu fexburTis mwvrTnelis
Tanamdeboba uWiravs. TanamSromelTagan zogi sruli profesori xdeba, zogic sxva
universitetSi midis. personalSi mimdinare am cvlilebaTa miuxedavad, ZiriTa­
di struqtura _ urTierToba administracias, fakultetebsa da studentTa
kor­puss Soris, profesorebsa da studentebs Soris, maRal da dabalkurselebs
Soris da a. S. _ Zalze nela icvleba an sulac ucvlelia. struqtura ayalibebs
SesaZleblobebs adamia­nebisaTvis, Tumca xalxic axdens gavlenas struqturaze.
magaliTad, Tuki Semosul studentTa ricxvi iklebs, SesaZloa, zogi profesori,
daiTxovon an datvirTva Seumciron. rodesac kolejSi Semsvlel qalTa raodeno­
ba imatebs, Cndeba qalTa saerTo sacxovreblebis, qalTa saswavlo da sportuli
prog­ramebis moTxovnileba.
socialuri struqtura socialuri cxovrebis stabilurobis wyaroa, Tumca
cvlilebaTa gamowveva da warmarTva struqturul faqtorebsac SeuZlia. erT­
Sviliani ojaxis politikaSi gamoxatuli ojaxis dagegmvis mkacri programis Se­
muSaveba CineTSi mosaxleobis mkveTri zrdiT iyo gamowveuli. CineTis mosaxleo­
bis ara mxo­lod raodenoba, aramed misi mateba Sedegad mohyva komunisturi
xelisuflebis mier gaumjobesebul kvebis sistemasa da janmrTe­lobis dacvas. es
niSnavs imas, rom CineTis mosaxleobis nawili axalgazrdaa da STamomavlobis Se­
qmnis asaks aRwevs. amdenad erT wyvilze bavSvebis raodenobam rom iklos kidec,
dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenoba mainc didi iqneba. ase rom, arsebobda mosaxle­
obis mosalodneli swrafi zrdis struqturuli mizezi (Warb mosaxleobaSi STa­
momavlobisTvis momwifebuli adamianebis raodenobis maRali procenti). Tu am
qveyanaSi mosaxleobis mateba ar Seferxda, ekonomikisa da soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis Sedegebs `STanTqavs~ mzardi mosaxleoba da cxovrebis xarisxi ar

23
gaumjobesdeba. amitom ojaxis dagegmvis programis farglebSi CineTma Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego teqnologiebis investireba moaxdina.
rogorc vnaxeT, CineTma mosaxleobis raodenobis kontroli­saTvis Zalis­
mieri politika SeimuSava. aman gauTvaliswinebeli Se­degebi gamoiRo _ Cineli
wyvilebi (ultrabgeriTi gamokvlevisa da abortis saSualebiT), tradiciis Ses­
abamisad, amjobinebdnen vaJi hyolodaT. amiT gamowveul sqesTa disbalanss mniS­
vnelovani struqturuli rRveva mosdevs. rodesac meti biWi ibadeba, oci wlis
Semdeg iqmneba qalebis nakleboba ucolo mamakacebisaTvis. es niSnavs aramarto
imas, rom mamakacebis nawili ver moaxerxebs sacolis povnas, aramed imasac, rom
asakovani mamakacebi iZulebuli iqnebian SedarebiT axal­gazrda qalebze iqorwi­
non (ramac SesaZloa Seaferxos qalebi, ganaTlebis saSualebiT daimkvidron sta­
tusi). garda amisa, naklebi iqneba qaliSvili da rZali, raTa xandazmul adamianebs
mouaros, amitom xelisuflebas meti Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba maTi siberis uzrunv­
elsayofad. mTavrobis mier qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelSewyoba da tradici­
ulad mamakacur profesiebSi maTi waxa­lisebasac gamoiwvevs qalebis naklebobas
tradiciul qalur saqmianobasa da socialur rolebSi.
nayofierebis Sablonebi dasavleTis qveynebSic iwvevs socialuri struq­turis
Camoyalibebas. Sobadoba iklebs, Tuki wyvilebi naklebi Svilis yo­las gadawyveten
(nawilobriv, Sobadobis sakontrolo teqnologiebis saSualebiT). Cveni axali
ojaxuri struqtura, sadac erT-da orSviliani oja­xebi normadaa miCneuli, me­
tad cvlis ojaxuri cxovrebis yaidas, skolebze moTxovnilebas, aiolebs profe­
siuli karieris Seqmnas qalebisaTvis da cxovrebis mraval aspeqts gansazRvravs
CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi. wyvilebi, vinc patara ojaxis Seqmnas apirebs,
bavSvsac ufro gvian aCenen. SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli mSobiarobis daaxloe­
biT meoTxedi ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSia (maranto, 1995). es imas niSnavs, rom
oci wlis Semdeg kolejebsa da universitetebSi Semsvleli axalgazrdebis meo­
Txeds sapensio asakis mSoblebi eyolebaT (rac asakovan mSoblebs aiZulebs sam­
saxurSi darCenas, xolo mTavrobas _ gauzardos daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebis
miRebis msurvel axal­gazrdebs).

moqmedeba

moqmedeba aRniSnavs qcevas, romlis arCevani bevrad aRemateba instinqtursa

Tu refleqsurs. moqmedeba socialuria erTi mxriv, radgan sxva adamianebsac Seexeba
da, meore mxriv, sxvaTa mier Seqmnil garemoebebzec aris damokidebuli. sinamdvi­le­
Si adamianad da pirovnebad qcevis TviT procesia socialuri. Cven vswavlobT enas,
Rirebulebebsa da qcevas, pirvel yovlisa, socialuri urTierTobis meSveobiT.
socialuri moqmedeba SeuZliaT ara mxolod pirovnebebs, aramed jgufebsa
da iseT rTul organizaciebs, rogoric korporaciebi Tu xelisuflebebia. Cven,
rogorc pirovnebebs, sakuTari pirobebis Sesacvlelad moqmedeba SegviZlia, maga­
liTad, yoveldRiurad vvarjiSobT kalaTburTSi, raTa ukeTesi moTamaSe gavxdeT,
anda vwevriandebiT anonimur alkoholikTa organizaciaSi, raTa vadoT organizm­
sa da urTierTobebze mav­ne CvevaTa damangreveli zemoqmedebis SeCereba. rogorc

24
individualurad, aseve jgufebsa da organizaciebSi gawevrianebiT SegviZlia
sazogadoebis Secvlas vecadoT _ SevarbiloT rasobrivi SuRli, gavaumjobe­
soT jandacvis sistema, gadavarCinoT saxelmwifo tyeebi anda movaxdinoT revo­
lucia. sazogadoebriv qmedebaTagan zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmoqmnis
axal urTierTobebs, vTqvaT, rodesac qorwinebisas nefe-patarZali warmoTqvams:
`Tanaxma var~ an axali saxelmwifosa Tu organizaciis damaarseblebi mis gansaxor­
cieleblad da socialuri struqturis misaniWeblad konstitucias SeimuSaveben.
es qmedebani, Tavis mxriv, axal samoqmedo pirobebs qmnis. daqorwinebul mamakacsa
da qals, SesaZloa, Sina­ganma da gareganma faqtorebma aiZulos bavSvis gaCena; Svi­
lis dabadebis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi Zalisxmevisa, Tanabrad gainawilon mSoblis
pasu­xismgebloba, Sesa­Zloa, isini gaucnobiereblad mainc aRmoCndnen sqesobrivad
stereotipul rolebSi.
xSirad uciloblad migvaCnia Cveni socialuri garemos aspeqtebi, TiTqos isini
yovelTvis arsebobda an axlaxans, saswaulebriv da meyseulad Seiqmna da ar vuwevT
angariSs socialuri moqmedebis mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, axali reproduqciuli
teq­nologiis SemoReba ar yofila mecnieruli ganviTarebis TavisTavadi nayofi,
romelic aucileblad warmoiSoboda. es iyo `xalxis gansazRvrul jgufTa mier
gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas miRebul sagangebo gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegi,
maT moTxovnilebas rom Seesabameboda~ (uaismeni, 1994). aseTive Zalisxmevas unda
movuxmoT unayofobis mizezTa dasadgenad da Casaxvis aRmkveTi saSualebebis ga­
mosaZebnad, agreTve Svilad ayvanis samsaxurebis gasafarToeblad, raTa savarau­
do mSoblebi da mitovebuli umweo bavSvebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdnen.
erTSviliani ojaxis politika CineTSi da bavSvis sqesis SerCeviT aborti indoe­
li ojaxebis mier socialuri moTxovnebis mkafio magaliTebia. da mainc, pirovne­
baTa mier miRebuli kerZo Ogadawyvetilebebi socialuria. davuSvaT, ocdaCvidmeti
wlis martoxela atlanteli qali xelovnuri ganayofierebis gziT xdeba deda. ra­
tomaa misi moqmedeba `socialuri~? pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom igi damokidebu­
lia arsebul socialur pirobebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es teq­nologia ocdaxuTi
wlis winaTac arsebobda (da, udavod, zogierTi imdroindeli `SinaberasTvis~ sa­
surveli iqneboda), maSin eqimebis umetesoba uars ityoda daorsulebaSi daxmare­
boda martoxela qals. amaTanave, gaTxovili iqneboda Tu marto­xela, ocdaaTs
gadabijebuli qa­lisTvis metad didi iyo daunis sindromiani bavSvis gaCenis riski.
amJamad, martoxela dedoba samarcxvinod aRar iTvleba, xolo Tanamedrove mSobia­
robamdel testebs SeuZlia genetikuri problemebi orsulobis periodSive gamoav­
linos. garda amisa, qalis moqmedeba socialuria, vinaidan igi sxva adamianebsac
Seexeba: bavSvs, mamas (Tundac anonimur donors, Tuki bavSvi mogvianebiT masTan
Sexvedras isurvebs) da ufro farTod, sazogadoebasac.
amniocentezisi da masTan dakavSirebuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
zogierTi Tandayolili defeqti da genetikuri nakli muclad yofnis periodSive
gamovavlinoT. genetikur tests winaswar SeuZlia gansazRvros col-qmris Sansi,
uaryofiTi genebi gadasces Svils. tai-zaxis genis (nela mimdinare davaadeba, ad­
reul asakSi mtkivneul sikvdils rom iwvevs) mqone mSoblebs oTxidan erT SemTx­
vevaSi emuqreba am seniT daavadebuli bavSvis gaCenis saSiSroeba. warsulSi maT

25
an tkivilisa da tanjvis riski unda gaewiaT, an uari eTqvaT Svilis yolaze. amJa­
mad mSoblebs winaswar SeuZliaT gaigon, rom tai-zaxis geni aqvT. Tuki es orive
aReniSneba, isini amjobineben bavSvi iSvilon, vidre tai-zaxis genis mqone Svili
moavlinon amqveynad. es arCevani SesaZlo gaxda, radgan teqnologia viTardeba,
eqimebs surT gardaqmnebis danergva da a.S.

kultura

kultura azrovnebis, aRqmis, Sefasebisa da urTierTobis met-naklebad inte­

grirebuli modelia, romelic xalxis cxovrebis wesis nawilia. mravali im niSan­
Tagan, romelTac sakuTari Tavis adamianad mosaazreblad movixmobT _ ena, zneo­
ba, teqnologia, unari _ Cveni kulturis elementebia, romlebsac ojaxebidan
moyolebuli socialuri urTierTobisas viTvisebT kulturuli institutebiT
_ skolebi iqneba Tu religiuri dawesebulebebi _ sargeblobis. kultura gvama­
ragebs resursebiT azrovnebisa da moqmedebisaTvis, romelTagan umniSvnelova­
nesi enaa. kultura gvawvdis agreTve kriteriumebs moqmedebis mniSvnelobis
Sesafaseblad. erT-erTi sakamaTo sakiTxia abortis legalizacia da misi xelmis­
awvdomoba yoveli amerikeli qalisaTvis. am sakiTxze yovel Cvengans mxolod pi­
radi Sexedulebis gamoTqma SeuZlia (iseve, rogorc mraval sxvaze), radgan unda
gadavwyvitoT nayofis `sicocxlis ufleba~ davayenoT pirvel ad­gilze, Tu `qa­
lis arCevanis ufleba~. Cveni saziaro kultura gvexmareba am ori ideidan erTi
avirCioT da vikamaToT maT­ze. Cveni kultura pozitiur Rirebulebas aniWebs si­
cocxles zogadad da agreTve arCevans anu Tavisuflebas. aborti is sakiTxia, sa­
dac sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs.
bevr aziur sazogadoebaSi kulturuli Rirebulebebi ubiZgebs adamia­nebs
vaJebi amjobinon qaliSvilebs. arcTu aSkarad, aziuri kulturebi midrekile­
bas avlens. jgufs (gansakuTrebiT _ ojaxs) meti Rirebuleba mia­niWos, vidre
pirovnebas, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da harmonia ki pirovnul Tavisuflebaze
maRla daayenos. bevri Cineli xvdeba, rom saxelmwifosTvis swori da xelsayre­
lia mosTxovos wyvilebs bevri Svilis yolis survili mTlianad sazogadoebis
keTildReobas Seswiros, magram rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi abortis SemTxveva­
Si, CineTSi ojaxisa da sazogadoebrivi dakveTis RirebulebaTa Sejaxeba xdeba:
erTi Rirebulebis (socialuri keTildReobis) sasargeblo qmedeba avtomaturad
Trgunavs meore maTgans (didi ojaxis mniSvnelovnebas).
kultura warmogviCens idealebs, romlebic pirad ocnebebsa da survilebs ay­
alibebs. dasavleTSi uSvilo qorwinebebi amJamad ufro misaRebia, vidre warsul­
Si, magram maT axlac ar miiCneven idealad. bavSvebTan saubrisas frazas _ `rode­
sac gaizrdebi~ imdenad xSirad moayoleben _ `da deda/mama gaxdebi~, rom isini
Tanabar mniSvnelobas iZenen (laskeri da borgi, 1994). qalis ideali CvenTvis de­
dobaa, kacisa _ mamoba. kultura, socialur wnexSi moyolili, ocdaaTs gadabi­
jebul uSvilo wyvilebs xSirad arasrulfasovnebas ganacdevinebs. rac ufro met
Svils aCenen maTi megobrebi, isini sul ufro metad arian amovardnili (an Tavs
grZnoben aseTad) socialuri konteqstidan. Cveni kultura, umeteswilad, ego­

26
istebad da ucnaurebad aRiqvams uSvilo adamianebs. ara mxolod uSvilo wyvili,
aramed martoxela uSvilo qali, lesboseli iqneba Tu hete­roseqsuali, normidan
gadaxvevad iTvleba. Tuki Svilebis aryola egoistobadaa miCneuli, mxolod erTi
bavSvis gaCena _ uaris Tqma mis dasa Tu Zmaze _ arcTu bevrad ukeTesad aRiqmeba.
miuxedavad aSkara simcdarisa, fexmokidebulia stereotipi, TiTqos dediserTa
bavSvebi ganebivrebuli da umarTavi arian. metic, Cven rogorc kultura, `bune­
briv~ mSobiarobas vamjobinebT bavSvis Svilad ayvanas, Tundac bunebrivi mSo­
biaroba maRali teqnologiebis samedicino Carevis Sedegi iyos.
garda amisa, kultura, SesaZlebels xdis axal teqnologiebs socialurad
organizebuli informaciis maragis meSveobiT, romlebzec muSaoben eqimebi, ga­
momgoneblebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da maTi mzgavsi Cveulebrivi adamianebi.
amerikul kulturas mravalwilad teqnologiebi ayalibebs. Cven did energias
vandomebT mowinave teqnologiebs. mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebma
ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Secvala Cveni warmodgena adamianis SesaZle­
blobebze. winaparTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa rwmena bunebisa Tu RvTis mier
dawesebul CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, gvwams, rom yvela problemas gadavWriT, Tuki
xelT teqnologia gveqneba. buneba asaTvisebel da dasamuSaveblad xelmisawvdom
maragad warmogvidgeba da ara sakralurad Zlevamosilad, romlis gardaqmna gve­
krZaleba. es adamianis bunebazec vrceldeba, rasac SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli
axali teqnologiebic gvidasturebs.

Zalaufleba

Zalaufleba socialurad moqmedi romelime piris unaria, gansazRvros so­

cialuri organizaciis struqturisa Tu movlenebis kursi. SesaZloa Zalaufleba
socialurad moqmed sxva pirTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyenebodes, raTa aiZu­
los maT imis Cadena, rac ar surT, anda gamoiyenebodes sxva pirTa nebis Camosayali­
beblad, rom esa Tu is saqcieli Caidinon (an piriqiT). pirveli saxiT gamtacebeli,
roca iaraRis muqariT aiZulebs mZRols waiyvanos ukacriel adgilze, sadac arc
policiaa da arc mowme. sxvisi nebis Camosayalibeblad Zalauflebas iyenebs mwar­
moebeli, roca reklamis saSualebiT moandomebs momxmarebels misi produqciis
SeZenas, maT Soris iseTsac romelze manamde arc ufiqria. aSS-is mTavroba Tavis
Zalauflebas iyenebs amerikuli sazogadoebis struqturis Camosayali­beblad,
kerZOod, ipoTekuri sesxebis gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebas uiolebs binaTm­
flobelebs, mxars uWers saSualo klasisa da danarCeni sazogadoebis wvlilsa da
pasuxismgeblobas maTi gaerTianebebisadmi.AA aRvniSnavT, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes rogorc oficialur, aseve kanongareSe pirTa mier, an ufro zus­
tad, socialur SemsrulebelTa, magaliTAad, korporaciebisa Tu mTavrobebis mier.
CineTis xelisufleba aSkarad iyenebs Zalauflebas, rodesac Tavisi kanon­
proeqtebiT zRudavs ojaxebs erTi bavSviT da nergavs axal teqnologiebs `arasa­
survel~ mSobiarobaTa aRsakveTad. aseTi eqstremaluri da saka­maTo politikis
gatareba mxolod CineTis msgavs avtoritarul mmarTvelobas Tu SeuZlia. mo­
saxleobis msgavsi problemebis, magram susti xelisuflebis mqone sxva qveynebs _

27
indoeTs, indonezias, nigerias, ojaxis dagegmvis efeqturobisaTvis ufro Znelad
gansaxorcielebeli saSualebebis Zieba uwevT.
mTavrobis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba Sobadobis kontrolisaT­
vis miuRebelia amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis. Tumca es praqtika amerikisTvis
arc ise `ucxoa~, rogorc gvgonia. 1930 wels bevri amerikeli mecnieri emxroboda
evgenikas _ mosaxleobis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas SerCeviTi repro­
ducirebis gziT. ocdaaTze met StatSi miiRes kanoni iZulebiTi sterilizaciis
Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis gawmendas `gariyulebis~ _ loTebis,
narkotikebis momxmareblebis, epilefsiiT Sepyro­bilebis, sulierad daavadebu­
lebis, damnaSaveebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, gonebrivad CamorCenilebisgan, visi
problemebic memkvidreobiTad iTvleboda. evgenikas socialur (da ekonomikur)
sakiTxTa mecnierul gadawyvetad gani­xilavdnen. erTi oficialuri warmomad­
genlis TqmiT, maTTvis STamomavlobis Seqmnis danebeba `sazogadoebis eqstrava­
ganturobas~ niSnavda (larsoni, 1995, gv.120). amdenad, `mecnierebas~ ufro popu­
laruli crurwmenebi gansazRvravda, vidre mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
winaswari ganWvretis faqtobrivi unari. ase rom iyos, abraam linkolnis mSoblebi­
saTvis, romelTagan erTi fsiqikurad daavadebuli iyo, xolo meore _ loTi, Svi­
lis gaCena unda agvekrZala. da mainc, iZulebiTi sterilizacia zogierT StatSi
1970-80-ian wlebamde rCeboda ZalaSi (amJamad zogierTni SiSoben, biogenetikis
miRwevebma evgenikis politika kvlav ar gamoaRviZos).
fuli Zalauflebis erT-erTi formaa. SeerTebul StatebSi ganayofierebaze
momuSave klinikebi metwilad komerciuli dawesebulebebia maTTvis, vinc Se­
Zlebs gaistumros dadgenili momsaxurebis safasuri. kanadasa da evropis bevr
qveyanaSi es momsaxureba xalxis umetesobisaTvis xelmisawvdomia, radgan saxelm­
wifo jandacvis sistema afinansebs. am sazogadoebaTa farTo jgufebs SeuZliaT
Tavisi politikuri Zalis gamoyeneba, raTa dabegvra mTeli mosaxleobis jandac­
vis sasargeblod moxdes da ar emyarebodes mxolod kerZo dazRvevasa da pirad
angariSsworebas, rogorc es SeerTebul StatebSia miRebuli. Tumca am qveyana­
Sic ganayofierebis ZviradRirebuli momsaxurebisaTvis gadaxdisas adgi­lobrivi
xelisufleba gamoyofs Tanxebs. amdenad, am sakiTxSi Tavs iyris mTavrobis Za­
laufleba moqalaqeTa dabegvris da amoRebuli Semosavlebis gankargvis gzebis
Ziebisas, da agreTve SeZlebuli (kargad organizebuli) jgufebis Zala­ufleba,
romelic zewolas axorcielebs xelisuflebaze, raTa `xalxis fuli~ am jgufebis
sasargeblod daixarjos.
sociologebi mTlianad socialuri sistemis Zalauflebasac Seiswavlian, ro­
melic pirovnebaTa, jgufTa Tu organizaciaTa Zalauflebisgan gansxvavebulia.
amerikul sazogadoebas meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre, davuSvaT, eTiopiisas. es
ar niSnavs, rom amerikas aqvs samxedro Zalaufleba, romelic brZolaSi daamar­
cxebs eTiopias anda ekonomikuri berketebi eTiopiis Sesaviwroveblad. es ufro
exeba teqnologiuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis dones, romelic
am sazogadoebebSi xalxis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. amerikelebs umuSevrobisa
da siRaribis gamocdileba aqvT, magram SimSiliT iSviaTad ixocebodnen. eTiopi­
aSi, piriqiT, xSiria sastiki SimSiloba, rasac ara mxolod hava, aramed SedarebiT

28
primitiuli teqnologia, ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabali done da socialuri
aSliloba iwvevs. Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba xalxs ganrigis, tabe­
luri drois, SezRuduli vadebis enaze azrovnebas aiZulebs. eTiopiis msgavs mi­
waTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi es droiTi zewola matulobs, rodesac qalaqebis, sam­
saxurebis, Tanamedrove industriis ganviTareba iwyeba. droSi gaTvlili amgvari
cxovreba ar aris mimzidveli, magram xalxi iZulebulia miiRos igi. eTiopiaSic
da SeerTebul StatebSic piradi identuroba erovnul identurobasTan ufro
mWidrodaa gadanaskvuli, vidre separatistul eTnikur identurobasTan. Cven
vixdiT gadasaxadebs da umeteswilad vaRiarebT samxedro samsaxuris aucileb­
lobas, radgan gvwams, rom Cveni rogorc pirovnebaTa gadarCena da cxovrebiseuli
gza sakuTari qveynis gadarCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. nacionalizmi Zalauflebas
iyenebs patriotul grZnobaTa mobilizebisaTvis. es Zalaufleba damaxasiaTebe­
lia ara romelime erTi socialuri SemsruleblisaTvis (Tumca pirovnebebsa da
jgufebs SeuZliaT patriotul grZnobebs mouxmon), aramed sazogadoebisTvis,
rogorc mTlianisaTvis.

funqcia

adamianis dabadeba sazogadoebisgan gamijnuli ar aris. gaCenili bavSvebis rao­

denoba, gogonebi iqnebian Tu biWebi, jansaRebi Tu arajansaRebi, gavlenas axdens
skolebze, SromiT bazarze, qorwinebis modelze, xandazmulTa mzrunvelobaze da
a.S. socialuri struqturisa da socialuri organizaciis sxvadasxva aspeqti funq­
ciurad erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. sazogadoebis erT nawilSi momxdari mov­
lena exeba da gansazRvravs sxva nawilebSi mimdinare procesebs. magaliTad, Tuki
viTardeba axali samedicino teq­nologiebi dRenaklul CvilTa gadasarCenad, am
Zviri teqnologiis safasuris dasafarad imatebs sadazRvevo Tanxac.
adre funqciur urTierTkavSirebs sociologebi xSirad xsnidnen `orga­nuli
analogiis~ saSualebiT. iseT organizmSi, rogoric adamianis sxeulia, guli,
filtvebi, tvini da sxva organoebi sruqturulad diferencirebulia, Tumca _
funqciurad SekavSirebuli. sisxlis miwodeba filtvebisaTvis gulis muSaobazea
damokidebuli; yvela sxva organo damokidebulia filtvebis mier sisxlis Jang­
badiT gamdidrebaze; tvini sxeulis mraval operacias nervuli sistemis saSuale­
biT xelmZRvanelobs, magram Tavadac gulisa da filtvebisgan iRebs JangbadiT
gamdidrebul sisxls da a.S. Tuki guliscema regularuli araa anda filtvebi ver
awvdis sakmao Jangbads an tvinia dazianebuli, mTliani sistema _ organizmic zi­
andeba. sazogadoebebi araa iseve mtkiced integrirebuli, rogorc biologiuri
organizmebi, magram maTi calkeuli nawilebic damokidebulia erTmaneTze, raTa
imuSaon, rogorc sistemebma. amdenad, reproduqciuli teqnologiebi mxolod im­
itom arsebobs, rom samedicino saswavleblebi amzadebs eqimebs, mkvlevrebi avi­
Tareben teqnologiebs, ekonomika qmnis dovlaTs maT asanazRaureblad da a.S.
termini _ funqcia aRniSnavs am wvlils, romelic socialur urTierTobas,
pozicias, organizebas, Rirebulebasa Tu sazogadoebis sxva aspeqtebs Seaqvs far­

29
To socialur sistemaSi. funqciurad integrirebuli sistemis yoveli nawili ax­
dens zemoqmedebas da Tavadac ganicdis zemoqmedebas sxvebisgan. aseTia skolebis
funqcionireba studentTa mosamzadeblad, vinc SeZlebs damqiraveblisTvis
saWiro samuSao Seasrulos da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi miiRos mona­wileoba,
rogorc sakuTari qveynis moqalaqem. SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT skolis arss, Tuki mas
gamijnulad SeviswavliT _ aucilebelia sazogadoebis sxva nawilebTan misi kav­
Siris gaTvaliswineba. Tavis mxriv, skola funqciurad TviTonac organizebulia:
sxvadasxva sagnis maswavleblebi, administratorebi, moswavleebi, biblioTek­
arebi da materialuri obieqtebic ki, dafebisa da wignebis CaTvliT, sxvadasxva
funqcias asruleben. funqciuri integracia xarisxzea damokidebuli _ ramde­
nad SeuZlia jgufisa Tu sazogadoebis nawilebs met-naklebad harmoniuli Tanam­
Sromloba anu urTi­erTSewyobili moqmedeba.
zogjer socialuri sistemis erTi nawili ise moqmedebs, rom sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis efeqtur muSaobas aferxebs. am SemTxvevaSi igi `disfunqciuria~. maga­
liTad, zogierTis mtkicebiT, axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebi disfunqci­
uria, radgan sxva, ufro saSur moTxovnilebebs (rogoricaa jandacva, saTanado
kveba da ganaTleba sabavSvo baRebSi, Raribi orsuli qalebis daxmareba) aklebs
resursebs da savaraudo mSoblebs ubiZgebs ganayofierebis xelovnur xerxebs
mimarTon Svilis ayvanis nacvlad, rac obol da mitovebul bavSvebs moyvaruli da
mzrunveli ojaxebis gareSe tovebs.
zogjer SegviZlia reproduqciuli teqnologiis sasikeTo, saswaulebrivi
Sedegebi davinaxoT, roca uSvilobis problemebis mqone wyvilebs bavSvis gaCenis
saSualeba eZlevaT, SegviZlia davinaxoT safrTxec _ zneobrivad saCoTiro Ca­
reva bunebisa Tu RvTis nebaSi. es piraduli gansjis gadasawyvetia. magram am axali
teqnologiis gasagebad _ rad ganviTarda igi, rogor mimarTebaSia pirovnebasa
Tu mTlianad sazogadoebasTan, vis exmareba (Tu azaralebs) yvelaze metad da saiT
mivyavarT _ yvela is sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romelzec zemoT visaubreT.
sociologebs, maTi gansa­xilveli Tematikisa da Teoriuli perspeqtividan gamom­
dinare, SeuZliaT yuradReba mTavar cnebaTagan erT-erTze _ struqturaze, mo­
qmedebaze, kulturaze, Zalasa Tu funqciaze gaamaxvilon, Tumca xuTive maTgani
mniSvnelovania sociologiurad azrovnebisTvis.

sociologia, rogorc mecniereba

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samyaros praqtikuli Secnoba xdeba. Cven Segvi­

Zlia viaroT, Tumca ar vicodeT kunTebis fiziologia, SegviZlia visaubroT me­
tyvelebis Teoriis Seswavlis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
bevr rames TavisTavad, dasabuTebis gareSe viRebT da ise vmoqmedebT, TiTqos
yvelaferi gvesmodes, Tundac ar SegveZlos amis axsna. praqtikuli, yoveldRi­
uri Secnoba mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba qmedebaSi, mag­ram mainc SezRudulia. sa­
myaros Sesaxeb Cveni codnis gaRrmavebas mecnierebis calkeuli dargebi isaxavs

30
miznad da Cvens pirad gamocdilebas mecnieruli meTodis saSualebiT afarToebs
(burdie, Sambordoni da paseroni, 1991).

mecnieruli meTodi

mecniereba samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebisa da organizebis Seda­

rebiT axali formaa. dRes mecnierebaSi vgulisxmobT bunebaze dakvirvebis
sistemur meTods, obieqturad aRqmulis interpretacias, mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiris Ziebas da Cveni warmodgenebis sistemaSi moyvanas Teoriis meSveobiT.
iseT mecnierTa mier, rogorc galilei, koperniki da niutoni iyvnen, meCvidmete
saukuneSi gakvaluli es gza `mecnierul revoluciaSi~ gadaizarda codnis yvela
sferoSi. amJamad cnobil mecnierebis yvela dargs _ fizikas Tu biologias, eko­
nomikas da sociologias _ safuZveli mecnierulma revoluciam Cauyara.
mecnieruli revolucia emyareboda or ZiriTad princips, romlebic mecniere­
baSi dRemde daculia. pirveli empiriuli dakvirvebaa. mecnieruli meTodi dasa­
buTebuls eyrdnoba da ara savaraudosa da yurmokruls. empiriuli informacia
Cveni xuTi grZnobiT (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, Sexeba, gemos SegrZneba) an maTi ga­
farToebiT (rogorc radioteleskopi `iWers~ TvalisTvis uxilav talRebs) aris
SeZenili da Semowmebuli. meore ZiriTadi principi logikuri analizia. movle­
nis mecnieruli xedva gulisxmobs, rom SegviZlia igi racionalurad gaviazroT da
logikuri forma mivceT. logika da empiriuli dakvirveba mecnierebaSi uerTman­
eTod ar muSaobs. SeuZlebelia mizez-Sedegobriobas mxolod dakvirvebiT Cavwv­
deT; yovel Cvengans SeuZlia dainaxos, rom ori ram erTdroulad xdeba _ vTqvaT
wvima da yvavilebis zrda. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamosavlenad am ori mov­
lenis logikur mimdinareobas unda mivyveT (wvima uSualod ar iwvevs yvavilobas,
magram Teslis gaRvivebasa da mcenaris ayvavebisTvis aucilebel pirobebs warmo­
qmnis, Tuki Tesli nayofier niadagSia moxvedrili da a.S.).
empiriul dakvirvebasa da logikur analizze damyarebuli mecnieruli meTo­
di iswrafis Seamowmos codna, radgan igi Cveulebrivi Sexedulebisgan gansxvave­
bulia. mecniereba WeSmaritebad arafers scnobs mxolod avtoritet­ze (RvTisa
iqneba, romis papisa Tu mefisa), tradiciaze (vinaidan xalxs odiTganve sjeroda,
rom es asea) anda konsensusze (yvelas ase hgonia) dayrdnobiT. mecnieruli codna
yovelTvis ar ukuagdebs avtoritets, tradiciasa Tu konsensuss, magram SeuZlia
asec moxdes. amis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli magaliTia manamde gavrcele­
buli Sexedulebis _ dedamiwis garSemo mzis brunvis sawinaaRmdegod galileis
gamoTqmuli mosazreba da Tavisi daskvnis empiriuli dakvirvebiTa da logikuri
analiziT gamyareba. Tavdapirvelad xalxma sruliad uaryo galileis mosazreba,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda maT mama-papaTa da, Sesa­Zloa, miTologiur rwmenas
(tradicia); ufro metic, upirispirdeboda eklesiur moZRvrebas (avtoriteti).
amasTanave, TiToeuls SeeZlo daenaxa, rom mze aRmosavleTidan amodis, gadakveTs

31
cas da dasavleTiT Cadis (konsensusi). yovelive amis miuxedavad, am SemTxvevaSi sab­
olood mecnierebam gaimarjva.
mecnieruli meTodi metad Zlieria. Tanamedrove epoqaSi mas SeuZlia uaRre­sad
gaafarTovos codna, rasac didi miRwevebi aqvs teqnologiaSi. mecnierebasaviT
Zliers, mas mainc ar SeuZlia `srulqmnili~ codna mogvawodos. pirveli, mecnie­
ruli codna dausrulebelia: saTanadod Seuswavlelia mravali fenomeni da axal
Ziebas SeuZlia eWvqveS daayenos is, rac manamde garkveuli gvegona. meore, zogierT
kiTxvas SeuZlebelia mecnierulma kvlevam gasces pasuxi (magaliTad, arsebobs Tu
ara RmerTi). metic, sxvadasxva adamiani, mecnierTa CaTvliT, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvs sagnebze,
maT aRsawerad gansxvavebul enasa da gamoTqmebs iyenebs da daskvnac gansxvavebuli
gamoaqvs. mecnierTa TanamSromlobas SeuZlia srulyos mecniereba da teqnologia,
warmatebiT ganaxorcielos praqtikuli saqmianoba, xidebis mSenebloba iqneba Tu
kosmosuri xomaldis gaSveba, magram mecnierebi verasodes SeZleben sxvadasxva Tval­
sazrisTa Sedegebis srulad gabaTilebasa da erT `WeSmaritebaze~ SeTanxmebas.
rogorc mecniereba, sociologia specifikur winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. rode­
sac sociologebi dakvirvebis mecnierul meTods mimarTaven, isini akvirdebian
ara `bunebas~, romelic adamianebis gareT arsebobs da met-naklebad dafiqsire­
bulia maTTan urTierTobaSi, aramed ufro im samyaros adevneben Tvals, romelic
nawilobriv adamianTa mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac mecnierebi verasodes gae­
mijnebian. socialuri samyaro araa uZravi, igi gamudmebiT icvleba. maga­liTad,
ena mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom mas adamianebi iyeneben, magram gamo­yenebisas maT
cotaodeni cvlilebac SeaqvT masSi. socialuri samyaro Cveni nawilia, Cven ki misi
nawili varT. socialuri mecnieruli dakvirveba araa ubralod bunebis interpre­
tacia, sul cota, igi interpretaciaa xalxisa, vinc Tavad axdens interpretacias
da Tavis sam­yaroebs qmnis (gidensi, 1984).

empiriuli dakvirveba

empiriuli dakvirveba sityvasityviT `yurebasa da danaxvas~ unda niSnavdes.

sinamdvileSi igi ufro rTulia. sociologebma Tavisi dakvirveba unda aqcion
monacemebad _ informaciad, romelic gamosadegi iqneba specifikur sociolo­
giur kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad. amisaTvis sami etapis gavlaa saWiro. pirveli
ganyeneba, abstraqciaa. sociologma dasakvirvebeli fenomenis niSan-TvisebaTa­
gan yvelaze niSandoblivi unda SearCios. raa niSandoblivi, dasmul SekiTxvazea
damokidebuli. magaliTad, repqoduqciul teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli poli­
tikis Seswavlisas CineTSi, bavSvis sqess mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan mSoblebs
abortis ufleba mxolod nayofis Tandayolili defeqtis, memkvidreobiTi naklis
an sxva problemebis SemTxvevaSi aqvT. magram, rodesac vigebT, rogor gamoiyeneba
es teqnologia (da ra borotad iyeneben am politikas vaJebs danatrebuli mSoble­
bi), bavSvis sqesi metad niSandoblivi gaxdeba.
meore etapi Cveulebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebad gadasaqcevad interpreta­
ciaa. igi aseve mniSvnelovania fizikuri bunebis Seswavlisas, maga­liTad, rodesac

32
meteorologebma Rrublebis formebze TavianTi dakvirveba da klasifikacia unda
moaxdinon. socialuri cxovrebis Seswavlisas interpretacia met mniSvnelovneba­
sac iZens, radgan adamianTa qmedebis Sesaxeb unda SeviqmnaT warmodgena (teilori,
1958 x, 1955). Tandayolili da memkvidreobiTi defeqtebisa matarebeli bavSvis
gaCenis riskis mqone qalebisaTvis sagangebod Seq­mnili mSobiarobamdeli diag­
nostikuri testebi amJamad aucilebeli wesia ocdaaT wels gadacilebulTaTvis
qalebisaTvis (rouneri da presi, 1955), radgan qalebs surT darwmundnen, rom jan­
saR bavSvs gaaCenen (Tuki ara _ ganixileba abortis SesaZlebloba) da eqimebi am
sinjiT saWiro informacias miiReben dedisa da nayofis janmrTe­lobis Sesaxeb. da
mainc, orsuli qalebis gamokiTxvam SesaZloa gamoavlinos, rom maT testi, pirvel
rigSi meanis rCeviT Caitares, xolo man, cxadia, ukeT icis. meanTa gamokiTxvam ki
SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom isini pirvel yovlisa, mSobiarobamdeli testis ga­
keTebas urCeven Tandayolili defeqtis mqone bavSvis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi mSo­
blebis mier sasamarTloSi Civilis Tavidan asacileblad. Cveulebrivi dakvirveba
motivebsa da mniSvnelobebs ar gamoavlens.
mesame etapi dakvirvebaTa monacemebad gardasaqmnelad gulisxmobs maT da­
fiqsirebas im saxiT, rom SesaZlo iyos maTi ganmeoreba. ganmeoreba niSnavs imave
gamokvlevis xelaxal Catarebas axali obieqtebis TanxlebiT, raTa gairkves, mi­
viRebT Tu ara imave Sedegs. yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli
gamokvlevis obieqti tipuri ar aRmoCndes mosaxleobisTvis, romlis warmosaCenad
is SeirCa anda kvlevis meTodebi iyo mcdari. mecnieruli monacemebis wardgenasa
da gamoyenebas yovelTvis unda axldes zusti angariSi im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb,
romlebSic dakvirveba Catarda, mkvlevaris gamo­yenebuli abstragirebis xerxis
CaTvliT. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, ra ganasxvavebda mas sxva dakvirvebaTagan da
rogor interpretacias aZlevda mkvlevari dakvirvebas (gamokvlevis meTodebi
ganxilulia meore TavSi da warmodgenilia sagangebo gamokvlevebSi, romlebic
kvlevis grafebis saxiT­Y gasdevs wigns).

logikuri analizi

emperiuli dakvirvebis msgavsad logikuri analizic bevrad rTulia, vid­re

erTi SexedviT Cans. rodesac ojaxur cxovrebas, religiuri institutisa Tu so­
cialuri cxovrebis romelime sxva aspeqts ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom mravali
gansxvavebuli sakiTxi da fenomenia gadajaWvuli. logikuri analizis pirveli
nabijia gadawyveta _ romel sakiTxsa an sakiTxebze unda gavamaxviloT yuradRe­
ba. analizis erTeulebi ufro vrceli, rTuli mTlianis diferencirebuli nawile­
bia. davuSvaT, sociologs surs Seiswavlos sociologiuri jgufebi da saamisod
eklesiis mrevls irCevs. upirvelesi da yvelaze gamokveTili erTeulebi ana­lizis
Casatareblad individualuri wevrebi arian. analizis meore erTeuli am pirovne­
bebs Soris urTierTkavSiria _ unda gairkves, vin megobrobs erTmaneTTan, vinaa
erTi ojaxis wevri, vin msaxurobs erT kompaniaSi da a.S, raTa Seiqmnas jgufis axle­
buri suraTi. analizis mesame erTeuli kulturaa, romelsac eklesiis wevrebi

33
iziareben, maTi rwmenis, eklesiis (an seqtis) istoriis, saeklesio ritua­lebisa da
wesebis CaTvliT. analizis Semdegi erTeuli eklesiis forma­luri organizaciaa
_ meurveobisa da movaleobebis struqtura, urTierToba moZRvarsa da mrevls
Soris, pasu­xismgebelia Tu ara mRvdeli episkoposis winaSe da sxv. analizis yove­
li es erTeuli logikurad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan, xolo eklesiis er­
Tiani suraTi TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb Seicavs informacias.
urTirTobaTa gamovlena analizis erTeulebs Soris, pirovnebebi iqneba, pira­
di urTierTobebi, kulturuli midrekilebani Tu organizaciuli struqturebi,
Semdegi etapia logikuri analizis. sociologis mTavari amocanaa gaarkvios, so­
ciologiur wyobaSi erTdroulad arsebul saganTagan romelia danarCnenebze me­
tad gavlenisunariani. magaliTad, ra faqtori axdens ufro Zlier gavlenas iseT
gadawyvetilebaze, rogorc winamZRvris SerCeva anda diakvnisa Tu uxucesis daniS­
vnaa _ wevrTa rwmena (kultura) Tu organizebis wesi (struqtura)? es sakiTxi
mizez-Sedegobriobas ukavSirdeba. sociologebs ainteresebT funqciuri urTi­
erTkavSiri sxvadasxva erTeulsa Tu mTelsa da mis nawilebs Soris. saeklesio
gundSi, magaliTad, lotbari da sxvadasxva xmis mqone momRerlebi (sopranoebi,
baritonebi, tenorebi, banebi) saerTo produqtis _ musikaluri nawarmoebis Sesa­
qmnelad, rac mxolod socialuri TanamSromlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi gansx­
vavebuli rolebi, amrigad, funqciurad SekavSirebulia, arc erTi maTgani araa
swored meoriT gamowveuli (diriJoris CaTvliT), magram TiToeuli damokidebu­
lia sxvebze.
mesame safexuri logikur analizSi aris codnis Camoyalibeba Teoriad. Teor­
ia urTierTobaTa amokiTxvisa da maTi moqmedebis axsnis mwyobri, logikuri mcd­
elobaa. mecnieruli Teoria damyarebulia empiriuli dakvirvebisas mopovebul
garemoebebsa da faqtebze. Teoretikosis winaSe ismeba kiTxva, ratom aqvs faqtebs
swored aseTi mimarTuleba da ara sxvagvari. vTqvaT, ratom irCevs zogi qristian­
uli eklesia winamZRvars, xolo sxvagan episkoposi agzavnis? pasuxis ga­sacemad,
nawilobriv istoriis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro (rodis da rogor daedo saTave ama
Tu im aRmsareblobas), nawilobriv sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa (gansakuTrebiT,
_ ra saxiT iZens pirovneba religiur Sexedulebebs _ locviTa da bibliis Ses­
wavliT Tu zemdgom avtoritetebze dayrdnobiT), nawilobriv _ gansxvavebuli
saeklesio struqturisa (ierarqiuloba Tu Tanasworoba). am sakiTxis Teoriuli
gaazreba damokidebulia yoveli calkeuli faqtoris Sekrebasa da erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebaze. magaliTad, mRvdlis arCeviTobis wesi, SesaZloa, individualis­
turi azrovnebis aRzevebis Sedegi iyos (Tundac _ protestantuli reforma­
ciis dros wamoSobili Sexe­dulebisa, rom pirovnebas SesaZloa uSualo kavSiri
hqondes RmerTTan) da agreTve Seda­rebiT demokratiuli azrovnebidan (xalxma
Tavisi lideri Tavad unda airCios) momdinareobdes.
idealuri warmodgeniT Teoriebi sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli, raTa em­
piriuli dakvirvebisa da informaciis gavrcobiT gamokvlevas daeqvemdebaros.
Tumca, aseTi sizuste da gamokvleva SedarebiT iolia mcire, metad specifikuri
Teo­riebisaTvis _ aseTia magaliTad, Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom eklesiis

34
wevrTa Soris piradi urTierTobebi ufro ganmsazRvrelia axali winamZRvris
arCevisas, vidre sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebani. xolo zogadi, farTomasStabiani
TeoriebisaTvis sizustis dacva da gamokvleva ufro rTulia _ vTqvaT, Teor­
iisa, romelic acxadebs, rom socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis social­
uri struqtura ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli arCevani. aseTi vrceli
Teoriebi, _ Tundac, karl marqsis Teoria, romlis mixedviT istorias, umTavres­
ad, klasobrivi brZola ayalibebs an adam smiTis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom
pirovnuli arCevani sayovelTao keTildReobas gansazRvravs (orives qvemoTaa
ganxiluli) _ safuZ­vels uyris SedarebiT specifikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas,
romelTa sizuste ufro advili Sesamowmebelia.

sqema 1. 2. mecnieruli meTodis mimoxilva

a. empiriuli dakvirveba b. logikuri analizi

1. abstraqcia 1. analizis nawilebis

di­ferencireba
2. interpretacia 2. urTierTobaTa gamovlena

3. ganmeoreba 3. Teoriis ageba

socialuri faqtebi

yoveli mecniereba damokidebulia rogorc empiriul dakvirvebaze, aseve lo­

gikur analizze. gansxvavebuli mecnierebebi specifikur sakiTxebs awydeba da
gansxvavebul midgomasac gvTavazobs. magaliTad, qimia Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad
aucileblad mimarTavs cdebis Catarebas. am saxis cdebi sociologiisTvis dama­
xasiaTebeli araa. sociologebi rac SeiZleba met monacemebs kreben mimdinare
socialuri cxovrebis procesebsa da agreTve gamorCeuli movlenebis _ revo­
luciebisa Tu stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sesaxeb, sadac socialuri modelebis gan­
sakuTrebuli tipebi areulia.
sxvadasxva mecniereba, rogorc monacemTa Sesakrebad iye­nebs gansxvavebul
midgomas, aseve faqtebis gansxvavebul saxeebzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas. socia­
luri faqtebi socialuri cxovrebis mudmivi Tanmdevia da gansazRvravs anda
aferxebs pirovnebaTa qmedebebs. isini, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis nawili,
ver Tavsdeba izolirebul pirovnulSi, aramed piriqiT, garegnulad mJRavndeba,
Tumca maTSi pirovnebebic monawileoben (durkhaimi, 1895/1982).
ekonomika socialuri cxovrebis kargi magaliTia. Cveni ekonomika arc erTi
pirovnebis mier gamogonebuli da daarsebuli araa da arc erTi pirovneba Tu jgu­
fi akontrolebs. pirovnebebs ekonomikis Secvla SeuZliaT axali produqciisa Tu
teq­nologiis danergviT an axali organizaciebisa da sawarmoo strategiis dam­

35
kvidrebiT. zogierTni (saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebaTa avtorebi, msxvil kor­
poraciaTa meTaurebi) mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen sameurneo ganviTarebis
tendenciebze, sxvani (miusafarni) zRvars miRma arseboben. mag­ram yoveli Cven­
gani, raimenairad, monawileobs ekonomikaSi. faqtobrivad igi mxolod mravali
adamianisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad arsebobs. ekonomikis mdgomareoba
_ aRmavlobis gzas adgas, Tu daqveiTebulia _ Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs Seexeba
maRali Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTis, umuSevrobisa Tu sxva formiT.
zogierTi socialuri faqti socialuri movlenebis maCvenebeli anu mosaxleo­
baSi yovelwliurad (an sxva droiT SualedSi) momxdar SemTxvevaTa procentuli
xarisxia. danaSaulis maCvenebeli socialuri faqtia. igive iTqmis qorwinebis, So­
badobisa Tu Sid­­­siT (HIV) inficirebis maCveneblebze. igi irRveva mxolod mravali
kerZo SemTxvevis Sekrebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad da Seexeba imaTac, visac saerTo
araferi hqonia danaSaulTan, qorwinebasTan, dabadebasa Tu Sids-iT daavadebas­
Tan mocemuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. zogadi maCveneblebi im socialur modelebs
avlens, rac calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizisas ar Cans. magaliTad, ganayofiere­
baze momuSave klinikebis swrafi mateba adasturebs, rom amerikelebi unayofobis
epidemiaa. faqtobrivad, Sobadobis maCvenebeli ucvlelia, mag­ram radgan bavS­
vebis `bumis~ Taoba ricxobrivad winamorbed Taobebs aRemateba, nayofierebis
problemebis mqone pirTa raodenobac metia.
komunikaciis iseTi saziaro saSualeba, rogoricaa ena, agreTve socialuri
faqtia. axali sityvebis, frazebis, mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis
asaxsnelad sociologebi im socialur Zalebs eZeben, romlebsac axali sityvebis
Semotana SeuZliaT. isini Seiswavlian, axali sityvebi prestiJul sazogadoebriv
figurebTan asocirdeba Tu ara, Tu imeoreben maT MTV-ze da filmebSi, Tu aita­
cebs maT sazogadoebis erTi jgufi da Semdeg Tu vrceldeba sxva jgufebSi da a.S.
SedarebiT stabiluri da xangrZlivia socialuri faqtebi, Tumca mTlad
ucv­leli mainc araa. am mizezis gamo, sociologia ar emsgavseba fizikur mec­
nierebebs. socialur cxovrebas srulad verasodes aRwers mecnierul kanonTa
rigi, romelic yvela adamianze, yvela adgilsa da dros gavrceldeba. urTierT­
damokidebuleba masasa da mizidulobas Soris msoflios erT nawilSi meoresTan
SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad ar icvleba da aguri CineTSic imave siCqariT vardeba,
rogorc kanzasSi, magram urTierTmimarTeba samu­Saosa da anazRaurebas Soris
gansxvavebulia. CineTSi taqsis mZRoli xSirad met Tan­xas gamoimuSavebs, vidre
eqimi; kanzasSi es ase araa. amasTanave, adamianma SeiZleba saqmianoba da cxovrebis
wesi Seicvalos. amis gamo sociologebi mudam axal-axal movlenebs awydebian aR­
werasa da axsnas rom moiTxovs.

36
sociologiis safuZvlebi

sociologia Caisaxa meTvramete saukunis bolosa da mecxramete saukunis da­

sawyisSi _ dasavlur sazogadoebebsa da mTel msoflioSi mimdinare radikaluri
cvlilebebis periodSi. is socialuri samyaro, romelsac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
icnobdnen evropelebi, TandaTan qreboda da iwyeboda `Tanamedrove epoqa~.

sociologia da Tanamedrove epoqa

Tanamedrove epoqis SeqmnaSi samma faqtorma Seasrula gadamwyveti roli.

maT Soris pirveli iyo qalaqis kapitalisturi _ industriuli sazogadoebis war­
moSoba. me-18 saukunemde evropelebi cxovrobdnen umeteswilad patara, naxevrad
avtonomiur agrarul dasaxlebebSi, sadac maT ojaxebs manamde TaobaTa ganmav­
lobaSi ucxovriaT. ojaxi iyo dasaxlebis cxovrebis birTvi, romelic Tavadve
zrunavda sakuTar Tavze da uzrunvelyofda mas. es dasaxlebebi iyo ufro didi
qveynebis nawili, romelTa mmarTvelebs _ rogorc wesi, mefeebs _ dawyebuli
hqondaT imperiebis Seneba. Tumca, omianobis garda, rigiT mamakacsa Tu qals,
saxelmwifo saqmeebi naklebad exeboda. mogzauroba iSviaToba iyo (ar arsebobda
araTu rkinigza, aramed diliJansebic ki) da `axal ambebs~ umetesad, adgilobrivi
Worebi Seadgenda (ar iyo arc gazeTebi da arc regularuli safosto datareba),
yvela erTsa da imave eklesiaSi dadioda (iSviaTi ebrauli anklavis gamoklebiT),
mosaxleobis did umravlesobas fermerebi Seadgendnen, maTi umetesoba ar iyo im
miwis mflobeli, romelsac amuSavebda. isini miwas metwilad ijariT iRebdnen mi­
waTmflobelebisgan (xSirad aristokratiis warmomadgenlebisgan) ramdenime sau­
kunis win dadebuli xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze. es socialuri wesrigi TiTqos
RmerTis mier iyo dawesebuli da iSviaTad Tu badebda eWvs. cotani iyvnen dabade­
bulni marTvisaTvis, maSin, rodesac xalxis didi umravlesoba mZime SromisaTvis
iyo gaCenili. mamebi flobdnen Zalauflebas TavianT ojaxebze, miwaTmflobelebi
_ moijareebze, monarqebi ki _ yvela Tavis qveSevrdomze. xalxma icoda Tavisi mov­
aleoba da adgili, Taobidan Taobamde cota ram Tu icvleboda.
aseTive myari iyo socialuri wesrigi Tanamedrove epoqamdel qalaqebSi, kar­
gad damkvidrebuli ierarqia marTavda socialur urTierTobebs. ostatebi iyvnen
daqiravebuli xelosnebis zemdgomni, romelnic, Tavis mxriv, xelosanTa gildieb­
Si gaerTianebuli Segirdebis ufrosebad iTvlebodnen, iseve, rogorc hercogebi
iyvnen raindTa zemdgomni, romelnic Tavis mxriv samxedro samsaxurSi myof da
sofelSi mcxovreb ymebs marTavdnen. isic ki dakanonebuli iyo, ra saxis samosi
SeeZlo etarebina gansxvavebuli xelobisa da statusis adamians, xolo sabo­loo
uflebamosileba yvela sakiTxze adamianis dabadebidan gardacvalebamde ekle­

37
sias hqonda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, protestantul reformaciamde mainc, romelmac
xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis dadgomas).
am industriamdel soflebsa da qalaqebSi cxovreba Sors iyo idiliurisagan.
miwaTmflobelebi eqspluatacias uwevdnen moijareebs da xSirad ise begravdnen
maT, rom SimSilobamdec ki mihyavdaT. mezobeli mezobels eda­veboda da xanda­xan
sagvareulo SuRli Taobebze vrceldeboda. sanitariuli pirobebi cudi iyo,
samedicino momsaxureba _ primitiuli, naadrevi sikvdili ki _ xSiri. magram
miuxedavad aseTi rTuli mdgomareobisa, socialuri cxovrebisgan msazRvreli
faqtorebi da konturebi cnobili iyo. industriulma revoluciam Secvala orive
landSafti _ fizikurica da socialuric. me-19 saukuneSi fabrika-qarxnebma,
qvanaxSiris sabadoebma, rkinigzam da satelegrafo xazeb­ma moSala is izolacia,
romelic tradiciuli soflis meurneobis Temebis TavSesafari iyo. TiTqmis
erT RameSi gaCnda saqarxno qalaqebi da qalaqis mosaxleobac swrafad gaizarda.
1850 wlisaTvis did britaneTSi ufro meti xalxi cxovrobda didsa da patara qa­
laqebSi, vidre soflad (me-20 saukunemde SeerTebuli Statebi ar gamxdara upi­
ratesad urbanuli). am procesis dros moiSala tradiciuli socia­luri urTier­
Tobebi. kapitalist mewarmeTa axalma klasma, romlis specializacia warmoeba da
vaWroba iyo, gverdze gaswia miwebis mflobeli Zveli aristokratia. xalxis didma
nawilma datova (an iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina) soflebi, raTa xelfasiani sa­
muSao mieRo samrewvos qalaqebSi. am procesSi ikargeboda TviTkmari cxovrebis
wesi. industriulma revoluciam Seqmna rogorc axali samuSao adgilebi, umuSev­
robac gamoiwvia. qalaqSi areulobebma da sibinZurem masobrivi, SemaZrwunebeli
siRatake moitana da danaSaulisa da daumorCileblobis saSiSroeba warmoSva ev­
ropuli sazogadoebis SigniT.
Tanamedrove epoqis warmoSobisaTvis meore gadamwyveti faqtori iyo kul­
turuli gansxvavebebis Tavidan aRmoCena. mogzaurobebma dedamiwis `Soreul
mxareebSi~, qalaqebSoris vaWrobis zrdam da koloniuri imperiebis damkvidre­
bam aiZula evropelebi dapirispirebodnen msoflios gansxvavebul kultura­
Ta uzarmazar wyebas _ Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli eniT, adaT-wesebiT, mrwamsiT,
mmarTvelobis sistemiTa da cxovrebis wesiT. evropelebsa da araevropelebs So­
ris kontaqtis zrdam orive maTganis cxovreba Secvala _ yvelaze TvalnaTliv
kolonializmisa da monobis meSveobiT. zogierTi Sedegi iyo materia­luri, ro­
goricaa simdidris zrda, zRvaosnobis gaZliereba iseT savaWro qveynebSi, ro­
goricaa britaneTi. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom am kontaqtebma eWvqveS daayena
gabatonebuli warmodgenebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. evropelebis umetesoba
darwmunebuli iyo, rom maT sakuTar kulturas aSkara upiratesoba hqonda sx­
vebTan Seda­rebiT, Tumca kulturis nairgvarobam sagonebelSi Caagdo swav­
lulebi. saidan iyo mosuli evropuli civilizacia da saiT miemarTeboda igi?
swavlulebma daiwyes dakvirveba sxva qveynebsa da epoqebze, ara mxolod imisaT­
vis, rom es xalxebi da adgilebi SeeswavlaT, aramed imisTvisac, rom saTanado
daskvnebi gaekeTebinaT Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebisa da sakuTari Ta­
vis Sesa­xeb (kalhuni, 1995).

38
 mesame faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove epoqis aRmocenebas, politi­
kuri da inteleqturi qaosi iyo. amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebma Secvala
Zveli warmodgenebi movaleobebze, tradiciebsa da xelisuflebisadmi morCile­
baze anu axa­li ideebis mixedviT _ individis uflebebze, Tanasworobasa da Tavi­
suflebaze da yvela SemTxvevaSi es iyo muqara monarqebisadmi.
amis msgavsadve, protestantulma reformaciam, samecniero revoluciam da
ganmanaTleblobam eWvqveS daayena didi xnis win damkvidrebuli warmodgenebi
bunebaze, religiasa da adamianis cxovrebaze. am kulturulma moZraobebma ara
mxo­lod warmoSva axali nairgvaroba evropis farglebSi (rogoricaa gansxvave­
buli religiuri mimdinareoba qristianobis SigniT), aramed gamoiwvia codnis
safuZvliani zrda da kulturuli diskusiac. me-15 saukuneSi sabeWdi wnexis
gamogoneba, romelic pirvelad iohanes guTenbergma gamoiyena luTeranuli bib­
liis dasabeWdad, daexmara azrovnebis axali gzebis gavrcelebas da axali disku­
siebis dawyebas.
warsulis gamocdilebebze damyarebuli keTilgonivruli gan­martebani aRar
gamodgeboda. socialurma filosofiam, romelic ganixilavda rogori unda yo­
filiyo sazogadoeba, ver SeZlo aexsna, ra xdeboda imJamindel rea­lur samyaro­
Si. xalxs esaWiroeboda momavalze gaTvlili faqtobrivi informacia, romelic
daeyrdnoboda Teoriebs, romlebic sistematurad Semowmdeboda da daexmare­
boda maT Tanamed­rove epoqis gagebasa da misdami adaptaciaSi (nibeTi da perini,
1977). ase Seiqmna codnis axali dargi _ sociologia.
revoluciuri epoqis dros fesvgadgmuli sociologia jer kidev awydeba im
dros wamoWril iseT gamowvevebs, rogoricaa socialuri cvlilebebi, sazogadoe­
bis SekavSirebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi da maT Soris arsebuli cvlilebebic ki,
sxvadasxvaoba da kiTxvebi sazogadoebaTa Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze,
da daZabuloba, romelsac qmnis erTi mxriv, socia­luri cxovrebis mecnieruli
axsna da, meore mxriv ki _ tradicia, saRi azri da sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi.

klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriebi

im Teoretikosebs, romlebsac sociologiis damfuZneblebad miviCnevT, Tavi

warmoedginaT ara mxolod axali inteleqtualuri dargis damaarsebleblad, ara­
med aseve aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis saaSkaraoze gamomtanlebadac.
filosofosi ogiust konti (1798-1857), romelic daibada safrangeTis revoluci­
isSemdgomi qaosis dros, eZiebda socialuri cvlilebebis gakontrolebis gzebs.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT STagonebuli konti mogviwodebda socialuri
cxovrebis kanonTa sistematuri analizisa­ken, rac migviyvanda socialur qmede­
baTa ufro racionalur formebamde, sabolood ki _ ukeTes sazogadoebamde.
am axal mecnierebas man `sociologia~ uwoda da es sityva pirvelma gamoiyena.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa swavlebebiT isargebla herbert spensermac
(1820-1903), romelmac adamianTa sazogadoebis Seswavla aRiqva, rogorc nawili
evoluciis ufro zogadi kvlevisa. is xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom orivegan _ bio­

39
logiaSic da sazogadoebaSic _ cvlilebebi struqturasa da funqciebSi para­
lelurad xorcieldeba. evoluciis Teoriam darvinamde da darvinis Semdeg _
uzarmazari zegavlena iqonia adreul sociologiaze. swored spenserisagan is­
esxa darvinma umTavaresi fraza `bunebrivi gadarCeva~. adam smiTi, romelic av­
toria uaRresad gavleniani wignisa erebis simdidre (1776/1976), dResdReobiT
ekonomistad moixsenieba. magram imis gamo, rom smiTis moRvaweobis periodSi ar
iyo gamijnuli sociologiisa da ekonomikis disciplinebi, mis naSromebSi aseve
uxvadaa sociologiuri mignebebic (ganixileba qvemoT).
mxolod me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan bolomde, ufro Rrma mecnierul codnasa
da ganaTlebaze sayovelTao moTxovnebis Sedegad, rogorc am moTxovnebis erT-
erTi nawili, sociologia aRiarebul iqna damoukidebel akademiur disciplinad
evropul universitetebSi, sociologebi ki _ specialistebad (da ara zogadi so­
cialuri dargebis mecnierebad). saukuneTa gasayarze amerikelebi seriozulad
CaerTnen sociologiur kvleva-ZiebaSi da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes mis
ganviTarebaSi. me-20 saukuneSi sociologia, rogorc kvlevisa da momzadebis spe­
cializebuli sfero, mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda.
qvemoT gavecnobiT sociologiis umniSvnelovanes fuZemdeblebs. maTi gavlena
dResac didia Teoriisa da kvlevis gansxvavebuli tradiciebis damkvidrebis Tval­
sazrisiT da amitom sociologebi (da sxva socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebi)
amJamadac ganagrZoben maTi Sromebis Seswavlas axleburad gaazrebisaTvis.

adam smiTi, jeremi benTami da racionaluri

arCevanis Teoria

adam smiTs (1723-1790), sociologiis erT-erT fuZemdebels, ainteresebda

imis dadgena, riTi inarCunebs sazogadoeba erTianobas. smiTis azriT, mmarTve­
lis Zala da Zalaufleba araa sazogadoebis SekavSirebulobis erTaderTi an um­
Tavresi saSualeba; sazogadoebebi funqciurad integrirdeboda erTimeoreze da
bazarze adamianTa ekonomikuri damokidebulebis gamo. smiTs (1776/1976) miaCnda,
rom xalxi akeTebs arCevans (ra iyidos, ra awarmoos, ra karieras misdios) xarji-
mogebis Zalze racionaluri gaTvlebis safuZvelze. amgvarad, adamianebi um­
Tavresad iTvaliswineben sakuTari TavisaTvis sasargeblo Sedegebs da ara imas,
Tu ra uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens maTi qmedebebi sxvebze. smiTs miaCnda, rom
Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi ekonomikuri arCevanis mxolod piradi interesebiT
motivirebis miuxedavad, amas sabolood saqonlis iseT efeqtian warmoebamde miv­
yavarT, rogorsac iTxovs momxmarebeli da rac emsaxureba sazogadoebis simdid­
ris zrdas. amgvarad, konkurencia muSaobs, rogorc `uxilavi xeli~, romelic are­
gulirebs warmoebas, maqsimumamde zrdis mogebas da mimarTavs SromiT resursebsa
da dabandebebs iseTi sferoebisaken, sadac moTxovna udidesia.
britanelma filosofosma jeremi benTamma (1748-1832) ganavrco da gadasinja
smiTis Sexedulebebi. benTami (1789/1970) xazs usvamda, rom adamia­nebi yvelgan mo­
tivirebulni arian imgvarad moiqcnen, rom maqsimumamde ga­zardon siamovneba da

40
minimumamde daiyvanon tkivili. is ar iziarebda smiTis Sexedulebebs imis Sesa­xeb,
rom individualur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic angarebas emyareba, avtomatu­
rad moaqvs udidesi sikeTe mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. benTamisaTvis saxalxo si­
ke­Te (romelsac igi gansazRvravda, rogorc udides sargebels adamianTa udidesi
nawilisaTvis minimaluri xarjebiT) yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba iqnes mopovebuli mec­
nierulad dagegmili samTavrobo qmedebiT _ rasac is `xilul xels~ uwodebda.
sazogadoebis moqmed pirTa Soris TanamSromloba avtomaturi ar aris maSinac
ki, roca mas meti sargebeli moaqvs meti xalxisTvis. benTami amtkicebda, rom, Tu
mTavroba, romelsac unari Seswevs moiTxovos TanamSromloba, am procesSi ar Cae­
ria, SeiZleba ifeTqos konfliqtma moqmed pirTa Soris, romlebic ecdebian gamdi­
drdnen sxvebis xarjze.
racionaluri arCevanis Teoria, romelic smiTma da benTamma pirvelebma wamo­
ayenes, dResac mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. racionaluri arCe­vanis Teoria xazs
usvams individualur gadawyvetilebaTa rols socialuri faqtebis formirebaSi
(qoulmani 1990). swored es midgoma iqna gamoyenebuli imis dasadgenad, rogor
iReben saqmiani wreebi sabazro gadawyvetilebebs, rogor akeTeben adamianebi
dabandebebs ufro met ganaTlebaSi da imis dasadgenadac ki, rogor wyveten axal­
gazrdebi _ visTan iaron paemanze da visze iqorwinon (ix. Jurnali racionaluro­
ba da sazogadoeba). racionaluri arCevanis Teoria gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova­
nia saxalxo politikis analizisaTvis, sadac igi xels uwyobs imis dadgenas, vin
moigebs an waagebs axali saxalxo programis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.
amasTanave, racionaluri arCevanis Teoria mniSvnelovani iyo nawili im damkvi­
drebuli Sexedulebebisa, romelTa winaaRmdegac gailaSqres sxva socio­logiuri
Teoriebis _ maT eWvqveS daayenes idea, rom sazogadoebis socialuri modelebi
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc individualur qmedebaTa jami. sociologiis sxva moaz­
rovneni ki xazs usvamdnen jgufebis, socia­luri struqturis, kulturisa da is­
toriuli cvlilebebis rols socialuri qmedebisaTvis pirobebis Sesa­qmnelad.

marqsi klasobrivi konfliqtis Sesaxeb

da kapitalizmis struqtura

ekonomikuri istorikosi, socialuri Teoretikosi da revolucioneri karl

marqsi (1818 – 1883) yvelaze ukeT cnobilia, rogorc Tanamedrove komunizmis
mama. amis garda, marqsma udidesi wvlili Seitana sociologiisa da ekonomikis
sakiTxebis ganviTarebaSi.
marqsi (1867/1976) Tvlida, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri faqti Ta­
visi drois industriuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb kapitalisturi socialuri
struqtura iyo. warmoebis saSualebebi kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo Tavmoyrili
da mogebis motanas emsaxureboda. kapitalizmi Zalian produqtiuli gaxldaT,
ramac gamoiwvia uzarmazari simdidris dagroveba da bolos gavrcelda mTels
msoflioSi. magram, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmi, rogorc sistema, ar iyo dacu­

41
li krizisisgan, ekonomikuri vardnisa Tu depresiisgan. kapitalistebi SeiZleba
ocnebobdnen wminda ekonomikuri sazogadoebis Sesa­xeb, sadac mTavroba umniS­
vnelo rols iTamaSebda, sinamdvileSi maT WirdebodaT saxelmwifo Zala, rom ae­
muSavebinaT ekonomikuri sistema da Tavidan aecilebinaT konkurenciis Sedegad
dazaralebulTa janyi.
marqsis socialuri Teoriis mTavari Tema iyo sazogadoebis dayofa dapiris­
pirebul klasebad. es klasebi ubralod erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ki ar iyvnen,
aramed Rrmad winaaRmdegobrivi interesebi hqondaT da maT Soris konfliqti
(magaliTad, monebsa da monaTmflobelebs Soris) ganapirobebda yvelanairi so­
cialuri cxovrebis bunebas.
or yvelaze mniSvnelovan da winaaRmdegobriv klass kapitalistur sazoga­
doebaSi warmoadgendnen kapitalistebi anu burJuazia, romelic flobda miwas,
qarxnebs, manqanebs, da proletariati an muSebi, romlebic uSualod awarmoebdnen
ekonomikur produqts TavianTi SromiT.
sazogadoebis es struqturuli dayofa dapirispirebul kla­sebad Zlier gav­
lenas axdenda Zalauflebriv urTierTobebze. marqsisTvis, kapitalistebis in­
teresebi da proletariati arsobrivad upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs. kapitali­
stebi mogebis gazrdas muSebis eqspluataciis xarjze cdilobdnen da jamagirs
ar umatebdnen. muSebi itanjebodnen da amitom iZulebulni iyvnen daeTmoT kapi­
talisturi sistema, dauflebodnen warmoebis saSualebebs da daefuZnebinaT
uklaso sazogadoeba, sadac simdidres Tanabrad gaanawilebdnen. rasakvirve­
lia, kapitalistebi da mTavrobebi, romlebsac isini mxars uWerdnen, yvelanair
Zalas gamoiyenebdnen, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT muSebis mier socia­luri wesri­
gis Secvla. muSebs, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gasawevad dasWir­debodaT Zala,
romelic maT simravleSi iyo. amisaTvis, albaT isini unda CarTuliyvnen TavianT
mCagvrelebTan xangrZliv konfliqtSi maTi Tavidan moSorebis mizniT. revo­
lucia SeiZleba momxdariyo an ar momxdariyo, magram daZabuloba da brZola so­
cialuri Rirebulebebisa da miznebis garSemo gardauvali iyo. marqsis mixedviT,
klasobrivi konfliqti kapitalisturi sistemis Sinagani Tvisebaa.
marqss sjeroda, rom socialuri struqtura, romelic ekonomikur warmoe­
basa da klasobriv urTierTobebs efuZneboda, ganapirobebda socialur moqmede­
basa da kulturasac ki. amgvarad, Sua saukuneebis sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomikam
xeli Seuwyo Zlieri sazogadoebrivi erTobebisa religiuri rwmenis gaCenas, maSin
rodesac Tanamedrove epoqis industriulma kapitalisturma ekonomikam dabada
individualizmi da mecnieruli xedva. marqsi aseve Tvlida, rom klasobrivi kon­
fliqti aris `istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala~, socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi
wyaro. misi azriT, adgili rCeba socialuri moqmedebisTvis, magram es moqmedeba
arasdros aris Tavisufali wina moqmedebebisgan da, miT umetes socialuri struq­
turisgan. `adamia­nebi qmnian TavianT istorias~, _ werda marqsi, _ `magram isini
ar qmnian istorias Tavis mierve arCeuli pirobebis mixedviT, aramed im pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic pirdapir aris mocemuli da gadmocemuli warsulidan~
(marqsi 1852/1979, gv. 103).

42
 mniSvnelovani iyo marqsis Sexeduleba koleqtiuri brZolis, rogorc so­
cialuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb. radgan patara elita akontrolebs sazogadoe­
bis ZiriTad simdidres, adamianebis umetesoba SedarebiT nakleb Zalauflebas
flobs. magram, muSebi socialuri struqturis Sesa­cvlelad moipovebdnen Za­
lauflebas, Tuki isini gaerTiandebodnen kavSirebsa da politikur partiebSi.
es midgoma moiTxovda ara mxolod moqmedebas, aramed kulturul cvlilebas.
muSebi unda ganTavisuflebuliyvnen kapitalizmis idei­sgan, rom yvela adamiani
ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc individi; maT unda ganeviTarebinaT klasobrivi
cnobiereba, saerTo interesebisa da problemebis gancda. sanam klasobrivi cno­
biereba ganviTardeboda, kapitalistebi gamoiyenebdnen TavianT Zalas, Camoeya­
libebinaT muSebis religiuri Sexedulebebi, moegonebinaT Tavisufal dros­Tan
dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi da momxmarebluri prioritetebi, rac gamoiwvevda
`yalbi cnobierebis~ warmoSobas proletariatSi – anu mcdar kulturul orien­
tacias, romelic muSebs xels SeuSlida imis gacnobierebaSi, rom maT eqspluata­
cias uwevdnen. amgvarad, kultura aZlierebda elitis Zalauflebas kapitalizmis
klasobriv socialur struqturaSi. manamde, sanam muSebi ar Secvlidnen struq­
turas, marqsis azriT, isini ver SeZlebdnen Zalauflebis mopovebas. amitom, is
mouwodebda revoluciisken, marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebisken da mopovebu­
li Zalauflebis socia­luri struqturis Sesacvlelad gamoeyenebisken.
bevri Tanamedrove sociologi ganicdis marqsis gavlenas. cota maTgani aris
marqsisti, rac gulisxmobs misi mTeli doqtrinis da politikis aRiarebas, gansa­
kuTrebiT axlo warsulSi, komunizmis dacemas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRmosavleT
evropasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi. Tumca, bevri iziarebs marqsis Sexedulebas kapi­
talizmis, rogorc socialuri struqturis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic war­
moqmnis araTanabar ekonomikur Zalauflebas. bevri aseve eTanxmeba mis azrs, rom
adamianebi, romlebic susti arian, rogorc calkeuli individebi, Zlierdebian
socialuri organizebulobis Sedegad.

durkhaimi socialuri solidarobis Sesaxeb

adreuli kidev erTi periodis sociologi, romelmac udidesi gavlena moax­

dina, iyo frangi emil durkhaimi (1858 – 1917). durkhaimi ar eTanxmeboda marqsis
mier ekonomikisTvis, rogorc socialuri struqturis bazisisTvis aseTi didi
gavlenis miniWebas da arc klasobrivi dayofebis gardauvalobis Sesa­xeb mosaz­
rebas uWerda mxars. Tumca is iziarebda marqsis interess im Zalebis mimarT, rom­
lebic adamianebs kraven erTad anu rasac is socialur solidarobas (durkhaimi,
1893/1985) uwodebda.
durkhaimisTvis socialuri solidarobis gasaRebi funqciuri integra­cia
gaxldaT. misi azriT, arsebobda socialuri solidarobis ori Ziri­Tadi forma
_ meqanikuri da organuli. meqanikuri so­lidaroba efuZneba saziaro Sexe­du­

43
le­bebs, Rirebulebebsa da adaT-wesebs. es akavSirebs patara, martiv da tomobriv
sazogadoebebsa da tradiciul sameurneo dasaxlebebs, sadac samyaros yvela
erTnairad ganixilavs da erTi da imave aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, didi, kompleqsuri da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi Sekrulia imiT,
rasac durkhaimi organul solidarobas uwodebda, esaa urTierddamokide­
buleba, romelic Sromis rTul ganawilebas emyareba. Tanamedrove sazogadoe­
baSi, TiToeuli adamiani fuls Soulobs specializebuli samuSaodan da Semdeg
im fuls iyenebs produqtebisa da momsaxurebis sa­yidlad, romlis warmoebaSic
aTasobiT sxva adamiani asrulebs specializebul rols. socialuri kavSirebi,
romelsac es sistema qmnis, Zalian Zlieria. adamia­nebi urTierTdakavSirebuli
arian imitom, rom unarebsa da rolebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo, erTmaneTi
sWirdebaT, gadasarCenad. funqciuri integracia yvelaze didia im Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, romlebic efuZnebian organul solidarobas.
durkhaimi (19\895/1982) Tvlida, rom sazogadoeba qmnis erT mTlianobas, ro­
melic ufro didia, vidre misi nawilebis raodenoba da sazogadoebis kvleva, in­
dividebis kvlevisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva doneze unda Catardes. am sakiTxebis gas­
arkvevad man gamoiyena cocxali organizmis analogia, romelsac zemoT SevexeT
(aqedan wamovida termini organuli solidaroba).
mTliani adamiani ufro metia, vidre misi sxeulis Semdgeneli ujredebisa da
organoebis jami. esaa urTierTdakavSirebuli cocxali sistemis maxasiaTeblebi,
rac araa ubralod nawilebis Tavmoyra. asevea sazogadoebebSic, Tumca SegviZlia
warmatebiT SeviswavloT nawilebi da TiToeulis mniSvneloba mTlianad sistemis
funqcionirebisTvis. durkhaimi xazs usvamda, rogor Tanaarseboben sxvadaasx­
va socialuri aqtivobebi da institutebi (magaliTad, ojaxebi, skolebi da sa­
samarTloebi) da erTmaneTs exmarebian – miuxedavad imisa, rom aravin marTavs
mTlian organizms. mTliani organizmi, durkhaimis funq­cionalisturi xedviT,
Sekrulia misi nawilebis urTierTdakavSirebuli funqcionirebiT.
igive funqcionalisturi xedvidan gamomdinare, durkhaimi ambobda, rom
gazia­rebuli Rirebulebebi da praqtika, romelic kulturidan gamomdi­na­re­obs,
sazogadoebis SekvraSic TamaSobs rols (durkhaimi, 1912/1965; aleqsanderi,
1988). magaliTad, religiuri wirva ara mxolod RmerTis sadidebeli movle­nis
funqcias asrulebs, aramed, kongregaciis wevrebsa da kongregaciasa da mTlia­
nad sazogadoebas Soris socialuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebas uwyobs xels. reli­
gia da kulturis sxva elementebic funqcionireben imisTvisac, rom adamia­nebs
miawodon wesebisa da sazRvrebis SegrZneba da molodinis sistema Camouyalibon.
swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis periodebSi, rogoric iyo industriuli re­vo­
lucia, es ideebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac realoba Sordeba molodins,
sazogadoeba ganicdis anomias _ mdgomareobas, sadac xdeba socialuri nor­mebis
an wesebis rRveva da adamianebs uWirT naTlad moiazron sakuTari Tavi rogor
ganviTardeba maTi cxovrebis Semdgomi etapebi da yvelaferi es ras niSnavs.
durkhaimis mTavari wvlili sociologiaSi is iyo, rom man farTod gansazRvra
socialuri cxovrebis sazogadod gaziarebuli Tvisebebi – kultura, social­

44
uri struqtura da gansakuTrebiT funqciuri integracia – rogorc socialuri
faqtebi, romlebic TavisTavad unda Seiswavlon.

veberi racionalizaciisa da statusis Sesaxeb

maqs veberi (1864 – 1920) Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino germaneli
inteleqtuali iyo. rogorc sxva sociologebi, veberic (1904/1958) Tv­lida, rom
socialuri faqtebi unda gaanalizdes mecnieruli meTodis gamoyenebiT. durkhai­
misgan gansxvavebiT, veberi ambobda, rom socialuri faqtebi sxva araferia, Tu
ara individebis socialur moqmedebaTa dajamebuli Sedegi. sociologiuri ax­
sna-ganmartebebi, veberis azriT, unda modiodes imis gagebidan, ratom irCeven da
axorcieleben calkeuli adamianebi am moqmedebebs, sadac racionaluri AarCevnis
Teoria xazs usvamda momqmedi pirebis `obieqturi~ interesebis analizs, veberi
maT subieqtur gagebasa da motivacias aniWebda prio­ritets. sociologebma moq­
medeba momqmedi piris perspeqtividan gamomdi­nare unda gaanalizon, unda gascd­
nen obieqtur qcevas da ganixilon is subieqturi azrebi da grZnobebi, romlebic
konkretul moqmedebebs ganapirobebs anu unda gaukeTon interpretacia da ara
mxolod daakvirdnen. veberi am midgo­mas verstehen (gagebas) uwodebda (germanu­
lad niSnavs empaTiur gagebas).
rogorc marqss da durkhaims, vebersac surda ganemarta mis gar­Semo mimdin­
are swrafi socialuri cvlilebebi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani ten­
dencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi socialuri moqmedebisa da socialuri institutebis
mzardi racionalizacia iyo anu tradiciuli orientaciebidan (rodesac adamian­
ebi warsulidan gadmocemul sibrZnes momavlis saxelmZRvanelod aRiqvamdnen da
cdilobdnen winaprebis kvalze evloT) ufro logikur orientaciebze gadasvla
(rodesac adamianebi moqmedebis gadawyvetilebis miRebamde afaseben moqmedebis
SesaZlo Sedegebs) (veberi, 1922/1968, ix., aseve brubakeri, 1984, roti da Sluxteri,
1979). mecnierebis, rogorc codnis SeZenis ZiriTadi wyaros gaZliereba, mTav­
robebis dabadeba, romlebic emyarebodnen kanonis uzenaesobas da kapita­lizmis
ganviTareba _ yvela es fenomeni miuTiTebda midrekilebaze raciona­lizmisken.
magaliTad, kapitalizmi xalxisgan moiTxovs, rom analizi gaukeTos bazris, maqsi­
malurad gazardos warmoebis efeqturoba, gamoTvalos investiciebze mogeba da
Seqmnas finan­suri institutebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben ekonomikur eqspansias.
yovelive es samyarosadmi logikur, gonier midgomas moiTxovs. racionalicazia,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevda formaluri organizaciebis mniSvnelovan zrdas mTavrobebi­
dan _ uzarmazar korporaciebamde.
magram veberi grZnobda, rom kapitalizmi ufro meti iyo, vidre mxolod ra­
cionaluri gamoTvla. misi azriT, marqsma zedmetad didi mniSvneloba mia­niWa
ekonomikur struqturas da uyuradRebod datova kulturis gavlena socialur
moqmedebaze. ufro zustad, veberi kapitalizms ganixilavda, rogorc kulturu­
li cvlilebebis produqts, gansakuTrebiT ki cvlilebebs religiur Sexedule­

45
bebsa da RirebulebebSi. igi Tvlida, rom protestantulma reformaciam, ro­
melic individebs aniWebda pirad pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze
da wina planze ayenebda Sromis eTikas, safuZveli Cauyara kapitalizms (ix. Tavi
15). veberis SexedulebiT, adamianTa kulturuli ideebi damoukidebel da mniS­
vnelovan rols asrulebs TavianTi moqmedebebis CamoyalibebaSi da ase gansaz­
Rvraven sazogadoebis struqturas, romelic moicavs ekonomikur sistemasac.
amgvarad, ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xandaxan kulturul cvlilebebs mohyveba da
ara piriqiT, rogorc amas marqsi Tvlida.
rogorc marqsi, aseve veberi, miiCnevda, rom Zalaufleba da konf­liqti so­
cialuri cxovrebis fundamentur Semadgenel nawilebia. mag­ram, is aseve miiCnev­
da, rom adamianTa ekonomikuri poziciebi maincdamainc ar gansazRvravs rogori
iqneba ZalauflebisTvis brZolis monaxazi. rogorc is ambobda, xSirad yuradRe­
bas vaqcevT sxva socialur faqtorebs, rogoric aris rasa, religia, da piradi
gemovneba _ imis gansasazRvrad, adamianebi socialuri ierarqiis romel safex­
urs miekuTvnebian. es sxva socialuri faqtorebi statusjgufebis safuZvelia.
statusjgufebi iseve mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc ekonomikuri klasi politikuri
aqtivobis gansazRvraSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, muSaTa kla­
sis TeTrkaniani wevrebi imis magivrad, rom gaerTianebuliyvnen politikurad da
gaeumjobesebinaT TavianTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Seecdebodnen Savkanian
muSebze ufro maRali statusi SeenarCunebinaT. statusjgufobrivi interesebi,
rogorc wesi elitebis sakeTildReod muSaobs. rodesac adamiani unda wavides
konkretul skolaSi, ilaparakos konkretuli swori aqcentiT da hqondes swori
manerebi, raTa maRal safexurs miekuTvnebodes, bevri axlad gamdidrebuli ada­
miani moklebuli iqneba elitarul statuss da elitaruli jgufebi patara da
privilegirebuli darCeba.

herbert midi da simboluri interaqcionizmi

me-20 saukunis bevri sociologi iziarebs veberis rwmenas kulturisa da so­

cialuri moqmedebis mniSnelobis Taobaze. maSin, rodesac vebers ZiriTadad ain­
teresebda farTo ganzogadebebi didmasStabiani organizaciuli formebis Sesaxeb,
sxva sociologebi ikvlevdnen ufro patara masStabis fenomens, romelic yovel­
dRiur urTierTobas Seadgens. sxva sociologebis mizani aris, gaigon, rogor gani­
cdian da esmiT adamianebs TavianTi samyaro da rogor Tanxmdeba sxvadasxva ada­
miani saerTo realobis gansazRvrebis Taobaze (Sutzi da lukmani, 1973).
sociologiis amerikuli skola, romelsac simboluri interaqcionizmi ewo­
deba, am sakiTxebiT aris dainteresebuli. am skolis damaarseblebi iyvnen jorj
herbert midi (1863-1931) da v. i. Tomasi (1863-947), orive Cikagos universitets
warmoadgenda. maT daiwyes im Sexedulebidan, rom adamianuri qcevis umetesi
wili determinirebulia ara mxolod situaciis obieqturi faqtorebiT, aramed
imiT, rogor gansazRvraven adamianebi mocemul situacias anu ra mniSvnelobebs
aniWeben mas. am poziciis yvelaze cnobili gancxadeba tomass ekuTvnis: `Tu ada­

46
mianebi situacias iReben rogorc namdvils, maSin isini namdvilia TavianTi Sede­
gebis mixedviT (tomasi da tomasi, 1928, gv. 572). warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
Tqven amerikuli qalaqis quCebs miiCnevT saxifaTod Rame siarulisTvis. amis gamo
ara­s­­­dros gadixarT gareT dabnelebis Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi obieqturi faqti
(rea­luri danaSaulis done) ki ar gansazRvravs Tqvens qcevas, aramed danaSaulis
donis Tqveneuli gageba. es gageba TqvenTvis realuria imitom, rom amis Sede­
gad saxlSi rCebiT. xandaxan situaciis Cveneuli gansazRvra iwvevs Tavisi Tavis
gamamarTlebel winaswarmetyvelebas (mertoni, 1928a). Tu umetesoba adamianebisa
dabnelebis Semdeg gareT gasvlas Zalze saxifaTod miiCnevs da isini saxlSi rCe­
bian, quCebSi adamianebis aryofnam SeiZleba situacia marTla saxifaTo gaxados,
radganac quCebSi naklebi xalxi iqneba, romlebic SeiZleba danaSaulis mowmeebi
gamxdariyvnen an xeli SeeSalaT danaSaulis CadenisTvis.
rodesac midi ufro vrclad saubrobda Cvens mier socialuri situaciebis
gagebaze, igi fiqrobda, rom qcevasa da movlenebs sxveb­Tan urTi­er­Tobis Sedegad
vswavlobT. aseTi urTierTobiT vswavlobT Cveni `ad­gilebis~ Sesaxeb socialur
samyaroSi da SevimecnebT im rolebs, romlebic unda viTamaSoT sxvadasxva situ­
acia. Cveni identobis, an kidev, sakuTari `me-s~ mo­azrebac ganpirobebulia so­
cialuri urTierTobebiT (1934). amiT midi gulis­xmobda, rom adamianebi sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb Sexedulebas iqmnian imaze dakvirvebiT, sxvebi rogor reagireben
maTze, Tumca adamianis fiqrebi da gancdebi pirdapir xelmisawvdomi ar aris sx­
vebisTvis. aramed, urTierTobas vaxdenT simboloebis saSua­lebiT _ sityvebiT,
JestebiT, saxis gamo­metyvelebiT, sxva xmebiTa da moqmedebebiT, romlebsac saer­
To, sayovelTaODOod gaziarebuli interpretaciebi aqvs. amrigad, adamianuri qce­
vis umetesi nawili simboluri interaqcionizmiT aris ganpirobebuli.
simboluri interaqcionistebi Seiswavlian yoveldRiur qcevas; maga­liTad,
ra xdeba, rodesac gindaT gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg maswavlebels mi­
marToT kiTxviT _ jer daakvirdebiT maswavleblis moqmedebas masTan saub­ris
yvelaze xelsayreli drois amosacnobad. Tu maswavlebeli elaparakeba sxva
students, mixvdebiT, rom dakavebulia da Cumad iqnebiT. rodesac laparakobT,
akontrolebT rogorc sakuTar sityvebs da moqmedebebs, aseve maswavleblis pa­
suxebs. Tu maswavlebeli gaiRimebs da odnav Tqvensken gadmoixreba, ifiqrebT,
rom is giwonebT SekiTxvas da agrZelebT Tavdajerebulad saubars. Tumca, Tu
is xSirad iyureba fanjridan an saaTs uyurebs, roca laparakobT, maSin mis moq­
medebebs mouTmenlobis niSnebad miiRebT da swrafad daasrulebT imas, risi Tq­
mac gindodaT.
gacvliT sasinj signalebs da Sedegad miiRebT sakuTari socialuri qcevis
Sefasebas. amis Sedegad gvevlineba situaciis mniSvnelobis gaziarebuli gageba.
aseTi saerTo gagebis arseboba aucilebelia socia­luri cxovrebisTvis da inter­
aqcionistebis did interess iwvevs (blumeri, 1969/1986). (Cven am midgomas ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT mesame TavSi.)

47
v. e. b. dubua ormagi cnobierebis Sesaxeb

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sociologiis mTavari amocana rasobrivi

da kulturuli sxvaobebis mogvarebaa. erT-erTi pirveli afro-amerikeli,
romelmac harvardis universteti daamTavra, amis kargi magaliTi iyo. v.e.b.
dubuam (1868 – 1963) swavla-ganaTleba daiwyo tenesis Stat fiskis universtetSi,
romelic afro-amerikuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis wamyvan centrad iyo miCneu­
li. fiskis universtetSi yofnisas SavkanianTa elitis wevri dubua provinci­u­li
samxreTis siRaribis mowme gaxda. harvardSi is swavlobda filosofias uiliam
jeimsis xelmZRvanelobiT. harvardis damTavrebis Semdeg dubuam daiwyo wminda
filosofiidan ufro socialuri mecnierebebisken gadaxveva da cdilobda Camo­
eyalibebina Teoriisa da empiriuli meTodologiis kombinacia, romelic saSu­
alebas miscemda sando da faqtobrivi kvlevebi gamoeyenebina socialuri prob­
lemebis gadaWris dros (zamiri, 1995).
dubuas mixedviT, didi, istoriulad daqvemdebarebuli mosaxleobis, ro­
gorebic iyvnen afro-amerikelebi, ganvi­Tareba damokidebuli iyo ganaTlebasa
da mcire elitis liderobaze. dubua am mcire elitas `niWier meaTeds~ uwodebda.
es idea moswonda progresul, socialurad mobilur Savkanian saSualo fenas da
wvli­li Seh­qonda integracionisturi organizaciebis zrdaSi, rogoric iyo, mag­
aliTad, fkgna (feradkanianTa ganviTarebis nacionaluri asociacia), sadac dubua
wamyvan rols asrulebda. dubuas idea ar miiRes (rogorc mis sicocxleSi, aseve
sikvdilis Semdegac) imaT, vinc misi Teoria elitisturad miiCnia da afro-ameri­
kuli problemebis separatistuli gadawyvetilebis momxre iyo an maT afrikaSi
dabrunebas emxroboda. dubua mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze afro-ameri­
kul brZolis aqtivisti iyo; man 1930-iani wlebis didi dep­resiis dros Tavisi ad­
reuli Sexedulebebi Secvala da Camoayaliba ufro radikaluri Teoria, romelic
nawilobriv marqsizmis gavlenas ganicdida.
dubua pirveli iyo, romelmac sub-saharis didi afrikuli civilizaciebi
Seiswavla. es civilizaciebi faqtobrivad Seuswavleli datoves evropelma da
amerikelma mecnierebma. bolos dubua ufro didi gulisxmierebiT moekida pan-
afrikanizmis ideas, xolo sikvdilamde cota xniT adre ganaSi gadasaxlda.
dubuas sociologiur naazrevSi sami Tema dominirebda. pirveli iyo `ormagi
cnobierebis~ idea da ufro vrceli sakiTxi identobis socialurad konstru­
irebis Sesaxeb. dubuam cneba `ormagi cnobiereba~ pirvelad Semoitana Tavis
wignSi `Savkaniani xalxis sulebi~ (1903) , romelic sakmaod mSvidi iyo Tavis sa­
TaurTan SedarebiT. dubuam aseve pirvelad ixmara sityva _ Savkaniani, negris
(zangis) magivrad, romelic maSin zrdilobian terminad iTvleboda. ormagi cno­
biereba, werda dubua, aris

gancda, rodesac sakuTar Tavs uyureb sxvisi TvalebiT, sakuTar suls

afaseb garSemo samyarodan gamomdinare, romelic giyurebs siZulvi­
liTa da mowyalebiT. adamiani SeigrZnobs Tavis gaormagebas _ amerike­

48
 li da zangi; ori suli, ori azri, ori Seurigebeli ltolva; ori meomari
idea erT Savkanian sxeulSi, romlis siZlierec icavs mas gaxleCvisgan
(1903, gv. 2).

miuxedavad imisa, rom dubua xazs usvamda Savkanianobisa da amerikelobis

konkretul ormag cnobierebas, am cnebis gamoyeneba bevri sxva `gareSe~ situa­ciis
mimarTac SeiZleboda (magaliTad, afro-amerikeli qalebis SemTxvevaSi, roca isi­
ni SeiZleba TavianT rasobriv da genderul identobebs Soris ixliCebian).
dubuam ormagi cnobiereba daakavSira `safarvelis~ ideasTan, romelic pi­rov­
ne­bis identobis nawilebs TviTon pirovnebisgan uCinars xdida; magram man uaryo
Sexe­duleba, rom ormagi cnobiereba aris raRac, rac SeiZleba (an unda iyos) da­
Zleuli iyos romelime erTi mxaris arCeviT. dubuas mixedviT, ormagi cnobierebis
Sinagani daZabuloba garegani da obieqturi socialuri konfliqtis anareklia
da amitom socialur gamocdilebasTan gamklavebis mniSvnelovani meqanizmicaa.
individebma unda monaxon me-s Sesa­xeb am ori Sexedulebis gaerTianebis gzebi,
raTa moipovon ufro Zlieri pirovnuli identoba, romelic Secvlis TiToeuli
maTganis mniSvnelobas. sazogadoebam unda moaxdinos am sxvaobAaTa Semoqmedebi­
Tad gamoyeneba da ar ganixilos isini, rogorc myari, fiqsirebuli stereotipebi
an kidev aiZulos yvela adamiani, rom erTsa da imave kulturul formas daeqvem­
debaron.
am mosazrebas mivyavarT dubuas meore Temamde anu koleqtiur brZolamde.
misi azriT, kultura da socialuri struqtura ar arian fiqsirebuli da ucv­
leli. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini garegania da individTa kontrols miRma ar­
seboben, sazogadoebis es aspeqtebi koleqtiuri brZolis Sedegad icvleba. maga­
liTad, rasis cneba da adamianebis dayofa rasebad kanis feris mixedviT winaswar
ki ar aris mocemuli, aramed socia­luri moq­medebisa da kulturuli gavlenebis
Sedegia (dubua, 1940). aseve, rasobrivi dayofis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi SeiZleba
Seicvalos socialuri moqmedebis saSualebiT. dubua gamoyofda brZolis sam
sferos _ samuSaos, kulturasa da Tavisuflebas _ romlebic adamianebis ba­
zisur moTxovnilebebsa da sazogadoebaSi EerToblivi kargi cxovrebis ZiriTad
moTxovnebs Seesabameba. imisaTvis rom, SevqmnaT ukeTesi sazogadoeba, saWiroa
yuradReba mivaqcioT samive faqtors da imasac, rogor arian isini urTierTda­
kavSirebuli; amrigad, es aris rogorc sulieri, aseve materialuri Zieba.
mesame Tema, dubuas mixedviT, aris is, rom socialuri da individualuri
cxovreba xasiaTdeba mudmivi mcdelobiT Semcirdes daZabuloba da idea­luri
SesaZleblobebi realur arsebobad gadaiqces. maSin, rodesac sxva sociologe­
bi brZolas ZlierTa gadarCenis evoluciuri ideebidan gamomdinare xedavdnen,
dubua ambobda, rom adamianebi ibrZvian ara mxolod gadarCenis mizniT, aramed
idealebis ganxorcielebisTvisac.
sxvadasxva civilizacia gvTavazobs ara mxolod cxovrebis sxvadasxva wess,
aramed sxvadasxva idealebsa da am idealebis ganxorcielebisTvis rekomendebul

49
strategiebs: teqnologiebis formebs, socialuri organizaciebis tipebsa Tu
religiur SexedulebaTa sistemebi. mniSvnelovania viswavloT erTmaneTisgan da
interesiT movekidoT, Tu rogor avlenen SemoqmedebiTobas sxvadasxva jgufebis
brZolisas. rogorc pol gilroi werda (1993) dubuas azris kvaldakval, ameri­
kis SeerTebuli Statebis Savkaniani, karibuli da britanuli _ gansakuTrebuli
da urTierTdakavSirebuli kulturaa. afro-amerikulma jazma gavlena moaxdina
reges ganviTarebaze iamaikaSi, orivem erTad ki _ hip-hopze, repze da sxva musi­
kalur mimdinareobebze amerikasa da britaneTSi. musikosebi asaxaven ara mxolod
erT kul­turas, aramed mraval sxvadasxva gavlenas; maTi SemoqmedebiTobis nawili
devs am yvela gavlenis erTad moqcevaSi da axali mTlianobis SeqmnaSi.
mogvianebiT sociologebi efuZnebodnen dubuas naazrevs ara mxolod im miz­
niT, rom ukeT gaegoT rasis gavlena afro-amerikul cxovrebaze, aramed imisaT­
vis, rom ukeTesad SeeswavlaT sxva sakiTxebic. magaliTad, ormagi cnobierebis
idea da identobis ufro vrceli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani resursebia kulturuli
mravalferovnebis moazrebis procesSi, iseve, rogorc bevri SesaZlo `gaormage­
ba~, romlebic ganapirobeben socialur da individualur identobebs.
samyaroSi, romelsac axasiaTebs masobrivi migracia, kulturis globalizacia
da socialuri moZraobebi, romlebic efuZnebian identobasa da cxovrebis stils
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, aman gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani problematikis
saxe miiRo (kalhuni, 1994w.).

feminizmi da klasikuri Teoriis sazRvrebi

me-18 saukunis miwuruls ingliselma qalma meri uolstonkraftma aRniSna, rom

socialuri da politikuri uflebebis Teoriebi Camoyalibebuli iyo mTlia­nad
mamakacis perspeqtividan. uolstonkraftma gamosca `qalis uflebebi~ _ gamox­
maureba tomas peinis cnobil mimarTvaze `adamianis uflebebi~, romelic ameri­
kuli revoluciis dros daiwera. uolstonkraftis naazrevis ganvrcobas misma
adreulma sikvdilma dausva wertili _ ironiulia, rom is mSobiarobis dros gar­
daicvala. mSobiaroba qalebisTvis wyevla iyo bolo dromde, sanam qalebi ar mo­
eqcnen samedicino yuradRebis QqveS (misi qali­Svili, romelic mSobiarobis dros
gadarCa, gaxldaT meri Seli, frankenStainis, an Tanamedrove promeTes avtori.).
me-19 saukuneSi qalebis garkveuli raodenoba dRis socialur problematikaSi
CaerTo. amerikaSi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyvnen jein adamsi da Sarlota perkins
gilmani. es qalebi aerTianebdnen rogorc aqtiur interess socialur samuSaoSi,
aseve wvlili SehqondaT socialur TeoriaSi. adamsma CikagoSi daaarsa hal hausi
(halis saxli), romelic qveyanaSi pirveli socialuri samuSaos saagento iyo; gil­
manma win wamoswia socialuri sakiTxebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi, rogoricaa sakanon­
mdeblo sistemis gavlena qalebis cxovrebaze, sadac ar gaaCndaT arc ekonomikuri
da arc politikuri uflebebi.
miuxedavad am da sxva pionerebis wvlilisa, qalebis xma umeteswilad uyu­
radRebod darCa adreuli sociologebis mxridan (da sxva socialuri mecniere­

50
bebisgan). arc me-19 saukunis bolos da arc me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mamakaci
sociologebi aqcevdnen saTanado yuradRebas qalebis cxovrebas an kidev imas,
rogor formirdeboda genderi socialuri urTierTobebis, kulturisa da so­
cialuri moqmedebis Sedegad. sityva kacis zogadi gamoyeneba, romelic qalebis
daqvemdebarebul kategoriasac moicavda, Cveulebriv movlenad iyo miCneuli.
mkvlevarebi da Teoretikosebi, rogorc wesi, werdnen socialuri ro­lebis,
magaliTad, moqalaqis, ekonomikuri subieqtis da kulturuli prodiuseris ro­
lis Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini avtomaturad miukuTvnebodnen mxo­lod kacebs (Tu es
gansxvavebulad ar iyo aRniSnuli). arc erTma damaarsebelma sociologiurma
Teoretikosma ar dauTmo saTanado yuradReba qalebis cxovre­bis Seswavlas an
kidev genderul sxvaobaTa rolis gan­xilvas sazogadoebaSi.
mxolod 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi qalTa moZraobisa da qal socia­lur mec­
nierTa mzardi ricxvis kombinaciam daiwyo arsebuli mikerZoebulobis Secvla.
rodesac qalebi (da naklebi xarisxiT kacebi) mouwodebdnen socialur mecniere­
bas, eRiarebina genderis mniSvneloba socialur cxovrebaSi, isini dama­arsebeli
Teoretikosebis naSromebs mimarTavdnen konceptualuri cnebebis­Tvis; ganixi­
lavdnen, rogor ganapirobebda genders socialuri klasi, marqsis mi­xedviT da
rasa _ dubuas mixedviT. aseve ganixilavdnen qalebis rols socialuri soli­
darobis miRwevaSi, rasac durkhaimma gausva xazi – qalebs eniWebodaT ZiriTa­
di pasuxismgebloba ara mxolod bavSvebis aRzrdaSi, aramed ojaxSi da ojaxebs
Soris konfliqtebis gadaWraSi, agreTve ojaxis wevrebs Soris urTierTobebis
SenarCunebaSi. im periodSi, ojaxebi gafantuli iyvnen migraciisa da samuSao adg­
ilebis Secvlis Sedegad, rac axasiaTebda Tanamedrove epoqas. midis naSromebis
gaTva­liswinebiT, mecnieri qalebi ikvlevdnen, rogor ganapirobebs genderi
socialuri interaqciis formebs; maT gamoavlines mamakacis da qalis saubris
gansxvavebuli stili (Tanen, 1994). veberze daydnobiT, isini Seiswavlidnen `ra­
cionalizaciis~ gavlenas genderul rolze. me-20 saukuneSi profesionali spe­
cialistebis gamoCena _ dawyebuli medicinidan socialur samsa­xuramde da dam­
Tavrebuli balzamirebiT, masobrivi produqciis zrdam da sakvebis marketingma,
tansacmlis biznesma tradiciulad jamagiris gareSe myofi `qalis samuSao~ ko­
merciul ekonomikad gadaaqcia; amave dros `dia­saxlisebis~ samuSao naklebad
mniSvnelovani gaxda. axla xalxs ukve SeeZlo produqtebisa da momsaxurebis
yidva, maSin, rodesac adre isini ufasod iyo mowodebuli colebis, dedebisa da
qaliSvilebis mier.
feministi Teoretikosebi swavlobdnen damaarsebeli sociologebis Teo­­
riebs – da xSirad ar eTanxmebodnen maT. es uTanxmoeba ar aris iSviaTi mecniere­
baSi. sociologebs sWirdebaT xelmZRvaneloba da winapar mecnierTa SemoTava­
zebuli analitikuri iaraRi, magram maT aseve sWirdebaT am maswav­leb­lebis miRma
gasvlis gambedaoba, rodesac isini kvlevas awarmoeben.
feministi sociologebi dainteresebuli arian qalebTan dakavSirebiT ufro
iseTi tipis kvlevebi Caataron, romlebic ukve Catarebula mama­kacebs Soris.
pirvel rigSi, feministebi moiTxoven sociologiaSi _ mecnierebs mouwodeben,

51
rom aRiaros da seriozulad moekidos genderuli gansxvavebis rols da socialuri
cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqtis struqturirebaSi genderul urTierTobebs.
pirovnuli identobisa da intimuri urTierTobebis, ganaTlebisa da samsa­xu­
ris sferoebSi da moxucebulobis procesSic ki, mamakacebisa da qalebis cxovre­
ba ara mxolod gansxvavdeba, aramed orive ganpirobebulia imiT, rogor gansaz­
Rvraven kulturebi genders. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qalebi, rogorc wesi,
cxovroben ufro didxans, vidre kacebi (es ganpirobebulia mama­kacis genderuli
roliT, rac ganapirobebs adreuli sikvdilis maRal maCveneblebs _ omis, dana­
Saulisa da infarqtebis gamo).
arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalebma TavianTi Tavi mamak­
acebTan mimarTebaSi unda ganixilon (rogorc colebma an sayvarlebma); es Sexed­
uleba ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom qalebis umetesoba Tavisi darCenili cxovrebis
10 weliwads an ufro mets TiTqmis eqskluziurad qalTAa garemocvaSi gaatarebs.
feministebma gamoavlines mikerZoebuloba da damaxinjebebi so­ciologiis
pirvelad TeoriebSi. rogorc doroTi smiTma (1992) aCvena, sociologia Ca­
moyalibda mamakacebis specialuri interesis safuZvelze im sferoebSi, sadac
maT yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT anu mTavrobaSi, bazarze, religi­ur
ierarqiaSi, korporaciebsa da msgavs adgilebSi. magaliTad, sociologebma ufro
meti yuradReba miaqcies formalur organizaciebs, vidre ojaxur cxovrebas.
tradiciulad, qalebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebas CamoSorebuli iyvnen; magram
amave dros, mamakacebma cota ram Tu icodnen piradi samyaros Sesaxeb – magali­
Tad, rodesac qalaqgareT mcxovrebi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi
samsaxurSi wasvlisas ukan moitovebdnen am kerZo samyaros.
aman gamoiwvia Seuswavleli sakiTxebis arseboba da mikerZoebuloba cnebeb­Tan
mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, ekonomistebi iyenebdnen sityvas `samuSao~ mxo­lod xel­
fasian samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen saxlis samuSaos eko­
nomikur fass, rasac ZiriTadad qalebi asrulebdnen. smiTis mixedviT, sociolo­
giis ganxorcieleba qalebis perspeqtividan, Tundac gende­ruli rolebis codna,
ara mxolod gaaumjobesebs Cvens mier qalebis gagebas, ara­med migviyvans zogadad
piradi urTierTobebis ufro Rrma gagebamde, rac tradiciulad qalebis sferoa.
feministurma Teoriam iseve moigo sociologiis ganviTarebis Sedegad, ro­
gorc sociologia ganviTarda da gaumjobesda feministuri Teoriebis gaTva­
liswinebis Sedegad. afro-amerikelma sociologebma, iseve rogorc sxvebma,
aRniSnes mikerZoebulobis faqti smiTis naSromebSi (kolinsi, 1990). igi ZiriTadad
saubrobda qalaqgareT mcxovreb qalebze, romelTa ricxvs TviTon ekuTvnoda da
ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani saSualo fenis Qqalebis cxovrebas aRwer­da; man Sesworeba
Seitana genderul mikerZoebulobaSi, Tumca Semoitana rasob­rivi mikerZoebulo­
ba. feradkaniani qalebis gamocdileba – qalad yofnis maTi gamocdilebis CaTv­
liT – sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba TeTrkaniani qalebis gamocdilebisgan.
axali Sexedulebebis safuZvelze, sociologebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes
klasikuri sociologiuri Teoriis ZiriTadi amosavali wertilebi _ kerZod is,

52
rom SesaZlebelia socialuri qcevis universaluri kanonebisa da principebis aR­
moCena, romlebic SeiZleba mivuyenoT kulturul garemosa da socialur moqmed
pirebs drois periodis miuxedavad.
sociologiisadmi ufro kritikuli midgoma Tvlis, rom yovelTvis unda mi­
eqces yuradReba Teoriis istorias, mis kulturul fesvebs, socialur moq­med
pirebsa da maT moqmedebebs, romlebmac is gamoiwvia (an Seaviwrova). Teoria­Si
cvlilebebis Setana ara mxolod Teoretikosebis mier garkveuli aspeqtebis sx­
vanairad moazrebis Sedegia, aramed socialur samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebaze
refleqsiisa, ris axsnasac Teoria cdilobs. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi aris ara
gadauwyvetlobis niSani, aramed SemoqmedebiTobis wyaro. dRes feministuri so­
ciologia kritikuli socialuri Teoriis albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
mokled rom vTqvaT, sociologia ganagrZobs Tavisi safuZvlebis miRma ganvi­
Tarebas _ Teorias ubrundebian, SeaqvT Sesworebebiv da cvlilebebi ufro didi
codnisa da axali problematikis gaTvaliswinebiT. amitomaa sociologia cocxa­
li mecniereba.

1. sociologia aris adamianebis sazogadoebis, socialuri moqmedebis bevri

ganzomilebisa da socialuri urTierTobebis kvleva. s. raiT milsma Seqmna
termini sociologiuri warmosaxva, rom aRewera adamianebis una­ri, moiaz­
ron TavianTi piradi gamocdilebebi maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros konteq­
stis gaTvaliswinebiT. milsis mixedviT, adamianebs SeuZliaT ufro farTo
sakiTxebis Semecneba, rac SeuZlebelia mxolod piradi gamocdilebis saSu­
alebiT.
2. xuTi ZiriTadi cneba Zalian daexmara sociologebs kompleqsuri, mudmivad
cvalebadi socialuri samyaros axsnaSi. es cnebebia: socialuri struqtura
(SedarebiT stabiluri, socialuri urTierTobebis, socia­luri poziciebis
da adamianebis raodenobis mdgradi formebi); kultura (azrovnebis, gagebis,
Sefasebis da komunikaciis saerTo gzebi, romlebic Seadgenen adamianebis
cxovrebas); Zalaufleba (socialuri moqmedi piris unari, gaakontrolos sx­
vebis moqmedebebi pirdapir an arapirdapir); da funqcia (wvlili, romelic
urTierTobas, pozicias, organizacias an sxva socialur fenomens Seaqvs
ufro did socialur mTelSi). is rac xdeba sistemis erT nawilSi funqciurad
integrirebul sistemaSi, gavlenas axdens sxva nawilebze iseve, rogorc isini
axdenen gavlenas masze.
3. rogorc yvela mecniereba, sociologia efuZneba empiriul dakvirvebas (mo­
nacemebi grovdeba abstraqciisa da interpretaciis daxmarebiT da eqvem­
debareba gameorebas) da logikur analizs (romelic moicavs ana­lizis er­
Teulebisa da urTierTobebis gamovlenas da Teoriis agebas).
4. socialuri faqtebi socialuri cxovrebis mdgradi Tvisebebia, romlebic ga­
napirobeben an zRudaven indivi­debis moqmedebas. socialuri faqtebi safuZ­

53
 vels in­dividebSi ki ar iRebs, aramed individebsa da jgufebs Soris urTier­
Tobebidan gamomdinareobs.
5. sociologia Caisaxa me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi, swrafi socialuri cvlile­
bebis periodSi. `Tanamedrove epoqis~ safuZveli urbanuli, kapita­listuri,
industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaa; gansxvavebuli (ara evropuli)
kulturebis aRmoCenasa da politikur da inteleqtualur qaosSi im perio­
dis sociologiuri moazrovneebis Sexedulebebi dResac aqtualuria.
6. adam smiTi racionaluri arCevnis Teoriis fuZemdebelia. am Teoriis mi­
xedviT, adamianebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros irCeven moqmedebis iseT
gzas, romelic maTTvis yvelaze xelsayrelia. jeremi bentemma gaa­farTova es
Sexeduleba. igi Tvlida, rom saWiroa samTavrobo Careva, raTa sazogadoebam
ukeTesad ifunqcioniros da rac SeiZleba met adamians misces sazogadoebis
resursebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba.
7. karl marqsma aCvena, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistema ganapirobebs
socialuri cxovrebis yvela sxva aspeqts da warmoqmnis mudmiv socialur
konfliqts. marqsis SexedulebiT, kapitalistur sis­temaSi Zalaufleba kap­
italistebis xelSia da am Zalauflebas muSebze axorcieleben. erTaderTi
gza muSebisTvis, gadalaxon es Cagvra, aris dagegmili socialuri aqtivoba
da revolucia.
8. emil durkhaims ainteresebda is socialuri Zalebi, romlebic kraven sazoga­
doebas anu fenomeni, rasac is socialur solidarobas uwodebda. meqanikuri
solidaroba efuZneba Rirebulebebis, wesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaziarebas.
organuli solidaroba aris urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic efuZneba
Sromis kompleqsur ganawilebas. durkhaimi xazs usvamda sazogadoebis sx­
vadasxva nawils Soris urTierTobas da werda im safrTxeebis Sesaxeb, rom­
lebic anomias moaqvs.
9. maqs veberi mniSvnelovani figuraa imiT, rom man sociologiaSi Semoitana
socialuri cxovrebis subieqturi bunebis cnobiereba; amiT man daabalansa
is, rom marqsi ekonomikur Zalebs zedmetad did mniSvne­lobas aniWebda da
miiCnia, rom kulturas Tanabari gavlena aqvs, aseve durkhaimis funqciuri
integraciis ganxilvis dros Zalauflebis cneba Semoitana. veberisTvis, Ta­
namedrove epoqis yvelaze fundamenturi tendencia socialuri moqmedebisa
da socialuri institutebis mzardi racionalizacia iyo.
10. jorj herbert midi da simboluri interaqcionistebi xazs usvamdnen yovel­
dRiur urTierTobas da ara farTo, didmasStabian socialur formebs. isini
ambobdnen, rom adamianebi mimarTaven da reagireben sxvebis qcevis gaTva­
liswinebiT da aqedan aviTareben socialuri situaciis gaziarebul gansaz­
Rvrebas.
11. v.e.b. dubua – novelisti, aqtivisti da sociologi – Semoitana ormagi cno­
bierebis cneba da identobebis Camoyalibeba, gaanaliza koleqtiuri brZolis
roli socialur cvlilebaSi da xazi gausva adamianis ltolvas, miaRwios
idealebs.

54
12. feministma sociologebma reagireba moaxdines genderis mimarT didi xnis
uyuradRebobaze da xazi gausves rogorc kulturul procesebs, romlebic
ganapirobeben genderul sxvaobebs, aseve maT Sedegebsac. fe­ministebi ara mx­
olod atareben empiriul kvlevebs qalebis Sesaxeb, ara­med aviTareben axal
Teoriebs da amgvarad cvlian zogadad socialuri procese­bis Cveneul moaz­
rebas; isini mTavar yuradRebas aqceven genderis da socialur aqtivobebs,
aseve im sferoebs, sadac kacebi naklebad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen,
vidre qalebi.

imsjeleT

1. gansazRvre sociologiis 5 ZiriTadi cneba da moiyvane TiToeulis magaliTi.

2. ra rols asrulebs logika da empiriuli dakvirveba sociologiaSi?
3. moxazeT sociologiis saTaveebi. rogor Camoyalibda isini Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad?
4. Seadare da daupirispire erTmaneTs racionaluri arCevanis Teoria da marq­
sis, durk­haimis, veberisa da midis perspeqtivebi.
5. rogor akeTeben sociologebi kulturuli da genderuli sakiTxebis mona­
xazs?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. gamoiyene sociologiuri warmodgena, rom Seni piradi gamocdilebidan so­

cialuri mxare aCveno. nawilobriv gamoiyene erTi socialuri faqti Seni
pasu­xidan. aCvene sociologiuri miaxloeba rogor midis saerTo SegrZnebis
miRma Seni gamocdilebis mixedviT.
2. SearCie mimdinare mniSvnelovani movlena da masze mimarTe 5 ZiriTadi cneba.
3. gazeTSi ipove ambavi raime socialur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. rogor SeZlebs
saerTo mgrZnobeloba da sociologia am sakiTxis ganasxvavebulad axsnas?
4. rogor daexmareba 5 ZiriTadi cneba erTmaneTs Tqveni universitetis, kole­
jis teritoriaze romelime iseTi sakiTxis axsnisas, rogoricaa seqsualuri
Zaladoba, danaSauli, swavlis gadasaxadis zrda an akademiuri arapatiosneba?
5. aCvene rogor daamaxinjebs rasis an genderis (an orivesi erTad) ugule­
belyofa mniSvnelovan socialuri sakiTxis gagebas.

sityvari

anomia – im wesebisa da Rirebulebebis Selaxva, romelic marTavs da amTlianebs

socialur cxovrebas da individebs sakuTari adgilis povnis gancdas aniWebs.
burJuazia _ socialuri klasi kapitalistur ganviTarebad sazogadoebaSi,
romelTa sakuTrebaSi da kontrolSia produqciis warmoebis saSualebebi (miwa,
fabrikebi, manqanebi da a. S.)

55
 kapitalisti _ burJuaziis wevri. kapitali aris qoneba, romelic SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes momavali simdidris sawarmoeblad.
klasobrivi cnobiereba _ socialuri klasis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibebuli
interesebisa da problemebis saerTo SegrZneba.
kultura _formireba, met-naklebad saintegracio gza azrovnebis, gagebis,
Sefasebis da komunikaciisa, romelic ayalibebs xalxis cxovrebas.
monacemi _ mecnierebaSi dasmul kiTxvebze specifikurad drouli infor­
macia.
ormagi cnobiereba _ Seusabamoba pirovnebis sakuTar identobasa da imas So­
ris, rasac mas sazogadoeba aniWebs.
empiriuli dakvirveba _ samecniero monacemebSi sensoruli informaciis
organizacia abstraqciis, interpretaciisa da replikaciis procesisa.
Sesawiri _ romelsac socialuri urTierToba, pozicia, organizacia, Rire­
buleba, an sxva fenomeni ukeTebs ufro did socialur erTeuls.
funqciuri integracia _ SeTanxmeba, sadac socialuri sistemis gansxvave­
buli nawilebi ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, rom rac xdeba erTSi, gavlenas ax­
dens meoreze.
logikuri analizi _ Teoriis Camoyalibeba analizis gansxvavebuli sferoe­
bis identificirebiTa da maT Soris urTierTkavSiriT.
meqanikuri solidaroba _ solidaroba, romelic dafuZnebulia saerTo rw­
menaze, Rirebulebebsa da Cveulebebze.
organuli solidaroba _ adamianTa Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba, ro­
melic damyarebulia muSaobis rTul danawilebaze.
Zala, SesaZlebloba _ movlenis, formis an socialuri organizaciis struq­
turis gasnazRvra.
proletariati _ kapitalisturi sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
kontroli produqciaze. termini uSualod muSaTa klass ganekuTvneba.
mecniereba _ bunebaze dakvirvebis sistemuri gza. mizez-Sedegobrivi kav­
Sirebis Zebna da codnis TeoriaSi Camoyalibeba.
socialuri _ ganzraxuli da ara instinqturi qcevaa. damokidebulia sx­
vebis mier Seqmnil socialur kondiciebze da zemoqmedebas axdens sxva socialur
pirebze.
socialuri faqtebi _ socialuri cxovrebis damkvidrebuli wesebi, romelic
individs moqmedebis garkveuli formisken ubiZgebs.
socialuri solidaroba _ mdgomareoba, romlis Sedegad gansazRvruli so­
cialuri Zalebi xalxs erTad kravs.
socialuri struqtura _ SedarebiT myari, socialuri ur­TierTobebis Tu
socialuri poziciebis mtkice paradogmebi, romlebzec individebs aqvT mcire
kontroli.
sociologiuri warmodgena _ piradi gamocdilebebis aRqmis gza samyaroSi
mimdinare procesebis mixedviT. socialuri urTierTobebis ufro Rrmad Semec­
neba, romelic ara mxolod pirad gamocdilebas eyrdnoba.

56
 sociologia _ mecniereba adamianTa sazogadoebaze. moicavs rogorc so­
cialur qmedebebs, aseve socialuri urTierTobebis organizacias.
statusis mqone jgufi _ arian rasaze, religiaze, pirad gemovnebasa da sxva
araekonomikur faqtorebze dafuZnebuli jgufebi, romelic socialuri ierar­
qiis daarsebas uwyobs xels.
simboluri urTierTqmedeba _ adamianis qcevis gageba, rogorc kulturaSi
Seqmnili da ganmartebuli socialuri cxovrebisa, sadac xazgasmulia koleqti­
urobis mniSvneloba.
Teoria _ sistemuri mcdeloba imisa, rogor SeiZleba iyos ori an meti feno­
meni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
gageba _ veberis termini imis gasagebad, ras fiqroben da grZnoben adamianebi.

57
58
 Tavi 2

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

sociologia da samecniero kvleva

. kvlevis procesi

sociologiuri kvlevis sirTuleebi

. validoba da sandooba
. Teoria da kvleva
. eTikuri sakiTxebi

kvlevis strategiebi
. kvlevebi
. eqsperimentebi
. eTnografia, savele samuSao da CarTuli
dakvirveba
. kontent analizi
. SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvleva

CanarTi
. ZiriTadi statistikuri koncefciebi
. rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili

59
60
 e leqtrikosma igi sisxlis gubeSi mwoliare aRmoaCina, Tofic iqve egdo:
kurt kobeini, rok-jguf `nirvanas~ 27 wlis lideri, romelsac xSirad axa­
siaTebdnen, rogorc `ucnobi Taobis gvirgvinosan princs~ (niusuiqi, 18 aprili,
1995). `nirvanas~ elviseburi aRmasvla didebisa da simdidrisaken, rogorc Cans,
erTdroulad miuRebelic iyo da moulodnelic. kobeinsa da misi jgufis wevrebs
sZuldaT gadapranWuli, `em Ti vi~-s gavlenis qveS moqceuli rokis samyaro Tavis
madonasa da maikl jeksonisnair yalb kerpe­bianad. jgufis musika mizandasaxulad
sazizRari da sadavo iyo, maTi daZonZili tansacmeli da aburZgnili Tma ki _ gan­
zrax binZuri. da mainc, jgufis sa­xelwodebiani maTi pirveli albomis TiTqmis 10
milioni cali gaiyida mTel msoflioSi. iseTi strofebiT, rogoricaa `oh, kargi
erTi, rac unda iyos, ara uSavs~ _ kobeini 90-iani wlebis gaucxoebis ideis gamx­
movaneblad iqca.
ganqorwinebulTa Svili, susti janmrTelobis kobeini, xSirad iyo garicxuli
skolidan, ar iyo bednieri da Tavs narkotikebiT irTobda. kobeinis sikvdilis
Semdeg, mamamisma, romelsac igi 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dalaparakebia, ganacxada:
`kurtis Sesaxeb rac ki ram vicodi, yvelaferi Jurnal-gazeTebSi amovikiTxe~.
megobrebi kobeins axasiaTebdnen, rogorc keTil da mzrunvel adamians da amas­
Tanave rogorc sakuTari Tavis damRupvel narkomans, romelic xSirad ganicdida
depresiis Semotevebs.
rodesac axali ambavi kobeinis TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb mediaSi moxvda, ra­
diosadgurebi (gansakuTrebiT mis mSobliur qalaq sietlSi) ubedurebisagan
Tavzardacemuli fanebis zarebiT aivso. erT-erTma disk-Jokeim gadacemebi dai­
wyo sityvebiT `es ar gaakeTo~ da Semdeg xSirad imeorebda cxeli xazis Setyobine­
bebs TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis Sesaxeb.
Cven TviTmkvleloba migvaCnia qmedebaTagan yvelaze piradulad, rogorc
gadawyvetileba, romelsac calkeuli piri iRebs sasowarkveTilebis, sulieri
tanjvis Tu cxovrebisadmi interesis dakargvis gamo. rodesac kobeinis sikvdi­
lis Semdeg araerTma axalgazrdam amgvaradve daasrula sicocxle, es adamian­
ebisTvis iyo Sexseneba, rom TviTmkvlelobaze gavlenas axdens socialuri faq­
torebi _ cnobili magaliTebis CaTvliT. TviTmkvle­lobaTa sixSire Cveulebriv
ufro maRalia im raionebSi, sadac radiosadgurebi gadascemen musikas, romelSic
xazgasmulia, rogoricaa ojaxuri gan­xeTqilebis, alkoholizmisa da Sromisadmi
gaucxoebis problemebi (staki da ganlaCi, 1992w.). ufro metic, TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire TineijerebSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba (ix. sqema 2.1). 15-24 asakis ada­
mianebSi, TviTmkvleloba sxva tipis mkvlelobebs Soris mesame adgilzea. (aSS-s
janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxuri (1995w.).
calkeuli TviTmkvleloba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dasaq­mebis perspeq­
tivebis cvlilebiT, socialur RirebulebebTan Seusaba­mobiT ojaxuri da bevri
sxva piraduli problemiT, magram sociologebi mainc cdiloben moiazron TviT­
mkvleloba, rogorc socialuri modeli. isini ganixilaven ara calkeul Sem­
Txvevebs, aramed TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebs, e.i. TviTmkvlelobaTa pro­

61
 TeTr-
kaniani

Sav-
kaniani

sqema 2.1 TviTmkvlelobaTa maCvenebeli 10-24 wlis amerikelebSi

1980 -1992 ww.
fsiqologiur SemTxvevaTa Seswavlam SesaZlebelia ganmartos
individualuri TviTmkv­lelobebi, magram ver xsnis sxvadasxva
socialur jgufebSi mimdinare TviTmkvlelobebis koeficien­
tebis variaciebsa da cvlilebebs. ratom aris TviTmkvlelobis
maCvenebeli 10-dan 19 wlamde zrdadi da ar aris 20-dan 24-mde
myofTa umravlesobisTvis? ratom aris TviTmkvlelobis koe­
ficienti Savkaniani axalgazrdebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT mamak­
acebisaTvis ufro swrafad mzardi, vidre TeTrkaniani mamak­
acebisa da sxva axalgazrdebisaTvis?

wyaro: adaptirebulia aSS-is socuzrunvelyofis departamen­

tis yovelkvireuli angariSidan Cveulebrivi da avadmyofobiT
gamowveuli sikvdilianobis Sesaxeb, 1995 wlis 2 aprili, gv.290

porciebs gansxvavebul socialur jgufebSi. didma frangma sociologma emil

durkhaimma ganWvrita, rom es koeficientebi SeiZleba aixsnas socialuri faqte­
biT da xeli mohkida socialuri kvlevis erT-erT yvalaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs,
rac ki odesme gamoukvleviaT.
durkhaimis dros, iseve rogorc Cvens periodSi, TviTmkvleloba, rogorc
wesi, individualuri pirobebiT ixsneboda: miiCneoda, rom msxverpli imyofe­
boda depresiaSi, iyo suliT avadmyofi an raRac autaneli danakargis gamo hqon­
da miRebuli tramva. magram durkhaimma icoda, rom TviTmkvleloba romeliRac

62
garkveul jgufebSi metad iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre sxvebSi da gauCnda eWvi, rom
es gamowveuli iyo socialuri faqtorebiT da ara SemTxveviTobiT. igi iyenebda
monacemTa sistemur krebuls Tavisi eWvis Sesamowmeblad, agrovebda ra informa­
cias TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, weliwadis sxva­
dasxva droisaTvis da im adamianTa Soris, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen sxvadasxva
socialur kategoriebsa da jgufebs; iyenebda saxelmwifo arqivebSi arsebul
masalasac, sadac aRnusxuli iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi da msxverplis asaki,
sqesi, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, erovneba, religia da a.S.
am informaciis gaanalizebiT durkhaimma aRmoaCina, rom Cveulebrivi axsna
sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebi (da ara mxolod
raodenoba) gansxvavdeboda qveynebis, weliwadis droisa da jgufebis mixedviT.
Tu TviTmkvleloba gamowveuli iyo mxolod da mxolod piradi problemebiT,
maSin riTi iyo gamowveuli aseTi didi cvalebadoba mis koeficientebSi? man sa­
gangebod Seamowma, rom darwmunebuliyo _ xom ar iyo es ubralod imiT gamowveu­
li, rom zogierT jgufSi fsiqikuri daavadebis koeficientis maCvenebeli ufro
maRali iyo, magram kavSiri sulieri daavadebisa da TviTmkvlelobaTa koefici­
entebs Soris ar iyo Tanmimdevruli. zogierT jgufs hqonda sulieri daavadebis
maRali, magram TviTmkvlelobis ufro dabali koeficientebi, sxva jgufebs ki
orive koeficientis maCveneblebi maRali hqonda. durkhaimma isic SeniSna, rom qa­
lebs mamakacebze xSirad usvamdnen suliT avadmyofobis diagnozs, magram isini
ufro iSviaTad amTavrebdnen sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT. amotivtivda sxva,
moulodneli informaciac: durkhaimma SeamCnia, rom adamianTa umravlesoba si­
cocxles TviTmklelobiT amTavrebda weliwadis ufro Tbil da mzian dros da ara
zamTris civ, pirquS dReebSi, rogorc es bevrs SeiZleba hgoneboda.
amgvarad, Tavmoyrilma faqtebma da statistikam durkhaimi miiyvana im daskv­
namde, rom TviTmkvleloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv mainc, damokideb­
uli iyo socialur viTarebaze. rogorc is werda Tavis klasikur gamokvlevaSi
`TviTmkvleloba~ (1897/1951 da gv. 145), TviTmkvleloba emyareba `socialur mize­
zebs da TavisTavad koleqtiuri movlenaa~. im socialuri jgufis maxasiaTeblebi,
romelSic adamianebi aRmoCndebian gaerTianebulni, met-naklebad Sesa­Zlebels
xdis TviTmkvlelobas; TviTganadgureba ar aris ubralod piraduli qmedeba.
durkhaimi aSkarad individualur, piradul qmedebebs xsnida koleqtiuri mizeze­
biT, pirobebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia, individual-moqmed pirebs arc ki hqon­
daT Segnebulad gacnobierebuli.

sociologia da samecniero kvleva

durkhaimis umTavresi mizani iyo sociologiis mecnierebad Camoyalibeba.

rogorc pirvel TavSi vixileT, samecniero meTodi moiTxovs monacemTa siste­
matur, empiriul da logikur Segrovebasa da analizs. TviTmkvlelobis kvlevi­

63
 sas durkhaims mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili eCvenebina: pirveli _ samecniero
meTodi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes socialuri qcevis kvlevisas da meore _ so­
ciologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi axal ganzomilebas matebs Cven mier garesam­yarosa
da sakuTari Tavis wvdomas.

kvlevis procesi

durkhaimi iyenebda Svid `sanimuSo~ nabijs _ problemis gansazRvras, lite­

raturis mimoxilvas, hipoTezis Camoyalibebas, kvlevis gegmis SerCevas, monacem­
Ta Segrovebas, monacemTa gaanalizebasa da daskvnebis gakeTebas (ix. sqema 2.2.).
TiToeuli am nabijTagani gadamwyvetia, Tumca SesaZloa, yovelTvis aRniSnuli
zusti TanmimdevrobiT ar Segvxvdes.

1. problemis gansazRvra 5. monacemTa Segroveba

sakvlevi Temis SerCeva da mTavari
koncefciebis gansazRvra
2. literaturis mimoxilva
arsebul TeoriasTan gacnoba
da Temis kvleva
3. hipoTezis Camoyalibeba
kavSiris dadgena zomvad cvladebs
Soris ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes
maTi gazomva da hipoTezis Semowmeba
hipoTezis Sesamowmebel monacemTa Segroveba
6. monacemTa gaanalizeba
monacemebze muSaoba da maTi Semowmeba
hipoTezis asaxsnelad
7. daskvnebis gakeTeba
kvlevis Sedegebis Sejameba maTi mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aRmoCenebis dakavSireba
arsebul Teoriasa da kvlevasTan
da momavali kvlevisaTvis problemebis dadgena

4. kvlevis gegmis SerCeva

Sesaswavli meTodis SerCeva: eqsperimenti,
mimoxilva, savele dakvirveba an
istoriuli meTodi

sqema 2.2 . `sanimuSo~ nabijebi kvlevis procesisTvis

kvlevis Catarebisas yvela sociologi misdevs erTsa da imave ZiriTad nabijebs, Tumca ara
aucileblad erTi TanmimdevrobiT.

problemis gansazRvra

pirveli nabiji _ problemis gansazRvra, arc ise martivia, rogorc SeiZleba

erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos. ra aris TviTmkvleloba? gavrcelebuli ganmarteba
iqneboda `sakuTari sicocxlis ganzrax dasruleba~. am ganmartebas ueWvelad
miesadageba xididan gadaxtoma an TavSi tyviis daxla, magram rogor moviqceT,
roca saqme gvaqvs saWiro medikamentebze uaris TqmasTan an gaqanebuli sabargo
manqanis gzidan arCamocilebasTan? an ra vTqvaT im jariskacze, romelic sakuTar
sicocxles swiravs brZolis dros TanamebrZolTa gadasarCenad? durkhaimma
gadawyvita TviTmkvlelobad CaeTvala `sikvdilis yvela is SemTxveva, romelic

64
pirdapir an arapirdapir gamomdinareobs TviT msxvreplis im pozitiuri an nega­
tiuri qmedebisagan, romelic amgvar Sedegebs gamoiwvevs da es man icis~. rodesac
orives _ `Cadenas~ da `ar Cadenas~ azustebda, durkhaimma gaafarTova TviTmkvl­
elobis gavrcelebuli ganmarteba, masSi heroikuli qmedebebis (jariskacis mier
altruizmis pozitiuri aqtis qmedeba) da aseve, bedTan Serigebis, daavadebis an
zianis Tavidan ar acilebis CarTviT.
iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebi, sociologebic cvladi sidideebis pirobebSi
azrovneben. cvladi sociologiuri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri
aspeqti, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba meryeobdes an icvlebodes, an Tavs
iCendes sxvadasxva odenobiTa da sixSiriT. TviTmkvle­lobis koeficienti cvladi
sididea, radgan igi meryeobs sxvadasxva periodSi da icvleba sxvadasxva socialur
jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. durkhaimi miiCnevda, rom TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti
damokidebuli iyo sxva cvlad sidideebze da maTi dadgena miznad hqonda dasaxuli.
amgvarad, durkhaimis kvlevaSi TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti iyo damokidebuli
cvladi sidide. is faqtorebi ki, romlebic masze moqmedebdnen _ damoukidebuli
cvladi sidideebi (es is faqtorebia, romlebic meryeoben sxva mizezebis gamo, e.i.
TviTmkvlelobis koeficientis cvlilebisagan damoukideblad).
mkvlevarebma ara marto unda gansazRvron is cvladi sidideebi, romelTa Ses­
wavlac swadiaT, aramed aseve unda daazuston, risi gageba surT maT Se­saxeb. sxva
sityvebiT, maT unda Camoayalibon kvlevis problema. durkhaimis problema _ is,
rasac igi mTeli yuradRebiT moekida _ ar gaxldaT kiTxva, ras niSnavs TviTmkv­
leloba maTTvis, vinc Tavs iklavs da arc is, rogor ganicdian amas maTi ojaxebi.
misi problema iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebSi variaciis socialuri mod­
elebis axsna. ratom xasiaTdeba wlis garkveuli sezonebi, garkveuli adgilebi da
garkveuli socialuri jgufebi TviTmkvlelobaTa ufro maRali an dabali koefi­
cientebiT, vidre sxvebi?

literaturis mimoxilva

sociologebi umeteswilad, maTTvis saintereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli

literaturis mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT wyveten, ra kiTxvebi daisvas kvlevisaT­
vis da sad moiZion pasuxebi maTze. magaliTad, durkhaimi cdilobda daedgina, ra
iyo saerTod cnobili TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb. man miakvlia ramdenime gamokvl­
evas, romelic Seexeboda TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientebSi asaxul sxvadasxva
jgufebs Soris gansxvavebaTa mizezebs, rac adasturebda, rom mis mier ganzraxu­
li kvlevis Catareba mcdelobis usargeblo dublireba ar iyo. igi Seavsebda did
xarvezs kacobriobis codnaSi. literaturis mimoxilvisas durkhaimi gaecno ram­
denime arsebul Teorias. magaliTad, erTi amtkicebda rom TviTmkvleloba al­
baT ufro xSirad zamTris uRimRamo, civ TveebSi xdeboda. monacemTa Semowmebi­
sas durkhaimi darwmunda, rom es ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles. durkhaimma aseve
Seamowma STagonebis ZaliT TviTmkvlelobis waxalisebis Teoria: adamianebi Ta­
vis mokvlis gadawyvetilebas imitom iReben, rom TviTmkvlelobis ideas maT sxve­
bi udeben TavSi; durkhaimis kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom Tumca STa­gonebam

65
SesaZloa, nawilobriv raRac roli iTamaSos, magram es albaT ar aris TviTmkvle­
lobis mTavari mizezi. amrigad, durkhaims Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad mieca rogorc
TviTmkvlelobis zogierT Zveli Teoriis Sefasebis, aseve axali Teoriebis mniS­
vnelobis dadgenis saSualeba.

hipoTezis Camoyalibeba

durkhaimis Sexeduleba socialur cxovrebaze emyareboda funqciuri inte­

graciis koncefcias (ix. Tavi 1). mas miaCnda, rom adamianebze zogierTi umniS­
vnelovanesi zegavlena momdinareobs iqidan, ramdenad kargad integrirebulia
maTi socialuri jgufebi _ kerZod, rom durkhaimi amtkicebda, socialur urT­
ierTobebsa da jgufis wevrebs Soris gaziarebul moralur Rirebulebebze kar­
gad integrirebul jgufebs unari SeswevT TavianTi wevrebi uzrunvelyon efeq­
turi socialuri daxmarebiT, RirebulebaTa naTlad gamokveTili CamonaTvaliT
da sakuTari pirovnebis mZafrad aRqmis unariT. am ideebma durkhaims saSualeba
misca Camoeyalibebina hipoTeza TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb. es aris savaraudo ga­
nacxadi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs an ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ori an meti
cvladi sidide. durkhaimis mTavari hipoTeza mdgomareobda imaSi rom, rac ufro
me­­tia socialur jgufebSi integrirebul adamianTa raodenoba, miT ufro nakle­
bia TviTmkvle­lobis Cadenis albaToba. am hipoTezaSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi ori
cvladi:
1_ integraciis xarisxi socialur jgufebSi da 2 _ TviTmkvelobis koefici­
enti. durkhaimma gamoTqva azri, rom am cvladTagan pirveli ukukavSirSia meo­
resTan: e.i. rac ufro dabalia socialuri integraciis done, miT ufro maRalia
TviT­mkvlelobis koeficienti.

kvlevis gegmis SerCeva da monacemTa Segroveba

sakuTari hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebs esaWiroebaT faqtebi anu

monacemebi: statistika, intervius Sedegebi da kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli sxva
informacia. pirveli nabiji monacemTa SegrovebaSi gulisxmobs imis gadawyve­tas,
rogor vawarmooT dakvirveba da, Tu es SesaZlebelia, sxvadasxva Sesaswavli cv­
ladis gazomva. zogierTi cvladi (iseTi, rogoricaa TviTmkvlelobis koefici­
enti) SeiZleba met-naklebad pirdapir iqnes Seswavlili. sxvebi ki (magaliTad,
gaucxoebis xarisxi) _ mxolod arapirdapir. indikatori SeiZleba iyos `Semcv­
leli~ sazomi: raime SeiZleba gaizomos empiriulad _ im abstraqtuli cvladis
Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad, romlis pirdapir gazomva rTulia. socialuri
integraciis gasazomad durkhaimma indikatorebad airCia iseTi faqtorebi, ro­
goricaa qorwinebis statusi da eklesiis mrevloba. is fiqrobda, rom daqorwineb­
uli adamianebi da eklesiis aqtiuri wevrebi ufro metad iyvnen integrirebulni
sazogadoebaSi, vidre martoxelebi da eklesiasTan kavSiris armqoneni. aSkarad
zomvadi indikatorebis erTobliobam saSualeba misca durkhaims moexdina so­
cialuri integraciis samuSao ganmarteba.

66
 monacemTa mogrovebaSi Semdegi nabiji aris kvlevis gegmis arCeva anu faqto­
brivi gegma saWiro informaciis mosagroveblad. zogierTi mkvlevari ata­rebs
gamokiTxvebs da kiTxvebs usvams bevr gansxvavebul adamians. zogi ki, raki cxov­
robs da muSaobs Sesaswavl adamianTa Soris, amjobinebs dakvirvebas monawilee­
bze, raTa uSualod pirvelwyarodan daadginos, rogor fiqroben da iqcevian
isini. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs eqsperimentebs; magaliTad, isini xelovnurad
qmnian iseT situacias, romelSic SesaZlebloba eZlevaT daakvirdnen adamianebis
reagirebas sxvadasxva stimulze. arian iseTi mkvle­varebic, romlebic istoriul
saarqivo Canawerebs iyeneben monacemTa Sesagroveblad. problemaTa umravleso­
bis Sesaswavlad saukeTeso midgoma gulisxmobs ramdenime kvleviTi strategiis
kombinirebas: gamokiTxvebi plus dakvirveba, plus dokumentebis moZieba. amave
TavSi ganvixilavT yvela am specifikur monacemTa mogrovebis meTods.
kvlevis romel gegmasac unda iyenebdnen, mkvlevarTa mizania mogrovdes sak­
mao informacia 1 _ problemis siRrmiseuli gagebiT damuSavebisaTvis da 2 _ sa­
kuTari hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba es martivi da sworx­
azovani Candes, magram xSirad Zalian rTuli gasakeTebelia. mkvle­vari SeiZleba
waawydes problemas ara mxolod monacemTa Segrovebisas, ara­med SesaZlebelia
ramdenadme gansxvavebulad iqnes interpretirebuli ukve arsebuli monacemTa
erTobliobac ki. magaliTad, durkhaimma arCia dayrdnoboda im oficialur sam­
Tavrobo saarqivo monacemebs, romlebSic sikvdilis mizezebis CamonaTvali xvde­
boda. es imas niSnavda, rom mas unda mieRo is interpretaciebi, rasac mTavrobis
oficialuri pirebi, eqimebi da ojaxis wevrebi asaxelebdnen sikvdilis mizezad.
Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom xSirad naTesavebs uWirT TviTmkvle­lobis
faqtis aRiareba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom oficialuri statistika albaT saTanadod
ver asaxavs TviTmkvelobaTa zust raodenobas.

monacemTa gaanalizeba da
daskvnebis gakeTeba

mas mere, rac sociologebi monacemebs moagroveben, Semdegi nabijia im infor­

maciis gaanalizeba, romelic xSirad statistikis an ricxvebSi asaxuli monace­
mebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. analizi aris gaazrebis procesi _ ro­meli nawilebi
Seesabameba erTmaneTs modelis an mTelis Sesadgenad da rogor ukavSirdeba es
nawilebi erTmaneTs. statistikuri monacemebis gasaanalizeblad sociologebi
iyeneben ramdenime tipis sazoms (ix. CanarTi `ZiriTadi statistikuri koncefcie­
bi~). Tumca analizi monacemTa Segrovebaze bevrad adre iwyeba. sakvlevi proble­
mis gansazRvrisas sociologi wyvets, ro­meli faqtorebi Seiswavlos da rogor
gazomos isini. Segrovil monacemTa analizisas durkhaimi eZebda im socialur pi­
robebs, romlebSic TviTmkvle­loba ufro xSirad an ufro iSviaTad aRiniSneboda.
man daadgina, rom pro­testantebSi TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevebi samjer ufro xSi­
ria, vidre kaTolikebSi da amave dros, kaTolikebSi _ ufro xSiri, vidre ebrae­
lebSi; martoxela adamianebi ufro xSirad sCadian TviTmkvle­lobas, vidre daqor­
winebulebi, xolo bavSviani daqorwinebulebi ki _ maT Soris yvelaze iSviaTad.

67
durkhaims miaCnda, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire ufro maRalia, roca adamiani
socialur jgufTan an TemTan mcired an sustad dakavSirebulad grZnobs Tavs. am
individualistur models man egoisturi TviTmkvleloba uwoda. ebrauli Temi
ufro mWidrod aris Sekruli, vidre kaTolikuri, kaTolikuri ki ufro mWidrod,
vidre protestantuli. daqorwinebulebs, gansakuTrebiT bavSvianebs, ufro myari
socialuri kavSirebi aqvT, vidre marto­xelebs.
saRi azri TviTmkvlelobebs siRaribes ukavSirebs, magram durkhaimma aCvena,
rom es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. ufro metic, ekonomikis swrafi gaumjobese­
ba, iseve, rogorc dacema TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdasTan asocirdeba. durkhaimi amt­
kicebda, rom nebismierma swrafma cvlilebam, SeiZleba moSalos an Ziri gamouTxa­
ros im socialur da kulturul normebs, romlebic azrs mateben sicocxles da
individs aniWeben pirovnulobas, saTanado miznisa da survilTa sazRvrebis Zlie­
rad SegrZnebis unars (ix. Tavi 1 _ anomiis Se­saxeb). normebisa da mniSvnelobis
amgvar danakargs mivyavarT anomiur TviTmkvlelobasTan.
durkhaimma aseve gamoyo ori sxva tipis TviTmkvlelobac. Zalian Zlierma so­
cialurma jgufebma SeiZleba waaxalison altruistuli TviTmkvleloba, romlis
magaliTia jariskacis mier ueWveli sikvdilis arCeva brZolis mosagebad, Taname­
brZolTa gadasarCenad an tyved Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi Ralatis Tavidan asacile­
blad. es, garkveul azriT, egoizmis sapirispiro movlenaa. fatalisturia TviTm­
kvleloba, roca sasikvdilo daavadebiT an sxva mizezebiT Sepyro­bili adamianebi
TavianT `namdvil~ cxovrebas ukve ganvlilad aRiqvamen, momavals ki _ imdenad
uRimRamod, rom urCevniaT Tavi moiklan.
pirveli nabiji kvlevis procesSi aris analizis Sedegebze damyarebuli
daskvnebis gakeTeba. daskvnebis gasakeTeblad mniSvnelovania imis Cveneba, ro­
gor aSuqebs Teoriul kiTxvebs kvlevis romelime gansakuTrebuli nawili (mag.
kulturisa da struqturis fardobiTi mniSvneloba TviTmkvlelobaTa axsnaSi)
an rogor amowmebs igi arsebul Teorias (magaliTad, zogierTi TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvis Sedegia), an gvTavazobs axal Teorias (magaliTad, TviTmkvleloba aris
mosaxleobaSi socialuri integraciis donis funqcia). durkhaimis analizi adas­
turebs mis hipoTezas, rom TviTmkvlelobis sixSire matulobs, roca adamianTa
kavSiri mniSvnelovan jgufebTan dasustebulia da klebulobs, rodesac social­
uri kavSirebi Zlierdeba.
mecnierebaSi daskvnebi arasodes miiCneva sabolood, isini yovelTvis Riaa
kiTxvebisa da xelaxali gamokvlevisaTvis. roca gamokvleva mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs sociologiuri codnis gaRrmavebaSi, Cveulebriv igi qveyndeba, raTa
sxva sociologebma SeZlon am daskvnebis damoukideblad Sefaseba.

Semdgomi kvleva

kvlevis arc erT proeqts ar ZaluZs mniSvnelovani Temis bolomde amowurva.

yovelTvis rCeba sivrce sxva mkvlevarTa muSaobisaTvisac. am mkvlevarebs Seu­
ZliaT sxva Teoriuli kuTxiT Sexedon sakiTxs da gamoiyenon mniSvnelovani cv­
ladebis sxva indikatorebi an ukeTesi sazomebi; SesaZloa, maT dasvan damatebiTi

68
kiTxvebi da moagrovon damatebiTi monacemebi. sociologiuri codna amgvari
mudmivi kvlevis procesis meSveobiT izrdeba, romlis drosac bevri gansxvave­
buli mkvlevari swavlobs erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul problemebs. maga­
liTad, durkhaims ar uTqvams saboloo sityva TviTmkvlelobaze. amerikelma
sociologma deivid filifsma gviCvena, rom socialuri imitaciis Teoria _ Teo­
ria, romelsac durkhaimma miagno literaturis mimoxilvisas, magram CaTvala,
rom misi kvleva am Teoriis usafuZvlobas amtkicebda _ ufro faseulia, vidre
durkhaimi fiqrobda. am Teoriis mixedviT TviTmkvlelobis waxaliseba xdeba ST­
agonebis ZaliT _ zogjer adamianebi Tavis mokvlis gadawyvetilebas maSin iRe­
ben, roca sxvebis TviTmkvlelobis ambavs Seityoben xolme.

ZiriTadi statistikuri cnebebi

k vlevTi proeqtebidan da eqsperimentebidan miRebuli statistikis gasaanalizeblad so­

ciologebi iyeneben ramdenime sazoms. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania saSualo
maCveneblebi da korelaciebi.
saSualo maCveneblebi
Segrovil monacemebSi mkvlevarebi ganasxvaveben sami tipis mTavar tendencias anu saSualo
maCveneblebs. moda aris is cifri, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba monacemTa simravleSi.
maga­liTad, davuSvaT, rom mkvlevari ikvlevs Svid ojaxs da daadgens, rom maTi wliuri Semo­
savlebia: am jgufSi modaluri Semosavalia $31,000 weliwadSi. moda ar
iZleva raime informacias monacemTa amplitudis Sesaxeb; igi gamoiy­
$ 31,000 eneba mxolod imis dasadgenad, romeli statistikuri monacemi gvxvdeba
$ 31,000 ufro xSirad.
$ 40,000 saSualo mniSvneloba, romelsac zogadad `saSualos~ uwodeben,
$ 43,000 dgindeba monacemTa simravlis yvela ricxvis SekrebiT da Semdeg ja­
$ 47,000 mis gayofiT monacemTa punqtebis raodenobaze. Svidi ojaxis saSualo
$ 55,000 Semosavali Seadgens $64,571.43 ($452,000÷7). saSualo mniSvneloba gamo­
$ 205,000 sadegia, radgan is asaxavs yvela arsebul monacems, mag­ram man SeiZleba
SecdomaSi Segviyvanos: erT-erTi ojaxis $205,000-ianma Semosavalma Sei­
Zleba gaabundovnos is faqti, rom yvela danarCeni ojaxis Semosavali
$55,000 an naklebia. saSualoa mniSvneloba, roca monacemTa amplituda ar aris aseTi eqstre­
maluri.
Mmediana aris ricxvi, romelic monacemTa mimdevrobis Sua adgilze dgas. Svidi ojaxisaTvis
aq medianuri Semosavali $43,000-ia. saSualo mniSvnelobisgan gansxvavebiT, es sazomi eqstre­
malur mniSvnelobas mTavari tendenciis SeniRbvis saSualebas ar aZlevs. mkvlevarebi xSirad
iTvlian rogorc saSualo, ise medianur mniSvnelobebs TavianT aRmoCenebSi sizustis STabeW­
dilebis Sesaqmnelad.
sociologebi aseve SeiZleba daainteresos im sididemac, riTac statistikuri monacemi
varirebs saSualo mniSvnelobidan (an sxva centraluri wertilidan). saSualo mniSvne­lobidan
varireba izomeba standartuli gadaxris erTeulebiT. am sazomis meSveobiT mkvlevarebi iT­
vlian, ramdenad gansxvavdeba sxva registrirebuli monacemebi saSualo mniSvnelobisagan da
Semdeg aRniSnaven, ramdenad uaxlovdeba jgufis TiToeuli monacemi saSualo mniSvnelobas

69
_ yvelaze uaxloesi, uaxloesidan meore da ase Semdeg. sxva ma­galiTSi variaciis maRali done
SeiZleba gamoixatos aseTi SeniSvniT: `Seswavlil ojaxTa umravlesoba saSualo mniSvnelobis
standartuli gadaxris farglebSia.~

korelaciebi

korelacia, rogorc es SemdgomSi iqneba ganxiluli, aRniSnavs or cvlads Soris Cveulebriv

mimarTebas. korelaciis sidide, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba korelaciis koeficientiT, ro­
melic aTwiladi ricxvia nulidan erTamde. roca cvladebs Soris korelacia ar arsebobs (anu
roca am or cvlads ara aqvs erTmaneTisadmi raime mimarTeba), korelaciis koeficienti nulia.
roca ori cvladi gamudmebiT erTad gvxvdeba, aRiniSneba srulyofili dadebiTi korelaciaa,
romlis koeficienti +1.0-ia. roca ori cvladi ukudakavSirebulia (anu erTis arseboba gulisx­
mobs meoris ararsebobas), maSin saxezea srulyofili uaryofiTi korelacia, romlis koefici­
entia -1.0. rogorc wesi, realur samyaroSi, mkvlevarebi ar xvdebian srulyofil korelaciebs.
isini amgvari asociaciis ufro nak­leb eqstremalur magaliTebs pouloben xolme.
monacemTa analizSi yvelaze zogadi xasiaTis kiTxvebi exeba or korelaciur cvlads Soris
raime mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba-ararsebobas. yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, rom korelacia iyos
SemTxveviTi an kidev raime mesame cvladis zegavlenis Sedegi da­narCen orze. amitomac saWiroa
korelaciebis Semowmeba SesaZlo damoukidebeli mizezis dasadgenad. es aris validurobis
(romelsac zogjer statistikur damoukideblobasac uwodeben) Semowmebis erT-erTi xerxi.

am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad filifsma (1974) SearCia zogi gaxmaurebuli TviT­

mkvlelobis SemTxveva, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, merilin monros TviTmkvleloba. man
daTvala am TviTmkvlelobebisadmi miZRvnili, _ wina gverdze gamoqveynebuli
statiebis raodenoba, Semdeg momdevno Tavis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnel TviTm­
kvlelobaTa ricxvi (romelic emyareboda wina wlis nimuSs) Seadara namdvilad
momxdar TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvs. man aRmoaCina pirdapiri korelacia Zalze
gaxmaurebul TviTmkvlelobasa da TviTmkvlelobaTa sixSiris zrdas Soris.
magram filifsi amiT ar Semoifargla. mas jer kidev Sesamowmebeli hqonda
alternatiuli hipoTeza: SesaZloa, sajarooba ubralod cvlides TviTmkvle­
lobisTvis SerCeul dros anu im adamianebs, romlebsac ukve mtkiced aqvT gadawy­
vetili sicocxlis TviTmkvlelobiT dasruleba, ubiZgebs axlave Cai­dinon es
aqti (filifsi da karstenseni, 1986). am SemTxvevaSi filifsi moeloda TviTmkvle­
lobaTa yvelaze maRali koeficientis aRmoCenas sajarod gamoqveynebis Semdeg,
xolo mere _ maT uCveulo vardnas. magram aseTi vardna ar dafiqsirebula. meore
hipoTeza mdgomareobda imaSi, rom TviTmkvlelobis amxela gamoqveynebas SeiZle­
boda gavlena moexdina samarTaldamcavebze da maT mkvlelobebis klasifikaciisas
ufro meti mieCniaT TviTmkvlelobad, vidre mkvlelobad an ubedur SemTxvevad.
Tuki es ase iyo, filifsi varaudobda, rom gamoavlenda sikvdilis gamomwvevi sxva
mizezebis proporciul Semcirebas. magram verc es aRmoaCina. maSin, SeiZleba,
TviTmkvlelobaTa mateba sxva garemoebebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli. aseT SemTx­

70
vevaSi, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi ar unda gaizardos ambis pirvel gverdze dabe­
Wdvis Semdeg da reklamis raodenoba ar unda Seesabamebodes TviTmkvlelobaTa
zrdas. magram TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvma imata, da cvladma sidideebmac _ Sesa­
bamisad. sabolood, zrda SesaZloa, gamowveuli iyo ara mibaZviT, aramed _ mwuxa­
rebiT. filifsma nimuSad SearCia is popularuli xalxi, vis TviTmkvlelobasac
unda gamoewvia didi mwuxareba, magram aRmoaCina, rom gaxmaurebul mkvlelobebs,
TviTmkvlelobaTa maCvenebelze, ar mouxdenia ufro meti gavlena, vidre naklebad
cnobili adamianebis mkvlelobebs. (CarCoSi Casmul statias `rogor wavikiTxoT
cxrili~ mohyveba filifsis gamokvlevebis ori cxrili).
filifsma ar Sewyvita mibaZvaTa nimuSebis kvleva-Zieba. man aRmoaCina, rom
gamoqveynebuli TviTmkvlelobebis Semdeg, fataluri avariebis ricxvmac imata,
imis varaudiT, rom zogierTi sagzao SemTxveva SeiZleba SeniRbuli TviTmkvle­
lobac yofiliyo (filifsi, 1986). filifsma aRmoaCina, rom am sazogadoebriv
mibaZvas yvelaze metad Tineijerebi axorcieleben. cnobili pirovnebis TviTmkv­
lelobaze momdevno kviris satelevizio reportaJma ga­zarda TviTmkvlelobaTa
koeficienti axalgazrdebs Soris 22%-dan saSualo maCveneblamde (filifsi da
karsensteni, 1988).
filifsis aRmoCenebi mimbaZvelobiT TviTmkvlelobebze, ar uaryofs durk­
haimis daskvnas, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa Akoeficienti dakavSirebulia sazogado
integraciis donesTan. es aRmoCenebi, ubralod, gviCvenebs, rom durkhaimis Teo­
ria am sakiTxs srulad ver pasuxobs, iseve, rogorc Teoria, rom TviTmkvleloba
mibaZvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram Tu gaviTva­liswinebT socialuri integraci­
is kombinirebul gavlenasa da mibaZvas, isini ufro met kiTxvas pasuxoben TviTm­
kvlelobaTa koeficientTan dakavSirebiT, vidre marto erTi faqtori. calkeuli
sagnis SeswavliT sociologebma SeiZleba Seafason mxolod erTmaneTTan dakav­
Sirebul cvlad sidideTa patara jgufis urTierTqmedeba. adamianTaA saqcielze
gavlena imdenad kompleqsuri da mravalferovania, rom yvelafris gaTvaliswine­
ba SeuZlebelia. es SeiZleba gamoixatos monacemTa uzustobasa an maT SemTxveviT
damaxinjebaSi. yo­velTvis arsebobs ufro meti kvlevis SesaZlebloba, ufro meti
mcdeloba Cveni codnis dasaxvewad.
xSirad erTi mkvlevaris samuSao badebs SekiTxvebs, romlebic ainteresebs sx­
vebs da undaT, rom upasuxon. magaliTad, filifsis samuSao badebs ramde­nime axal
kiTxvas momavali gamokvlevebisaTvis: sxvanairad rogor iqceva xalxi? iwvevs Tu
ara es prosocialur, iseve rogorc antisocialur qmedebebs? mimarTavs Tu ara
mTavroba sajaroobis mowesrigebas Zaladobisken Tu es Seamcirebs mimbaZvelo­
bas? rodesac sxva mkvlevarebi cdiloben upasuxon amdagvar kiTxvebs, isini eyrd­
nobian filifsis aRmoCenebs. ase izrdeba sociologiuri codna.

71
 rogor wavikiTxoT cxrili

m ecnieri sociologebi xSirad sakuTari aRmoCenebisa da cvladi sidideebis urTierT­

qmedebis gamosaxvisaTvis cxrilebs iyeneben. informaciis warmodgenis am mecnierul
meTods Jurnal-gazeTebSi da biznesmoxsenebebSic mimarTaven. Tu ar ici, rogor waikiTxo cxri­
li, igi SeiZleba damabneveli ufro aRmoCndes, vidre _ ganmanaTlebeli. ras unda eZebde cxri­
lis Semecnebisas? 2.1 cxrilis gasagebad momdevno etapebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos cxrilis gagebis
saerTo wesebad.
1. cxrilebi warmogvidgenen statistikur informacias. monacemebi ikiTxeba rigebSi (mar­
cxnidan marjvniv) da svetebSi (zevidan qveviT). sityvebi cxrilis dasawyisSi asaTaurebs rigeb­
sa da svetebs. adgilebs, sadac rigebi da svetebi erTmaneTs kveTen, ewodeba `ujra~. TiToeuli
ujra Seicavs informaciis nawils, romelic gamosaxulia sityviT, ricxviT, procentobiT an
sxva statistikuri monacemiT.
2. cxrilis wasakiTxad vakavSirebT rigebsa da svetebs. aRniSnuli cxrilis pirvel svetSi
CamoTvlilia gamoqveynebul TviTmkvlelobaTa saxelebi. TiToeuli am saxeliT iwyeba yoveli
rigi, romelic grZeldeba marjvniv TviTmkvlelobaTa ambebis TariRebiTa da sxva adamianTa
TviTmkvlelobebis statistikiT ambis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. axali informaciis gasagebad
SegviZlia wavikiTxoT cxrili: magaliTad, ramdeni axali TviTmkvleloba moxda merilin mon­
ros sikvdilis Semdeg, vidre mosalodneli iyo mas TviTmkvleloba rom ar Caedina? (gaadevne
svets Tvali erT romelime saxelamde, xolo Semdeg _ bolo rigis gaswvriv, marjvniv).
3. cxrilSi SeiZleba informaciis calkeuli nawilebis moZiebac, magram umniSvnelovanesi
sociologiuri sargebeli saerTo monacemTa nimuSis moZebnaa. 2.1 cxrilSi Cven vxedavT, rom
gaxmaurebul TviTmkvlelobebs TviTmkvlelobaTa koeficientis gazrda ufro xSirad mosdevs
vidre kleba.
4. cxrilSi mocemul monacemTaA warmomavlobis Semowmeba. monacemTa xarisxis Sesamow­
meblad ixileT wyaro, romelic, rogorc wesi, danarTebSia miTiTebuli. 2.1 cxrilis saTauri
gveubneba, rom ambebi gamoqveynda New York Times –is pirvel gverdze. patara danarTi gvisa­
xelebs wyaros, rom (1) sociologma devid filifsma gamoaqveyna statia `SemoTavazebaTa gav­
lena TviTmkvlelobaze~da (2) federaluri mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebul TviTmkvlelobaTa
statistikas. Tu wyaro iyo cxrilSi aRwerili subieqtis mimarT didi interesis mqone jgufi,
iseTi rogorc TviTmkvlelobaTa Tavidan acilebis mizniT Seqmnili saagento, SeiZleba eWvi mi­
kerZoebazec gaCndes.
5. gadawyvetilebaTa miReba SegiZliaT cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT da agreTve
SegiZliaT dasvaT kiTxvebi momavali kvlevebisTvis. magaliTad, 2.1 cxrili gveubneba, rom TviT­
mkvlelobaTa ricxvi imatebs masobrivad gamoqveynebul TviTmkvlelobaTa Semdeg. amis Sesamow­
meblad SegviZlia SevagrovoT informacia TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvze sxva romelime cnobili
TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg _ magaliTad, rok varskvlav kurt kobeinis Semdeg 1994 wels. Cven,
agreTve, SeiZleba dagvainteresos gaizrdeba TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi ufro da ufro cnobil
adamianTa TviTmkvlelobebis Sesaxeb presaSi gamoqveynebis Semdeg. amis Sesamowmeblad, devid
fili­fs­ma Seagrova 2.2 cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebi. pasuxi xazgasmiT dadebiTi iyo. TviTmkv­
lelobaTa ricxvi miT ufro izrdeboda, rac ufro didi xniT iyo gamoqveynebuli gaxmaurebuli
TviTmkvlelobis ambavi gazeTis pirvel gverdze.

72
 cxrili 2.1.
TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis zrda NEW YORK TIMES –is pirvel gverdze
gamoqveynebuli ambebis Semdeg
gamokvleul ambis gamoqvey­ ambis gamo­
TviTmkvle­ nebidan erT qveynebidan
lobaTa TveSi mosa­ erT TveSi
koeficienti lodnel TviT­ TviTmkvle­
mkvlelobaTa lobaTa

koeficienti koeficientis
saxelebi TariRi
cvlilebebi
TviTmkvlelTa

lokriji, avtori 8 marti,1948 1510 1521,5 _11,5
landisi, kinovarskvlavi 6 ivlisi,1948 1482 1457,5 +24,5
bruksi, finansisti 18 agvisto,1948 1250 1350,0 _100,0
holtsi, moRalate qmari 10 marti,1948 1583 1521,5 +61,5
porestali
Tavdacvis yofili ministri 22 maisi,1949 1549 1493,5 +55,5
bakeri, profesori 26 aprili,1950 1600 1493,5 +106,5
langi, policiis mowme 20 aprili,1951 1423 1519,5 _96,5
monro, kinovarskvlavi 6 agvisto,1962 1838 1640,5 +197,5
graami, gamomcemeli da uardi
profumos saqmeSi
gareuli piri 4 agvisto,1963 1801 1604,5 +160,5
burosi, ku kluqs klanis
lideri 1 noemberi,1801 1710 1652,0 +58,0
morisoni, sabrZolo
kritikosi 3 noemberi,1965

cxrili 2.2.

TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis zrda NEW YORK TIMES –is pirvel gverdze

gamoqveynebuli ambebis Semdeg
axali ambebis pirveli gverdebis

dReebis raodenoba

0 1 2 3 4

TviTmkvlelobaTa saSualo maCveneblis 25.26 28.54 35.25 82.63 197.5

zrda SeerTebul StatebSi TiToeuli
gamoqveynebuli ambis Semdeg

TviTmkvlelobebi, romlebic gamoqveyndnen New York Times-Si da romlebic CamoTvlilia cxrilSi 2.2
miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategoriebs: 0 dRe _ lokriji, beikeri, langi, gaami, morisoni; 1 dRe _ landidi, bruqsi,
forestali, burosi; 2 dRe _ holti,; 3 dRe – uardi; 4 dRe _ monro
uardi da grahami erTsa da imave dRes gardacvalnen, 4 agvisto, 1963. 1963 wels TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdis
naxevari uardsa da grahams miewera. msgavsi ram mohyva burosa da morisonis sikvdils, romlebic
1965 wels1 noembersa da 3 noembers gardaicvalnen.
naklebad `high brow~ gazeTi News –ma amdagvari ambebi pirvel gverdebze ufro didxans gaaCera, vidre
Times- ma ise, rom mas gamofenis xangrZlivoba hqonda.

wyaro: filipsidan (1974), gv. 345) yvelanairi uflebiT. TviTmkvlelobaTa statistikis pirveladi wyaro:
aSS-s jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis departamenti,sazogado
jandacvis servisi.

73
sociologiuri kvlevis sirTuleebi

adamianTa socialuri qcevis Seswavlisas arsebobs araerTi problema, zogi­

erTi maTgani saerToa yvela samecniero kvlevisTvis, zogi damaxasiaTebelia mxo­
lod socialuri mecnierebebisTvis.

validoba da sandooba

rogorc sxva mecnieruli, sociologiuri kvlevebic unda Sefasdes orive

niSniT _ dasabuTebulobiTa da sandoobiT. dasa­buTebuloba aris maCvenebeli,
romliTac gamokvleva sazRvravs imas, risi gansazRvris mcde­lobac arsebobs.
magaliTad, durkhaimi faqtobrivad sazRvravs socialur integracias ise­Ti in­
dikatoris gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa qorwinebis maCvenebeli. sandooba is maCvene­
belia, romliTac gamokvleva iREebs imave Sedegebs, rodesac imeorebs pirvelad an
sxva mecnierebis gamokvlevebs. Cveulebriv, sandoobis naklovaneba mianiSnebs kv­
levis gegmis problemebze. magram sandooba ar gansazRvravs dasabuTebulobas.
durkhaimis bolo Sromebma TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebis Sesaxeb miRebuli
Sedegebi warmogvidgina, rogorc sando, magram kritikosebs aqvT eWvi _ iyo ki
durkhaimis monacemebi dasabuTebuli? (perskosolido da mendelsoni, 1986.).
iqneb kaTolikebSi TviTmkvlelobis naklebi SemTxvevebi aRiniSneba, vidre pro­
testantebSi, imis gamo, rom isini ufro metad malaven TviTmkvlels. SesaZloa,
kargi magaliTi hipoTezisTvis iyos is, rom rac metadaa integrirebuli pirovne­
ba sazogadoebaSi, miT naklebad iqneba misi sikvdili Sefasebuli, rogorc TviT­
mkvleloba. magaliTad, xelisuflebas mWidrod SekavSirebul sazogadoebaSi,
ojaxis survilis Sesabamisad surs Tavidan aicilos uxerxuloba, SeuZlia daare­
gistriros TviTmkvleloba, rogorc bunebrivi mizeziT gamowveuli Sedegi, an xe­
lisufleba ar endos TviTmkvlelobis faqts, radgan pirovneba iyo sazogadoebi­
sTvis mniSvnelovani moazrovne, moqalaqe.
sxva problema, romelic upirispirebs erTmaneTs mkvlevarebs, aris gansxva­
vebul maxasiaTebelTa Soris kavSirebis gansazRvra. sociologebi Zalian arian
dainteresebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenaSi anu kavSirebSi, rode­
sac erTi maxasiaTeblis cvlileba iwvevs meoris cvlilebas. miuxedavad amisa,
xSir SemTxvevaSi sociologebs ar SeuZliaT gansxvavebul maxasiaTebelTa Soris
mizezobrivi kavSiris gansazRvra. maT SeuZliaT aCvenon, rom ori maxasiaTebeli
icvleba erTdroulad _ aris korelaciuri _ garkveuli gazomvadi meTodiT (ixi­
leT am TavSi zemoT ganxiluli `bazisuri statistikuri koncefciebi~). rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, korelacia miuTiTebs mudmiv kavSirze or gansxvavebul maxasi­
aTebels Soris. magaliTad, Tu erTi maxasiaTeblis maRali maCvenebeli (vTqvaT,

74
ganqorwinebis sixSire) gvxvdeba sxva maxasiaTeblis maRal maCveneblebTan erTad
(vTqvaT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire), niSnavs, rom orive aris pozitiurad kore­
laciuri.
miuxedavad amisa, maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis kvleva ar adasturebs, rom
maT Soris aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. ori maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos korel­
aciuri, magram ar hqondes mizezobrivi jaWvi erTimeoresTan. es cnobilia, rogorc
yalbi korelacia da aris kvlevaSi cdomilebis mizezi. sociologiuri analizis
gadamwyveti momentia mniSvnelovani da yalbi korelaciebis gansxvaveba. magaliTad,
vinmes SeuZlia dasvas kiTxva, durkhaimis mier aRmoCenil kavSirs TviTmkvlelobis
sixSiresa da religiur kuTvnilebas Soris hqonda mizezobrivi safuZveli, Tu iyo
yalbi. SesaZloa orive maxasiaTebeli aris raRac mesame faqtoris Sedegi, rogori­
caa qonebrivi gansxvaveba an geografiuli regioni. durkhaimma icoda, rom romeli­
me mesame maxasiaTebels SeeZlo aexsna misi monacemebi da cdilobda daedgina, rom
es ar iyo damajerebeli.

Teoria da kvleva

Teoria da kvleva sociologiaSi ganuyofelia. Teoriis Seswavla aris gadamw­

yveti problemis gansazRvraSi, hipoTezebis formulirebaSi, Sedegebis analizSi
da maT mixedviT daskvnebis gakeTebaSi. Teoria xels uwyobs kvlevis Sedegebis
sinqronizebasa da wesrigSi moyvanas. amavdroulad, igi mudmivad gadaixedeba
kvle­vis Sedegad miRebuli codnis Sesabamisad. kvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis gar­
eSe Teoria aris ubralod daudasturebeli msjeloba da ara mecnierebis nawili.
kvlevas SeuZlia gamoscados debuleba, romelic aris TeoriaSi da Seitanos na­
Teli axali empiriuli monacemebi, rac migviyvans axal Teoriamde an arsebulis
gardaqmnamde. am gziT socialuri Teoriebi ganicdis ganaxlebas da daxvewas.
gansxvavebul Teoriul perspeqtivebs SeuZlia migviyvanos kvle­vis proe­
qtebamde, maT naTeli SeaqvT problemis gansxvavebul aspeqtebSi da avseben erT­
maneTs. amgvarad, durkhaimis Sroma TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb (mimarTuli fun­
qciuri integraciis aqcentirebisaken) da filifsis (Phillips) Sroma imave Temaze
(mimarTuli socia­luri aqtivobis imitaciis rolis fokusirebisken), gvexmareba
TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebis variaciebis garkvevaSi. socialuri cxovrebis
Sesaxeb SesaZlo yvelaze vrceli swavleba xSirad moiTxovs ramdenime kvlevis
meTodisa da Teoriuli midgomis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, sociologebma SesaZloa
SeniSnon, rom durkhaimis kvlevaSi TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb ugulebelyofilia
sakiTxi TviTmkvle­lobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb orive mxarisTvis. misTvis, vinc
sCadis amas da jgufisTvis, romelsac msxverpli ekuTvnoda. rogorc sociologs
_ safiqrebelia, jorj herbert midis da simboluri interaqcionizmis (symbolic
interactionism) mimdevars SeeZlo ganexila Sroma ufro dakvirvebiT; rogor xde­
boda TviTmkvlelobis TiToeuli SemTxveva da ra mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis,
vinc dakavSirebulia amasTan. es, cxadia, ar cvlis durkhaimis midgomas da is ver

75
gvetyoda yvelafers, TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris Sesaxeb, magram SesaZleblobas
mogvcemda Cagvexeda, ramdenad dakavSirebulia TviTmkvlelobi socialur integ­
raciasTan da ramdenad Seavsebda durkheimis Sromas.

eTikuri sakiTxebi

sociologebi, arsiT TiTqmis arian `isini, visac sxvis saqmeSi cxviris Cayofa
uyvars~. marTalia, durkhaimis Sroma TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb eyrdnoboda isto­
riul Canawerebs, magram mravali sociologiuri kvleva iwvevs sxva adamianebis
realur cxovrebaSi Carevas. amis gamo, sociologebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli eTi­
kuri valdebulebebi TavianTi subieqtebis mimarT.
pirvel rigSi, sociologebma unda daicvan subieqti dazaralebisagan. soci­
ologiuri kvleva zogjer subieqts ayenebs fsiqi­uri travmis riskis qveS, magram
sociologebi xSirad iReben nebarTvas subieqtisgan maTi piradi informaciis
gaxmaurebis Sesa­xeb. msgavsi informacia SesaZloa ar iyos cnobili subieqtis
ojaxisTvis, megobrebisTvis, TanamSromlebisTvis, aman SesaZloa uxerxul mdgo­
mareobaSi Caayenos subieqti, ziani miayenos mis samuSaos, naTesavebs an sulac
daakisros kriminaluri pasuxismgebloba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi potenciuri ziani umniSvneloa. arli hokSildma Seiswavla
Sromis ganawileba msgavs ojaxebSi da gamoaqveyna Sedegebi Tavis wignSi _ meore
cvla (The Second Shift) (1989 w.). hokSildma gamoikvlia, rom zogierTi wyvili axa­
siaTebs TavianT Tavs, rogorc Tanabar partniorebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom faq­
tobriv coli asrulebs gacilebiT met samuSaos saxlSi, vid­re qmari. amgvarad,
miTi Tanabaruflebian partniorobaze exmareba wyvilebs Seurigdnen TavianT
gansxvavebul Sexedulebas `warmatebuli qorwinebis~ Sesaxeb (hokSildi, 1989 w.).
Tu gansazRvruli wyvili amoicnobs Tavis Tavs gamoqveynebul SromaSi, SesaZloa
pirovnebebi daupirispirdnen faqts, rom arc erTi maTganisTvis ar aris qorwineba
bednieri, rogorc eubnebodnen erTmaneTs an gaTavisebuli hqondaT Tavad. amgvari
SesaZleblobis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT, hokSildma Secvala wyvilebis ar­
amxolod saxe­lebi, aramed iseTi saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebic ki, rogoricaa
garegnoba da profesia.
subieqtis dacvis pirveli gza aris anonimuri gamokiTxva. kiTx­vari miwodebu­
li da Sedgenilia iseTi saxiT, rom mkvlevars ar SeuZlia amoicnos gansazRvruli
respodentis gansazRvruli pasuxi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, xSirad sociologebs
sWirdebaT subieqtebis gamokiTxva pirispir an naxva maT sacxovrebel garemoSi,
samuSaoze an laboratoriaSi. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi icavs konfidencialo­
bas anu mkvlevarma icis subieqtis saidentifikacio monacemebi, magram pirobas
debs, rom ar gamoaqveynebs am informacias. konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT
sociologi Cveulebriv Slis saxelebs da misamarTs kiTxvaridan, samu­Sao SeniSv­
nebidan da sxva Canawerebidan; cvlis maT saidentifikacio nomrebiT da inaxavs

76
saxelebisa da nomrebis damakavSirebel ZiriTad dokuments usafrTxo adgilas.
ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis amgvari zomebi sakmarisia. magram sasamarTloebi ar
cnoben sociologebis monacemebs, rogorc `xelSeuxebel informacias~, gansx­
vavebiT advokatis, mRvdlis an Jurnalistisagan, sociologs SeiZleba daevalos
Tavisi Canawerebis sasamarTlosTvis gadacema an mowmed gamocxadeba.
magaliTad, vaSingtonis Statis universitetis sociologiis fakultetis
gamosaSvebi kursis studenti, rik skarsi ikvlevda garemosa da cxovelTa ufle­
bebis dacvis radikal aqtivistebs, romlebic xandaxan arRvevdnen kanons Tavi­
anTi saqmianobis warmosaCenad (moneheni (Monaghan), 1993a, 1993b, 1993c). marTa­
lia jgufi TavisTavs uwodebda cxovelTa gaTavisuflebis fronts, magram mas
daekisra pasuxismgebloba universitetis laboratoriis darbevisTvis, sadac 23
wavi, Tagvi da tura iyo gaTavisuflebuli da kompiuterebze marilmJavas dasxmi­
saTvis (zaralma daaxloebiT 150 000 $ Seadgina); skarsi gamoZaxebul iqna nafic
msajulTa winaSe, romelTac unda gadaewyvitaT saqmis sasamarTloSi gadacemis
sakiTxi. skarsma aRiara, rom icnobda mTavar braldebuls sakmaod kargad, magram
Semdgom kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaze uari ganacxada. man es imiT daasabuTa, rom
Cvenebis micema Tavisi wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gamoiwvevda aramxolod garemos dac­
vis aqtivistebis mxridan masTan saubarze uaris Tqmas, rac daazaralebda mis
sakuTar kvle­vas, aramed iqoniebda gavlenas sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze
zogadad. kvlevis wyaroebi SesaZloa gamxdariyo naklebad sarwmuno sxva socia­
luri mecnierisTvis an socialuri mecnierebi Tavs aarideben sakamaTo kvlevas,
romelic moiTxovs konfidencialobas. mosamarTleebi ver daarwmuna motanilma
argumentebma da skarsi moxvda cixeSi, radgan man uari ganacxada daerRvia piroba
konfidencialobis Sesaxeb.
meore eTikuri movaleoba isaa, rom sociologma arasodes ar unda aiZulos
an moisyidos adamianebi, monawileoba miiRon kvlevaSi. sociologiur kvlevaSi
monawileoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi. es moTxovna pirdapiria, Tumca SesaZloa
aRiniSnebodes ZneladSesamCnevi gadaxrebi. magaliTad, moxucebulTa saxlis bi­
nadari aris `uneblie msmeneli~, is uyurebs sociologs, rogorc eqims an admi­
nistrators da Tavs valdebulad Tvlis, iTanamSromlos. sociologiis damwyebi
kursis studentebma SesaZloa igrZnon, rom maTi Sefaseba ver iqneba saTanado, Tu
ar miiReben monawileobas TavianTi xelmZRvanelis Catarebul kvlevaSi. amasTan,
zog SemTxvevaSi, moxaliseebisadmi ndobam SeiZleba Secvalos kvlevis Sedegebi.
magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebian monawileobaze seqsualur gamok­
iTxvebSi, aris Tavisuflad SerCeuli jgufi, romelic, SesaZloa, nawilobriv
eqshibicio­nistebisgan Sedgebodes, amdenad ver iqneba zogadi populacia.
mesame, mkvlevari patiosani unda iyos subieqtis mimarT. idealur variant­
Si sociologi iRebs subieqtisagan aramarto Tanxmobas, aramed informirebul
Tanxmobas. es punqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac xalxi, romelTa
Seswavlac surs mkvle­vars, aris gaunaTlebeli, aqvs dabali socialuri statusi
an ver erkveva socialur kvlevaSi. Zalian Znelia an SeuZlebeli dafaro kvleva.

77
monawileebma laboratoriul eqsperimentSi an respodentebma, romlebic avseben
grZel kiTxvarebs, ician, rom maT Seiswavlian. amasTan zogjer mkvlevarebi iReben
rTul gadawyvetilebas, ar uTxran monawileebs kvlevis realuri miznis Sesa­xeb,
raTa miiRon ufro zusti informacia. magaliTad, sociologi, romelic Seiswav­
lis genderul diskriminacias musikis industriaSi, SesaZloa uTxras subieqts,
rom swavlobs menejmentis stils an marketingis strategias. SesaZloa, piradi
dakvirvebiT momuSave (Field researchers) mkvlevarebs gansakuTrebiT ar undodeT
uTxran xalxs yvela idea, rac amoZravebs maT dakvirvebas, radgan amis codna iwvevs
im socialuri procesebis cvlilebas, romelTa Seswavlasac isini apireben.
amgvarad, sociologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian religiur organizaciebs,
saerTo interesebiT gaerTianebul jgufebs, erTgvarovan sazogadoebebs, Sesa­
Zloa, TavianTi kvlevis proeqtebis mizani saidumlod Seinaxon. simarTlis da­
farva gamarTlebuli unda iyos gadaulaxavi samecniero an humanuri interesebiT,
magaliTad, narkotikebis intravenurad momxmarebelTa faruli gamokvleva, gan­
kuTvnili qcevis modelis dasadgenad, rac zrdis Sidsis gavrcelebis albaTobas,
SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iyos.
sociologebs aqvT agreTve eTikuri valdebulebebi TavianTi kolegebisa
da samecniero sazogadoebis, agreTve sazogadoebis mimarT, zogadad. idea­lur
SemTxvevaSi sociologebi akeTeben yvelafers, raTa daicvan obieqturoba da pa­
tiosneba TavianT kvle­vebsa da publikaciebSi. amgvari midgoma gulisxmobs, ara
mxolod sizustesa da sandoobas gamokvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgenisas, aramed
kvlevis SezRudvebis gansazRvris drosac, unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli rogorc
dadebiTi Sedegebi, aseve uaryofiTi da anoma­liuri monacemebi, sando iyos kv­
levis da finansebis yvela wyaro da yvela adamiani (studentebis CaTvliT), vinc
wvlili Seitana Sromis SesrulebaSi. rodesac saWiroa profesiuli daskvnis ga­
keTeba, iqneba es sasamarTloSi, sajaro gamosvlaze, Tu sainformacio saSuale­
bebSi, sociologebma unda gansazRvron TavianTi eqspertizis xarisxi da Tavi Sei­
kavon daskvnis gakeTebisagan, romelic araa mecnieruli WeSmariteba da SeiZleba
araswored iqnes aRqmuli.
rogorc medicina, iurispudencia da sxva dargebi, sociologia cdilobs
iyos TviTkontrolirebadi. amerikis sociologTa asociacia (ASA) profesio­
nali sociologebisTvis aris mTavari organizacia, romelmac daadgina dawvri­
lebiTi eTikuri normebi (1989 w.) _ zemoT CamoTvlili principebis erToblio­
ba. asa-s profesiuli eTikis komiteti pasuxismgebelia ganixilos pretenziebi,
iSuamdgomlos konfliktur situaciaSi da Sesabamisi proceduris dacviT gas­
ces rekomendaciebi. garda amisa, universitetebisa da kolejebis umravlesoba
iTxovs, rom yvela didi kvlevis proeqti ganixilos komitetma, raTa iyos sruli
usafrTxoeba imisa, rom kvlevis procedurebi ar arRvevs adamianis, rogorc
subieqtis uflebebs.

78
kvlevis strategiebi

sociologiuri gamokvlevebi SeiZleba daiyos or ZiriTad tipad: raodeno­

brivad da Tvisebrivad. raodenobrivi kvlevisas sociologebi gamoiTvlian rome­
lime socialuri fenomenis calkeul SemTxvevebs da cdiloben daukavSiron isini
sxva socialur faqtorebs statistikuri analiziT. raodenobrivi kvleva iye­nebs
mravalgvar statistikur meTods, sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels Soris damokide­
bulebis gamovlenisa da mizezobrivi kavSirebis analizisTvis (am TavSi zemoT
warmodgenili bloki `ZiriTadi statistikuri koncepciebi~ ganixilavs ramoden­
ime martiv, magram mniSvnelovan statistikur Tanafardobas). devid filifsis
Sroma statistikur damokidebulebaze farTod gaxmaurebul TviTmkvlelobebsa
da, zogadad, TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris zrdas Soris, aris raodenobrivi kvlevis
magaliTi. asevea durkhaimis Sroma TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb. dRes durkhaimi kom­
piuterebs da sxva bevr rTul statistikur meTods CaTvlida Zalian mosaxerxeb­
lad Tavisi monacemebis analizisTvis.
cxadia, yvela socialuri movlena ar SeiZleba iyos gamoTvlili da Sefase­
buli raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT. SesaZloa, raodenobrivad SevafasoT TviT­
mkvle­lobis sixSire calkeuli SemTxvevisTvis, magram ara TviTmkvlelobis aqtis
mniSvne­loba, TviTmkvlelobis CamdenisTvis. amgvarad, Tvisebrivi analizi mniS­
vnelovania sociologiisTvisac. Tvisebrivi gamokvlevisas sociologebi iye­
neben sityvier aRweras, pirad dakvirvebas da zogjer, socialuri qcevis arsis
interpretacias an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sqemebis detalebis analizs. mkvl­
evari, romelic mimoixilavs mu­Sa jgufebs, imis gansazRvrisTvis, rogor vlinde­
ba lideris roli an atarebs gamokiTxvas mci­rewlovan bavSvebSi, imis gamosakv­
levad, rogori damokidebuleba aqvT maT mSob­lebis ganqorwinebasTan, ata­rebs
Tvisebriv gamokvlevas.
rogorc raodenobriv, aseve Tvisebriv gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebulia monace­
mebis Segrovebis mravali gansxvavebuli meTodi _ gamo­kiTxvebis Catarebidan
pirad dakvirvebamde, istoriuli Canawerebis amoRebidan eqsperimentebis Cata­
rebamde. momdevno nawilebSi ganvixilavT monacemebis Segrovebis yvelaze mniSv­
nelovan meTodebs da warmovadgenT, ramdenad mizanmimarTulad aris gamosadegi
garkveuli saxis kiTxvebze pasuxis misaRebad TiToeuli maTgani.

gamokiTxvebi

sociologebi iyeneben gamokiTxvas, sazogadoebrivi azris SefasebisTvis, qce­

vis motivaciis analizisa da sazogadoebis qcevis prognozisTvis. gamo­kiTxvisas
isini monacemebs agroveben garkveuli tipis respondentis uSualo gamokiTxvis
an kiTxvarebis gagzavnis gziT, SesaZloa, orive meTodiTac erTdroulad. respon­

79
dents SeuZlia gasces pasuxebi kiTxvarebs fostiT, telefoniT an pirispiri sau­
bris dros. gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mosa­xerxebelia, roca sociologs surs in­
formaciis miReba didi populaciisagan movlenaze, romlis Sefasebac maT Riad ar
SeuZliaT. magaliTad, seqsualuri qcevis Sesaxeb kvlevam aCvena, rom amerikelebi
bevrad ufro konservatiulebi arian, vidre maT Sesaxeb masmediaSi gavrcelebuli
azri, TiTqos isini seqsualurad Tavisuflebi arian da xSirad mimarTaven seqsis
alternatiul formebs, rac SesaZloa bevrisTvis damajerebelic iyos (ixileT
Tavi 3). gamokiTxvaSi SesaZloa dasmuli iyos kiTxvebi socialur-ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis irgvliv (asaki, Semosavali, ganaTleba, profesia da misTanani). radgan
gamokiTxvisas respondentma SeiZleba gasces an ar gasces kiTxvebze damajerebe­
li pasuxi, gamo­kiTxvis Sedegebi ganixileba, rogorc miaxloebiTi.
sociologiur gamokiTxvaSi monawileobs bevri xal­xi, romelic ubralod
svams kiTxvebs. maTi Sedegebi sando da dasabuTebuli, rom iyos sociologebi
unda iyvnen garkveuli, visTvisaa SekiTxva da rogor unda gaices pasuxi. satele­
vizio interviuebis dros satelefono gamokiTxva iwvevs farTo masebis CarT­
vas da aqvs gavlena saxalxo liderebze, magram xalxi, romelic uyurebs, amgvar
Sous da aqvs dro, rom darekos, sulac ar aris aucilebeli swored amerikeli
mosaxleobis tipuri warmomadgeneli iyos. sakont­rolo jgufis saguldagulo
SerCeva aris swori mecnieruli gamo­kiTxvis sawindari. gamokiTxvaTa umravleso­
bis mizani aris raodenobrivi monacemebis miReba, interviuebis Sedegic raode­
nobrivi monacemebia.

SerCevis erTobliobis gansazRvra

kiTxvebis umravlesoba SemuSavebulia informaciis Sesagroveblad mcire

raodenobis adamianebisagan, romelTa mixedviT poziciis, qcevis an sxva maxa­
siaTeblebi SeiZleba ganzogadebul iqnes bevrad ufro did populaciaze. gamo­
kiTxvis populacia aris adamianTa saerTo raodenoba, gaerTiane­buli garkveuli
maxasiaTebliT, romelic warmoadgens sociologebis kvlevis interess. vTqvaT,
sociologTa jgufs ainteresebs abortis mimarT damokidebulebis Sedareba
axal­gazrda (gansazRvruli asakiT ocidan ocdaaT wlamde) da SedarebiT asako­
van (gansazRvruli asakiT ormocdaaTidan samoc wlamde) amerikel qalTa Soris.
gamokiTxvis populacia am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa iyos amerikaSi mcxovrebi yvela
qali ocidan ocdaaTamde da ormocdaaTidan samoc wlamde.
ramdenadac Cveulebriv populaciaSi yvelas piradad gamokiTxva did drosa
da xarjebs moixovs, sociologebi gamokvlevisTvis qmnian sakontrolo jgufs
– populaciis SezRudul qvesimravles. magaliTad, sociologebs abortisadmi
damokidebulebis SeswavlisaTvis SeuZliaT gamoyon amerikeli qalebis ori asa­
kob­rivi jgufi. Cveulebriv, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, gaTvaliswinebulia, rom
sakontrolo jgufi iyos warmomadgenlobiTi. es niSnavs, rom mniSvnelovani so­
cialuri maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa – asaki, rasa, socialuri mdgomareoba da a.S.

80
_ warmodgenili iyos sakontrolo jgufSi aRebul populaciaSi iseve, rogorc
iqneboda ufro did populaciaSi. rac ufro warmomadgenlobiTia sakontrolo
jgufi, miT ufro sarwmunod asaxavs miRebuli Sedegebi mTliani populaciis
damokidebulebas.
bevrs miaCnia, rom didi sakontrolo jgufi ufro warmomadgenlobiTia, vid­
re mcire, magram es yovelTvis ase ar aris. SesaZloa amis yvelaze cnobili mag­
aliTi iyo 1936 wels prezidentis arCevnebis Sedegebis prognozis mcde­loba.
popularulma Jurnalma `Literary digest~ (`literaturuli mimoxilva~) daugzavna
saarCevno baraTi 10 milion amerikels, romlebic SerCeul iqnen satelefono da
manqanebis ragistraciis cnobarebidan. dabrune­buli 2 milioni baraTis mixed­
viT Jurnalma gaakeTa prognozi, rom alfred landoni daamarcxebda franklin
d. ruzvelts xmaTa mniSvnelovani upiratesobiT. amasobaSi, vinme jorj gelapma
sul raRac 312 551 adamianis gamokiTxviT sruliad zustad iwinaswarmetyvela
ruzveltis gamarjveba. am SemTxvevaSi ufro mcire sakontrolo jgufi iyo ufro
warmomadgenlobiTi, vidre didi populacia. jer erTi, 1936 wels didi depre­
siis SuaSi, mraval amomrCevels ar hqonda manqana an telefoni. es adamia­nebi _
romelTa umravlesobam xma misca ruzvelts _ saerTod ar iyvnen warmodgenili
`Literary digest~-is sakontrolo jgufSi. galupma gamoiyena SemTxveviT SerCeuli
sakontrolo jgufi, romelSic saarCevno asaks miRweul yovel amerikel moqa­
laqes hqonda moxvedris Tanabari Sansi. warmomadgenlobiTi sakontrolo jgufis
Seqmna aris realuri amocana. kampusis gazeTebi da organizaciebi xSi­rad awyoben
gamokiTxvebs kiTxvarebis darigebis gziT erT an or adgilas. aseTi gamokiTxve­
bi iSviaTadaa warmomadgenlobiTi. magaliTad, pirveli 100 studenti, gamosuli
sociologiis institutis Senobidan, SesaZloa, naklebad warmoadgendes mec­
nierebisa da xelovnebis fakultetis studentebs da ufro warmomadgenlobiTi
iyos, rogorc qali studentebi, romlebic metad arian ganwyobili sociologiis
Seswavlis mimarT, vidre mamakaci studentebi. jgufi iqneboda ufro warmomad­
genlobiTi, Tu organizaciebi SearCevdnen SemTxveviTi 100 studentis gvars
fakultetis studentTa mTliani siidan.

kiTxvebis Sedgena da dasma

kiTxvebis formulireba da Tanmimdevroba, romelTac sociologebi svamen in­

terviuebis dros an kiTxvarebSi, gansazRvravs maT mier miRebuli Sedegebis dasa­
buTebulobasa da sandoobas.

formulireba. kiTxvebisTvis sityvebis SerCevas, SeuZlia ga­mokiTxvisas gan­

sazRvros kvlevis Sedegebi. magaliTad, erTi SexedviT, kiTxvebi _ `gamosvlebis
akrZalva~ da `gamosvlebis daSveba~ SeiZleba logikurad winaaRmdegobriv fra­
zebad mogveCvenos. magram sityvebis mniSvneloba, udavod gansxvavebulia. erTis
mxriv zogierT respondents daesva kiTxva: `xom ar fiqrobT, rom amerikis SeerTe­

81
bulma Statebma unda akrZalos gamosvlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~; sxvas ki
kiTxva: `xom ar fiqrobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda dauSvas gamos­
vlebi demokratiis winaaRmdeg?~. pasuxebi ar emTxveoda erTmaneTs: mxolod 21,4
procentma upasuxa, rom maT unda `aekrZalaT~ gamosvlebi, magram 47,8 procentma
upasuxa, rom maT ar unda `daeSvaT~ gamosvlebi (Sumani da preseri 1981 w. ). zogjer
mkvlevarebi atareben kiTxvarebis winaswar Semowmebas, raTa darwmundnen, rom
kiTxvebis formulireba da formati ar iqoniebs gavlenas pasuxebze.

Tanmimdevroba. wesrigma, romlis mixedviTac sociologi svams kiTxvebs,

SesaZloa, aseve iqonios gavlena pasuxebis xasiaTze. adre dasmuli kiTxvebis
pasuxebs SeuZlia imoqmedos imaze, ras fiqrobs respondenti mogvianebiT das­
muli kiTxvebis Sesaxeb. zogjer sociologebi iReben gansxvavebul monacemebs
ori SekiTxvis mxolod Tanmimdevrobis Secvlis Sedegad. magaliTad, im peri­
odSi, roca amerikelebs awuxebda komunisturi safrTxe, adamianebs aZlevdnen
or SekiTxvas: (a) `rogor fiqrobT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda darTos
neba komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebis reportiorebs Camovidnen aq da gaaSuqon
TavianT gazeTebSi movlenebi, rogorc isini xedaven?~ da (b) `rogor fiqrobT, ko­
munisturi qveynebi, rogoricaa ruseTi, darTaven nebas amerikuli gazeTebis re­
portiorebs Cavidnen iq da gaaSuqon TavianT gazeTebSi movlenebi, rogorc isini
xedaven?~ rodesac adamianebs pirvelad usvamdnen a SekiTxvas, 54,7 procenti pa­
suxobda masze _ `diax~. mag­ram rodesac pirvelad ismeboda b SekiTxva, a kiTxvaze
pasuxobda _ `diax~ 74,6 procenti (Sumani da preseri, 1981 w).

pasuxis forma. gamokiTxvis dros adamians SeuZlia gasces pasuxi oridan erT-
erTi formiT. daxuruli pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondentma unda airCios erT-erTi
CamoTvlili pasuxebis variantebidan, romelic mkvlevaris mieraa SemoTavazebu­
li. Ria pasuxis kiTxvebSi respondenti pasuxobs sakuTari sityvebiT. maga­liTad,
sociologebs SesaZloa surT icodnen, ras aniWeben adamianebi yvelaze met upi­
ratesobas TavianT samuSaoSi. isini svamen kiTxvas daxuruli formiT: `gadaxedeT
am baraTs da miTxariT, ras aniWebT yvelaze met upiratesobas saqmeSi?~ baraTSi
CamoTvlilia xuTi savaraudo pasuxi: maRali Semosavali, samuSaos usafrTxoeba,
mokle samuSao dRe, ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba, damakmayofilebeli samuSao, rac
Tavs gagrZnobinebs warmatebul pirovnebad. daxuruli pasuxis mqone kiTxvis sxva
varianti mocemuli pasuxebis seriis Sefasebas Seicavs. magaliTad, 1 = `srulad
veTanxmebi~-dan 5 = `sruliad ar veTanxmebi~-mde. kiTxva SeiZleba daisvas Ria
formiTac: `adamianebi samuSaos sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben, Tqven ras aniWebT
yvelaze met upiratesobas samuSaoSi?~ faqtobriv, rodesac ismeboda es SekiTxva,
pasuxebi gansxvavdeboda kiTxvis dasmis sxvadasxva formis dros. maga­liTad, 17.2
procenti respondentebisa irCevda `ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas~, rodesac isini
xedavdnen am pasuxs CamoTvlil variantebSi; maSin, rodesac mxo­lod 1,8 procenti
asaxelebda am mizezs Ria pasuxis formiT dasmuli SekiTxvis dros. sociologebma

82
unda icodnen, rom gamokiTxvisas SekiTxvebis formulireba, Tanmimdevroba da
forma gansazRvravs kvlevis Sedegebs.
rodesac gamokiTxvisis mkvlevars sWirdeba meti informacia, vidre mokle
kiTxvari iZleva, maT SeuZliaT Caataron iterviu te­lefoniT an piradad. inter­
viu aris gasaubreba, romlis drosac mkvlevari svams kiTxvebis serias an ganixi­
lavs Temas sxva pirovnebasTan. Tu isini gamoiyeneben Ria pasuxis formis kiTxvebs,
interviuers SeuZlia ganasxvavos, rodis SeiZleba meti informaciis miReba da
rodis gadavides Semdeg kiTxvaze. kargma interviuerma agreTve icis, rom inter­
vius dasabuTebuloba da sandooba damokidebulia interviuersa da respondents
Soris urTierTobaze. isini swavloben intervius tonisa da tempis gansazRvras
sxva­dasxva tipis respondentebisaTvis.

eqsperimentebi

eqsperimenti mecniers sTavazobs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenis efeq­

tur meTodebs. eqsperimentebSi socialur mecnierebaTa mkvlevarebs SesaZle­
bloba aqvT gamoscadon hipoTeza _ rom erTi cvladi sidide gavlenas axdens
meore cvlad sidedeze Tu, es mizezobrivad iqna gamowveuli _ sagnebis SemotaniT
specialurad Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevs akontrolon
cvlad sidideebze raime gavlenis momxdeni araarsebiTi faqtorebi. maga­liTad,
sociologebs, romelTac sur­daT SeeswavlaT musikis gavlena socialur urT­
ierTqmedebaze, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT Caketili oTaxi adamianTa gansazRvruli
raodenobiT, Sesabamisi ganaTebiT, dasajdomi adgilebiT, waxemsebis SesaZle­
blobiT da a. S. mudmivad. hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevarebi (1) sistematiu­
rad manipulireben erTi cvladi sididiT da (2) akvirdebian manipulaci­is efeqts
meore cvlad sidideze. faqtori, romelic sistematiurad icvleba (am eqsperi­
mentSi musika), aris damoukidebeli cvladi sidide; Seswavlis procesSi igi Sem­
TxveviT faqtorad iTvleba. faqtori (aq _ socialuri urTierTqmedeba), ro­
melic iswavleba aris damokidebeli cvladi sidide; es aris faqtori, romelzec
gavlenas axdens damoukidebeli cvladi sididis mani­pulacia.
eqsperimentis warmarTvisaTvis saWiroa yvela cvladi sididis zusti kon­
troli. aseTi kontrolis miRweva Zalian rTulia sociologiurad saintereso
sakiTxebis gamokvlevisas, magram is SeiZ­leba miRweul iqnes laboratoriul eqs­
perimentebSi, romlebic tardeba individebis an patara jgufebis mier. savele eqs­
perimentebi gaTvlilia ufro farTo masebisTvis; Tumca, praqtikuli da eTikuri
mizezebis gamo, sociologiaSi aseTi zusti eqsperimentebis warmatebiT Catareba
Zalian rTuli da iSviaTia. miuxedavad amisa, mainc Rirs TiToeuli am eqsperimen­
tisTvis Tvalis gadavleba.

83
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi

laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi sociologebi sagnebs ganixilaven xelov­nur

garemoSi, sadac SesaZlebelia pirobebis iolad regulireba. eqspe­rimentSi, ro­
melic klasikad iqca, sociologma filip zimbardom stenfordis universitetis
Senobis safuZvelze aago `cixe~. zimbardos ainteresebda tusaRisa da mcvelis so­
cialuri rolebis zegavlena maT qcevaze. eqsperimentSi monawileobis misaRebad
skolis gazeTSi ganTavsebuli gancxadebebis saSualebiT moizides moxalise stu­
dentebi. 70 moxalise yuradRebiT iqna Semowmebuli. mkvlevarebma maTgan msgavsi
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli 24 TeTrkania­
ni mamakaci airCies. interviuebiTa da SemowmebebiT daadgines, rom isini iyvnen
Camoyalibebuli, gonieri da emociurad gawonasworebuli _ zimbardos azriT
`saukeTesoTa nakrebi~. wilis yriT gadawyda, romeli studenti Seasrulebda tu­
saRis rols da romeli _ mcvelisas.
realuri elferis misacemad 12 tusaRi studenti gaufrTxileblad daa­pa­
timres, patrulis manqaniT waiyvanes palo altos policiaSi, sadac auRes TiTis
anabeWdebi da `aiyvanes aRricxvaze~, Semdeg skolis `cixeSi~ gadaiyvanes, TiToeu­
li maTgani gaaSiSvles, Seamowmes mkbenarebze, Caacves forma, mianiWes saidenti­
fikacio nomeri da sakanSi moaTavses. mcveli studentebi winaswar iqnen gafrTx­
ilebulni, rom unda uzrunveleyoT kanonis dacva da wesrigi inscenirebul
cixeSi. maT daavales sakuTari wesebis Seqmna da yuradRebis mokrefa `patimarTa
ajanyebis~ raime niSnis aRmoCenisaTvis.
dagegmili iyo orkviriani eqsperimenti, magram igi eqvs dReSi Sewyda. ratom?
imitom, rom zimbaro da misi kolegebi nanaxma SeaSina. dacvis zogierTi wevri tu­
saRs, rogorc mxecs, ise epyroboda. isini igonebdnen sxvadasxva meTodebs, raTa
tusaRebs Tavi uaresad egrZnoT. zogi mcveli iyo uxeSi, magram samarTliani, zogi
ki _ keTili. magram `karg~ dacvas arc erTxel ar SeuSlia xeli `cudi~ dacvisTvis
zimbardosTan ambis mitaniT an raime qmedebiT.
cvlilebebi tusaR studentTa saqcielSic imdenadve sagangaSo iyo, ramde­
nadac mcvelebis saqcieli. vinme SeiZleba moeloda studentebis Sekrebas uxeSi
mopyrobisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad (bolos da bolos, maT aranairi dana­
Sauli ar CaudeniaT), magram isini ase ar moqceulan. erT-erTi tusaRi moaTavses
`calke sakanSi~ SimSilobis gamocxadebisTvis. Tavdapirvelad misma megobarma
tusaRebma, protesti gamoTqves, magram rodesac mcvelma arCevanis saSualeba
misca tusaRis gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod erTi RamiT sabnebze uari eTqvaT, maT
sabnebi arCies da tusaRi satanjvelad gawires. inscenirebul saidumlo mmarT­
velobis Sexvedridan zogi gaSvebas ixveweboda, magram arc erTi ar moiTxovda
gaTavisuflebas. eqvsi dRis miwuruls tusaRi studentebi daemsgavsnen `morCil,
dehumanirebul robotebs~. cixis eqsperimentma naTlad gamosaxa is mdgomareo­
ba, rasac xalxi TamaSobda (damoukidebeli cvladi sidide, marTvadi mkvlevarTa
mier) ayalibebda sakuTar damokidebulebasa da saqciels (damokidebuli cvladi

84
sidide). yvela studentma icoda, rom monawileobas iRebda eqsperimentSi, faqto­
brivad, `TamaSobda TamaSs~ tusaRsa da mcvelze, magram erT kviraze mokle xanSi
eqsperimenti zedmetad daemsgavsa sinamdviles.
zimbardos eqsperimentma win wamoswia subieqtebTan mopyrobis eTikuri sa­
kiTxebi. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, axla ufro mkacri wesebi moqmedebs. es
wesebi mkvlevarebs avaldebulebs subieqtisaTvis eqsperimentis an proceduris
axsnas; subieqtisTvis mxolod simarTlis Tqmas; subieqtis gafrTxilebas raime
xifaTis Sesaxeb; aRweras, rogor unda gamoiyenon monacemebi; subieqtis konfi­
dencialurobis dacvas; da subieqtis Tanxmobamde mis xelT arsebuli informa­
ciis sisrulis garkvevas.

savele eqsperimentebi

eTikuri da praqtikuli mizezebis gamo, situaciaTa umravlesoba, romlebic

ainteresebT sociologebs, laboratoriaSi ver iqmneba. Tumca eqsperimentis Cata­
reba da gamomwvevi mizezisa da Sedegis urTierTobis damtkiceba savele pirobebSi
ufro rTulia (rac arsebobs realuri cxovrebis garemocvaSi).
yvela drois yvelaze cnobili savele eqsperimenti axdens sirTulis ilus­
trirebas. 1930-ian wlebSi, mkvlevarebi gaemgzavrnen dasavleT ilionisSi imis
Sesaswavlad, moaxdenda Tu ara samuSao pirobebis cvlilebebi, mag. ukeTEesi ga­
naTeba _ samuSao jgufebis produqtiulobis gazrdaze (roTlsbergeri da diqso­
ni, 1939/1961). samuSao garemos nebismieri aspeqtis cvlilebis miuxedavad, raRac
idumalebiT yvela momuSave jgufi ufro produqtiuli gaxda. sabolood, mkvle­
varebma gaacnobieres, rom momuSaveebi, ubralod, im yuradRebas pasuxobdnen,
rasac iRebdnen: socialur mecnierebaTa mkvlevarebis Seswavlis sag­nad gaxdomam
maT, Tavi ufro mniSvnelovnad da dafasebulad agrZnobina. am `kunelis efeqtma~
mkvlevarTa daswrebis gavlenis gakontrolebis saWiroeba aCvena. amis gakeTebis
ZiriTadi meTodi aris im ori jgufis Sedareba, romlebsac zustad erTnairad
epyrobian, maTi Seswavlis garda. miuxedavad imisa, rom sacdel jgufs SeiZleba
meti ganaTeba mieRo, im dros, roca mmarTveli jgufi saerTod verafers miiReb­
da, damatebiTi yuradReba orive jgufs Tanabrad daeTmoboda.
savele eqsperimentebi xandaxan maSinac tardeba, rodesac politikis gamta­
reblebs am politikis farTo masebis mimarT ganxorcielebamde surT winaswar ga­
moscadon gansazRvruli politikis zegavlena, mis efeqtebze monacemTa Segrove­
biT. masobrivi eqsperimentebis siZneleebi amcirebs mis Sedegebs sociologiur
monacemTa bazebis warmoebisas. sociologebma xandaxan eqsperimentis saxiT Sei­
Zleba Seiswavlon iseTi RonisZieba, rogoricaa axali politikis warmoqmna erT
StatSi, magram ara sxvebSi. Tu sociologebs aqvs damoukidebeli cvladi sididee­
bis sakmarisi raodenoba, SeuZliaT moiqcnen rogorc makont­roleblebi labo­
ratoriul pirobebSi. magaliTad, sakeTildReod mimarTuli politikuri cvli­
lebebi eqsperimentad iqna Seswavlili. im StatTa SedarebiT, sadac mmarTvelma

85
jgufebma cvlilebebi ganaxorcieles da politika ucvleli darCa, mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tu bavSvis movlis efeqturi programebi iqnebAaA, gaizrdeba im
marto­xela dedaTa raodenoba, romlebsac aqvT unari samsaxuri moZebnon socia­
luri uzrunvelyofis daxmarebis gareSe.

eTnografia, savele samuSao da

CarTuli dakvirveba

sociologebi cdiloben eqsperimentebiT gavlena moaxdinon adamianTa

saqcielze. savele eqsperimentTa umravlesobaSi isini dakvirvebebs atareben nak­
lebad SesamCnevad. eTnog­rafiulia kvleva, rodesac mkvlevarebi xalxs yovel­
dRiurobaSi akvirdebian xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. mkvle­varTa mizania
socialuri cxovrebis wvrilmani daxasiaTebebiTa da informaciiT momarageba _
magaliTad, bavSvebi saTamaSo moedanze, homoseqsualebi abanoSi, axalgazrdebis
jgufi _ ubanSi. mTavari sociologiuri gamokvlevis yvelaze kvalificiuri
meTodi aris sistematuri, xangrZlivi dakvirveba. eTnografiuli meTodi social­
uri cxovrebis iseTi detalebiT amaragebs kvlevebs, romelic eqsperimentebSi ar
gvxvdeba. aseTi saxis gamokvlevebs xSi­rad eZaxian savele samu­Saos an dakvirvebas
monawileobis miRebiT.
magaliTad, sociologma uiliam korsarom Seiswavla bavSvebi TamaSisas. igi
akvirdeboda da iwerda, rogor TamaSobdnen sabavSvo baRis bavSvebi erTad ramde­
nime Tvis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc xSirad xdeba savele samuSaoSi, is socialuri
cxovrebis iseTi miRebuli nawili gaxda, rom bavSvebi mis yofnas yuradRebasac
ar aqcevdnen. isini mas aRiqvamdnen, ubralod, `did adamianad~, romelic maT ms­
gavsad ufro iqceoda, vidre sxva zrdasruli adamianebisa. es yvelaferi ki kor­
saros uadvilebda bavSvebis kulturisaken mimaval gzas. misi monawileobiT da­
kvirvebis Catarebi­sas unda gadaewyvita Tavisi meTodis ramdenime problema.
rogor SeeZlo bavSvebis samyaroSi maTi wyeninebis gareSe SeRweva? is unda yo­
filiyo TvalSi naklebad sacemi, magram ara imdenad Soreuli, rom daekarga bavS­
vebis mier socialuri cxovrebis aRqmis unari. saTamaSo moedanze Sesvlamde is
unda molaparakeboda `mcvelebs~ _ skolis direqtors, mdivans, maswavleblebsa
da mSoblebs. erT­xel korsarom iTamaSa kidec bavSvebTan saTamaSo moedanze, ma­
gram gavlena ar mouxdenia maTi TamaSis bunebasa da dinebaze (TamaSis epizodebs
Tavis kvle­vaSi mTavar sakiTxad Tvlida). mas arasodes ucdia bavSvebs Soris kon­
fliqtur situaciaTa mogvareba an raimes Secvla.
sociologebi, romlebic savele gamokvlevebs atareben, axlo urTierToba
aqvT kvlevis subieqtebTan, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios emociuri reaqcia soci­
ologebsa da maT subieqtebs Soris (klainmani da kopi, 1993). magaliTad, soci­
ologebi SeiZleba Zalian miejaWvon TavianT subieqtebs da ver SeniSnon maTi
saqcielis uaryofiTi aspeqtebi. maT SeiZleba jgufebsSorisi konfliqtisas

86
vinmes poziciis dakavebis survili gamoTqvan. imedis gacruebis SemTxvevaSi maTi
mwvave reaqciaa SesaZlebeli. sociologebma, romlebic savele samu­Saoebs atare­
ben, saWiroa iswavlon sakuTar emociaTa marTva (sakuTari TavisaTvis SekiTx­
vebis dasmiT, ratom hqondaT konkretuli reaqcia da imis SemowmebiT sxvasac ms­
gavsi reaqcia hqonda Tu ara), radgan savele muSaki sa­kuTari kvlevis erT-erTi
subieqti xdeba.
Cveulebriv, iseve rogorc korsaros kvlevaSi, savele muSakebi amJRavneben sa­
kuTar vinaobas; Tumca, kvlevis subieqtTa moaxloebisas SeiZleba SeniRbon Tavian­
Ti vinaoba. es niSnavs imas, rom sociologebi ubralod Tvalyurs adevneben jgufs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis WrilSi, magram ar dominireben maT cxovrebaSi, ar uerT­
debian jgufur RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, sociologebi, romlebic seqsualur qce­
vas ikvlevdnen, homoseqsualTa abanoSi pasiurad akvirdebodnen iq myofi kacebis
qcevas. sociologebi axerxebdnen maT Soris SeumCnevlad Serevas, imis gamo, rom
iq myof homoseqsual kacTa umravlesoba TviTonac idga da akvirdeboda, da imi­
tomac, rom abanos klientebs Soris maTi seqsualuri gamocdilebebis miuxedavad,
isini emociurad da piradad gancalkevebuli rCebodnen. SeniRbvis mizniT, isini
dakvirvebis Sedegebs abanos dafarul adgilas an wasvlis Semdeg iwerdnen. soci­
ologebis mier dakvirvebis Sedegebis interpretacia eyrdnoboda seqsualuri qce­
vis Seswavlis mravali wlis gamocdilebas. cxadia, isini siamovnebis misaRebad ki
ar wasulan, aramed dadiodnen rogorc mecnierebi, romlebic situacias araerTi
Teoriis saSualebiT aanalizebdnen.
sociologiur gamokvlevaTa misiis saidumlod Senaxvam SeiZleba gadaWras
ucxo piris SeWris problema sxvaTa pirad sivrceSi (is, rom sociologebis das­
wrebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos jgufis saqcielze), magram es win wamoswevs
zneobriv sakiTxs kvlevis subieqtis piradi uflebebis Sesaxeb da sociologTa
pasuxismgeblobas, iyvnen gulwrfelni.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sazogado fsiqologma, filip zimbardom Seqmna in­
scenirebuli cixe, sadac tusaRebisa da mcvelebis rolebze moxalise studentebi
damtkicdnen. `zedamxedvelebma~ TavianTi rolebi zedmetad seriozulad miiRes
da patimarTa umetesobas, romlebic umoqmedoni gaxdnen da dasustdnen, agresi­
ulad eqceodnen da Cagravdnen. zimbardos meTodma gamoamJRavna bevri ram sazoga­
doebis Sesaxeb, magram, ra Tqma unda, wina planze wamoswia adamianTan mopyrobis
zneobrivi sakiTxi. axla ZalaSia ufro mkacri wesebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac
unda moawyon mkvlevarebma eqsperimentebi.

kontent analizi

zogjer sociologebi uSualod adamianebsa da jgufebs ki ar swavloben, ara­med

socialuri qcevis produqtebs. xSirad isini istoriul da Tanamedrove masalebSi
Sesabamisi informaciis mosapoveblad Sinaarsis analizs iyeneben. Sinaarsis ana­
lizis gamoye­neba yvela saxis Cawerili informaciis _ werilebis, dRiurebis, avto­
biografiebis, memuarebis, kanonebis, romanebis, lirikuli simRerebis, konstituci­

87
is, gazeTebis, naxatebisTvisac ki SeiZleba. komunikaciis es formebi bevrs gveubneba
adamianuri qcevis Sesaxeb. kvlevis amgvari meTodi komunikaciis manifesturi (anu
aSkara da dagegmili) da latenturi (anu faruli da, SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli)
Sinaarsebis sistematizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. kompiuteri, ro­
melic mkvlevarebs Sinaarsis mravali rakursiT gaanalizebis saSualebas aZlevs,
kvlevis mZlavri iaraRia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevarTa jgufma rok-musikis klipebSi qalisa da ma­
makacis saxis Seswavla gadawyvita. raki yvela arsebuli klipis Seswavla SeuZle­
belia, mkvlevarebi rokis videoklipebis reprezentaciuli amonakrebiT iwyeben.
Semdeg adgenen Sinaarsis yvela SesaZlo kategoriis _ lirikul simRerebs, Cacmis
stils, Jestikulaciasa da a.S. nusxas. Semdeg swavloben klipebis nakrebs da iniS­
naven Sinaarsis SeZlebisdagvarad bevr specifikur nimuSs. dRemde mkvlevarebi
ZiriTadad xarisxobriv analizs _ interpretaciaze damokidebul kvlevas eyrd­
nobodnen. sakmaris monacemTa Tavmoyris Semdeg maT statistikaze dafuZne­buli
anu raodenobrivi analizis meTodis gamoye­neba SeuZliaT, magaliTad, daiTvalon
ra sixSiriT warmogvidgebian qalebi mamakacisadmi daqvemdebarebul rolSi da
Semdeg Seamowmon, aris Tu ara aseTi SemTxvevebi sxva cvladebTan korelaciaSi.
ori amgvari kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom musikalur klipebSi qalebi xSi­rad
daqvemdebarebul rolSi, seqsualur obieqtebad an Zaladobis samizneebad war­
mogvidgebian (brauni da kempbeli, 1986; Sermani da dominiki, 1986).

SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvleva

sociologebs mosaxleobis calkeul jgufze ganzogadebaTa da TeoriaTa

ageba ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, kaliforniis erT-erT kolejSi religiisadmi
damokidebulebis kvleva, SesaZloa amerikis kolejis studentebis an axalgaz­
rdebis da, miT umetes, mTeli amerikis mosaxleobis damokidebulebas ar asax­
avs. swored aseve, saWiroa, sociologebma sakuTari sazogadoebis garda, sxvaTa
monacemebi, gansxvavebuli istoriuli periodebis da ara mxolod Tanamedrove
formebi da socialuri cvlilebebic Seiswavlon.
SedarebiTi analizis upirvelesi amocana erTi socialuri jgufis an ada­­
mianTa socialuri kategoriis, erTi sazogadoebis an drois monakveTis gadaWar­
bebuli ganzogadebis Tavidan acilebaa. SedarebiTma kvlevam SesaZloa Cven mier
ganxiluli kvlevis nebismieri meTodi gamoiyenos, magaliTad, xarisxobrivi da
raodenobrivi meTodebi. maT kvlevis, eqsperimentis (Tumca, iSviaTad), monawile­
Ta dakvirvebis, istoriuli midgomis an Sinaarsis analizis Sedegad Tavmoyril
monacemTa gamoyeneba SeuZliaT. arsebiTi ele­menti Sedareba _ msgavsebaTa da
gansxvavebaTa kvlevaa (Ragin, 1987).
SedarebiTi sociologia, Cveulebriv, kros-kulturuli kvlevis formas
iRebs, romlis drosac Zalze gansxvavebuli socialuri pirobebis monacemebs
adarebs. sociologebi sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebs iseTi arsebiTi da zogadi

88
sakiTxebis sakvlevad iyeneben, rogoricaa nacionalizmi, klasTa struqtura an
socialuri uzrunvelyofis politika. SedarebiTi analizis zogierTi proeqti
mravali SemTxvevis farTomasStabiani Sedarebaa, zogi ki, mxolod erT an ramde­
nime SemTxvevas eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT nacionalizmis, erovnuli identurobisa da
masze dafuZnebuli teri­toriisa da avtonomiis Sesaxeb politikuri moTxovnebis
sakiTxi. am sakiTxis Seswavlisas antoni smiTma (1993) mTeli msoflios masStabiT
TiTqmis asi SemTxveva gaaanaliza. amis sapirispirod, laia grinfildma (1992) gul­
dasmiT mxolod xuTi qveyana ganixila. sxva mkvlevarebma (mag., Colley, 1992) detal­
urad mxolod erTi qveynis sxvadasxva regioni Seadares da sxva qveynebis mxolod
mokle an savaraudo Sedareba warmoadgines. amgvari gansxvavebuli strategiebis
gamoyeneba nebismieri empiriuli Temis – Sobadobis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,
danaSaulisa da a. S. Sesaswavlad SeiZleba. arsebobs kompromisi mravali SemTx­
vevisa da Sesaswavli cvladis socialuri da kulturuli Sinaarsis saxesxvaobaTa
yuradRebiT ganxilvas Soris. rac metia SemTxveva, miT ufro savaraudoa, rom so­
ciologi statistikas sakuTari daskvnebis Sesajameblad da cvladebs Soris kav­
Siris analizisaTvis gamoiyenebs.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi swrafad viTardeba saerTaSoriso SedarebiTi (anu
kros-kulturuli) analizi. amgvari kvlevis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mizezia adamia­
nur kulturaTa da socialuri organizaciis formaTa didi mravalferovneba.
Tu amerikuli religiuri, saganmanaTleblo an politikuri sistemebis msgavsebas
`bunebrivad~ miviCnevT da ver SevZlebT maT Sedarebas sxva qveynebTan, Zalze mwiri
warmodgena Segveqmneba adamianTa socialuri organizaciis farTo speqtrze.
socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeq­tebTan erTad kulturuli Rirebulebebi ga­
naTlebisaTvis `formis micemaSi~ gvexmareba. kros-kulturuli kvlevebi avlens,
rom roca iaponeli bavSvebi uaxles kompiuterul teqnologiebs swavloben da
ocdameerTe saukuneSi cxovrebisa da karierisaTvis emzadebian, egvipteli bavS­
vebi egvipturi kulturis uZveles teqstebs swavloben sainformacio saukunis
moTxovnaTagan Zalze Sors mdgom saklaso oTaxebSi.
saerTaSoriso anu kros-kulturul SedarebaTa gamoyenebis meore mizezi
isaa, rom adamianebs Soris mTels msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro axlo urTier­
Tobebi myardeba, TandaTan yvela qveynis ekonomika erT globalur sistemaSi
iyris Tavs. media ufro da ufro saerTaSoriso xdeba: braziliaSi Seqmnili sapnis
operebi Zalze popularulia CineTSi; indur filmebs mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi
uyureben; laTinoamerikeli da indoeli mwerlebi yvelaze popularulni SeerTe­
bul StatebSi arian; CNN-s mTel msoflioSi gadascemen. arsebiTia, rom adamia­
nebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs realoba _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti msoflios erT
nawilSi safrTxes yvelas uqmnis. SedarebiTi analizi sociologebs globaliza­
ciis procesTa Seswavlis saSualebas aZlevs. winamdebare wignSi mocemuli kvl­
eva, globalizaciis SeswavliTa da sxva sazogadoebaTa socialuri formebis aR­
weriT, Cvens warmodgenas gaafarToebs.
yvela SedarebiTi kvleva rodi moicavs Tanamedrove SemTxvevebs. xangrZliv
socialur cvlilebaTa da uCveulo movlenaTa gasagebad sociologebi isto­
riul Seswavlas iyeneben. magaliTad, Tanamedrove samrewvelo sawarmoTa zrda

89
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Semswavleli sociologisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani
Temaa, magram zrdis procesi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da
misi axsna mxolod istoriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am mizniT socio­
logebi aanalizeben rogorc istorikosTa, aseve sakuTari ZalebiT Tavmoyril
monacemebs. es mravalgvari monacemebia: aRwera, policiis angariSi, sagazeTo
statia, saeklesio da saqmiani Canawerebi. istoriuli SedarebebisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zveli sociologTa naSromebi.
Tavis klasikur naSromSi `saxelmwifoebi da socialuri revoluciebi~ Teda
skopolma (Theda Skocpol, 1979) SedarebiTi da istoriuli meTodebi gaaerTiana. imis
gamo, rom revoluciebi arc ise xSirad xdeba, mas istoriuli SemTxvevebi unda gamo­
eyenebina. sko­pols ar surda mxolod erTi SemTxvevis safuZvelze gaekeTebina gan­
zogadeba da amitom gansxvavebul kulturul da istoriul garemoebebSi momxdari
sami revolucia airCia. SedarebaTa saSualebiT mas surda aRmoeCina, ra saerTo hqo­
n­­da am revoluciebs da ra ganasxvavebda warumatebeli revoluciebisagan.
skopolma namdvili sociologiviT daiwyo: gansazRvra Sesaswavli movlena – am
SemTxvevaSi, socialuri revolucia. `ajanyebuli klasis mier ganxorcielebuli
sazogadoebis mdgomareobisa da Sesabamisi klasis struqturis swrafi, safuZv­
liani transformacia~ (Skocpol, 1979, gv. 33). am gansazRvris Tanaxmad, socialuri
revolucia moiTxovs rogorc politikuri institutebis (sa­xelmwifo struqtu­
ris), aseve ekonomikuri institutebis (klasis struqturis anu dovlaTisa da sa­
kuTrebis ganawilebis) Zireul transformacias. Coup d’état, romelSic erTi to­
talitaruli mmarTveli meores cvlis; ajanyeba, romelic yoveldRiur rutinas
anadgurebs, magram arsebiTi cvlileba ver moaqvs; an iseTi `revoluciuri~ cvli­
leba, rogoricaa industria­lizacia, romelic ver cvlis politikur struqtu­
ras, mocemul mkacr kriteriums ar Seesabameba.
skopoli unaklo istoriul ambavs rodi eZebda movlenaTa detaluri aRwe­riT.
piriqiT, is socialuri revoluciis ganzogadebis unaris mqone mizezobriv Teo­rias
eZebda. am miznis misaRwevad skopolma analizis SedarebiTi meTodologia gamoi­
yena sami revoluciis saerTo da gamorCeuli elementebis dasadgenad. amas garda,
skopolma es sami warmatebuli socialuri revolucia sxva istoriul situaciebs
Seadara, roca warumatebelma revoluciebma ver SeZles sazogadoebis politikuri
da ekonomikuri struqturebis arsebiTi Secvla.
skopolma sami warmatebuli SemTxvevis _ safrangeTis, ruseTisa da CineTisa
– calkeuli elementebi gansazRvra. gamonaklisi iyo warumatebeli revoluciebi:
(1) avtokratuli (anu diqtatoruli) monaqriis damxoba, romelic saerTaSoriso
wnexTan da krizisTan saxelmwifo meqanizmis gamklavebis uuna­robiT iyo gamowveu­
li; (2) glexobis masobrivi amboxi, rogorc uSualo da windauxedavi faqtori; (3)
elitas Soris konfliqtebi Zveli damxobili reJimis (romelic winamorbediviT
gardauvalad centralizebuli xdeboda) nangrevebze axali saxelmwifo struq­
turis Camoyalibebis Taobaze. am dakvirvebebma safuZveli Seuqmna mis Teoriul
daskvnas, rom socialuri revoluciis warmateba an kraxi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo­
Si arsebuli struqturuli problemebiT ganisazRvreba da ara revolucionerTa
ideologiiTa da qmedebiT.

90
 kvlevis sxva proeqtebis msgavsad, skopolis mier socialuri revoluciebis
Seswavla im uwyveti mcdelobebis nawilia, romelsac dasasruli ara aqvs. socia­
luri samyaros Secnoba mraval sxvadasxvagvar meTods, perspeqtivasa da Teorias
moiTxovs, aseve saWiroa, mkvlevarebma, rogori gamorCeulebic ar unda iyvnen,
aRiaron, rom momavalma kvlevebma SesaZloa kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenon an Secva­
lon maTi daskvnebi. skopolis erT-erTma moswavlem jek goldstonma (1991w.) aT­
wleulebis Semdeg igive SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi gamoi­yena socialuri rev­
oluciebis Sesaswavlad. man axali cvladebi da axali SemTxvevebi miamata da axal
daskvnamde mivida _ mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrda xSirad saxelmwifo
krizisisa da revoluciis mizezi xdeba.
mecniereba yovelTvis siaxleebzea orientirebuli da ara dadgenil WeS­
maritebebze. amis gaxseneba sociologebisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radgan socialuri samyaro, romelsac isini swavloben, adamianuri aqtivobebis
Sedegia. socialur samyaros aramarto sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT, aramed is
icvleba kidec.

Sejameba

1. TviTmkvlelobis Seswalisas emili durkhaimma piradi problemis sociolo­

giuri TvalsazrisiT kvlevis mniSvnelovani precedenti Semo­iRo da xeli
Seuwyo sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebas.
2. sociologiuri kvleva emyareba mecnierul meTods, romlis safuZvelia em­
piriul monacemTa Tavmoyra Teoriebis asagebad da gamosacdelad.
3. yvela mecnieri kvlevis erTsa da imave process mihyveba. idea­lur SemTxveva­
Si es procesi Svid safexurs moicavs: problemis gansazRvra specifikuri cv­
ladebis saxiT; literaturis mimo­xilva; hipoTezis anu sacdeli debulebis
Camoyalibeba; kvlevis dizainis arCeva; monacemTa Segroveba; monacemTa ana­
lizi; daskvnebis gamotana.
4. sociologiuri codna damatebiTi Teoriebisa da kvlevis generirebis kvalo­
baze viTardeba. xangrZlivi kvlevis magaliTia deivid filifsis mier imita­
ciis, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis faqtoris kvleva (es faqtori durkhaims ar­
sebiTad ar miaCnda).
5. sociologebi kvlevis procesSi mraval siZneles awydebian. pirvel rigSi, isi­
ni darwmunebulni unda iyvnen, rom maTi kvleva validuric aris da sandoc. kv­
leva validuria, roca SeuZlia gansazRvros is, ris gansazRvrasac cdilobs;
sandoa, roca ganmeorebiT kvleva imave Sedegebs iZleva.
6. meore mxriv, maT unda monaxon socialuri Teoriisa da socialuri kvlevis
Serwymis dinamikuri gzebi da axleburad warmoaCinon socialuri fenomeni.
7. mesame, unda daicvan eTikuri standartebi, maT Soris, subieqtTa dacva zian­
isagan; monawileobis nebayoflobiToba; subieqtebis mimarT gulwrfe­loba;
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisa Tu gansjis dros SeZlebisdagvarad obieqturoba
da miukerZoebloba.

91
8. arsebobs sociologiuri kvlevis ori ZiriTadi tipi: raodenobrivi analizi,
romelic statistikas efuZneba da xarisxobrivi analizi, romelic verbalur
aRweras efuZneba.
9. anketireba mosaxleobis farTo jgufis Sesaxeb monacemTa Segrovebis siste­
maturi gzaa, roca SerCeul jgufs kiTxvebs vusvamT. reprezentaciuli nimu­
Si mTeli mosaxleobis socialur Taviseburebas asaxavs. SemTxveviTi SerCevis
dros mosaxleobis nebismier wevrs arCevis erTnairi Sansi aqvs. anketirebis
pasuxebze SesaZloa gavlena kiTxvis wyobam, kiTxvebis Tanmimdevrobam da pa­
suxebis dasaSvebma formebma iqonios.
10. sociologiaSi SedarebiT iSviaTi eqsperimentebis dros sxva­dasxva cvladis
gavlenis gamosacalkeveblad mkvlevari subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil da
kontrolirebad mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. laboratoriul eqsperimentSi xe­
lovnurad Seqmnil pirobebSi sociologebi frTxilad marTaven adamianebs.
savele eqsperimentSi mkvlevari subieqtebis garemoSi kontrolirebadi cv­
lilebebis realur gavlenas swavlobs.
11. eTnografiuli Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufebs yoveldRiur garemoSi ak­
virdebian, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. sociologebma Sei­
Zleba gaamxilon an ara, rom mkvlevarebi arian da monawileoba miiRon an ara
jgufur aqtivobebSi.
12. Sinaarsis analizi komunikaciis manifesturi da latenturi Sinaarsis siste­
maturi organizebisa da Sejamebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
13. SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs sociologebs, aRmoaCinon is zogadi
formebi, romlebic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli erTi sociluri jgufis an kat­
egoriis, an erTi sazogadoebisa da droisaTvis. amgvari kvlevis dros Sesa­
Zloa Sedarebul iqnes sxvadasxva qveynebisa da kulturebisa da sxvadasxva
periodebis monacemebi. saerTaSoriso, anu kros-kulturuli kvleva glo­
balizaciis gamo ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba: msoflios xalxebs So­
ris sul ufro da ufro mWidro urTierTobebi myardeba. istoriuli kvleva
mniSvnelovania iSviaTi da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare movle­
nebis Sesaswavlad.
14. xSirad sociologebi strategiaTa kombinacias _ magaliTad, SedarebiT-is­
toriul analizs iyeneben iseTi arsebiTi sakiTxebis sakvlevad, rogoricaa
socialuri revoluciebi.

imsjeleT

1. CamoTvaleT kvlevis procesis safexurebi.

2. axseniT, ratom aris mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli da damo­kidebuli cv­
ladebis mkafiod gamijvna da maTi mkafiod mi­TiTeba hipoTezaSi.
3. gansazRvreT validoba da sandooba.
4. SeadareT SemTxveviTi da araSemTxveviTi nimuSebi da axseniT, ratom aris Sem­
TxveviTi nimuSi upiratesi.

92
5. daasaxeleT efeqtiani anketis Sesadgenad saWiro romelime rCeva.
6. CamoTvaleT sakiTxebi, romelTa Sesaswavlad saukeTesoa Semdegi ZiriTadi
meTodebi: anketireba, eqsperimenti, eTnografia, istoriuli kvleva, Sinaar­
sis analizi, SedarebiTi meTodebi da kros-kulturuli kvlevebi.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. SearCieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxi. mokled aRwereT, rogor Caatareb­

diT kvlevas arCeul Temaze kvlevis procesis nabijebis kvaldakval. axseniT
sakuTari arCevani.
2. warmoadgineT kvlevis potenciuri proeqti, romelmac SesaZloa gamoavli­
nos sasargeblo sociologiuri codna, magram imavdroulad seriozuli eTi­
kuri sakiTxebi wamoWras. rogor gadaWridiT am sakiTxebs?
3. axseniT, ratom miiCnevs zogierTi, rom mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena socio­
logiaSi gacilebiT rTulia, vidre sxva mecnierebaSi.
4. moZebneT raodenobrivi kvlevis magaliTi gazeTSi an yovelkvireul krebul­
Si. aRwereT gamoyenebuli SerCeviTi kvlevis meTodi da imsjeleT misi upi­
ratesobisa da naklis Sesaxeb.
5. zogierTi Tvlis, rom adamianebze eqsperimentis Catareba ar SeiZleba. war­
moadgineT sakuTari Tvalsazrisi kvlevis Casatareblad eqsperimentuli
meTodis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

sityvari

altruistuli TviTmkvleloba _ durkhaimis termini ise­Ti TviTmkvlelo­

bis aRsaniSnavad, romelic jgufis an sazogadoebis ukiduresi mimdevrobis
Sedegia.
anomiuri TviTmkvlelobi _ durkhaimis termini iseTi TviT­mkvlelobis aRsan­
iSnavad, romelic socialuri normebis ararsebobis, e.w. anomiis mdgomareo­
bis Sedegia.
Sinaarsis analizi _ kvlevis meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia komu­
nikaciis manifesturi da latenturi Sinaarsebis sistematuri organizeba da
Sejameba.
korelacia _ or cvlads Soris regularuli ur­TierTkavSiri.
korelaciis koeficienti _ aTwiladebi nulsa da erTs Soris, romelic gamoi­
yeneba korelaciis siZlieris saCveneblad.
kros-kulturuli kvleva _ kvleva, romelic mkvlevaris sazogadoebis miRma
sazogadoebaTa socialur formebs aRwers.
monacemebi _ faqtebi, statistika, kvlevis Sedegebi da dakvirvebis Sedegad mo­
grovili sxva informacia, romelic Teoriebis SeqmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba.

93
damokidebuli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros gav­
lenas axdens erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladi.
egoisturi TviTmkvleloba _ durkheimis termini iseTi TviTmkvlelobis aRsa­
niSnavad, romelic socialuri izolaciisa da individualizmis Sedegia.
eTnografiuli kvleva _ romlis drosac mecnierebi adamianebs TavianT yovel­
dRiur garemoSi, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivad akvirdebian.
eqsperimenti _ kvlevis meTodi, roca subieqtebs specialurad Seqmnil garemo­
Si akvirdebian. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gaakontrolon faqtorebi,
romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios Sesaswavl cvladebs Soris hipoTezur
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze. eqsperimentis Ca­tareba SesaZlebelia labora­
toriaSi da savele garemoSi.
fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba _ TviTmkvleloba im mizniT, rom adamianma Tavi
daaRwios gardauvlad mZime momavals.G
globalizacia _ procesi, romlis ZaliTac mTeli msoflios xalxebs Soris
mWidro urTierTkavSirebi ibmeba.
istoriuli kvlevebi _ warsulis movlenebis, cxovrebis wesisa da cvlilebaTa
formebis sociologiuri kvleva.
hipoTeza _ sacdeli debuleba, romelic winaswarmetyvelebs, ra urTierTgav­
lena an kavSiri eqneba or an met cvlads.
damoukidebeli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori, romelzec eqsperimentis dros
gavlenas axdens erTi an meti damokidebuli cvladi.
indikatori _ is, rac SesaZloa zustad gaizomos, rogorc ufro rTuli cvladis
aproqsimacia (miaxloeba).
interviu _ saubari, romlis drosac mkvlevari sxva adamians usvams kiTxvaTa se­
rias an msjelobs garkveul Temaze.
saSualo _ saSualo maCvenebeli, romelic monacemTa seriis cifrebis SekrebiT
da miRebuli jamis monacemTa raodenobaze gayofiT miiReba.
mediana _ ricxvi, romelic cifrTa rigis SuaSia.
meTodologia _ kvlevis warmarTvis procedura.
mniSvneloba _ cifri, romelic monacemTa seriaSi yvelaze xSirad Cndeba.
operaciuli gansazRvreba _ naTlad gansazRvruli indikatorebis nakrebi,
romelmac analizis dros erT-erTi cvladi unda warmoadginos.
populacia _ kvlevis dros im adamianTa mTliani raodenoba, romlebsac Sesas­
wavli Taviseburebebi axa­siaTebT.
xarisxobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic konkretuli SemTxvevis Rrmad Sesas­
wavlad ZiriTadad verbalur aRweraze, pirveli xelis (pirvelad) dakvirve­
bebze an aRwerazea damokidebuli.
raodenobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic monacemTa statistikur analizs
emyareba.
SemTxveviTi meTodi _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic dros nimuSis arCeva imgvarad
xdeba, rom Sesaswavli populaciis nebismier wevrs arCevis Tanabari Sansi
aqvs.

94
sandooba _ erTi da imave an sxva mkvlevaris mier ganmeorebiTi kvlevis dros
miRebuli Sedegebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
nimuSi _ Sesaswavli populaciidan adamianTa SezRuduli raodenobis arCeva mo­
cemuli populaciis warmomadgenlebad.
meoreuli analizi _ kvleva, romelic wina kvlevaTa Sedegad miRebul monacemTa
xelaxal analizs axdens.
moCvenebiTi korelacia _ or cvlads Soris korelacia, romelsac gamoxatuli
mizezobrivi safuZveli ara aqvs.
standartuli gadaxra _ statistikuri sazomi imisa, ramdenad Sordeba aRricx­
uli nimuSi saSualo an sxva centralur maCvenebels.
anketireba _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic kiTxvarebs an interviuebs, an orives er­
Tad iyenebs imis dasadgenad, rogor fiqroben, ganicdian da moqmedeben ada­
mianebi. kargi anketirebisas maRali sandoobisa da validobis mi­saRwevad Sem­
TxveviT nimuSebsa da winaswar gamocdil kiTxvebs iyeneben.
validoba _ xarisxi imisa, rogor SeuZlia mecnierul kvlevas imis gazomva, ris
gazomvasac cdilobs.
cvladi _ nebismieri faqtori, romelsac cvlileba Se­uZlia.

95
96
 nawili II

individi da sazogadoeba

97
98
 Tavi 3

socialuri urTierTqmedebis
struqtura

seqsualobis socialuri organizacia

pirveladi urTierTobebi
. megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi

meoreuli da arapirdapiri urTierTobebi

. ucxoebi
. arapirdapiri socialuri urTierTobebi

interaqcia samsaxurSi
. kavSirebi
. normebi da SeTanxmebuli wesebi
. qvejgufebi organizaciebSi
. lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura

kompleqsuri organizaciebi: biurokratia da misi

alternativebi
. biurokratiis buneba
. biurokratiis miRma

99
socialuri interaqciis struqturis axsna
. simboluri interaqcia
. dramaturgiuli midgoma
. eTnomeTodologia
. saubris analizi
. socialuri gacvla
. emociebis sociologia

CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: seqsi amerikaSi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
amerikelebi tokioSi: gasaubrebis mniSvneloba

100
 s eqsi yvelgan aris. amerikaSi seqsualuroba gamovlenilia popularuli
rok- musikis teqstebsa Tu videofilmebSi, mxatvrul filmebsa Tu satele­
vizio warmodgenebSi da Tan sdevs TiTqmis yvelafers. mas vxvdebiT Jurnal–
gazeTebis daTvalierebisas. is aris leitmotivi `Toq Souebisa~ da satelevizio
serialebisa, Cndeba kibersivrceSi. SeiZleba ifiqro, rom amerikaSi dRe da Rame
yvela `amas akeTebs~.
SesaZlebelia, rom Cveni religiuri moZRvrebis mixedviT vicodeT, rom seq­
si ar­is codva da is daSvebulia mxolod qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romlis mizanic
gamravlebaa. SeiZleba seqsze vifiqroT, rogorc iseT bunebriv fiziologiur moT­
xovnilebasa Tu instinqtze, rogoric aris SimSili da wyurvili, romelic unda dai­
kmayofilo. an Cven SegviZlia mivyveT froidiseul mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac
seqsi hgavs dauokebel cxens, romelic awyvetili miqris da misi sakuTari `me~ mu­d­
miv WidilSia daokebasTan. am mimarTulebiT zedmeti kontroli iwvevs daTrgunvas.
piradi gamocdilebebi xSirad sakmaod sxvadasxvagvaria. Cveni kultura Sesa­
Zlebelia, rom seqsis reklamirebas akeTebdes, magram bevri adamia­nisaTvis seqsi
aris intimuri, Zalze piraduli. igi SeiZleba, rom hormonebiT imarTebodes, ma­
gram ar modis bunebrivad. mozardebis pirvel seqsualur urTierTobebSi sakma­
od aris eqsperimentuli Ziebis SemTxvevebi. axalgazr­­debisTvis saukeTeso seqsi
SeiZleba `komfortuli~ ufro iyos, vidre kataklizmuri. magram iSviaTad vsau­
brobT seqsze, gansakuTrebiT ki _ Cvens partniorebTan.
sociologebisaTvis seqsi aris mxolod erTi forma mravali, rogorc wesi,
Zal­ze piraduli, magram dRemde arsebuli urTierTqmedebebis socialurad Ca­
mo­ya­libebuli formebidan. socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebi qmnis Sesa­
Zleblobas seqsisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac Cven erotikulad miviCnevT, visac vuax­
lovdebiT, Cveni molodinisaTvis, imisaTvis, rasac vakeTebT faqtobrivad da ra
Sexedulebac gvaqvs masze. seqsis bevri aspeqti, rasac `mxolod bunebis~ boZebu­
lad vTvliT, faqtobrivad aris Cveni kulturisa da drois gamoZaxili. meCvidmete
saukunis evropaSi eqimebi qalis orgazms normad da Cveul movlenad miiCnevdnen;
qalebs, visac hqonda daorsulebis problemebi, urCevdnen, rom ufro xSirad
hqonodaT orgazmi. mecxramete saukuneSi ki qalebis orgazmi CaiTvala uCveulo
da aranormalur movlenad. eqimebis (romelTaganac yvela mamakaci iyo) msjelo­
bis sagnad iqca sakiTxi _ arsebobda Tu ara es movlena saerTod. meoce saukuneSi
medikosebma `Tavidan aRmoaCines~ mdedrobiTi sqesis orgazmi, magram amasTanave
daaskvnes, rom misi `miRweva~ sakmaod did sirTules warmoadgenda da gaavrceles
rCeva gaumjobesebuli teqnikis Sesaxeb (lakeri, 1990 w.).
kulturuli codna seqsis Sesaxeb sakmaod meryeobs. dasavleTis medikosebi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen, rom masturbacia, sxva darRvevebTan erTad,
iwvevs xalebs, gamonayars, xelis gulebis Tmianobas, sibrmavesa da SeSlilobas.
aseTi mosazrebebi dRes ignorirebulia. gansxvavebuli kulturis xalxs gansx­
vavebuli gemovneba aqvs seqsualuri partnioris sakiTxSi. maSin, rodesac Taname­
drove amerikuli kultura aidealebs TiTqmis mamakacis msgavsi figuris mqone
qalebs, dasavleTafrikeli mamakacebi, adreuli xanis evropelebis msgavsad, upi­

101
ratesobas aniWeben ufro msxvil, formian qalebs. yvela kulturaSi seqsualur
urTierTobebSi aris zogi ram miuRebeli, zogi ki _ misaRebi. magaliTad, Cvens
qveyanaSi miRebulia iseTi saxis urTierToba, rodesac mamakaci ufrosia qalze,
xolo rodesac piriqiT aris anu mamakaci qalze umcrosia, es nak­lebad misaRebia.
zogierT kulturaSi ukanono seqsi SesaZlebelia, rom Zalian mkacrad daisajos,
calkeul SemTxvevebSi ganxilvis sagnad iqces an institucionalizebulic ki
iyos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas homoseqsualizmTan dakavSirebiTac.
ojaxuri da naTesauri sistemis mTavari funqciaa seqsualuri aqtivobis reg­
ulireba, raTa bavSvebisaTvis uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTze mzrunveli mSoblebi.
cvlilebebi seqsualuri qcevis modelebSi, rogorebicaa: Tineijerebis orsu­
loba, qorwinebamde Tanacxovreba, gaSoreba da xelmeored qorwineba _ mogva­
rebuli unda iyos sxva sferoebSi: saskolo programebSi Tineijeri dedebisaTvis,
kanonebSi, romlebic exeba araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi myofi partniorisaT­
vis alimentis dawesebas, gacnobis saagentoebSi da `personalur~ grafebSi, aseve
didi mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili ojaxebis aRiarebas.
SesaZlebelia, seqsi Zalismieri iaraRi gaxdes. mamakacebis seqsualuri Za­
ladobis faqtebi qalebis _ ucxoebis, meZavebis, Seyvarebulebisa Tu colebis
mimarT, kargad aris cnobili mraval kulturasa da sxvadasxva droSi. magram
ZaladobaSi xSirad ar igulisxmeba fizikuri Zala. Cvens sazogadoebaSi mamak­
acebi garkveulwilad dRemde iTvlebian seqsis iniciatorebad, qalebma ki, sanam
`danebdebian~, mosalodnelia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwion an saerTod Tavi Seika­
von. zogierTi mamakaci Tvlis, rom mas aqvs ufleba cols mosTxovos seq­sualuri
urTierToba sadac unda da rogorc unda. Tanasworuflebianobis momxreebis
urTierTobebSic ki wyvilebi TamaSoben Zalismier TamaSebs, gacnobierebulad
Tu gaucnobiereblad iyeneben (an uaryofen) seqss upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad,
mSvidobis dasamyareblad an raime dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.
partniorebis SerCeva da gamodgoma damokidebulia socialur struqturaze.
warmoidgineT Tqveni saSualo skolis damamTavrebeli klasis diagrama, sadac
yoveli ori adamiani, romlebsac erTmaneTisaTvis odesme mainc ukocniaT, erT­
maneTTan xaziT iqnebian dakavSirebulebi. Cven SegviZlia winaswar ganvsazRvroT,
sad wava is xazebi sxva socialuri faqtorebidan. fexburTis varskvlavebi albaT
ufro gundis gulSematkivrebs akoceben (an ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi, paemani eqne­
baT), vidre Wadrakis klubis wevrebs. xalxi iswrafvis, rom paemani hqondes Ta­
visi rasis warmomadgenlebTan, magram ra Tqma unda, aris gamonaklisebic. xazebis
umetesoba gavlebuli iqneba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris, magram yvela ara. es dia­
grama unda aRwerdes socialur qsels _ mosaxleobis wevrebs Soris arsebuli
kavSirebis models.
mosaxleobaSi yvela potenciuri mewyviledan qseli Semofarglavs im xalxs,
vinc faqtobrivad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. rogorc wesi, isini akavSireben erTma­
neTTan xalxs, romlebsac aqvT erTi da igive asaki, ganaTleba, rasa, socialuri
klasi da sxva sicialuri maxasiaTeblebi. SeiZleba SegiyvardeT ucxo adamiani
xalxiT savse oTaxSi, magram imis albaToba, rom es oTaxi savse iqneba Tqveni msgavsi
xalxiT _ sakmaod maRalia (levini, 1994 w.).

102
 ra Tqma unda, seqsi mxolod erT-erTia mravali saxis socialuri urTierTobe­
bidan (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli). am Tavs daviwyebT ameri­
kaSi seqsis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilviT. Semdeg gadavalT urTierTqmedebebisa
da urTierTobebis ZiriTad modelebze megobrebs, Seyvarebulebs, ucxoebs da im
xalxs Sorisac ki, romlebic pirispir arasodes ar Sexvedrian erTmaneTs. amis
Semdeg yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT urTierT­qmedebebze samuSao adgilebze, sadac
ikveTeba piraduli da sazogado interesebi, xolo Semdeg ki ganvixilavT kompleq­
suri organizaciebis struqturas _ rogor xdeba organizaciebis cvlileba da
gavlena xalxis cxovrebaze. Tavs davasrulebT socialuri urTierT­qmedebebis
struqturis axsniT.

seqsualobis socialuri organizacia

dRemde Zalian cota ram iyo cnobili amerikelebis seqsualur damokide­

bulebebsa da qcevaze. debatebi ojaxuri Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb cnobili xdebo­
da anekdoturi situaciebidan, fsevdomecnieruli kvlevebidan da angariSebidan,
personaluri midrekilebebidan da STabeWdilebebidan (levini, 1994 w.). janmrTe­
lobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilva (NHSLS), romelic
Catarda 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iyo pirveli mecnieruli kvleva imis Sesaxeb,
ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi amerikis saZinebel oTaxebSi (laumani da sxv. 1994 w.) (ix.
kvlevis meTodebi).
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba aRiniSneboda sixSire­
Si, partniorebis raodenobaSi, seqsualur upiratesobebsa da qcevebSi. magram
aseve aRmoCnda, rom SedarebiT cota amerikeli Ralatobs Tavis partniors an
da­kavebulia egzotikuri Tu `garyvnili~ seqsualuri qcevebiT. ufro metic,
daojaxebul wyvilebs (da Tanamcxovreblebs) seqsi ufro xSirad aqvT, vidre mar­
toxela adamianebs da isini ufro metad Tvlian seqss fizikurad da emociurad
damakmayofileblad.

kvlevis meTodebi

seqsi amerikaSi

1 930-ian wlebSi, rodesac Aalfred kinseim daiwyo seqsSi Tavisi pione­ruli kvlevebis Cat­
areba, mas egona ( da albaT marTalic iyo), rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs Seikavebda
saubrisagan Tavisi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. amitom kinseis moxaliseebis imedi hqonda.
moxaliseTa jgufi TviTSerCeuli iyo, visac TiTqos ufro meti interesi aqvs sakiTxTan mimarTe­
baSi _ da SesaZlebelia ufro mravalferovani gamocdilebac, vidre farTo sazogadoebas. Ses­
aZlebelia isini gulwrfel pasuxebs iZleodnen dasmul SekiTxvebze, magram maTi pasuxebiT ver
moxdeba mTeli sazogadoebis azris gamoxatva. kinseim, seqsualuri qcevis ufro farTo speq­

103
triT gasaSuqeblad Semoitana mamakacebi erTi sqesis garemoSi da homoseqsualuri qselebi.
aqedan kinsim miiRo Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac amerikaSi ganusazRvreli raodenobiT arakanon­
ieri seqsisa da homoseqsualizmis faqti dafiqsirda. miuxedavad amisa, es Sedegebi ormoci
wlis ganmavlobaSi problematuri rCeboda. faqtobrivad, kinsi nawilobriv aris pasuxismgebe­
li im mosazrebis Camoyalibebaze, rom amerikelebi ufro metad `erTobian~, vidre aRiareben am
faqts.
dRemde seqsis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebis umetesoba _ dawyebuli masters end jonso­
­n-is laboratoriuli kvlevebiT da damTavrebuli fleiboiSi (Playboy), redbuqsa (Redbook) da
sxva JurnalebSi ganTavsebuli werilebis mimoxilviT _ moxaliseebis monacemebs eyrdnoba. Sem­
deg, 1980-ian wlebSi moxda Sidsis afeTqeba. janmrTe­lobis dacvis samsa­xuris warmomadgenlebi
mixvdnen, rom maT ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi mecnieruli monacemebi imisaTvis, rom ganesazRvraT
Sidsis gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba. konservatorebi mTavrobaSi uxalisod aRiarebdnen SidsTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevaTa SesaZlo mniSvnelobas, magram isini daJinebiT iTxovdnen garkveuli
saxis SezRudvebis dawesebas. janmrTelobis dacvis erovnulma institutebma (NIH) gaakeTes
moTxovna samecniero-kvleviT winadadebebze, romlis teqstic ise­Ti sifrTxiliT iyo daweri­
li, rom sityva seqsic ki arsad ar iyo naxsenebi. eduard laumanma da misma kolegebma waradgines
ramodenime saproeqto winadadeba janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli
mimoxilvisaTvis (NHSLS). janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwifo institutma daamtkica, magram sen­
atma uari ganacxada maTi kvlevebis dafinansebaze.
mTavrobis uarSi iyo rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi momentebic. mkvlevarebs hqondaT
SesaZlebloba, rom mieRoT dafinanseba kerZo fondebidan. es ki gulisxmobda, rom mkvlevarebi
ar iyvnen valdebulni SezRuduliyvnen mTavrobis mier damtkicebuli sakiTxebisa da kiTxvebis
gaTvaliswinebiT amasTanave, es niSnavda imasac, rom bevrad ufro mciremasStabiani kvlevis Cat­
arebas moaxerxebdnen. mkvlevarebi varaudobdnen 20.000 adamianis gamokiTxvas. samTavrobo da­
finansebis dakargvam ki iZulebuli gaxada, es ricxvi 3.500-mde SeemcirebinaT. magram, mTavari
aris is, rogor xdeba mo­delis SerCeva da ara modelis zoma.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mi­moxilvis mkvlevarebi iye­nebd­
nen kargad gamocdil meTods, rasac albaTobiT SerCevas uwodebdnen. muSaobdnen ra Sefasebis
erovnul kvleviT centrTan (NORC), isini iyenebdnen kompiuterebs subieqtebis SemTxveviTi
meTodiT SesarCevad. arc erT kvlevas ar SeuZlia miaRwios imas, rom yvela SerCeul subieqt­
Tan xdebodes TanamSromloba, magram, rac ufro metia pasuxebis raodenoba, miT ufro didia re­
aluri suraTis miRebis albaToba. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnulma
mimoxilvam gamoxmaurebis rekordul cifrs miaRwia: im xalxidan, visac daukavSirdnen, xuTidan
oTxi adamiani daTanxmda interviuze.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi eqsperi­
mentis dros iyenebdnen kombinirebul meTods: isini atarebdnen pirispir interviuebs da, amav­
droulad, maTve avsebinebdnen konfidencialur kiTxvarebs, romlebic iluqeboda `saidumlo
konvertebSi~. kiTxvarebis Sedgena da Semdgom maTi damuSaveba mTeli xelovnebaa. iman, rogor
aris kiTxvebi Camoyalibebuli, ra formiT aris dasmuli da, agreTve, interviueris maneram Sesa­
Zlebelia gavlena iqonios saboloo Sedegebze. janmrTelobis dacvisa da socia­luri cxovrebis
erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufs undoda, rom kiTxvebi ar yofiliyo dawerili teq­nikuri eniT, ro­
melic bevri adamianisaTvis SeiZLeba gaugebari yofiliyo. amave dros arc slengis gamoyeneba ar
undodaT, romelic maT garkveulwilad daukargavda pativiscemas xalxis TvalSi. magaliTad,
isini iyenebdne oralur seqss, nacvlad filaciisa da kunilingusisa. maT aRmoaCines, rom bevr
adamians uWirda, rom Tavisi eniT aexsna seqsualuri qceva da amitom Seadgines kiTxvebi, rom­
lebsac mxolod iseTi konkretuli pasuxebis gacema sWirdeboda, ro­gorebicaa: `diax~, `ara~,

104
`ramdeni~ da `ramdenjer~. miRebuli pasuxebis nawilobriv Semowmebis Semdeg, sadac ufro metad
`socialurad misaRebi~ pasuxebi iyo mocemuli, vidre gulwrfeli, saWiro gaxda, rom zogierTi
SekiTxva sxvadasxvanairi formiT kidev ramdenimejer dasmuliyo.
Zalze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis
erovnul mimoxilvas garantirebuli hqonda konfidencialuroba. respodentebisagan miRebuli
informacia, sadac dafiqsirebuli iyo monacemebi TavianT Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia, rom maTive
sawinaaRmdegod yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic,
zogi farTomasStabiani kvlevis dros aucilebelia, rom moxdes respodentebis Cawera, rac
qmnis araganzraxuli gamovlenis SesaZleblobas. am mizniT, interviuerebi personalur mona­
cemebsa da intervius pasuxebs werdnen calkeul, gansxvavebuli feris formebSi. samsaxuris
TanamSromlebi, romlebsac saqme hqondaT erTi saxis formebTan, arasodes da aranairi Sexeba ar
hqoniaT sxva formebTan. Semdeg identifikatorebic nadgurdeboda. es niSnavda, rom janmrTe­
lobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebs ar unda efiqraT kv­
levebis gagrZelebis gegmebze, magram SeeZloT daecvaT anonimuroba.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnul mimoxilvas, iseve rogorc sxva
kvle­vebs, hqonda gansazRvruli SezRudvebi. SesaZlebelia, respodentebs gadaeWarbebinaT an
saerTod ar eTqvaT raime mniSvnelovani faqti; dasmul kiTxvebze sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
pasuxebi gaecaT, gansakuTrebiT iseTi intimuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, rogoric aris seqsualuro­
ba. kvlevebi ganixilaven mxolod imas, ras ambobs xalxi da ara imas, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi.
respodentebma SeiZleba, rom araswori informacia miawodon ara marto interviuerebs, aramed
Tavic ki moityuon raime konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, magaliTad, informacia imis Ses­
axeb, ra sixSiriT mimarTaven masturbacias. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis dacvisa da social­
uri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilva iyo mniSvnelovani pirveli nabiji Tanamedrove amerikaSi
seqsualuri qcevisa da damokidebulebis meTodur, samecniero kvlevis sakiTxSi.

garkveulwilad, qalebi da mamakacebi arian `Ramis wyvdiadSi mcuravi xomal­

debi~. mamakacebi ufro bevrs fiqroben seqsze da ufro met siamovnebas iReben
pornografiidan, vidre qalebi. mamakacebis sami meoTxedi da qalebis erTi meo­
Txedi ambobs, rom seqsualuri urTierTobebis dros yovelTvis ganicdis or­
gazms. es srulebiTac ar aris gasakviri. magram janmrTelobis dacvisa da socia­
luri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufi gaognebuli darCa Semdegi faqtiT:
xuTidan erTi qali aRniSnavda, rom seqsualur aqts Tavisi survilis winaaRmdeg
amyarebda da es, rogorc wesi, xdeboda maTTvis kargad nacnob mamakaceb­Tan xSirad
_ Seyvarebuleb­Tan da qmrebTan. mamakacebis sam procentze naklebma ki aRniSna,
rom isini qalebTan seqsualur aqts yovelTvis ZaldatanebiT axorcielebdnen.
zogierTi aseTi gansxvavebuli genderuli Sexe­duleba ueWvelia, mamakacebis
mxridan Serbilebuli monacemebis Sedegia. magram janmrTelobis dacvisa da so­
cialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom es ar aris
sruli istoria. ufro metic, isini darwmunebulni arian, rom mamakacebi xSirad
ar aRiareben, rom qalebi maT saqciels Zaldatanebas uwodeben. `ratom ar ambobs
is (qali) aras?~ _ svams kiTxvas zogierTi mamakaci. qali ambobs, magram mamakaci
ar usmens mas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am qalma daafiqsira Tavisi winaaRmdegoba. Sesa­

105
Zlebelia meore variantic _ mamakaci misma protestma aRagzno kidevac da CaTvala
(arasworad), rom qalsac igive gancda hqonda.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgu­
fis daxmarebiT bolo moeRo didi xnis debatebs, romelic exeboda mosazrebas
homoseqsualizmis farTod gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi
oficialuri wyaro gaxldaT 1948 wlis kinsis angariSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, aTidan
erTi amerikeli mamakaci homoseqsualisti iyo. janmrTe­lobis dacvisa da social­
uri cxovrebis erovnulma mimoxilvam aRmoaCina, rom proporcia iyo bevrad ufro
dabali: mamakacebis mxolod 2.8 procentma uwoda Tavs mamaTmavali da qalebis
1.4-ma procentma lesboseli Tu biseqsuali (sqema 3.1). magram miTi 10 procentis
Sesaxeb, mainc ZalaSia. bunebri­via, Cndeba kiTxva, ratom? imitom, rom mamaTmav­
lebi ZiriTadad cdiloben icxovron niu-iorkSi, san-franciskosa da sxva did qa­
laqebSi _ iq, sadac mravalricxovani homoseqsualuri Temebia Tavmoyrili. amis
Sedegad qalaqebSi homoseqsualebis raodenoba didia, xolo soflebSi ki _ cota
(da/an gasaidumloebuli). aseTi geografiuli modeliT SeiZleba aixsnas, ratom
amtkiceben mamaTmavlebis uflebebis damcvelTa jgufebi, rom 10 procenti aris
zusti monacemi (zogierT qalaqSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mimdebare teritoriebze, sa­
varaudod asea) maSin, rodesac religiis mimdevrebi (romlebic ufro xSirad so­
flebSi cxovroben) Tvlian, rom homoseqsualizmis gamovlena bevrad ufro iSvia­
Tia, vidre arsebuli monacemebiT aris dafiqsirebuli. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
bevri adamiani, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis garkveuli momentebiT CarTulia raime
homoseqsualur aqtivobaSi an urTierTobaSi, Tavis Tavs srulebiTac ar miiCnevs
homoseqsualad.
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnuli mimoxilvis jgufma
aRmoaCina, rom amerikelebi SedarebiT naklebad TavSekavebulni arian seqsTan da­
kavSirebiT. ori mwvave sakiTxi, raze pasuxis gacemazec mudmivad Tavs ikavebdnen,
iyo ojaxis Semosavali da masturbacia. masturbacia Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis
dRemde tabudadebulia. bevri adamiani ganixilavs masturbacias, rogorc cod­
vas, Tavisi Tavis kontrolis uunarobas, fiziologiuri an socialuri SeuTavse­
blobis simptoms an misaRebs, mxolod garkveuli kategoriis adamianebisaTvis
da gansakuTrebul situaciebSi (ymawvili biWebisaTvis an axalgazrdebisaTvis,
romelTa mSoblebic didi xniT arian saxlidan wasulebi). magram masturbacia jer­
jerobiT Cveul movlenad iTvleba. mamakacebis umravlesoba da bevri qali aRniS­
navs, rom garkveul SemTxvevebSi isini `uSveben~ masturbaciis SesaZleblobas _
magram maTi umetesoba aRniSnavs, rom amis Semdeg isini Tavs damnaSaved Tvlian.
Camoyalibda pasuxebis modeli. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azris Tanax­
mad, martoxelebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven masturbacias, vidre daojaxebulebi
an is xalxi, vinc vinmesTan cxovrobs. am mosazrebas amtkicebs is varaudi, rom
TiToeul adamians aqvs garkveuli raodenobis `fiziologiuri moTxovnileba
seqsze~, romelic unda gamovlindes. Tu garkveuli pirovneba ver axerxebs, rom
hyav­des partniori, maSin es pirovneba `mimarTavs~ masturbacias. faqtia, rom amis
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba simarTles Seesabameba: rac ufro xSirad aqvs adamians

106
seqsi mis partniorTan, miT ufro iSviaTad mimarTavs masturbacias. `Tu xSirad
gaqvT seqsi, e.i. bevrs fiqrobT masze~ (ganoni, Taimi, 17 oqtomberi, 1994 w., gv. 68).

TavianT Tavs zrdasrul asakSi seqsualurad Semajamebeli anga­

Tvlis homoseqsu­ erTxel mainc mimzidvelad riSis mixedviT, sul
alad an biseqsu­ hqondaT ur­ msgavsi sqesis cota, gamoxatuli
alad TierToba Tavisi warmomadgenels miswrafeba mainc
sqesis warmomad­ miiCneven Tavisi sqesisadmi
genelTan an gamocdileba am
sakiTxSi
sqema 3.1 miTi _ homoseqsualizmi 10 %
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri cxovrebis erovnulma mimoxilvis Sedegad aR­
moCnda, rom xSirad miTiTebuli monacemi _ aTidan erTi _ aqtiuri Tu gansakuTre­
buli homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb mTeli mosaxleobis konteqstSi, ararealuria. miuxe­
davad amisa, im amerikelebis procentuli raodenoba, romlebsac homoseqsualizmis
garkveuli gamocdileba aqvT da seqsualuri urTierTobebis fantazirebas axdenen Ta­
visive sqesis warmomadgenlebTan, swored am monacems _ aTidan erTi _ uaxlovdeba.

wyaro: eduard laumeni da sxvebi, adaptirebulia `Time~, 17 oqtomberi, 1994w.

gv. 62-66

seqsi rom mxolod biologiuri mamoZravebeli Zala an individualuri fsiqo­

logia yofiliyo, maSin masturbacia da sxva qmedebebi arasistemurad gavrcel­
deboda. miuxedavad amisa, saqme mTlad ase ar aris. rac ufro metad aris xalxi
ganaTlebuli, TiTqos miT ufro metad mimarTaven isini masturbacias. mwigno­
bari inteleqtualebis stereotipis sawinaaRmdegod, umaRlesdamTavrebuli qa­­
l­e­­bi qveyanaSi erT-erTi yvelaze naklebdakompleqsebul jgufs Seadgenen. mo­
nacemebis mixedviT, konservatiuli religiuri rwmenis qalebi yvelaze naklebad
mimarTavdnen masturbacias; magram iyvnen daojaxebulni, romlebic ufro xSir
SemTxvevaSi ambobdnen, rom yovelTvis ganicdian orgazms TavianT qmrebTan se­
qsualuri urTierTobebis dros. daojaxebul kaTolokeebs seqsi ufro xSirad
aqvT, vidre sxva religiaTAa warmomadgenlebs (an arareligiur xalxs). martoxela
ebrael mamakacebs hyavT yvelaze meti partniori. cxadia, socialuri faqtori ze­
gavlenas axdens seqsze.
seqsis socialur struqturas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moaqvs sajaro poli­
tikisaTvis. xalxi SemTxveviT ar irCevs seqsualur partniors. SeerTebul Sta­
tebSi Sidsis ZiriTadi msxverpli iyvnen mamaTmavali kacebi da intravenuri

107
narkomanebi. am kategoriis xalxi cdilobs, rom socialurad da seqsualurad
izolirebuli iyos cxovrebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebidan. monogamiis SemTx­
vevaSi, rodesac pirovnebebi usafrTxo seqsiT arian dakavebulni, SesaZlebelia,
maRali riskis winaSe aRmoCndnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT socialur qselSi arian
daavadebis matarebeli adamianebi (Tu maTi partniorebi ar arian patiosnebi 100
procentiT). pirovnebebs, romlebsac Tvisufali seqsiT aqvT mravalricxovan
partniorebTan, SesaZlebelia, rom dabali riskis winaSe aRmoCdnen, Tu maT so­
cialur qselSi cota adamiania SidsiT daavadebuli. jer kidev aravin ar aris
socialurad daculi. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTa umetesoba seqsualur
partniors irCevs Tavisi socialuri qselidan, zogi pirovneba mainc riskavs da
sxvagan eZebs partniors, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini dakavebulni arian
arakanonieri seqsiT (magaliTad, rodesac daqorwinebuli wyvilidan erT-erTs
sxvasTan aqvs urTierToba an biseqsualuri aqtivobis dros). erTjeradi urT­
ierTobis akrZalvis mcdelobebma SesaZlebelia, Sidsi SedarebiT ufro dacul
qselSi Seiyvanos. mTavaria is, rom Sidsis virusi pirdapiri gziT gadadis seqsua­
luri kontaqtis dros da, radganac seqsi socialurad stuqturirebulia, Sid­
sis epidemia socialuri problemaa, romelic ver SeCerdeba mxolod pirovnebis
qcevaze koncentrirebiT. socialuri modelebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaTval­
iswinebuli (ix. Tavi 14).

pirveladi urTierTobebi

parizis erT-erT quCaSi wyvili exuteba erTmaneTs; am dros ismis fotoapara­

tis Cxakuni _ fotografma firze aRbeWda isini. foto, romelzec parizis sao­
crebasTan erTad zustad aris daWerili axalgazrduli siyvarulis arsi, mra­
valjer daibeWda da sayovelTaod cnobili gaxda mTels msoflioSi. sami adamia­ni:
ori Seyvarebuli da erTi gamvleli, romelsac Seyvarebulebi verc ki amCneven,
maTi pirovnuli momenti fotografis xelovneba gaxda.
wyvilisaTvis `Caxuteba~ axali cxovrebis dawyebas niSnavs: isini daqorwinde­
bian, gazrdian Svilebs, gaiziareben kargs da cuds da gaicnoben erTmaneTs ise,
rogorc sakuTar Tavs. fotografisTvis ki `Caxuteba~ karieris dasawyiss niSnavs,
rac waradgens mas Jurnal-gazeTebis gamomcemlebis, galereis mflobelebisa
da koleqcionerebis samyaroSi _ xalxTan, romlebsac is saerTod ar icnobs an
mxo­lod garegnobiT icis, magram visi daxmarebiTac SeZlebs, rom gza gaikvalos
cxovrebaSi. es wyvili da fotografis samyaro ori gansxvavebuli tipis jgufia.
erTs fesvebi gadgmuli aqvs ojaxSi da asocirdeba industriis wina periodis sof­
lis tipis cxovrebasTan, xolo meore _ industrializaciasTan, urbanizaciasTan
da Sromis samyarosTan dakavSirebul Tanamedrove ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba.
amerikelma sociologma Carls Horton qulim (Charls Horton Cooley) (1905/1956
ww.) pirvel tips `pirveladi jgufebi~ uwoda, xolo meores _ `meoreuli jgufe­
bi~. pirveladi jgufebi gamoirCevian Semdegi ZiriTadi maxasia­TeblebiT:

108
1. mudmivi pirispir urTierTobebi
2. mZafrad gamoxatuli personaluri identifikacia jgufTan
3. mZafrad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgufis wevrebs Soris
4. mravalmxrivi urTierTobebi
5. mdgradobis tendencia

amis sawinaaRmdegod ki, meoreuli jgufebi xasiaTdebian

SemdegiT:

1. SezRuduli pirispir urTierTobebi

2. TavSekavebuli an susti personaluri identifikacia jgufTan
3. sustad gamoxatuli kavSiri jgufis wevrebs Soris
4. SezRuduli, meoreuli urTierTobebi
5. aramyarobisa da droebiTobis tendencia

pirveladi da meoreuli jgufebi efuZnebian sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebsa

da urTierTqmedebebis sxvadasxva models. pirvelad jgufebSi (ojaxi an axlo me­
gobrebi) xalxi mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan; maT ician erTmaneTis cxovrebis
mravali aspeqti; maTi urTierTqmedebebi emociurad datvirTulia; identuroba
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan; urTierTobas xedaven, rogorc xan­
grZlivsa da mudmivs, miuxedavad imisa, cxovroben Tu ara isini erTsa da imave
teritoriaze da xvdebian Tu ara isini xSirad erTmaneTs. Seyvarebulebis mxridan­
ac ki, maTi romantikuli urTierTobebi darCeba maTi individua­luri cxovrebis
istoriis nawilad.
amis sapirispirod ki, meoreuli urTierTobebi aris droebiTi da zerele.
xalxs mwiri informacia aqvs erTmaneTis cxovrebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, mxolod
samsaxuriT aris Semofargluli); urTierTqmedebebi ufro formaluri da piro­
biTia (dominanturia umniSvnelo sakiTxebze Tavaziani, megobruli saubrebi);
urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi, araemociuria; Tu isini gadadian sadme sxvagan an
icvlian samsaxurs, maSinve kargaven interess da, Sedegad, SemdgomSi maTi kon­
taqtebis SenarCunebis imedic ki aRar rCeba. fotografs Tavisi karieris ganmav­
lobaSi Zalian bevr gamomcemelTan eqneba samsaxurebrivi urTierToba, radganac
TviTonac da isinic icvlian samsa­xurebs, magram mxolod erTi-ori Tu darCeba
pirad megobrad.
quli yuradRebas amaxvilebs or aspeqtze. pirveli _ Tanamedrove sazoga­
doebaSi meoreuli jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTqmedebebi izrdeba.
amitom, ar SegviZlia msxvil socialur organizaciaze vifiqroT martivad, ro­
gorc `aSkara~ ojaxze an adgilobriv Temze. urTierTqmedebebi da urTierTobebi
Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. meore _ Tanamedrove sazogadoeba da
meoreuli urTierTobebi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli etiketis normebze anu
kulturul normebze, rac aregulirebs qalaqebSi ucxoebs Soris urTierTqmede­
bas (rac gansxvavebulia patara soflebis macxovreblebSi, sadac yvela piradad
icnobs erTmaneTs). pirovneba imitom icavs am normebs _ rogoric aris ofician­

109
tebisaTvis xurdis micema an rigSi dgoma, rom icis, es normebi unda daicvas da
ara imitom, rom mas aqvs piradi kavSirebi sxva xalxTan an raime safasurs elodeba
am saqcielisaTvis. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba warmatebuli iqneba manamde, sanam
ucxoebTan Tavaziani urTierTqmedebisa da gacnobis normebi iqneba mkacri. rode­
sac es normebi miviwyebas eZleva an ignorirebulia, maSin Tavazianobis normebi
irRveva da cxovrebis done ecema.

megobrebi da Seyvarebulebi

megobroba da siyvaruli Cveulebrivi pirveladi uTierTobebia. pirovnebebi

nebismier sazogadoebaSi TiTqos _ da SesaZlebelia, saWiroc iyos _ eZeben siT­
bos, inarCuneben myar urTierTobebs, rac akavSirebs maT socialur qselebTan da
jgufebTan da aZlierebs ufro individualur, pirad urTi­erTobebs (braini, 1976
w.). miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturis xalxi sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvravs
megobars da Seyvarebuls. Cvens sazogadoebaSi megobroba da siyvaruli piradi ar­
Cevanis sagania.
sxva sazogadoebebSi (magaliTad, bvangaSi, centraluri afrika), mamakaci
Tavis megobars ufro metad afasebs, vidre Tavis cols an Zmebs (braini, 1976 w.).
bvangaSi iTvleba, rom naTesavi ar imsaxurebs ndobas da qorwinebas ganixilaven,
rogor gamravlebis praqtikul saSualebas. amis sapirispirod ki, megobroba gu­
lidan modis da mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba. saukeTeso megobrebi erTmaneTis
mimarT siTbos gamoxataven: exutebian erTmaneTs, xelCakidebulni arian da gver­
digverd sZinavT; erTmaneTs patar-patara saCuqrebs ukeTeben da iSviaTad mid­
ian Sors erTmaneTis gareSe. Cvens kulturaSi bvangas msgavsi megobrebi SeiZleba
aRviqvaT rogorc Seyvarebulebi, magram homoseqsualizmi maTTvis ucnobia. bevr
kulturaSi religiuri ceremoniebiT xdeba megobrobis oficialurad aRiareba,
rac akanonebs Zmadnaficebs an compadrazgos (RmerTis mier nakurTx Zmebs). aseTi
kavSirebi iseTive mniSvnelovani da SemakavSirebelia, rogoric qorwineba. Taname­
drove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi vnebisa da valdebulebis cneba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze damaxasiaTebelia `mxolod SeyvarebulebisaTvis~.

romantiuli siyvaruli

romantikuli siyvaruli aris Cveni kulturis ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba;

zogma SesaZlebelia Tqvas, rom es aris akviatebuli idea. rasac Cven ganvicdiT
sruliad bunebrivia, vinaidan is Cveni gulis siRrmidan modis. miuxedavad amisa,
is formirebulia Cveni kulturis mier. Tanamedrove dasavluri gagebiT, roman­
tikuli siyvaruli Suasaukuneebidan da aristokratiuli wreebidan modis (lu­
mani, 1986 w.). aristokratiuli siyvaruli modioda erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakav­
Sirebul mosazrebebidan: siyvaruli aris arakontrolirebadi emocia, romelic
pirvelive danaxvisTanave ucabedad aRiZvreba da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
rCeba; Seyvarebulebi erTmaneTisTvis arian Seqmnilni, beds veravin ver gaeqceva;

110
siyvaruls moaqvs bedniereba, tanjva an orive erTad; da siyvaruli STagvagonebs
da gvakeTilSobilebs (skolniki, 1978 w.). miuxedavad amisa, aristokratuli si­
yvaruli ar iyo qorwinebis Semadgeneli nawili (braini, 1976 w.). piriqiT, Seyvare­
buli adamiani yovelTvis sxvaze qorwindeboda da misi siyvaruli an akrZaluli,
an miuwvdomeli, ganuxorcielebeli fantaziis nayofi iyo. Zalian xSirad es vneba
ar cxreboda. Seyvarebulebi amis Semdeg ara Tu `arasodes aRar iyvnen bedniere­
bi~, aramed ganwirulni iyvnen sasikvdilod. zogjer maT sdevnidnen da xSirad
Wkuidanac ki iSlebodnen.
Tavdapirvelad, romantikuli siyvarulis ideologia diTirambebs umReroda
uiRblo varskvlavze dabadebul Seyvarebulebs _ Seyvarebulebs, romelTa urTi­
erTobac akrZaluli iyo. aseTi yvelaze cnobili Seyvarebulebi arian romeo da
julieta _ ori mtrulad ganwyobili gvaris Svilebi. es istoria warmoaCens si­
yvarulis romantikul mxares, rogorc uZlieres emocias, romelic akavSirebs
or pirovnebas, miuxedavad socialuri da kulturuli normebisa. sociologiuri
ganmartebiT es aris pirovnebis vnebasa da sazogadoebriv wyobas Soris konfron­
taciis SemTxveva.
pirdapiri kavSirebi pirovnebebsa da socialur struqturas Soris aris sta­
tusebi da rolebi. statusi aris mdgomareoba sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic
gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven sxvebTan mimarTebaSi, da amgvarad ZiriTad rols Ta­
maSobs socialuri identurobis Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi. magaliTad, `mSoblis~ sta­
tusi gansazRvravs garkveul uflebebsa da valdebulebebs SvilebTan mimarTebaSi.
mSoblebi valdebulni arian daicvan da mouaron Svilebs da aqvT ufleba mii­Ron
gadawyvetileba Svilebis ganaTlebis, sarwmunoebisa da maTi qmedebebis Taobaze.
amave dros, Svilebs aqvT ufleba, rom daculni da uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mSob­
lebis mier da valdebulni arian, rom pativi scen da daemorCilon maT. `mSobeli~
agreTve aris socialuri identuroba, romelic gulisxmobs zrdasrul asaksa da
pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac SeuZlia uTxras sxvebs _ magaliTad, maswavleblebs
_ ras warmoadgens es pirovneba. TiToeul Cvengans erTdroulad bevri statusi
aqvs; pirovnebis yvela statuss, erTad aRebuls, vuwodebT statusebis nakrebs
(status set). amgvarad, mSobeli SesaZlebelia iyos Tavisi colis qmari, Tavisi Tanam­
Sromlebis xelmZRvaneli, Tavisi axloblebis megobari da a.S. vinaidan pirovneba
izrdeba da aRwevs garkveul asaks, Sedis skolaSi da amTavrebs mas, eZebs samsaxurs
da icvlis mas, qmnis ojaxs da ganqorwindeba, met-naklebad CarTuli xdeba poli­
tikasa da sportSi, amitom misi statusebis simravle icvleba.
roli aris im xalxis qcevasa da damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli kul­
turuli molodini, visac ukavia mocemuli pozicia, iseve, rogorc periodu­
lad ganmeorebad situaciebTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli principebi. mSobeli
aris socialuri roli. amerikelTa umravlesoba mSoblebisagan elodeba, rom
isini uzrunvelyofen Svilebs sacxovrebliT da zrunaven maT janmrTelobaze.
aseve mSoblebs uyvarT isini da amayoben maTi miRwevebiT (maTi pirveli nabije­
biT, warmatebebiT kolejSi). Cvevebi, rogoricaa maTi daZineba, iarebis moSuSe­
ba, pampersis gakeTeba da dabadebis dReze saCuqris Cuqeba, exmareba mSoblebs am

111
miznebis miRwevasa da gamoxatvaSi. ra Tqma unda, mSoblebi TavianT rolebs sxva­
dasxvagvarad asruleben. gansxvavebul mosazrebebs, romlebic dakavSrebulia
Svilebis gaCenasTan (damokidebuli eTnikasa Tu religiaze), social-ekonomikur
saSualebebTan (Semosavali, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, ganaTleba, komunaluri momsa­
xureba) da rolis konfliqtTan (erTmaneTis gadamfaravi moTxovnebi mSoblebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic muSaoben), mivyavarT mSoblis rolis sxadasxvagvarad
ganxorcielebamde.
zogierTi statusi dominirebs. davubrundeT romeosa da julietas: TiToeu­
li maTganisaTvis umTavresi statusi _ master statusi (master status), romelic
Crdilavs yvela sxvas _ aris dasaqorwinebeli Svili. egreT wodebuli Cveu­
lebrivi roli aris is, rom daemorCilo mSoblebis nebas da daqorwinde, magram
ara ojaxis mtris romelime wevrze (montegebi da kapuletebi). maTi statusis
Sesabamisi rolebis Sesrulebis winaaRmdegobiT, romeo da julieta arRveven
sazogado­ebriv wyobas.
romeo da julieta istoriis erTi mimarTuleba aris, rogorc gamafrTxile­
beli: rodesac adamianebi TavianT emociebs aZleven srul Tavisuflebas da Ta­
vianT rolebs ar asuleben, maSin sazogadoebrivi wyoba gamoxatavs winaaRmdego­
bas da, rogorc wesi, imarjvebs. magram Seqspirma, romelmac es nawarmoebi dawera
ramde­nime aswleulis Semdeg, rac es istoria moxda, msu­buqad Secvala am istoriis
morali: dadebiTi kuTxiT daanaxa sazogadoebas es ganwiruli Seyvarebulebi, maTi
istoria ki _ tragediad. dRes romeo da julietas aRviqvamT, rogorc suleli
ojaxebisa da zedmetad mkacri socialuri sistemis usamarTlo msxverpls. Cveni
kultura pirovnebas socialur valdebulebebze ufro maRla ayenebs.
Cven, gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT im statusebs, rasac
CvenTvis virCevT da rasac individualuri ZalisxmeviT vaRwevT. SeZenili sta­
tusebi (achieved statuses) aris niSnebi warmatebisa da individualuri miR­wevebisa.
(aseTi statusebis magaliTebia kolejdamTavrebuli adamiani, eklesiis diakvani,
saxlis mflobeli da zogierTi dajgufebis lideri). warmomavlobiTi statuse­
bi (ascribed statuses) ki, amis sapirispirod, sxvebis mier aris miniWebuli, is xSirad
damokidebulia memkvidrul an biologiur faqtorebze, rogoricaa rasa, sqesi,
asaki da erovneba. warmomavlobiTi statusi xSirad xdeba master-statusebi. mag­
aliTad, Tineijerebi (warmomavlobiTi statusi) xSirad saeWvod miiCneven maTi
individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebis miuxedavad. coli da qmaric, aseve,
iswrafvian master-statusisaken. radganac qorwineba aseTi mniSvnelovani so­
cialuri urTierTobaa, is xazs usvams kulturul gansxvavebas warmomavlobiTsa
da SeZenil statusebs Soris arsebul RirebulebebSi.

112
qorwineba garigebiT

im periodSi, rodesac romeo da julieta cxovrobdnen, mSoblebs hqondaT

ufleba da valdebulnic iyvnen SeerCiaT da daTanxmebodnen Svilis arCevans qor­
winebasTan dakavSirebiT. marTlac, bevr kulturaSi Zalian didi mniSvne­loba eni­
Weba, rom qorwineba da ojaxi _ bavSvebis gazrda, memkvidreobis miReba da ojax­
is xazis gagrZeleba _ dafuZnebuli iyos raRac iseT winaswar ganusazRvrelsa
da daudgromelze, rogoric aris pirovnuli mimzidveloba. qorwinebebi aris
ojaxebis mier mowyobili; ojaxis statusisaTvis Sesaferisi rZlis an siZis mo­
Zebna umTavaresi prioriteti iyo (amasTanave, SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebuli
iyos is faqtic, moswonT Tu ara axalgazrdebs erTmaneTi). axalgazrdebi eyrdno­
bian TavianTi mSoblebis gonierebas. isini imedovneben, rom siyvaruli gaCndeba
qorwinebis Semdeg, gamomdinare colisa da qmris statusebidan, rac maT TvianTi
ojaxebiTa da TemebiT aqvT miRebuli.
amis sapirispirod, romantikuli siyvarulis mimdevrebi qorwinebas ganixi­
laven, rogorc SeZenil statuss. romantikosebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi eZeben
saukeTeso meore naxevars da imedi aqvT, rom xangrZlivi romantikuli urTi­
erTobiT `moipoveben~ idealur Seyvarebuls (ironiulad rom vTqvaT, msgavsi
ideologia, rac gvibiZgebs siyvaruliT qorwinebisaken, SesaZlebelia gamo­
yenebul iqnes im adamianebis mier, visi rCeulebic aseTi saukeTesoni ar arian;
arakanonieri urTierTobisa Tu SemdgomSi gaSorebis SemTxvevaSi). Cven iseve
vaprotestebT, rodesac gveubnebian vin aris Sesaferisi da vin ara, rogorc ma­
Sin, rodesac Cveni mSoblebi winaaRmdegni arian, rom SevxvdeT romelime biWs an
gogonas skolaSi da maSinac, rodesac megobrebi daJinebiT moiTxoven, rom mogvi­
wyon Sexvedra CvenTvis ucnob pirovnebasTan. individualizmi gviTrevs romeosa
da julietas msgavs istoriebSi, sadac Seyvarebulebi yuradRebas ar aqceven arc
TavianT sazogadoebasa da kulturis normebs da arc mosalodnel Sedegebs iT­
valiswineben.

siyvaruli da qorwineba

kavSiri romantikul siyvarulsa da qorwinebas Soris daiwyo inglisSi, rogorc

nawili im saerTo protestantuli gankicxvisa, romelic exeboda aristokratiis
amoralurobas, TavSeukaveblobasa da `saxifaTo kavSirebs~ (gei (Gay), 1995w.).
siyva­ruliT qorwineba damaxasiaTebeli iyo britanuli saSualo fenis sazoga­
doebisaTvis. ori pirovnebis saxe, romelTa sulebic Serwymuli iyo erTmaneTTan,
mWidro kavSirSi iyo mimdinare protestantizmTan da kapitalizmis ayvavebasTan.
protestantizmi xazs usvamda TviTSemecnebis mniSvnelobas da gonebis gawmen­
das boroti zraxvebisagan, rac dRis sasiyvarulo werilebis centraluri Tema
xdeboda. am dros ki, romantiuli siyvaruli aRvivebda individualur stimuls,
romelic iswrafvoda pirovnuli miRwevebisaken, da Tavmoyvareobas, romelic
mzardi kapitalisturi ekonomikisaTvis iyo saWiro.

113
 romantiulma siyvarulma versad ver moikida ise fexi, rogorc amerikaSi (lis­
tra, 1989 w.). werilebis mixedviT, rac im dros komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba iyo,
mecxramete saukunis romantiuli urTierToba TviTgamorkvevisa da Tavisi Tavis
aRmoCenis procesi iyo Seyvarebulebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTSi msjelobdnen
TavianTi `Sinagani mes~ gamovlenisa da `namdvili~ grZnobebis gamo­xatvis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. erTis mxriv, aseTi gacvlebis funqcia iyo qorwinebamde wyvilebis
erTmaneTTan Seguebis Semowmeba, Semdegi ki is, rom sasiyvarulo urTierToba emo­
ciur gantvirTvas iwvevda saSualo fenis sazogadoebis mamakacebSi da ufro da
ufro metad iyo mosalodneli, rom isini gamoavlendnen TavianT gulgril da gaTv­
lil qce­vebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mxolod sasiyvarulo urTierTobis dros
SeuZlia mamakacs, rom `iyos is, rac aris~. sasiyvarulo istoria agreTve aris xidi
mamakacisa da qalis samyaroebs Soris arsebul mzard ufskrulze.
amerikaSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi siyvarulis ideam _ gansakuTrebiT
Seyvarebul mamakacebSi _ garkveuli cvlileba daiwyo (sTernsi da nefi, 1993 w.).
mamakacuri siyvarulis `deromantizaciis~ naxva SesaZlebeli iyo esqvairSi (Es-
quire) _ fleibois (PPPlayboy) winamorbedSi. es iyo pirveli Jurnali, romelic spe­
cialurad iyo Seqmnili kacebisaTvis, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis. iTvleboda ra
qalebis `tkbili da msubuqi~ Jurnalebis antipodad, esqvairi ilaSqrebda Taname­
drove qalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac aragonier, Tavqarian, eWvian da wuwuna ar­
sebebad Tvlida; aqveynebda statiebs omis, Tavgadasavlebisa da sportis Sesaxeb
(mamakacTa interesis sferoebi); qalebis suraTebs, ara rogorc raime idealebis,
aramed rogorc samomxmareblo saqonlis (manqanebisa da mamakacebis tansacmlis
gverdiT); sasiyvarulo situaciebs ganixilavda, rogorc TavSesaqcevs drois ga­
sayvanad da igi sportul interesamde ufro dah­yavda, vidre cxovrebis Tanamgza­
vris Zebnis Temamde.
esqvairSi asaxuli iyo mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa cva­
lebadi urTierTobebi. mecxramete saukunis sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi agebuli
iyo misteriaze: martoxelebi drois umetes nawils atarebdnen sxva martoxeleb­
Tan da itanjebodnen ararsebuli siyvaruliT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gogone­
bi da biWebi erTmaneTs yoveldRiurad xedavdnen skolaSi; damaluli siyvaruli
da Soridan trfoba saxalxo paemnebiT Seicvala, ramac gamoiwvia pozioroba bi­
WebSi da Sejibri gogonebSi. mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis siyvaruli niSnavda `beWebze
dadebas~ (gv. 790).
magram garkveulwilad, kavSiri siyvarulsa da qorwinebas Soris yovelTvis
miTi iyo. maSin, rodesac Cveni kultura mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom xalxma unda
eZebos `mxolod erTaderTi~ da rCeuli ZiriTadad fiziologiuri Sewyobis sa­
gania, sociologia gviCvenebs, rom Cveni arCevani ar aris iseTi Tavisufali, ro­
gorc gvgonia.
amerikelebi cdiloben, rom daojaxdnen cxovrebis garkveul periodSi, gansa­
kuTrebiT adreul asakSi, rodesac yvelaferi uzrunvelad eCvenebaT. Cveni arCev­
ani meuRlis Taobaze, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, vis SevxvdebiT am period­
Si. SesaZlebelia moxdes ise, rom pirvelive arCevanTan viyoT urTierTSewyobili,

114
romelsac Tineijerobisa Tu Suaxnis asakSi SevxvdebiT. drois SerCevas gadamw­
yveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
Cveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, vis vxvdebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, damokide­
bulia socialur struqturasa da qselebze, romlebic adre ganvixileT. axalgaz­
rdebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic dadian kolejSi da urTierToba aqvT kolejis sxva
studentebTan, didia imis albaToba, rom daqorwindnen amave kate­goriis farg­
lebSi. es aseve niSnavs, rom didia albaToba vinmes daojaxebisa imave socialur
klasSi (radgan vinc dadis kolejSi da romel kolejSic isini dadian, formird­
ebian socialuri klasis saSualebiT).
sociokulturuli msgavseba Tavis mxriv iwvevs `Sewyobis~ grZnobebs. Sesa­
Zlebelia, rom gansxvavebuli socialuri da kulturuli warmomavlobis xalx­
sac gauCndes erTmaneTisadmi garkveuli grZnobebi, magram maTi urTierTobebis
SenarCuneba Zalian Znelia. erTi da imave warmomavlobis xalxs sxvadasxva sakiTx­
Tan dakavSirebiT msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvs _ magaliTad, bavSvebis gaCenis, poli­
tikur orientaciasa da gemovnebis Sesaxeb. msgavseba ganamtkicebs Cvens rwmenasa
da poziciebs da gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom komfortulad vigrZnoT Tavi. amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflad SegviZlia davqorwindeT im pirovnebaze vizec
gvinda, is visac virCevT, damokidebulia sociokulturul msgavsebaze, struqtu­
rul SesaZleblobebsa da drois SerCevaze (kalmijini, 1994 w.).
`Seyvarebas~ yovelTvis hqonda praqtikuli mxare. romantikuli siyvarulis
ideologia ar gamoricxavs sxva maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvasac, magram es prio­
ritetebis sakiTxia. imis SeswavliT, ras aniWeben partniorebi upiratesobas, si­
yvaruli da mimzidveloba pirvel adgils ikavebs dasavleTis yvela sazogadoebaSi
(garda frangi qalbatonebisa, romlebic pirvel adgilze `sai­medoobas~ ayeneben)
(busi da sxvebi, 1990 w.). mamakacebi karg garegnobas ufro metad afaseben, vidre qa­
lebi, maSin, rodesac qalebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben ambiciasa da gulmodgine­
bas. orive sqesi afasebs emociur stabilurobas da srulyofas, sasiamovno ganwyo­
bas, ganaTlebasa da inteleqts.
romantikuli siyvaruli garkveul safasurs moiTxovs. im sazogadoebaSi, sa­
dac sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi formirebas axdenen qorwinebis mosalodnel
Sedegebze, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre im qveynebSi,
sadac qorwinebebi garigebiT xdeba da pirovnul mimzidvelobas minimaluri mniS­
vneloba aqvs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. ufro metic, daqorwinebulTa axlo me­
gobroba sxvebTan _ erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebTanac ki _ aRiqmeba qorwinebis
konkurentad da xdeba daZabulobis wyaro (vidre mxardamWeri) im sazogadoebaSi,
romelic aidealebs romantikul siyvaruls.

megobroba

siyvarulis msgavsad, megobroba damokidebulia kulturul wyobaze. ra ad­

gili uWiravs megobrobas sazogadoebaSi, vin visi megobari xdeba, rogor iqmneba
wreebi, vin rCeba megobrad sicocxlis bolomde da ra moraluri valdebulebe­
bia megobrobaSi _ yvelaferi es cvalebadia. magaliTad, masais tomSi, aRmosav­

115
leT afrikaSi, megobrobis miniWeba xdeba. mamakacebi, romlebic erTad gaivlian
sasicocxlo ciklis sawyis da sxva formulirebul stadiebs, mosalodnelia, rom
gaxdnen megobrebi da ZiriTadad, es asec xdeba. asakobriv jgufebs aqvT saxelebi da
ise­ve mniSvnelovnad iTvlebian, rogorc sisxliT naTesavebi da klanebi; Tanatole­
bi iyofen yvelafers (TavianTi colebis `seq­sualuri stumarTmoyvareobasac~ ki).
Zvel saberZneTSi megobroba `SeZenili~ an arCeuli iyo, da ara miniWe­buli.
aris­totele da sxvebi aidealebdnen megobrobas, rogorc yvelaze faseul da
wminda saxis urTierTobas (sterni-jileti, 1995 w.). isini mas qorwinebaze bevrad
ufro maRla ayenebdnen. qorwineba ganxiluli iyo, rogorc pragmatuli urTier­
Toba, moculi gamravlebisa da saxlis SenarCunebis saWiroebebiT, SeboWili sta­
tusebiT (ojaxis ufrosi, coli da deda) da rolis valdebulebebiT. qorwineba
aucilebloba iyo; megobroba _ alali da namdvili megobruli urTierTobebis
TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba. mecxramete saukuneSic ki dasavleTis saSualo
fenis sazogadoebis zeda fenebSi mainc prevalirebda megobrobis berZnuli
idealebi.
romantiuli saiyvarulis aRmavlobasTan erTad, megobroba garkveulwilad
daeca. sul gvyavs megobrebi da vafasebT maT, magram ar vaidealebT Cvens ur­
TierTobebs maTTan, rasac vakeTebT SeyvarebulebTan. magram SeyvarebulebTan
ar viqceviT ise, rogorc mozardebi. megobroba mozard gogonebs Soris, maTi
gatacebebiT, maradiuli erTgulebis ficiT, aRiarebiTa da eWvianobiT sasiyvar­
ulo urTierTobebis msgavsia da namdvilad meordeba zrdasrul asakSic (saimoni,
ederi da evansi, 1992 w.). magram gatacebebi iSviaTad grZeldeba erTi weliwadi,
isini Zalian xanmoklea.
kolejisa da samsaxuris megobrebi TiTqos ufro xSirad rCebian megobrebad
sicocxlis bolomde, vidre bavSvobis megobrebi. magram amerikelTa umeteso­
bis cxovrebaSi megobroba ar asrulebs centralur rols, rasac ver vityviT
sxva sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb. amis mizezi nawilobriv gamowveulia struqturiT.
amerikelebi Zalian mobilurebi arian; magaliTad, Cven swavlis periodSi mSob­
lebis saxlebidan ki ar davdivarT kolejSi, aramed xSirad gadavdivarT kolejSi
droebiT sacxovreblad, rasac iSviaTad akeTeben evropelebi; Cven, gansxvavebiT
evropelebisagan, sxvadasxva kolejebis SerCevaze ufro vfiqrobT, vidre mego­
brebis amorCevaze. gamomdinare am garemoebebidan, bavSvobisa da skolis mego­
broba male qreba. amerikelebi, evropelebisagan gansxvavebiT, xSirad TavianTi
sacxovrebeli Temidan samuSaod sxvagan midian da amitom maTi samsaxuris mego­
brebi ar arian maTi mezoblebi, rac ufro gaamyardebda maT kavSirebs.
SeerTebul StatebSi megobroba ikavebs gaurkvevel pozicias, rogoric aris
`arainstitucionalizebuli instituti~ (roulin­si, 1992w.). yvela aRia­rebs `me­
gobris~ statuss, magram pi­rovnebebma erTmaneTSi TviTon unda moi­laparakon,
ra rols Seasruleben erTmaneTis cxovrebaSi. es gulisxmobs garkveuli saxis
kompromisebs _ magaliTad, damoukideblobis survilsa da vinmeze damokidebu­
lad yofnis survils Soris (da damokidebulad yofnas), `megobroba megobrobis
gulisaTvis~ idealsa da im realobas Soris, romelic materialur da aramateri­
alur sargebelsa da garkveul safasurs gulisxmobs. nacnoboba SesaZlebelia

116
gadaizardos droebiT megobrobaSi, xolo droebiTi megobroba _ axlo megobro­
baSi an piriqiT, rac damokidebulia personalur midrekilebebze, sasicocxlo
ciklis stadiasa da socialur mdgomareobebze (magaliTad, zogi qorwindeba an
ganqorwindeba, an gadadis sxvagan).
avstraliaSi, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebis megobroba _ kavSirebi `am­
xa­nagebs~ Soris _ garkveulwilad orazrovan elementebsac Seicavs. amxa­nagoba
aq adreul asakSi yalibdeba da grZeldeba ara individualuri simpaTiebis gamo,
ara­med imitom, rom is Serwymulia avstraliis sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi
(braini, 1976 w.). Tu avstraliel mamakacs daayenebT arCevanis winaSe, ra urCev­
nia _ maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri sxva regionSi, Tu amxanagis gverdiT yofna
_ igi aucileblad am ukanasknels airCevs. colebi aRiareben amxanagebis mniSvn­
elobas da maT ar ugulebelyofen qorwinebis Semdeg. erTi mizezi imisa, rom amxa­
nagoba qorwinebis Tanamdevia, aris is, rom urTierTobebi agebulia sxvadasxva
modelze. avstralieli anTropologis, robert brainis sityvebiT:
`amxanagoba iwyeba mindorSi momuSave ori mamakacis urTierTpativiscemisa da
ndobis safuZvelze, mamakacebisa, romelTa izolacia da urTierTTanamSromlobis
saWiroeba uxmobs ormxrivi daxmarebisaken. urTierTTanamSromloba iyo ZiriTadi
gadarCenisaTvis . . . [da] ndobis mTavari momenti iyo is, rom amxanagebi `erTmaneTis
gverdiT~ unda yofiliyvnen~ (1976 w., gv. 68).
amxanagoba formirdeba erTgulebisa da rwmenis gmiruli idealebiT da ara emo­
ciuri siaxlovis romantikuli idealebiT. amxanagebma SesaZlebelia, rom Zal­ze
cota ram Tqvan, magram maT ician, rom SeuZliaT erTmaneTze dayrdnoba.
gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi qalebi ufro Zlier
kavSirebs amyareben, vidre mamakacebi; Cveulebriv qalebi saubroben, mamakacebi
ki ubralod regularulad xvdebian erTmaneTs erTsa da imave adgilas. zogierTi
sociologi (kansiani, 1986, 1987 ww.) Cvens mosazrebas megobrobis Sesaxeb `femi­
nizebulad~ Tvlis. es niSnavs, rom megobrobis Zala ganisazRvreba grZnobebis
gamoxatviT anu im TvisebiT, rac qalebs aRmatebulad aqvT. intimurobis `qal­
urobis~ standartTan SedarebiT, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa urTierTo­
ba ususursa da zedapiruls hgavs.
avstraliasa da SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli modelebis SedarebiT socio­
logma barbara bankma (1995 w.) daadgina, rom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qalebi
orive qveyanaSi ufro met Zalisxmevas iCenen sakuTari Tavis aRmoCenasa da si­
yvarulis gamovlenis sakiTxSi, vidre mamakacebi. miuxedavad amisa, amerikeli ma­
makacebi ufro metad afaseben intimurobas, vidre avstralieli mamakacebi, rac
gvafiqrebs, rom gansxvaveba aris rogorc kulturis, aseve sqesis gamovlinebis
Sedegi. banki aRniSnavs, rom amerikaSi megobrobis `feminizacia~ gadaWarbebuli
iyo. am qveyanaSi mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobroba erTgulebis, ndo­
bisa da urTierTTanadgomis elementebs moicavs, rac avstraliuri amxanagobis
ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebia; magaliTad, rodesac mamakacebi erTad muSaoben avto­
manqanis SesakeTeblad. mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa megobrobis agresiu­
li elementebi _ gamaRizianebeli gamowveva, jibri, fizikuri metoqeoba, damci­
reba _ xSi­rad aixsneba, rogorc intimurobis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi da

117
amgvarad _ megobrobis barierebi. banki amas ar eTanxmeba: sibrazisa da uTanxmoe­
bis gamoxatva megobris mimarT Tanadgomisa da rwmenis maRal doneze miuTiTebs.
sxva sociologma, K karen uolkerma, (1994 w.), Caatara interviuebi muSaTa
klasisa da inteleqturi profesiis amerikel wyvilebTan. orive klasis warmo­
madgenel qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT Camoyalibebuli stereotipi, rom qalebi
grZnobas ufro win ayeneben, mamakacebi ki upiratesobas qmedebas aniWeben, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ideaSi mainc. Tumca, rodesac kiTxvas svam maTi megobrebis Sesaxeb,
gansxvavebuli suraTi ikveTeba. axlobelTan erTad sportul sanaxaobebze sia­
ruls mamakacisaTvis simboluri datvirTva hqonda, magram SedarebiT iSviaTad
xdeboda (weliwadSi erTxel an orjer). maSin, rodesac mamakaci uaryofs mego­
brebTan saubris mniSvnelobas, umetesoba ambobs, rom isini intensiurAad sau­
brobdnen inti­mu­r sakiTxebze. magaliTad isini saubrobdnen imis Sesaxeb, ras
aniWebdnen maTi colebi seqsSi upiratesobas; SobadobasTan dakavSirebul prob­
lemebze; saubrobdnen aseve, rogor daxmarebodnen megobrebs sakuTAr grZnobebSi
garkvevaSi, rodesac isini gaSordebodnen TavianT colebs an rodesac `gamoTa­
visufldebodnen~ (coming out of the closet).
isev stereotipebis sapirispirod, qalebi siamovnebas iReben mamrobiTi sqe­
sis megobrebTan erToblivad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT _ muSaobiT an sa­
yidlebsa Tu koncertebze, klubebsa Tu sportul sanaxaobebze erTad siaruli.
inteleqturi profesiis mqone qalebi amboben, rom isini axlo urTi­erTobaSi
iyvnen TavianT kolegebTan, magram ar siamovnebdaT, rodesac TavianT problemebs
sxvebs axvevdnen Tavs da amitom, intimur sakiTxebs mxolod meuRleebTan ganixi­
lavdnen (klasikuri `mamrobiTi~ modeli). bevri guldawyvetiT aRniSnavda, rom
maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar iyvnen mdedrobiTi sqesis mesaidumleebi. muSa
qalebi naklebad mogzauroben, TiTqmis ar icvlian adgils, ufro iSviaTad muS­
aoben mTel ganakveTze an saerTod saxlSi arian TavianT SvilebTan da amitom
erTmaneTTan saubris ufro meti saSualeba aqvT. imave mizezebis gamo, maTi mo­
zardebi skolis megobrebi da mezoblebi arian. struqturuli faqtorebi cvlis
aseve wyvilebis erTobliv socialur cxovrebas. inteleqturi profesiis mqone
wyvilebi ufro met xalxs icnoben, magram ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom
ganaviTaron Zlieri, mWidro, xangrZlivi megobruli kavSirebi, rac mTavar da sta­
bilur rols asrulebs maT cxovrebaSi. muSaTa klasis naklebmobilur qalebsa da
mamakacebs cota megobari hyavT, magram isini maT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi icnoben
da ufro xSirad naxuloben.
megobrobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba cxovrebis bolo periodSi
(o’konori, 1995 w.). axalgazrda da saSualo asakis mozardebi CarTulni arian mra­
vali saxis urTierTobebSi (maT meuRleebTan, SvilebTan, mSoblebTan, TanamSrom­
lebTan da sxv.) da maTTvis megobroba garkveulwilad damatebiTi ur­TierTobaa,
romelic Tavisufal dros aRiniSneba. asakovan adamianebs naklebad aqvs aseTi
saxis urTierTobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg. aqedan gamom­
dinareobs, rom megobroba aris aucilebeli socialuri kav­Siris SesanarCune­
blad (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). maTi zrdasruli Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT,
asakovani xalxi megobrebis wreSi ufro metad erToba, vidre ojaxis wevrebTan

118
(romelTa Zalisxmevac SesaZlebelia maT Semawuxebelad da damamcirebeladac ki
moeCvenoT).
Tumca, moxucebulebi garkveul problemebs awydebian megobrobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. isini, vinc rCeba gareubnebsa Tu samezobloebSi, sadac yvela, vi­
sac icnobdnen an wavida an gardaicvala, eqcevian izolaciaSi. isini ki vinc icvlis
sacxovrebels _ Tbili klimatis adgilebisa­ken, pensionerTa Temebis an TavianT
SvilebTan axlos _ xalxTan damegobreba Tavidan unda daiwyon. rac dro gadis, miT
ufro met megobars kargavs adamiani. am dros axlo megobrebis SeZena SeiZleba dam­
Trgunvelic ki iyos, gansakuTrebiT im qvrivebisaTvis, romelTa colebic maT so­
cialur cxovrebas marTavdnen. moxucebul adamianTa susti janmrTeloba xSirad
uSlis xels maT megobrebis monaxulebaSi. moxucebulebi am SezRudvebs sxvadasx­
vanairad agvareben (jonsoni da troli, 1994 w.). bevri megobris cnebas avrcelebs
nacnobebsa da maT momvlelebze da am dros isini nakleb Zalisxmevas iCenen emo­
ciur intimurobasa da ormxriv urTierTobebze (rogoric aris saCuqrebis Cuqeba
erTmaneTisaTvis). maT urTierToba aqvT werilebis, satelefono saubrebisa da,
ufro da ufro metad, eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT.

meoreuli da arapirdapiri urTierTobebi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, megobrebi da ojaxi mxolod nawilia xalxisa,

visTanac gvaqvs urTierToba. Tanamedrove cxovreba iTxovs, rom yoveldRiurad
_ samsaxurSi, saTamaSo moednebze, Tu sxvadasxva wvrilman saqmeebze _ vxvde­
biT uamrav ucxo adamians, xalxs, visac ar vicnobT da visTanac Zalian mcire, an
saerTod aranairi socia­luri kavSiri gvaqvs. qala­qis sazogadoebis zrdam gamoi­
wvia ara mxolod ucxo adamianebTan urTierTobis zrda, aramed Cveni erTmaneTze
damokidebulebis zrdac. kerZod, amerikelebi TavianT Tavze fiqroben, rogorc
`Tavisufal agentebze~. maSinac ki, rodesac vxdebiT erTmaneTisaTvis ucxoebi
ufro metad, vidre odesme vyofilvarT, damokidebulni varT erTmaneTze, ufro
metad, vidre odesme, rac saWiroa imi­saTvis, rom gavagrZeloT `individualuri~
cxovreba. `urTierTdamokide­buleba aris ufro naklebi arCevani, vidre situacia,
rasac vawydebiT Tana­medrove pirobebSi~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 7). urTierTdamokide­
buleba Serwymulia Cveni sazogadoebis Semadgenel nawilebSi _ muSaTa klasis,
inteleqturi profesiis specialistebisa da organizaciebis; Cveni samezoblo
da globa­luri vaWrobis sferos urTierTobebSi; sakomunikacio da transportis
sistemebSi da socialur momsaxurebaSi, razec varT damokidebulebi. aseve mud­
mivad varT damokidebulni santeqnikosze, romelic gvimontaJebs wyalgayvani­
lobas, mezoblis bavSvebze, romlebic gvikvalaven Tovls, Cveni Svilebis skolis
principebze da uamrav sxva raRacaze. SeiZleba martivad visaubroT avtobusis
mZRolTan da maRaziis gamyidvelTan, magram ar gvaqvs dro, energia da arc Cveni
mizania is, rom davumegobrdeT yvela im adamians, visac vxvdebiT (Tumca, pirispir
urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis albaToba yovelTvis arsebobs). am kavSirebiT Temi

119
ki ar gvboWavs, aramed es aris Cveni urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac gvinarCunebs
aseTi saxis kavSirebSi~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 7).

ucxoebi

germaneli sociologi georg zimeli, (1950 w.) iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,

romelmac moaxdina socialur cxovrebaze ucxoebis zegavlenis analizi. zime­
lis Tanaxmad, xalxis, movlenebisa da xmauris realuri raodenoba, rasac awydeba
pirovneba qalaqSi, ganuzomelia. warmoudgenelia, rom yvelas da yvelafers miaq­
cio yuradReba. xalxma SegrZnebebze aseTi masobrivi Tavdasxmebis mosagerieblad
Seiqmna damcavi garsi indiferentulobis saxiT. is faqti, rom kafeebSi ar iwye­
ben saubars an quCaSi gamvlel ucxoebs ar esalmebian, sulac ar aris gulcivobis
mizezi. es aris is, rom ginda cota xniT `gamoeTiSo~, rac aris qalaqSi cxovrebi­
sas gadarCenis mTavari unar-Cveva. ucxo aris viRac pirovneba socialur jgufSi,
visTanac mas (qals an mamakacs) aranairi piradi kavSiri ar gaaCnia. garda imisa,
rom is ucnobia, aseve aris gareSe pirovneba. amgvarad, biZaSvili, romelsac arc
erTi ojaxis wevri adre ar Sexvedria, ar aris ucxo im gagebiT, rogorc viRacis
garSemo mjdomi xalxi TeatrSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia isini erTma­
neTSi saubrobdnen kidevac.
alfred Sucma, fenomenologiuri sociologiis fuzemdebelma, romelic muS­
aobda SeerTebul StatebSic da germaniaSic 1960-ian wlebamde, koncentrireba
moaxdina ucxod yofnis SemTxvevaze. sanam alber kamius cnobili romani ucxo
daiwereboda, Sucma ganaviTara idea, rom ucxod yofna iyo ufro meti, vidre im
situaciaSi yofnis droebiTi gamocdileba, rodesac pirovneba ar icnobda xalxs
_ is gaxda ganmsazRvreli niSani Tanamedrove yofisa. gamoTiSuli sxva xalxis­
agan, pirovneba marto rCeba gadawyvetilebis winaSe _ imoqmedos, Tu pasiurad
miendos beds, da pirispir dgeba imis realur aRqmasTan, rom sagnebis mTel sqe­
maSi amas, SesaZlebelia, mniSvneloba ar hqondes (Suci, 1967 w.).
(1) ucxos ampluaSi yofna didi xniT da (2) mudmivi urTierToba ucxoebTan,
gancalkevebulad gvayenebs adreuli istoriuli periodis xalxisagan. namd­
vili `Tanamedrove~ pirovneba aris is, vinc Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba mTels
msoflioSi, urTierTqmedebs mraval misTvis ucnob adamianTan, romelTaganac
bevrs Zalze gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmoSoba da socia­luri pozicia aqvs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ufro keTilganwyobili Tu megobruli urT­
ierTqmedebebi gvaqvs ucxoebTan, vidre es warmoedgina zimels, da es nawilobriv
axdens Sucis mier aRmoCenili gaucxoebis kompensacias (aleqsanderi, 1995 w.;
seligmani (1993 w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoebi pirovnulad ucnobebi da kavSirebis armqoneni
arian, isini socialur statuss kulturulad dadgenili mosalodneli rolebis
mixedviT ikaveben. magaliTad, xalxis umetesoba aeroportSi erTmaneTisaTvis
da aeroportis momsaxure personalisaTvis ucxoa. zogierTi maTgani saqmiani
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT gamoirCeva da portfels atarebs.

120
maT gansxvavebuli urTierToba aqvT TviTmfrinavis momsaxure personalTan
(romlebic Tvlian, rom isini xSiri mogzaurebi arian) da ufro xSirad esaubre­
bian erTmaneTs, vidre dedebs, romlebic bavSvebs mwyemsaven an grZelTmian axal­
gazrda kacebs, romlebsac xelSi gitara uWiravT. rodesac mgzavrobisas saq­miani
adamianebi saubroben, isini exebian ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, magaliTad spor­
tis, biznesis, kinosa da televizias. gamoikvlio mosaubris politikuri Sexed­
uleba, piradi cxovreba an religuri mrwamsi, cud tonad iTvleba. zogadad, isi­
ni ekiTxebian erTmaneTs, saidan arian, ra saxis saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni,
romel kompaniaSi muSaoben da, SesaZlebelia ikiTxon, romel kolejsa Tu biznes
_ skolaSi swavlobdnen. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, isini cdiloben aRmoaCinon
raime saerTo (`oh, gana Tqven samxreT kaliforniis universitetSi ar swavlob­
diT? icnobdiT bil martins?~). mokled, gvaqvs kulturuli normebi ucxoebTan
urTierTobisaTvis _ Cven veZebT Cvens msgavs xalxs; saubris dros vexebiT uwy­
inar Temebs da varkvevT, ra statusi aqvs am ucxoebs da varT Tu ara maTTan rai­
meTi dakavSire­bulni.

TanamSromloba da ndoba

Tqven marto xarT ucxo qalaqis bnel da ukacriel quCaSi da gindaT, rom
fuli gamoitanoT bankomatidan. rodesac moaTavsebT baraTs bankomatSi, guli
baga-bugs iwyebs. . . SiSi, rasac ganvicdiT garkveul situaciebSi, xazs usvams ndo­
bis im maRal xarisxs, rasac xSi­rad ganvicdiT. telefoniT veubnebiT telemaRa­
ziis gamyidvels sakredito baraTis nomers; Svilebs skolaSi va­yolebT mZRols,
romelsac arasodes ar SevxvedrivarT; vaZlevT avtomobilis ga­saRebs manqanebis
gasaCerebeli adgilis meTvalyures da mivdivarT. maSasadame, Cveni ndobis faq­
tori kargad muSaobs.
xSirad gvesmis sazogadoebriv adgilebSi kriminalis Sesaxeb, gvainteresebs
Tvalyuri mivadevnoT, ra sixSiriT urTierToben ucxoebi. devid brauni (1995 w.) aR­
wers rigs bankSi. rodesac ramdenime adamiani erTsa da imave dros midis bankSi, isini
qmnian rigs da elodebian TavianT jers. gamocdilebidan da dakvirvebidan viciT,
rom rigi aris mizanmimarTuli; is gvexmareba mravalricxovani momxmareblisa da
bankis mcirericxovani molareTa urTierTobis problemis gada­laxvaSi; da `sab­
olood is. . . yvelasaTvis muSaobs~ (brauni, 1995 w., gv. 24).
sagangebo situaciebSic ki, rodesac mosalodnelia, rom xalxma mxolod Ta­
vis Tavze izrunos, TanamSromloba ufro maRla dgas (brauni, 1995 w.). 1993 wels,
rodesac niu-iorkSi msoflio savaWro centri afeTqda, adgilobrivi policiis
marTvis centri, romelic sagangebo situaciebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili, teroristTa
afeTqebis Sedegad daingra. aTasobiT ucxo adamiani SeTanxmebulad axorcieleb­
da evakuacias. sainteresoa, rogor xorcieldeboda es. Catarebuli interviuebiT
gairkva, rom `namdvili ucxoebi~ erTmaneTs exmarebodnen, ixsenebdnen ra skola­
Si naswavls sagangebo situaciebis Sesaxeb, TviTmfrinavSi usafrTxoebis wesebs,
romlebisTvisac arasodes ar miumarTavT da teleprog­ramebSi nanax situaciebs,

121
rogor unda moiqce sagangaSo situaciaSi. maTi qceva ar iyo SemTxveviTi; erTo­
blivma normebma SesaZlebeli gaxada aseTi aSkara spontanuri koordinacia.
umetesad ucxoebTan Cveni urTierTqmedeba an emociurad neitraluria an
megobruli. rasakvirvelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi socialuri cxovreba
moiTxovs sabaziso ndobis dones im xalxs Soris, romlebic ar arian CarTulni mim­
dinare socialur urTierTobebSi (fukuiama, 1995 w.). saxalxo geto gviCvenebs, ra
xdeba, rodesac sabaziso ndoba qreba. ojaxi, megobrebi da axlo mezoblebi erTma­
neTs aqceven yuradRebas, magram sazogadoebrivi ndoba ikargeba. maRaziis mflo­
belebi ayeneben tyviagaumtar minebs maTsa da momxmareblebs Soris; xalxi umetes
dros saxlSi atarebs; visac SesaZlebloba aqvs, tovebs iqaurobas. maT ki, visac
ar SeuZliaT, unda aitanon quCis kanonebi, romlebic ukeTesia arsebobdes, vidre
saerTod ar iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, rac ufro met adamians eSinia quCisa da
saxlidan ar gamodis, miT ufro saSiSi xdeba quCa. kampaniebi, romlebic imarTeba
deviziT _ `davibrunoT quCebi~ _ aris organizebuli mcdeloba, raTa bolo moe­
Ros izolacias da gamococxldes sazogadoebrivi cxovreba.

konfliqti

rodesac xalxi urTierTqmedebs, iq aris konfliqtis potenciuri SesaZleblo­

bac. getos macxobreblebma SesaZlebelia, rom policiaSi mteri ufro dainaxon,
vidre damxmare; zogierTi mSobeli emxroba seqsis Sesaxeb ganaTlebas, zogi ki _
sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba; barakebis zogierTma macxovrebelma SesaZlebelia, rom
moindomos ganaaxlos Tavisi sacxovrebeli ZviradRirebuli remontiT, raTa gaz­
ardos misi fasi maSin, rodesac, sxvebs SesaZlebelia undodes minimumamde hqondes
dayvanili da SenarCunebuli danaxarjebi.
Tumca ar aris aucilebeli, rom konfliqtSi mxolod cudi davinaxoT. kon­
fliqti xels uwyobs siaxles, SemoqmedebiTobasa da socialur cvlilebas,
gamowveuls problematuri sakiTxebiTa da praqtikiT, romlebmac SesaZlebelia,
ukve amowures Taviani saWiroeba. TemTan arsebuli konfliqtis gamo, policiis
bevr departamentSi ukve arian TemTan sakontaqto oficrebi da tardeba special­
uri treningebi `gansxvavebuli (rasisa da eTnikuri warmoSobis mixedviT) davebi­
sa~ da ojaxuri Zaladobis sakiTxebze. konfliqtma SeiZleba aseve xeli Seuwyos
raime kavSirisa da TanamSromlobis Camoyalibebas, magaliTad, mezoblebis kavSiri
maT kvartalSi avariuli saxlis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT an maT ezoSi toqsikuri
narCenebis ganTavsebis winaaRmdeg.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis gasakviria ara konfliqtebis raodenoba, ar­
amed adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveuli Tavazianobis done (vaTnou (Wuth-
now), 1991 w.). magaliTad, mgzavrTa umetesoba bodiSs ixdis, rodesac avtobusSi
SemTxveviT sxva mgzavrs daejaxeba. mwevelTa umetesoba emorCileba sazogadoe­
brivi TavSeyris adgilebSi sigaretis mowevis akrZalvas. aiovas macxovreblebi
fuls ugzavnian afrikaSi SimSiliT da aziaSi wyaldidobiT dazaralebul ada­

122
mianebs. maSvelTa razmebi, mTeli qveynis masStabiT, nebayoflobiT daxmarebas
uwevdnen 1995 wels oklahomaSi federaluri Senobis afeTqebis Sedegad dazara­
lebulebs _ keTili samaritelis tradicia ar gamqrala.

arapirdapiri socialuri urTierTobebi

`ucxoebi~ zogadad ewodeba im xalxs, visTanac pirispir Sexeba gvaqvs, ma­
gram ar gvaqvs aranairi piraduli xangrZlivi urTierToba. miuxedavad amisa,
Cvens cxovrebaSi zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ucxo aris is, visac arasodes
vxvdebiT. rodesac xmas vaZlevT senators an prezidents, vwerT gazeTis kore­
spondents, vakeTebT saqvelmoqmedo Senatans, vsxdebiT TviTmfrinavSi _ Cven
SevdivarT urTierTobaSi iseT xalxTan, romlebsac, albaT, cxovrebaSi arasodes
SevxvdebiT. es aris arapirdapiri urTierToba, sadac mxareebi erTmaneTTan ar
arian CarTulni pirad an pirispir urTierTobebSi, magram dakavSirebulni arian
arapirdapiri gziT teqnologiis, biurokratiisa Tu sxva Suamavali komunika­
ciebiT (kalhuni, 1991 w.). aranairad ar aris mosalodneli, rom ufro ukeT gavic­
nobT erTmaneTs da arc aranairi pirdapiri valdebuleba ar arsebobs imisa, rom
vizrunoT erTmaneTis keTildReobaze, magram es mainc urTierTobaa (brauni, 1995
w.). mTels Tanamedrove epoqaSi, socialuri cxovrebis Camo­yalibeba sul ufro da
ufro metad arapirdapiri urTierTobebis safuZvelze xdeba (abu-laghodi,1968
w.; kalhuni, 1992 w.).
filmSi me da rojeri, reJisorma asaxa `jeneral motorsis~ qarxnis da­xurvis
Sedegi momsaxure personalze da detroitis SemogarenSi. man filmSi asaxa qa­
rxnidan gaTavisuflebuli TanamSromlebi, romlebic xelfasis bolo qviTars
iRebdnen; ojaxebs asaxlebdnen maTi sacxovreblebidan, xolo qarxnis xelmZR­
vanelebis colebi ki isev Cveul reJimSi agrZelebdnen golfis TamaSs, ar aqcevd­
nen yuradRebas maT TemSi momxdar cvlilebebs. dausruleblad cdilobda film­
is reJisori `jeneral motorsis~ mTavar aRmasrulebel direqtorTan rojer
smiTTan intervius Caweras. rogorc xalxis simravle im adgilebSi, sadac rojer
smiTi xSirad Cndeboda aseve misi dacvis falanga filmis reJisors gamouval md­
gomareobaSi agdebda. is mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris Soridan Tvalis
mokvras mxolod aqcionerTa Sekrebebze axerxebda. rogorc filmis saTauri
migvaniSnebs, reJisori _ da ufro metad ki (yofili) `jeneral motorsis~ Tanam­
Sromlebi _ CarTulni arian rojer smiTTan urTierTobaSi, ramac seriozuli
zegavlena iqonia maT pirad cxovrebaze.
Cven, rogorc wesi, Zalauflebaze vfiqrobT, rogorc personalur maxasiaTe­
belze. magaliTad, mefis Zalaufleba mis vasalebze, Tu generlisa _ mis jarze.
magram Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani formebi
arapersonaluria _ magaliTad, bazris an biurokratiis Zalaufleba (veberi,1992
-1968 ww.; habermasi, 1988 w.). rojer smiTis msgavsad, korporaciis mTavari aRmas­
rulebeli direqtori CarTulia arapirdapir urTierTobaSi aTasobiT momsaxure
personalTan da momxmarebelTan. rodesac ei-Ti end Ti (AT&T) aTavisuflebs aTa­
sobiT TanamSromels, is moqmedebs im principis Tanaxmad, romelic mimarTulia

123
korporaciisa da mewileebis fulis dazogvisaken. miuxedavad amisa, mTavari aR­
masrulebeli direqtori socialur qmedebebsac mimarTavs, akeTebs ra erT saqmes
ufro enTuziazmiT, vidre meores, raki icis, rom misi qmedeba gamoiwvevs zemoq­
medebas uamrav adamianze.
msgavsi situaciaa mewarmis SemTxvevaSi, romelic agrZelebs saxifaTo pro­
duqtis gayidvas. 1970-ian wlebsa da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, a. h. ro­binsi
agrZelebda dalkon Sildis ginekologiuri spiralis gayidvas mas Semdegac ki,
rodesac cnobili gaxda, rom saSoSi am spiralis Cadgma iwvevda seriozul infeq­
ciasa da zogjer _ uSvilobasac ki. ufro mogvianebiT diu ponti da sxva mwarmoe­
blebi agrZelebdnen mkerdis implantantebis gayidvas, miuxedavad braldebisa,
rom isini saxifaTo iyo janmrTelobisaTvis. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi korporaciis
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi axorcielebdnen qmedebebs, romlebsac zemo­
qmedeba hqondaT aTasobiT ucxo adamiani. mxolod sasamarTlo procesebis Sem­
deg, romlebmac maT daakisres kompensaciis gadaxda, am korporaciebma aRiares,
rom maTi qmedeba moicavda socialur urTierTobebs momxmareblebTan _ da so­
cialur pasuxismgeblobas.
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba ojaxTan, megobrebTan, TanamSromlebTan da
ucxoebTanac ki, ver gvamzadebs arapirdapiri urTierTobebisaTvis (kalhouni,
1992 w.). Cven vagrZelebT fiqrsa da qmedebas ise, TiTqos aseTi urTierTobebi iyo
pirdapiri da personaluri; gvavs siZneleebi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs araperson­
alur socialur ZalebTan da urTierTobebTan.
jerjerobiT, arapirdapiri urTierTobebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ise­Ti
msxvili socialuri organizaciebis Seqmna, rogorebicaa Tanamedrove mTavrobe­
bi, bizneskorporaciebi da universitetebi. rom gavigoT, ras warmoadgens Taname­
drove samuSao adgilebi da socialuri institutebi, gvWirdeba gaviazroT, ro­
gor Tanaarseboben pirovnebaTaSorisi pirispir urTierTobebi ara­personalur,
arapirdapir urTierTobebTan. sadac ar unda vmuSaobdeT _ `jeneral motors­
Si~, ai-bi-em-sa Tu SeerTebuli Statebis jarSi, Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba
efuZneba pirdapir urTi­erTobebs TanamSromlebTan, momxmareblebTan, klien­
tebTan da sxv. magram Cveni saqmianobis mizani, organizaciis struqtura, rogorc
erTi mTlianisa, da kariera didwilad damokidebulia im xalxis qmedebebze,
visTanac Cven mxolod arapirdapiri urTierTobebi gva­kavSirebs.

interaqcia samsaxurSi

amerikel mozardTa umravlesoba kviraSi saSualod 35-dan 45 saaTs an ufro

metsac ki samsaxurSi atarebs. isini mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi urTi­erTqmedeben
uamrav TanamSromelTan, menejerTan, klientTan, mommaragebelTan da sxvebTan.
bevri adamianisaTvis socialuri kontaqti mxolod imitom dgas meore adgilze,

124
rom is pirvel adgilze ayenebs xelfass, rogorc muSaobis mizezs. isini siamovne­
bas iReben TavianTi samsaxurebidan imitom, rom maT moswonT urTierTobebi.
xSirad megobroba samsaxurSi viTardeba. rodesac Zalian datvirTulni ar
varT samsaxurSi, Sesvenebebze, sadilze an samsaxurisaken mimaval gzaze, iqm­
neba saubrisa da aseve mravali saerTo interesisa Tu sasaubro Temis gamonaxvis
SesaZlebloba, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli samsaxurTan (Sesa­Zlebelia maT hyavT
erTi asakis bavSvebi, romlebsac ueWvelia, rom raRac saerTo eqnebaT). miliono­
biT adamiani, visac ar hyavs vinme, visTanac SeuZlia saxlSi mivides an saxlSi marto
cxovrobs, samsaxurSi uaxlovdeba sul mcire erT TanamSromels mainc. masTan isini
ganixilaven pirad gasaWirs, iTvaliswineben mis mosazrebebs mniSvnelovani gadaw­
yvetilebebis miRebisas da mas samsaxuridan socialurad ganyenebulad Tvlian
(marqsi, 1994 w.).
faqtobrivad megobrebs samsaxurSi vpoulobT. megobrebi, ojaxi da nacno­
bebi ki gvexmarebian samsaxuris moZebnaSi. dawyebuli gasaubrebebidan, romlebic
samsaxurSi misaRebad tardeba, damokidebulni varT sakuTar unarze, anu ucxo
pirovnebebTan urTierTqmedebis Cvensave unarze. ramdenad kargad varTmevT Tavs
am socialur process, SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos Cvens misaRebad sam­
saxurSi, rogorc ganaTleba, piradi gamocdileba da rekomendaciebi. samsaxurSi
misaRebad Catarebuli gasaubrebebi ganawilebis mxriv araerTgvarovania: gasau­
brebaze misuli pirovneba gansasjelia, xolo gamsaubrebeli ki _ mosamarTle an
nafici msajuli. gasa­ubrebaze misuli unda iyos Tavaziani da mowiwebuli; gam­
saubrebeli unda Semoifarglebodes samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT da
ar unda hqondes mcdeloba, rom gamoikvlios gasaubrebaze mosuli pirovnebis
piradi cxovreba Tu politikuri an religiuri mrwamsi. Tumca, is verbaluri in­
formacia, rasac isini erTmaneTSi cvlian, aris mxolod `testis~ nawili. yvela
urTierTqmedeba, romelic ucxosTan gvaqvs, moicavs swrafi Sefasebebis gakeTe­
bas, rac damokidebulia garegnobaze, Cacmulobaze, metyvelebasa da manerebze.
gasaubrebaze dagvianebiT misvlam (am SemTxvevaSi kargia bodiSis moxda mainc),
arasaTanado Cacmulobam an zedmetad Tavisu­falma qcevam SesaZlebelia, rom gas­
aubrebis dawyebamde gansazRvros misi sabo­loo Sedegi.

kavSirebi

samsaxurSi warmateba nawilobriv damokidebulia urTierTobaTa mode­lebis

aRqmaze, rasac kavSirebs vuwodebT. es saxeli maT daerqva imitom, rom rodesac
sqemaze vxazavT adamianebs Soris kavSirebs, saboloo suraTi qselis an ablabudis
saxes iRebs. samsaxurSi xalxis umetesoba mravalmxriv urTierTgadamfa­rav qsel­
Sia gabmuli. pirveli aris TanamSromelTa jgufi, vinc erTsa da imave sarTulze
muSaobs an visac erTi da igive saofise farTi uWiravs; an sajariso nawilebis jgu­
fis wevrebi, romlebic yoveldRiurad zemoqmedeben erTmaneTze. TanamSromelTa
umetesobas msgavsi poziciebi ukavia samsaxurSi, mxolod cota maTgans aqvs maRa­
li Tanamdeboba, danarCenebs ki _ dabali. Semdegi qseli, romelic warmodgenilia

125
menejerebiTa da xelmZRvanelebiT, asaxavs formalur organizaciul ierarqias.
magaliTad, jariskacebis kavSirebi samxedro ierarqiasTan iwyeba kapraliT, ser­
JantiTa da leitenantiT da grZeldeba polkovnikamde an generalamde, visTanac
jariskacs iSviaTi urTierTqmedeba akavSirebs. mesame qseli _ TanamSromelTa
umetesobas aqvs samsaxuris megobrebis qseli, romelic moicavs ramde­nime (magram
ara yvela) TanamSromels. jariskacis megobrebis qseli moicavs ramdenime adami­
ans Tavisive SenaerTidan da ramdenimes _ sxva SenaerTidan, magram maTi umete­
soba erTi da imave rangisaa. korporaciaSi an universitetSi, rogorc jarSi, iS­
viaTia megobroba ufro maRali (an dabali) Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
ra Tqma unda, yvela momsaxure personals ZiriTadad ar aqvs urTierTkavSiri
mxolod mis kolegebTan. maswavleblebi TavianTi samuSao drois umetes nawils
studentebTan atareben. gamyidvelebi ZiriTadad momxmareblebTan urTierToben;
eqimebi da meddebi _ pacientebTan; iuristebi _ klientebTan, mosamarTleebTan
da sxva firmebis iuristebTan. isini agreTve arapirdapiri urTierTobiT arian
dakavSirebulni skolis sabWoebTan, mewarmeebTan, romelTa saqonliTac vaWro­
ben, saavadmyofoebis direqtorTa sabWoebTan an sakanonmdeblo organoebTan,
romlebic kanonebs gamoscemen. amgvarad, kompleqsuri organizaciis struqtura
aris is, rom moaxdinos uSualod pirovnebaTaSorisi da pirovnulis Sereva.

normebi da SeTanxmebuli wesebi

ZiriTadi samsaxurebrivi unar-Cveva aris imis codna, ra wesebi moqmedebs sxva­

dasxva urTierTqmedebebis dros. SesaZlebelia, ufrosisaTvis misaRebi iyos, rom
man Tavis TanamSromels mxarze wamoartyas xeli, magram ara piriqiT. misaRebia,
rom gamyidveli momxmarebels esaubros sxva myidvelis Sesaxeb, magram iuristma
rom igive Caidinos, es iqneba ndobiT aRWurvili piris mier Tavisi valdebule­
bebis darRveva. mokled rom vTqvaT, samsaxurebrivi urTierTobebi garkveuli
normebiT imarTeba.
saerTo normebis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi dgeba maSin, rodesac TanamSromlebs an
mosamsaxureebsa da maT ufrosebs Zalze gansxvavebuli kulturuli sawyisebi aqvT
(ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi). Tumca maSinac ki, rodesac xalxs erTi
da igive kulturuli sawyisi aqvs, mainc saWiroa, rom dawesebuli iyos ZiriTadi
normebi. Zalze iSviaTia, rom organizaciis formaluri wesebi an is ti­tulebi, rac
xalxs gaaCnia, karnaxobdes pirovnebis qcevis zust wesebs. ufro xSirad urTierTq­
medebis modeli agebulia SeTanxmebul wesze _ koleqtiur gansazRvraze, ras niS­
navs urTierTqmedeba, ra poziciebi ukaviaT moTamaSeebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi
da ra qceva SeiZleba CaiTvalos misaRebad.

126
 globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi

amrikelebi tokioSi: gamolaparakebis

mniSvneloba

v aWrobis globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, iaponur firmebs esaWiroebaT amerikeli mom­

saxure personali, raTa daexmaron maT reklamebisa da produqtis erTi kulturidan
meoreSi adaptaciis sakiTxSi. ukve didi xania, rac aRar aris uCveulo ipovo mudmivi, srul Sta­
tze dasaqmebuli amerikeli mosamsaxure iaponur kompaniebSi da aseve uamravi amerikeli, ro­
melic swavlobs iaponurs im imediT, rom iSovis samsaxurs iaponiaSi. ramdenad kargad eguebian
amerikelebi iaponur samuSao garemos? rogor ewyobian isini iaponel TanamSromlebs?
laura milerma (1995 w.) iaponur-amerikuli urTierTobebi Seiswavla tokios sam firmaSi.
Zalian xSirad, aRniSnavs mileri, sxvadasxva kulturis Seswavlisas warmoiqmneba araerTi wi­
naaRmdegobebi: magaliTad, amerikelebi bevrs laparakoben, iaponelebi ki sityvaZunwebi arian;
amerikelebi pirdapirebi arian, iaponelebi _ arapirdapirebi; amerikelebi konkurencias aniWe­
ben upiratesobas, iaponelebi ki _ kooperacias. magram yvela norma situaciuria: iaponelebi
SesaZloa cotas saubroben ucxosTan Sexvedrisas, magram sakmaod enawylianebi arian iaponur
kafeebsa da abanoebSi. aseTi ganzogadebis Tavidan asacileblad, milerma SearCia saubris anal­
izi (ix. saubris analizi am Tavis Semdeg nawilSi).
milerma aRmoaCina, rom gaugebroba iSviaTad aRiniSneboda. leq­sikonisa da gramatikis cod­
na aris enis mxolod erTi nawili; warmatebuli urTierTobisaTvis saWiroa, icode, rogor gamoi­
yeno frazebi, pauzebi da sxva sasaubro teqnika. amerikelebi da iaponelebi xSirad iwyebdnen
zemoqmedebas sxvadasxva mizniT da iRebdnen sxvadasxva Sedegs. miuxedavad amisa, ukmayofilebis
gamoxatva (yvelaze sayvareli `saqme~ samsaxurebSi), xumroba da gamowveva, Serwymuli ingli­
sursa da iaponur saubarSi, ormxrivi komplimen­tebi _ rasac umniSvnelo sakiTxebze Tavazian,
megobrul saubrebs veZaxiT _ avsebs arsebul bzarebs. araformaluri zemoqmedebiT mosamsaxu­
reebs uviTardebaT `aRqma ara rogorc iaponelisa da amerikelisa, aramed, rogorc TanamSrom­
lisa da kolegis~ (l. mileri, gv. 154).
mileris rekomendaciiT, pirovneba (da kompaniebi) eTnografis msgavsad unda miudges kul­
turis urTierTqmedebas. kargi eTnografi swavlobs sxva kulturis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
ganxilviT da im varaudebiT, ras moimoqmedebs is mocemul situaciaSi. eTnografi dadarajebu­
lia mis (qalis an kacis) pirad negatiur Tvisebasa Tu eTnikur Sefasebaze (`is zedmetad pirda­
piria~, `isini sandoni ar arian~), romlebic Zalian xSirad is ZiriTadi Strixebia, romlebic xazs
usvams kulturul gansxvavebas. am azriT eTnografma ukan unda daixios da dasvas SekiTxva, ra
kulturuli gansxvavebebi SeiZleba iyos saxeze? yovelive amis garda, kompaniebma da TanamSrom­
lebma unda gaiTvaliswinon sxvadasxva kulturaSi umniSvnelo sakiTxebze megobruli, Tavaziani
da araseriozuli saubrebis mniSvneloba.

pirveli Sexvedra kolejis klasSi molaparakebis ilustrirebaa. zogierTi

studenti SesaZlebelia ecados, rom Tavisi codniT garkveuli STabeWdileba
moaxdinos maswavlebelze. Tuki maswavlebeli gamoxatavs Tavis STabeWdilebas,
sxva studentebma SesaZlebelia, rom am faqtiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba sxva­
dasxvagvari SorisdebulebiTa da saqcieliT gamoxaton, magaliTad, ar dasxdnen

127
imaT gverdiT, vinc maswavleblis gulis mogebas cdilobs an gamoiwvion disku­
sia maT komentarebze. Tu Tavis gamoCenis survilis mqone studentebi kvlavac
cdiloben diskusiaSi mTavari roli Seasrulon, maSin maswavlebels SeuZlia, rom
sTxovos maT, sxvebsac miscen azris gamoTqmisa da pasuxis gacemis saSualeba; da
Tu isini SeewinaaRmdegebian, maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoxatos ukmayofileba,
gaakritikos maTi komentarebi da aSkara ignorireba gaukeTos maT aweul xelebs.
es, Tavis mxriv, stimuls miscems sxva studentebs, rom meti Zalisxmeva gamoiCinon.
am gziT maswavlebeli da sxva studentebi Tanxmdebian potenciurad wina planze
myofi studentebis qmedebaTa misaReb doneze. amis msgavsad, ofisisa Tu qarxnis
momsaxure personali Tanxmdeba, rom Seamciron Worikana Tana­mSromlebis gamo
Seqmnili xelSemSleli faqtorebi, moaxdinon zewola im mosamsaxureze, romelic
epirfereba ufross an `moarjulon~ axali TanamSro­meli Tu xelmZRvaneli.

qvejgufebi organizaciebSi

Sexvedrebi udides rols asrulebs organizaciebSi _ universitetSi, bank­

Si, telekompaniasa Tu politikur gaerTianebaSi. rogorc sociologi Ddeirdre
bodeni (Deirdre Boden) wers, `Sexvedrebi aris iq, sadac organizaciebi iyrian Tavs~,
sadac sxvadasxva koalicia gansxvavebuli dRis wesrigebiT xvdeba erTmaneTs
(1994 w., gv. 81). yvelaze aqtualur saqmeebs _ miznebis dasaxvas, progresis Se­
fasebas, informaciis mogrovebasa da gavrcelebas, gaurkvevlobebis mogvarebas
_ xdeba Sexvedrebis miRma satelefono saubrebiT, memorandumebiT, angariSe­
biT da sxva msgavsi saSualebebiT. ufro farTo kuTxiT Tu ganvixilavT, Sexve­
dra ritualuri saqmea, rac amtkicebs organizaciis socialur struqturas,
akanonebs individualur da institucionalur wesebs da kvlav gamoxatavs soli­
darobasa da damokidebulebas organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi. Sexvedris erT-erTi
mTavari mizania konfliqtebis moqceva `ritualizebul brZolaSi~. universite­
tis fakultetis Sexvedrebze Setakeba xSirad gamowveulia `tradiciul kuriku­
lumebSi~ `klasikuri Rirebulebebis~ gafrTxilebis momxreebsa da `modernize­
buli~ da `yvelaze Tanamedrove~ sagnebis SemoRebis momxreebs Soris. miuxedavad
maTi kamaTisa, rac xSiria departamentis Sexvedrebze (imis nacvlad, rom mimar­
Ton meurveTa sabWos an sxva `gareSe pirebs~), isini gamoxa­taven TavianT damokide­
bulebas organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi.
SesaZlebelia Sexvedraze socialuri zemoqmedeba ufro mniSvnelovani
iyos, vidre Sexvedris mizezi an gansaxilveli sakiTxebi. Sexvedris mowveva Zala­
uflebis simbolizaciaa; Sesa­bamisad, Sexvedraze xalxis miwveva xdeba maTi sta­
tusis mixedviT (klerkebi da sxva dabali rangis funqcionerebi, rogorc wesi,
Sexvedrebs ar eswrebian). Zalian mniSvnelovania, `vin rodis laparakobs, visTan
da ramdens~ (bodeni, 1994w.). for­malur da araformalur Sexvedrebs Soris aris
erTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba.

128
 formaluri Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb, regularulad tardeba Tu specalurad aris
mowveuli, rogorc wesi, Setyobineba xdeba werilobiT, rasac mohyveba dRis wes­
rigi. formalur Sexvedras hyavs daniSnuli Tavmjdomare da CarTulia is xalxi,
romelTa poziciebic organizaciaSi aZlevs uflebas, rom wardgenilni iyvnen Sex­
vedraze dasaswrebad. rogorc wesi, Sexvedris Tavmjdomare uZRveba diskusias,
irCevs gamomsvlelebs, gansazRvravs maTi sityviT gamosvlis xangrZlivobas,
icavs ganawess da akeTebs gancxadebas Sexvedris daxurvis Sesaxeb. bolos Sexve­
dris Tavmjdomare ajamebs Sedegebs. gadawyvetilebebis miReba iSviaTad xdeba
TviTon Sexvedris dros; magram SesaZlebelia wamoiWras sakiTxebi, romlebic
moiTxoven gadawyvetas an gamocxadebul iqnes ukve miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.
formaluri Sexvedra aris `dokumenturad dasturebuli faqtebi~ oqmebis an ofi­
cialuri angariSebis saxiT.
araformaluri Sexvedra aris ufro patara da metad orienti­rebulia sakiTxze.
is aris sityvierad mowveuli, ar hyavs Tavmjdomare, ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli dRis
wesrigi da ar hyavs mudmivi wevrebi da arc daswrebaa savaldebulo. gamosvlis dro
SezRuduli ar aris. aseT Sexvedrebze oficialuri angariSebi ar aris, Tumca Sesa­
Zlebelia, rom individualurad gakeTdes sakiTxebis CaniSvna da mogvianebiT ki _
Canaweri. araformaluri Sexvedrebi tardeba maSin, rodesac organizaciis SigniT
garkveul jgufs surs gaarkvios, ra pozicia daikavos sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ase­
Ti Sexvedrebi xSirad mTavrdeba saqmianobis ganawilebiT _ vin moiZiebs saWiro
informacias an vin awarmoebs molaparakebebs sxva departamentebis wevrebTan an
organizaciis ufro maRali Tanamdebobis pirebTan.
rogorc Sexvedrebi gviCvenebs, samsaxurSi yvelaze mniSv­nelovani urTi­er­
Tobebidan bevri moicavs jgufebSi zemoqmedebas. georg zimeli (1902a, 1902b)
iyo erT-erTi pirveli sociologi, romelmac aRiara jgufuri urTi­erTqmedebis
sirTule da moaxdina misi meToduri analizi. man dainaxa, rom jgufis sididezea
damokidebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi, rogorc mis Sida organizebaSi, aseve
gare urTierTobebSi. Seswavla daiwyo or (diada) da samkacian (triada) jgufebs
Soris arsebuli kontrastis analiziT. sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT diada aram­
dgradia. Tu erTi wevri tovebs mas, maSin jgufi wyvets arsebobas. amasTanave, ar
aris mesame mxare, romelic kamaTis dros mediatoris rols Seasrulebda. miuxe­
davad amisa, diadis xarisxi zrdis stimuls partniorebisaTvis, rom SeaTanxmon
TavianTi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi. samkaciani jgufi mravali kuTxiT gansx­
vavdeba orkacianisagan. Tu erTi wevri midis, jgufi ar iSleba. mesame mxares Seu­
Zlia awarmoos urTierToba am ors Soris an am ors SeuZlia `SeTqmuleba moawy­
on~ mesames winaaRmdeg. meore mxriv ki, koaliciebma SesaZlebelia gadainacvlon
erTi sakiTxidan meoreze solidarobis gaZlierebiT. rodesac wevrTa raodenoba
izrdeba, zemoqmedebebis Sida modelebis potenciuri ricxvi da urTierTobebi
eqsponencialurad izrdeba (ix. grafiki 3.1).
did jgufebSi SezRudulia komunikaciis raodenoba da xarisxi jgufis yvela
wevrs Soris, informacia vrceldeba arapirdapiri gziT, formaluri arxebisa
da gagonili araformaluri informaciis saSualebiT. problemebis gadawyveta
aseve icvleba jgufis zomis mixedviT. didi jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

129
resursebisa da unarebis mravalferovneba, razec is aris awyobili. magram aq sa­
Sualod individualuri wevrebis wvlili ufro naklebia, vidre patara jgufebSi.
mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebis dinamika zomis zrdasTan erTad icvleba.

grafiki 3. 1.
Tu jgufis sidide ariTmetikulad izrdeba, maSin urTierTobebis
raodenoba geometriulad izrdeba
grafikis aRwera:

jgufis sidide urTierTobaTAa raodenoba

2 1
3 6
4 25
6 301
7 966

wyaro: pol heari (Paul Hare), mcire jgufuri kvlevis cnobari (Free Press,
Glencoe, III., 1976), gv. 218.

samsaxuris regulirebaSi ZiriTad rols asrulebs jgufebis koncentrireba

maT davalebebze; es aris mmarTvelobis funqcia. Tumca, samuSao adgileb­zec ki,
`miznobrivi jgufi~ aris `emociuri jgufic~ (mileri da raisi 1967w.). sanam foku­
sirdebian erTad muSaobis detalebze, jgufis wevrebi emociuri sakiTxebiTac
interesdebian: arian ki sxva maTze warmatebuli mosamsaxureebi? xom ar awuxebT
menejeri? SeuZliaT Tavi igrZnon daculad TavianT samsa­xurSi? jgufebis so­
cialuri fsiqologia mTavari gansaxilveli sakiT­xia warmatebulad muSaobis
organizebaSi. jgufis zewola xalxs gaakeTebinebs imas, rasac isini Cveulebriv
ar akeTeben an SeanarCunebineben siCumes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT eWvi eparebaT
gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi. fsiqologma irvin jenisma (1982 w., 1989 w.) am situa­
ciis asaxsnelad Semoitana termini `jgufuri azrovneba~. gansakuTrebiT mcire,
Zalian Sekrul jgufebSi, romlebsac hyavT di­namikuri liderebi, wevrebi imdenad
cdiloben SeinarCunon jgufis solidaroba, rom gacnobierebulad Tu gaucno­
biereblad, fantaven sakuTar eWvebs, ugulebelyofen sxvebis Wkvianur mosazre­
bebs da gadawyvetilebebs koleqtiurad aZleven racionalur dasabuTebebs. jgu­
furi azrovneba aris damaxinjebuli loialoba. amave dros, xalxis mier Zalian
Zlierad gamoxatuli damokidebuleba organizaciis mimarT xSirad gamowveulia
maT loialobaze samsaxuris megobrebisa da daaxloebuli kolegebis pirvelad
jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. jgufuri megobroba Zalian seriozuli motivaciaa, ro­
gorc ukeTesobisaTvis, aseve uaresobisaTvis.

130
lideroba da samuSao adgilis kultura

jgufuri cxovrebis ormagi bunebis gamo, liderobasac ori mimarTuleba

aqvs, instrumentuli da eqspresiuli (sekordi da beqmeni, 1974 w.). instrumen­
tuli lideroba koncentrirebas axdens mkafiod Camoyalibebuli davalebebis
marTvaze; eqspresiuli lideroba ki koncentrirdeba jgufis solidarobisa da
mis wevrebs Soris kargi urTierTobebis SenarCunebaze. zogierTi lideri (da
zogi organizacia) erTdroulad axorcielebs am sakiTxebs, xolo zogi saqmes
anawilebs.
magaliTad, rodesac Apple Computer Corporation gadawyvets axali produqciis
gamoSvebas, is niSnavs menejers. igi Semdeg qmnis proeqtis jgufs, romelic Tavis
mxriv kompleqtdeba inJinrebiT, dizainerebiT, kompiuteruli progra­mebis spe­
cialistebiT da sxva saWiro adamianebiT (garsteni, 1994 w.; qideri, 1981 w.; ixile
aseve mudi, 1995 w.). gamoricxuli ara, rom zogierTebi adre romelime sxva pro­
eqtSi erTad muSaobdnen, magram danarCenebi erTmaneTisaTvis ucxoni iqnebian an
SesaZlebelia, mxolod gagonili hqondeT erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. menejeri pasux­
ismgebelia konkretuli sakiTxebis pirovnulad ganawilebasa da jgufis ganrigis
mixedviT muSaobaze (instrumentuli lideroba). motivaciis SesanarCuneblad,
menejers aseve esaWiroeba ganaviTaros jgufuri solidarobis grZnoba (eqspre­
siuli lideroba). mas SeuZlia TiToeuli wevri daasaCuqros maisuriT, romelzec
jgufis slogani iqneba gamosaxuli, SeukveTos saWmeli, rodesac jgufis wevrebi
gvianobamde rCebian samuSaod (Tu es xSirad xdeba). mas aseve SeuZlia waaxalisos
jgufis wevrebi, rom maT gamoavlinon sxvadasxva pirovnuli Tvisebebi, magali­
Tad, yvelaze xumara, yvelaze kargi msmeneli, da is, vinc sxvebs ukeTebs neck rub-
s. rac ufro metad aris jgufi wnexis qveS, miT ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba
marTvis emociur mxares: adamianebi TavgamodebiT Sromoben, radganac ar undaT,
rom jgufis muSaoba warumatebeli iyos. jgufuri muSaobis emociuri da instru­
mentuli aspeqtebis dabalanseba da lideroba iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc
sajariso SenaerTi an qirurgiuli brigada.
Tumca, sxvadasxva organizacia sxvadasxva saxis midgoma aqvT. efl kompiute­
ri cdilobs kompaniis loialobis xelSewyobas araformaluri samuSao gare­
mos SeqmniT, magaliTad, kompaniaSi dasaqmebulTa Cacmas da moqmedebas ise, rom
gamoxaton TavianTi individualuroba. kompanias imedi aqvs, rom emociurad
intensiuri, magram droebiT proeqtze momuSave gundebi warmatebiT Seasrule­
ben davalebebs. ai-bi-emi ki piriqiT, yvela Tavisi gamyidvelisa da xelmZRvane­
li pirisagan iTxovs, rom ecvaT TiTqmis erTnairi cisferi pijakebi da xels
uwyobs maT, rom msgavsi cxovrebis stili hqondeT. dRemde misi menejmentis
strategia imisken iyo mimarTuli, rom kompaniaSi stabilurobis maRali donis
SenarCunebiT xeli Seewyo loialobisaTvis, cdilobda ra xalxisaTvis iSviaTad
Seecvala maT mier dakavebuli poziciebi. orive kompania Zalian warmatebulic

131
iyo da amasTanave orives hqonda krizisic, magram es krizisebi gamowveuli iyo
sxvadasxva mizeziT. efl-ma Tavisi stili kaliforniaSi ganaviTara personaluri
kompiuterebis _ axali tipis produqciis _ SeqmniTa da gayidviT, romlebic mx­
olod individualuri pirovnebebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. ai-bi-em-ma stili daim­
kvidra niu-iorkSi didi, ZviradRirebuli, universaluri kompiuterebis gayid­
viT, romlebic biznesisa da biurokratiuli struqturis organizaciebisaTvis
iyo gankuTvnili. amgvarad, gansxvaveba or kompanias Soris aisaxa, rogorc maTi
gayidvebis konteqstSi, aseve _ gansxvavebul menejerul strategiebsa da TanamS­
romlobis stilSi. sxvadasxva samuSao adgilebis stuqturebis zegavlena rom da­
vinaxoT, unda gadavxedoT organizacias, rogorc erT mTlians.

kompleqsuri organizaciebi: biurokratia

da misi alternativebi

rodesac vlaparakobT biurokratiaze, warmovidgenT yvelafer imas, rac xalxs

ar moswons did organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT: saaTobiT rigSi dgoma, daus­
rulebeli formebis Sevseba, wesebisadmi damorCileba, romlebsac Tvli, rom ara­
nairi azri ar aqvs, rodesac geqcevian ara rogorc pirovnebas, aramed rogorc
ara­srulfasovan adamians. magram mogvwons Tu ara es, biurokratia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis movlenaa. mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi erTi biurokratiidan
meoreSi gadavdivarT. vibadebiT did samSobiaroebSi, vswavlobT formalur sa­
ganmanaTleblo sistemebSi, vmuSaobT mravalerovnul saerTaSoriso korpora­
ciebSi, gvmarTaven saxelmwifo da federaluri saagentoebi da Cvens kremaciasac
ki didi damkrZalavi firmebi axorcieleben.
garda amisa, formaluri, biurokratiuli organizaciebi ar arian mxolod
diskomfortis Semqmnelni. mkacri da Zalian rTulad gansaxorcielebeli wesebi
da procedurebi SesaZlebelia sasargebloc ki gamodges. biurokratia aZlevs
saSualebas xalxs, rom maT warmatebiT Seasrulon TavianTi davaleba, rasac ver
SeZlebdnen araforma­lur, susti struqturis mqone jgufebSi (ix. sqema 3. 2).
rodesac wevrebis raodenoba aRemateba aT an Tormet adamians, maSin pirispir
jgufebSi Cndeba qvejgufebad daSlis tendencia, rac moiTxovs ufro met form­
alur organizacias. es realuria ara marto samuSao jgufebisaTvis, aramed _
socia­luri klubebisaTvis, rogoricaa saZmoebi da qalTa klubebi. xalxis orga­
nizebulobis sakiTxis sirTule masStabebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, did
organizaciebs ufro meti formaluri biurokra­tiuli struqtura aqvs, vidre pa­
tarebs. jer kidev did, kompleqsur institu­tebSic ki vxvdebiT Zalze gansxvave­
bul midgoma organizaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

132
 vice-prezi­ TeTri saxlis
dentis ofisi prezidenti ofisi

vice-preziden­
tis oficialu­
ri rezidencia

menejmentisa politikis erovnuli ekonomikuri erovnuli sivr­ saTaTbiro gare­

da biujetis ganviTarebis usafrTxoebis kon­sul­-­­ cis sabWo mos xarisxis
ofisi ofisi sabWo tan­te­bis sabWo Sesaxeb

mecnierebisa saTaT­ SeerTebuli erovnuli

administra­ Statebis savaW­­­ro
da teqnolo­ biro garemos kritikuli
ciis ofisi warmomadgenlis
giis politikis xarisxis sakiTxebis
ofisi Sesaxeb ofisi sabWo

sqema 3.2. formaluri organizaciis biurokratiuli struqtura: SeerTebuli Statebis

prezidentis aRmasrulebeli organos organizaciis sqema
iseve, rogorc sxva nebismier did organizaciaSi, SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis aRmas­
rulebeli xelisuflebis ganyofilebis wevrebi formaluri gegmis Tanaxmad angariSval­
debulni arian TavianTi xelmZRvanelebis winaSe. magaliTad, Tu Tqven xarT ekonomikuri
konsultantebis sabWos wevri, Tqven angariSvaldebuli xarT uSualod prezidentis winaSe
da ara erovnuli usafrTxoebis sabWos wevris winaSe.

wyaro: federaluri reestris samsaxuri (OOffice of the Federal Register), 1989 w., fede­raluri
reestri, vaSingtoni, gv. 86.

biurokratiis buneba

biurokratiis arseboba damaxasiaTebelia bevri sazogadoebisa da periodis­

aTvis, magram is mxolod Tanamedrove epoqaSi gaxda dominanturi. biu­rokra­tiu­
li struqtura wyvets sam ZiriTad problemas: rogor movaxdinoT didi raode­
nobis adamianebis organizeba koleqtiuri miznis misaRwevad, rogor movaxdinoT
mravalmxrivi davalebebis koordinireba da rogor vmarToT politikuri kon­
fliqti (an brZola ZalauflebisaTvis). mecxramete saukuneSi dasavluri mmarT­
velobis formis, bazrebisa da municipalitetebis sididisa da kompleqsurobis
zrdis gamo, biurokratiam ufro da ufro sayovelTao saxe miiRo.
germaneli sociologi maqs veberi, romelic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi moR­
vaweobda, iyo pirveli, vinc biurokratia ganmarta. veberma Seqmna `idealuri
tipi~ _ modeli, ramac xazi gausva biurokratiis mTavar Tvisebebs. veberis ide­
aluri tipi ar aRwers raime individualur biurokratias; realuri samyaros bi­
urokratiebi imdenad cvalebadia, rom raime erT garkveul models ver moergebi­
an. amis nacvlad, veberis idealuri tipi aris analitikuri xerxi, rac yuradRebas

133
gvamaxvilebinebs im ZiriTad sakiTxebze, romlebic gvexmarebian yvela tipis bi­
urokratiis gansazRvraSi:

1. specializacia: biurokratiebSi organizaciis mTavari saqme aris samuSaos

mkafiod ganawileba da kargad momzadebuli momsaxure personali, romelic
specializebulia konkretuli davalebis Sesrulebis sakiTxSi;

2. ofisebis ierarqia: rogorc ki saqmianoba ganawildeba patara, ufro marTvad

davalebebad, saWiroa sxvadasxva qmedebis koordinireba. Tu es ase ar mox­
deba, maSin SesaZlebelia, rom xalxma erT departamentSi Seqmnas rva diumiT
ufro didi WanWiki, vidre qanCi, romelic sxva departamentSi iqneba Seqmnili
(blau da maieri (Blau and Meyer), 1987 w.). am sakiTxis mosagvareblad saWiroa
momsaxure personalis ierarqiulad organizeba, sadac brZanabebis jaWvSi
TiToeuli pirovneba pasuxismgebeli iqneba uSualod misi zemdgomis winaSe.
TiToeul pozicias garkveuli valdebuleba da upiratesoba eniWeba. maRal
Tanamdebobebze myofTa uflebamosileba vrceldeba TavianT ofisebSi da
ara Tavad xalxSi. maTi uflebamosileba mkafiod aris gansazRvruli da limi­
tirebuli;

3. wesebi: qmedebebi da urTierTobebi imarTeba kargad Camo­yalibebuli wesebiT.

amitom xalxma zustad icis, ra moeTxoveba maT. wesebi, personalis Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic ki, biurokratiis saqmianobas mowesrigebuls da prognozire­
buls xdis;

4. miukerZoebloba: veberi miiCnevs, rom emociebi xels uSlis efeqturobas

da, maSasadame, aranairi adgili ara aqvs biurokratiaSi. is amtkicebs, rom
pirovnuli daSoreba xels uwyobs racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebas. mi­
ukerZoebloba personalis, mommarageblebis, klientebisa da momxmareblis
mimarT xels uwyobs samarTlian mopyrobas;

5. dajildoeba damsaxurebis mixedviT: biurokratiaSi sxvadasxva Tanamdebobe­

bze myofi xalxis dajildoeba xdeba teqnikuri kvalifikaciis safuZvelze
(rac ganisazRvreba testebiT, ganaTlebis doniTa da sxva standartuli kri­
teriumebiT) da ara nacnobobis mixedviT. dawinaureba xdeba Sesrulebuli
samuSaos xarisxis mixedviT. rodesac xelmZRvaneli Tavis megobrebsa da na­
Tesavebs aZlevs samuSaos da maT awinaurebs, organizacia warmatebulad ve­
Rar muSa­obs; ara mxolod naklebad kompetenturi xalxi daikavebs garkveul
Tanamdebobas, aramed individualuri Zalisxmeva Semcirdeba da Sromis sur­
vilic gaqreba. rodesac xalxi Tavis SesaZleblobas ar iSurebs organizaci­
isaTvis, maSin xalxma unda icodes, rom maTi Sroma saTanadod dafasdeba;

realuri samyaros arc erTi biurokratia zustad ar Seesabameba veberis idea­

lur tips. magaliTad, arc erTi ar aris srulad formirebuli; yvelas aqvs ori

134
mxa­re. formaluri struqtura Sed­geba oficialuri poziciebis, valdebule­
bebis, wesebisa da dadgenilebebisagan, romlebsac umaRlesi mmarTveli rgoli
ayalibebs. araformaluri struqtura ki Seqmnilia araoficialuri normebisgan,
romlebic momsaxure personalis mier aris SemuSavebuli.

qarxana houTron vestern eleqtrikSi ( Hawthrone Western Electric ) Catare­

bulma kvlevam (roTlisbergeri da diqsoni, 1939/1961 ww.) gviCvena, rom konveier­
is muSebi regularulad arRvevdnen kompaniis Sinaganawess. magaliTad, kompania
cdilobda, rom gaezarda Tavisi Semosavali muSebisaTvis sanardo anazRaurebis
dawesebiT. magram muSebma damoukideblad, araformalurad ganisazRvres srul­
fasovani dRiuri gamomuSavebis norma da awarmoebdnen zewolas maTze, vinc
gadaWarbebulad asrulebda kompaniis mier dawesebul normas da maTzec, vinc
ver asrulebda. muSebi fiqrobdnen (da Sesa­Zlebelia, marTlebic iyvnen), rom Tu
isini erTmaneTs Soris awarmoebdnen konkurencias meti individualuri mogebi­
saTvis, maSin SesaZlebelia, rom kompanias Seemcirebina dawesebuli anazRaureba
an gaezarda moTxovna produqciaze. msgavsi SemTxveva aRiniSa, rodesac univer­
maRebis gamyi­dvelma qalebma SeimuSaves sakuTari standartebi da Sromis ga­
nawileba _ nawilobriv imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT erTgvarovneba, rac
maTi saqmis Zalze damTrgunveli aspeqti iyo, da nawilobriv ki imisaTvis, rom
SeeqmnaT ganwyoba, rom akeTebdnen saWiro da sasiamovno saqmes (bensoni, 1986 w.)
organizaciis araformaluri struqtura exmareba momsaxure personals ise­
Ti problemebis gadawyvetaSi, romlebic ar Sedian misi regulirebis sfe­roSi. is
aseve xels uwyobs arasasurveli da arasaWiro Sromis aRmofxvras. Tum­ca, arafor­
malurma struqturam SesaZlebelia Seasustos organizaciis miz­nebi, rogorc es
moxda vestern eleqtrikSi, sadac muSebma sakuTari Tavi dai­cves TavianTi Sro­
mis nayofierebis SezRudvis gziT. amave dros, mosalodne­li Sedegebis gaTval­
iswinebis gareSe, wesebisa da procedurebis mkacrad dacvam SesaZlebelia Seasus­
tos organizaciuli miznebi. ritualizmi, rogorc sociologi ro­bert mertoni
(1968 w.) uwodebs, xels uSlis adamianebs axali pirobebis gaTviT­cnobierebasa
da maT mixedviT muSaobaSi. magram biurokratiaSi yvelaferi `mxolod cudi~
ar aris. SeerTebuli Statebis jarSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvra bev­
rad ufro warmatebulad ganxorcielda, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva romelime in­
stitutSi, raSic udidesi wvlili miuZRvis wesebisa da instruqciebis mkacrad
damorCilebas.
formaluri organizaciebi gansxvavdebian sididiT, dawyebuli uzarmazari
fede­raluri mTavrobidan, sadac milionobiT adamiania dasaqmebuli, damTavre­
buli mci­re biznesiT, sadac asamde adamiani muSaobs; kompleqsurobiT (ramdeni
gansxvavebuli samuSaoa saWiro); mmarTvelobis centralizaciiT (gadawyvetilebis
miReba ramodenime pirovnebis xelSia Tu gabneulia) da miznebiT (bevri Tu cota).

135
biurokratiis miRma

1990-ianma wlebma organizaciuli restruqturizaciis talRa moitana. ameri­

kul politikaSi dominirebda debatebi imis Sesaxeb, rogor moexdinaT ara mxo­lod
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemebis reforma, ar­
amed zogadad mTavrobisa. TiTqmis yvela eTanxmeboda mosazrebas, rom `mTavroba,
rogor wesi~ ar muSaobs, Tumca SeTanxmeba imaze, ra gziT iqneba wasvla ukeTesi,
naklebad iyo miRweuli. arc biznesi viTardeba Cveuli reJimiT. TiTqmis yovel
kviras Cndeba gancxadebebi korporaciebis Serwymaze, erTis mier meores STanTq­
masa da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT maTi moculobis Semcirebebze. is­mis kiTxvebi:
gana amowura biurokratiam Tavisi saWiroeba? ra aris alternativa?

iaponuri korporacia

1989 da 1990 wlebSi, micubiSis uzarmazarma konglomeratma didi reklama gai­

keTa, rodesac niu-iurkis rokfeleris centrSi birJis aqciebis sakontrolo pa­
keti SeiZina da, amis Semdeg cota xanSi, kaliforniis cnobili febl biC-is (Pebble
Beach) golfis moedani (nefi, 1990 w.) iyida. am ori erovnuli seriozuli obieqtis
SeZena mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo: mTlianad, micu­biSis kapitali am qveyanaSi sul
cota 4 miliard aSS dolari iyo da micubiSis produqciis (ZiriTadad avtomo­
bilebis) gayidva SeerTebul StatebSi izrdeboda (holsteini, 1990 w.).
micubiSis warmateba nawilobriv gamowveulia klasikuri biurokratiuli or­
ganizaciiT. magaliTad, micubiSi erTi organizaciis qveS gaaerTiana didi raode­
nobiT produqti da qmedeba: avtomobilebi, navTobi, bankebi, sakvebi, kompiut­
eruli mikrosqemebi, uZravi qoneba, plastmasa, televizorebi da qimikatebi. es
yvelaferi micubiSis saxels atarebs. micubiSi aris iaponiis umsxvilesi keirecu
(keiretsu) _ sxvadasxva warmoebaSi arsebuli msxvili korporaciebis jgufi, ro­
melic erTi dedobili kompaniis mflobelobasa da kontrolis qveS aris (miSima,
1989 w.; vrai, 1984 w.).
magram micubiSi warmatebuli iyo aseve aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi im or­
ganizaciuli strategiebis safuZvelze, romlebic ar Seesabameba veberis biu­
rokratiis ideals, strategiebisa, romlebmac daxmareba gauwies iaponuri msx­
vili firmebis idealuri tipis gansazRvraSi (ouCi, 1981 w.). idealuri tipi ki
Tavis mxriv daexmara iaponias, rom Seeqmna globaluri ekonomikuri Zalaufleba
(ix. Tavi 17), Tumca 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi bevrma iaponurma firmam dai­
wyo cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba xarjis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. ganmsazRvrel
Tvisebebad SeiZleba aRvniSnoT Semdegi:

1. dasaqmeba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze: mniSvnelovan iaponur korporaciebSi

momsaxure personali daqiravebulia mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi (saval­
debulo sapensio asakamde, romelic ormocdaTxuTmeti welia) da arasodes

136
 dganan samsaxuris dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. Tu erT ganyofilebaSi raime
saxis samuSao saWiro aRar aris, maSin am saqmiT dakavebuli xalxi gada­hyavT
im ganyofilebebSi, romlebic farTovdebian;

2. yuradRebis gamaxvileba jgufur warmatebebze: momsaxure personali organi­

zebulia rva an aTkacian jgufebad. warmateba fasdeba jgufis mier warmate­
biT Sesrulebuli davalebiT da ara individualuri miRwevebiT. es aZlevs
saSualebas pirovnebas gamoavlinos Tavisi unika­luri monacemebi da aRmofx­
vras jgufis SigniT konkurencia;

3. dawinaureba samuSao staJis mixedviT: tipur amerikul organizaciebSi dawi­

naureba xdeba individualuri warmatebebis mixedviT; iaponiaSi ki _ mu­Sa­
obis xangrZlivobis mixedviT. momsaxure personals jgufurad ahyavT skole­
bidan da kolejebidan, da Cveulebriv, TandaTan awinaureben asakis zrdasTan
erTad;

4. gadawyvetilebis miReba decentralizebulia: xelmZRvaneli pirebi bevrad

ufro gabneulni arian, vidre SeerTebuli Statabis korporaciaTa umete­
sobaSi. xSirad mmarTveli rgolis warmomadgeneli martivad amtkicebs misi
qveSevrdomebis mier momzadebul gegmas. `qvevidan zeviT~ gadawyvetilebis
miReba xels uwyobs momsaxure personalis monawileobasa da maT SemarTebas,
rasac maqsimumamde ahyavs imis SesaZlebloba, rom gonivruli gzebi iqnes mo­
Zebnili problemebis mosagvareblad;

5. holistikuri damokidebuleba momsaxure personalis mimarT: msxvili iapo­nuri

korporaciebi TavianT TanamSromlebs uam­ravi personaluri momsa­xurebiT
uzrunvelyofen: binaTmSenebloba kompaniis dafinansebiT, ipoTekuri mom­
saxurebiT, gasarTobi saSualebebiT, dasvenebiTa da sruli samedicino mom­
saxurebiT;

faqtobriv, msxvili iaponuri korporacia funqcionirebs, rogorc erTi didi

ojaxi, sadac upiratesoba eniWeba loialobasa da muSaobis staJs. korporacia, sa­
dac momsaxure personalis urTierToba personalizebulia, biu­rokratiis zogi­
erTi klasikuri principis sawinaaRmdegoa. ra Tqma unda, iaponiaSi yvela dasaqme­
buli ar aris msxvili korporaciebis mier daqiravebuli da, miuxedavad imisa, rom
ufro patara kompaniebs ar SeuZliaT SesTavazon maT dasaqmeba mTeli cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi, isini cdiloben ufro metad SeinarCunon organizaciis individua­
luri stili, vidre maTma kolegebma SeerTebul StatebSi.
miuxedavad amisa, iaponuri modeli eWvis qveS dgas. msxvili kompaniebi Ta­
vianTi saqmianobis umravlesobas patara firmebze `gadaanawileben~, romlebic
momsaxure personals sTavazoben odnav ukeTes anazRaurebas, magram dasaqmebis
nakleb garantias. ekonomikuri zewola izrdeba moklevadiani mogebis Ziebis
paralelurad.

137
 zogierTi ufro axalgazrda iaponeli momsaxure personali miesalmeba cvli­
lebebs. maT ufro meti individualuri Tavisufleba surT, vidre amis saSuale­
bas aZlevda Zveli sistema. sxvebi SiSoben, rom SesaZlebelia dakargon Zveli
sistemis kargi mxare menejerebisadmi dasavluri midgomis wyalobiT, romelic
gulisxmobs ara mxolod konvenciur biurokratias (rac ukve tipuria iaponiis
mTavrobisaTvis), aramed organizaciul struqturebsac, sadac loialoba nakleb
rols TamaSobs da momsaxure personalis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba Cveuli
movlenaa.

efl kompiuteri: korporacia, rogorc kampusi

efl kompiuteri erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili da warmatebuli amerikuli

mcdelobaa biurokratiis alternativis Sesaqmnelad (garsteni (Garsten), 1994 w.).
efl-is saTavo ofisebi ganlagebulia silikonis velze. es aris koleqcia erT­
sarTuliani mobaTqaSebuli Senobebisa wiTeli kramitis saxuravebiT, ramdenime
Seminuli ofisis kopleqsi, biblioTeka da gamajansaRebeli centri. es yvelaferi
kolejis kampuss ufro hgavs, vidre msxvili korporaciis saTavo ofiss. arqiteq­
tura da gegmareba kargad aris mofiqrebuli. efl-i albaT Tavis Tavs Tvlis adg­
ilad, sadac xalxs SeuZlia iswavlos da gaizardos, xolo momsaxure personals
SeeZleba TviTrealizaciac da xelfasis miRebac.
micubiSis msgavsad, efl-i muSaobs, rom ganaviTaros loialoba, rogorc erT
mTlian kompaniaSi, aseve calkeul jgufebSi (an `gundebSi~) organizaciis SigniT,
raTa samuSao saxaliso gaxados da daxmareba gauwios Tavis momsaxure personals
iseT arasamsaxurebriv sakiTxebSi, rogorebicaa bavSvebis movla da ganaTleba.
magram efl-i am miznebs axorcielebs namdvili amerikuli kulturis Sesabamisad.
pirveli, rac TvalSi moxvdeba iq misul adamians, aris sxvadasxva sloganebiani
(da yovelTvis efl-is logoTi) mkveTri feris maisurebSi gamowyobili xalxis
garkveuli raodenoba. araformaloba Cacmulobasa da personalur zemoqmede­
baSi ara mxo­lod daSvebulia, aramed _ savaldebuloc ki.
samsaxuri efl-Si iwyeba `efl universitetis~ gacnobiT, romelic erTi
kvira grZeldeba. axladayvanil momsaxure personals uCveneben slaidebsa
da videofilmebs efl-is istoriis, misi xelmZRvaneli pirebisa da produqciis
Sesaxeb. martivi eniT gadmocemul informacias da mowveul gamomsvlelebs Tan
sdevs efl-is momsaxure personalis video firze Cawerili replikebi: `efl-is
xalxi ucnauria, is sxva Taobis xalxia~ (gv. 57). periodulad efl-is Rirsebebisa
da miznebis CamonaTvali wamierad Cndeba ekranze, romelic moicavs sloganebs
Zenis (Zen) stilSi, magaliTad, `mogzauroba jildoa~. axalbedebi aseve monawi­
leobdnen simulaciur proeqtebSi, sadac specialurad Seqmnili gundebi gaa­
keTeben, magaliTad, qandakebas, romelsac cdiloben, rom jgubSive `gayidon~.
erTi kviris Semdeg TiToeuli iRebs diploms, piradobis mowmobasa da perangs
sloganiT.
ufro farTo kuTxiT Tu ganvixilavT, efl-i xasiaTdeba imiT, rom TviTon
gansazRvravs imas, ra aris ara. da es ara, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac da xSirad

138
aSkara negatiuri kuTxiTac, aris ai-bi-emi. efl-i warmatebis gasa­Rebs cvlile­
baSi xedavs da is amayobs Tavisi SesaZleblobiT, rom mimdinare cvlilebebis Ses­
abamisad SeuZlia produqciis gardaqmna Tu reorganizeba ekonomikaSi, socialur
yofasa da momxmareblis interesebSi. es Canda rogorc radika­luri gamosvla
`industriis xanis~ kompaniebidan, rogoric aris ai-bi-emi, sadac ZiriTadi yu­
radReba gamaxvilebulia stabilurobaze, wesebisadmi damorCilebaze, saxelsa da
rangze (skuli, 1987 w.). efl-is korporaciuli kulturis Tanaxmad, stabiluro­
bas mivyavarT adre daSvebuli Secdomebis gameorebamde an, rogorc misi wevrebi
amboben, `velosipedis Tavidan gamogonebamde~. saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis da Semo­
qmedebiTobis xelSesawyobad, efl-i xSirad axorcielebs xalxis, funqciebisa da
produqciis reorganizebas.
zogi momsaxure personali Tvlis, rom efl-Si ocneba realobad iqca; sxvebi
dabneulni arian maTTvis nacnobi niSnulebis naklebobiT, rogoricaa dasa­xelebebi,
departamentebi, da aseve karieris Seqmnis advilad gasagebi gzebiT. metic, efl-is
`antibiurokratia~ moicavs CaSenebul problemebs. pirveli, xSiri reorganizacia
spobs TanamSromlebs Soris loialobas, ramac SesaZlebelia Seasustos erTguli
damokidebuleba korporaciis mimarT (hovardi (Howard), 1985 w.). meore, valdebule­
bam, rom samuSao gaxado saxaliso, SesaZlebelia sawinaaRmdego efeqti moitanos:
`xalisi~ aRar aris saxaliso, rodesac valdebulebad iqceva. aseTi politika asus­
tebs momsaxure personalis avtonomiurobas, moagvaron sakuTari urTierTobebi
da araformaluri gansazRvruli reJimi. da bolos, xelmZRvanelebi Tvlian, rom
maT mier damatebiTi moTxovnebis _ maga­liTad, samsaxurSi gvianobamde darCena
samuSaos Sesasruleblad _ samsaxurebSi bavSvebis movlisa da sxva amgvari arasam­
saxurebrivi Tanadgomis samagieroa. efl-is `uzrunveli~ atmosfero sinamdvileSi
niRbavs stresis maRal xarisxs.
novatoruli korporaciebic ki damokidebulni arian bazris warmatebaze.
vinai­dan mogebis moculoba Semcirda kompiuterul warmoebaSi, ekonomikis ze­
wolam efl-is gamorCeuli stili safrTxis qveS daayena.

berous velqomi da glaqso (Burroughs Wellcome and Glaxso):

korporaciuli STanTqma

ra stilic ar unda hqondes korporaciis Sida organizacias, is mainc Zal­ze

mgrZnobiarea gare zewolebis mimarT, finansuri bazrebis CaTvliT. amgvarad, kor­
poraciulma Serwymam SesaZlebelia mTeli kompaniis moulodneli transformacia
moaxdinos.
1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda korporaciebis STanTqma da Serwyma. korporaci­
ulma STanTqmam SesaZloa moklevadiani mogeba moutanos investorebsa da umaR­
lesi mmarTveli rgolis warmomadgenlebs, magram aseTi gaerTianebebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis imas niSnavs, rom bevri TanamSromeli an daTxovili iqneba samsaxuri­
dan, an droze adre iqneba gaSvebuli pensiaSi (nawilobriv imitom, rom kompan­
ias sWirdeba Seamciros Tanxebi sxva kompaniis SemoerTebis Sedegad gamowveuli
valebis gadasaxdelad). 1989-dan da 1995 wlamde 3 milioni adamiani iqna samsa­

139
xurebidan daTxovili, romel­Taganac bevri maRalkvalificiuri, kargad anaz­
Raurebadi profesionali, menejeri da teqnikuri personali iyo (herberti (Her-
bert) , 1995 w.). 1996 wlis pirvel samuSao dRes ai-Ti end Ti-m ( AT&T) gamoacxada,
rom moxdeboda 40.000 TanamSromeli permanentuli ga­Ta­­vi­suf­leba, rac Tavisi
masStabiT istoriaSi udidesi iyo.
berou velqomi, Sidsis sawinaaRmdego cnobili ei-zet-Ti (AZT) abebiT da
glaqso, wylulis sawinaaRmdego preparati zantakiT, farmakologiur mrewvelo­
baSi ori yvelaze warmatebuli da momgebiani korporacia iyo. 1994 wlis martSi
glaqsom STanTqa berou uelqomi da msoflioSi udidesi farmacevtuli kompania
gaxda. am procesis Sedegad 15 miliardi aSS dolari gadavida erTi mflobelidan
meoris xelSi, ori korporaciis kultura Seejaxa erTmaneTs da 5.000 adamiani mox­
vda gaugebrobaSi (ieumeni, 1995 w.). am kompaniaTAa gaerTianebamde, londonis baza­
ze Seqmnil or kompanias mTel msoflioSi 62.000 adamiani hyavda dasaqmebuli. maT
ricxvSi iyo samxreT karolinis reserC Triangl parki Research Triangle Park (RTP).
ori kompaniis samuSao adgilebis kultura Zalze gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisa­
gan. berou velqomi ufro akademiur samecniero-kvleviT centrs hgavda, vidre
komerciuls. korporaciis ZiriTadi principi iyo daeqiravebina Rirseuli xalxi
da maT saSualebas aZlevda maqsi­malurad gamoevlinaT sakuTari Tavi. mecnierebs
raime specifikuri saqmis keTeba ar evalebodaT, isini TavianTi interesis mixed­
viT axorcielebdnen samecnie­ro kvleviT muSaobas. rodesac raime idea perspeqti­
uli aRmoCndeboda, mecniers unda Seeqmna gundi sxvadasxva departamentis Tanam­
Sromlebisagan, Caetarebina ZiriTadi kvlevebi da waredgina Tavisi winadadeba
komitetisadmi. `es iyo patara samecniero sawarmos samflobelo~ (ieumeni, 1995
w., gv. 12). xelmZRvanelebi mecnierebs piradad icnobdnen da did dros atarebdnen
maT laboratoriebSi `samecniero saubrebSi~. berou velqomi ganTqmuli iyo ara
marto mecnieruli Tavi­suflebiT, aramed dasaqmebis garantiiTac.
glaqso ufro tradiciuli biurokratiuli struqturiT xasiaTdeboda. umaR­
lesi mmarTveli rgolis warmomadgenlebs (visac mecnierebi iSviaTad xedavdnen)
unda aerCiaT raime konkretuli daavadeba, daevalebinaT Sesasruleblad kvlevi­
Ti samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba sxvadasxva departamentebisa da jgufebisaTvis
da emarTaT informaciis dineba. TiToeul mecniers hqonda Tavisi saqme, romlis
dasrulebis Semdegac misi naSromi gadaecemoda sxva departaments. glaqso cno­
bili iyo imiT, rom qiraobda uniWieres xalxs da uxdida Zalian karg anazRaurebas,
magram miuxedavad amisa, momsaxure personalisaTvis samuSao mZime iyo. muSaobis
stimulisa da energiis amowurvis Semdeg maT samsaxuridan uSvebdnen. rodesac
glaqsom gaxsna samecniero-kvleviTi centri reserC Triangl parkSi, miuxeda­
vad maRali anazRaurebisa, SeuZlebeli gaxda berou uelqomisgan mecnierebis
gadmobireba. amitomac man sxva strategias _ korporaciul Serwymas mimarTAa.
glaqsos mier berou velqomis mierTebas am ukanasknelis momsaxure perso­
nalisaTvis igive Sedegi hqonda, rac SesaZlebelia bunebriv katastrofas moh­­
yoloda. gakeTda gancxadebebi uamravi samuSao adgilis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. momsa­
xure personali aRmoCnda uimedo situaciaSi, rodesac daayenes arCevanis winaSe:
an nebayoflobiT daetovebinaT samsaxuri (fuladi kompensaciiTa da janmrTelo­

140
bis dacvis sakiTxebSi arsebuli daxmarebis gagrZelebiT), an darCeniliyvnen Tavi­
anT poziciebze, oRond aranairi garantiiT samsaxuris SenarCunebaze. bevrs daew­
yo depresiuli simptomebi: xerxemlis tkivili, Tavis tkivili, Zilis problemebi,
madis dakargva, agzneba, isterika da col-qmruli problemebi. protestis, mrisx­
anebisa da Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis talRa gancdis im klasikuri stadiebiT,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ojaxis wevris gardacvalebis dros, departamenti­
dan departamentSi gadadioda. berou velqomis TanamSromlebi ganicdidnen ara
marto samsaxuris dakargvas an korporaciis gansakuTrebuli kulturisagan Camo­
Sorebas, aramed imas, rom dairRva socialuri kontraqti, rac gulisxmobda Sem­
degs: `me Tu kargad vmuSaob (gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu kvalificiuri muSaki var)
da Cemi kompania warmatebulad viTardeba (rogorc berou velqomi), samsaxuri
garantirebuli maqvs~.
msgavsi reaqciebi dafiqsirda, rodesac daixura qarxana da daiketa magistra­
li. magram samsaxurebidan masobrivi daTxovna da `Semcirebebi~ aRar aris erTeu­
li SemTxvevebi, romlebic mxolod problemebis mqone kompaniebis an `sikvdilis
piras myofi mrewvelobisaTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebeli. aravis SeuZlia dRes iyos
mSvidad da ar iRelvos an ar ifiqros imaze, rom misi kompania SesaZlebelia Sem­
degi iyos. ironiulad rom vTqvaT, grZelvadiani valdebulebebi damqiravebelsa
da daqiravebulebs Soris im martorqis gziT midis, romelic korporacia berou
velqomis logo iyo.

socialuri interaqciis
struqturis axsna

sociologiis yvela fuZemdebeli fiqrobda socialuri qmede­bisa da socia­

luri struqturis urTierTqmedebis axsnas (ix. Tavi 1). umetesoba koncentrire­
bas axdenda farTomasStabian socialur struqturebsa (mTeli sazogadoeba an
ekonomika) da radikalur socialur cvlilebaze (industrializacia an kapital­
izmis zrda). jorj Hherbert midi da maqs veberi dainteresebulni iyvnen aseve im
roliT, rasac yoveldRiuri qceva asrulebs socialuri struqturis SenarCu­
nebasa Tu mis cvlilebaze. maTi namuSevari iyo sulisCamdgmeli araerTi Taname­
drove Teo­riisa, romlebic konkretulad exeba socialur urTierTqmedebebs. am
bolo wlebSi sakiTxis aseTi aRqma mTel sociologiaSi gavrcelda (faini, 1993
w.). aRiarebulia idea, rom socialuri wyoba damokidebulia imaze, rogor `ewi­
naaRmdegebian, iyeneben, manipulireben da gadaakeTeben struqturas~ socialuri
moTamaSeebi (pirovnebebi, msxvili organizaciebi Tu socialuri institutebi).

141
simboluri interaqcia

jorj H h erbert midis midgoma socialur urTierTqmedebaze efuZ­neba sam Ziri­

Tad mosazrebas (midi, 1934 w.; blumeri, 1969/1986 ww.). pirveli _ xalxi reagirebs
yvelaferze, rasac an visac ki gadaawydeba, rac imis Se­sabamisad xdeba, ras niS­
navs maTTvis is xalxi, qmedeba Tu situacia. meore _ Cven vswavlobT sagnebis
mniSvnelobas, rasac imaze dakvirvebiT vaxorcielebT, rogor reagireben sxva
adamianebi maTze anu _ socialuri urTierTqmedebiT. mesame _ rogorc Sedegi
mimdinare urTierTqmedebisa, xma (an sityvebi), Jestikulacia, gamometyveleba da
aRnagoba iZens simbulur mniSvnelobas, rasac iziarebs erTi da imave kulturas
mikuTvnebuli xalxi. magaliTad, amerikelebi mosaubres pirdapir uyureben da es
aris qmedeba, romelic bevr kulturaSi SesaZlebelia, Seuracxmyofeli da aRmaS­
foTebeli iyos. Cven im xalxs, vinc erideba Tvalis gasworebas, `flids~ veZaxiT.
aseve viyenebT Tvalebs statusis dasamtkiceblad. rodesac urTierTqmedebis
dros partniorebi gansxvavdebian ZalauflebiTa da sazogadoebaSic aseve sx­
vadasxva avtoritetiT sargebloben, is, vinc pirveli ver gausworebs Tvals part­
niors, mianiSnebs pativiscemasa da morCilebaze (rijvei, bergeri da smiTi, 1985
w.). SedarebiT dabali statusis mqone partniorma SesaZlebelia Tvali gausworos
molaparakes, rodesac usmens mas, xolo rodesac TviTon laparakobs, maSin mas
Tvals aridebs an saerTod dabla iyureba. mamakacisa da qalis urTierTqmedebis
dros qalebi ufro xSirad gaurbian TvalebSi yurebas. rodesac qals seriozuli
Zalis­mieri pozicia ukavia (maga­liTad, rodesac is aris sagzao policieli, ro­
melic avsebs sajarimo qviTars), maSin sawinaaRmdegod iqceva. midi miiCnevs, rom
aseTi simboluri urTierTqme­debebi socialuri wyobis saSeni blokebia.
gamomdinare konteqstidan, erTi da imae simbolos SesaZlebelia, sxvadasx­
va mniSvneloba hqondes. rodesac daJinebiT miaCerdebiT vinmes, romelic Tqven
win cdilobs rigSi Cadgomas, maSin gamoxatavT mrisxanebas; rodesac sawinaaRm­
dego sqesis adamians daJinebiT uyurebT barSi, maSin Tqveni mzera romantiuli
interesis maniSnebelia. simboluri mesijebis interpretacia damokidebulia
adamianis SesaZleblobaze, aiRos sxva pirovnebis roli. rolis aReba niSnavs sa­
kuTari Tavis dayenebas sxvis adgilze imis warmodgeniT, ras grZnobs da fiqrobs
is adamiani, da imis gaTvliT, ras moimoqmedebs is Semdeg. amgvarad, Cven vwyvetT
Cveni romeli qmedeba iqneba yvelaze `warmatebuli~ an ra migviyvans yvelaze ax­
los Cvens miznebTan.
rolebi ar aris fiqsirebuli da ucvleli. socialurma urTierTqmedebam Sesa­
Zlebelia gaamyaros rolis arsebuli urTi­erTobebi an gamoiwvios maTi cvlileba
(Turneri, 1990 w.). rolis cvlilebaSi igulisxmeba ufro meti, vidre individua­
lur cvlilebebSi; es niSnavs socialuri molodinis cvlilebas. rolis cvlileba
savaraudod maSin xdeba, rodesac axali socialuri moTamaSeebis SesaZleblobebi
da interesebi ar esadageba rolis moTxovnebs da farTod gavrcelebuli kul­
turuli da struqturuli modelebi uSveben an saWiroeben cvlilebas. magaliTad,

142
bebiebi da babuebi, rogorc wesi, arian distanciuri, avtoritetuli figurebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian moralur Rirebulebebsa da ojaxur memkvidreo­
baze. rodesac SviliSvilebi bebiasTan midian, maT kargad unda ecvaT da kargadac
unda iqceodnen. kulturul cvlilebebs 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, xSirad mihy­
avda konfliqtebamde mSoblebi da bebia-babuebi bavSvebis socializebasTan da­
kavSirebiT. da bolos, amJamad bevri adamiani ormoci da ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi
ukve bebia an babua xdeba, da Semdgom asakSi _ samoci, samocdaaTi wlisa da ufro
metisac ki _ eweva ufro aqtiur cxovrebas. Sedegad, bebiebisa da babuebis roli
ufro araformaluri gaxda. dRevandel dRes isini imedovneben, rom SviliSvilebi
maTSi `mxiarul xalxs~ xedaven.
1950-ian wlebSi mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris roli iyo, rogorc sa­
xelmwifo moRvawisa, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo SeenarCunebina `wonasworoba
da samuSao balansi uSualod dainteresebuli jgufebis . . . mewileebis, daqirave­
buli personalis, momxmareblebisa da farTo sazogadoebis mier wamo­yenebuli
moTxovnebis fonze~ (frenk abramsi, niu-jersis standart oilis Tavmjdomare, 1951
w., 1996 w.). kritikosebi amkiceben, rom globalurma konkurenciam, `eleqtronul­
ma kapitalizmma~ (SesaZleblobam, rom fulis moZraoba mTels msoflioSi wamebSi
xdebodes) da sxva cvlilebebma gamoiwvies mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtoris
rolis xelmeored gansazRvra, rogorc mxolod mewileebis agentebisa, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian mxolod sufTa mogebaze da ara daqiravebuli personalis,
momxmareblisa Tu sazogadoebis winaSe.

dramaturgiuli midgoma

idea socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, modis Teatridan da msaxiobebis

mier Sesrulebuli rolebidan. rogorc Seqspiri wers, `mTeli samayro aris scena~.
sociologebi, romlebic ganixilaven dramaturgiul midgomas, Tvlian, rom bev­
ri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba nacnobi, mosalodneli kulturuli scenarebis
mixedviT. pirovnebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rogor interpretacias axdenen da rogor
TamaSoben TavianT rolebs, `TamaSis~ Sedegi gansazRvruli mainc ar aris.
ganvixiloT eleganturi restornis mepatronis (maitre d’) qmedeba (orveli,
1951 w.). xmaurian da mofusfuse samzareuloSi restornis mepatrone aris ufro­
si, romelic pasuxismgebelia yuradReba miaqcios sakvebis saTanadod momzade­
basa da serviss. momTxovni zedamxedveli, romlisTvisac araferi ar aris damak­
mayofilebeli, amayad dadis, aRelvebuli laparakobs da yviris kidevac. Semdeg,
msaxiobis msgavsad, romelic axali xasiTis Sesasruleblad gadis scenaze, Sedis
sasadilo oTaxSi da misi qceva radikalurad icvleba. naTeli saxiT aTvalierebs
iataks, Tavs uxris klientebs, SemuSavebuli TavazianobiT acilebs maT magidamde
da siamovnebas aniWebs Tavisi yuradRebiT. samzareulos tirani yvelaze rafini­
rebul maspinZlad gardaiqmneba.

143
 dramaturgiuli midgomis lideri, amerikeli sociologi irvin hofmani (1959,
1974 ww.) socialur cxovrebas xedavda, rogorc improvizebuli TamaSebisa da
sketCebis seriebs. TiToeul socialur situacias aqvs Tavisi scenari, romelic
xazs usvams im zogad pirobebs, ra aris mosalodneli da ro­meli rolebis TamaSia
saWiro. Tumca, namdvili Teatris sapirispirod, ar arsebobs raime direqtiva.
amitom moqmedma pirebma (monawile­ebma) erTmaneTSi unda moi­laparakon, vin ra
rols Seasrulebs, rac ise unda gaakeTon, rom sxvebisagan sasurveli sapasuxo
reaqcia gamoiwvion da amrigad, TamaSs `keTili dasasruli~ eqneba.
namdvil TeatrSi msaxiobebi cdiloben daarwmunon mayurebeli, rom swored is
moqmedi gmirebi arian, rasac TamaSoben. TiTqmis amave gziT, socialur urTierTq­
medebaSi monawileebi iqcevian ise, rom daarwmunon audiencia (sxva monawileebi)
maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebis bunebriobaSi. hofmanma Semoitana termini STabe­
WdilebaTa marTva, raTa aRewera adamianTa mcdeloba _ ekontrolebinaT, ras
fiqroben sxvebi maTze. magaliTad, samsaxurSi misaRebad gasaubrebaze misuli
pirovneba cdilobs, rom Tavi warmoaCinos, rogorc gawonasworebulma, gonierma,
megobrulma da dinamikurma pirovnebam (da `kargad Cacmulma~).
hofmanis mniSvnelovani gamWriaxoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man ganaviTara
Semdegi mosazreba: STabeWdilebebis marTva mxolod iseTi formaluri situa­
ciebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, rogoric gasaubrebaa samsaxurSi mis­
aRebad, aramed igi yovelTvis aREiniSneba. Cveni gadawyvetilebebi Tu ras vicvamT,
sad vcxovrobT, rogor avtomobils viZenT rodesac hamburgersa Tu makarons mi­
virTmevT, yvelaferi es STabeWdilebis marTvis aspeqtebia, rac im identurobis
`gamyarebas~ exmareba, rac Cven gvaqvs dagegmili.
socialuri urTierTqmedebis erTi Tavsatexi aris is, ratom mihyvebian Cvens
`qmedebas~ sxvebi miuxedavad imisa, rom ician (roca gaaanalizeben) _ es yvelaferi
gamogonilia. hofmanis azriT, amis pasuxi aris is, rom STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi
TiToeuli adamianis warmateba damokidebulia sxva xal­xis damatebiT rolebze.
TviTon ver warmoadgenT sakuTar Tavs iseve warmatebulad, magaliTad rogorc
restornis mepatrone, Tu oficiantebi da klientebi Tqvens ignorirebas moax­
denen. sanaxaoba rom ar SeCerdes, xalxi ise moqmedebs, TiTqos TiToeulis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedeba bunebrivi iyos. Tu vinme seriozul Secdomas dauSvebs
_ magaliTad, Tu SemTxveviT daaboyinebs, rodesac xvdeba klientebis jgufs _
monawileebi ise iqcevian, TiTqos araferi ar SeumCneviaT (rasac hofmani uwodebs
`ganzrax arSemCnevas~). sadilze sxva magidebidan sxvebs daJinebiT ar umzeren da
arc erevian maT saubarSi. piriqiT, ise iqcevian, TiTqos maT garda iq sxva aravin ar
iyos (modeli, romelsac hofmani uwodebs `civilur uyuradRebobas~).
qmedebaTa umetesoba moulodneli Sexvedris dros SeiZleba gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mcdeloba TiToeulis mxridan, rom monawileTa Soris urTi­erTobis gaw­
yvetis gareSe warmatebulad daamTavron yvela daugegmavi da arasasurveli mov­
lena, romlebsac SeuZlia monawileebi arasasurvel mdgomareobaSi Caagdon (hof­
mani, 1967 w., gv. 41).

144
 Zalian Znelia mudmivad scenaze yofna. amitomac aris, rom socialur cxovre­
bas aqvs ori mxare _ `wina plani~ da `kulisebi~. wina planze xalxs moeTxoveba,
rom rolebi iTamaSon mTeli TavianTi SesaZleblobebis gamo­yenebiT. sasadilo
oTaxi aris wina plani oficiantebisaTvis. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, eCqarebaT maT,
gaRizianebulni arian Tu gadaiRalnen _ isini mainc Tavazianebi da yuradRebi­
anebi unda iyvnen klientebis mimarT. Tumca, oficiantebi arian kulisebSic. aq
maT SeuZliaT modundnen, ixumron TvalTmaqc klientebze da moemzadon Semdegi
gamosvlisaTvis. faqtobriv, pirovnebas yvela rolis Sesrulebisas aqvs SesaZ­
lebloba, kulisebSi ganmartovdes. eqimebis mosasvenebeli oTaxi hospitalSi ku­
lisebia iseve, rogorc samaswavleblo skolaSi. studentebi kulisebSi _ TavianT
saerTo sacxovreblebSi _ dascinian TavianT profesorebs, xolo profesorebi
ki aseve kulisebSi _ TavianT ofisebSi _ xumroben studentebze. kompiuterul
qsels aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom kulisebSi saWoraod gamoyos `adgili~ (ras­
museni, 1996 w.).
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom wina planze qcevaTa umetesoba mxolod warmodgenaa da
samyaroSi arsebuli adamianebis saxeebi ubralod _ niRbebi? es ar aris saval­
debulo. rac ufro xSirad vTamaSobT rols, miT ufro bunebrivi xdeba is CvenT­
vis manam, sanam moulodnelad iseve, rogorc Cveni auditoria, ar davrwmundebiT,
rom swored is pirovneba varT, visac vcdilobdiT rom vyofiliyaviT. gaixseneT
Tqveni pirveli dReebi da kvirebi kolejSi. pirvelad uxerxulad da garkveul­
wilad TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi igrZeniT Tavi, Tavs aCvenebdiT, TiTqos mS­
venivrad icodiT, rasac akeTebdiT. Tumca, masaCuseTis pirveli kolonistebis
xsovnis oficialuri sadResaswaulo dasvenebis (Thanksgiving vacation) periodSi
Tqven igrZeniT, rom gaxdiT kolejis studenti sakuTar azrovnebaSic da sxvebis
TvalSic. asea yvela rolis SemTxvevaSi. policiis axalbeda oficers ainteresebs,
aRiarebs Tu ara xalxi mis Zalauflebas; pirvelad deda wuxs Tavis SesaZleblo­
bebze sanam `raRac ar gadautrialdeba~ da uceb ar grZnobs, rom dedaa. es trans­
formacia didwilad damokidebulia socialur sarkeSi Caxedvasa da danaxvaze,
rom sxva adamianebi rols ise iTviseben, rogorc namdvils.

eTnomeTodologia

hofmanis msgavsad, sociologma Hharold garfinkelma (1967 w.) fokusireba

moaxdina yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gansazRvrul reJimze. magram iq, sadac hof­
mani, rogorc TamaSis kritikuli TvaliT mayurebeli, Soridan akvirdeboda so­
cialur urTierTqmedebas, garfinkelma scada gaeanalizebina es yvelaferi Sig­
nidan, TiTqos TviTon iyo axalbeda msaxiobi, romelic pirvelad avida scenaze. es
ar aris ioli, radganac arc erTi Cvengani namdvilad ar aris axalbeda socialur
urTierTobaTa sakiTxSi _ Cven dabadebisTanave verTvebiT sxvebTan urTierTq­
medebaSi. Sedegad, ise SevezardeT Cveni kulturis scenarebs, rom verc ki aRviq­
vamT maT arsebobas. magaliTad, amerikelTa umravlesoba xalxiT gadatvirTul
trotuarebze arc ki ufiqrdeba, ise dadis marjvena mxares (iseve, rogorc man­

145
qaniT siarulis dros), rom sxva gamvlelebs ar daejaxos. es aris sayovelTaod
miRebuli qcevis mxolod erTi im milioni avtomaturi, damtkicebulad CaTvlili
formidan, rac uzrunvelyofs Cveni socialuri urTi­erTqmedebaTa wyobasa da
struqturas. eTnomeTodologia exeba im meTodebsa Tu gzebs, riTic xalxi qmnis
wyobas yoveldRiur urTierTqmedebebSi.
garfinkelma Seqmna meTodi, romelsac breeching eqsperiments eZaxda: kulturis
Zalisa da yoveldRiuri socialuri aRqmis sademonstraciod, is da misi studen­
tebi specialurad arRvevdnen normebs da iwerdnen xalxis reaqcias. erT-erTi eqs­
perimentisas, studentebi TavianT ojaxebSi stumrebiviT iqceodnen; cdilobdnen,
SeZlebisdagvarad didxans SeenarCunebinaT Tavaziani distancia _ saubrobdnen
mxolod zogad sakiTxebze da ara personalurze; iRebdnen nebarTvas saaba­zanoSi
Sesvlaze, Wiqa wyals; gamoxatavdnen TavianT guliTad madlobas maspinZlebis
mimarT. da ra iyo Sedegi?
ojaxis wevrebi iTxovdnen axsnas: raSia saqme, ra dagemarTa? xom ar gamogag­
des? avad xom ar xar? amiT risi damtkiceba ginda? ram gagagiJa? SeiSale, Tu
ubralod suleliviT iqcevi? (garfinkeli, 1967 w., 47-48 gv.).
normaluri urTierTobebis aRsadgenad, ojaxis wevrebma TavianTi mosazrebebi
ojaxur urTierTqmedebaTa Taobaze gakvirvebuli SekiTxvebis saxiT gamoxates.
sxva breeching eqsperimentebSi garfinkelis studentebma daiwyes maRazieb­
Si vaWroba (amas amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, ar akeTeben); daarRvies jvrebisa da
nulebis TamaSis wesi (rodesac mowinaaRmdeges uSli pirvel svlas); saubris dros
uceb agresiulad uaxlovdebodnen mosaubres, romlisTvisac es Zalian moulod­
neli iyo. TiToeuli da darRveva iwvevda dabneulobas da aRelvebas _ rogorc
studentebSi, aseve maT `msxverplSic~ _ da xSirad mwvave kritikasac imsaxureb­
da. aseTi daZabuli reaqciebi asabuTebs xalxis damokidebulebis xarisxs im av­
tomatur, xSirad gaucnobierebeli urTierTqmedebis kanonebze, romliTac maTi
moulodneli socialuri Sexvedrebis formireba xdeba.

saubris analizi

saubris analizis sferos pirveli mkvlevari gaxldaT harvei saCsi (Harvey

Sachs), romelic irvin hofmanis studenti da hovard garfinkelis kolega iyo,
sanam sakmaod axalgazrda saavtomobilo katastrofaSi ar daiRupeboda. maT ms­
gavsad, harvei saCic miiCnevda, rom adamians yoveldRiuri qcevebidan iseve bev­
ri amqvey­niuri sakiTxis Seswavla SeuZlia, rogorc Seiswavlida `mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebs~ da `didmasStabian instituciebs~. maT msgavsad, isic dainteresebuli
iyo, ra gziT warmoiSva socialuri wyoba.
saCsma SeimuSava meTodi, romlis mixedviTac iwerda SemTxveviT saubrebs da
axdenda maT detalur analizs. is ikvlevda SemTxveviT satelefono saubrebs me­
gobrebs Soris, araformalur saubrebs samsaxurSi, zarebs saswrafo daxmarebis
samsaxurebSi, jgufuri Terapiis seansebsa da radiosaubrebsac ki. mas aintere­
sebda ara mxolod konteqsti an saubris Sinaarsi, ara­med Tavad saubari _ Tu ro­

146
gor wyvetda xalxi visTan, rodis da ramden xans elaparaka. es aris mniSvnelovani
ara mxolod araforma­luri urTierTqmedebisaTvis, aramed biurokratiuli
struqturebis muSaobisTvisac (bodeni, 1995 w.). saCsma aRmoaCina, rom yvela sau­
bars hqonda garkveuli saerTo damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba: xan erTi pirovneba sau­
brobs, xan _ meore; gadasvla erTi mosaubridan meoreze aris xSiri da swrafi da
iSviaTadaa pauza an erTdrouli laparaki. Sua saubarSi Cndeba `rigis dakavebis~
koncefcia. rigi moqmedebs, rogorc mbrunavi kari, romelic akontrolebs saub­
ris dros Semosul da gasul mosaubreebs. pauzebi, Zalian xangrZlivi rigebi da
rigis daTmobac ki dasabuTebuli unda iyos.
debora tanenma (1990, 1994 ww.), imis safuZvelze, rom gansxvavebuli sqesi sxva­
dasxvagvarad iyenebs zogad sasaubro teqnikas, gaaana­liza gaugebroba mamakacsa
da qals Soris. mamakaci saubars ganixilavs, rogorc garkveul Sejibrs, sadac
arian gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi; maTi mTavari mizania daicvan Tavi, rom
ar iyos vinme maTze win da TviTon ar damarcxdnen. qalebi saubars ganixilaven,
rogorc urTi­erTTanamSromlobas, romlis mizanic socialuri kavSirebis xelax­
la damtkicebaa. Sedegad, mamakacebi da qalebi saubrisas zogjer ver axerxeben
erTmaneTis bolomde gagebas. ganvixiloT magaliTi, romelic mocemulia sqema­
ze 3.3. zoi gulnatkenia, rom erli ar gamoxatavs SeSfoTebas misi janmrTelobis
gamo da Tan awyvetinebs kidevac saubars. erli ki guldawyvetilia imis gamo, rom
misi romantiuli urTierToba (siyvarulis Temis wamoWra, mis saxesTan Sexeba) ase
kategoriulad aris ignorirebuli. SesaZlebelia, rom isini sulac sxvadasxva
enaze saubroben! saubris bevri Tanamedrove analitikosi dainteresebulia ara
mxolod saubris struqturiT, aramed saubris funqciiT, SinaarsiTa da inter­
pretaciiTac.

sadilze zoim muclis areSi tkivili igrZno, moibodiSa da tualetSi gavi­da.

rodesac dabrunda, erli SeekiTxa, xom kargad grZnobda Tavs. zoim upasuxa,
rom is gadis garkveul samedicino Semowmebebs. imis nacvlad, rom erli
dainteresdes am Semowmebebis Sedegebs, zois kerZs is awodebs.

zoi (ReWviT): Cemda sabednierod,

es operacia naRvlis buStze gakeTdeba.
erli: ese igi, Seni da Txovdeba?
Tu SeiZleba seriozulad miTxari, ras fiqrob siyvarulze.
zoi: keTili, getyvi, ras vfiqrob siyvarulze.
ai, siyvarulis istoriac. is Cemi megobaria _
erli (cdilobs, rom Seexos mis saxes): Sen raRac gaqvs nikapze.

sqema 3.3 mas ar esmis

wyaro: adaptirebulia debora tanenisagan, `mas ar esmis~ jenders end disqorsidan

(Gg enders and Discourse ) (oqsfordis universitetis presa, niu-iorki, 1994 w.),
gv. 76-77.

147
socialuri gacvla

sociologiis sxva Teoretikosebi socialur urTierTqmedebaSi did mniSvn­

elobas aniWeben rolis gacvlas. gacvla imarTeba nacvalgebis normiT (goldne­
ri, 1973 w.). rodesac vinme Cvens mimarT yuradRebas iCens an raimes gvaZlevs, nacv­
algeba moiTxovs, rom gadavixadoT am TavazianobisaTvis da vawarmoebT balanss
socialuri aRricxvis wignSi. is, vis mimarTac pirvelad gamoviCineT yuradReba,
valdebulia, rom axla ukve man gadagvixados. amgvarad, gacvla axali social­
uri valdebulebebis SeqmniT aZlierebs socialur kavSirebs. mxolod saqmiani
molaparakebebiT ki gacvla ar aris Semofargluli, aramed ZiriTadi ele­mentia
yvelanairi socia­luri urTierTqmedebis dros.
piter blaum (1964 w.) da jorj homansma (1964 w.) kvlav wamowies georg zimelis
naSromSi (1950 w.) fesvebgadgmuli gacvlis Teoria. maT gaaanalizes socialuri
qcevis mravali aspeqti, rogorc gacvlis procesebi. orive maTgans ainteresebda,
rogor igebdnen an agebdnen msaxiobebi urTierTqmedebis dros. blau gacvlas
xedavda ekonomikuri kuTxiT: imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sevidnen Tu ara urTierTq­
medebis procesSi, da Tu Sevidnen, rogor gaagrZelon, xalxi awon-dawonis sx­
vadasxva socialuri qmedebebis xarjsa da mogebas. homanss garkveulwilad gan­
sxvavebuli midgoma hqonda sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. daeyrdno ra fiziologiis
skolis koncefcias, romelsac bihevio­rizmi ewodeba, homansi Tvlida, rom xalxi
imeorebs qcevas, romelmac maT warsulSi jildo moutana da erideba iseT qcevas,
romlis gamoc sasjeli daimsaxures. blaumac da homansmac wvlili Seitanes racio­
naluri SerCevis TeoriaSi, romelic ganixilavs Semdegs: imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogor imoqmedon (da moaxdinon urTierTqmedeba), xalxi gacnobierebulad iTv­
lis xarjsa da mogebas, jildosa da sasjels. am Sexe­dulebiT, yvela socialuri
qmedeba `winaswar gaazrebulia~.
ra Tqma unda, Zalaufleba zogierT adamians gacvlidan aZlevs ufro meti
sargeblis miRebas. amis magaliTia samsaxurSi xelmZRvanelis qveSevrdomebisagan
keTilganwyobis `moTxovna~. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom gacvlam Seqmnas Zalaufle­
ba. TanamSromlebs erTmaneTis daxmarebis imedi aqvs mraval sakiTxSi (magaliTad,
telefons xels afareben laparakis Sewyvetis dros an kompiuteris xelosani ex­
mareba maT axal programebSi). rogorc wesi, es aris `keTilsindisieri gacvla~,
magram zogierTi TanamSro­meli _ magaliTad, kompiuterSi daxelovnebuli _
ufro met daxmarebas uwevs sxvebs, vidre TviTon sWirdeba da amgvarad, sxvebi maT
valSi arian, rac SeiZleba Zalauflebad CavTvaloT.
rogorc zimelma (1955 w.) gviCvena, gacvlis qselebi qmnis wevrobis sistemas,
rac exmareba konfliqtebis SemcirebaSi. magaliTad, universitetSi sociolo­
giis, fsiqologiis, ekonomikisa da sxva departamentebs Soris konkurenciaa stu­
dentebis, axali fakultetebis poziciebisa da sxva momgebian sakiTxebTan dakav­
SirebiT. Tu am departamentebis fakultetebi aseve keTilganwyobilni iqnebian
erTmaneTis mimarT _ rac SesaZlebelia gamoixatos TanadgomiT kvlevebSi, stu­
dentebis rekomendaciebi, rCevebi administraciulsa Tu teqnikur problemebTan

148
dakavSirebiT _ maTi Sejibri megobruls ufro emsgavseba. amgvarad, gacvlis
qmedebebi gansazRvravs qselebs; amave dros, poziciebi qselSi faqtobrivi gacv­
lebis formirebas axdens (kuki da viTmeieri, 1992 w.).
gacvla yovelTvis ar aris `civi da angariSiani~. mSoblebs SeuZliaT, rom sa­
kuTari interesebi gawiron TavianTi Svilebis sakeTildReod da maTi bedni­eri
momavlisaTvis ise, rom sulac ar ifiqron amisaTvis raime jildos miRebaze (em­
ersoni (Emerson), 1976 w.). mokled, daxmareba maT siamovnebT.

emociebis sociologia

sociologebi sul ufro da ufro dainteresdnen socialur cxovrebaSi gav­

leniani rolis emociebis TamaSiT. ras grZnobs adamiani, xSirad vigebT ara imiT,
Tu ras ambobs is, aramed misi saxis gamometyvelebiT (SeWmuxnuli warbebi), xmis
toniT (gabrazebuli yvirili) an sxeulis poziT (CamoSvebuli mxrebi, Sekruli
muStebi). TiToeuli maTgani aris simboluri Jesti. sakuTarma emociebma SeiZleba
gaamxilos Cveni SiSi, mrisxaneba Tu siyvaruli, miuxedavad Cveni mcdelobisa, rom
gamovCndeT `gulgrilni~. zogierTi adamianuri emocia _ xalisi, mowyeniloba,
mrisxaneba, SiSi _ universaluria. marTlac, emociebis gamoxatvis fesvebi Sesa­
Zlebelia modis Cveni evoluciuri warsulidan (amitomac vpoulobT primatebisa
da maimunebis saxis gamometyvelebaSi adamianuris msgavss).
emociebi, msgavsad yvela adamianuri qcevisa, socialurad aris organize­
buli. unari, davadginoT emociebi, davarqvaT maT saxelebi da ganvasxvavoT isini
erTmaneTisagan, Cadebulia Cvens enasa da kulturaSi (teilori, 1993 w.). Segvi­
Zlia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT mrisxa­neba da frustracia, sircxvili da
danaSaulis grZnoba imitom, rom amas Cveni kultura akeTebs. sxva kulturebi
ar akeTeben msgavsi saxis diskriminaciasa Tu aqcents raime garkveul emociaze
ufro metad, vidre sxvebze. es ZiriTadad imiT aris gamo­wveuli, rom Cveni iu­
deo-qristianuli memkvidreoba, danaSaulis grZnoba da misi logikuri Sedegi _
umankoeba, SeWrilia dasavleTis kulturebSi, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom konfu­
cis moZRvreba _ sircxvili da pativi _ ufro did rols asrulebs Soreuli aR­
mosavleTis qveynebSi. `reputaciis gadarCenis~ gamovlena konfucianur tradi­
ciaSi iRebs saTaves. yvela kulturaSi arsebobs wesi, ro­meli situaciisaTvis
romeli emociaa misaRebi (dakrZalvaze sicili, rogorc wesi, tabudadebulia,
Tumca qorwilebSi tirili miRebulia) da vin unda gamoxatos da vin ara garkveu­
li saxis emocia (`didi biWebi ar tirian~).
ra Tqma unda, sircxvili dasavleTSi jer kidev garkveul rols asrulebs. ra­
sakvirvelia, sociologebi Tomas sCifi da suzan reTzingeri (1991 w.) sircxvils
miiCneven yvelaze arsebiTad mTel adamianur emociebSi. sircxvili moicavs mc­
ire uxerxulobas, aseve ukidures damcirebas, magram is yovelTvis socia­luria
da gviCndeba SegrZnebidan, rom sxvebi arakeTilganwyobilni arian Cven mimarT.

149
Seuracxyofa, kritika, upasuxo siyvaruli, Ralati Tu upasu­xismgebloba Cvenda­
mi, iwvevs araraobis, aravisTvis saWiros an gariyulis SegrZnebebs.
`socialur urTierTqmedebaSi socialuri kavSiri SesaZlebelia damyardes,
SenarCundes, aRdges an dairRves~ (sCifi da reTzingeri, 1991 w., gv. 64, italikebi
waSlilia). sircxvilis (da sxva emociebis) funqcia aris is, rom mzad viyoT so­
cialur garemoze, socialuri kavSirebis mdomareobaze da, SesaZlebelia sxva­
gvarad cvlilebebzec ki informaciis Sesaxeb. emociebi uzrunvelyofen komuni­
kaciis mniSvnelovan saSualebebs da SeuZliaT ufro metic ki gadmogvcen, vidre
es SesaZlebelia sityviTa da saqmiT.
sircxvilma SeiZleba an SegvzRudos raime qmedebis ganxorcie­lebaSi, an gvibi­
Zgos raime garkveuli gziT qmedebisaken. sCifma da reTzingerma (1991 w.) Seiswav­
les col-qmruli uTanxmoebebi. ojaxuri usiamovneba iwyeba upativcemulobis
signalTan erTad: erTi meuRle pirdapir an arapirdapir amcirebs meores. Tu
sircxvili ignorirebulia _ anu arc erTi meuRle ar acnobierebs am mtkivneul
grZnobas _ uTanxmoeba Zlierdeba. mrisxaneba SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes, ro­
gorc mcdeloba mosalodneli Setevebis mosagerieblad da `reputaciis gadasar­
Cenadac~. mrisxanebas mivyavarT ufro met damcirebamde, met sibrazemde da a. S.
wyvili SesaZlebelia CixSi moeqces (`civi omis~ pirovnebaTaSorisi ekvivalenti)
an, SesaZlebelia, erTi partniori `gamoeTiSos~ mimdinare kamaTs, an giJiviT ga­
vardes oTaxidan da daamTavros urTierTqmedeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tu partnio­
rebi acnobiereben mtkivneul grZnobebs da gamoxataven pativiscemas, maSin kama­
Ti, rogorc wesi, SesaZlebelia ise dasruldes, rom minimaluri zarali miayenos
urTierTobas. msgavsi ZiriTadi principebi exeba mezoblebsa da eTnikur jgufebs,
politikur partiebsa da erovnebebs Soris mimdinare uTanxmoebebsac.
sanam emociebs fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli biologiaSi, fsiqologiasa da socialur
urTierTobebSi, adamianebs SeuZliaT marTon TavianTi emociebi saWiroebisame­
br an situaciis Sesabamisad. rogorc wesi, stumrebi wveulebaze maspinZelTan
erTad mxiaruloben maSin, rodesac Wiri­suflebi dakrZalvaze TavianT dards
gamoxataven. `Tavisi grZnobis gamo­xatviT yvelas Seaqvs wamieri wvlili koleq­
tivis sakeTildReod~ (hoCsCildi, 1983 w., gv 18). uamrav urTierTqmedebaSi _
mSoblebsa da Svilebs, colebsa da qmrebs, megobrebs, Seyvarebulebsa da ucxoe­
bs Sorisac ki _ xalxi malavs Tavis sibrazes, isini simulireben pativiscemas an
faraven siZulvils.
zogierT situaciaSi emociebi masobrivad aris gamomuSavebuli. es imitom
xdeba, rom specifikuri saqmianoba an socialuri roli xalxisagan moiTxovs,
miRebuli gziT gamoxaton garkveuli saxis emociebi. klasikuri magaliTi, ro­
melic Rrmad gaaanaliza sociologma erli hoCsCildma (1983 w.), aris stiuardesa.
misi saqmianobis nawils Seadgens is, rom stiuardesa, miuxedavad imisa, rogor
grZnobs Tavs, unda iRimebodes da iqceodes xalisianad da Tavdajerebulad. mg­
zavrebma SesaZlebelia Seawuxon, Seuracxyofa miayenon an seqsualur Zalado­
basac ki mi­marTon mis mimarT. stiuardesam SeiZleba icodes, rom pilots raRac
problemebi aqvs an mgzavrs, romelic F rigSi zis, mSobiaroba ewyeba. rac ar unda
moxdes, man simSvide da Rimili unda SeinarCunos. amis msgavsad, kompiuteruli

150
da sxva `axali Taobis~ kompaniebis TanamSromlebs moeTxovebaT iyvnen bed­nieri
gamomet­yvelebiT, TvianT saqmeSi cotaTi xumarebi da mTlianad CarTulni. am wyo­
bebSi grZobebi komercializebulia. stiuardesas Rimili aris nawili imisa, rasac
klienti `yidulobs~, TviTmfrinavis bileTis SeZeniT. efeli iyenebs kompiuter­
is `ucna­uri~ hakeris imijs kompaniaSi samuSaod personalis mosazidad. rac ufro
meti xalxi muSaobs momsaxurebis sferoSi da saqmiani kavSiri aqvs klientebTan
da momxmarebelTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, emociebis gamomuSavebas moiTxovs, ufro
meti xalxi midis religiaSi, TviTdaxmarebis jgufebSi da etanebian sasuliero
lite­raturasa da filmebs sakuTari Tavis xelaxla aRmosaCenad. magram es Sina­
gani moZraobac ki damokidebulia socialur urTierTqmedebasa (eklesiasTan, me­
gobris maZieblebTan, avtorTan da direqtorTan) da socialur mxardaWeraze.
urTierTqmedeba aris socialuri cxovrebis erTi-erTi yvelaze Semoqmedeb­
iTi aspeqti `gansxvavebebis gakeTebis~ potencialiT. amave dros, urTierTq­
medeba damokidebulia Zlier struqturul da kulturul modelebze, romlebic
TiToeul Cvengans garkveulwilad winaswar ganmWvretelebad warmogvaCens sx­
vebis mimarT da, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneTis ndobis saSualebas gvaZles. es modelebi
uzrunvel­yofs stabiluri socialuri cxovrebis fundaments.

Sejameba

1. sociologia gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze intimuri qceva _ seqsic ki _ socia­

lurad struqturirebulia. kulturuli normebi, codna da upiratesobebi
axdenen Cveni survilebis formirebas; socialuri struqtura awesebs Cveni
SesaZleblobebis farglebs. seqsualuri qcevis cvalebadi modelebi, Tavis
mxriv, moqmedebes socialur struqturaze. da bolos, seqsualuri urTi­
erTqmedeba aisaxeba da zemoqmedebas axdens Zalauflebaze. Tanamedrove
kvlevebis Sedegebma im faqtis demonstrireba moaxdina, rom variaciebi seq­
sualur qcevebSi gamowveulia iseTi socia­luri maxasiaTebliT, rogoric
aris ganaTleba.
2. socialuri jgufebi da urTierTqmedebebi SesaZlebelia daiyos sam Ziri­
Tad tipad: pirvelad, meoreulad da mesameulad (an arapirdapirad). pirve­
ladi urTierTobebia intimuri, personaluri, mravalmxrivi, moyvaruli da
mdgradi. klasikuri pirveladi urTierTobebi moicavs megobrebsa da Seyva­
rebulebs, colebsa da qmrebs. rogor aris es urTi­erTobebi gansazRvruli,
damokidebulia kulturebis sxvadasxvaobaze da maT mixedviT icvleba.
3. siyvarulze dasavlur warmodgenas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli qveynis sasiyvaru­
lo urTierTobebis tradiciaSi, rac aris tragikuli konfrontacia pirovne­
bebsa da socialur wyobas Soris. mxolod mecxramete saukunis inglisSi da
gansakuTrebiT ki amerikaSi, sasiyvarulo urTierToba gaxda qorwinebis wi­
napiroba. sxva sazogadoebebSi da sxva droSi qorwineba garigebiT xdeboda.
4. garigebiT qorwinebisa da siyvaruliT daqorwinebis ideologiebi statusebi­
sa (poziciebi socialur struqturaSi) da rolebis (qcevebi da poziciebi, rac
mosalodnelia xalxisagan, romlebsac aqvs micemuli statusi) mniSvnelobas

151
 wina planze ayeneben. zogi statusi aris warmomavlobiTi (romelic maTi mcd­
elobis gareSe aqvs xalxs miRebuli), zogi ki SeZenili (romelic, ufro xSir
SemTxvevaSi, miRweulia individualuri ZalisxmeviT). xSirad master-statu­
si dominirebs yvela sxvaze.
5. zog sazogadoebasa da droSi megobrebi ufro axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan da
megobrobasac metad afasebdnen, vidre qmars an cols. dasavleTis sazoga­
doebaSi romantikuli siyvarulis zrdasTan erTad megobrobis mniSvneloba
Sesustda. megobrebis mniSvneloba icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi,
socialur klasebSi da mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs
Soris.
6. meoreuli urTierTobebi aris sajaro, arapersonuli, SezRuduli, emociu­
rad civi da saerTod _ xanmokle. amis klasikuri magaliTebia gam­yidvelebi
da momxmareblebi, profesionalebi da klientebi.
7. Tanamedrove cxovrebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli Tviseba aris is, rom gai­
zarda ucxoebTan urTierTqmedebaTa raodenoba (da mniSvneloba). urTier­
Tobebi ucxoebs Soris sdevs kulturul principebs da isini, rogorc wesi,
Zalian guliTadia. marTlac, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba damokidebulia civi­
lizaciis, Tavazianobisa da urTierTndobis normebze.
8. mesameul anu arapirdapir urTierTobebSi SesaZlebelia, mxareebi arasodes
ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram dakavSirebulni arian mediisa Tu mesame mxaris
saSualebiT (magaliTad, erTis mxriv _ mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori
da meores mxriv ki _ momsaxure personali da momxmarebeli). maTi qmede­
bebi SesaZlebelia motivirebul iqnes sayovelTao socialuri mo­delebiT
(ro­goricaa sabazro Zalebi) miuxedavad imisa, ra zemoqmedeba aqvs TiToeul
maTgans sxvaze. ara­personaluri, arapirdapiri urTierTobebi arsebiTia msx­
vili socia­luri organizaciebisaTvis.
9. urTierqmedebebi samsaxurSi formirebulia erTmaneTis gadamfaravi qse­
lebis, molaparakebebis saSualebiT miRebuli sayovelTao kulturuli
normebisa da jgufuri dinamikis safuZvelze. jgufuri cxovrebis ormagi
buneba iTxovs rogorc instrumentul (sakiTxze orientirebuli), aseve
eqspresiul (emociaze orientirebul) liderobas, magram eseni SesaZlebe­
lia, rom sxvadasxva gziT ganaxorcieles (magaliTad, efli ai-bi-emis wi­
naaRmdeg).
10. vinaidan organizaciis sidide da misi miznebis sirTule izrdeba, saWiro xdeba
formaluri organizacia. maqs veberis `idealuri tipis~ Tanaxmad, biurokra­
tias aqvs xuTi Tviseba: (1) Sromis zustad gansazRvruli ganawileba specia­
lizebuli davalebebiT; (2) oficrebis ierarqia brZanebebis jaWvis mixedviT;
(3) detalurad SemuSavebuli wesebi da normativebi; (4) ara­pirovnuloba da
emociuri gancalkeveba raciona­luri gadawyvetilebis miRebis asamaRleblad
da (5) jildo damsaxurebis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, arcerTi biurokratia
zustad ar misdevs veberis idealur tips; garkveulwilad qcevis formireba
ufro metad araoficialuri normebiT xdeba, vidre oficialuri wesebiTa da
instruqciebiT.

152
11. socialuri pirobebis cvlilebam migviyvana organizaciuli struqturebis
Secvlamde. tradiciuli biurokratiis erTi alternativa gamovlenilia
msxvil iaponur korporaciebSi, romelic samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebis
garantias aZlevs momsaxure personals maTi Sromisunarianobis bolomde,
aqcents akeTebs jgufur miRwevebze, awinaurebs samuSao staJis mixedviT,
gadawyvetilebebs ar iRebs erTpirovnulad da momsaxure personalis mimarT
yovelmxrivi mzrunvelobis demonstrirebas axdens. meore alternativa
gaxlavT `korporaciuli kampusis modeli~, romelic aqcents akeTebs mo­
qnilobaze, individualobasa da araformalobaze, romelic tradiciul bi­
urokratiaSi gamoxatuli stabilurobis, Sesabamisobisa da formalobis sa­
pirispiroa. korporaciaTa Serwymam (rac sul ufro da ufro Cveuli movlena
xdeba) SesaZlebelia SeaerTos sxvadasxva samuSao adgilis kulturis mqone
kompaniebi, rasac TiTqmis yovelTvis mosdevsa xalxis Semcireba, rasac mom­
saxure personalisaTvis seriozuli socialur-fiziologiuri da ekonomi­
kuri Sedegebi mosdevs.
12. socialuri wyoba damokidebulia imaze, rogor SeeTvisebian, marTaven da Sev­
clian socialur struqturas socialuri moqmedi pirebi (pirovnebebi, orga­
nizaciebi Tu institutebi). sociologebma SeimuSaves eqvsi ZiriTadi midgoma
socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqturis asaxsnelad.
13. simboluri urTierTqmedeba fokusirebas axdens socialuri urTierT­
qmedebis simbolur aspeqtebze da imaze, rogor aZlevs xalxs saSualebas sim­
boluri Jes­tebi da rolis aReba, rom sakuTari qcevis koordinireba moaxdi­
non.
14. dramaturgiuli midgoma socialuri urTierTqmedebaa, rogorc Teatraluri
warmodgena Tavisi sceniT, kulisebiTa da uamravi rekvizitiT. garkveul­
wilad, yvelani CarTulni varT STabeWdilebebis marTvaSi.
15. eTnomeTodologia socialur urTierTqmedebas Signidan ganixilavs da iye­
nebs breeching eqsperimentebs, raTa moaxdinos sxvadasxva situaciaSi urT­
ierTqmedebisaTvis saerTo da xSirad gaucnobierebeli wesebis mniSvnelobis
ilustrireba.
16. saubris analizi gansazRvravs, rogor iyenebs xalxi struqturas (gan­
sakuTrebiT rigis dakaveba), rogorc saubris wasayvanad, aseve sakuTari
miznebis misaRwevadac.
17. socialuri gacvlis Teoria nacvalgebas arsebiTad miiCnevs ada­mianebis
ur­TierTqmedebisaTvis. adamiani, imis gadawyvetis dros, ra moimoqme­dos,
afasebs potenciur sargebelsa da xarjs da cdilobs daabalansos social­
uri aRricxvis wigni.
18. emociebis sociologia grZnobebis gamoxatvas Tvlis komunikaciis sasicocx­
lo saSualebad, romelic gvamzadebs socialuri urTierTobebis pirobebi­
saTvis. magram amasTanave mas miiCnevs Sualedur rgolad, romelic SesaZle­
belia marTuli da komercializebulic ki iyos.

153
 imsjeleT

1. aRwereT, rogor xdeba TviT intimuri urTierTobebis formirebac ki

monawileTa monacemebis, kulturisa da socialuri struqturis saSuale­
biT.
2. axseniT gansxvavebebi pirvelad da meoreul da pirdapir da arapirdapir
urTierTobebs Soris.
3. rogoria `ucxos~ sociologiuri gansazRvra? ratom aris ucxoebTan ur­
TierTqmedeba gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebi­
saTvis?
4. aRwereT biurokratiis idealuri tipi da korporaciuli organizaciis ori
alternatiuli forma.
5. SeajameT eqvsi mTavari midgoma socialuri urTierTqmedebis struqturis
asaxsnelad.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. rogor gesaxebaT is ideali, rac Tqvens romantikul partniors unda hqondes?

ras fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba misi formireba socialuri struqturiTa da
kulturiT?
2. aRwereT situacia, rodesac ucxo pirovneba iyaviT. ra zemoqmedeba moax­
dina man Tqvens qmedebebsa da xalxis Tqvendami damokidebulebis gzebze? ra
normebs daemorCileT Tqven da sxva/sxvebi? iyo Tu ara ur­TierTqmedeba gu­
liTadi?
3. romeli urTierTobis gavlenis qveS ufro xSirad imyofebiT _ pirdapirisa
Tu arapirdapirisa? Tqveni cxovrebis romeli sferoa ufro metad an erTis
an meoris zemoqmedebis sagani?
4. socialuri qselebis ideis gamoyenebiT aRwereT urTierTobebi Tqvens samuS­
ao da sacxovrebel adgilebSi Tu Tavisufal dros ganxorcielebuli qmede­
bebisas. am urTierTobebidan ramdenia gamowveuli erTnairi socialuri pi­
robebiT? danarCeni urTierTobebidan ramdeni moiTxovs sxva pirobebisa da
qmedebebis CarTvas?
5. ra aris biurokratiis, rogorc socialuri organizaciis Zlieri da susti
mxa­reebi? SegiZliaT warmoidginoT Tanamedrove sazogadoeba biurokratiis

gareSe? romelia yvelaze aucilebeli? naklebad saWiro?

sityvari

SeZenili statusi _ pirovnebis mier ZiriTadad personaluri ZalisxmeviT miR­

weuli nebayoflobiTi statusi.
warmomavlobiTi statusi _ xalxisTvis sxvebis mier miniWebuli statusi.

154
breeching eqsperimenti _ harold garfinkelis teqnika, gamoyenebuli sxvada­
sxva gaucnobierebeli kulturuli varaudis gamosavlenad, normebis ganz­
rax darRveviTa da xalxis reaqciis CaweriT.
biurokratia _ organizaciuli struqtura, romelic xasiaTdeba Sromis special­
izaciiTa da misi mkafiod ganawilebiT, oficerTa ierarqiiT, detalurad Se­
muSavebuli wesebiT, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi miu­kerZoeblobiTa
da damsaxurebis mixedviT dajildoebiT.
dramaturgiuli midgoma _ sociologiuri perspeqtiva, sadac socialuri ur­
TierTqmedeba ganixileba Teatraluri warmodgenis analogad da xalxi Tavi­
si qcevis `inscenirebas~ imgvarad axorcielebs, rom maT iseTi gamoxmaureba
gamoiwvion, rogoric TviTon surT.
diada _ orkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.
eTnomeTodologia _ Sexeduleba socialur urTierTqmedebaze, romelic ga­
naviTara harold garfinkelma da fokusirebas axdens im gzebze, riTic xalxs
garkveuli mosazrebebi uyalibdeba yoveldRiuri ur­TierTqmedebidan.
eqspresiuli lideroba _ lideroba imisaTvis, rom jgufis wevrebs Soris kargi
ganwyoba da urTierTobebi SenarCundes.
formaluri struqtura _ oficialauri poziciebi, valdebulebebi, wesebi da
instruqciebi, romlebic dawesebulia organizaciis xelmZRvanelTa mier.
STabeWdilebebis marTva _ irvin hofmanis termini im Zalisxmevis gansasazRvrad,
rasac xalxi axorcielebs imisaTvis, rom akontrolon, rogor xedaven da ex­
maurebian maT sxvebi.
arapirdapiri urTierTobebi _ urTierTobebi, rodesac mxareebi pirdapir ar
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, magram dakavSirebulni arian arapirdapiri
gziT an sakomunikacio teqnologiebs an mesame mxaris saSualebiT.
araformaluri struqtura _ araoficialuri normebi, ganviTarebuli jgu­
fis wevrebs Soris im problemebis gadasaWrelad, romlebic wesebSi ar aris
mocemuli arasasurveli Tu arasaWiro Sromis aRmosafxvrelad da jgufis
wevrebis interesebis dasacavad.
instrumentuli lideroba _ jgufis wevrebis xelmZRvaneloba, raTa maT Seas­
rulon sxvadasxva davaleba.
jgufuri azrovneba _ jgufis wevrebis tendencia, dakargon kritikuli, indi­
vidualuri fiqris SesaZlebloba im Rirebulebis gamo, rasac isini erTmene­
Tis mimarT solidarobas aniWeben.
master statusi _ erT-erTi statusi, romelic farTod gansazRvravs pirovnebis
socialur identurobas.
SeTanxmebuli wesi _ saerTo gansazRvra situaciisa, romelic aRmoCndeba `ga­
mocdis~ Catarebis Sedegad da cvlis am `gamocdisaTvis~ ganxorcielebul
qmedebebs miRebuli sapasuxo reaqciebis safuZvelze.
qseli _ urTierTobaTa qseli im adamianebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan ari­
an dakavSirebulni pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri kavSirebiT komunikaciisa da
sxva mravali saSualebiT.

155
pirveladi jgufi _ gansakuTrebiT mWidrod Sekruli jgufi, romelic xasi­
aTdeba Semdegi xuTi TvisebiT: uwyveti pirispir urTierTqmedebiT, jguf­
Tan mkacri personaluri identurobiT, Zlieri keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT
jgufis wevrebs Soris, mravalmxrivi urTierTobebiTa da mdgradobis ten­
denciiT.
roli _ im qcevebis, nebismieri pirovnebisagan mosalodnelia damokidebule­
bebis, valdebulebebisa da upiratesobebis erTOBLoblioba, romelic ikavebs
garkveul statuss.
rolis aReba _ sakuTari Tavis warmodgena vinme sxva pirovnebis rolSi da
amgvarad ukeT gageba imisa, ris gamoxatvas cdilobs is `sxva~.
meoreuli jgufi _ araintimuri jgufi, romelic xasiaTdeba SezRuduli piris­
piri urTierTqmedebiT; jgufTan TavSekavebuli an susti persona­luri iden­
turobiT; susti keTilganwyobili kavSirebiT jgufis wevrebs Soris; Sez­
Ruduli, meoreuli urTierTobebiTa da aramdgradobis tendenciiT.
statusi _ pozicia sazogadoebriv wyobaSi, romelic gansazRvravs, vin varT Cven
sxvebTan mimarTebaSi da mTavar rols asrulebs socialuri identurobis
Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi.
statusTAa nakrebi _ socialuri poziciebis sruli speqtri, romelic aqvs nebis­
mier erT pirovnebas mocemul dros.
ucxo _ pirovneba socialur jgufSi, romelTanac mas (mamakacs an qals) piradi
kavSirebi ar gaaCnia.
simboluri Jesti _ Jesti, romelsac miRebuli aqvs simboluri mniSv­neloba,
gavrcelebuli erTi da igive kulturis xalxs Soris.
triada _ samkaciani urTierToba an jgufi.

156
 Tavi 4

kultura

kulturis elementebi
. Rirebulebebi
normebi . simboloebi
ena . codna

kulturaTa integracia da mravalferovneba

. kulturis mravalferovnebis xarisxi
. kulturaTSorisi gageba

kulturis Camoyalibeba
. kulturuli kapitali

masmedia da kulturis globalizacia

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: unda uzrunvelyon Tu ara amerikis
skolebma mravalenovani ganaTleba?
. kvlevis meTodebi: kulturis SigniT _ devid holiseuli kvleva
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi

157
158
l udvig van beThoveni kacobriobis erT-erTi udidesi musikosia. Mmis nawar­
moebebs sxva kompozitorebis nawarmoebebze gacilebiT ufro xSirad ukraven
xolme. dReisaTvis misi cnobili himnis `oda sixaruls~ garda, arsebobs am musikis
popversiac.E beThovenis biusti _ mWmunvare, mrisxane mzeriTa da Tmaawewili sa­xiT
_ swored geniosis saxasiaTo dekoraciaa. rodesac pirovnebas gemovnebianad da
kulturulad miviCnevT, vTvliT, rom mas swored iseTi musika esmis da aRiarebs,
rogorsac beThoveni qmnida. beThovenis mexuTe simfoniis Sesavali akordebis sim­
Zlavresa da ganumeoreblobas gaunaTlebeli da kulturis armqone adamianic ki
SeigrZnobs. BbeThovenis pirovneba da musika Cveni kulturuli memkvidreobaa. gve­
smis Tu ara beThovenis, vigebT Tu ara am kompoziciebis struqturas, yvela Cven­
gani udavod Tanxmdeba imaze, rom beThoveni geniaa.
beThovenis, rogorc kompozitoris niWiereba sayoveTaod aRiarebuli WeS­
maritebaa. Tumca, misi geniosad aRaiareba aramarto misi talantisa da Sesa­
Zleblobebis gacnobas niSnavs; masSi im gamorCeul adamians vxedavT, romelic
dabadebidanve raRac araamqveyniuri RvTiT boZebuli niWiT iyo dajildoebu­
li da romelic arafriT hgavs sxvebs. Ggeniosebis originaluroba im Rrma SesaZ­
leblobebSia, romlebic maT SemoqmedebiTi samyaros ganWvretisa da gardaqmnis
saSualebas aZlevs. eqscentrulobis maRali done, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wese­
bidan amovardna, gamorCeuloba _ `geniosis SefuTvis~ nawilebia. saidan modian
geniosebi? saidan Cndeba geniis idea?
Cveni kultura gveubneba, rom geniosebad ar yalibdebian _ geniosebad ibade­
bian. Rrma ganswavlulobisa da muxlCauxreli Sromis daxmarebiT bevrs ZaluZs
warmatebis mwvervalze asvla. Mmagram geniosebs gamoarCevs `raRac eqstra~, ise­
Ti ram, risi swavlac SeuZlebelia da rac maT sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi samyaros
gardaqmnis Zalas aZlevs.
sociologi tia de nora wignSi `beThoveni da geniosis sazogadoberivi
struqtura~ swored am Temas exmianeba. Ggeniis arsis axsna swored Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Aantikur xanasa da Sua saukuneeb­
Si xelovanebi ubralo xelosnebisgan arafriT gamoirCeodnen. maTi qmnilebebis
umetesoba _ anonimuria. Ggeniis idea mogvianebiT, meCvidmete saukunis dasasrul­
sa da meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda, rodesac pirovnebisa da individis
mniSvnelobam wina planze wamoiwia. gaizarda individualizmis xarisxi da rwmena
pirovnul RirebulebebSi (pleCi, 1992). manamde sityva geniosSi ufro stili an
STagoneba moiazreboda; mecxramete saukuneSi es termini ukve pirovnebasTan iqna
gaigivebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgendnen qalebi, romlebic maSin am kategorias
ar ganekuTvnebodnen). Ggeniosad aRiareba aramamarto Seudarebelobas da unikal­
urobas niSnavs, aq is garemo da kulturac moiazreba, romelic individualur da
originalur Semoqmedebas miagebs pativs.
de nora aanalizebs beThovenis moRvaweobis periodis istoriul da sazoga­
doebriv konteqsts. beThovenis drois vena, evropis cnobili saxe­lovnebo
da inteleqturi dedaqalaqi gaxldaT. Aaq gvxvdeboda aristokratTa, naswavl­
Ta, kritikosTa da maRali klasis sazogadoebis farTo fenebi. Aam droisTvis

159
instrumentu­li musika TandaTanobiT kerZo musika­luri salonebidan did sa­
koncerto darbazebSi inacvlebda. musikis dakarguli xiblis aR­sadgenad aris­
tokratiam seriozuli (Znelad Sesasrulebeli da gamomwvevi)Dda diletanturi
musikis (advilad saswavlisa da gasarTobis) urTierTgamijnva daiwyo. elitis
mier gamoxa­tulma mxardaWeram seriozuli musikis msmenelTa farTo masebisgan
gancalke­vebisa da gamoyofis mcdelobis demonstrireba moaxdina.
swored beThoveni sWirdeboda venis aristokratias. Mmisi emociuri mTliano­
ba, teqnikurad rTuli kompoziciebi, merkuris Tanavarsklavedis memkvidreoba,
kidev ufro amyarebda mis gamorCeulobas. beThovenis, am `seriozuli~ kaprizuli
xelovanis gandidebiT venis elita Tavis pirad interesebsac emsaxureboda.
de noras naSromis mizani ara geniis daknineba, aramed ufro misi, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi movlenis axsnaa. BbeThoveni iyo is, vinc sWirdeboda venas, xolo
vena iyo qalaqi, sadac unda dabadebuliyo beThoveni. BbeThovenis genia emyare­
boda maRal integrirebul musikalur sazogadoebas, Zlevamosil aristokra­tias,
kritikosTa baziss, garkveulwilad farTo masebis aRiarebasa da kulturas,
romelmac individualuroba da inovacia daafasa.
rogorc pirvel TavSi vnaxeT, kultura azrovnebis, gagebis, ganviTarebisa
da urTierTobis is met-naklebad integrirebuli formaa, romelic adamia­nebs
cxovrebis urTierTgaziarebaSi exmareba. musika, mxatvroba, literatura _ kul­
turis mxolod mcire nawilia, magram isini moicaven qcevis im normebs, Rirebule­
bebs, codnas, qmedebas, enasa da simboloebs, romliTac adamianebi yoveldRiurad
suldgmuloben.
cudisa da kargis garCevis rwmena swored Cveni kulturiTaa ganpirobe­buli.
kultura gvaZlevs sxvadasxva movlenis gagebis interpretaciebs. Tanamedrove
dasavluri kulturis mier aRiarebuli xelovneba anu garkveuli tipis litera­
tura, mxatvroba, cekva, musika, SesaZloa, sxva kulturebSi xelovnebad arc iyos
miCneuli. xSirad aq Mmusika sulTan damakavSirebeli da sakomunikacio gzaa; ambis
an zRapris moyola _ informaciis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemis saSualeba; xeze
kveTa _ lamazi sabrZolo iaraRis dasamSvenebli aucilebeli atributi. dRevan­
del muzeumebSi daculi `primitiuli~ xelovnebis mravali nimuSi Tavis droze an
religiuri mniSvnelobis, an yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagani iyo. DdResac, Taname­
drove kulturaSi aqtiu­ria kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra aris xelovneba da ra _ ara.
zogisTvis repi idealuri musikaa, sxvebi mas uxarisxod Tvlian. dResac xSirad
vbWobT xelovnebis nimuSebis calkeul magaliTebze, magram TiToeul Cvengans
kargad esmis, ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi _ xelovneba.
kulturis sociologia gviCvenebs, rom fiqris, azrovnebisa da kategoriebis
Camoyalibebis Cveneuli gzebi (namdvili xelovnebis ubralo utilitaruli sag­
nebisgan gamoyofa da garCeva), Cveni SiSi, imedebi, Cvevebi, rwmena, survili da a.S.,
is sazogadoebrivi qmnilebebia, romlebzec udides gavlenas axdens is dro da ad­
gili, romelSic gviwevs cxovreba. virtualurad, xelis CamorTmeviT dawyebuli,
SeyvarebulobiT damTavrebuli, nebismieri Cveni qmedeba SeniRbulia im kultur­
iTa da resursebiT, romlebsac Cvenive kultura uzrunvelyofs. Cven vadidebT

160
demokratias, vaRiarebT erT RmerTs, vafasebT konkurentulobas, radgan amas
Cvenive kultura gvaswavlis.
yvelafris miuxedavad kultura ar axorcielebs diqtats Cvens fiqrebsa da
qcevebze. piriqiT, is farTo asparezs uTmobs moqmedebas. Kkultura aris is, ra­
sac adamianebi upirobod aviTareben, iyeneben da xvewen. swored es idea aitaca
hovard bekma (1986), roca kultura daaxasiaTa, rogorc `urTierTga­ziarebuli
Semecnebebi, romlebsac xalxi sakuTari moqmedebis koordinirebisTvis iyenebs~.
kulturis elementebis SeqmniTa da gamoxatviT, maTi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gatarebiT, erTmaneTs Cveni sazogadoebrivi samyaros gagebas vuziarebT. Kkultu­
ris cvla da axal moTxovnebTan misi adaptirebac am procesis Tanmdevia. Sesabam­
isad, kultura mudmivad icvleba.
Semdeg Tavs im kulturuli elementebis gacnobiT daviwyebT, romlebsac
yvela kultura iziarebs. Eesenia: Rirebulebebi, normebi, simboloebi, codna da
ena. SevexebiT kulturul integraciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris ar­
sebul daZabulobas. SevexebiT enis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli faqtoris rols
kulturul integraciasa da politikur identobaSi; kulturuli integraciis
Tanamedrove postmodernistul kritikas. Mmesame nawilSi visaubrebT kultur­
aze, rogorc sazogadobrivi produqciis Seqmnis procesze, elituri zegavlenisa
da diqtatisagan gaTavisuflebul gemovnebasa da modaze, romelic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis dRes identobis mopovebis erT-erT wyarod iqca; Tumca elita
(saxe­lovnebo nawili) dRemde kulturul codnas kulturuli kapitalis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad aRiarebs. Bbolo TavSi saubari iqneba eleqtronuli me­
diis rolze kulturis mzardi globalizaciis procesis ganviTarebaSi.

kulturis elementebi

Kkulturis TviTmayofadoba da gansakuTrebuli Sinaarsi, sxva­dasxva adgilas

gansxvavebulia. Tumca, arsebobs is ZiriTadi bazisi, rasac yvela qveynis kultura
efuZneba; es kulturis elementebia anu Rirebulebebi, normebi, simboloebi, ena
da codna. MmaTi urTirTgaziareba adamians sakuTari Tavis ukeT SecnobaSi exmareba.
kulturis elementebi is damxmare iaraRebia, romlebsac adamianebi TavianTi bedis
gankargvisa da xSir SemTxvavaSi SecvlisTvisac ki iyeneben (svidleri 1986).

Rirebulebebi

Rirebulebebi is mtkice da uryevi kriteriumebia, romlebic kargisa da cu­

dis, sasurvelisa da arasasurvelis, keTilisa da borotis garCevaSi gvexmareba.
Rirebulebebi is mudmivi, xSirad gaucnobierebeli da gamouxatavi standarte­
bia, saidanac garkveuli qmedebebi, miznebi, movlenebi aRmocendebian xolme.
isini, Cndebian garkveul situaciaSi da rCebian mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. Ri­

161
rebulebebi adamianebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri xdeba. `kldovani mTebi momajadoe­
belia, maTi dapyroba bunebasTan maaxlovebs~ _ am konkretuli mosazrebis safu­
ZvelSi bunebis, rogorc mSvenierisa da saocaris Rirebulebaa xazgasmuli. Tumca
amerikelebi yo­velTvis ase ar fiqrobdnen. iyo dro, buneba maTTvis im boroti da
saSiSi Zalis matarebeli iyo, romelsac mudmivad unda ebrZolo da daamarcxo.
rogorc vxedavT, Rirebulebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze Zireuli _ konkurentu­
loba da warmatebulobaa. PpolitikaSi, sportSi, biznesSi, skolasa Tu ubralod
yoveldRiur yofaSi vTamaSobT, da vTamaSobT _ mxolod gamarjvebisTvis.
Tuki arCev­nebSi gamokveTili gamarjvebuli ar arsebobs, arCevnebi CaSlilia. ga­
monaklisi situaciebi gvxvdeba sportSic _ magaliTad, ucabedi sikvdili, rac
avtomaturad gansazRvravs gamarjvebul kandidats. sxva qveynis kulturaSi
konkurentulobis Rirebuleba sruliad ucxoa. MmagaliTad, samxreT amerikaSi Ca­
sul Crdiloamerikelebs Zvirad daujdaT laosel frenburTelebSi gamarjvebis
Jinis gaCenis mcdeloba.

`CvenTvis es TamaSia. iqneba es kalaTburTi, beisboli Tu sxva ram, mTa­

vari CvenTvis mogebaa. isini ki ubralod, qmnian jgufebs, TamaSoben
erTad da arc ki daeZeben moigeben Tu ara~ ( stiuarti da beneti, 1991,
gv.80).

laoselebisTvis mTavari gunduri erTianoba da harmoniaa. maT kultu­raSi,

nebismieri socialuri aqtivobis safuZveli kargi urTierTobisa da sakuTari Ta­
vis SenarCunebis Rirebulebaa.
amerikuli Rirebulebaa damoukideblobac. Cven ar gviyvars masaSi dakargva.
MmarTalia, xSirad verTiandebiT jgufebsa da organizaciebSi, magram upirate­
sobas yovelTvis damoukideblobas vaniWebT da nebismier SemTxvevaSi vitovebT
jgufis datovebis uflebas, Tuki es Cvens pirovnul interesebs aRar emsaxure­
ba. Tu samsaxuri an qorwineba warumatebelia, viciT, rom gvaqvs misi Secvlisa da
winsvlis ufleba. sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRmsarebloba CvenTvis ara war­
sulSi winaprebis gakeTebul, aramed pirovnul arCevans emyareba. sazogadoebebis
umetes nawilSi, bavSvebi Cveulebriv im aRmsareblobas misdeven, romlis warmo­
madgenelnic maTi mSoblebi arian. DdRes bevri qveyana erTi aRmsareblobisaa.
Aarsebobs kulturebi, sadac adamianebi cxovrebis bolomde jgufuri sazoga­
doebrivi erTianobis Rirebulebis gamtarebelni rCebian da droTa ganmavlobaSi
ufro ganamtkiceben maT. MmaTTvis prioritetulia stabiluri erTiani sayrdenebi
da ara calkeuli pirovnebis gansxvavebuli arCevani. aviRoT arabuli kultura;
aq mTavaria megobroba cxovrebis bolomde SeinarCuno da bolomde megrobis erT­
guli darCe. yvelaferi an araferi _ es maTi faseuloebebis sazomia (stiuarti da
beneti. 1991). arabebi erTmaneTisagan mkacrad gamijnaven ubralod nacnobobasa
da namdvil megobrobas. isiniM megobrisTvis nebismier msxveplze midian, upirispir­
de­bian nebismier sirTules, mudam gverdSi udganan maT gasaWirSi. AamerikelebisT­
vis mTeli cxovrebis megobari da axlad SeZenili amxanagi _ Tanabari mniSvnelo­

162
bisaa. Mmegobroba SesaZloa Zalian mWidro da axlobluric iyos, magram araviTar
SemTxvevaSi _ damamZimebeli. roca garkveuli sirTuleebis winaSe aRmoCndebian,
amerikelebi rCevisaTvis umeteswilad profesiul jgufebs (fsiqologebs, spe­
cialur jgufebs) mimarTaven xolme da arCeven sakuTari problemebiT megobrebi
`ar daamZimon~.
zogjer kulturuli fasulobebi funqciurad erTmaneTSia integ­ri­rebuli.
konkuretulobis, damoukideblobisa da pirov­nuli warmatebulobis Rirebule­
bebi erTi meores ejibreba. Ees ufro, amerikulis msgavs, plura­listuri sazoga­
doebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; aq kulturuli Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs xSirad
ejaxeba. amerikuli kulturis EerT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli da dRemde aqtualuri
momenti individualursa da sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa Soris wamoWrili
daZabulobaa (belahi da sxvebi, 1985. gans, 1988). damoukideblobis deklaracia
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis, sicocxlisa da bednierebis uflebas efuZneba. CvenT­
vis sakuTari Tavisa da cxovrebis gankargvis ufleba umTavresia. Tavad vwyvetT
sakuTar problemebs, viRebT gadawyvetilebebs, erTi sityviT, sxvadasxva val­
debulebebisagan Tavisufalni, CvenTvis sasurveli wesiT vagrZelebT cxovre­
bas. Mmeores mxriv, CvenSi mudmivad rCeba monatreba im myari fesvebis matarebel
sazogadobebsa da sociumebze, romlebic Taobidan TaobebSi gadadioda da sadac
yvela yvelas cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
robert belasa da misi kolegebis cnobili wignis _ `gulis Cve­vebi~, Tanax­
mad, amerikelebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis dacvis miuxedavad,
sakra­luri mainc pirovnuli, individualuri Rirebulebebi rCeba. wignis av­
torebma gamo­kiTxes sakmaod Zlieri da warmatebuli pirovnebebi, romlebic gan­
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben avtonomiurobasa da codnas da Rrmad swamT,
rom warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia rogorc axali, ise Zveli faseuloebi­
sagan damoukideblad moqmedeba. maTi azriT, nebismier adamians unda hqondes
sakuTari standartebiT cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis saSualeba da Tavisufleba.
Aamdenad, individualurobis maRali xarisxi – tole­rantulobis maRal xarisx­
Tan gaigivda. Tumca, individualuroba Zvirad fasobs. robert belas Tanaxmad,
individualis­tebi ufro metad izolaciisa da simartovisken arian midrekilni.
RirebulebaTa Sejibri xSirad adamianebs sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebaSi ex­
mareba. Cveni gadasawyvetia, SevudgebiT pirovnuli warmatebisaken mimaval axal
rTul gzas, Tu davrCebiT im Zvel sazogadoebaSi, im megobrebsa da ojaxis gare­
mocvaSi, sadac davibadeT. Aadre Tu gvian nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba
garkveuli arCevanis gakeTebis momenti. Aam SemTxvevaSi, amerikelebi gezs ufro
individualurobis Rirebulebisaken iRebeben. Ees qveyana magnitiviT izidavs sxva
kulturebisa da qveynebis warmomadgenlebs, romelTaTvisac am tipis garemo
misaRebi da sasurvelia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalian bevri amerikeli, da
SesaZloa, umetesobac ki, mtkiced idgams fesvs iq, sadac cxovrebas gadawyvets.
amerikelebi TavianT axladSeqmnil ojaxebze mijaWvulni xdebian da aseve aqtiu­
rad erTvebian sxvadasxva socialur jgufebsa Tu organizaciebSi (gans, 1988).
bevr DdRevandeli fasulobas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. MmaTi nawili jer
kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac SeerTebuli StatebSi domi­nanturi

163
agraruli meurneoba iyo. idealuri moqalaqe ki – damoukidebeli praqtikuli
gonebis, RvTis moSiSi da sakuTar TavSi dajerebuli mSvidi da sufTa cxovrebis
wesis mimdevari, bunebasTan axlos myofi fermeri (daleki da gogenori, 1992).
dRes fermerobas Zalian cota amerikeli Tu misdevs, miT umetes, cotaa maTSi da­
moukidebeli. CvenTvis avtonomiuroba da damoukidebloba, kvlavac faseulia,
magram amJamad amis gamoxatvis sxva gzebi arsebobs – SegiZlia bohemuri cxovre­
biT icxovro, stokbrokerobaSi scado bedi an sulac laSqrobebsa da saxelisuf­
lebo regulaciebis winaaRmeg gamarTul ekoturizmSi CaerTo.

normebi

norma _ ama Tu im sutuaciaSi qcevisa da moqmedebis ganmsazRveli gzamkvlia.

is Rirebulebebze ufro viwro mniSvnelobisaa. MmagaliTad, individualuroba da
patiosneba _ Rirebulebebia, xolo is wesi, rom moswavlem gverdze mjdomi moswav­
lisgan davaleba ar unda gadaiweros, ukve am Rirebulebebze aRmocenebuli norma.
Nnormebi zogjer Zalian mkacri da gansazRvrulia, aseTebi gvxvdeba bibliur pos­
tulatebSi, kanonebSi. Uufro xSirad ki normebi is Cvevebia, romlebsac adamianebi
ulaparakod, uyoymanod da gaucnobiereblad misdeven xolme. Tu arasasurveli
pirovneba paemanze gepatiJebaT, realuri mizezis dasaxelebis nacvlad, uaris
Tqmis zrdilobian formas gamoZebniT da Semdeg mizezs moiSveliebT: `dakavebu­
li var~, an `sxvas unda Sevxvde~. Nnormebs Rirebulebebi qmedebaSi mohyavT. isini
xSirad garkveuli situaciisTvis Sesa­ferisi arsebiTi Rirebulebis gansazRvra­
Si gvexmarebian. Mmag.: paemanze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, pirovneba sxva pirovnebis
damokidebulebasa da grZnobebs ufro ufrTxildeba, vidre sakuTari damokideb­
ulebis gamoxatvas.
normebi situaciis Sesabamisia da garkveuli SemTxvevebisa Tu movlenebisa­
gan momdinareobs. Aamitomac, Rirebulebebisagan gansxvavebiT, normebi swrafad
icvleba. 50-ian wlebSi sigaretis moweva erTob mdidrul, zogjer seqsualur
Jestadac ki iTvleboda. Nnormebis Tanaxmad, kargi diasaxlisis sufraze yovelT­
vis ramdenime saferfle unda yofiliyo. Mmas Semdeg, rac realobam dagvanaxa, rom
sigareti jamrTelobisTvis arasasurveli da mavnebelia, iwvevs gul-sisxlZarRv­
Ta daavadebebs, amerikelTa didi nawilisTvis moweva ukve aramarto saxifaTo,
aramed, binZur da mavne Cvevad iqca. DdRes mwevelebi mxolod stumrad yofnisas
ki ara, sakuTar saxlSic iTxoven sigaretis mosawevad uflebas. zrdi­lobisa da
janmrTelobaze mzrunvelobis Zireuli Rirebulebebi ar Secvlila _ Seicvala
maTi aTviseba normebTan mimarTebaSi.
Rirebulebebis msgavsad, normebic sxvaxadasxva qveyanasa da xalxSi icvleba.
erT sazogadoebaSi miRebuli zrdilobisa da marTebulobis garkveuli norma
sxva sazogadoebaSi eqscentrulad, SemaSfoTeblad da zogjer uRirsadac ki
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. aviRoT BbiznesSexvedrebi: amerikelTaTvis isini mkac­rad
daculi formatiT mimdinarobs. diskusiis dasrulebamde, aq nebismieri tipis
socialuri sakiTxi ukana planze iwevs. amas ver vityviT samxreTamerikelebze.

164
maTTan es ori sfero erTmaneTisgan arc ise mkacradaa gamijnuli (stiuarti da
beneti, 1991)B. biznesSexvedrebi imave tipis sazogadoebrivi SemTxvevebia, sadac
erTmaneTis ojaxis mokiTxva, sportsa da politikaze azrebis urTierTgaziareba
absoluturad miRebuli normaa. Crdiloamerikelebi xSirad ukmayofilebas ga­
moTqvamen amis gamo da Tvlian, rom samxreTelebi bizness saWiro seriozulobiT
ar udgebian. Tavis mxriv, samxreTamerikelebic ar malaven gaocebas CrdiloelTa
simkacrisa da `simSralis~ mimarT.
normebi sazogadoebebTan erTad jgufidan jgufSic icvleba. Ehispanur-ame­
rikeli kacebi angloamerikeli qalebis msgavsad, erTmaneTs kocniT egebebian.
Aangloamerikeli kacebi ki Sexvedrisas mxolod xelis CamorTmeviT an mxarze xe­
lis `dakvriT~ Semoifarglebian xolme. homoseqsualist amerikelebSi xelixel­
Cakidebuli mamakacebis siaruli miRebuli normaa; igive saqcieli heteroseqsual
amerikelebSi ki _ tabudadebuli.
ufro xSirad, adamianebi TavianTi kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel normebs
ubralod meqanikurad misdeven. Ees TavisTavad bunebriv normebs Seexeba, maga­
liTad, pasuxis gacema adamianisTvis, romelic SekiTxviT mogmarTavT. Cven amas
sxva adaminebisgan, sakuTari gamocdilebebidan, televiziidan, wignebidan vigebT.
es gaTavisebuli Cvevebi yovelTvis gvexmareba sxvadsxva situaciebisTvis misaRe­
bi da miuRebeli normis garCevaSi. umartives situaciebSi pauzis gakeTeba da Ses­
aferis qcevaze fiqris dawyeba sazogadoebriv qmedebas ubralod Seaferxebs da
SeuZlebels gaxdis.
marTalia, normebi iseTi myari ar aris, rogorc Rirebulebebi, magram maTi ze­
moqmedebis Zala sagrZnoblad mniSvnelovnia. sociologma Harnold garfinkelma
(1967) amis Cveneba erTi eqsperimentis Catarebis daxmarebiT gadawyvita. Mman stu­
dentebs sTxova, mSoblebiTvis familaruli mimarTvis magivrad oficialurad mie­
marTaT. mister, mis da a.S. da miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi mimarTva siyvarulis da
pativiscemis xarisxs srulebiTac ar akninebs, mSoblemisTvis is srualiad ucxo
da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. es norma ucvleli darCa, SegiZliaT Tavadve darwmundeT.
normebi icvleba adamianebis mxridan maTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisa da Za­
ladobis mimarT gamoxatuli reaqciis mixedviT. xalxuri zne-Cveulebebi ubralo
yoveldRiuri Cvevebia. damTqnarebisas pirze xels vifarebT, xelis Ca­morTmeviT
vegebebiT stumars Aimitom, rom es amerikuli wes-Cveulebebia. adamianebi, romle­
bic am wes-Cveulebebs uaryofen _ meamboxeebad, eqscentriulebad an sno­be­bad
inaTlebian. Tumca, rogorc wesi, maT mimarT damokidebuleba tole­rantulia. Aa­
mis sapirispirod, zneobriobis ugulebelyofa yovelTvis mZafr reaqciebs iwvevs.
zneobrioba adamianebiTvis sakraluri da xelSeuxebeli Rirebulebebia. zneobrio­
bas ewinaaRmdegeba incesti, kanibalizmi, bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri
Zaladoba. isini, vinc zneobriobis CarCos scildeba, sazogadobisagan gariyulebi,
gankic­xulni, dasjilni arian.
zogi norma dRes saxelmwifo ZaliT gatarebul kanonebad, wesebad gadaiq­
ca.K kanonebs ZaluZs wes-Cveulebebisa da zneobriobis gardaqmna da gan­m­tkiceba
(kanonebi mkvlelobisa da Ralatis winaaRmdeg). Ppolitikur avtoritetebs Za­
luZT axali normebis damkvidreba maT mier SemoRebuli axali kanonebiT. es Sesa­

165
Zloa iyos umciresobaTa uflebis dacva an maTi sruli ugulebelyofa. yvelaze
rTuli ki im kanonebis gatarebaa, romlebic wes-Cveulebebsa da zneobaze ar aris
dafuZnebuli. Aase­Tia, 21 wlamde asakis pirebisaTvis kazinoSi TamaSisa da spir­
tiani sasmelis miRebis akrZalva.

simboloebi

qcevis wesebis, cudisa da kargis ganmsazRvreli Sefasebebis garda, kultura

iZleva im damatebiT miniSnebebsac, romlebsac sagnebis arsisa da mniSvnelobis
axnsa SeuZliaT. swored es aris simboloebis mTavari funqcia. simboloebia Jes­
tebi, xmebi an gamosaxulebebi, romelTac TavianTi pirdapiri mniSvnelobis gar­
da, sxva datvirTvac eZleva. Mmag.: jvari geometriulad, _ ori urTierTgadam­
kveTi xazia, qristianebisTvis ki _ msxverplis, tkivilis, Tavganwirvis, rwmenis,
imedisa da gadarCenis simbolo. AaseTive simboloebia sityvebic. sityva `mwvane~ _
bgerebis ubralo JReradoba, ingliselTaTvis garkveuli feris aRmniSvnelia.
rogorc vxedavT, aucilebeli ar aris simboloebs hqondes Tavisi pirdapiri
daniSnulebis an gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba. xSirad, simboloebs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba raRac memkvidreobiTi xarisxiT gadaecemaT xolme (maga­liTad, lomi
– uZliresi imperiis simbolo). zogjer, simbolosTvis miniWebuli mniSvneloba
ubralod tradiciis, SeTanxmebisa da pirobiTobis gamomxatvelia. amitomac, arc
Tu iSviaTad gansxvavebul xalxebsa da kulturebSi erTsa da imave simboloebs
absoluturad gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvs. erTgan Savi mwuxarebis gamomxatve­
lia, sxvagan igive datvirTva wiTel an TeTr fers aqvs. Ferebi am SemTxvevaSi ar
karnaxoben sagnis mniSvnelobas. Aamitomac, roca sagani pirobiTad aris raRac sim­
bolos matarebeli, is sakmaod iolad da xSirad SeiZleba Seicvalos.
xSirad simbolur SeniRbvas Cveulebrivi utilitaruli sagnebic ki iZenen
xolme. es sagnebi materialuri kulturis nawilia _ kulturul nou hauze dafuZ­
nebuli da simboluri datvirTviT interpretirebuli, adamianebis mier aTvise­
buli fizikuri nivTebi. MxSirad manqana transportirebis erT-erT saSualebaze
ufro mets niSnavs. is statusis, Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis, mobilobis,
zogjer, erovnulobisa da patriotulobis simboloc ki xdeba (amerikuli warmoe­
bis manqanebi-iapunurebis winaaRmdeg). AamerikelTaTvis, manqana kulturul gamo­xa­
tulebis maCvenebelia da es reklamis mwarmoeblebmac kargad uwyian. maRalsiCqa­
riani mZlavri Zravis mqone, nebismier reliefze mosiarule manqanebi axalgazrda
da Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli adamianebis­Tvisaa gankuTvnili. Uufro msubuq,
moxerxebul da dacul manqanebs, ZiriTadad ojaxebi aniWeben upiratesobas. Aarse­
bobs eleganturi salonebis mqone fufunebisa da simdidris gamomxatveli manqa­
nebic. reklamirebis aseTi mniSvnelovani roli Cvens kulturaSi imiT aixsneba,
rom simboloebis gamoyeneba mniSnelovnad uwyobs xels komunikacias (Sudsoni,
1984). reklama, is ZiriTadi iaraRia, romelsac sazogadoebrivi datvirTvis mqone
materialuri sagnebis Sesaxeb informacia mTels mosaxleobamde miaqvs. `reklama,

166
aramarto produqciis gasaRebis mizniT mogonili bizneselementia, aramed kul­
turis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilic~ (leis, klain da Seli, 1986).
zogjer adamianebi garkveul simboloebs Tavisebur axnasac umateben. Sua
xnis pirovnebisTvis, jipis tareba SesaZloa axalgazr­dobaSi darCenis erT-erTi
saSuleba iyos. Aaxalgazrda qalaqelisTvis ki _ sakuTari statusis reklamis
sagani. interpretaciebic uamravia. magram Tuki adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs
garSemo myofTa qmedebebs ukavSireben, maT samyaros identuri gageba da aRqmac
unda hqondeT. amitomac, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri
Semoqmedebisa da simboloebis aTvisebis gareSe. Klifor grici werda:

`sxvadsxva mniSvnelobiT dakompleqtebuli simboloebis mowesrigebu­

li sistema rom ara, adamianis qceva umarTavi, emociebi aqa-iq qaosurad
gafantuli, codna da gamocdileba gaugebari da usaxo iqneboda; kul­
tura, sadac totaluradaa akumulirebuli amgvari simboloebi, adami­
anis arsebobis ara garegnuli Semamkobeli ornamenti, aramed Zireuli
da arsebiTi faqtoria~ (girci, 1973, gv.46).

ena

ena verbaluri da weriTi simboloebis is sistemaa, romelic moqmedebs im

garkveuli wesebis Tanaxmad, romlebic miuTiTeben, rogor unda daukavSirdes si­
tyvebi erTmaneTs, raTa sabolood kompleqsuri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli fra­
za miviRoT. SeuZlebelia gverdi auaro enis arsebiT mniSvne­lobas (aq igulisx­
meba werac, rac gacilebiT zrdis enis SesaZleblobebs) kulturis ganviTarebis,
gardaqmnisa da amoqmedebis saqmeSi. Eena adamianebs sagnebis mniSvnelobis klasi­
ficirebasa da TaobebisTvis mis gadacemaSi exmareba. Eenis saSualebiT vigebT sx­
vaTa gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb. Eena scdeba konkretulobis sazRvrebs, misTvis ar
arseobs mxolod aq da axla; misi daxmarebiT vinarCunebT warsuls da vWvretT mo­
mavals da vaxorcielebT kompleqsur gegmebsa da ideebs. Eenis arqona adamianebis
ganviTarebis udables dones mianiSnebs.
enas aqvs gansazRvruli mudmivi struqtura da wesebi, romlebic bgerebisa
da asoebis sityvebad, sityvebisa ki winanadebebad CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba.
mis struqturas sagnis mniSvnelobis gamoxatvaSi arsebiTi datvirTva eZle­va.
winadadebebSi bgerebis an sityvebis TviTneburi gadanacvleba azrisa da mniSvne­
lobis dakargvas iwvevs. Tu gvsurs, rom komunikacia Sedges da naTqvami meore
pirovnebamde srulad mivides, aucielebelia gramatikuli da sintaqsuri wesebis
gaTvaliswineba da dacva. Eenis struqturas Seiswavlian lingvistebi.
sociologebi xSirad interesdebian, rogor iyeneben adamianebi enas sazoga­
doebriv aqtiurobaSi da rogor eyreba safuZveli sazogadoebriv gagebas (ber­
diu, 1991b. levinsoni, 1983). sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli ogiust kon­
ti werda:

167
 `ena qmnis im tipis simdidres, romliTac Tanabrad erTdroulad
sargeblobs nebismieri adamiani da amiT mis codnas aranairi ziani
ar adgeba. Eena qmnis siamovnebis erTobliobas, is Tavisuflad moq­
medebs am saganZurSi da gaucnobiereblad exmareba mis dacvas (kon­
ti, 1875-77, t.2. gv.213).

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ena sazogadoebis nebismieri wevrisTvis rea­lurad

xelmiswvdomi resursia. Yyvela Cvengani iyenebs mas urTierTobebis dasamyareblad
da swored am eniT marTuli komunikacia aaxloebs adamianebs erTmaneTTan.
bordies Tanaxmad (1991 b) ena sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis wyarocaa. is ara­
marto aaxloebs xalxebs, aramed ganasxvavebs kidec maT, aris sazogadoebrivi
niSani, romelic gvexmareba xalxebis, maTi jgufuri kuTvnilebis, ganaTlebis,
statusis gagebaSi. warmatebuli avtoritetuli pirovneba mniSvnelovani biz­
nes-Sexvedris dros, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis frazebze Sesabamis aqcents
akeTebs da gansakuTrebulad damajerebeli maneriT asa­buTebs maT. subordina­
ciis SemTxvevaSi ki saubris stili gacilebiT ufro frTxilia xolme. ZiriTadad,
adamianis sazogadoebrivi identoba emyareba im enobriv baziss, romelsac is iy­
enebs. (gumperci, 1982).
ena axdens garkveuli qmedebebis demonstrirebasac. MmSoblebi Svils sa­xels
arqmeven, ministri wveulebaze asaxelebs mowveuli wyvilis saxelsa da gvars, ra­
sac sityvebis daxmarebiT akeTeben (ostini, 1965). rodesac ogiust kontma Semo­iRo
sociologiis termini, bunebrivia, isic am inteleqturi disciplinis identobis
gamosaxatavad enas iyenebda.

codna

codna faqtebis, mrwamsisa da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis is erTobliobaa,

romelsac adamianebi droTa ganmavlobaSi iZenen. is moicavs im informacias,
romelsac SeiZleba proceduruli vuwodoT (kiTxva `rogor~), magaliTad, rogor
vataroT manqana an rogor vimuSaoT kompiuterTan, agreTve xalxebis, qveynebisa
da movlenebis Sesaxeb; xSirad vflobT codnas sagnebze, romelTa axsna da dada­
sturebac ar SegviZlia, ubralod yoveli CvenganisTvis es miRebuli realoba da
sinamdvilea. codnaa is, rom atomuri energiis aTviseba SesaZlebelia da baqte­
rul dabinZurebas seriozuli zianis gamowveva SeuZlia. Tumca is, rac erTisTvis
`upirobo~ codnaa, meorisTvis SesaZloa skepticizmis sababi gaxdes. Aamis magali­
Tia mudmivi debatebi samyaros bibliuri warmoSobisa da darvinis evoluciuri
Teo­riis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi codnis aTviseba Zalian swrafi tempiT mi­dis. Sesa­Z­­
loa, es garkveulwilad mecnierebis sxvadasxva ganxris damsaxurebac iyos; mec­
nierebis ZiriTadi mizanic axali codnis SeZenaa. Mmecnieruli codnis didi nawili
aSkarad ukvalod daikargeboda, rom ara dRevandeli Tanamedrove informaciuli
saSualebebi _ wignebi, mikrofirebi, kompiute­ris diskebi _ es yvelaferi didi

168
drois ganmavlobaSi dagrovili infromaciis Sena­xvis saSualebas iZleva. inter­
netma ki kompiuterisa da telekomunika­ciis saSualebiT informaciis miwodebis
nebismier manZilze swrafi da xarisxiani xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyo.
Cvens Tanamedrove `informaciul sociologiaSi~ codnis kontroli uki­
duresad mniSvnelovania socialuri zegavlenis mosapoveblad. MmarTalia, Taname­
drove teqnologiebma SesaZlebeli gaxada informaciis drouli miReba magram
jer kidev ver uzrunvelyo misi miwodebis YTanabrad ganawileba. Bbevri sociolo­
gi aRniSnavs sazogadoebaSi kargad da cudad informirebuli fenebis mkveTri
gansaxvavebis arsebobas.
dRes zrunvis mTavari sagania auarebeli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uz­
runvelyofa. imisaTvis, rom faqtebi, movlenebi, TariRebi codnad iqces, saWiroa
adamianebma gaigon isini da SeZlon maTi aTviseba. DdRis ganmavlobaSi momxdar
uamrav faqts Soris, axali ambebis redaqtorebi gadaxarisxebis Sedegad win prio­
ritetulad wamoweul Temebs aSuqeben ( garekani, praim taimi); amgvari gafilt­
vra adaminebs naxvisa da aTvisebis saSualebas aZlevs; garda amisa, xel-fexs uxs­
nis maT, vinc wyvets gazeTisa Tu teleeTeris beds.. mayu­rebeli ki saWiroebs met
informacias, romlis mopovebis mizniT is internetsa da informaciis sxvadasxva
wyaros mimarTavs xolme.
formuliT an sityviT SeuZlebelia yvela tipis codnis axsna. Ees exeba praqti­
kul codnas, romelic ase vTqvaT, araverbaluria (curvis codna, kalaTburTis
kalaTaSi burTis moTavseba). Aaravis ainteresebs, rogor erTveba am moqmedebeb­
Si sxeuli da kunTebi. saukeTeso mocuraveebsa da kalaTburTelebsac ki uWirT
warmatebuli TamaSis saidumlos axsna. isini ubralod TamaSiT axerxeben amas.
socialuri yofa praqtikuli codnis gareSe warmoudgenelia, iqneba saubari ge­
movnebis gaziarebaze, biznesgarigebasa Tu seqsze (burdie, 1990).

kulturaTa integracia da mravalferovneba

maqsi rva wlis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrobs biZasTan, kolej­

Si dadis da swavlas inJinris xarisxis misaRebad samuSaosac uTavsebs. 30 wlis rom
gaxda, misma ojaxma, romelic bangladeSSi cxovrobs, gadawyvita, rom maqsis dao­
jaxebis dro dadga da mas Sesaferisi sacole, mSvenieri keTilSobili ojaxis war­
momadgeneli _ sadia mouZebna. Mmaqsis ojaxma gogonas mSoblebis Tanxmoba miiRo.
tradiciisamebr, maT moawyves e.w. kaavemi, sadac religiuri wesebis Tanaxmad, siZe
momaval sacoleSi fuls ixdis, da qorwinebis TariRic daniSnes. sabolood, mu­
bini (maqsis namdvili saxeli) da sadia Sexvdnen da SeuyvardaT kidec erTmaneTi.
qorwineba erT TveSi niu-iorkSi dainiSna. tra­diciuli sariT Semosili, oqros
samkaulebiT morTuli sadia ukana oTaxSi dasves. Mmubinsac tra­diciuli abreSu­
mis tunika da Sarvali, e.w. turbani da TvlebiT mooWvili flos­tebi ecva. MSemos­

169
vlisas mas sadias naTesavebma kari dauxures da patarZalTan ar uSvebdnen manam,
sanam ar darwmundnen, rom mis mier gadaxdili Tanxa, marTlac sadias Sesaferi
iyo. Famis Semdeg, mubins kari gauRes da man sadias gverdiT daikava adgili. Mmkacri
etiketis Tanaxmad, yvela stumari valdebuli iyo mokrZalebul Tvalebdaxril
patarZalTan misuliyo, raTa misi mSveniereba da sinaze ganedidebina. Mmdumareba
unda SeenarCunebina siZesac manam, sanam stumrebi sxvadasxvagvarad ixumrebdnen
mis momaval saojaxo cxovrebaze. xelmoweril iqna TanxmobaTa qorwinebaze. Mmoi­
wvies muslimani mgalobel-mlocvelebi. Mmeore dRes axlad daqorwinebulTa mSob­
lebma miReba gamarTes. Nnefe-patarZali fotografebis kamerebis win pozirebda.
mogvianebiT ki, mubinma Tavisi meuRle yvela stumars oficialurad warudgina.
realurad, maqsi/mubini ori cxovrebiT cxovrobs _ EerTis mxriv, ingli­
surenovani, amerikanizebuli maqsi, romelic ganaTlebas aSS-Si iRebs da TanamS­
romlebisTvisac Cveulebrivi amerikeli maqsia, Mmeores mxriv, pirad cxovrebasa
da ojaxSi is mubinia, romelic mSobliur enaze metyvelebs, tradiciuli samosiT
imoseba, tradi­ciul sakvebs miirTmevs da Tavisi aRmsareblobis erTguli rCeba.
maqs/mubinis istoria naTlad gamoxatavs im daZabul realobas, rac aSS-Si didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. EerTis mxriv, iyo sazogadoebrivi zewola, romelic
mxars uWerda e.w. asimilacias; mis Tanaxmad, qveyanaSi Camosuli xalxi eqceoda do­
mi­nati kulturis zegavlenis qveS da Sesabamisad, Tmobda sakuTar Rirebulebebs,
adaTebsa da mrwamss. Mmeores mxriv, ki aRiniSneboda _ kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis nebas rac TiToeuli pirovnebis memkvidreobiTobasa da misi mrwam­
sisa Tu Rirebulebebis pativiscemas gulisxmobs. Mmaqs/mu­binis arCevani, misdios
amerikuli cxovrebis wess da amasTanave ojaxSi mSobliuri bengaluri tradiciebis
erTguli darCes, problemis gadawyvetis erT-erTi gzaa. aSS-Si Camosuli migrant­
ebis umravlesoba swored amgvari dualisturi cxovrebiT cxovrobs.
asimalaciasa da kulturul mravalsaxeobas Soris arsebuli daZabuloba ro­
gorc calkeuli individisTvis, ise mTeli sazogadoebriobisaTvisaa nacnobi.
DdRe­vandeli sazogadoebis mTavari kiTxvac swored amaSi mdgomareobs, ramdenad
`argia~ kulturuli mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebriv wesrigs.
kulturuli mravalsaxeoba gulisxmobs rogorc calkeul sazogadoebebSi, ise
mTels msoflioSi arsebuli gagebis, damokidebulebebis sxvadasxva tipebs, gansx­
vavebul Rirebulebebsa da gemovnebas; sanam migrantebi xvdebian axal kulturas
da kulturuli produqcia kulturuli mravalsaxeobis aqtua­luri resursia, mra­
valsaxeobis garedan Semosvlis saWiroeba namdvilad ar dgas. mniSvnelovania amave
kulturaSi axali identobis mqone sxvadasxva jgufis formireba. magaliTad, dRe­
vandeli gei subkulturis msgavsad, kulturuli mravalsaxeobis erT-erTi wya­ro
iyo 1960 wlebis studenturi kontrkultura. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba `Zveli~
erovnuli identobis SenarCunebasTan erTad, `axal~ araeTnikur identobaTa Camo­
yalibebasac gulisxmobs.
Kkulturuli mravalsaxeoba SemoqmedebiTobis amsaxvelia. is naTeli maga­
liTia imisa, rom kulturas Tavad adamianebi qmnian da cvlian. Aamerikelebi ga­
nagrZoben cxovrebis axali wesis mosinjvas, axali tipis gaerTianebebis Camoyal­

170
ibebas, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis axleburi gzebis Ziebas. Aam Tva­lismomWreli
mravalsaxeobis Semxedvares, bevrs uCndeba kiTxva, ramdenad SeuZlia sazogadoe­
bas am procesis limitireba.
kulturuli integracia gulisxmobs im dones, romlis arsebiTi funqciuri
sistema aris kultura, sadac yvela nawili urTierTSekavSirebulia. Tavis mxriv,
kulturuli elementebi funqciurad integrirdebian iseT sazogadoebriv mov­
lenebTan, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi struqtura da xelisuflebasTan urT­
ierToba. vrceli integrirebuli kulturis mqone xalxebisaTvis TiTqmis ucxoa
winaaRmdegoba fiqrsa da saqmes Soris. MmaTi religiuri, ekonomikuri da ojaxuri
cxovreba erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. damkvirdebuli tradiciebis daxmarebiT
maT cxovrebis umtkivneulod, yovelgavri Sinagani konfliqtis gareSe warmarTva
SeuZliaT. Tumca, rogorc anTropologma ralf lintonma (1947) aRniSna, amgvari
sazogadoebebi xSirad mgrZnobiareni arian.F Rirebulebebi, mrwamsi, teqnologiebi
aq erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. EerTi sferos Secvla jaWvuri reaqciiT gadaedeba
meores da xSirad es mTeli sistemis balansidan amovardnas iwvevs. KSesaZloa kul­
turulma mravalsaxeobam ganapirobos funqciuri integraciis Sesusteba, magram
mas aseve aqvs Tavisufali arCevanisa da SemoqmedebiTobis damkvidrebis unari.

kulturis mravalferovnebis xarisxi

ramdenadac farTo da heterogenulia sazogadoeba, imdenad maRalia kul­

turuli mravasaxeobis done. Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisic. magaliTad, aviRoT
CineTi, romelic mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis manZilze kulturuli erTiano­
bis ideologiis gamtarebeli iyo da dRemde ucxo kulturebis zegavlenis gareSe
darCa. metic, srulebiTac araa yvela patara qveyanaSi kulturis integrirebu­
lobis maRali done. SveicariaSi aseuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo sxvadasxva ena,
religia da eTnikuri identoba.
asea Tu ise, mraval sazogadoebaSi arsebobs erTi dominanti kultura. Mmisi
gamtarebelia gansakuTrebuli sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis mqone is jgufi,
romelsac unari Seswevs, Tavisi kultura sxvebs moaxvios da maTze zegavlena iqo­
nios. sxva jgufebis wevrebi ki, rogorc wesi, iZulebuni xdebian, Seerion dominant
jgufs, raTa sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad igrZnon Tavi. Aamerikis SeerTe­
buli StatebisTvis migrantTa erTi nawili ufro misa­Rebi aRmoCnda (magaliTad,
CrdiloeT evropelebi), vidre sxva (samxreT da aRmosavelT vropelebi, azielebi,
laTinoamerikelebi.) wlebis manZilze mkvidri amerikeli bavSvebi iZulebulni
iyvnen asimilirebuliyvnen sazogadoebaSi maSin, roca afro-amerikel baSvebs
amis ufleba ar hqondaT.
rogorc warmodgenilma magaliTma gviCvena, dominanti jgufi xSirad Tavis
kulturas sakuTari Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis SesanarCuneblad iyenebs da
umciresobas amgvar Sanss aRar utovebs (margeri 1991). romis imperia, romelsac
politikurad damorCilebuli hyavda ebraelebi, egviptelebi, frankebi da sx­

171
vani, maTgan ar iTxovda _ da arc sTavazobda – gamxdariyvnen romaelebi, maT
enaze elaparakaT, gaeziarebinaT romaelTa Rirebulebebi. Ddidi imperiebi kul­
turuli mravalsaxeobisadmi tolerantulni iyvnen. MmaTgan gansxvavebiT, nakle­
bi tolerantobiT gamoirCevian Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi (kalhuni, 1995). sa­
nam ingliselebi ZiriT Ziramde atarebdnen sakuTar `ingliselobas~, amerikuli
kultura ara marto inglisuri, aramed laTinoamerikuli, azieli, karibieli,
afrikeli da aRmosavleT evropeli migrantebis mier Semotanil kulturaTa el­
ementebs iTvisebda. masze Ddidi gavlena Tanamedrove wignebma, filmebma da tele­
viziam iqonia. DdRes kiTxva, ramdenad Ria unda iyos amerikis SeerTebuli State­
bi sxva qveynebis kulturaTYa zegavlenis misaRebad, jerac upasuxod rCeba. Mmisi
gadawyveta kulturuli mravalsaxeobis an kulturuli integraciis sasikeTod
jer ar momxdara. Uunda dahyavdeT Tu ara fundamentalist qristianebs, orTodo­
qs ebraelebs, Savkanian muslimebs bavSvebi sakuTar skolebSi; unda saubrobdnen
da swavlobdnen Tu ara sxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebi inglisurad. ixileT soci­
ologiisa da sazogadoebrivi debatebis nawili.

lingvisturi mravalsaxeoba

ena udides rols asrulebs rogorc kulturuli TviTmyofadobis, ise kul­

turuli mravalsaxeobis ganviTarebaSi. DdRes msoflioSi bevri mravalenovani
sazogadoebaa. Aaq laparakoben mSobliur enaze, pirveli ena _ inglisuri, meore
an mesame ki franguli an arabulia. Ees axali movlena ar gaxlavT. warsulSi, roca
xalxi Soreul vaWrobaSi iyo CarTuli an didi imperiebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda,
ramdenime enis codna aucilebelic ki iyo. indoeTi, TiTqmis mTeli istoriis gan­
mavlobaSi gansxvavebuli enebis da kulturis mqone patara Statebisagan Sedgebo­
da. Mmravali enis codna praqtikuli saWiroebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tanamedrove
indoeTSi hinduri ena erovnulobis ideis ganmtkicebis mizniT, oficialur enad
gamocxadda, Tumca yvela indoeli hindurze ar laparakobs. Mmetic, hindur enas
konkurencia uwevs inglisurTan, rac indoeTis didi britaneTis koloniad yof­
niT iyo ganpirobebuli. dRes misi codna ukiduresad aqtualuria globalur eko­
nomikaSi efeqturi CarTvisaTvis.
aRmosavleT evropis zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac aSS-ze odnac meti mosaxleo­
baa, sxvadasxva enaze saubroben. zog regionSi ZiriTad, oficialur enasTan er­
Tad arsebobs sxva dominanti enebic, magaliTad, baskuri, kataloniuri, uelsuri,
romanuli. ramdenadac integrirebuli xdeba evropuli sazogadoeba, imdenad
imatebs sxva enebis codnis aucileblobac. eEvropis sabWoSi muSaobis dasawyebad,
briuselis saTavo ofisSi samuSaoze asayvan kandidats bizneswerilebis momza­
deba da satelefono zarebze pasuxis gacema xuT enaze evaleba, AamaTgan ors mainc
srulyofilad unda flobdes.
Eena politikur iaraRadac gamoiyeneba. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa kav­SirSi
oficialurad miRebuli ena rusuli iyo, masSi Semavali respublikebi sakuTar
sazRvrebSi mainc inarCunebdnen mSobliur enas. swored ena daexmara maT kul­
turuli identobis SenarCunebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg am qveynebs

172
enam gauxsna gza damoukideblobebisaken. AafrikaSi amarul enaze mosaubre eTi­
opielebs mSobliuri enis erovnul standartad gamocxadebis mcdeloba hqon­
daT. amas win aRudgenen sxva xalxebi, romelTac mkacrad gamoxates sakuTari neba
da Sedegad SeinarCunes rogorc mSobliuri ena, ise mravalenianoba.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

unda uzrunvelyon Tu ara amerikis skolebma

mravalenovani ganaTleba?

bevri amerikelis azriT, aSS-s dRes SeiZleba `ucxoelTa nacia~ vuwodoT. Census biu­ros
1994 wlis statistikis mixedviT, amerikelTa 8.7% aSS-s sazRvrebs gareTaa dabade­buli. TiTqmis
32 milioni amerikeli saxlSi mSobliur enaze saubrobs; sajaro skolebSi mosiarule bavSvTa
erTi mesamedisTvis pirveli ena – ucxo enaa (hideni, 1995). riT pasuxobs amerikuli sazogadoeba
da kerZod, saganmanaTeblo sistema aseT mzard lingvistur mravalsaxobas?

Uunda flobdes Tu ara sazogadoeba, xelisufleba an skola

met Zalauflebasa da kontrols imis gansazRvrisTvis,
ra enaze unda ilaparakon adamianebma?

amerikul skolas aqvs sami ZiriTadi arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba; pirvelia _ sazogadoe­
baSi bavSvebis asimilirebis stimulireba, iqneba es nebiT (specialuri saswavlo klasebi an daqi­
ravebuli repetitorebi) Tu garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT (yvela studenti survilis da
ganurCevlad valdebulia iswavlos inglisur saswavlebelSi). Semdegi gamosavalia bilingvuri
anu orenovani swavleba. es aris federaluri politikis nawili, romelic gulisxmobs im bavS­
vebis daxmarebas, romlebic inglisuri enis arcodnis gamo CamorCebian swavlaSi; am meTodis
Tanaxmad, moswavle iseT ZiriTad sagnebs, rogoricaa maTematika, biologia, sazogadoebrivi
sag­nebi – swavlobs mSobliur enaze da paralelurad eswreba inglisuris gakveTilebs, rac mas
codnis gaRrmavebaSi exmareba. enis aTvisebis Semdeg ki moswavle yvela sagnis swavlas inglisur
enaze ganagrZobs. da mesame gza _ mravalenovani swavleba, sadac rogorc inglisurenovani, ise
arainglisurenovani moswavleebi sagnebs or enaze gadian ( es meTodi naklebad ganixileba).

debatebi

mravalenovan ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT ikveTeba ori polarulad gansxvavebuli azri.

EerT mxares dganan isini, vinc `srulfasovani amerikelobisaTvis~ ibrZvis; maTi Rrma rwmeniT,
imisaTvis, rom qveynis sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi aqtiurad CarTuli moqalaqee­
bi da momuSaveni gaxdnen, bavSvebi upirobod srulyofilad unda flobdnen inglisur enas. MmaTi
azriT, skolebSi `ucxo~ enis damkvidreba xSir SemTxvevaSi ukana planze wevs inglisurs da Ses­
abamisad, aferxebs amerikel moqalaqed Camoyalibebis process. Bbevris azriT, Cveni momavali –
erT enaze mosaubre sazogadoebas ekuTvnis. Mmag­ram arseboben iseTEebic, vinc sruliad gansxvave­
bul poziciaze dganan da Tvlian, rom arainglisurenovan bavSvSi inglisuri enis savaldebulo

173
swavleba mSboluri enis dakninebas da TviTSefasebis xarisxis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. am adamia­
nebis azriT, dRevandel mzard integrirebul samyaroSi, momavali kulturul da lingvistur
mravalsaxeobebTan adaptirebazea damyarebuli.

analizi
am debatebis amosavali birTvi _ kulturaa. Eena, kulturis erTi Semadgeneli rodia, igi
pirveladi sazomia, romelsac efuZneba nebismieri kultura. Eenis gaziareba _ kulturis gazi­
arebasa da gacnobaSi gvexmareba. Aaq ori situacia ikveTeba _ erTis mxriv, bavSvebi, romlebic
aRar saubroben mSobliur enaze, nel-nela kargaven kavSirs mSoblebis enasTan. Mmeore mxriv, sx­
vadasxva enaze mosaubre bavSvebs rogorc Tavisi, ise sxvadasxva kulturis, xelovnebis, isto­
riis, saerTod msoflmxedvelobis gacnobis saSualeba eZlevaT.
xSirad ena is gamyofi xazia, romelic e.w `araCvenianis~ amocnobasa da erovnuli ideebis
mxar­adWeraSi gvexmareba. Aase Tu ise, enebis gaziareba erovnulis arsebiTi atributi ar aris.
Sveicaria, sami ZiriTadi da erTi umciresobebis enis (franguli, germanuli, italiuri da
romanuli) qonis miuxedavad, dRemde maRalganviTarebuli, warmatebuli, integrirebuli da
stabiluri erovnuli saxelmwifoa. Eena xSirad scildeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. amis magali­
Tia espanur enaze mosaubre laTinoamerikelTa umravlesoba. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
laTinuri amerika Tavis mxriv, mraval gansxvavebul kulturasa da qveyanas moicavs.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba TviTdamkvidrebisa da TviTgan­
sa­zRvris uflebas, rac sazogadoebrivi aqtivobaa, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tavad virCevT Cvens
xelisuflebas, cxovrebis wess da im enas, romelzec gvsurs laparaki. Mmagram enasTan dakav­
Sirebul pirovnul gadawyvetilebebTan erTad yo­velTvis moiazreba sazogadoebrivi gare­
moebebic. mSoblebs SeuZliaT bavSvis waxaliseba inglisuri enis SeswavalSi, im mizeziT, rom
ena maTi ukeTesi saganmanaTleblo, politikuri Tu momavali saqmianobis garanti iqneba. maT
aseTive warmatebiT SeuZliaT bavSvebSi garkveuli eWvis gaCenac im argumentis moSveliebiT,
rom inglisuri enis SeswavliTa da aTvisebiT isini SesaZloa nel-nela mowydnen sakuTar kul­
turul tradiciebsa da aman maTSi mSoblebis avtoritetis mkveTri dacema gamoiwvios. Aar­
Cevanis gakeTeba arc ise iolia. Ppirovnebebi, sazogadoebebi, ojaxebi – dilemis winaSe dganan.
EerT-erTi kolejis studenti ase xsnis situacias: ~Cemma mSoblebma ar ician inglisuri, me ki,
sakmaod miZneldeba espanuris gageba da es Zalian mtkivneulia CemTvis~(hideni, 1995gv.40). ar­
Cevanis gakeTebis sakiTxi, migrantTa enis SenarCunebasa an inglisuris aTvisebas Soris erT­
mniSvnelovani da kategoriuli ar unda iyos. Mmravalenovani swvalebis erT-erTi mizania im
sakmarisi gamocdilebisa da codnis miwodeba, rac sabolood moswavles sakuTari arCevanis
gakeTebaSi daexmareba.
mravalenovnebis irgvliv atexili debatebis gamomwvevi mizezia sazogadoebriv-struqtu­
ruli faqtorebi. DdRes aSS-Si 300 gansxvavebul enaze mosaubre adamiani cxovrobs. 1995 wlis mi­
jnaze, deidis skolis administraciam 5, 190 axali 52 enaze mosaubre studenti aRricxa (hideni
1995)Y yvela am studentisTvis orenovani swavlebis uzrunvel­yofa SeuZlebelia. Tanabrad mniS­
vnelovania garkveul jgufebsa da skolebSi moswavle arainglisurenovan bavSvebze kon­­cen­t­
rireba. los-anjelesis studentTa 43 % procenti espanurenovania (hideni, 1995). Ees sxvadasxva
struqturuli Tu industriuli faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. MsamuSaos saZebnad CamosulTa umetesi
nawili iltvis kaliforniisa da mexikosaken (kaliforniis soflis meurneoba). MmigrantTa um­
ravlesoba muSaobas da cxovrebas arCevs iq, sadac mosaxleobis didi nawili maTi kulturisa da

174
enis warmomadgenelia. Aamitomac, axali migrantebi TavianTi winaprebis mier SerCeul adgilebSi
saxdlebian. Eespanurenovani xalxisTvis komunikacia Cveulebriv mSobliur enaze grZeldeba; Sin
da gareT isini mSobliur enaze saubroben da amitomac, am ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi skolaSi
inglisuri enis umciresi codniT midian. Tavad skolebSic am bavSvebis umetesoba saubars erT­
maneTSi Tavis mSobliur enaze ganagrZobs da amis gamo, maTSDi inglisuri enis damkvid­reba sul
ufro rTuldeba.
mravalenovani ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba mTavrobazea damokidebuli.
Uunda flobdes Tu ara sazogadoeba, xelisufleba an skola met Zalauflebasa da kont­rols imis
gansazRvraSi, ra enaze unda ilaparakon adamianebma? AamerikaSi dominanti ena _ ingli­suria,
radgan inglisurenovan mosaxleobas aqvs ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri Zal­aufleba
da neba, moaxdionos migrantTa sazogadoebaSi asimilacia. da xSir SemTxvevaSi es maTi survi­
lis winaaRmdegac ki xdeba. indiur sakiTxTa biuros mmarTvelobis qveS myof skolebSi amerikel
bavSvebs akrZaluli hqondaT sakuTar enaze laparaki. 1912 wels, Stat luizianas kanonmde­
blobis Tanaxmad, sajaro skolebSi Sewyda kajun franguli enis swavleba (ris Sedegadac, bevri
am erovnebis warmomadgeneli skolidan gauSves). 1971 Stat texasis sajaro skolebSi aikrZala
espanur enaze laparaki (hideni, 1995). DdRevandel dRes realurad eyreba safuZveli inglisuri
enis oficialur enad gamocxadebis kampanias (magaliTad, xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis,
gancxadebis mxolod inglisur enaze gamoqveyneba). DdReisaTvis ukve ocdaorma Statma da mra­
valma municipalurma organom miiRo kanoni, mxolod inglisurenovani kanonebis miRebis Sesaxeb
da bolo dros Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom amerikelTa 73% procenti amis momxrea.
(US News&World Report, 25 seqtemberi, 1995). amdenad, skolebi CixSi aRmoCdnen (ix. sqema 4.1).

sqema 4.1. aq mxo­lod ingli­

surad laparakoben? A
Namerikis SeerTebuli St­­a­tebis
6.7. milionia­ni arainglisu­
renovani mosaxeloba Ziri­
Tadad samxreT-dasavleTSi,
samxreT floridasa da niu-
iorkSi cxovrobs. DdRemde, 22
Statma miiRo mxolod ingli­
surenovani kanonebi (SeniSnva:
demografiuli monacemebi 1990
wlis da kanonebi 1995).

0-2% araingli­­- 10% da meti araingli­­- wyaro: `SeerTebuli Statebis

surad molaparake surad molaparake si­ax­leebi da msoflio mimo­
2-10% araingli­­- saxelmwifoebi, sadac xilva~, 25 seqtemberi 1995w. gv.
surad molaparake mxo­lod inglisuri 41
kanonebia
aSS siaxleebi da msoflio angariSi _ ZiriTadi
monacemebi: aSS aRweris biuro

skolis funqciaa moswavleebi momaval muSebad, moxeleebad, moqala­qeebad da sazoga­

doebis wevrebad aqcios. skola gansazRvravs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romel enas irCeven prio­
ritetulad), momavali politikuri, saganmanaTleblo da samuSao perspeqtivebis rea­lur kon­
turebs; is zegavlenas axdens moswavlis Semdgom cxovrebiseul arCevanze, imaze, vis airCevs
is cxovrebis Tanamgzavrad, vis Sexvdeba da a. S. zedapirulad Cans, rom metad aqtualuria mig­

175
rantebisaTvis inglisuris swavleba. Mmagram dRevandeli kulturuli da ekonomikuri mzardi in­
ternaciolizaciis pirobebSi, samomavlod mxolod inglisur enaze molaparakeni aRmoCndebian
rTul mdgo­mareobaSi. EerTenovani ganaTleba SesaZloa disfunqciuri aRmoCndes globaluri
ekonomikisaTvis. AamasobaSi ki, manam, sanam amerikelebi mravalenovani swavlebis irgvliv de­
batebs ganagrZoben, sxva qveynebis xalxebi meore enad inglisurs irCeven.

sxvadasxvaenovani jgufebis arsebobiT gamowveuli mravalenovnebis garda,

arsebobs sxva SemTxvevac, e.w. `kreolizacia~; anu ori an meti enis erTmaneTSi
SereviT axali dialeqtis an sulac damoukidebeli enis Seqmna (hanerci, 1992). in­
glisuri ena, swored kreolizaciis nayofia. Mmisi fesvebi ramdenime germanikuli
enis jgufidan modis, romlebsac Tavis mxriv Seeria anglo-saqsuri, Zveli ingli­
suri da uiliam dampyroblis xelmZRvanelobiT Semosuli normanebis franguli
dialeqti. inglisurze sxvadasxva enis gavlena dRemde iCens Tavs. magaliTad,
ing­lisurSi aris sakvebebis aRmniSnveli ori sityva. Zveli inglisuridan wamo­
suli, cxovelis aRmniSnveli sityva cow (Zroxa) da sufraze morTmeuli xorcis
kerZis aRmniSnveli beef, romelic franguli boeuf –dan modis. arsebobs hibrid­
uli ene­bic, romlebic Tavisi mSobeli enebisgan damoukideblad ver arseboben.
Hhavais `hibriduli ena~ –Zireuli havauris, inglisurisa da ramdenime aziuri enis
(plantaciebis mflobelTa mier daqiravebuli aziuri warmoSobis glexebis mier
Semosuli) Serevis Sedegad warmoiSva.
`deda ena~ is sityvebia, romlebic kargad gamoxatavs mraval xalxSi mSobliuri
enisadmi arsebul mijaWvulobas. Tanamedrove msoflios xalxebi 2 000 enaze lapa­
rakoben. Bbevri maTgani nel-nela daviwyebas eZleva da qreba. Ees ZiriTadad im patara
saxelmwifoTa da xalxTa enebia, romlebic ver floben politikur avtonomiuro­
basa da damoukideblobas. Aam movlenaTa paralelurad sagrZnoblad izrdeba ingli­
sur, frangul, germanul, espanur, portugaliur da arabul enebze molaparakeTAa
ricxvi (ix.: naxati 4.2) masobrivma migraciam, telekomunikaciebisa da mogzauro­
bebis mzardma tempma daaCqara lingvisturi homo­genizaciis procesic. DdRevandeli
msoflios mozrdilTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi mainc inglisurad saubrobs. (hoCleri
da kenedi, 1994. gv. 351).

subkulturebi da identobis politika

subkulturebi mdidari kulturis mqone, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli myari

jgufebia, romlebic im Rirebulebebis, normebis, enis, codnisa da simboloebis
irgvliv koncentrirdeba, romlebsac iyeneben dominanti kultu­risagan gamijv­
nis mizniT da romelsac erTmenTs uzia­reben kulturuli umciresobebis warmo­
madgenlebi (faini, 1987; faini da kleinmani, 1979). subkulturis arsebobisaTvis
aucilebelia, garkveulma xalxebma moaxdinon garkveul jgufebTan identoba da
hqondeT erTmaneTTan pirispir an masmediis daxmarebiT urTi­erTobis saSualeba.

176
 migrantTa jgufebi: italiel-amerikelebi, iaponel-amerikelebi, afro-ame­
rikelebi _ subkulturis models warmoadgenen. Tumca, yvela eTnikuri jgufi
subkulturad ver gardaiqmneba. subkulturis ganviTarebis dones didwilad
gansazRvravs is faqtori, ramdenad gasnxvavdeba ama Tu im eTnikuri umciresobis
kultura dominanti kulturisgan. MmagaliTad, vietna­melebs, inglisidan wamosu­
li migrantebisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikul wamyvan kulturasTan TiTqmis aranairi
kavSiri ar aqvs. mniSvnelovania struqturuli damoukideblobis sakiTxic anu
ramdenad inarCunebs umciresoba dominanti kulturis zegavlenisagan avtonomi­
urobasa da damoukideblobas. Aamis maga­liTia koreeli migrantebi, romlebic yov­
elTvis iRvwian sakuTari biznesis, mezoblobisa da religiuri kongregaciebis
gatarebisa da dacvisaTvis, riTac dominanti kulturisagan aSkara distancire­
bas axdenen.
subkulturebs ayalibeben dasaqmebuli, sazogadobriv-ekonomikuri, asa­
kobrivi niSniT gaerTianebuli da sxva tipis jgufebi. Aaxalgazdrdebi qmnian axal
subkulturebs im musikis, Sexvedrebisa da sxvaTa safuZvelze, risi gamocdile­
bac aqvT. tipuri subkultura Tavs iCens maSin, roca erTgvarovan situaciaSi aR­
moCenili xalxi, Tavs ZiriTadi samyarodan izolirebulad grZnobs. SesaZloa, es
iyos rogorc fizikuri (sapyrobileSi an jarSi myofni), ise gansxvavebuli azrisa
da Sexedulebebis qoniT gamowveuli izolacia, romelic adamianebs msoflioSi
miRebuli kulturisgan riyavs.
urTerTSerevis procesSi, subkulturis wevrebi sakuTar jgufebTan iden­
tobis povnasTan erTad, dominanti kulturisgan de-identobas axdenen. amerikaSi
mcxovrebi homoseqsualebis azriT, am qveynis wamyvani kultura – heteroseqsua­
luria (isini Tavs am konteqstidan amovardnilad miiCneven). AaTeistebis azriT,
wamyvani kultura _ religiuria. Savkaniani afro-amerikelebisTvis dominanti
dasavleli TeTrkanianebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli kulturaa, UusaxlkaroTaT­
vis ki _ saSualo fenis kultura.
zogierTi subkultura dominanti kulturisagan gamijnvis garda, misi gamow­
vevisa da xSirad Secvlis mcdelobiTac gamodis. Aam tipis kulturebs _ kontr­
kulturebi ewodebaT. Aamis saukeTeso magaliTi gaxldaT 60-iani wlebis studenturi
kontrkultura, romelic `istabliSmentis~ mier aRiarebul samuSao, materialuri,
seqsualuri prioritetebis sawinaaRmdegod gamovida. struqturulad es moZraoba
gaumarTavi iyo, ar arsebobdnen gamokveTili liderebi, aklda wesebi da Sesabamisi
organizeba, (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi wevrebi saerTo faseuloebebs da ideebs
iziarebdnen). Aarsebobs sxva, ufro mWidro struqturuli kontrkulturebi. maga­
liTad, hari kriSnas mimdevrebi, romlebic mkacrad icaven sakuTari kulturis
sazRvrebs da disciplinas. Sedegad, isini dominanti kulturisgan mudmiv damouki­
deblobas inarCuneben.
zogi kontrkultura Ria moqmedebas arCevs, zogan ki privatuloba mkac­ra­daa
daculi. sanam 1995 wels oklahomas qalaqis ofisi ar daibomba, amerikelebi e.w.
`zizRis jgufebsa~ da `radikaluri uflebebis~ jgufebis arsebobaSi maincda­
mainc sagangaSos verafers xedavdnen. Amomxdarma faqtma ki sazogadeobas realuri
safrTxe daanaxa: aRmoCenil iqna sabrZolo SeiaraReba, gaerTianebebi, romlebic

177
xelisuflebis damxobisa da kontrolis sakuTar xelSi Cagdebisken iyo mimarTuli
da erTi ideis qveS gaerTianebuli adamianebi sxvadasxva tipis komunikaciis (Toq
Souebi, kompiuteruli qseli) anu kontrkulturis daxmarebiT erTmaneTs ukav­
Sirdebodnen. SesaZloa, isini `WeSmarit~ amerikul Rirebulebebad swored Tavi­
anT Rirebulebebs Tvlidnen.
dReisaTvis xSirad midis kamaTi ama Tu im identobis mqone jgufTa kano­
nierebisa da saerTo kulturaSi maT mier Setanili pozitiuri wvlilis Sesaxeb.
MmagaliTad, ra aris gei kultura? Kkanonieri subkultura Tu ubralod devianti
adamianebis erTianoba. antiarCevanis moZraobaSi CarTuli, abortis winaaRmdeg
molaSqre adamianebi _ ubralod deviantebi Tu kanonieri subkulturis wevrebi
arian? Aan vin arian haiteli politikuri migrantebi _ sakuTar samSobloSi mZvin­
vare anarqiasa da terorizms gamoqceuli devnilebi, Tu ubralod, sarCo-sabade­
blis maZiebeli xalxi?
am tipis kiTxvebi politikuri identobis arss gamoxatavs (ka­lhuni, 1994 b).
dRes bevr jgufs ara marto materialuri keTildReobisaTvis, aramed sxvaTa
TvalSi TviTdamkvidrebisa da sakuTari uflebebis mopovebisTvisac uwevs brZo­
la. sakmaod bevri ibrZoles amerikulsa da msoflio kulturaSi Setanili dadeb­
iTi wvlilis dasamtkiceblad afro-amerikelebma. Aamerikuli wignebis umetes
nawilSi maT ZiriTadad monobasTan dakavSirebiT moixseneben xolme. `msoflio
istoriis~ kursi eqskluziurad ufro dasavleTis istorias miiCnevs. CixSia mo­
qceuli `afrikuli~ identoba, romelic pativiscemas da dafasebas iTxovs; es ki
warsulSi monobasa da awm­yoSi arsebul siRaribesTan da sxva problemebTan aso­
cirebiTaa gamowveuli.
Aarsebobs makro- da mikro tipis identobis politika. Ppirvelis Temaa _ eTni­
kuri jgufebi, romelTa `erovnebebad~ gamocxadebis irgvliv kamaTi ar cxreba (bos­
nielebi, qurTebi, amazonis adgilobrivi tomebi). Mmeores warmomadgenelni ki arian
calkeuli pirovnebebi, individebi, magaliTad, aratradiciuli seqsualuri orien­
taciis mqone pirovneba. miayenebs Tu ara mas homoseqsualistad aRiareba materi­
alur (samsaxuris dakargva) zarals an fsiqologiur stress (sazogadoebidan gari­
yva). Aam SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara sworsa da arasworze, aramed imaze, vin imsaxurebs
kulturul aRiarebas.
AaRsaniSnavia isic, rom xalxi yovelTvis bolomde ar jdeba sakuTari subkul­
turis sazRvrebSi. Aadamiani SesaZloa erTdroulad Savkanianic iyos da homo­seq­
sualic. igive SemTxvevaa iamaikeli dedisa da iaponeli mamis Svili an SeerTe­
bul StatebSi dabadebuli da aRzrdili Cinuri memkvidreobis mqone adamiani.
Ggarkveul situaciaSi, oridan erTi identoba wina planze iwevs. zogjer, es poli­
tikuri garemoebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli. aucilebelia Tu ara, Savkanianma qa­
lebma mxolod rasobriv an genderul identobaze moaxdinon fokusireba? Bbevri
Svkaniani aqtivistis azriT, rasaze genderis win dayeneba _ Ralatia. sxvaTa az­
riT, orives Serwyma Savkanian feministur cnobierebaSi savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
(kolinsi, 1991). xSirad kolejebsa da kampusebSi Savkaniani qalebi garkveul ze­
wolasa da uuflebobas ganicdian (kargaven megobrebs an CrdilSi rCebian).

178
SeniSvna: daStrixuli espanuri
inglisuri Cinuri arabuli
areebi erTze met
sasaubro enas portuga­- rusuli sxva
franguli liuri
aRniSnavs.

sqema 4.2. a) enebis SedarebiTi gadaxedva

dominanti enebis pirvel, meore, mesame enebad gavrceleba da gamoyeneba msof­
lioSi kulturis globalizaciis procesis nawilia. Bbevrgan adgilobrivi da
mSobliuri enebi daviwyebas eZleva. bBevrgan ki, iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa yo­
fili sabWoTa kavSiri da Zveli eTiopia, ena kulturul-politikuri asimila­
ciis process umniSvnelovanes winaaRmdegobas uwevda da yovelTvis dgeboda
eris interesebis dasacavad.

wyaro: s. moseleis (C. Moseley) da r.e. aSeris (R. E. Asher) red., `msoflio enaTa
atlasi~, (Routledge, London, 1994), gv. 223-224.

kulturaTaSorisi gageba
Damerikasa da, saerTod, Tanamedrove msoflioSi, adamianebi erTmaneTTan in­
tensiur komunikaciaSi verTvebiT da vecnobiT sxvaTa kulturul memkvidreobas.
SesaZloa Cveni klasis megobrebi sxva subkulturis warmomadgenelni iyvnen. mra­
valerovan korporaciebSi ki mudmivad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenel
TanamSromlebs _ menejerebsa, Tu ubralo moxeleebs.
riTi vpasuxobT am komunikacias? EerT-erTi pasuxi – eTnocentrizmi, anu yvelaf­
ris sakuTari Rirebulebebisa da kulturis WrilSi danaxvaa. Ees yvela Cvengans sCve­
via, magram eTnocentrizmi, egocentrizmis (sakuTar Tavze orientirebuls) msgav­
sad, TviTSezRudulia. Tu adamiani miiCnevs da myarad dgas im azrze, rom yvela
danarCenis imedebi, SiSi, survilebi misive msgavsi unda iyos, maSin is verasodes Se­
Zlebs sxvisi grZnobebisa da msoflmxedvelobis gagebas.
eTnocentrizmis alternativa – kulturuli relativizmi. Aanu ama Tu im sag­
nis, Tavisive kulturis kuTxiT danaxvisa da gagebis mcdelobaa. Dswored es aris
erTaderTi gza urTierTgagebisaken. Kkulturuli relativizmi gulisxmobs ada­
mianTa mzaobas, gaixsnas sxva kulturebis mimarT da ara _ neitra­litets. Ggageba

179
yovelTvis mowonebas da gamarTlebas rodi niSnavs. Cven yvelas kargad gvesmis,
rom axal gvineaSi Cveulebriv normadaa miRebuli adamianebze nadiroba, rac Seu­
Zlebelia aRqmuli da gagebuli iqnes imave viCitasa da kanzasis macxovreblebs So­
ris. Ggagebisa da gamarTlebis erTmaneTisgan gamijnva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria. EeTnocentrizmi Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi gagebisa da gamarTlebis
erTmaneTSi aRrevas axdenen da uars amboben sxvaTa rwmenisa da gamocdilebebis
gaziarebaze.
G g agebis msgavsi magaliTebi SeiZleba moviyvanoT religiidanac. sxvaTa reli­
giuri ritualebis, dResaswaulebis, tradiciebis gacnobisas viRebT codnas ro­
gorc sakuTari, ise sxvebis aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. ebraelebSi naTloba miRebuli
ar aris. E e braul ojaxSi dabadebuli bavSvi ukve iudevelia. Qqristianuli religi­
uri tradiciebis, kerZod, naTlobis Sesaxeb informaciis gacnobisas, ebraele­
bi xSirad igeben damatebiT informacias imis Taobaze, rom bevri qristianuli
denominacia ver Tanxmdeba naTlobis asakTan dakavSirebiT (dabadebis­Tanave Tu
SedarebiT mowiful asakSi). es uTanxmoebebi ki bibliis wminda wignis im nawili­
dan iRebs saTaves, romelsac iudevelebi da qristianebi (`Zveli aRTqma~ – qris­
tianTaTvis, `Tora~ – ebraelTaTvis) iziareben; arsebobs msgavsebebi garkveul
ritualebsa da gamocdilebebSic. magaliTad, ebraelTa rituali bar micva an bat
micva, swored im asakSi tardeba, (cameti wlis), roca msgavs rituals sxvadasxva
qristia­nuli garTianebebi atareben. Aamdenad, sxva religiaTa gacnobisas, adami­
ani sakuTari Rirebulebis sxvisTvis Tavs moxvevis gareSe swavlobs sxvaTa rw­
menisa da ritualebis pativiscemas.
ukiduresad Sori da gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebisa da tradicie­bis gagebac
amgvari midgomis ufro farTo masStabebSi gadadis. MmagaliTad, dasavlelebisT­
vis gaugebaria hinduri wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac msxvilfexa rqo­sani pirutyvis
davkla sastikad akrZalulia da es xdeba indoeTSi, sadac xalxis didi nawili
TiTqmis SimSilis zRvarzea. realurad, cocxali pirutyvi aqauri mosaxleo­
bisTvis gacilebiT met sargebels iZleva, vidre dakluli da sufraze sxvadasxva
sunelebiT morTmeuli steiki. xari xnavs miwas, Zroxa iwvelis rZes. Ppirutyvis na­
keli ki niadagis ganoyierebasTan erTad, sawvavi airis warmoqmnasac uwyobs xels
_ swored aqedan ikveTeba Zroxis sakraluri mniSvneloba indoelTaTvis (harisi,
1975). SesaZloa, ebraelTa da musulmanTaTvis Roris xorcis Wamis akrZalva da
kaTolike qristianebisTvis paraskevs marxvis Senaxva, garkveulad warsulis ga­
mocdilebasTan iyos dakavSirebuli. DdRes ki, amgvari wesebis aRiareba jgufis
identobis demonstrirebas niSnavs.

postmodernizmi

kulturuli mravalsaxeoba Tanamedrove cxovrebis realobaa da am faqts

versad gaveqceviT. zogi amerikelisaTvis sxva axali komunakaciebisa da Zlieri
Zireuli Rirebulebebis win wamoweva _ aSkara problemaa; umciresobaTa warmo­
madgenlebi (afro-amerikelebi, espanuri jgufebi, azielebi, gei da lesboselebi)
ki iReben gamowvevas imis Taobaze, rom valdebulni arian TeTrkanianTa wamyvan

180
memkvidreobiT kulturas moergon. es gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebi global­
izaciis irgvliv arsebul aqtiur debatebs warmoSobs. Aara aqvs mniSvneloba iqne­
ba es erTi `calke mdgomi~ kultura, Tu ufro farTo kulturuli mravalsaxeoba.
Mmravalsaxeobis mxardamWerTa azriT, dRes safuZveli eyreba axal _ postmoder­
nistul epoqas, sadac bolo periodis wamyvani integrirebuli Zalebis nel-nela
gaqroba daiwyeba.
Ppostmodernistebis azriT (sidmani, 1994, laSi, 1993; liotari 1984), dRevan­
deloba kulturuli integraciis procesiTaa moculi. Mmsxvili mTavrobebiTa da
biurokratiebiT marTuli Tanamedrove kultura gansakuTrebul aqcents yvela
kulturuli elementis erT racionalur wesrigSi moyvanaze akeTebs. Mis iTxovs
konformizmis donis amaRlebas, axdens kulturuli siwmindisa da integraciis
idealizacias da gansxvavebulobebs udgeba, rogorc ara Tavisuflebisa da Semoq­
medebis gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc im sirTuleebs, romelTa gadalaxvac Sesa­
Zlebelia. Tanamedrove kultura ixreba ganviTarebis im erTaderTi Seuqcevadi
procesisken, romelTan mimarTebaSic yvela danarCeni kulturuli movlena met-
naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone meorexarisxovan movlenad iqneba ganxiluli. erTi
sityviT, Tanamedrove kultura eTnocentrizmisken midrekilebas iCens.
postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom arsebobs ganviTarebis ara erTi, aramed ram­
denime gza. isini ar eTanxmebian wesrigisa da kulturuli integraciis im formas,
romelic, maTi azriT `qaosur~ zewolas axdens iseT umciresobebze, rogoricaa
eTnikuri jgufebi, politikuri disidentebi, axali tipis skolebi. isini miesalme­
bian Tanamedrove kulturis im axal teqnologiebs, romlebic sakmaod farTo da
xSirad urTierTsapirispiro SesaZleblobebs iZ­leva. Aimavdroeulad isini am cv­
lilebebs aRiqvamen, rogorc Zalauflebisa da centralizaciis iseT formas, ro­
goricaa eri-saxelmwifo. Tanamedrove postmodernul epoqaSi aqtiuria kamaTi
imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebebs uWirT mravalerovani korporaciebis, masobri­
vi migraciis, mediisa da vaWrobis globalizaciis fonze sakuTari avtoritetis
SenarCuneba. sustdeba politikuri gaerTianebebis ndobis xarisxi, kulturuli
identobis mqone xalxi ki sul ufro da ufro Sordeba sakuTar fesvebs da sam­
Soblosgan Sors cxovrobs (inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi
pakistanelebi Tavs dRemde pakistanelebs uwodeben). postmodernistebis azriT,
gardauvalia axali gansxvavebuli tipis kulturaTa Seqmna, rasac xels Seuwyobs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi struqturebi da kulturuli nimuSebi. Aarian isinic,
vinc ar eTanxmeba gamoTqmul varauds, TumcaRa sociologTa umravlesoba Tanx­
mdeba imaze, rom Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTarebis done sagrZnoblad maRali,
mravalferovani da mobiluria.
rogor aisaxa es cvlilebebi Cvens sazogadoebasa da kulturaze? orlando pa­
tersoni (1994) gamoyofs amerikis sam wamyvan kulturas. pirveli _ tradiciuli
midgoma, rwmeniTa da deviziT _ `amerika amerikelebisaTvis~. warsulSi, tradici­
uli amerika erTdroulad rasistuli da qsenofobiuri iyo (orive SemTxvevaSi an­
tiucxouri ganwyoba). Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom rasizmi daZleul iqna, separatizmi
jer kidev aqtualuria. tradiciulad Savakanianebi da TeTrkanianebi, `erTmane­
Tisgan damoukidebel mSvidobian cxovrebas~ arCeven xolme ( gv.113).

181
 Mmeore _ amerika multikulturuli qveyanaa. Mmaiami da los-an­je­lesi ukve
ara Zveli gagebis tradiciuli amerikuli, aramed transnacionaluri qalaqebia.
maT macxovrebelTa umravlesobas Seadgenen laTinuri amerikidan, karibidan,
afrikidan wamosuli mig­rantebi, romlebic samSoblosTan inarCuUneben ekonomi­
kur, kulturul da sazogadoebriv mWidro kavSirs. bevri maTgani arakvalifici­
uri an dabali kvalifikaciis muSaxelia, romelic amerikaSi samuSaos saZebnad da
im ekonomikuri niSebis Sesavsebad Camovida, razec mkvidrma amerikelebma uari
Tqves. Zveli migrantuli jgufebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon
sakuTar qveynebsa da SeerTebul Statebs Soris kavSiris gabma da orivegan Tavi
ise igrZnon, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi. saWiroebis mizeziT erTad Seyrili jgufe­
bi erT sivrceSi Tanacxovroben, magram erTmaneTSi ar irevian.
mesame amerika _ ekumenuria, `universaluri tipis kultura, romelmac war­
moSva da ganagZobs naciis axali didi qalaqebisa da universitetebis warmoqmnas~
(gv.115). is postindustriulsa da infomaciul ekonomikazea dafuZnebuli da yve­
la adgilidan (da ara marto amerikidan) izidavs xalxs, ideebs, xelovnebas, te­
qnologias, modas da nacionalur kulturas. Eis arc iseTi izolirebuli samyaroa,
rogorc tradiciuli amerika da arc iseTi Tavisuflad Camoyalibebuli, rogorc
mravalerovani; is yovelTvis iyureba momavlisken da ara _ warsulisken; is ar­
Cevs im faseuloebebs, religiebs, normebsa da simboloebs, romlebic ar aris Sez­
Ruduli romelime erTi erovnebiT, adgiliT, qveyniT da cxovrebis wesiT. Tumca,
es imas ar niSnavs, rom ekumenuri kultura mxolod saukeTesos irCevs. Ppaterso­
nis azriT, es ara utopia, aramed momavlis is talRaa, romelSic erovuli saz­
Rvrebisa da identobebis Seusabamoba sagrZnoblad masStaburi gaxdeba.

kulturis Camoyalibeba

kultura CvenTvis raRac TavisTavadi, bunebrivad arsebuli movlenaa. is

CvenTvis im haeriviTaa, romelsac vsunTqavT. swored arsebuli kulturis ni­
muSebis daxmarebiT vswavlobT, vazrovnebT, vmoqmedebT. magram xSirad Tavadac
vaxdenT kulturis modificirebas an sulac axlis Seqmnas viwyebT. Aamdenad, kul­
tura _ socialuri aqtivobis produqtia.
dasavlur kulturaSi, iqneba es xelovneba, mecniereba Tu sxva ram, gansa­
kuTrebuli mniSvneloba da adgili Semoqmed individebs _ beThovenis msgavs ge­
niosebs – eTmobaT. sociologiis Tanaxmad, nebismieri tipis inovacia, ara­ marto
calkeuli Semoqmedi individebis, aramed socialuri aqtivobisa da institucio­
naluri xelSewyobis damsaxurebacaa. rogorc hovard bekerma (1984) `xelovnebis
samyaroebSi~ aCvena, yvelaze originaluri Semoqmedebac ki xalxebsa da sazoga­
doebriv mxardaWerazea damokidebuli. Aamitomac aqtualurni arian: tiloebisa
da saRebavebis momwodebelni, modelebi, artdilerebi, kritikosebi, galereebis
mflobelni, muzeumebis direqtorebi, koleqcionerebi da, ubralod, xelovnebis

182
Tayvanismcemelni. warsulisa Tu awmyos xelovanebi amzadeben axali Semoqmedis
xelovnebis miRebisa da gagebisTvis aucilebel konteqsts. rogorc vxedavT,
Semoqmedeba, rogorc calkeul xelovan individze, ise kulturuli produqciis
sferoSi arsebul sazogadoebriv organizaciebzea damokidebuli. (bordiu 1993).
sazogadoebrivi struqtura zegavlenas axdens rogorc Semoq­medebaze, aseve
masSi nagulisxmevi dasanaxi an `asaTvisebeli~ mxareebis gamoaSkaravebazec. sxva
fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli elita flobs met Zalauflebas, uwevs kon­
trols imas, ra gamoifineba galereebSi, ras aSuqeben televiziiT an ras aswavlian
skolebSi. arCeviTobis procesSi aqtualurad erTveba rogorc marketingi, ise
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi. televiziis SemTxvevaSi mauwyeblebi mayurebelTa
farTo auditoriis mopovebis mizniT, aqcents ufro `popularul kulturaze~
akeTeben, vidre `maRalze~. xSirad maT upirispirdebian iseTi jgufebi, rogori­
caa, magaliTad, konservatiuli qristianuli koalicia, romelic yovelTvis
icavs sakuTar moralur Sexe­dulebebs (winaaRmdegia ekranebze seqsis an homo­
seqsualuri cxovrebis wesis demonstrirebisa). aseTi jgufebi xSirad boikotiT
afiqsiereben sakuTar pozicias da aiZuleben kidec mauwyebels ukan daixios.
moda da gemovnebac kulturis socialuri produqciis ilustraciaa. orive
sazogadoebriv fenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. elitisTvis gankuTvnil eqskluziur
samodelo saxlebSi SeZenili tansacmeli da elituri moda, socialuri statusis
aRmniSnvelia. elita Tavs uflebas aZlevs SeiZinos is, risi SeZenac saSualo fenas
ar SeuZlia. xSirad saSualo fena da muSebi ubralod elian dros, roca maRali
modis kopireba da ganmeoreba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ufro dabal xarisxSi. isini
ewinaaRmdegebian elitis dominirebas da Tavis sakuTar modas qmnian. AaviRoT
`granjis~ stili – CaCaCuli daxeuli jinsebi, farTo perangebi, sietleli axal­
gazrdebis damaxasiaTebeli Cacmuloba, mogvinebiT aramarto saSualo fenaSi,
aramed cnobili dizaineris ralf lorenis koleqciaSic gamoCnda. Ggemovnebac
socialuri niSania. Ddamsaqmeblebi gadawyvetilebebs aramarto imis safuZvelze
iReben, rogori Semsruleblebi arian isini, aramed imazec, ramdenad aqvT elitu­
ri fenis Sesaferisi gemovneba da kulturuli codna.
moda Tanamedrove, dasavluri sazogadoebebis identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia.
(davis, 1992). iyo dro, roca xalxi Tavisi socialuri statusis Sesabamis samoss
icvamda. Cacmis manera ucvleli da gansazRvruli iyo. DdRes, es yvelaferi cva­
lebadia. Aadamianebi, pirovnebebi aqtiurad eZieben sakuTar imijs (xSirad es gauc­
nobierebladac xdeba). sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben cxovrebis pirobebs, ms­
gavs SegrZnebebs, ukmayofilebasa Tu miRwevebs. Mmoda koleqtiuri identobebis
cvalebadobiT ikvebeba.
fred devisi axdens ambivalenturi identobebis sami wyaros gansazRvre­
bas. Eesaa sami `kulturis mcdari xazi~ (1992, gv.26). genderi (unda ecvaT Tu ara
qalebs mamakacis perangebi, ekeToT halstuxebi an sxva? Uunda uTmobdnen Tu ara
mamakacebi met yuradRebas dizainsa da ferebs?), statusi – (qristianuli daZabu­
loba aqcents mZime Sromasa da TviTuaryofaze da kapitalistur/momxmareblur
devizze `Tuki gaqvs, gamoiyene kidec~, Aanu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, esaa ale­
buloba garegnuli fufunebis winaaRmdeg) da sqesis demonstrireba (qaliSvili

183
gogonas stilidan aSkarad demonsatrirebul erotikul stilamde). devisi askv­
nis, rom Tanamedrove moda mWidro sazogadoebrivi struqturis produqtia da is
bevr kiTxvas upasuxod tovebs. regulirebis nacvlad Mmoda ufro aZlierebs kul­
turul daZabulobas.
bolo dekadebis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove moda ufro arCeviTi da demokra­
tiuli gaxda. Ees 1960-ian wlebSi saSualo fenebis mzardi zegavleniT, sakredito
baraTebisa da im axali teqnologiebis gamoCenis Sedegad moxda, ramac maRali
moda saSualo fenebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada; es ki swored maRali modis
kopirebisa da masobrivi produqciis gamoSvebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli (lipovecki,
1994). Qqreba sazRvrebi gemovnebebs Soris. xelovanTa gemovnebis SemoqmedebiTi
Seswavlisas sociologma devid holma (1993) AaRmoa­Cina, rom sanamdec iarsebebs
realuri gansxvaveba socialur fenebs Soris, manamde maT Soris ufro meti ms­
gavseba iqneba, vidre gansxvaveba (naxeT Cata­rebuli kvlevis nawili).

kulturuli kapitali

popularuli musikis msgavsad, modac aSkara komerciuli warmoebaa. ACven ki

varCevT, xelovneba arakomerciul realiad CavTvaloT. realurad esec sityvis
~xelovneba~ – erTgvari konotaciaa. vkiTxulobT poezias, davdivarT muzeumebSi,
vusmenT bramsis musikas, raTa gavnaTldeT da sulieri sazdro miviRoT. Mmagram mx­
olod esaa mizani? sociolog pier burdies azriT, aq sxva motivaciac arsebobs.
Mmisi azriT, adamianebi iviTareben `SemoqmedebiT~ gemovnebas, raTa miaRwion im
adgils elitaSi, rasac fuliT ver iyidi. Ggaazrebulad Tu qvecnobierad swored
kulturuli kapitalis, rogorc im codnisa da dafasebis akumulirebas vcdi­
lobT, romelic sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri aqtivebis saxiT funqcionirebs.
rogorcB biznesmenebi agroveben ekonomikur kapi­tals –keTildReobas, rac maT­
Tvis socialuri Zalauflebisa da resursis aRmniSvnelia, ise adamianebi axdenen
kulturuli kapitalis dagrovebas. Oojaxebi investiciebs deben saxlebSi, fer­
mebSi, agroveben kapitals sakuTari da Svilebis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayo­
fad. Ddeben investiciebs skolebSi ( xan pirdapiri gziT, kerZo skolebSi swavlebis
gadaxdiT an arapirdapiri gziT, saukeTeso sajaro skolis maxlobel ubanSi sax­
lis SeZeniT), enciklopediebsa da muzeumebis dasaTvalierebeli RonisZiebebis
mowyobaSi, kompiuterebsa da kompiuterul ganaTlebaSi da es yvelaferi imisT­
vis, rom TavianT memkvidreebs meti kulturuli kapitali SesZinon. Ees kulturu­
li kapitalis mopovebis is arsebiTi gzaa, romlis daxmarebiTac ojaxebi sakuTar
klasobriv poziciebs TaobebSi inarCuneben.
kulturuli kapitalis ideaze dayrdnobiT, burdie amtkicebs, rom arsebobs ara
erTi, aramed ramdenime sazogadoebrivi elita. EerTni floben materialur keTil­
dReobas, meoreni – politikur Zalauflebas, Mmesameni (klerkebi, profesorebi, mx­
atvrebi, mwerlebi, musikosebi da a. S.) _ kulturul kapitals. Ees elituri wreebi
xSirad erTmaneTs exmianebian. Ooperis Teatrebis mdidari mepatroneebi specialur

184
miRebebs uwyoben organizaciebis momwyobT da Tavad Semsruleblebs; musikosebs
iwveven TeTr saxlSi da kolejebisa da universitetebis specialuri jildoebiT
ajildoeben. Aam elitur jgufebs garkveuli Tanaarsebobis unaric SeswevT, maT
aqvT sakuTari preferenciebi zogs jazi operas urCevnia, zogi Zvel volvos _
axal mersedess arCevs. Aamgvarad, isini Tavidan icileben konkurencias, romelic
sxva dros xSiria xolme.

masmedia da kulturis globalizacia

kulturis produqciis Seswavlam dagvanaxa, rom kultura arasodes `srul­

deba~, is cvalebadia. is yovelTvis ganicdis sxvadasxva xalxis, SemoqmedTa Tu
momxmarebelTa zemoqmedebas.
kulturul cvlilebaTa erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti _ komunikaciebis
gzebis cvlilebaa. DdRevandeli eleqtronuli media vrceli kulturuli revolu­
ciis damasrulebeli fazaa. salaparako enis gamdidreba, weris SesaZleblobebis
ganviTareba, ramac udidesi moculobis informaciis Senaxvisa da klasificirebis
saSualeba mogvca, BbeWduri presis gamoCena, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada informaci­
is ufro farTo masebisaTvis miwodeba, Cvens saukuneSi radio, telekomunikaciebi,
kino, televizia da bolo drois sate­lituri kavSirebi _ faqsi, mobiluri tele­
fonebi da kompiuteruli qseli _ komunikaciis miRwevaTa CamonaTvalia.
eleqtronulma mediam Seamcira manZilebi da gazarda informaciis miwodebis
siCqare; gaizarda komunikaciaSi CarTulTa ricxvi. bolo inovaciebi – tele­
komunikaciebi da qseluri kavSirebia. interneti _ umTavresi yvela sxva qsels
Soris _ komunikaciis gafarToebis safuZvelia. Mmisi meSveobiT adamianebi uzi­
areben erTmaneTs azrebs kerZebze, ganaTlebaze, socialur moZraobebze, poli­
tikur kampaniebze, seqsze, iumorze, biznessa da sxva Temeb­ze. interneti iZleva
rogorc or pirovnebas Soris komunikaciis saSualebas (eleqtronuli fosta), ise
farTo mauwyeblobis xelmisawvdomobas (internetgverdebi, saitebi). arsebobs
informaciis mopovebis sxvadasxva gza _ internetgverdi, e.w. houm peiji, anu on­
lain sauniversiteto katalogebi, an sxvebTan, axal jgufTan e.w. CeTi. (laparaki,
saubari). Yyovel Tve qselis momxmarebelTa ricxvi 100 000 –iT izrdeba, Sesabamisi
siswrafiT farTovdeba kompiuteruli qselic (pileri, 1994). EerTi eris warmo­
madgenel erT pirovnebas mTels msoflioSi SeuZlia meoresTan uswrafesad dakav­
Sireba da informaciis xarisxiani miReba.
kompiuteruli qselebi aSkarad gansxvavdeba sxva sakomunikacio saSua­
lebebisgan. Aaq moxsnilia politikuri Tu geografiuli sazRvrebi, ar arsebobs
drois gancda. mesijebi wamis measedebSi laxaven sxvadasxva qveynis sazRvrebs,
okeaneebs, mTebs, qseli muSaobs 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi kviraSi Svidi dRe, SeuCereb­
lad. aq gamgzavnsa da mimRebsa Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvs. Aaravin izRudeba
fizikuri naklis, socialuri valdebulebebis (bavSvis an moxucis movla), invali­
dobis, socialuri dabrkolebis (garegnoba, simorcxve, enis borZiki da a.S,), sqesis

185
asakis, erovnuli Tu rasobrivi warmomavlobis gamo. internetqseli araCveulebriv
SesaZleblobebs iZleva identuri interesebis mqone adamianebisaTvis; aq maT azrTa
urTiergaziarebis saSualeba saxlidan gausvlelad, adgilidan fexis moucvlela­
dac SeuZliaT. Ees aris nebismier dros, nebismier adgilas SesaZlebeli komunikacia,
romelic xalxs `adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad~socializaciaSi, muSaobaSi, saku­
Tari Tavis gacnobaSi~ exmareba, (harasim, 1993. gv.22). kompiuteruli qseli inter­
aqtiulia. igi ormxrivi komunikaciis saSualebas iZleva, da es satelevizio mauwye­
belze ufro didi zonis dafarvis meSveobiT xdeba (rasmuseni, 1996).
marTalia, globaluri kompiuteruli qselebi demokratiuli komunikaciis
SesaZleblobebs qmnian, isini maT garantad mainc ar unda CavTvaloT. Qqsels iye­
neben Tavisuflebis saxeliT (adamianebi SiSis gareSe anonimurad gamoxataven
sakuTar azrs) da amavdroulad mas iyeneben socialuri kontrolis gamkacre­bis
mizniTac (korporaciis menejments an mTavrobas eZleva sxvadasxva pirTa wer­
ilebis kiTxvis saSualeba.)Q qselis daxmarebiT mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris ar­
sebuli siSoris daZlevis saSualebac realuri xdeba. is orive fenisTvis Tanabar
saerTo sainformacio sivrces qmnis. Qqsels aseve Seswevs fenebs Soris arsebuli
manZilis gazrdis unari. es ZiriTadad im maRali gadasaxadebis xarjze xdeba, ro­
melic saukeTeso xarisxiani informaciebis miRebazea dawesebuli. Sesabamisad,
izrdeba sxvaobac informaciulad mdidar da informaciulad Rarib fenebs Soris.
Qqseli ubiZgebs adamianebs politikuri aqtivobisken (amomrCevlebi aZleven xmas
kandidatebs), sxadasxva saqmianobaSi CarTvisaken (biznesis dawyebis, vaWrobis,
filmebis yurebis, sabanko saqmeebis warmoebisken da es yvelaferi absoluturad
damoukideblad, sxvaTa Carevis gare­Se xdeba). internetkomunikaciebs SeuZlia
kulturuli mravalsaxeobis mxaradWera (es farTo arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebis
mqone arxebia) da kulturuli homogenizaciis gazrda (saqonlisa da ideebis mxo­
lod erTi, damoukidebeli centralizebuli marketis uzrunvelyofa).
dReisaTvis momxmareblebma monacemTa bazebis qseli sazogadoebriv qsele­bad
aqcies. magram komerciuli interesebi da mTavrobis maregulireb­lebi yo­velTvis
myarad icaven ukana poziciebs da xelidan ar uSveben meti kontrolisa da Carevis
ganxrocielebis Sanss. ra gansazRvravs xvalindeli qseluri komunikaciis saxes,
jerjerobiT ucnobia.
masmediis zrdis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli garemoeba kulturis globa­
lizaciaa. indoneziaSi Ddonald dakis multfilmebs uyureben, AafrikaSi frangul
presas ecnobian, BbraziliaSi maikl jeqsonis simRerebze cekvaven, Pparizsa da niu-
iorkSi kuskuss miirTmeven. kulturis zegavlenis gareSe dRes msoflioSi Zalian
cota adgili Tu darCa.
globalizaciis procesi axali dawyebuli ar gaxlavT. Aadreuli imperiebi da
msoflio religiebis farTo masStabebiT gavrceleba xSirad sxvadasxva kultu­
ris matarebeli xalxisTvis saerTo kanonebs, adaT-wesebs, rwmenas, simboloebs
awesebda. meoce saukunem procesi sagrZnoblad daaCqara. warsulSi kulturuli
ganStoebis ori wamyvani media _ mogzauroba da wera-kiTxvis codna iyo (pater­
soni, 1994). adamianebi sxva xalxebis Sesaxeb mogzaurobis, wignebis, xelovnebis
nimuSebis gacnobiT igebdnen. Fmasobrivi migrantuli talRis garda (afrikeli

186
monebis Sesvla amerikaSi) es procesi elitur fenebsac exeboda. aziur Tu afri­
kul koloniebSi sxva kulturebis gacnobis saSualeba ufro mmarTvel fenebs an
urbanistebs eZleodaT. isini ufroganicdidnen dasavlur zegavlenas.
Cvens sinamdvileSi kulturis ganStoebaTa gazrda ara mxolod komunikaciebis
zrdiT, aramed wera-kiTxvis masobrivi gavrcelebiT, iseTi saerTaSo­riso glo­
baluri organizaciebis zrdiT, rogoricaa gaerTainebuli erebis organizacia,
Sor manZilze transportirebis ganviTarebiTaa ganpirobebli (patersoni, 1994w.);
meore mniSvnelovani faqtoria migracia. Bbolo dros indoelebisa da pakista­
nelebis masobrivi talRa didi britaneTisken daiZra; afrikelebi safrangeTSi
gadavidnen, meqsikelebi _ amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Mmigracia, aramarto qm­
nis subkulturebs, axal globalur kulturebsac ki udebs saTaves.
kulturis globalizacia erTi gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT ar mimdinareobs.
vgulisxmobT, dasavleTis tendenciebsa da e.w. `amerikanizacias~ (rasac bevri
`kulturul imperializms~ uwodebs). globalizaciaSi erTmniSvnelovnad ho­
mogenuri, erTferovani, nacrisferi kultura ar unda moiazrebodes. SesaZloa,
mimdinare procesSi patara kulturebis gaqrobac ki moxdes, magram isic SesaZle­
belia, rom am kulturaTa tradiciebma kulturuli kombinaciebiT SeniRbuli
axali kultura warmoSvas (fridmani, 1994). dasavleTis sazogadoeba aramarto
dasavluri kulturis produqciis pasiur momxmareblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, is
xSirad aqtiurad erTveba saerTo procesebSi da sakuTari kulturis gamocdile­
bebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs (ix. Gglobaluri sakiTxebi/loka­
luri garemoebebis nawili). dRevandeli kultura globalurad warmoebuli da
aseve globalurad moxmarebadia (robertsoni, 1993).
iamaikuri musikaluri mimdinareoba _ regi naTlad asaxavs kulturuli gam­
didrebisa da ganayofierebis axal process (patersoni, 1994). ZiriTadad dasav­
lursa da afrikul Zirebze dafuZnebuli iamaikuri musikis mdidari tradiciebi,
axali popularuli britanuli melodiiTa da poeziiT iqna gajerebuli. 50-ian
wlebSi SeerTebuli Statebidan samSobloSi dabrunebulma emigrantebma iamaika­
Si axali ritm end bluzisa da qanTri musikis Canawerebi Camoitanes. Mmusikaluri
sakravebis, Canawerebis fonze axalgazrda musikosebi Tavad cdilobdnen musikis
imitirebas, Tumca imitacia imdenad `uxarisxo iyo, rom TiTqmis originals hgav­
da~ (patersoni, 1994, gv.106). adgilobrivma mwarmoeblebma, romlebsac musikal­
uri Canawerebis gakeTebis survili hqondaT, daiwyes sakuTari xmovani sistemebis
Canawer koleqciebTan erTad gaqiraveba da Tavad mihyves xeli disk-Jokeobas.
cocxali Sesrulebis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad isini tempis SenelebiTa da daCqarebiT
da sxva damatebiTi xmebis dadebiT amdidrebdnen TavianT musikas. izrdeboda ras
tafaris kulti, afrikuli moZraobebiTa da religiuri naxevartonebiT gamdi­
drebuli iamaikuri musika axal ideologiur koncefcias uyrida saTaves.
bob marlisa da sxva cnobili Semsruleblebis wyalobiT regi swrafad gaxda
popularuli rogorc iamaikaSi, ise aq Camosul turistebs Soris. Mmagram global­
izaciis mniSvnelovani biZgi mogvianebiT 60-ian wlebSi gamoiwvia samuSao fenis
masobrivma gadinebam did britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. 70-ian wlebSi re­
geim afro-amerikeli axalgazrdebis yuradReba miipyro. maT am musikis Tavise­

187
buri versiis Seqmna daiwyes, rasac sabolood repi ewoda. Aam musikam gaiara mTeli
cikli afro-amerikuli ritm end bluzis imitirebidan, iamaikuri axali musikal­
uri idi­omisaken da kvlav SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunda.
iamaikuri warmoSobis sociologma pol gilroim, romelic dRes inglisSi
moRvaweobs, aRwera afrikis Savkaniani, CrdiloeT amerikulis, karibiuli, ev­
ropuli `Savi atlantikis~ Semxvedri kulturebis Sejerebis procesi (gilroi,
1993). `Savi atlantikuri~ kultura warmoSva dasavleT afrikelebis CriloeT
naxevarsferos sanapiro regionebisken daZrulma diasporam, romelmac miiRo
axali TeTrkaniani evropuli kulturis elementebi da amasTan TviTmyofadi
afrikuli memkvidreobis erTguli darCa. Ggilrois Tanaxmad, es aris mudmivad
afrikuli amerikul da evropul sivrceebs Soris arsebuli kultura, romelic
im gems hgavs, romelic mudam kveTs atlantis okeanes da verasodes midis napi­
ramde. iseTi lokaluri tipis mimdinareobebic ki, rogoricaa regei, jazi, bluzi,
ireklavs sxva mravalenovani kulturebis gavlenas. pirvel TavSi sociologi veb
diubua amerikelad da Savkanianad yofnis ormag `Semecnebaze~ saubrobda (1903),
`ormagoba~ (dualizmi) gacilebiT farTo fenomenia. diubuadan dawyebuli, ri­
Card raitiT damTavrebuli, cnobili afrikeli mwerlebis naSromebi STagonebu­
lia im gamocdilebebiT, romlebic maT evropaSi yofnis dros miiRes, ramac maTi
afrikuli identobis xelaxal povnas Seuwyo xeli.
Seqmnili mravalsaxeobebis da `ormagi Semecnebis~ msgavsad, kulturis glo­
balizacia axali hibridizaciebis Seqmnis saSualebasac iZleva. Amis maga­liTebia,
vikram setisa da izabel aliendes literatuli nawarmoebebi, fransua triufosa
da Cen kaijis filmebi. Mmagram globalur kulturaze amerikis gavlena – arapir­
dapiria (rifi, 1993).
yvela danarCen Zlevamosil saxelmwifoTa Soris SeerTebuli Statebi yvelaze
mcire istoriisaa, da Sesabamisad, ufro naklebadaa mijaWvuli tradiciebTan, vid­
re didi britaneTi, CineTi, safrangeTi an iaponia. Aamave dros, amerikas udidesi
gamocdileba aqvs kulturis warmoebaSi; gansakuTrebiT es im Tanamedrove kul­
turas exeba, romelic gansxvavebul mosaxleobebs elaparakeba. Cveni sazogadoeba
yovelTvis unikaluri da myari iyo im rwmenaSi, rom siaxle, Tavisi arsiT, poziti­
uria. dRevandel moZrav samyaroSi, rogorc figuralurad, ise masobrivi migraciis
arsebobisa da Zveli rwmenebisa da aucileblobebis fsiqologiuri ngrevis fonze
_ amerikas ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli uWiravs da flobs axal reali­
ebTan SeTavsebis maRal dones. amerikaSi maRalxarisxovani kulturuli produq­
cia, ZiriTadad komercializebulia, nebismieri produqciis dizaini gaTvli­lia
gayidvaze, survilebsa da saWiroebebze, samomxmareblo bazris uzrunvel­yofaze.
holivuduri kino, televizia, popularuli musika iseT amerikul Rirebule­
bebs `yidis~, rogoricaa demokratia, sityvis Tavisufleba, pirovnuli arCevanis
ufleba da sxva. media axdens sxvadasxva xalxis ganviTarebisa da im saxeebis demon­
strirebas, romlebic maT moderni­zaciis procesTan adaptirebaSi daexmareba. is,
ramdenad `yidulobs~ xalxi srul samomxmareblo pakets (dawyebuli diskodan _
demokratiiT damTarvebuli) (Seli, 1989) _ ukve sxva sakiTxia.

188
 kvlevis meTodebi

kulturis SigniT _ devid holiseuli kvleva

r odesac Tanamedrove dasavlur xelovnebaze vfiqrobT, im samxatvro galereebsa da

muzeumebs warmovidgeT, sadac mxatvrobis saukeTeso nimuSebi gveguleba. TumcaRa,
bolo 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi kerZo koleqcionerebis mier Sesyiduli xelovnebis nimuSebi pa­
tronTa saxlebSi inaxeboda da mxolod mogvianebiT maTi garkveuli nawili muzeumebs usasyid­
lod gadaeca an Ses­yidul iqna.
devid hols Tanamedrove dasavluri xelovnebis nimuSebis kerZo saxlebSi monaxulebis sur­
vili gauCnda. GmasSi gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul gemovnebasa
da sazogadobriv fenebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi. Hholma niu-iorkis oTxi samezoblo
SearCia. Aaqedan ori, saSualo an saSualoze maRali fenis warmomadgeneli, qalaqis centrsa da
gare­ubanSi mcxovrebi, da oric _ dabali saSualo an muSa fenis warmomadgeneli, aseve qalaqis
centrsa da gareubanSi mcxovrebi ojaxi iyo.
xelovneba ZiriTadad cnobili mxatvrebis saxelebTanaa asocirebuli; magram hols am SemTx­
vevaSi ara mxatvruli an finansuri Rirebuleba, aramed socialuri konteqsti ainteresebda. Eeqs­
perimentisTvis man Tavdapirvelad xelovnebaSi arsebuli yvela vizualurad aRsaqmeli nimuSi
moiazra da sabolood ferweraze SeCerda (maT Soris ucnobi mxatvrebisac). Eesenia portretebi,
(naxati an fotografiuli), tradiciuli an `primitiuli~ tipis nimuSebi, religiuri xatebi.
holma SearCia iSviaTi tipis saxlebi, romelTa misamarTiT gagzavna werili eqsperimentis
SinaarsiT da New York Times-s Zvel nomerSi gamoqveynebuli misi adreuli proeqtebiT. Mmogvia­
nebiT man saxlis patronebs miakiTxa da TiTqmis yvela maTganisgan Tanxmoba miiRo. Hholi da misi
asistenti iTxovdnen saxlis daTvalierebas, gegmis skeCis Sesrulebas da fotoebis gadaRebas.
amis Semdeg maT ojaxis wevrebi gamokiTxes.
holma aRmoaCina, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenis saxlis kedlebze gamofenilia
mSvi­di, gadautvirTavi ferweruli peizaJebi, romlebic mkvlevaris azriT, qalaqis mcxovreb­
Ta xmauriani da mSfoTvare cxovrebis wesis `kompensirebas~ itvirTaven. MmaRali da saSualo
fenis saxlebSi erT dros popularuli oficialuri portretebi dRes sruliad gaqra da ad­
gili Sinaur garemoSi Sesrulebul araoficialur portretebs dauTmo. Hholis azriT, saojaxo
portretebis aseTi popularoba kargad asaxavs im daZabulobas, romelic mSvidi, Sexmatkbile­
buli ojaxis qonis survilsa da Tanamedrove arastabiluri ojaxebis yofas Soris arsebobs.
Gganqorwinebebisa da axali ojaxebis Seqmnis fonze, Zveli fotoebi advilad icvlis adgils da
mas axlad Seqmnili ojaxebis portretebs uTmobs. Sesabamisad, am Temebma sazogadoebis fenebis
sazRvrebi gadalaxa.
Kkolorituli, xalxuri xelovnebisa da `primitiuli~ xelovnebis nimuSebi da religiuri
xatebi sxvadasxva nimuSebs warmoadgendnen. Ppirveli tipis nimuSebi mxolod maRali an saSualoze
maRali fenis saxlebSi gvxvdeboda; amis sapirispirod, dabali saSualo an muSa fenis ojaxebSi
sasadilo da misaReb oTaxebSi didi adgili eTmoboda xatebs, wminda mariamisa da qristes fer­
werul gamosaxulebebsa Tu qandakebebs. am zedapiruli gansxvavebis miuxedavad, holi Tvlis,
rom orive tipis xelovnebas funqciurad erTi datvirTva aqvs. isini ojaxis wevrebs sazoga­
doebis (tradiciuli Tu liberaluri) nawilad SegrZnebis, siZneleebisa da winaaRmdegobebis
daZlevis da gadatanis saSualebas aZlevs (saxlSi integraciis realurad arqonis miuxedavad,

189
integraciis principis mxardaWera; yvela religiuri wesisa da saidumlos Seusruleblobis
miuxedavad, kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi rwmena).
Hholma daadastura sxva mkvlevarTa Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegi imis Taobaze, rom
xalxi xelovnebas sakuTari socialuri statusis demonstrirebis mizniT iyenebs. Mmagram
saxlebis monaxulebiTa da xelovnebis nimuSTa adgilze daTvalierebiT, holma aRmoaCina, rom
sazogadoebriv fenebs Soris arsebul sxvaobebs, aSkarad maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi gada­
wonis. `sazogadod xalxi~ ufro aqtiuradaa CarTuli gemovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gansazRvra­
Si, ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli da win wasulia xelovnebis simboluri enis gagebaSi, vidre es
sxva kvlevebma aCvena.

wyaro: HHalle, David, 1993. `kulturis SigniT: xelovneba da klasi amerikul saxlSi~.
University of Chicago

globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi

telemauwyebloba amazoniaSi

1 992 w. braziliaSi amazoniis qalaq gurupaSi (romlis mosaxeloba 20, 000) (peisi, 1933)
pirvelad CairTo telemauwyebloba. arsebobis 370 wlis manZilze aqaur macxovreblebs
pirvelad miecaT gare samyarosTan video-audio kontaqtis damyarebis saSualeba. A mdinare ama­
zonis irgvliv gaSenebul, tropikulwvimiani tyeebiT garSemotymul gurupasTan dakavSireba
mxolod naviT an kerZo TviTmfrinaviTaa SesaZlebeli. Eekonomika aq ZiriTadad soflis meurneo­
bas, meTevzeobas, nadirobasa da tyis produqtebis mogrovebas efuZneba. Mmosaxleobis 95% uki­
duresi gaWirvebis zRvarzea, isini eleqtroenergiis gareSe, usaxlkarod cxovroben. wera-kiTx­
vis mcodneTa raodenoba 40% Seadgens. 1950 wlamde aqauri mosaxleoba informacias mogzaurTa
da vaWarTa daxmarebiT igebda. bBatareebze momuSave radiomimRebebi aq mxolod gvian 50-ian
wlebSi gaCnda. Mmagram braziliur kulturasa da sxvadasxva movlenebTan kavSiris damyareba aq
mxolod telemauwyeblobis SemosvliT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
rogor axdens televizia zemoqmedebas msoflmxedvelobasa da socialuri interaqciis
nimuSebze? televiziis gamoCenam araTu gazarda mosaxleobis izolacia da pasiuroba, aramed
piriqiT, gazarda sazogadoebis integraciis done. saRamoobiT, axali ambebis, fexburTisa
da braziliuri teleserialebis Cvenebisas, fanjrebze moTavsebuli telemimRebebi gareT,
quCisken trialdeboda da ekranis cqeris saSualeba ubralo gamvlelebsac ki eZleodaT.
sazogadoebis cxovrebis stili icvleba. televiziis gamoCenamde quCebSi saRamos cxovreba
Svididan aT saaTamde aqtiurdeboda. xalxi quCaSi seirnobas, karebis zRurblze Camojdomasa
da gamvlel-gamomvlelis yurebas arCevda. erToboda sacekvao darbazebidan gamosuli musikis
hangebiT da sxv. televiziiis gamoCenasTan erTad aqauri quCebi TiTqmis dacarielda. brazilia­
Si aqtiur cxovrebas ZiriTadad mamakacebi misdeven, qalebi am dros saxlis saqmiT arian dakave­
bulni. Tumca, bavSvebTan erTd, isinic xSirad uerTdebian televizoris mayureblebs. wveule­
bebi, festivalebi, saRamos skolebi – teleserialebis reJimze gadavida.
dasavlur qveynebSi, wera-kiTxvis dabal xarisxTan erTad imatebs televiziis yurebis six­
Sire. Amisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi televiziis Semosvlam mosaxleobaSi garemo msoflios
gagebis, damatebiTi codnis SeZenis, radiosa da gazeTebis saSualebiT informaciis gagebis sur­
vili gauRviZa.

190
 dasavleTSi televiziis yurebiT gamowveuli efeqturoba status qvos inarCunebs; gurupa­
Si man aSkarad gazarda sazogadoebrivi fenis cnobierebis xarisxi. gaCnda aqauri mosaxleobis
rio-de-Janeirosa da san paulos saSualo Tu maRal fenebTan dakavSirebis impulsebi. Mmacxovreb­
lebis umetesobas gauCnda kiTxvebi sakuTari cxovrebiseuli stan­dartebis Sesaxeb. Bbevrma ar­
sebuli siRaribe aqaur sizarmaces daabrala. zogma mizezis Zebna adgilmdebareobasa da Sez­
Ruduli resursebis pirobebSi daiwyo, zogma ki _ adgilobrivi elitis korumpirebulobasa Tu
kapitalisturi wyobis xasiaTSi, romlis Tanaxmadac keTildReoba sazogadoebis mxolod mcire
nawilis xelSi aRmoCnda. televizias politikur Sexedulebebze didi gavlena ar mouxdenia.
Bbraziliis xelisufleba imdeni xnis manZilze akontrolebda presasa da politikur ambebs, rom
diqtaturis dasasrulmac ki ver gaaqro mosaxleobis skepticizmi.
bevri kamaTobs televiziis zegavlenis Taobaze qcevasa da Semecnebaze. Ees magaliTi
gviCvenebs, rom televiziis zemoqmedeba kulturis mediatorobis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba.
dasavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, gurupaSi telemauwyeblobis gamoCenam aSkarad gazarda mosaxleo­
bis sazogadoebrivi interaqcia, codnis SeZenis survili, socialuri uTanasworobiT gamowveu­
li ukmayofilebis da aRSfoTebis done.

wyaro: riCard feisi (Richard Pace), `pirveli telemimoxilva amazoniaSi: satelevizio kulturasTan
ziareba gurupaSi, brazilia~, `eTnologia~, 32, #2 (1993w. gazafxuli): gv. 187-205.

Sejameba

1. termini `kultura~ aRniSnavs adamianebis urTierTgaziarebuli cxov­rebis

wess, damokidebulebebs, ganviTarebasa da komunikacias, rac sa­zogadoebrivi
cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilia. kulturaze dayrdnobiT mniSvnelobas
vZenT Cvens gamocdilebebs; koordinirebas vuwevT Cvens qmedebebs. axal
moTxovnilebebTan da situaciebTan adaptirebis mizniT am procesSi vaxdenT
kulturis gadasxvaferebas;
2. Rirebulebebi is Rrmad daculi standartebia, romlebsac ada­­­mianebi saku­
Tari da sxva xalxebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis ganviTarebisTvis iye­neben.
Aamerikeli xalxisaTvis prioritetulia konkurentuloba, brZola warmatebi­
sken da misi miRweva. Cven patics vcemT individualurobas, magram paralelu­
rad vemxrobiT gundurobasac.
3. normebi specifikuri wesebi an megzurebi, romlebic gark­veul situaciaSi
qcevis koordinirebaSi gvexmareba. Nnormebs moqmedebaSi mohyavs Rirebule­
bebi da urTierTSejibrSi myof RirebulebaTa Soris arCevanis gakeTebis
saSulebas iZleva. normebi sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi da jgufidan da
jgufSi icvleba.
4. simboloebi sagnebi, Jestebi, gamosaxulebebi, romlebsac pirdapiri dan­
iSnulebisa da mniSvnelobis garda, sxva gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobac aqvs.
MmaTTvis miniWebuli mniSvneloba xSirad pirobiTia, magram maTi realizeba da

191
 gamoyeneba sabolood safuZvels uyris im urTierTgaziarebul damokidebu­
lebebs, rac kulturis mniSvnelovan baziss warmoadgens;
5. ena verbaluri da weriTi simboloebis, garkveul wesebs damorCilebuli kom­
pleqsuri azris gamomxatveli sistemaa. Eena kulturis gatarebis, amoqmedebi­
sa da gardaqmnis arsebiTi faqtoria. Eena aaxloebs adamianebs, magram xSirad
is im socialur niSnad warmogvidgeba, romelic sagnisa rangsa da statuss
aRniSnavs xolme;
6. codna faqtebis, rwmenis, praqtikuli unarebis mTliani struqturuli orga­
nizmia. Tanamedove sazogadoeba mis umaRles doneze generirebas da dagrove­
bas axdens; win wamoswevs kiTxvebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, vin unda flobdes
informacias da monacemTa bazas;
7. migrantebi amerikaSi didi xnis manZilze midioda bWoba imis Tobaze, unda
momxdariyo Tu ara axalCamosuli migrantebis saerTo masaSi asimilacia da
unda hqonodaT Tu ara migrantebs mSobliuri kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebis ufleba;
8. `kulturuli integracia~ aRniSnavs im dones, sadac sxvadasxva kulturis
gansxvavebuli nawilebi erT mTlianobas qmnian. Kkulturuli mravalsaxeo­ba
ki aris gageba, Rirebulebebi, gemovneba da codna, romelic rogorc calkeul
sazogadoebaSi, ise mTels msoflioSi arsebobs;
9. ena, rogorc kulturuli identobis gamtarebeli da gamaRrmavebeli, did rols
asrulebs qveynebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. DdRes. iseve rogorc
adre, arsebobs mravali mravalenovani eri da amave dros gvxvdeba mci­re ricxvi
erebisa, romelTa enac sul ufro da ufro dominanturi xdeba;
10. iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli State­
bi, arsebobs bevri aSkarad gamoxatuli subkultura. zogi maTgani wamyvani
kulturis erTgvar variacias gvTavazobs; meoreni (kontrkulturebi) ki
mas mkveTrad upirispirdebian. identobis politika moicavs brZolas TviT­
gamorkvevisa da TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis. es exeba rogorc calkeul indi­
videbs, ise subkulturebsa da damoukidebel erebs.
11. dRevandel msoflioSi xalxebi erTmaneTis kulturasa da subkulturebs
xvdebian. kulturul TviTmyofadobas ewinaaRmdegeba eTnocentrizmi, Aanu
yvela danarCenis, sakuTari kulturis RirebulebebiT Sefaseba da gans­ja.
sxva xalxebis wes-CveulebaTa gasacnobad, aucieleblia maT Cvevebs, rwme­nebs
MmaTsave kulturis konteqstSi gavecnoT. es ukve kulturuli relati­vizmia,
rac Tavis mxriv, srulebiT ar gulisxmobs sxva kulturis absolutur mo­
wonebasa da miRebas;
12. dRes midis kamaTi imis Taobaze, ramdenad tolerantuli unda iyos sazogadoe­
ba Tanamedrove kulturuli mravasaxeobis mimarT. postmo­dernistebis azriT,
SevdivarT im axal epoqaSi, sadac wesrigis moTxovna da kulturul Rirebule­
baTa Zireuli mTlianoba adgils ukve axal mravalsaxeobas, individualuro­
bas, SemoqmedebiTobasac dauTmobs. Zlieri sazogadoebrivi institutebi, erT­
maneTs mWidrod daukavSirdeba. cvlileba aSkarad ukve ikveTeba amerikis sam

192
 ZiriTad kulturul mimarTulebaSi. esenia: tradiciuli, mravalerovnuli da
ekumenuri kultura;
13. sociologiis Tanaxmad, kulturis warmoeba _ sociauluri procesia. Kkul­
turis novatorebi swored sazogadoebriv konteqstSi moqmedeben. EerT dros,
kulturuli elitiT nakarnaxevi moda da gemovneba, dRes sagrZnoblad demokra­
tiuli gaxda da Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi identobis Ziebis amsaxvelia;
14. kulturis codna da Sefaseba funqcionirebs kulturuli kapitalis sa­xiT,
rac Tavis mxriv elitur wreebSi Sesasvlelad gadasaxdeli investiciaa;
15. eleqtronulma mediam, telekomunikaciebma, internetqselis gavrcelebam
mniSvnelovand gazarda komunikaciis sixSire da xarisxi. warmoSva kiTxvebi
Tavisuflebasa da kontrolze; Tanasworobasa da uTanasworobaze; privati­
zacisa da mis sapasuxod, politikur monawileobaze;
16. eleqtronuli mediis ganviTarebam daaCqara kulturis globalizacia. Pproce­
si, sadac kulturis warmoebaze zegavlenas mTeli msoflios xal­xebi da kul­
turebi axdenen. jer-jerobiT, procesi arc `kulturul imperializmamde~
(erTi kulturis batonoba) da arc kulturul homogenizaciamde ar misula.
Aase Tu ise, kulturis globaluri produqcia komerciuli ZalebiT xorciel­
deba da ZiriTadad samomxmareblo xasiaTisaa.

imsjeleT

1. axseniT, rogor xdeba Rirebulebebisa da normebis dakavSireba. moiyvaneT maga­

liTebi.
2. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisgan wes-Cveulebebi, zne da kanonebi. moiyvaneT maga­
liTebi.
3. CamoTvaleT kulturuli integraciisa da kulturuli mravalsaxeobis gan­
mapirobebeli garemoebebi.
4. axseniT, ras niSnavs eTnocentristi da kulturuli relativisti.
5. aCveneT, rogor axdens media kulturis asaxvas da kulturaze zemoqmedebas.
6. aRwereT kulturis globalizaciisken mimavali sami ZiriTadi gza.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. rogor daaxasiaTebdiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis `dominant~ kulturas?

ramdenad dominanturia is? ramdeni sivrce eTmoba masSi subkulturebs, kon­
trkulturebs da wamyvani kulturis alternativas?
2. CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis gansakuTrebuli simboloebi da axseniT maTi gansa­
kuTrebulobis mizezi.
3. argumentebiT daamtkiceT, SeerTebul StatebSi arsebuli kulturuli mra­
valsaxoebis an kulturuli integraciis sidide; moiyvaneT sxva qveynebis
magaliTebi.

193
4. ganaviTareT Tqvens garemoSi moqmedi eTnocentrizmis Sesustebisken mimar­
Tuli programis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebi.
5. media kulturis globalizaciis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. fiqrobT Tu ara,
rom is warmoaCens sxva kulturaTa Cveneuli aRqmisa da gagebis tendenciebs?

sityvari

asimilacia _ procesi, romelSic subkulturaTa Zveli da axali wevrebi Tmoben

mSobliuri kulturis nimuSebs da ixrebian im sazogadoebaSi arsebuli domi­
nanti kulturisken, romelSic uxdebaT cxovreba.
kontrkultura _ garkveuli Rirebulebebi, normebi, wesebi da damokidebulebe­
bi, romelic upirispirdeba dominant kulturas da aSkarad iCens misi gamowve­
vis mcdelobas.
kulturuli kapitali _ maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi fenis gemovnebe­
bi, romlebic sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur funqciasac iTvisebs.
kulturuli mravalsaxeoba _ calkeul sazogadoebebsa da zogadad msoflioSi
arsebuli damokidebulebebis, Rirebulebebis, gemovnebis sistemebis sxva­
dasxva modeli da garkveuli codna.
kulturuli integracia _ kulturis nawilebiT Semdgari urTierTSekavSire­
buli mudmivi mTlianobis done.
Kkulturuli relativizmi _ mosazreba, rom kulturis nebismieri ele­mentis
gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod amave kulturis konteqstSi; garkveuli sivr­
cis, droisa da garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Kkultura – erTi cxovrebis wesiT mcxovrebi adamianebis mier mudmivad ur­
TierTgaziarebuli Rirebulebebi, normebi, simboloebi, ena da qmnilebebi.
Ddomimanti kultura _ sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufis Rirebulebebi, normebi,
tradiciebi, Sexedulebebi, romlebic mTels danarCen sazogadoebaze axdens
gavlenas.
eTnocentrizmi _ sakuTari kulturis nimuSebis absoluturi marTebulobis
aRiareba da sxva kulturebis mxolod am WrilSi danaxva da Sefaseba.
wes - Cveulebebi _ yoveldRiur yofaSi gamjdari Cvevebi.
codna _ adamianebis mier droTa ganmavlobaSi aTvisebuli faqtebisa da rwme­nis
erToblioba.
Eena _ verbaluri da weriTi simboloebis sistema, romelic komp­leqsuri mniSvne­
lobis gamoxatvis mizniT garkveul wesebs emorCileba.
Kkanonebi _ politikuri avtoritetebis mier SemoRebuli da sa­xelmwifo ZaliT
gatarebuli normebi.
Mmaterialuri kultura _ nebismieri sagani, romelsac adamiani Tavad qmnis da
Tavadve aniWebs mniSvnelobas.
zneebi _ adamianebis mier uwmindes Rirebulebebad da keTilReobis Zireul
safuZv­lad aRiarebuli normebi.
Nnormebi _ specifikuri tipis gzamkvlevebi, romlebic adamianebs garkveul

194
 situaciaSi swor qcevasa da qmedebas karnaxobs.
Ppostmodernizmi _ Teoriuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, istoriuli pro­
gresiT, racionalizmiT, kulturuli integ­raciisa da universa­lizaciis
procesiT Sepyrobili Tanamedrove epoqa an Tavis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, an
mas sxva procesi daupirispirdeba.
subkultura _ gansazRvruli normebis, Rirebulebebis, enis, codnis, simboloe­
bis erToblioba, romelic sazogadoebis mcire jgufs dominanti kulturi­
sagan gamijnvaSi exmareba.
simbolo _ Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnulebis garda, sxva gansakuTrebuli mniSvne­
lobis mqone Jesti, gamosaxuleba, sagani an dizaini.
Rirebulebebi _ adamianebis mier urTierTgaziarebuli is sazogado ideebi, rom­
lebic maT cudis da kargis, sasurvelisa da arasasurvelis garCevaSi emxareba.

195
196
 Tavi 5

socializacia da identoba
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

socializacia da TviToba
. quli: sarkisebri `me~ . midi: TviToba rogorc `I~ da `Me~
. froidi: konfliqtis wyaroebi TviTobaSi
. piaJe: TviTobis SemecnebiTi safuZvlebi

variaciebi socializaciaSi
. socializacia da genderuli gansxvavebebi
. socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi
. arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi

buneba, aRzrda da arCevani: seqsualuri orinetaciis

da identobis SemTxveva

bavSvobis periodis socializaciis agentebi

. ojaxi . skolebi . masmedia
. Tanatolebi

socializacia zrdasrul asakSi

. desocializacia da resocializacia
. profesiuli socializacia

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
buneba, aRzrda da inteleqti

197
198
 1 954 wlis zamTarSi, rodesac gregori hovard uiliamsi 10 wlisa Sesrulda,
ojaxurma krizisma da finansurma kraxma mamamisi aiZula, dabrunebuliyo
inidianas Statis qalaq munisSi, sadac igi gaizarda. dedisagan mitovebuli gregi
da misi Zma mamasTan erTad virjiniidan mimaval grZel gzas gauyvnen. samiveni av­
tobusis e.w. `TeTr~ nawilSi isxdnen _ mkacri rasobrivi segregaciis epoqaSi
Savkanianebi mgzavrobisas avtobusis ukana nawils ikavebdnen, raTa TeTr­kanian
mgzavrebs TvalSi ar moxvedrodnen.
`biWebo, _ uTxra Svilebs toni uiliamsma, rodesac munisamde ramde­nime saa­
TiRa darCa _ raRac unda giTxraT~. is win gadaixara da CurCuliT, ise rom aravis
gaego, Tqva: `gaxsovT mis sali, Cvens tavernaSi rom muSaobda? is sinamdvileSi de­
daCemia, ese igi Tqveni bebia~.
`SeuZlebelia! – daiCurCula gaognebulma gregma, _ is xom feradkaniania~.
`marTalia, – ganagrZo toni uiliamsma, _ is feradkaniania. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom Tqvenc feradkanianebi xarT. amieridan Cveni cxovreba Seicvleba. munisi sav­
sea ku-kluqs-klanelebiT. rodesac isini Seityoben Tqveni warmomavlobis Sesa­
xeb, yvela Rones ixma­ren, `Tqveni adgili migiCinon~.
amgvarad daiwyo greg uiliamsis mogzauroba amerikuli kulturis sruliad
gansxvavebul da misTvis ucnob gzaze. gregs, romelic TeTrkaniani dedisa da
Zalian Ria feris mulati mamis ojaxSi daibada, aranairi warmodgena ar gaaCnda
Tavis feradkanian warmomavlobaze. mamamisi wlebis manZilze Tavs TeTrkanianad
asaRebda. magram munisSi saqme sxvagvarad iyo. iq bavSvebis mama da, Sesabamisad,
gregica da misi Zmac Savkanianebad miaCndaT. biWebma male gaacnobieres, rom
saWiro iyo sxvagvarad fiqri da sxvagvarad moqmedeba. maT ukve aRar SeeZloT
emegobraT TeTrkanian bavSveb­Tan, gansakuTrebiT ki – gogonebTan, romlebTan
dalaparakebac ki, SesaZloa, maTken mimarTuli agresiis sababi gamxdariyo. greg­
sa da maiks unda efiqraT TeTrebze, rogorc im adamianebis jgufze, romelic maT
ver itanda da SeeZlo, zianic ki mieyenebina. mkacri wesebi gansazRvravda qalaqis
im ubnebs, sadac biWebs SeeZloT yofna. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi dedis mSob­
lebi imave qalaqSi, Tumca sxva raionSi cxovrobdnen, maTTan stumrad misvlaze
laparakic ki zedmeti iyo _ or `feradkanian biWs~ mTlianad TeTrkanianebiT
dasaxlebul raionSi fexis dadgmac ki ar SeeZlo, miuxedavad kanis TeTri ferisa
(uiliamsi, 1995).
is faqti, rom Zmebi uiliamsebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, xelaxla eswavlaT fiqri
da winaswar gaeTvalaT TiToeuli moqmedeba munisSi gadasvlis Semdeg, cxadad
adasturebs, rom Cveni pirovneba da Cveni saqcieli mxolod Cven mier ar gan­
isazRvreba. es nawilobriv imis Sedegia, rasac Cveni sazogadoeba gvkarnaxobs,
rogorc marTebulsa da swors. socializacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc procesi
im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis Seswavlisa, romelTa warmoCenasac
sazogadoeba moelis Cvengan, rogorc konkretuli socia­luri jgufis an sazoga­
doebis wevrebisagan. swored sociali­zaciis meSveobiT vswavlobT konkretuli
kulturis elementebs.

199
 garda amisa, socializaciis meSveobiT Cven aRviqvamT kulturas, rogorc
sa­kuTari arsebis fundamentur nawils. socializaciis mier gamyarebuli TviT-
identurobis es grZnoba aRwerilia Zmebi uiliamsebis ambavSic. im Rames, rodesac
gregi pirvelad Sexvda Tavis Savkanian naTesavebs, biWi mTeli arsebiT ewinaaR­
mdegeboda am faqts. mas ar undoda daejerebina, rom TviTonac maT ekuTvnoda.
mag­ram aTi wlis Semdeg, rodesac gregi kolejSi swavlobda, moulodnelad ga­
moCnda karga xnis win dakarguli deda da Svilebs ganucxada, rom misi TeTrkani­
ani meuRle Tanaxma iyo, Svilad aeyvana Zmebi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom biWebs uari
unda eTqvaT TavianT Savkanian warmoSobaze da daeviwyebinaT is wlebi, rodesac
`feradkanianebad~ iTvlebodnen. dedis SeTavazebaze gregma uyoy­manod ganacxada
uari, radganac Savkanianoba ukve misi arsebis nawili gamxdariyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom socializacia kulturuli normebisa da Rirebule­
bebis Seswavlisa da gaTavisebis process warmoadgens, es ar niSnavs, rom is Tavze
gvaxvevs kulturas. adamianebs aqvT garkveuli xarisxis Tavisufleba, moaxdinon
kulturis elemen­tebis interpretacia aTvisebis procesSi. maT SeuZliaT gadaw­
yviton, romeli rolis TamaSi surT da rogor Seasruleben arCeul rolebs. maga­
liTad, gregisa da maikis socializacia SavkanianTa kulturaSi moxda, sadac maT
misces stimuli, `daengriaT~ dominanti TeTri sazogadoebis `sistema~. gregma
Tavi gamoiCina skolaSi da Semdeg swavla gaagrZela kolejsa da universitetSi
iurisprudenciis ganxriT. bolos gregi ohaios universitetis iuridiuli skolis
dekani gaxda. rac Seexeba maiks, man quCa airCia asparezad, sadac narkotikebiT
vaWrobda da azartul TamaSebs misdevda. is faqti, rom orive Zmam sxvadasxvanai­
rad moaxdina erTi da imave subkulturuli wesebis interpretacia, TvalnaTlivs
xdis, rom socializacia mxolod calmxrivi procesi ki ar aris, romelic adamia­
nebs Tavs axvevs socialur molodinebs, aramed is gulisxmobs adamianebis mier am
socialuri molodinebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebasac da maTi rogorc calkeu­
li individebis Camoyalibebasac. aqedan gamomdinare, socializacia individua­
luri socialuri qmedebis sakiTxicaa.
am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxilulia is Teoriebi, romlebic socia­lizaciasa da
TviTobas exeba. aq Cven gamovikvlevT, rogor swavloben mozardebi sxvebTan urT­
ierTobisas socialur molodinebsa da fiqrs, romlebsac aerTianeben sakuTar
TviTobaSi. mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT im sakiTxsac, Tu rogor icvleba social­
izacia da rogor ganapirobebs mis saxecvlilebebs is konkretuli socia­luri
kategoriebi da jgufebi, romlebsac individi ganekuTvneba. is, Tu vin varT _
qali Tu mamakaci, Savkaniani Tu TeTrkaniani, mdidari Tu Raribi _ mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu rad vya­libdebiT. swored momdevno qveTavi exeba sam Ziri­
Tad faqtors, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakuTari TviTidentobis ganviTarebas­
Tan. esenia: buneba (anu biologiuri qmnileba), zrunva (anu is, Tu rogor xdeba
Cveni socializacia konkretul normebTan da RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi) da
arCe­vani (TviTgamoxa­tulebisa da individualuri qmedebis arCevis Tavisufle­
ba). Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas adamianis seqsualuri orien­
taciisa da identobis ganviTarebaze da gavaanalizebT da vimsjelebT bavSvobis
periodis socializaciis umTavres agentebzec, kerZod, im jgufebsa da orga­

200
nizaciebze, romlebic bavSvebs maTi kulturis elementebs aswavlian. bolos ki
SevexebiT mozrdilTa sociali­zaciis uwyvet process, gansakuTrebiT imas, Tu
rogor Seesaba­meba erTmaneTs, erTi mxriv, normebi da Rirebulebebi, xolo meore
mxriv, is axali socia­luri rolebi, romelTa TamaSic mozrdilebs uwevT.

socializacia da TviToba

TiToul Cvengans aqvs TviTobis SegrZneba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, grZnoba
imisa, rom gvaqvs gansazRvruli identoba, rac gangvasxvavebs sxva adamia­nebisa da
sag­nebisagan. individualobis grZnoba SeiZleba iyos sustic da Zlieric, magram
ara Tandayolili. ufro metic _ socializaciis procesSi sxvebTan urTierTo­
bisas Cven aqtiurad vaviTarebT TviTobis grZnobas, vswavlobT, Tu rogor unda
gavxdeT konkretuli jgufis wevrebi. rogorc sociologi Carlz horton quli
ambobs, `TviToba da sazogadoeba ganu­yofelia~.

quli: sarkiseburi `me~

sakuTar bavSvobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad, qulim (1864 – 1929) ganaviTara

sarkiseburi `me~- s idea. misi TqmiT, Cven viZenT TviTobis grZnobas sakuTari Ta­
vis danaxviT. am dros vacnobierebT, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvT Cven mimarT da
rogor gveqcevian, ras fiqroben Cvenze sxvebi (quli, 1905/1956, 1964). amgvarad,
garSemomyofebi asruleben erTgvari sarkis daniSnulebas Cven mier TviTobis Se­
fasebisas. sarkiseburi TviToba sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: ras vfiqrobT imaze, Tu
ras xedaven sxvebi CvenSi; Cveni warmosaxviT, rogor afaseben isini imas, rasac xe­
daven, da ras ganvicdiT am Sefasebebisa da gansjis mimarT.
ganvixiloT axalgazrda biWis magaliTi, romelic fiqrobs, rom misi klasele­
bi masze ise fiqroben, rogorc `tvinze~, rac misi azriT `mosaw­yenTan~ da `araTa­
namedrovesTan~ asocirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, biWi Tavs cudad grZnobs,
radgan sakuTar Tavs Tanatolebisagan gariyulad aRiqvams. im SemTxvevaSi ki,
Tu igive biWi fiqrobs, rom `tvinTan~ misi dakavSireba gulisxmobs Tanatolebis
misiT aRtacebas, biWs uCndeba siamayis grZnoba, rom is maRla dgas Tavis Tana­
tolebze.
sarkiseburi `me~ ar aris sxva adamianebis mosazrebis pirdapiri asaxva. maTi mo­
qmedebebisa da sityvebis mixedviT garSemomyofebis mosazrebis amocnoba wignSi
amokiTxuli aRwerisagan sakmaod gansxvavdeba. sakuTari Tavis gamoxa­tuleba,
romelsac Cven sxvebis meSveobiT aRviqvamT, warmoadgens Cvens sakuTar inter­
pretacias, romelic efuZneba Cveneul molodinebs, arCevansa da Rirebulebebs
(frenksi da gesazi, 1992). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is, rasac sarkeSi vuyurebT,
nawilobriv Cveni qmnilebacaa.

201
midi: TviToba, rogorc I da Me
(subieqturi da obieqturi `me~)

qulis Tanamedrove jorj herbert midi (1863-1931) ikvlevda TviTSegnebis

niSnebs adreuli bavSvobis socialur urTierTobebSi (midi, 1934). misi mtkice­
biT, TviToba Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: subieqturi da obieqturi `mesgan~. subi­
eqturi `me~ aris fiqrebisa da qmedebebis iniciatori, xolo obieqturi `me~ _ is,
rogoradac ganvixilavT sxvebis mier danaxul sakuTar Tavs. socialur interaq­
ciaSi xdeba uwyveti saubari subieqtursa da obieqtur `mes~ Soris: subieqturi
`me~ iRebs gadawvetilebas moqmedebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, obieqturi `me~ ki
akeTebs imis prognozs, Tu rogori iqneba sxva adamianebis reaqcia.
sabavSvo TamaSebi amZafrebs gansxvavebas subieqtur da obieqtur `mes~ Soris.
mcirewlovani bavSvebi did dros uTmoben rolebs. am dros sakuTar warmosaxvaSi
isini arian eqimebi, policielebi, mexanZreebi an gamogonili personaJebi, magali­
Tad, konkia. xSir SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi irCeven im adamia­nebis rolebis Sesrule­
bas, romlebic mniSvnelovanni arian maT cxovrebaSi. am adamianebs sociologebi
`mniSvnelovan sxvebs~ uwodeben (salivani, 1953). bavSvebs gansakuTrebiT moswonT
iseTi TamaSebi, sadac isini asruleben dedis rols, romelic uvlis bavSvebs; mamis
rols, romelic SeniSvnas aZlevs Svils cudad moqcevis gamo; an maswavleblis
rols, romelic gakveTils uxsnis klass. amgvari TamaSebi saSua­lebas aZlevs bavS­
vebs, dainaxon sakuTari Tavi sxva adamianebis TvaliT (mSoblis TvaliT da­naxuli
Svili an maswavleblis TvaliT danaxuli moswavle).
midis azriT, bavSvebi asakis matebasTan erTad TandaTan swavloben _ Seas­
rulon ara marto `mniSvnelovani sxvebis~ roli, aramed `ganzogadebuli sxvebis~
rolic. axla isini ukve iwyeben fiqrs sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb: swavloben,
rom daxvelebisas saWiroa pirze xelis afareba, ara imitom, rom romelime konkre­
tulma pirma uTxra maT amis Sesaxeb, aramed imitom, rom zogadad adamianebi Tavi­
anTi moqmedebebiTa Tu sityvebiT miuTiTeben, rom es kargi saqcielia. amgvarad,
bavSvebi TandaTanobiT afaseben sakuTar Tavs kulturuli normebisa da Rireb­
ulebebis TvalsazrisiT.

froidi: konfliqtis wyaroebi TviTobaSi

qulisa da midis mixedviT, Cveni Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar qceva­

ze nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi Cvenze da ras
moelian Cvengan. qulisa da midis kidev erTi Tanamedrove, zigmund froidi, (1856-
1939) iziarebda am mosazrebas, Tumca amatebda, rom socializaciaSi mravladaa
konfliqtebi Sida saWiroebebsa da gare zewolas Soris, agreTve, adamianis fsiqi­
kis Zalebs Soris. es Zalebia: igi _ sacavi Tandayolili biologiuri survilebi­
sa, romlebic mimarTulia fizikuri siamovnebis miRebaze; ego, TviTobis raciona­
luri nawili, romelic pasuxismgebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebaze; da superego

202
_ adamia­nis sindisi, romelic aerTianebs sazogadoebis moralur standartebs.
froidis TvalsazrisiT, egos daniSnulebaa, moZebnos usafrTxo da misaRebi sa­
Sualebebi igi-s dasakmayofileb­lad ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios superegoSi da­
naSaulisa da sindisis qenjnis grZnoba (froidi, 1920/1953, 1923/1947). Tumca, es
davaleba sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebelia igi-sa da superegos radikaluri gan­
sxvavebulobis gamo. imis gamo, rom adamiani ixliCeba, erTi mxriv, biologiuri
moTxovnilebebisa da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis mier, amitom, froidis azriT, is
midrekilia mudmivi Sida konfliq­tebis­ken.
froids sjeroda, rom adamianis fsiqikis ori nawili, ego da superego, war­
moadgens socialuri interaqciis, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebsa da mSoblebs Soris
interaqciis produqts. froidi amtkicebda, rom dabadebisas adamianebi arian
iracionaluri da amoraluri qmnilebebi, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis miRebis
impulsebi amoZravebT. Tumca, bavSvebi male swavloben, rom SeuZlebelia biolo­
giuri moTxovnebis yovelTvis dauyovnebliv dakmayofileba. magaliTad, sakvebi
yovelTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. amgvari dakvirvebebis procesSi xdeba egos
ganviTareba. ego asrulebs Suamavlis rols igi-s impulsebsa da im konkretul
fizikur da socialur realobas Soris, sadac cxovrobs bavSvi. ego gadascems bio­
logiur impulsebs im moqmedebebis meSveobiT, romelic usafrTxo da kulturu­
lad misaRebia.
aseve, superego viTardeba socialur konteqstSi _ bavSvis kontaqtiT ufro
masStabur kulturasTan mSoblebisa da sxva mozrdili adamianebis meSveobiT.
froidi yuradRebas amaxvilebda kulturul moTxovnebze, rogoricaa, magali­
Tad, tualetis moxmareba, rac Trgunavs bavSvis siamovnebis miRebis bunebriv
moTxovnilebas. froidi amtkicebda, rom bavSvis pirovnebad Camoyalibeba damokide­
bulia imaze, Tu ramdenad umtkivneulod da srulad gvardeba konfliqti igi-s sur­
vilebsa da kulturul moTxovnebs Soris. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi swavloben,
rom es moTxovnebi mxolod maTi mSoblebis mier ki ar aris mowonebuli, aramed
misa­Rebia im sazogadoebisTvisac, sadac isini cxovroben. TandaTanobiT, isini iTa­
viseben kulturul normebsa da Rirebulebebs da danaSaulis grZnobas ganicdian,
rodesac maT arRveven. am droi­saTvis, bavSvebi iZenen superegos, romelic TviTo­
bis erTgvar guSags warmoadgens.

piaJe: TviTobis SemecnebiTi safuZvlebi

fsiqologi Jan piaJe (1896-1980) ZiriTad yuradRebas bavSvis ganu­yofeli Se­

mecenebiTi an inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs uTmob­
da. azrovnebis unari – da, aqedan gamomdinare, ara marto sakuTari Tavis, aramed
garemos Secnobis unari – bavSvis zrdasTan erTad etapobrivad iwvevs Zireul cv­
lilebebs mis azrovnebaSi (piaJe, 1926-1955).
piaJes mixedviT, bavSvebs sicocxlis dasawyisSi ar SeswevT unari ganasxvaon
sakuTari Tavi ara marto sxva adamianebisagan, aramed axlomdebare sagnebisga­

203
nac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, axalSobilebs ar gaaCniaT ara marto TviTo­
bis aRq­mis unari, aramed imis SegrZnebac, rom isini arseboben, rogorc sxva ada­
mianebi. Tumca, TandaTanobiT, adamianebTan da sagnebTan interaqciis Sedegad,
Cvilebi acnobiereben, rom danarCeni samyaro maTgan damoukidebladac arsebobs.
am aRmoCenis mniSvnelovan nawils piaJe saganTa mudmivobis koncefcias uwodebs
_ bavSvi TandaTan gaiazrebs imas, rom sag­nebi mudmivad arseboben da ar arian
damokide­bulni Cvilis aRqmaze. magaliTad, saCxakuno ar wyvets arsebobas, roca
is Tvals miefareba; aseve dedac, rodesac is oTaxidan gadis. am mniSvnelovan aR­
moCenasTan erTad bavSvi dgams pirvel da umTavres nabijebs TviTobis, rogorc
calke erTeulis SeZenisaken.
meore mniSvnelovani win gadadgmuli nabijia bavSvis reprezentaciuli az­
rovnebis ganviTareba. es etapi adreuli ganviTarebis stadiis dasrulebisas
xdeba. reprezentaciuli azrovneba gulisxmobs erTi nivTis wardginebas meo­
reTi. swored reprezentaciuli azrovnebis wyalobiT vaxerxebT, warmovidginoT
adamianebi, sagnebi an garkveuli moqmedeba. warmosaxviTi gamosa­xuleba aZlevs
bavSvs saSualebas, dainaxos sakuTari Tavi, rac aqamde ar SeeZlo. gasakviri ar
unda iyos, rom es aris asaki, rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sakuTar Tavze pirvel pirSi
laparaks, xmarobs sityvas `me~.
bavSobis periodSi TviTobis SegrZneba Zalian konkretul xasiaTs atarebs.
skolis asakSi, piaJes Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvis azrovneba mWidrodaa dakavSire­
buli xelSesavlebi sagnebisa da nivTebis manipulirebasTan, maSinac ki, rode­
sac es manipulacia bavSvis gonebaSi xdeba. aseTi konkretuli azrovneba aisaxeba
bavSvebis umetesoba TviTaRqmaze. rodesac maT sTxoven aRweron sakuTari Tavi,
bavSvebis umetesoba pasuxobs, rom is aris biWi, swavlobs mesame klasSi, uyvars
xumroba, Tavis Tanatolebze maRalia da a.S. mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac ufro
abstraqtuli azrovnebis ganviTareba xdeba, axalgazrdebi iwyeben sakuTari Ta­
vis gaanalizebas ufro amsaxvelobiTi azrovnebiT. isini ayalibeben hipotezebs,
Tu vin arian isini `sinamdvileSi~. mokled, rom vTqvaT, uviTardebaT identobis
grZnoba.
piaJem socializaciisa da TviTobis grZnobis ganviTarebis SeswavlaSi mniS­
vnelovani wvlili Seitana, rodesac ganacxada, rom bavSvebi aqtiurad mona­
wileoben sakuTari ganviTarebis procesSi. msgavsad qulisa, romelic ada­mianebs
ganixilavda sakuTari sarkiseburi `me~ – s aqtiur interpretatorebad, piaJes mo­
sazrebiT, bavSvis mier samyaros Secnoba ar Semoifargleba mxolod informaciis
miRebiTa da aTvisebiT. ufro metic, bavSvebi aqtiurad axdenen sakuTari gamoc­
dilebis interpretirebas, rodesac mas aniWeben mniSvnelobas sakuTari codnis
farglebSi. mosazreba bavSvebis, rogorc sakuTari ganviTarebis procesis aqti­
uri monawileebis Sesaxeb, piaJes mecnieruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens.

204
variaciebi socializaciaSi

quli, midi, froidi da piaJe arian pionerebi, romlebmac wamoayenes mniS­

vnelovani mosazrebebi socializaciis procesisa da adamianis ganviTarebis Sesa­
xeb. mkvlevarebi dResac aqtiurad iyeneben maT naSromebs. Tumca, zemoT dasaxe­
lebuli yvela mecnieri socializacias ganixilavs, rogorc yvela individisaTvis
saerTo process. arc erTi maTgani (froidis gamoklebiT) ar uTmobs yuradRebas
socializaciis individualur xasiaTs, romelic damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel
socialur jgufsa da kategorias miekuTuvneba esa Tu is piri. da mainc, am Tavis
dasawyisSi moyvanili gregori hovard uiliamsis magaliTi adasturebs, Tu ramde­
nad didia am faqtorebis gavlena rwmenaze, damokidebulebasa da adamianTa qcevis
normebze. Cvens sazogadoebaSi TeTrkaniani bavSvis socializacia sakmaod gansx­
vavebulia Savkaniani bavSvis socializaciisagan; msgavsad amisa, mdedrobiTad
Camoyalibebis swavlis procesi gansxvavdeba mamrobiTad Camoyalibebis swavlis
procesisagan, aseve gansxvavebulia socializacia erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos kma­
yofaze myofi dedis Svilisa da meore mxriv, rokfeleris SvilisaTvisac. ufro
zustad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebis wevrad gaxdomis swavlis procesi damokide­
bulia adamianis adgilze socialur ierarqiaSi.

socializacia da genderuli gansxvavebebi

rodesac vigebT, rom megobars Svili SeeZina, uneburad gviCndeba kiTxva: `biWia
Tu gogo?~ – TiTqos sqesis arcodna xels gviSlides, warmovidginoT axalSobili.
imisaTvis, rom bavSvi adamianad movixsenioT, mas esaWiroeba sqesi.
rogorc ki cnobili xdeba axalSobilis sqesi, socio-kulturuli samyaro
maSinve iwyebs bavSvze mdedrobiTis an mamrobiTis rolis morgebas. bebia-babuam
SeiZleba siamayiT aRniSnos, rom Cvili gogona `mzeTunaxavia~, xolo Tu biWia _
`simpaTiuria~. wamozrdili gogona Tojinebs miiRebs saCuqrad, biWi ki _ saTamaSo
manqanebs. maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs surT bavSvi genderuli stereotipebisa­
gan Tavisufali gazardon, xvdebian rom es SeuZlebelia, radgan megobrebis, ojax­
is wevrebis, skolis, mediisa da sazogadoebis gavleniT bavSvebi mainc iwyeben maT
msgavsad fiqrs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac deda da mama Tvlian, rom Tojina bar­
bi xels uwyobs mdedrobiTi stereotipis Camoyalibebas, isini win ver aRudgebian
TavianT gogonas, Tu is Tavisi megobrebis msgavsad, moindomebs hqondes barbi.
genderuli faqtoriT ganpirobebul gansxvavebebs sociali­zaciaSi ufro Rrma
fesvebi aqvs, vidre amas gulisxmobs bavSvebis waxaliseba _ daemorCilon ste­
reotipebs. gogonebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT, romlebic iTviseben `dedis~ rols
Cvens sazogadoebaSi, nensi Codorou (1978, 1994) Seecada, fsiqoanalitikur Wril­
Si moeZebna axsna, romelic froidis Tvalsazriss eyrdnoba. Codorou amtkicebs,
rom `dedis~ rolis morgeba yovel axal TaobaSi ganpirobebulia ara biologiuri
an daswavlili roliT, aramed im faqtoriT, rom dedebi gaucnobiereblad amyare­

205
ben deda-qaliSvilis damokidebulebas, romelic aZlierebs zrunvisa da sxvebis
movlis survils gogonebSi. Codo­rous azriT, gogonebs arasodes uqrebaT `de­
dasTan erTianobis~ SegrZneba, rogorc es biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. mecnieris
mtkicebiT, biWebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs maT gaigivebas misabaZ mamakacebTan.
mamakacuroba yvelafer imis uaryofaa, rac mdedrobiTia. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
gogonebis ganviTareba ar gulisxmobs amgvar fsiqologiur gamijvnas dedi­sagan,
ris Sedegadac gogonebi ufro met kavSirs grZnoben sxva adamianebTan, vidre es
biWebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. swored es ganapirobebs gogonebis momzadebas ojaxis
emociur sayrdenad da ojaxis wevrebis mzrunvelebad. biWebi ki, romlebSic es
sawyisi CaxSobilia, ufro metad muSaobisaTvis arian momzadebulni.
gansxvavebiT Codorousagan, romelic ZiriTadad froidis Teorias iziareb­
da, karol giliganma sakuTari mosazreba daafuZna fsiqolog lorens kolbergis
Sromebze, romelic iziarebda piaJes koncefcias moraluri ganviTarebis etapebis
Sesaxeb. misi azriT, is adamianebi, romlebic msjeloben da fiqroben universalur
eTikur principebze dayrdnobiT, ufro ganviTarebulebi da progresulad moaz­
rovneebi arian. eTikuri principebi yovelTvis sworia, ganurCevlad konteqstisa.
magram giliganma daadastura, rom es mxolod mamrobiTi modelia. am Teoriam ver
SeZlo amoecno mdedrobiTisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli midgoma, romelic gu­
lisxmobs konteqstis gaTvaliswinebasa da im faqtors, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens
adamianebze nebismieri individis moraluri arCevani da rogor rea­gireben isini
am arCevanze. giliganis mixedviT (1982, 1989), mamakacebi, romelTa socializaci­
is procesi gulisxmobs, rom isini gancalkevebiT damoukideblad viTardebian,
zneobrivad azrovneben abstraqtuli cnebebis TvalsazrisiT da Tanasworobasa
da samarTlianobas eyrdnobian. xolo qalebi, romelTa socia­lizaciis procesi
gulisxmobs, rom isini mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni ojaxTan da megobreb­Tan,
zneobriv sakiTxebs ganixilaven piradi urTierTobebisa da socialuri valde­
bulebebis Wrilidan. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom qalebi CamorCebian mama­kacebs
moraluri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT; es imas niSnavs, rom maT ubralod aswavles
yuradReba gaamaxvilon RirebulebaTa sxva sistemaze. garda amisa, genderuli
gansxvavebebi moraluri gansjisas absoluts ar warmoadgens. orives – kacsac da
qalsac Seswevs unari, iazrovnos abstraqtuli principebiTac da socialuri val­
debulebebiTac, magram socializaciis gansxvavebul procesebs ori sxvadasxva
sqesi sxvadasxva moralur stilamde mihyavs.
orive _ Codorouca da giliganic _ TavianT SromebSi xazs usvamen genderul
faqtors socializaciis procesSi. Cveni sqesi bavSvobis asakidanve mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobebs imas, Tu vin varT da rogor vswavlobT fiqrsa da qmedebas. sociali­
zacia, romelic gansxvavdeba genderis mixedviT, gavlenas axdens ara mxolod
iseT zedapirul Tvisebebze, rogoricaa Cacmis stili an metyvelebis manera,
ara­med azrovnebisa da urTierTobis yvelaze fundamentur saSualebebzec ki.
socia­lizacia gulisxmobs ara marto konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrebad Camoya­
libebas – biWebad da gogonebad, kacebad da qalebad – aramed orive sqesisaTvis
`Sesaferis~ da `marTebul~ azrovnebasac.

206
socializacia da socialur klasebs Soris gansxvavebebi

xSirad vocnebobdi, roca gavizrdebodi da gavTxovdebodi, vicxovreb­

di didsa da lamaz saxlSi – ai, iseTSi JurnalebSi romaa xolme. saaTobiT
SemeZlo am Jurnalebis Tvaliereba da ocneba imaze, Tu rogor movawy­
obdi Cems mSvenier saxls lamazi avejiT... saboloo jamSi ki aRmoaCen,
rom cxovreba sul sxva ram yofila! (sakonservo qarxnis ocdaTeqvsmeti
wlis muSa, sami Svilis deda, romelic oci welia gaTxovilia. citirebu­
lia rubinTan, 1976, gv. 43)

miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel TaobaSia mo­Z­­raoba socialuri kibis zeda an qve­
da mi­marTulebiT, rogorc wesi, naxtomi `maT­xovridan milioneramde~ ukidure­
sad iSviaTia. zrda­sruli adamianebis ume­tesoba imave socialur klasSi atarebs
mTel sicocxles, romelsac da­badebisas ekuTvnoda. ra­tom xdeba ase? socialuri
struqturis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa ganaTlebisa da samsa­xurebisadmi xelmis­
awvdomoba, mniSv­nelovan rols Tama­Sobs adamianis CamoyalibebaSi, iseve rogorc
socializacia, rogorc gza, romelsac sxvadasxva socialuri klasis bavSvebi sa­
kuTari mSob­lebis msgavsad misdeven.

sqema 5.1. mSoblebis Rire­bu­

lebebi da socialuri klasebi

muSaTa klasis ojaxebSi, mSoblebi

unergaven Svilebs, rom aucile­
belia kargi manerebi, wesrigis
siyvaruli, kargi yofaqceva da
morCileba, anu yvela is Tviseba,
romelic unda hqondes xelqveiTs.
mSoblis faseulobebi

saSualo klasis mSoblebi ki yu­

radRebas amaxvileben sxvebze
zrunvis unarze, cnobismoyva­
reobasa da TavdaWerilobaze, anu
iseT Tvisebebze, rac gulisxmobs
TviT-mimarTulebas.

wyaro: melvin l. koni da karmi

Suleri. muSaoba da pirovneba: so­
cialuri wyobis gavlenis kvleva
ujerebs mSoblebs (ableqsi, norvudi, 1983).
iTvaliswinebs sxvebis azrs

interesdeba rogor da ratom xdeba

kargi manerebi

(dabali) (saSualo) (maRali)

socialuri
klasi

207
 socialuri mdgomareoba, sociolog melvin konis mtkicebiT, gamyarebulia
im RirebulebebiT, romlebsac mSoblebi aswavlian Svilebs. koni mravali wlis
ganmav­lobaSi ikvlevda am sakiTxs. man da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom Rire­
bulebebi, romlebic adamianebs aqvT da gadascemen Tavis Svilebs, gansxvavdeba
imis mixedviT, Tu romel socialur klass miekuTvnebian mSob­lebi (koni, 1959; koni
da Suleri, 1983). sqema 5.1 gviCvenebs ramdenime sxvadasxva Rirebulebas, romelic
mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT muSaTa da saSualo klasebis mSoblebs: muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebi ufro metad afaseben karg manerebs, wesrigis siyva­ruls, karg
yofaqcevas skolaSi, patiosnebasa da morCilebas, maSin roca, saSualo social­
uri klasis mSoblebs ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT yuradReba, interesi movle­
nebisadmi, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da TavdaWeriloba.
am nusxebSi mocemuli erTeulebis Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs davi­naxoT
ufro Rrma gansxvaveba Rirebulebebis am or sistemas Soris. adamianebi, romle­
bic maRal socialur klass miekuTvnebian afaseben iseT Tvisebebs, rac dakav­
Sirebulia TviTmimarTvasTan, xolo dabali socialuri klasis adamianebi pativs
scemen iseT Rirebulebebs, romlebic Seesabameba gare samyaros. magaliTad, kar­
gi manerebis qona gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad emorCileba bavSvi sazogadoebis mier
dawesebul etikets, xolo zrunvisa da movlis grZnobis ganviTareba da misi pati­
viscema miuTiTebs, ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli pasuxismgeblobis grZno­
ba sakuTar nabijebsa da moqmedebebze. RirebulebaTa pirveli wyeba xazs usvams
Sesabamisobas gare konteqstTan maSin, rodesac meore ufro mniSvnelovnad miiC­
nevs adamianis Sinagani kontrolis meqanizmebis ganviTarebas.
saidan iRebs saTaves RirebulebaTa ori sxvadasxva sistema? ratom surT da­
bali socialuri fenis mSob­lebs, rom maTi Svilebi mihyvnen dadgenil wesebs da
usityvod daemorCilon maT maSin, roca saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro mniSvne­
lovnad miiCneven, Caunergon Svilebs TviTmimarTulebis grZnoba da ganuviTaron
gaTavisebuli normebi? konis kvlevam daadastura, rom klasze dafuZne­buli gas­
nxvavebebi pirdapir kavSirSia mSoblebis samuSao gamocdilebasTan (koni, 1976,
1981; koni da Suleri, 1978). imgvari samuSao, rac dakavSirebulia azrovnebasTan,
iniciativis gamoCenasTan da gansjasTan _ anu profesiul TviTmimarTulebasTan
_ amyarebs saSualo klasis Rirebulebebs. samuSao, romelic zRudavs am SesaZle­
blobebs, safuZvels uyris muSaTa klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samuSaos garkveuli aspeqtebi (ix. sqema 5.2).
rodesac adamiani ar muSaobs uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS, uwevs urTi­erToba
monacemebTan da adamianebTan, misi samuSaos sakmarisad kompleqsuria saimisod,
rom saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva midgomebis SemuSaveba, maSin am adamianis profe­
siuli damoukidebloba aiolebs mis mier TviTmimarTulebis dafasebas. cxadia,
Rire­bulebaTa igive jaWvi moqmedebs ara marto aSS-Si, aramed sxva qveynebSi. konma
aRmoaCina, rom iaponiasa (aradasavluri kapitalisturi qveyana) da poloneTSi (so­
cialisturi qveyana) saSualo klasis mSoblebi ufro metad ixrebian moq­nilobisa
da profesiuli TviTganviTarebisaken (koni 1986, koni 1990).

208
 sqema 5.2. ras afaseben adamianebi
muSaobisas

adamianebi samuSaos, garkveulwi­

lad, afaseben bavSvobisdroindeli
gamocdilebidan. saSualo klasidan
gamosuli adamianebi ufro imgvari
tipis samuSaos eZeben, romelic
sainteresoa da iZ­leva TviTdamkvi­
drebis saSualebas. dabali klasis
adamianebi ki – iseT samsaxurebs
irCeven, sadac zewola naklebia.
samuSaos aspeqtebis mniSvneloba

wyaro: melvin l. koni da karmi

Suleri. muSaoba da pirovneba: so­
cialuri wyobis gavlenis kvleva
(ableqsi, norvudi, 1983).

ramdenad sainteresoa samuSao

Tavisuflebis xarisxi

zewolis simZime
ramdenad damRlelia samuSao

(dabali) (saSualo) (maRali)

socialuri
klasi

muSaTa klasis ojaxebis bavSvebSi TviTmimarTulebis Rirebulebis ganvi­Ta­­

rebis­Tvis saWiroa, sajaro skolebSi ufro metad gaamaxvilon yuradReba am sa­
kiTxze. ase muSaTa klasis bavSvebs SesaZloa mieceT ukeTesi Sansi, SeiZinon is
pi­radi Sexeduleba, romelic saWiroa karieris kibeze win wasawevad. amgvari ram
praqtikulad ganxorcielebadia. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad surs sazogadoebas, gau­
farToos asparezi muSaTa klasidan gamosul bavSvebs. am sakiTxs meTormete TavSi
davubrundebiT, romelic ganaTlebas exeba. martivad rom vTqvaT, socializaciis
procesi yvelasTvis gansxvavebulia. mas ganapirobebs rogorc adamianis sqesi,
agreTve misi adgili socialur ierarqiaSi.

209
arCevani da cvlileba socialur identobaSi

imis Tqma, rom socializacia icvleba iseTi faqtorebis mona­wileobiT, ro­

goricaa sqesi, socialuri klasi da rasobrivi an eTnikuri warmomavloba, sulac
ar niSnavs imas, rom mocemuli socialuri jgufis yvela wevrs identuri faseule­
bebi, msoflmxedve­loba da qceva axasiaTebs. Tanamedrove kompleqsur sazoga­
doebaSi (gansakuTrebiT masSi, romelic mniSvnelobas aniWebs arCevanis pirovnul
Tavisuflebas) arsebobs sxvadasxva saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi
gamoxataven, rom isini arian mamakacebi, qalebi, ekuTvnian muSaTa klass, maRal
klass; aRiareben kaTolicizms, baptizms; arian Savkanianebi an hipebi... kulturuli
normebisa da socialuri rolebis paralelurad mainc arsebobs garkveuli indi­
vidualuri an koleqtiuri arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba: vin gsurs, rom gaxde.
am arCevanis nawili gamoixateba adamianebis TavisuflebiT, Tavad airCion sa­
surveli roli. is rolebi, romlebsac Cven vasrulebT, yovelTvis ar aris Tavs­
moxveuli sazogadoebis mier. Cven iseve SegviZlia avirCioT rolebi, rogorc
virCevT specialobasa da karieras. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad gvixdeba
rolebis arCeva samsaxurTan, ojaxTan, cxovrebis wesTan da Cvens ur­TierTobebTan
dakavSirebiT. adreuli arCevnebi xSirad ganapirobebs Semdgom arCevnebs. es faq­
torebi ki ganapirobebs imas, rom socia­lizaciisa da identobis agebis procesi
yvelaze ukeT gasagebi xdeba, roca is warmodgenilia ambis, Txrobis saxiT, sadac
mimdinare gadawyvetilebebi zRudavs da, amavdroulad, xels uwyobs samomavlo
alternativebis Seqmnas (somersi da gibsoni, 1994).
arCevanis Tavisufleba aseve gulisxmobs adamianis unars, uari Tqvas da See­
winaaRmdegos im rolis TamaSs, romelic ar moswons. gogonebs SeuZliaT, ar mi­
iRon monawileoba silamazis konkursebSi, sanacvlod, iTamaSon kalaTburTi,
an Seiswavlon botanika. aseve biWebsac SeuZliaT uari Tqvan fexburTis TamaSze
da daiwyon violinoze dakvris Seswavla. muSaTa klasis ojaxebis bavSvebs SeuZ­
liaT SeewinaaRmdegon mSoblebis mosazrebas, romelic gulisxmobs dadgenili
kanonebisadmi morCilebas da Seecadnon sakuTari standartebis Camoyalibebas.
maRali klasis ojaxebis bavSvebma ki SesaZlebelia moisurvon sxvadasxva kla­
sis warmomadgenlebTan megobroba, nacvlad imisa, rom Semoifarglon mxo­lod
sakuTari klasiT, rogorc es mSoblebma aswavles. iaponiaSic ki, romelic cno­
bilia bavSvTa socializaciis mkacrad gansazRvruli procesiT, gamonaklisi
mainc arsebobs. magaliTad, iaponiis erT-erT patara qalaq omias skolaSi swav­
lobs ymawvili, romelic yvela Rones xmarobs, gamoirCeodes ZiriTadi masisagan
(kristofi, 1995). amis miRweva ki saocrad Znelia iseTi sistemaSi, sadac moswavlis
ara marto Cacmuloba, aramed dezodorantebisa da zurgCanTebis tipic ki winas­
war aris gansazRvruli. magram axalgazrda kacs, saxe­lad kazuhiros, myarad aqvs
gadawyvetili miznis miRweva. amaSi mas xels uwyobs gamWriaxobaca da novatoruli
ideebic. magaliTad: kazuhirom gaxvrita Tavisi uniformis fexsacmlis Ziri da
axla derefanSi siarulisas es fexsacmeli ucnaur xmas gamoscems. kazuhiro tra­
baxobs imiT, rom ar asrulebs saSinao davalebebs da apirebs Tmis qerad SeRebvas.

210
omias skolaSi, sadac tradiciebisa da dadgenili wesebisadmi morCileba mosawyen
da uintereso cxovrebasTan asocirdeba, kazuhiros, SeiZleba iTqvas, aRmerTeben.
es magaliTi, marTalia, Rimils iwvevs, magram gacilebiT ufro seriozulia.
is gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT Secvalon im rolebis mniSvneloba, rom­
lebsac axla asruleben da romelSic moxdeba momavali Taobebis socializacia.
meamboxeebis sakmaris raodenobas, romlebic xmas aimaRleben skolis saZulveli
sistemis winaaRmdeg, SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi.
amis magaliTebi isedac mravlad gvaqvs sakuTar sazogadoebaSic. magaliTisaTvis
moviyvanT imas, Tu gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi SavkanianTa da feministuri moZ­
raobis gaaqtiurebisas radenad mkveTrad Seicvala Savkaniani qalis mniSvneloba
(kolinzi, 1991). am SemTxvevaSi, Savkaniani amerikeli qalebi mizanmimarTulad See­
cadnen, sazogadoebriv wyobaSi xelaxla ganesazRvraT sakuTari adgili. amas Tan­
daTanobiT miaRwies kidec. individualurma da koleqtiurma moqmedebebma mniS­
vnelovani socialuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.
amgvari cvlilebebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom
kultura ar aris uZravi, statikuri. amerikul sazogadoebaSi is identobebi,
romlebic xels uwyobs adamianebis socializacias, arasodes aris mudmivi. es aris
dinamikuri (Tumca TandaTanobiTi) cvlileba kulturulad uflebamosili iden­
tobebisa, romlebic warmoadgens socialuri jgufebisa da moZraobis safuZvels.
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac iseTi socialuri identobebi, rogoricaa sqesi, kanis
feri, seqsualuri orientacia, warmoqmnilia socialuri procesebis Sedegad da,
aqedan gamomdinare, eqvemdebareba cvlilebasac, konstruqcionizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxmadac socialur iden­
tobebs gvkarnaxobis biologia an gabatonebuli socialuri Zalebi da, aqedan ga­
momdinare, isini ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebas. amas esencializms uwodeben. esen­
cializmi gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia `gamovamJRavnoT~, Tu ras niSnavs iyo
Savkaniani, mdedrobiTi sqesis, homoseqsuali da a.S da rom adamia­nebi, romlebic
TiToeul am kategorias miekuTvnebian, xasiaTdebian met-naklebad mudmivi niSan­
Ta sistemiT, rac ganasxvavebs maT sxvebisagan. radgan esencializmi mkveTrad
amcirebs individualuri qmedebisa da arCevanis rols, sociologTa umetesobi­
saTvis igi naklebad misaRebia, vidre konstruqcionizmi.
imis mixedviT, romeli Wrilidan _ konstruqcionizmidan Tu esencia­lizmi­
dan _ ganvixilavT socialur movlenas, miviRebT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas.
maga­liTad, esencialistebis mosazreba iseT socialur kategoriaze, rogoricaa
`azielebi~, gulisxmobs, rom yvela azieli met-naklebad erTnairia, rodesac maT
`TeTrkanian~ an sxva amerikelebs vadarebT. Tumca, es mosazreba ar iTvaliswinebs
am kategoriis SigniT arsebul sxvadasxvaobas (mag: indoelebi, koreelebi, Cinele­
bi, iaponelebi, vietnamelebi, indonezielebi) da saTanadod ar afasebs socia­
luri klasiT, sqesiT da sxva faqtorebiT gamowveul gansxvavebebs. meore mxriv,
konstruqcionizmis xazgasmam SesaZlebelia arasaTanadod dagvanaxos mocemuli
kate­goriis wevrebs Soris erToba, romelic warmoadgens maTi saerTo aqtivobi­
sa da maT mimarT ukeTesi damokidebulebis damkvidrebis mcdelobis safuZvels.
swored es aris homoseqsualebis mtkicebis, rom homoseqsualebi amtikeceben,

211
rom homoseqsualoba ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da ara ubralod socialuri wyoba
an arCevani. Cven am ori Teoriis gavlenas ufro naTlad davinaxavT qveTavSi, ro­
melic ganixilavs, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis seqsualuri orientaciisa da iden­
tobis ganviTareba bunebis, zrunvisa da arCevanis erTobliv produqtad. `socio­
logiasa da sajaro debatebSi~ Cven vimsjelebT azrTa sxvadasxvaobazec, romelic
Tan axlavs bunebas, zrunvasa da arCevanis Tavisuflebas.

buneba, aRzrda da arCevani: seqsualuri

orientaciisa da identobis SemTxveva

termini `seqsualuri orientacia~ exeba adamianis maxasiaTe­bels, riTac is

irCevs partniors (raiteri, 1989). miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebis umetesoba
fiqrobs, rom sqesobrivi orientacia efuZneba arCevans sapirispiro sqesis an
imave sqesis partniors Soris, mxolod es faqtori ar igulisxmeba sqesobriv ori­
entaciaSi. adamianebi, romlebic Tavidanve midrekilni arian erTi an meore sqesis
partniorebisaken, SeiZleba partnioris sruliad gansxvavebulma Tvisebebma mo­
xiblos. arian adamianebi, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT sqesobrivi kavSiri, magram
arian iseTebic, romlebic gamudmebiT seqss `eZeben~. zogierTi miiCnevs, rom seqsi
ZiriTadad bavSvebis Casaxvis saSualebaa, xolo danarCenebi fiqroben, rom seqsi
siamovnebis wyaroa. seqsualuri orientacia imdenadve gansxvavdeba, ramdenadac
gansxvavebulia arCevani sapirispiro Tu homoseqsualuri partnioris arCevisa.
Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT homoseqsualur/heteroseqsualur gansxvavebeb­
ze, radgan albaT esaa seqsualuri orientaciis yvelaze Zlieri ganxra, romelic
azr­Ta sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
gacxarebuli debatebi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze Tu romeli TamaSobs ufro
mniSvnelovan rols cxovrebis homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri gzis ar­
CevaSi – buneba (biologiuri sawyisi), zrunva (kulturuli swavleba) Tu adamia­
nis arCevani. bolo periodis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze mecnierebma dauSves, rom
SesaZloa homoseqsualizms biologiuri sawyisi hqondes anu iyos Tandayolili
Tviseba (levei, 1991; hameri da kouplendi, 1994). am mosazrebas eTanxmebian ro­
gorc homoseqsualebi, aseve maTi uflebebis damcveli adamianebic. Tu damtkic­
da, rom homoseqsualizmi Tandayolili Tvisebaa, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebam
Sewyvitos homoseqsualebis aRqma, rogorc zneobrivi gadaxris mqone adamianebi­
sa _ maT, ubralod, sxva arCevani ara aqvT.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra rols TamaSobs biologiuri faqtori seqsua­luri
orientaciis gansazRvraSi, isic cxadia, rom kulturuli ganviTarebis faqtoric
mniSvnelovania. sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, kultura xels uwyobs sxvadasxva seq­
sualuri identobebis gansazRvras. magaliTad, viqtorianul epoqamde termini
homoseqsualizmi ar arsebobda (herdti, 1984; kosovski-sejviki, 1990). miuxeda­

212
vad imisa, rom homoseqsualuri qmedebebi manamdec arsebobda, amocnobadi iyo
da xSir SemTxvevaSi stigmatizebuli, adamianebi iSviaTad nawildebodnen kat­
egoriebad maTi seqsualuri orientaciidan gamomdinare. es mdgomareoba Seicv­
ala homoseqsualobis samedicino modelis SemoRebasTan erTad, ris Sedegadac
homoseqsualizmi aRiqmeba, rogorc paTologiuri mdgomareoba, fsiqologiuri
`avadmyofobis~ forma. adamianebma, romlebic manamde siamovnebas iRebdnen ho­
moseqsuali megobrebisagan danaSaulis grZnobis gareSe, axla ukve daiwyes fiqri
imaze, rom isini erT-erTi `imaTganni~ arian (saidmani, 1991).
am axal TviTidentobasTan erTad gaCnda `Cvenianobis~ grZnobac anu SegrZneba
imisa, rom isini Zireulad gansxvavdebodnen yvela danarCenisagan. `Cvenianobis~
am grZnobam xeli Seuwyo homoseqsualTa subkulturis ganviTarebis zrdas. am
procesma gansakuTrebul siZlieres gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi miaRwia _
liberaluri politikisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi,
rodesac homoseqsualebis Tavmoyra qalaqebis umTavres raionebSi moxda. am pe­
riodSi moxda gamijvna `homoseqsualisa~ da `geis~ mniSvnelobebs Soris. pirveli
maTgani miuTiTebda adamianis seqsualur orinetaciasa da qcevaze, xolo meore
maTgani aRwerda pirad identobas da cxovrebis wess, romelic aseve gulisxmobda
metyvelebisa da Cacmis normebs, bednierebis rwmenas da agreTve damaxasiaTebeli
Cveulebebis sistemas. geid gaxdoma gulisxmobda am identobebSi socializacias,
es ar iyo mxo­lod konkretuli piris seqsualuri orientaciis sakiTxi.
gei-presa mTavar rols asrulebda naxsenebi subkulturis homoseqsu­
alebisaTvis gadacemaSi. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeboda azrovnebis, qcevisa da
cxovrebis yoveldRiuri normebis gadacema homoseqsualebisaTvis (saidmani,
1991). 1980-90-ian wlebSi SidsiT gamowveulma krizisma kidev ufro gaaZliera am
subkulturisa da gei sazogadoebis zrda, romelTa Rirebulebebisa da normebis
aTviseba yvela wevrs SeeZlo.
da mainc _ arCevani yovelTvis arsebobs. im amerikelTagan, romlebmac ga­
nacxades, rom hqoniaT homoseqsualuri kontaqti, mxolod naxevari miiCnevs Tavs
homoseqsualad. amis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti, aris Segnebulad miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve, gei-
subkulturasTan Serwyma da sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvra mniS­
vnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
meoce saukuneSi gaCnda tendencia, romelic seqsualuri orientaciisa da
identobis farTo arCevanis saSualebas iZleva. Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi
gza, romelsac gei mamakaci irCevs sakuTari cxovrebis wesad, SeiZleba radikalu­
rad gansxvavdebodes meore geis mier arCeuli cxovrebisagan. aseve SeiZleba mox­
des lesboselebis SemTxvevaSic. seqsualuri orientaciisa da identobis farTo
arCevanis SesaZlebloba arsebobs aseve heteroseqsualebisaTvisac, romelTa
umetesobac, SesaZlebelia, Zalian ganicdida warsulSi mamakacisa da qalis mkac­

213
rad gansazRvrul seqsualur rolebs. albaT yvelaze mkveTri cvlilebebi qalebs
Seexo. magaliTad: meoce saukunis oTxmocian wlebamde mamakacs hqonda kanoniT
miniWebuli ufleba, sqesobrivi kontaqti maSinac daemyarebina colTan, Tu cols
ar surda (es kanoni zog StatSi axlac moqmedebs). colis uari SeiZleboda gan­
qorwinebis safuZveli gamxdariyo, xolo mamakacs ar ekisreboda aranairi iurid­
iuli pasuxismgebloba, rogorc moZalades, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu coli msxver­
pli iqneboda. am periodisgan gansxvavebiT, dRes gaTxovili heteroseqsuali qali
ukve aRar warmoadgens meuRlis seqsualur saTamaSos.
im adamianebis Tavmoyram, romlebic msgavsad axdenen sakuTari seqsua­luri
identobis interpretacias da erTmaneTTan kavSiriT safuZvels uy­rian saerTo
rwmenasa da gagebas, SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moZraoba da cvlilebebi.
amis kargi magaliTia 60-70-ian wlebSi lesboselobis mniSvnelobis aRdgena da misi
farTod gaziareba feministuri moZraobis mier. amerikeli sociologi stiven
saidmani wignSi _ `romantizmis monatreba~ (1991) wers:

lesboselebi qalTa moZraobis SuagulSi aRmocendnen da maT mier

qalebisaTvis sqesobrivi upiratesobis miniWeba xSirad feminizmis
WrilSi ganixileboda. qalTan SekavSirebas bevri lesboseli politi­
kur qmedebad ganixilavda, romelic mimarTuli iyo qalTa avtonomiis
gamyarebisaken da mamakacTa hegemoniis winaaRmdeg. es iyo arCevani,
erTi mxriv, mxolod sakuTari Tavisa da, meore mxriv, sxvebisTvis si­
cocxles Soris... lesboselobis amgvarma socialurma da politikurma
koncefciam gza gauxsna lesboselobis mniSvnelobis Secvlas. les­
boseli ganixileboda, rogorc gmiri, romelmac saTave daudo yvela
qalisaTvis daumoukidebeli, qalebze orientirebuli cxovrebis daw­
yebas (gv. 167-168).

am SemTxvevaSi konkretuli cxovrebis wesisa da misi mniSvnelobis inter­

pretirebis arCevis Tavisuflebam warmoSva axali subkulturuli rwmenebi da
Rirebulebebi.
TumcaRa, SesaZlebelia moxdes arCevanis rolis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba. XX
saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi aRmocenebuli radika­luri lesboselebic garkveuli
istoriuli periodisa da kulturis Sedegs warmoadgendnen. sxvadasxva istoriu­
li epoqa da kultura sxvadasxvanairad ayalibebs adamianis warmodgenas sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs arCevanis Tavisufleba sxvadasx­
va rolisa da identobis arCevisas, sociologia gvaswavlis, rom amgvari arCevani
ganpirobebulia kulturiT, Zalebis damokidebulebiTa da socialuri struq­
turiT. e.i. arCe­vani, romelsac konkretuli piri iRebs, ar aris bolomde Tavi­
sufali, radganac Cveni azrovnebis didi nawili nawilobriv garegani socialuri
Zalebis produqts warmoadgens.

214
 sociologia da sajaro debatebi

buneba, aRzrda da inteleqti

sityva `siWkviane~ (goniereba) aRniSnavs raRac realurs da individualuria yvela adamianisaTvis

_ es universaluri da uZvelesi codnis nawilia. msoflioSi arsebul yvela wignier kulturas gaaC­
nia imis gamoxatvis saSualeba, rom erTi adamiani sxvebze gonieria... im droidan moyolebuli, rac
cecxli da metyveleba arsebobs, tomis wevrebi, albaT, cecxlis garSemo isxdnen da msje­lobdnen
imaze, Tu vin iyo tomSi yvelaze Wkviani (hernStaini da murei, 1994).

a m sityvebiT iwyeba riCard j. hernStainisa da Carlz mureis wigni `zariseburi mrudi~,

romelmac didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. wignis saxelwodeba niSnavs inteleqtis maCveneb­
lis (IQQQ) gansazRvris Sedegebis gamosaxulebas grafikze. miRe­buli qulebis umetesoba uax­
lovdeba saSualo statistikur maCveneblebs (romlis grafikuli gamosaxulebac zars waagavs).
hernStainisa da miureis is mosazreba, rom yvela adamiani gonierebis TvalsazrisiT gansxvave­
bulia erTmaneTisagan, ar iwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs is mosaz­
reba, romlis Tanaxmadac goniereba genetikur faqtorebzea damokidebuli da adamianis saSua­
lo maCvenebelze maRali an dabali IQ mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs adamianis qce­vasa da
warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas.

debatebi

harStaini da murei amtkicebdnen rom IQ imaze ufro mniSvnelovania, vid­re umetesoba aRi­
arebs. adamianis Sansi _ gaxdes kolejis studenti, miaRwios warmatebas karieraSi, miiRos
maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri da moiwyos komfortuli cxovreba, damokidebulia mis inteleq­
tualur SesaZleblobebze. Sesabamisad, es mecnierebi inteleqtis dabal maCvenebels ukavSire­
ben yvela iseT socialur mankierebas, romelTa Sorisacaa warumatebloba skolaSi, siRatake,
umuSevroba, warumatebloba samsaxurSi, saxelmwifos kmayofaze damokidebuleba, ukanono
bavSvebi, uyuradRebo mSoblebi da danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli. rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs
imas, rom maRali IQ TavisTavad warmatebis sawindaria, an piriqiT _ dabali IQ-s mqone piri ukve
ganwirulia warumateblo­bisaTvis. magram arsebobs statistikurad dadasturebuli kavSiri IQ-
sa da zemoT moyvanil Sedegebs Soris. hernStainisa da mureis mixedviT, IQ ufro saimedo maniS­
nebelia adamianis Semdgomi warmatebisa, vidre misi socialuri warmomavloba.

azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs is mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac goniereba genetikur faq­

torebzea damokidebuli da adamianis saSualo maCvenebelze maRali an dabali IQ mniS­
vnelovnad ganapirobebs adamianis qcevasa da warmatebis miRwevis
SesaZleblobas.

amave naSromSi hernStaini da murei aanalizeben, Tu saiT miemarTeba Cveni sazogadoeba in­
eteleqtis maCveneblebis mxriv. isini acxadeben, rom IQ sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba socia­
luri dayofis instrumentad _ anu misi SedegebiT xdeba sazogadoebis dayofa `doneebad~ maTi
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT (ix. Tavi 7). axla, roca ganaTleba Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi xdeba
SeerTebul StatebSi, Sesabamisad izrdeba maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba

215
Wkviani adamianebisaTvis. dReisaTvis Cvens sazogadoebaSi yvelaze ufro Wkvianebi miikvleven
gzas karieris mwvervalisaken, ganurCevlad maTi socialuri warmomavlobisa. ukan ki rCebian
dabali IQ-s mqoneni, romlebsac, savaraudod, mouwevT zemoT CamoTvlil socialur prob­
lemebTan gamklaveba. es kategoria moicavs Savkaniani amerikelebis araproporciul raodeno­
bas, radgan, rogorc kvlevebma daadastura, Savkanian amerikelebs saSualod 15 quliT dabali IQ
aqvT TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom hernStaini da murei acxadeben, rom maT
kvlevis Sedegad amgvar gansxvavebas axsna ver mouZebnes. maTi varaudiT, es sxvaoba SeiZleba gan­
pirobebuli iyos memkvidruli faqtoriT. faqtia, bavSvebisaTvis ukve xelmisawvdomia Tanabari
saganmanaTleblo garemo iseTi programebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa Head Start-i. aqedan gamomdi­
nare, gansxvavebebi IQ – s Soris gamowveulia ara imdenad ganaTlebisadmi xelmisawvdomobiT,
aramed genetikiT. es logikis sakiTxia. pirobebis gaTanabrebisas adamianebs Soris gansxvave­
ba sul ufro xSirad miewereba memkvidreobas. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven gvaqvs ori genetikaze
damokidebuli socialuri jgufi: erTi mxriv maRali IQ-s mqone elita da meore mxriv, dabali
IQ-s mqone klasi, romlebic mtrulad arian ganwyobilni erTmaneTis mimarT.
hernStainisa da mureis Teoriebs sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda
(magaliTad: h.gardneri, 1995; gouldi, 1995; jekobi da globermani, 1995; nisbeti, 1995; pater­
soni, 1995; soueli, 1995). zogi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs adamianis inteleqtis maCveneblis zus­
tad gansazRvris unars. maTi gancxadebiT, fiqri, msjeloba da Seqmna rTuli procesia, romlis
dayvana erTQ qulamde sakmaod Znelia. ufro metic (rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos) _
gansxvaveba sxvadasxva jgufs Soris (rogoricaa, magaliTad 15 quliani gansxvaveba Savkaniani da
TeTrkaniani amerikelebis Sedegebs Soris) SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyos damokidebuli geneti­
kur faqtorze. es mosazreba Semdeg arguments eyrdnoba: is, rom genetikuri faqtori ganapiro­
bebs IQ-s gansxvavebis mniSvnelovan nawils saSualo klasis TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris (rom­
lebsac saerTo garemo da SesaZleblobebi aqvT), sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igive genetikuri
faqtoriT aixsneba gansxvavebebi socialur klasebs an rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris. Tu
konkretuli jgufis farglebSi IQQ gansxvavebebi ganpirobebulia genetikuri faqtorebiT, maSin
riT aixsneba is faqti, rom saSualo IQ qulebi zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
mkveTrad icvleba erTi Taobidan meoreSi am jgufebis saSualo socialur klasSi gadasvlas­
Tan erTad? es aRmoCena adasturebs socializaciisa da sxva garemo pirobebis gavlenis mniS­
vnelobas rasobrivi da eTnikuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli IQ-s gansxvavebebis ganviTarebaze.
bevri kritikosi sruliad uaryofs genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas adamianis inteleqtis do­
nis maCvenebelze, rac imas niSnavs, rom gansxvaveba TeTri da Savkania­ni amerikelebis testebis
qulebSi sulac ar aris gamowveuli maTi memkvidreobiT (ix. nisbeti, 1995).

analizi

sociologiur analizs SeuZlia uniSvnelovanesi wvlili Seitanos orive mxa­ris argu­

mentebis ganxilvaSi. amaSi did rols TamaSobs kulturis ZiriTadi koncefcia. hernStainisa da
mureis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom IQ testebi kulturulad mikerZoebulia. maTi gancxadebiT,
es testebi upiratesobas aniWebs TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis kulturas. amas eTanxmeba tes­
tis Semdgenelic. kritikosebis mier moyvanili klasikuri maga­liTi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
testis leqsikur nawilze. riTaa ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom Savkanianma mozardma, romelic
dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxidanaa, ar icis `regatis~ mniSvneloba: genetikuri faqtoriT,
Tu ubralod imis gamo, rom is ar icnobs zeda saSualo klasis sportis am saxeobas? am kiTxvis
pasuxad hernStaini da miurei acxadeben, rom IQ-testebSi mxolod zogan gvxvdeba kulturuli

216
mikerZoebis amgvari magaliTebi da amitom naklebad savaraudoa, rom aseTi SekiTxvebi ganapi­
robebdes TeTrkanian da Savkanian amerikelebs Soris IQ-testebis gansxvavebul Sedegebs. Sesa­
bamisad, is arc argumentad gamodgeba. orive mecnieri amtkicebs, rom gansxvavebebi ori rasis
testebis Sedegebs Soris ufro didia, rodesac saqme exeba kulturulad neitralur SekiTxvebs,
romlebic, maTi TqmiT, `zogadi inteleqtis~ karg indikatorebs warmoadgens.
oponentebi hernStainsa da mureis pasuxoben, rom qcevis aseTi dabali maCvenebeli ar aris
mxolod SavkanianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. radganac msgav­si magaliTebi mravladaa evropuli
warmoSobis im jgufebSi, romlebmac dabali IQ qu­lebi daagroves. magaliTad, rodesac evropeli
emigrantebi Camovidnen Se­erTebul StatebSi, maTi qulebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda saSualo
erovnul maCvenebels, xolo gansakuTrebiT dabali qulebi modioda abstraqtul SekiTxvebze.
igive SeiniSneboda apalaCis mTebSi (romlebmac es gamocda 1930-ian wlebSi Caabares) da britane­
Tis soflebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis SemTxvevaSic. `mokled rom vTqvaT, jgufebi, romlebic mow­
yvetilni arian Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis kulturul centrebs, yvelze dabal Sede­
gebs aCveneben abstraqtul SekiTxvebze, ganurCevlad maTi rasisa~ (soueli, 1995, gv.73). magram,
saintereso isaa, rom emigrantebis jgufebis adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi integraciis kvaldakval,
maT mier dagrovili qulebi TandaTan miuaxlovda erTian standarts, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi gaus­
wro kidec mas. afro-amerikelebic nel-nela avseben arsebul naprals IQ qulebSi. gasuli ramden­
ime dekadis ganmavlobaSi maT es sxvaoba 4-8 qulamde daiyvanes (nisbeti, 1995). es faqti adasturebs
mtkice kavSirs kulturasa da inteleqtis maCvenebels Soris: saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikuri
pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad imata Savkaniani amerikelebis iteleqtis maCvenebelmac.
socialuri struqturis koncefcia gavlenas axdens zarisebri mrudis garSemo mimdinare
polemikazec. hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom SromiTi bazris struqturuli cvlilebebi
ZiriTadad gamowveulia Cveni sazogadoebis mier IQ-sTvis miniWebuli mzardi mniSvnelobiT.
teqnologiebisa da biznesis garTulebasTan erTad gaCnda iseTi samuSao adgilebi, romlebic
maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis kadrebs moiTxovs. ukve aRar arsebobs didi sxvaoba
Wkviani adamianebis ricxvsa da iseTi samuSao adgilebis raodenobas Soris, romelic iteleqtis
maRal dones moiTxovda. amgvari samuSao adgilebis matebasTan erTad sul ufro izrdeba im
adamianebis karieruli winsvlisa da socialuri ierarqiis kibeze asvlis saSualeba, romlebic
dabal socialur fenas miekuTvnebian, magram inteleqtis Sesabamisi done gaaCniaT. es tendencia
xsnis inteleqtualuri elitis zrdis faqts, romelic Tavdapirvelad yvela socialuri klasi­
dan ikrebda wevrebs. magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom inteleqtualur doneebs Soris gansxvaveba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba genetikur warmomavlobas, hernStaini da murei amtkiceben, rom socia­
luri dayofac sul ufro ukavSirdeba memkvidrul faqtors. ufro metic _ radganac adamianebi
qorwindebian Tavis msgavsebze (maT Soris inteleqtiT msgavsebzec), adgili socialur ierar­­­qia­
Si Taobebs genebis meSveobiT gadaecema.
oponentebi mwvaved ewinaaRmdegebian ori avtoris am mosazrebas da xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom
kavSiri IQ-sa da genebs, IQ-sa da socialur klasebs Soris metismetad sustia imisaTvis, rom da­
bejiTebiT dadasturdes genebis mniSvneloba adamianis socialuri adgilis gansazRvrisas an am
piris warmatebaze cxovrebaSi (h. gardneri, 1995). hernStainisa da mureis monacemebi adasturebs,
rom IQ yovelTvis xsnis maT mier Seswavlili socialuri Sedegebis 20 procents, rac, Cveulebriv,
10 procentze naklebia, xSirad ki _ 5 procentze naklebic. da radgan isini xalisiT aRiareben,
rom gansxvavebebi IQ Soris 40 procentiT miewereba garemos, maSin genebis gavlena adamianis
warmatebaze Zalze umniSvnelo yofila (gouldi, 1995). naTelia, rom amerikuli klasis struqtu­
ris gageba ufro metad efuZneba socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis Seswavlas, vid­re _ ge­
netikur gansxvavebebsa da IQ-s.

217
 Zalaufleba, socialuri qmedeba da funqciuri integracia aseve warmoadgens im koncef­
cias, romelic adasturebs zariseburi mrudis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. hernStainisa da miu­
reis oponentebi SiSoben, rom axali SemecnebiTi elitis wevrebi (romlebic iziareben hern­
Stainisa da miureis mosazrebas), gamoiyeneben TviT finansur Zalauflebasa da reputacias,
raTa Secvalon koleqtiuri socialuri qmedebebi, romelic mimarTulia araprivilegirebuli
fenebis SesaZleblobis gaumjobesebisaken. magaliTad, Tu elita daaskvnis, rom dabali so­
cialuri fenebi Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romelTa genetikaze dafuZenebuli inteleqti metis­
metad dabalia saimisod, rom maT daZlion damatebiTi saganmanaTleblo programebi, SeiZleba
elitam moiTxovos amgvari programebis gauqmeba maTi warumateblobis motiviT. hernStaini
da miurei TviTonve acxadeben, rom Cven, albaT, ukve mivuaxlovdiT im limits, romliTac ga­
naTleba SeZlebs aamaRlos im bavSvebis inteleqtualuri done, romlebmac IQ-s dabali Sedegebi
miiRes. isini aseve ar arian darwmunebulebi pozitiuri diskriminaciis SedegebSi, rogorc ga­
naTlebis, aseve dasaqmebis sferoSi. maTi azriT, sazogadoeba zaraldeba, rodesac pozitiur
diskriminacias Sedegad mosdevs dasaqmebis mkveTri Semcireba, an rodesac upiratesobas ar
aniWeben maRalkvalificiur kadrebs. amgvari Sedegebi, hernStainisa da miureis azriT, Zirs
uTxris funqciur integracias, sadac adamianebs irCeven imis mixedviT, Seesabameba Tu ara maTi
SesaZleb­loba konkretul samuSao adgils. oponentebi pasuxoben, rom pozitiuri diskriminaci­
is socialuri sargebeli aRemateba mis xarjebs. 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac
amoqmedda antidiskriminaciuli kanonebi, umciresobebis jgufebma marTlac miaRwies progress
maRali xelfasebisa da prestiJuli samuSaoebis mopovebis mxriv.
amerikelebi kidev karga xans idaveben imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania IQ-s Sedegebi da
ramdenad ganapirobebs am Sedegebs genetikuri faqtori. mecnieruli samxilebi, raoden argu­
mentirebulic unda iyos isini, ver moagvarebs sazogadoebriv azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, radgan es
debatebi Rirebulebebsac Seexeba. miuxedavad imisa, memkvidrulia Tu ara IQ inteleqtis done,
adamianebi, romlebic Tanasworobas Rirebulebad miiCneven, ar daeTanxmebian hernStainisa
da mureis mosazrebebs da mxars dauWeren dabal socialur poziciaze myofi adamianebisaTvis
damatebiTi programebis SemoRebis politikas, raTa am adamianebs winsvlis ufro meti SesaZle­
bloba mieceT.

bavSvobis periodis socializaciis agentebi

CineTSi, SanxaiSi mcxovrebi patara gogona eubneba dedas, rom mas unda axali
qurTuki, radgan mis Zvel qurTuks saxelo gaexvrita. babua, romelsac esmis gogo­
nas Txovna, dgeba da gogonas Tavis ZvelisZvel, sakereblebiT dafarul qurTuks
awvdis, romelic sakuTari xeliT dakemsa. Semdeg uyveba SviliSvils, Tu rogo­
ri siamayiT atarebda am qurTuks, rodesac gaTavisuflebis armiis wevri iyo da
Zvel reJims ebrZoda. socialuri revoluciis saamayo epoqaSi mSromel xalxs ar
eTakileboda gacveTili tanisamosiT siaruli. saubris dasasrul, patara gogo­
nas Zalian rcxvenia, rom axali qurTuki moiTxova (gamoyenebulia keseni, 1975).
iaponiis erT-erT sabavSvo baRSi maswavlebeli sTxovs bavSvebs, funjebiTa da
saRebavebiT daxaton sxvadasxva suraTi, romlebic erTi ambis Semadgeneli nawile­

218
bi iqneba. is debs saRebavebs magidis SuagulSi imis Sesamowmeblad, gamostaceben
Tu ara bavSvebi erTmaneTs saRebavs da daRvrian Tu ara mas magidaze. Semdeg ki
specia­lurad awyobs bavSvebisTvis arasakmaris funjebs. bavSvebi iwyeben xatvas.
isini winaswar Tanxmdebian, Tu romel nawils daxataven, da moTminebiT elodebi­
an erTmaneTs funjisa da saRebavisaTvis (luisi, 1989; faueri, kobaiaSi-vinata,
da keli, 1992).
italiis erT-erT sofelSi bavSvebi cxared kamaToben moCvenebebisa da
maqciebis arsebobaze. ufrosebis msgavsad, romlebic soflis moedanze Sekrebi­
lan da aseve cxared kamaToben politikasa da dRis mniSvnelovan ambebze, bavSve­
bic emociurad gamoxa­taven sakuTar mosazrebas da xSirad yvirilsa da erTmaneTis
xelis kvrasac ar eridebian. magram am bavSvebs aravin sTxovs kamaTis Sewyvetas,
rasac amerikeli aucileblad gaakeTebda, radgan italiaSi amgvari kamaTebi da
diskusiebi megobrobis normalur nawilad iTv­leba (korsaro da miliani, 1992;
korsaro da rico, 1988).
amerikul ojaxSi dawyebiTi skolis moswavle ori Zma televizorTan mokalaTe­
bula da interesiT adevnebs Tvals mimdinare TamaSs. sami mcirewlovani konkur­
santi pasuxobs SekiTxvebs geografiidan, raTa prizis saxiT moigos mogzauroba
SeerTebuli Statebis nebismier sasurvel mxareSi. programis kulminaciur nawil­
Si, finalisti darbis scenis garSemo da cdilobs aRmoaCinos evropis qveynebis
dedaqalaqebi uSvelebel rukaze. studiaSi myofi patara gulSematkivrebi aRtace­
bulebi amxneveben gogonas, romelic cdilobs davaleba 45 wamSi Seasrulos.
TiToeuli sazogadoeba ayalibebs bavSvebs sakuTari kulturis gamoxa­tu­
le­bebad. iaponelebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas jgufuri miznebis ganxor­
cielebisaTvis; italielebi cdiloben, ganaviTaron verbaluri molaparakebebisa
da debatebis unar-Cvevebi; amerikelebi ki uRviveben bavSvebs konkurentunaria­
nobas warmatebis misaRwevad. magram kultura ar aris statikuri, uZravi feno­
meni. mas SeuZlia, ganicados cvlileba. magaliTad, CineTi ufro orientirebuli
gaxda momxmarebelze. komunisturi partiis lideris mao Ze dunis gardacvalebis
Semdeg ukve naklebad eqceva yuradReba TviTSewirvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom bav­
Svebi sxvadasxva rames swavloben, TiToeuli am maga­liTis mixedviT socializa­
ciis agentebi (jgufebi da institutebi, romlebic nergaven kulturis normebs)
saerToa oTxive sazogadoebisaTvis. Tanamedrove samyaroSi ojaxi, skola, Tana­
tolebi da masmedia aqtiuradaa CarTuli bavSvebisaTvis kulturuli elemen­
tebis swavlebis procesSi. momdevno qveTavebSi ganxilulia socializaciis oTxi
faqtori. socia­lizacia pasuxismgebelia identobebis mraval gansxvavebul tipze
_ maga­liTad, rasaze, religiaze, klasze, erovnebasa da sqesze. Cven sqesis mag­
aliTis gamoyenebiT SevecdebiT gaCvenoT, Tu ramdeni sxvadasxva faqtori axdens
gavlenas bavSvebis socia­lizaciaze.

ojaxi
ojaxi warmoadgens pirvel socialur samyaros bavSvisaTvis: gzas ukvlevs
maT jgufuri cxovrebisa da intimuri urTierTobebisaken, aZlevs pirvel gamoc­

219
dilebas, rogorc individebs, da asrulebs sarkis rols, sadac bavSvebi sakuTar
Tavs xedaven. ojaxi warmoadgens im pirvel jgufsac, romlis Rirebulebebsa da
normebsac iTviseben da iTaviseben bavSvebi da romlebsac saqcielis Sefasebis
mizniT iyeneben. Tumca, ojaxi ar aris izolirebuli jgufi. is farTo sazogadoe­
bis Semadgeneli nawilia. ojaxis Rirebulebebi, damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis
wesi ireklavs socialur klass, religias, eTnikur jgufsa da qveynis im kuTxes,
romlis nawilic TviTon aris. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvebi ojaxidanve iTviseben
sakuTari sazogadoebis kulturas, rac isedac damokidebulia maTi ojaxebis war­
momavlobasa da gamocdilebaze.
gansxvavebebi ojaxebs Soris maTi bavSvebis socializaciis procesSi Tval­
naTliv Cans genderuli rolebis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas. zogi amerikuli
ojaxi Segnebulad cdilobs, Tavi aaridos yvela genderul stereotips, rodesac
saqme bavSvebTan urTierTobas exeba. arsebobs iseTi ojaxebic, romlebisaTvis
genderul stereotipebs centraluri adgili uWiravs. Tumca, ojaxebis umeteso­
ba Sualedur poziciazea. isini cdiloben biWebsa da gogonebs erTnairad moepyran
(litoni da romni, 1991), magram, miuxedavad amgvari mcdelobisa, zogi genderu­li
stereotipi mainc iCens xolme Tavs (serbini, pouliSta, da gulko, 1993; paludi
da gulo, 1986; rubini, provencano da luria, 1974). magaliTad, mSoblebis umete­
sobis azriT, maTi patara gogonebi sustebi, nazebi, daxvewilnakvTebiani da dab­
neulebi arian, xolo vaJebi _ Zlierebi, myarebi, uxeSnakvTebianebi da koordina­
ciis grZnobiT dajildoebulebi. mSoblebs guli swydebaT, rodesac maT pataras
ucnobi sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlad miiCnevs (makquaiari, 1988). mamebi
gansakuTrebiT mkacrebi arian vaJebis mimarT, Tu isini maTi sqesisaTvis `Seusaba­
mod~ iqcevian, Tundac erTi wlis asakSi (snou, jeklini da makobi, 1983).
erT-erTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac mSoblebi sakuTar SvilebSi genderulad
orientirebul qcevas aviTareben, maT mier bavSvebisaTvis SerCeuli saTamaSoe­
bia. es gansakuTrebiT xSiria vaJebis genderul socializaciaSi. mTel msofli­
oSi yovel or wamSi erTi barbis Tojina iyideba, SeerTebul StatebSi TiToeul
ojaxze 2.5 barbi modis. magram aba scadeT da ipoveT mSob­lebi, romlebsac odesme
eyidoT barbi TavianTi vaJisaTvis! ufro metic: mSoblebma rom dainaxon, rom maTi
vaJi kmayofili saxiT acmevs dis Tojinas TvalismomWrel saRamos kabas, au­cileb­
lad gamoarTmeven Tojinas biWs da urCeven, rom sxva ramiT iTamaSos.
amgvari gaguliseba sqesisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ saTamaSoTi TamaSisas, ga­ci­
lebiT sustia gogonebis SemTxvevaSi. `biWuri saTamaSoebi~ ar miiCneva `mamakacu­
rad~ gansxvavebiT `gogonebis saTamaSoebisagan~, romlebic mkveTrad `qalurad~
aRiqmeba. orive sqesis bavSvebi xalisiT TamaSoben biWebis saTamaSoebiT. erT-
erTi kvlevisas, mecnierebi akvirdebodenen mSoblebsa da maT mcirewlovan Svi­
lebs. bavSvebi ufro iSviaTad TamaSobdnen `gogonebis saTamaSoebiT~ (rogoricaa
Tojina da Tojinebis saxli) da ufro metad erTobodnen `neitraluri~ saTama­
SoebiT (rogoricaa Tavsatexi) an `biWebis saTamaSoebiT~ (burTi, benzingasamarTi
sadguri (aidli, vudi da desmaraizi, 1993). agreTve, orive mSobeli _ dedac da
mamac _ ufro xSirad sTavazobda bavSvebs `biWur~ saTamaSoebs, vidre sapi­rispi­
ro sqesisas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom is saTamaSoebi, romlebic am kv­levaSi `ma­

220
makacurebad~ klasificirdeboda, sinamdvileSi sakmaod neitraluri xasiaTisaa.
ase magaliTad, burTi, ar aris stereotipulad biWebis saTamaSo _ aseTia, maga­
liTad, iaraRi. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba Tavisi gogonebisaTvis ar yidu­
lobs amgvari tipis saTamaSoebs, gansxvavebiT biWebisagan.
mSoblebi gadascemen TavianT bavSvebs genderul stereotipebs im saqmiano­
biTac, romelTa gakeTebasac Svilebs avaleben. amerikeli mSoblebis umetesoba
gogonebs xSirad avalebs saojaxo `qa­luri~ saqmis gakeTebas (rogoricaa sadilis
momzadeba an bavSvis movla), xolo biWebi ufro xSirad ezoSi muSaoben an cdiloben
wvril-wvrili saojaxo sagnebi SeakeTon (beikeri, 1984). maRali Semosavlis mqone
mSoblebi ufro naklebad stereotipulebi arian SvilebisaTvis saSinao saqmis
davalebisas, iseve rogorc is mSoblebi, romlebsac erTaderTi qaliSvili hyavT.
saerTod, amerikeli gogonebis umetesoba dResac ufro `qalur~ saqmes akeTebs,
maSin rodesac biWebi ufro xSirad kreWen gazonebs da muSaoben xelsawyo­ebiT.
SvilebisaTvis genderul-stereotipuli qcevebis swavlebis paralelurad,
mSoblebi xSirad aswavlian bavSvebs, amave kuTxiT ifiqron sakuTar Tavze. maga­
liTad, mravali mSobeli Tavisi gogonas warmatebas maTematikaSi Tavdauzogav
Sromas miawers, xolo Tu misma vaJma miaRwia warmatebas maTematikaSi, amas Tan­
dayolili niWis damsaxurebad miiCnevs (ii da eklesi, 1988). garda amisa, mraval
mSobels sjera, rom misi vaJi warmatebas aucileblad miaRwevs maTematikaSi,
xolo eWvs gamoTqvams warmatebis Sesaxeb, rodesac saqme gogonas exeba, maSinac
ki, rodesac gogona warmatebiT swavlobs am sagans. am damokidebulebiT SeiZleba
aixsnas is, Tu ratom aqvT gogonebs uaryofiTi ganwyoba maTematikisadmi skolaSi
da ver afaseben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, miuxedavad imisa, am sagans Tavisuflad
floben Tu ara.
mSoblebs sulac ar sWirdebaT bavSvebs Caunergon genderul-stereotipuli
ideebi. maTi qceva sakmarisia bavSvebis azrovnebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad. maga­
liTad, bavSvebis warmodgena genderul rolebze ufro stereotipuli da myari
xdeba, roca isini xedaven, rom maTi dedebi ar muSaoben saxlis gareT da dakave­
bulni arian ZiriTadad saojaxo `qaluri~ saqmiT (alageben, dadian sayidlebze,
uvlian bavSvs) da ara manqanebis SekeTebiT. srul ganakveTze momuSave dedebmac
ki SesaZlebelia Camouyalibon genderul-stereotipuli qceva Svilebs, Tu isini
muSaoben dabali statusis mqone, tradiciulad `qalur~ samsaxurebSi (serbini,
pouliSta da gulko, 1993). bavSvebis azrovneba damokidebulia ara marto imaze,
Tu ras amboben maTi mSoblebi, aramed imazec, Tu ras akeTeben isini (parceli da
menagani, 1994).

skolebi

mosazreba, rom skola is adgilia, sadac aswavlian akademiur sag­nebs, bundo­

vans xdis im faqts, rom skolaSic xdeba mniSvnelovani socializacia. bavSvebisa­
Tvis inteleqtualuri da teqnikuri unar-Cvevebis swavlebis garda, skola as­
wavlis maT im kulturul Rirebulebebsa da damokidebulebebs, romlebic xels

221
uwyobs maT momzadebas Semdgomi rolisaTvis. es naTlad Can Cvens mier zemoT
moyvanil magaliTSi iaponur sabavSvo baRSi bavSvebisaTvis TanamSromlobis
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. iaponeli maswavleblebi mudmivad cdiloben
Seuqmnan bavSvebs iseTi garemo, sadac isini Seiswavlian jgufur muSaobas, swored
ise, rogorc es iaponur biznesSi xdeba, sadac jgufebis wevrebi mWidrod arian
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
arsebuli wesebisa da valdebulebebisadmi morCileba is Rirebulebaa, rasac
aqtiurad aswavlian yvelaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. amas talkon parsonsi
(1959) `farul saswavlo programas~ uwodebda, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom
disciplina da morCileba cxadad arasodes iswavleba, isini saklaso swavlebis
struqturis nawilia.
tradiciuli genderuli rolebis gadacemac SeiZleba iyos dafaruli saswav­
lo programis nawili. dawyebiT skolebSi biWebs SeiZleba daavalon dafebis gaw­
menda an merxebis gadaadgileba maSin, rodesac tkbileulis darigeba gogonebis
saqmea (riCmond-eboti, 1992). sabavSvo baRebSic ki gogonebs ufro xSirad aqeben
kargi qcevisa da yuradRebisaTvis maSin, rodesac biWebi ufro ikicxebian usaq­­
cie­lobisaTvis. mozard gogonebs xSirad aqeben socia­luri unar-Cvevebisa da
wesrigis siyvarulisaTvis, xolo biWebs _ Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxisaTvis
(AAUW ganaTlebis fondi, 1992). maswavleblebs miaCniaT, rom biWebs ufro didi
wvlili miuZRviT proeqtisaTvis ideebis mofiqrebasa da diskusiebSi, Tumca, da­
moukidebeli wyaroebi adasturebs, rom am mxriv orive sqesis monawileoba Tana­
baria. (ben cvi-meieri, herc-laza­roviCi, da safiri, 1989; dveki, davidsoni, nel­
soni da ena, 1978; evansi, 1988).
genderuli gakveTilebi tipuri saskolo sistemis nawils warmoadgens. maga­
liTad, dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebis 85%-s qalebi Seadgens, xolo skolis
mmarTvelebis 79%-s _ mamakacebi (beikeri, 1984); dedebi ufro aqtiurad monawi­
leoben saskolo klubebis saqmianobaSi maSin, rodesac saskolo sabWoebi ZiriTa­
dad mamebiTaa dakompleqtebuli (evansi, 1988). is faqti, rom maRal Tanamdebo­
bebze ufro xSirad mamakacebi muSaoben, gavlenas axdens bavSvebzec. magaliTad,
skolebSi Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis
mmarTvelebic qalebi arian, naklebad ganicdian genderuli stereotipis gavle­
nas, vidre is bavSvebi, romelTa skolebis mmarTvelebic mama­kacebi arian (para­
dizo da uoli, 1986).
skolebSi arsebuli `biWebisa da gogonebis programebis~ arseboba kidev ufro
aRrmavebs genderuli stereotipebis gavlenas. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saSinao ekonomikis gakveTilebi axla ukve xelmisawvdomia gogonebisaTvisac,
xolo savaWro (shop classes) gakveTilebze daswreba biWebsac SeuZliaT, daswrebis
maCvenebeli miuTiTebs, rom es gakveTilebi jer kidev segregire­bulia genderuli
faqtoriT. genderuli stereotipebis gavleniTaa dayofili skolebis sportuli
programebi – anu ara moswavleTa surviliT, aramed skolis xelmZRvanelobis
brZanebiT. nacvlad imisa, rom gaaerTianos biWebisa da gogonebis sportuli seq­
ciebi, skolebis umravlesoba amjobinebs, gazardos gogonebisaTvis gankuTvnili
sportuli seqciebis ricxvi. rasakvirvelia, sulac ar aris saWiro seqciebis ofi­

222
cialurad gamocxadeba romelime sqesis kuTvnilebad imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli
maTgani miCneuli iyos gogonebis an biWebis sportad. rogorc pedagogebis, aseve
studentebis genderul-stereotipuli ideebi ganapirobebs im faqts, rom zogi
sagani miCneulia biWebis Zlier mxared (magaliTad, maTematika da mecniereba),
xolo iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa inglisuri ena da xelovneba, gogonebisaTvis mis­
wrebad iTvleba.
biWebis aqtiurobis done maTematikisa da mecnierebis gakveTilze mimdinare
diskusiebSi, SeiZleba damTrgunveli aRmoCndes gogonebisaTvis. isini Tavs dam­
cirebulad grZnoben, rac pegi orenStainma (1994) merveklaselebis maTematikis
gakveTilze daswrebisas TvalnaTliv daadastura.
skolebSi mimdinare procesebi exmareba bavSvebs, miiRon ufro farTo kul­
turisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi.

masmedia

bavSvebis socializacia xdeba masmediiTac. masmedia farTo sazogadoebisa­

Tvis gankuTvnili sakomunikacio saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelSic igulisx­
meba televizia, radio, filmebi, kompaqt-diskebi da Canawerebi, kompiuteruli
programebi, wignebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom masmediis yve­
la saSualeba socializaciis mniSvnelovani agentia, bavSvebis sociali­zaciaze
gavlenas mainc yvelaze metad televizia axdens. TiTqmis yvela amerikul ojaxs
aqvs televizori, misi amuSaveba SemecnebiTi unar-Cvevebis mxolod minimums
moiTxovs da misi vizualuri buneba metad mimzidvelia bavSvebisaTvis (sinori­
eli, 1991). SeerTebul StatebSi (da sxva dasavlur qveynebSi) bavSvebi ufro met
dros atareben televizorebTan, vid­re – skolaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvebi
televizorebis win kviraSi 30 saaT­ze metxans sxedan (vini, 1985). 65 wlamde miR­
weul adamians saSualod 9 weli aqvs gatarebuli televizoris win (dori, 1986).
mSoblebi da sxva garSemomyofebi SeSfoTebulni arian televizoris roliT
bavSvebis socializaciaSi. isini uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamo­xataven zogi
satelevizio Sous Sinaarsis gamo – miT umetes, Tu es Sou Zaladobas exeba. mrav­
alricxovanma kvlevebma daadastura, rom televizorSi Zaladobis yureba zrdis
agresias bavSvebSi. erT-erTi xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad damtkicda, rom tele­
viziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba ufro metad iwvevs bavSvebSi agresias, vidre socio-
ekonomikuri foni, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, IQ an romelime sxva calkeuli faqtori
(keiteri da striklendi, 1975). Znelia imis Tqma, romelia pirveli – agresiuli
qceva Tu Zaladobis amsaxveli masalis yureba televizorSi, magram cxadia, rom
arsebobs kavSiri am or movlenas Soris.
mravali adamiani SeSfoTebulia im faqtiTac, rom televizori xels uwyobs
genderuli stereotipebis gaRrmavebas (furnhemi da bitari, 1993). 1969-1985
wlebis yvelaze popularuli gadacemebis analizis Sedegad nensi sinorielim
(1989) aRmoaCina, rom ukanaskneli 15 wlis manZilze qali perso­naJebis ricxvi gai­
zarda da TiToeul axal sezonSi qalebi aratradiciul rolebSi gvevlinebodnen.

223
mamakaci personaJebis ricxvi mainc gacilebiT didi darCa – daaxloebiT sami erT­
Tan. qali personaJebi ufro met dros saxlSi atareben, miT umetes, Tu muSaoben
da Svilebi hyavT. Tu qali personaJebi muSaobdnen, maSin umetes SemTxvevaSi maTi
samuSao dabalanazRaurebadi, araprestiJuli iyo (oficiantebi, mdivnebi, med­
debi). popularuli gadacemebis qali personaJebis umetesoba ubralod silama­
ziT gamoirCeoda, maSin rodesac mamakacebi ufro xandazmulebi da prestiJuli
samaxuris mqoneni iyvnen (eqimebi, iuristebi). sinorielim daaskvna, rom erTeu­
li gamonaklisis garda, satelevizio programebis genderulma rolebma 15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Sei­narCuna tradiciuli da konservatuli xasiaTi. es mdgomareoba
ar Secvlila gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sei­
niSna qali personaJebis samsaxurebis gamravalferovneba, maTTvis dakisrebuli
movaleobebi ZiriTadad mainc sxvaze zrunviTa da movliT Semoifargleba, gan­
sxvavebiT mamakaci personaJebisagan, romlebic ufro aqtiurad arian Cabmulni
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da politikur procesebSi. usini ufro xSirad arian
liderebi, vidre qali personaJebi (vadnerbergi da strekfusi, 1992).
amgvari genderuli stereotipebi aqtiurad gadaicema masmediis saSua­lebiT
da did zegavlenas axdens bavSvebze. magaliTad, popularuli sabavSvo wignebis
Seswavlam daadastura, rom TiTqmis yoveli maTgani Seicavda gogonebisa da bi­
Webis, qalebisa da kacebis mkveTrad stereotipul saxeebs (vaitcmani da aifleri,
1972). mamakacebis 11 suraTze qalebis erTi suraTi modioda, xolo Seswavlili
wignebis erTi mesamedi mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis gmirebze mouTxrobda mkiTx­
vels. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mainc gamoCndeboda personaJi gogonebi, isini ZiriTadad
exmarebodnen, zrunavdenen an ubralod uyvardaT wignis gmiri. rodesac mkvelva­
rebis sxva gundma igive saxis kvleva 80-iani wlebis popularul wignebze Caatara,
aRmoaCina, rom mdgomareoba Secvliliyo, Tumca ara mniSvnelovnad (j.a. uiliamsi,
vernoni, uiliamsi da malexa, 1987). amjerad mamakaci da qali personaJebis ricxvi
gaTanabrda, wamyvani personaJebis mesamedi mdedrobiTi sqesisa iyo, axla ukve
qalebi da gogonebi ufro xSirad tovebdnen saxlis teritorias, Tumca mxolod
erTi mdedrobiTi sqesis personaJi muSaobda da isic _ oficiantad. miuxedavad
am yvelafrisa, mamakac personaJebs ufro meti pasu­xismgeblobebi, Tavgadasavle­
bi da garToba qondaT.
rac Seexeba Jurnalebs, gancxadebebi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda genderul
stereotipebs (mase da rozenbaumi, 1988; bleknepi da leonardi, 1991; uilisi da
karlsoni, 1993). sagazeTo rekla­mebi mamakacs aRwers, rogorc martosulebs, da­
moukideblebsa da Zlierebs. qalebi ki ufro xSirad eZeben nugeSsa da sxvasTan
kontaqts (maTi mzeridan da Jestikulaciidan gamomdinare). miuxedavad imisa,
rom dRes ukve SeimCneva cvlilebis tendencia da es cvlileba ufro `Tanamed­
rovea~, jer kidev adgili aqvs ararealisturi genderuli stereotipebis aR­
weras. erT-erTma axalma kvlevam daadastura, rom qalebi sul ufro iSviaTad
arian mamaka­ceb­ze damokidebuli diasaxlisebi, dRes isini ufro damoukideblebi
arian da did yuradRebas aqceven sakuTar silamazesa da garegnobas (busbi da
lixti, 1993).

224
 rogor axdens gavlenas genderuli streotipebis memkvidreoba bavSveb­ze? al­
baT yvelaze ufro farTod Seswavlili Tema exeba televiziis gavlenas genderul
stereotipebze. kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi, romelbic xSirad uyureben tele­
viziiT gasarTob programebs, ufro xSirad aRweren da axasiaTeben qalsa da mama­
kacs stereotipuli gamoTqmebiT, vidre is bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad ar uyureben
televizors, an uyureben ZiriTadad saganmanaTleblo programebs (fraCi da mak­
gii, 1975; kombali, 1986; repeti, 1984; rot­Sildi, 1984; sinorieli da learsi, 1992).
mokled rom vTqvaT, iolia masmediis rolis gazviadeba genderul socia­
lizaciaSi. is, rasac adamianebi iReben televizoridan, Jurnalebidan da wignebidan
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axdenen isini am informaciis inter­pretirebas. es
mosazreba dadasturda erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad, rodesac Seiswavles, Tu ro­
gor axdenen mozardebi mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi moqmedi gmirebis interpreta­
cias maikl jeqsonis klipSi. am klipSi jeqsoni ixibleba axalgazrda gogonaTi da
dasdevs mas ukan. bolos gogona xelebs Slis da exveva mas, oRond mas Semdeg, rac
bnel quCebSi ramdenime saSiSi gamometyvelebis mqone kacs gadaeyreba (kalofi,
1993). mdedrobiTi sqesis mayureblebma gogona aRiqves an Zlierad, an SeSinebulad
da sustad, maSin roca mamrobiTma mayureblebma masSi dainaxes qali, romelic Zne­
lad misaRwevi qalis imijis Seqmnas cdilobda. es gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mayureblebis pirad gamocdilebaze, ramac Tavis
mxriv gamoiwvia is, rom isini gmiris sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
aqedan gamomdi­nare, is mniSvne­loba, rasac xalxi medias aniWebs genderuli stereo­
tipebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqroben
isini sqesze.

Tanatolebi
adamianebi swored ise akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs romelime sqess, rogorc ax­
denen televiziiT naCvenebi genderuli stereotipebis interpretacias. bavSvebi
ubralod ki ar swavloben mama­kacebad an qalebad Camoyalibebas, aramed isini
akuTvneben sakuTar Tavs erT an meore sqess. isini iReben Sesabamis informacias
mSoblebisagan, skolaSi, mediis meSveobiT da axdenen ideebis realizacias sa­
kuTar damokidebulebebsa da qcevaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tanatolebis mimarT (kor­
saro, 1992). amis Sedegia genderis socialuri konstruqcia yovel axal TaobaSi.
sociologi bari Torni (1993) swavlobs TanatolTa Soris urTi­erTobas sak­
laso oTaxebsa da saTamaSo moednebze dakvirvebiT. is amtkicebs, rom genderu­
li identobisa da gansxvavebebis warmoqmna xdeba bavSvebis mier TanatolebTan
yoveldRiuri urTierTobisas. biWebi da gogonebi regularulad icaven gende­
rul sazRvrebs, ufrosebisagan yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe. zogadad, roca
dgeba arCevanis sakiTxi, biWebi amjobineben dadgnen, dasxdnen an iTamaSon biWeb­
Tan erTad. aseve xdeba gogonebis SemTxvevaSi – isini umetes SemTxvevaSi sakuTari
sqesis warmomadgenlebTan TamaSsa da yofnas aniWeben upiratesobas.
Torns mohyavs mravali magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor `uCenen ad­gils~ mas, vinc
bedavs genderuli sazRvrebis darRvevas. Torni Seeswro SemTxvevas, rodesac

225
pirvelklaselma biWunam survili gamoTqva, etrialebina saxtunao. mas maSinve
uTxres, rom imisaTvis, rom `es icode, gogo unda iyo~. biWuna ise gatrialda,
rom ar SewinaaRmdegebia am sayovelTaod gavrcelebul mosazrebas. meore Sem­
Txvevisas popularulma biWma, romelic sasadilo oTaxSi cariel adgils eZebda,
magidis danaxvisas, sadac biWebi da gogonebi erTad isxdnen, ganacxada: `metis­
metad bevri gogoa!~ amis gagonebisTanave im magidasTan msxdomi biWebi adgnen da
gahyvnen mas TiTqmis carieli magidisaken. gabrazeba/gaqezeba genderuli dayo­
fis kidev erTi saSualebaa (ederi, 1991). erTi biWi ki, romelic biblioTekis da­
xurvis win gogonebis rigSi Cadga, saswrafod gaagdes biWebis rigisaken. dabneuli
axalmosulis danaxvaze erT-erTma biWma SesZa­xa: `SexedeT, axali gogo movida!~
amgvar qmedebas Torni `sazRvris dacvas~ uwodebs, radgan bavSvebi aqtiurad
icaven dawesebul genderul sazRvrebs. uZvelesi TamaSi `daWerobanac~ ki, Tor­
nis azriT, genderul dayofas emsaxureba, ri­Tac bavSvebi cdiloben daamtkicon
sazRvris arseboba or sqess Soris.
mravali mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom biWebi da gogonebi irCeven gancalkeve­bulad
yofnas, radgan maT interaqciis gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT. am mosazrebis mixed­
viT, biWebis TamaSi ufro xSirad gamoirCeva fizikuri agresiiT, statusis mo­
sapoveblad brZoliT da wesebis Sesaxeb kamaTiT maSin, rodesac gogonebis TamaSi
gamoirCeva TanamSromlobiTa da moTamaSesTan uSualo, Tbili damokidebulebiT
(moleri, himeli, da rubini, 1992). Tumca, Torni enTuziazmiT ar aris ganwyobi­
li im azris mimarT, rom gansxvavebuli interaqcia TamaSobs ZiriTad rols gen­
derul dayofaSi. arsebobs uamravi variacia imaze, Tu rogor iqceva TiToeuli
sqesi. `tipuri biWuri~ da `qaluri~ stili, romelsac mkvlevarebi akvirdebodnen,
momdinareobs Tanatolebis fonze gamorCeuli gogonebisa da biWebisagan, magram
isini mainc ar arian imdenad gamorCeulni, rom yvelasTvis tipurad iTvlebod­
nen. sinamdvileSi, individualur gogonasa da individualur biWs Soris ufro
meti gansxvavebaa, vidre maT sqesebs Soris. Torni askvnis, rom bavSvebis mier
gende­ruli dayofis sakiTxze ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, Tu ra gavlenas axdens es
dayofa genderul socializaciaze. rogorc feministi, Torni ime­dovnebs, rom
socialuri cvlileba warimarTeba ufro jvaredini genderuli urTierTobebis
mxriv, romelic damyarebuli iqneba megobrobasa da Semwynareblobaze.
axalgazrdebi, rasakvirvelia, mxolod genderul rolebs ar aswavlian erT­
maneTs. Tanatolebi erTmaneTis meSveobiT iReben Tanaswori urTierTobebis
pirvel gamocdilebasac. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom ufrosebi yo­velTvis
ufro didebi, Wkvianebi, Zlierebi da `mdidrebi~ arian (maT SeuZliaT iseTi rTuli
danadgarebis kontroli, rogoricaa macivari da distanciuri marTvis pulti),
mozrdilisa da bavSvis damokidebuleba yovelTvis asimetriulia. am damokide­
bulebaSi bavSvi yovelTvis daqvemdebarebulis rols asrulebs da yvela bavSvi
erTmaneTTan socialurad Tanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. amgvari statusi ga­
napirobebs TanatolTa jgufebis SesaniSnav saswavlo Tvisebas. jgufSi bavSvebs
gacilebiT iolad SeuZliaT, Seiswavlon Tanasworoba, gaziareba, raimes Txoveba
da gacvla. Tu daakvirdebiT, rogori pedanturi sizustiT anawileben bavSvebi

226
gamagrilebel sasmels boTlidan WiqebSi, mowme gaxdebiT TanatolTa jgufebSi
socia­lizaciis procesisa.
amgvari jgufebi qmnian idealur garemosac, sadac bavSvebi swavloben megob­
robis mniSvnelobas. saskolo asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve aqvT warmodgena megob­
robis koncefciisa da im qmedebebis Sesaxeb, riTac megobroba gamoi­xateba. isini
am koncefcias iyeneben, rogorc gzamkvlevs sakuTari qcevebisaTvis da, agreTve,
standarts TanatolTa qcevis SefasebisaTvis. am process mivyavarT ufro naTlad
gansazRvruli `molodinebisaken~. bavSvebma axla ukve ician, Tu ras elodebian
sxvebisagan da TviTon rogor unda moiqcnen megobrebTan urTierTobisas. rasak­
virvelia, `kargisa~ da `marTebulis~ bavSvebiseuli gageba yovelTvis ar emTxveva
mozardebisas. bavSvebi xSirad qmnian sakuTar normebs, Rirebulebebsa da sakuTar
msoflmxedvelobas. aqedan gamomdinare, isini xSirad ibnevian imis gadawyvetisas,
Tu romel normas an Rirebulebas unda mimarTon konkretul situaciaSi. es mo­
wifulobis umTavresi unar-Cvevaa (korsaro da ederi, 1990).
megobrebTan yofna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. bavSvisTvis gansa­
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rogor miiReben mas Tanatolebi, gamoucxadeben Tu ara
mas jgufur solidarobas da iqneba Tu ara popularuli. mozard biWebs bevri me­
gobari hyavT Tanatol biWebs Soris maSin, rodesac gogonebi amjobineben, airCion
erTi megobari gogona da mas gaandon sakuTari gancdebi, fiqrebi da SiSi. am asakis
orive sqesis warmomadgeneli megobrebs asakis, socialuri klasis, rasisa da eTni­
kurobis niSniT irCeven (dornbuSi, 1989). TanatolTa jgufebSi arsebobs erTgvari
simboloTa sistema _ ena, musika, varcxniloba, Cacmis stili da a.S. _ romelic
TviTgamoxatvis saSualebaa (uilisi, 1990).
sakuTari Tavis gansazRvrisas mozardebs xSirad mosdiT konfliqti sakuTar
mSoblebTan da sxva mozrdilebTan. maSinac ki, rodesac isini ar Tvlian amas mar­
Tebulad (rogorc es 1960-ian wlebSi moxda), mainc cdiloben mosinjon, Tu sad ga­
dis Semwynareblobis sazRvari – magaliTad, sinjaven alkohols da narkotikebs.
mozardebi xSirad uweven winaaRmdegobas mSoblebs, rodesac saqme exeba gemovne­
bas, magaliTad, modas an konkretul musikalur mimdinareobas. garda amisa xSiria
konfliqti pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiTac. magaliTad, mSoblebma SeiZle­
ba neba ar darTon mozrdil Svils, gamoiyenos avtomobili an yavdes partniori,
maSinac ki, rodesac TviTon mozardi Tvlis, rom mzad aris amisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, mozardebi xSirad mainc gagebiT ekidebian mSoblebis zrun­
vas maTi miznebisa da momavali cxovrebis Sesa­xeb (devisi da kendeli, 1981; krosniki
da jadi, 1982). realurad, ufro xSirad mozardTa Rirebulebebi ki ar ewinaaRmde­
geba, ara­med amyarebs kidec mSoblebis Rirebulebebs. ufro gvian, rodesac sust­
deba Tanatolebisa da mozrdilebis konfliqti, mozardebi irCeven iseT jgufs,
romlis Rirebulebebic maTi ojaxi Rirebulebebis msgavsia. am dros Tanatolebi­
sa da ojaxebis socializaciis procesi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareobs.
zogadad, xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanatolebisa da ojaxis socializacia erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba, rac momgebiania sazogadoebisaTvisac. saWiroa, rom socializaciis sx­
vadasxva agentebi erTmenTs Seesa­bamebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoe­
bas problemebi Seeqmneba zogad funqciur integraciaSi.

227
socializacia zrdasrul asakSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom socializacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvo­

bis asakSi (rodesac adamianebi pirvelad xdebian jgufebis wevrebi); kulturuli
normebisa da Rirebulebebis swavlis procesi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZel­
deba. Cven xSirad gviwevs sxvadasxva rolis TamaSi da am rolebSi socializacia.
coli, qmari, mSobeli, skautTa klubis lideri, ganqorwinebuli da ukurnebeli
seniT Sepyrobili pacientic ki _ es is rolebia, romelTa Sesrulebis dros ada­
mianebs uxdebaT im damokide­bulebisa da qcevebis `daswavla~, romelTa gamom­
JRavenebasac maTgan moelian.

desocializacia da resocializacia

socializaciis mudmivi buneba gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTelia im adamia­

nebisaTvis, romlebic erTi qveynidan meoreSi emigrirdnen da, aqedan gamomdi­nare,
mouxdaT sruliad axali kulturis Seswavla. axali enis daufleba, axali wes-
Cveulebebis SeZena da axali Wrilidan xedva damRleli da stresuli saqmea. zogi
emigranti am procesebs meore bavSvobasTan aigivebs, romlis drosac aucilebe­
lia axali unar-Cvevebis aTviseba da samyaroSi axali adgilis povna (portesi da
rumbo (1990; haini, 1994).
SeerTebul StatebSi 1970-ian wlebSi dasaxlebuli laoseli emi­g­rantebi imis
magaliTad SeiZ­leba moviyvanoT, Tu ramdenad Znelia axal cxovrebaSi social­
izacia. laoselebis sazogadoeba xasiaTdeboda tradiciulobiT, erTgvarovnebiTa
da gaunaTleblobiT. isini ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebas misdevdnen. moulodnelad
maT mouxdaT ganaTlebul, maRali teqnologiebis mqone, heterogenul sazogadoe­
baSi socializacia. rogorc erT-erTi emigranti ambobs: `Tavs ise vgrZnob, ro­
gorc sagani, romelic cecxlSi Cagdebisas ar iwvis da wyalSi Cagdebisas dinebas
ar mihyveba~ (portesi da umbo, 1990, gv. 143).
am mdgomareobas emateboda is, rom laoseli bavSvebi, romlebic amerikul
skolebSi swavlobdnen, gacilebiT ufro swrafad euflebodnen axal enasa da
wes-Cveulebebs, vidre ufrosebi. Taobebis amgvari daSoreba xSirad qmnida kon­
fliqtur situaciebs ojaxebSi (riki da forvardi, 1992). mSoblebi xSirad Ciodnen
avtoritetis Sesustebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini amerikeleb­
Tan saubrisas mTlianad sakuTar Svilebze iyvnen damokidebulni. zogi laoseli
gamoTqvamda wuxils imis Taobaze, rom maT Svilebs SeiZleboda daviwyebodaT
tradiciebi da pativi aRar ecaT mSob­lebisTvis.
sxva qveynebSi migracia ar aris erTaderTi garemoeba, romelic aiZulebs ada­
mianebs, Seudgnen sruliad gansxvavebul cxovrebas. es procesi, romelic reso­
cializaciis saxeliTaa cnobili, mimdinareobs e.w. totalur institutebSic.
totaluri instituti aris adgili, sadac adamianebis mra­valricxovani jgufi

228
mkacrad gansazRvrul reJimSi xangrZlivad cxovrobs farTo sazogadoebisagan
izolirebulad da eqvemdebareba erT avtoritets (gofmani, 1961). totaluri
institutis magaliTia cixe, stacionari sulierad daavadebulebisaTvis da sam­
xedro banakebi (devisi, 1989).
totalur institutSi resocializaciis procesi, rogorc wesi, mosdevs de­
socializaciis process. am dros adamianebi kargaven TavianT Rirebulebebsa da
Sexedulebebs. desocializaciis gaiolebis mizniT, adamianebs arTmeven tanisa­
moss, samkaulebs da pirad nivTebs; aZleven ubralo da xSi­rad usiamovno tanisamoss
– magaliTad, uniformas an pacientis piJamas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavsac parsaven,
raTa mouspon kvali imisa, Tu vin iyvnen isini warsulSi. garda amisa, axalmosulebs
xSirad arTmeven arCevanis uflebasac, riTac isini sxvebisagan gamoirCeodnen. maT
uwevT mkacri fizikuri gamocdis Cabareba, ris Semdegadac isini Wamen, iZineben da
banaoben jgufTan erTad. isini imyofebian mudmivi superviziisa da meTvalyureo­
bis qveS. es procedurebi anadgurebs axalmosulis TviTobis grZnobas da unergavs
maT zemdgomebisadmi morCilebas. amgvarad, totaluri institutebi xels uwyobs
fsiqologiur reg­ress: isini nergaven bavSvobisdroindel daucve­lobis SegrZne­
bas da damokidebulebas. am dros, wevrebi ukve mzad arian resocializdnen im axal
rolSi, romelic maTTvis tota­lurma institutma Seqmna.

profesiuli socializacia

miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba Cvengans arasodes mouwevs totalur in­

stituciaSi yofna, Cven mainc gvixdeba aucilebeli socializaciis gavla mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli roli, romlis Sesruleba
adamianebis did umravlesobas uwevs, mosamsaxuris rolia.
saskolo ganaTleba ver uzrunvelyofs saTanado momzadebas axalgazr­
debisaTvis, raTa isini srulfasovnad daeuflon profesiul rolebs. swored
amis gamo didi korporaciebi atareben satreningo kurss kolejis im kursdam­
TavrebulebisaTvis, romlebic maT samuSaoze ahyavT. am kursebze axalgazrdebs
aswavlian im ZiriTad unar-Cvevebs, romelic moeTxoveba menejers, buRalters,
inJiners. amave dros, isini ecnobian da swavloben konkretuli kompaniis regula­
ciebs, Cacmis stils, Rirebulebebs, rwmenebs _ anu yvelafer imas, rac mocemuli
kompaniis an firmis TanamSromels moeTxoveba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi cdiloben moemzadon axali profesiuli ro­
lisaTvis. magaliTad, kolejis kursdamTavrebuli, romelmac es-esaa unda miiRos
pirveli samuSao adgili, gonebaSi xSirad gadis momavali SesaZlo gamocdilebis
repeticias. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi axalbedebi xSirad esaubrebian kompaniis
TanamSromlebs, raTa SeeqmneT warmodgena kompaniaSi muSaobis Sesa­xeb. TandaTan
maT SeiZleba daiwyon iseT Rirebulebebze fiqri da imgvari qcevis aTviseba, ro­
melic, maTi azriT, moeTxoveba ama Tu im kompaniis TanamSromels. am cvlilebebis
erTobliobas prognozuli socializacia ewodeba.

229
 prognozuli socializacia sasargebloa, Tumca arasakmarisi, rodesac saqme
exeba Zireul cvlilebebs. axali Tanamdebobebis miRebisas adamianebi iSviaTad
akeTeben zust prognozs, Tu ra moeliT axali samsaxuris dawyebis Semdeg. am
sakiTxis kvlevisas edgar Sainma (1978) daadgina, rom gardamavali etapi gulis­xmobs
4 ZiriTad davalebas. priveli maTgani exeba biurokratiul organizacias: axali
TanamSromlebi swrafad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom organizaciis sxva wevrebi xSirad
uRobaven gzas davalebuli saqmis Sesrulebisas; TanamSromelebi sulac ar Canan
iseTi Wkvianebi, kompetenturebi da produqtiulebi, rogorebic unda iyvnen; isini
sakmaod xSirad iqcevian aralogikurad da iracionalurad. axalma Tanam­Sromelma
unda SeZlos organizaciis miReba mTeli Tavisi sisusteebiT _ `gayidva~, kompro­
misze wasvla da `politikosoba~ aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi unda gaxdes.
meore davaleba exeba im winaaRmdegobis gamklavebas, romelic cvlilebis
gatarebis survils moyveba xolme; axali TanamSromlebi Civian, rom maT sasargeb­
lo ideebs Zirs uTxrian an ubralod uyuradRebod toveben; xSirad aRmoaCenen
xolme, rom maTi erTi SexedviT logikuri da gonivruli rekomendaciebi raime
mizezis gamo ar sruldeba. axali TanamSromlebis mier amgvari winaaRmdegobebis
gamklavebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maT Semdgom karieras.
mesame davaleba, romlis Sesruleba uwevs axal TanamSromels, exeba im gauge­
bari, Zneli davalebis `gagebas~, rac dakavSirebulia mis saqmesTan: xSir SemTx­
vevaSi, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos zogierTi aspeqti kargad ar aris ganmartebuli;
axali TanamSromlebi xSirad awydebian siZneleebs, rodesac saqme maT mier Ses­
rulebuli samu­Saos xarisxis Sefasebas exeba. niSis dakaveba organizaciaSi masTan
adaptirebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa.
dabolos, axalma TanamSromlebma unda iswavlon, Tu ra da­mokidebuleba unda
hqondeT xelmZRvanelebTan; daikavon Sualeduri pozicia monur morCilebasa da
meamboxeobas Soris. amave dros, maT unda gaTvalon dajildoebis sistemac da
amoicnon, Tu zustad ras moelian maTgan da ras afaseben organizaciaSi.
hainis kvlevis momdevno periodSi msxvil korporaciebSi socializaciis pro­
cesi kidev ufro garTulda. Tanamedrove msxvili korporaciebis mzardi ricxvi
sxvadasxva erovnebis kadriTaa dakompleqtebuli – es exeba im biznesebs, romlebic
mraval qveyanaSi iwarmoeba. rodesac msxvili korporacia aSenebs fabrikas rome­
lime sxva qveyanaSi, iq momuSave adamianebi socializdebian im sistemaSi, romelic
dakavSirebuli am korporaciis damfuZnebel qveyanasTan.
magaliTad, detroitSi mdebare mazdas qarxanaSi amerikel muSebs uwevT war­
moebis organizaciis iaponur sistemasTan Segueba, romelic efuZneba 6-10 ada­
mianis Semadgenlobis jgufebis TanamSromlobas. jgufis wevrebs akisriaT er­
Toblivi pasuximgebloba saerTo davalebis Sesrulebisas. TiToeuli wevrisagan
moelian saqmisadmi Tavdadebasa da erTgulebas, rac gadaWarbebulia warmoebis
amerikuli sistemisaTvis. iaponuri sistema moelis, rom Tu muSa msubuqadaa avad,
is mainc imuSavebs, xolo jgufis wevrebi uyoymanod imuSaveben damatebiT saa­
TebSi, Tu jgufis romelime wevri samuSaoze ar imyofeba. muSa, romelic samuSaos
acdens avadmyofobis gamo, waradgens eqimis mier damowmebul cnobas, romelic
adasturebs diagnozis namdvilobas. mazdis TanamSromlebs ar eZlevaT standar­

230
tuli biuleteni. amerikeli muSebi iZulebulni arian, Seeguon gadawyvetilebis
miRebis iaponur wessac, romelic efuZneba jgufur konsensuss. mazdas yvela
TanamSromeli valdebulia, daeswros muSebisa da menejerebis Sekrebebs, sadac
ganxilvis safuZvelze cdiloben gonivruli gadawyvetilebis miRebas. amave dros,
muSebma unda SeuTavson sakuTari individualuri interesebi im jgufis intere­
sebs, sadac isini muSaoben (rogorc es xdeba ojaxis SemTxvevaSi). maTgan moelian
pirad Tavganwirvas kompaniis sakeTildReod.
rasakvirvelia, yvela amerikeli ar wava samuSaod ucxour kor­poraciaSi, sa­
dac maT moeTxovebaT sruliad gansxvavebul profesiul normebsa da Rirebule­
bebTan Segueba. socializacia ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis periodis dasrulebiT. misi
sirTuleebi Tavs iCens yovelTvis, rogorc ki ucxo jgufis wevrebi vxdebiT an
vimyofebiT gardamaval etapze. sikvdilic ki ar gamo­ricxavs socializaciis sa­
kuTar elementebs. socializacia mudmivi procesia yvela CvenTaganisaTvis.

Sejameba

1. socializacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc procesi im rwmenebis, normebisa da

Rirebulebebis Seswavlisa, romelTa warmoCenasac sazogadoeba moelis
Cvengan, rogorc konkretuli socia­luri jgufis an sazogadoebis wevrebi­
sagan. es aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi Zala, romelic ayalibebs adamianis so­
cialur qcevas. meore Zala adamianis Tandayolili biologiuri poten­
cialia. is amkvidrebs qceviTi SesaZlebobebis mTel wyebas. mesame Zala ki,
romelic ayalibebs socialur qcevas, aris adamianis piradi Tavisufleba,
ariCios, Tu vin unda iyos igi.
2. socializaciis procesSi sxvebTan interaqciiT adamianebs uviTardebaT
TviTobis grZnoba. sociologma Carlz horton qulim gaaanaliza es proce­
si `sarkiseburi `mes~ koncefciis gamoye­nebiT. misi TqmiT, Cven viZenT Tvi­
Tobis grZnobas sakuTari Tavis danaxviT. am dros vaanalizebT Cven mimarT
sxva adamianebis damokidebulebasa da qcevas da warmovidgenT, Tu ras
fiqroben isini Cvenze. sociologma jorj herbert midma xazgasmiT aRniSna,
rom sxvebTan simboluri interaqciis meSveobiT bavSvebi swavloben imis ga­
mocnobas, Tu ras moelian sxva adamianebi maTgan da Sesabamisad afaseben da
warmarTaven sakuTar qcevas. socializaciis kidev erTi gavleniani Teoria
ekuTvnis zigmund froids. is ganixilavda socializaciis process biolo­
giuri survilebisa da sazogadoebis mier SemoRebuli wesebis mixedviT.
TviTobis ganviTarebis ideaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina Jan piaJes
naSromebmac. misi mosazrebiT, bavSvebis zrdis procesis paralelurad mis
azrovnebaSi momxdari fundameturi cvililebebi warmoadgens mowifulo­
bis asakisTvis TviTobis grZnobis Camoyalibebis safuZvels.
3. quli, midi froidi da piaJe arian pionerebi, romlebmac wamoaye­nes mniS­
vnelovani mosazrebebi socializaciis procesisa da adamianis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb. Tumca, yvela maTgani ganixilavs socializacias, rogorc yvela in­
dividisaTvis saerTo process. es ki simarTles ar Seesabameba. sazogadoe­

231
 bis wevrad gaxdomis swavlis procesi damokidebulia adamianis adgilze
socialur ierarqiaSi. magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvarad socializdebian qalebi
da mamakacebi. isini momzadebulni arian sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva rolebis
SesrulebisaTvis. gansxvavebuli procesia sxvadasxva socialuri klasis
wevrebis socializaciac. maga­liTad, dabali socialuri klasis bavSvebs as­
wavlian, rom ufro metad daafason morCileba da damyoloba, aqedan gamomdi­
nare, isini emzadebian dabali statusis mqone samsaxurebisaTvis, romlebic
azrovnebis ganviTarebis SezRudul saSualebas iZle­va. SesaZloa, swored
socialuri klasebis amgvari diferencirebuli socializacia xsnis im faqts,
rom dabali socialuri statusi xSirad Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
4. is, Tu vin varT Cven, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli individua­lur so­
cialur qcevaze. Tanamedrove kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT
ki imaSi, romelic afasebs adamianis arCe­vanis Tavisuflebas) arsebobs mra­
vali gza, rom iyo: mamakaci, qali, muSaTa Tu maRali klasis wevri, kaTolike,
baptisti Tu Savkaniani. kulturuli normebisa da socia­luri rolebis
arsebobis paralelurad mainc arsebobs individualuri an koleqtiuri
arCevanis SesaZlebloba. am arCevanis nawili gulisxmobs adamianebis Tavi­
suflebas, airCion rolebi da winaaRmdegoba gauwion maTTvis arasasurvel
rolebs. amave dros, adamianebi Segnebulad cdiloben Secvalon im rolebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac isini konkre­­tul momentSi asruleben da romleb­
Sic moxdeba momavali Taobebis so­ci­alizacia.
5. gacxarebuli debatebi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze, Tu romeli TamaSobs
ufro mniSvnelovan rols cxovrebis homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsua­
luri gzis arCevaSi – buneba (biologiuri sawyi­si), zrunva (kulturuli
swavleba) Tu adamianis arCevani. bolo periodis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze
mecnierebma dauSves, rom SesaZloa, homoseqsualizms biologiuri sawyisi
hqondes, anu iyos Tandayolili Tviseba (levei, 1991; hameri da kouplendi,
1994). am mosazrebas eTanxebian rogorc homoseqsualebi, aseve maTi ufle­
bebis damcveli adamianebic. Tu damtkicda, rom homoseqsualizmi Tanday­
olili Tvisebaa, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebam Sewyvitos homoseqsualebis
aRqma, rogorc zneobrivi gadaxris mqone adamianebisa _ gamodis, rom maT,
ubralod, sxva arCevani ara aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra rols TamaSobs
biologiuri faqtori seqsualuri orientaciis gansazRvraSi, isic cxa­
dia, rom kulturuli ganviTarebis faqtoric mniSvnelovania. sxva rom
araferi vTqvaT, kultura xels uwyobs sxvadasxva seqsualuri identobebis
gansazRvras. da mainc _ yovelTvis arsebobs arCevanis elementi. homoseq­
sualobis xmamaRla `gacxadebis~ faqti aris Segnebulad miRebuli gadaw­
yvetileba, romelic sajarod acxadebs adamianis seqsualuri orientaciis
kanonierebas da mis centralur adgils TviTobis SegrZnebaSi. amgvaradve,
gei-subkulturasTan Serwyma, sakuTari seqsualuri orinetaciis gansaz­
Rvra mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli arCevanze.
6. ojaxi bavSvobis periodis socializaciis umTavresi da upirvelesi agen­
tia. is warudgens bavSvs urTierTobebsa da jgufur cxovrebas. kulturu­

232
 li normebi da Rirebulebebi aseve mWidrod inergeba TanatolTa jgufebis
mier. TanatolTa Soris gansakuTrebiT iolad xdeba iseTi Rirebulebebis
Seswavla, rogoricaa gaziareba, samarTlianoba da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom
TanatolTa jgufebi xSirad iZenen sakuTar Rirebulebebs da normebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi es normebi da Rirebulebebi emTxveva mSoblebis Rirebulebebs.
bavSvTa socializaciaSi mniSvnelovani agentia masmediac da skolac.
7. socializacia, rasakvirvelia, ar mTavrdeba bavSvobis dasrulebasTan erTad
_ grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova­
nia ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli gardatexebis dros, rogoricaa qorwineba, bavS­
vebis gaCena, an pensiaze gasvla. mozrdili adamianis mier axali normebisadmi
da Rirebulebebisadmi Seugebas resocializacia ewodeba. xSirad, resocia­
lizacias win uswrebs desocializaciis procesi.

imsjeleT

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs qulis `sarkiseburi mes~ koncefcia, midis idea rolis

Sesrulebaze da froidis analizs socializaciis Sinagani dina­mikis Sesaxeb,
agreTve piaJes mosazreba SemecnebiTi sawyisis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
2. aRwereT, rogor icvleba socializaciis procesi genderisa da socia­luri
klasis mixedviT.
3. imsjeleT bunebis, zrunvisa da arCevanis wvlilze TviTidenturobis zo­
gierTi iseTi aspeqtis ganviTarebaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, seqsualuri
orien­tacia.
4. mokled aRwereT TiToeuli agentis roli bavSvTa socializaciis procesSi:
ojaxi, skolebi, masmedia da Tanatolebi.
5. axseniT, ratom aris socializacia mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mimdi­nare
procesi yvelasaTvis da moiyvaneT mozrdilTa socializaciis ori maga­liTi.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. aRwereT bunebis, zrunvisa da arCevanis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba sakuTari

socializaciis magaliTze. moiyvaneT konkretuli magaliTebi.
2. moiyvaneT socializaciis magaliTebi sakuTari gamocdilebidan kolejis
damTavrebis periodidan moyolebuli.
3. ganasxvaveT Semdegi agentebis roli Tqveni socializaciis procesSi: ojaxi,
Tanatolebi, masmedia da skolebi. gamoyaviT yvelaze mniSvnelovani agentebi
da axseniT, Tu ratom airCieT isini.
4. ganixileT Semdegi winadadeba da moiyvaneT argumentebi, Tu ratom eTanxme­
biT an ar eTanxebiT mas: skola metad unda daemsgavsos totalur instituts,
raTa ukeT uzrunvelyos bavSvebis ganaTleba.
5. zogi amtkicebs, rom Cven ufro efeqturad unda vmarToT bavSvTa socia­

233
 lizacia, magaliTad, mSobelTa savaldebulo klasebis organizebiT an dawye­
biTi ganaTlebis asakis kidev ufro SemcirebiT. warmoadgineT Tqveni ideebi am
SemoTavazebis Sesaxeb da gamoiyeneT am TavSi mocemuli ramdenime koncefcia.
6. qvemoT CamoTvlili socializaciis SemTxvevebisagan yvelaze ufro romelma
iqonia Tqvenze gavlena: karieris dawyeba, daqorwineba, pensiaze gasvla. daa­
sabuTeT Tqveni arCevani.

sityvari

prognozirebadi socializacia _ rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis

morgebis dawyebis procesi im socializaciasTan, romelic unda gaiaros in­
dividma
konstruqcionizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom iseTi socialuri identobebi, rogoricaa
mamakaci, qali, Savkaniani, heteroseqsuali, homoseqsuali da sxv. yalibdeba
socialuri procesebis Sedegad da aqedan gamomdinare, eqvemdebareba cvli­
lebas.
desocializacia _ TviT-imijisa da Rirebulebebis dakargvis procesi, romelsac,
Cveulebriv Tan mosdevs Rirebulebebisa da TviT-aRqmis gansxvavebul siste­
maSi resocializacia.
ego _ zigmund froidis mier SemoRebuli termini, romelic aRniSnavs fsiqikis
praqtikul, realobaze orientirebul nawils, romelic poulobs socialu­
rad misaReb gzebs siamovnebis miRebisaken mimarTul biologiur survilebs.
esencializmi _ mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom socialuri identobebi mimarTu­
lia bio­logiuri an gabatonebuli socialuri Zalebis mier da aqedan ga­
momdinare, SedarebiT myaria. esencializmi gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia
“gamovaaSkaraoT” Savkanianad, qalad, homoseqsualad yofnis arsi da rom am
kategoriis adamanebs gaaCniaT met-naklebad myarad gansazvruli maxasiaTe­
blebi, romlebic gamoarCevs maT sxvebisagan.
ganzogadebuli sxva _ zogadi warmodgena imaze, Tu ras moelis sazogadoeba
Cvengan
igi _ zigmund froidis termini, romelic aRniSnavs im qvecnobieri, Tandayoli­
li bio­logiuri survilebis rezervuars, romelic mimarTulia siamovnebis
miRebisaken.
sarkisebri `me~ _ s koncefcia. Cvilobis periodSi Camoyalibebuli warmodgena
imis Sesaxeb, rom sagnebi mudmivad arseboben damoukideblad.
reprezentaciuli azrovneba _ erTi sagnis meoreTi aRniSvnis unari, reprezen­
taciuli azrovnebis numuSia gonebrivi warmosaxva, romliTac warmovidgenT
realur adamianebs, sagnebs, moqmedebebs.
resocializacia _ normebisa da Rirebulebebis axali wyebis gaTavi­seba, ro­
melic sruliad gansxvavebulia aqamde CvenTvis arsebuli normebisa da Rire­
bulebebisagan.

234
TviToba _ gansazRvruli identobis qonis grZnoba, romelic gan­gvasxvavebs sxva
adamianebisagan.
seqsualuri orinetacia _ adamianis ZiriTAdi midgoma seqsualuri damokideb­
ulebebisadmi, rac aseve moicavs partnioris, moqmedebebisa da masTan dakav­
Sirebuli mniSvnelobebis arCevas.
mniSvnelovani sxvebi _ adamianebi, romlebic emociurad mniSvnelovanni arian
konkretuli adamianisaTvis.
socializacia _ im rwmenebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis SeZenis procesi, rom­
lebic misaRebia sazogadoebisaTvis da romelTa qonasac sazogadoeba an so­
cialuri jgufi moelis Cvengan, rogorc misi wevrebisagan.
superego _ zigmund froidis termini, romelic gulisxmobs sindiss – adamianis
fsiqikis is nawili, romelic iTavisebs sazogadoebis mosazrebas kargisa da
cudis Sesaxeb.
totaluri institutebi _ organizaciebi, romlebic mizanmimarTulad im­
yofebian gare samyarosagan izolaciaSi da arseboben mkacrad gansazRvruli
wesiT. magaliTebi: cixe, stacionarebi sulierad daavadebulTaTvis da sam­
xedro banakebi.

235
236
 Tavi 6

deviacia da danaSauli

deviaciis socialuri struqtura

. saxeldeba da Zalaufleba . deviaciis socialuri funqciebi
. socialuri kontroli

vin SeiZleba gaxdes devianti?

. memkvidreoba . socializacia . struqturuli moSla
. devianturi kariera
. araadekvaturi socialuri kontroli

danaSauli da sasjelis sistema

. danaSaulis tipebi . danaSaulis kontroli
. damtyvevebeli sazogadoeba
. sikvdiliT dasja

CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: kunZulebi quCaSi:
urbanuli bandebis Seswavla martin sanCes iankovskis mier
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
saerTaSoriso vaWroba narkotikebiT
. sociologia da sazogadoebrivi debatebi: iaraRis kontroli: Semcirdeba
Tu ara mkvlelobaTa ricxvi?

237
238
o tis Cemberi arkanzasis Statis marianas umaRles skolas amTavrebda. am
RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis aRsaniSnavad, misma Zmam, milionerma bili jom,
romlis finansuri imperia detroitSi mdebareobda, xuTi TeTri limu­zini daiqi­
rava da mTeli ojaxiTa da megobrebiT Camovida ceremoniaze dasaswrebad. roca
korteJma msvleloba SeaCera, Zmeb Cemberebs oskaris gadacemis ceremonialze mi­
suli varskvlavebis Sesaferi Sexvedra mouwyves. kamerebi Cxakunobda, mozardebi
yvirodnen, xolo bavSvebi cdilobdnen, xelSi CaegdoT mwvane kupiurebi, romleb­
sac bili jo avtografebiviT arigebda.
rodesac otis Cambersma diplomi miiRo, iseTi aplodismentebi atyda, TiTqos
auditoriis winaSe fexburTis saxelganTqmuli varskvlavi an sazeimo sityviT ga­
mosuli studenti idga. otisi arc sportuli niWiT gamoirCeoda da arc sibejiTiT
brwyinavda. samagierod, mas brwyinvale momavali eloda. sxva studentebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlebic an armias SeuerTdebodnen, an samu­Saos moZebnas Seecde­
bodnen memfissa da liTl rokSi, otiss garantirebuli samsaxuri eloda ojaxur
biznesSi – anu maRali xarisxis heroiniT vaWrobaSi.
marianas mkvidrTaTvis otisis Zma bili warmoadgenda imis cocxal maga­liTs,
rom yvelafris miRweva SeiZleba, Tu adamiani Zalian moindomebs da Tavs ar dazo­
gavs. moijaradeebis ojaxSi gazrdili bili jo, romelic bavSvobaSi dilidan
saRamomde bambas krefda, axla aligatoris tyavis 1000 dola­riani fexsacmliT
dadioda, ZviradRirebul manqanebs atarebda da uSurvelad axar­javda fuls
mravalricxovan ojaxs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, man SeZlo amerikuli ocnebis as­
ruleba, Tumca ukanono gziT _ anu narkotikebiT vaWrobiT _ daagrova Tavisi
simdidre.
`heroinis epidemiam~ da `narkokulturam~ Seuqmna amerikas iseTi qveynis imi­
ji, sadac ioli fuli, dangreuli da ganadgurebuli ojaxebi da kanonisadmi upa­
tivcemuloba Caenacvla Sromas, ojaxis siyvarulsa da kanonisa da wesrigisadmi
morCilebas. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, bili josnairebs araferi aqvT
saerTo im saqmosnebTan, romlebic yoveldRe mgzavroben konektikutidan uol
stritamde, an im adamianebTan, vinc kompiuterebTan urTierTobas garaJSi iwyebs
da Semdeg IBM-s uwevs konkurencias. narkomovaWreebi calke mdgomi kastaa. Tu es
mosazreba mcdaria?
bili jos cxovreba klasikuri amerikuli magaliTia, romelsac pirobiTad
`siRatakidan simdidremde~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. meTerTmete klasidan skolis mi­
tovebis Semdeg, man ganvlo igive gza Rataki samxreTidan mdidar CrdiloeTamde,
rac manamde afrikuli warmoSobis araerT amerikels gauvlia. bili jo rom de­
troitSi aTi wliT adre Casuliyo, SeiZleboda muSaoba erT-erT manqanaTmSenebel
qarxanaSi daewyo da ojaxsac mohkideboda. 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls detroiti
ukve dacarielebuli iyo. qarxnebi daxures, samuSao adgilebi mkveTrad Semcir­
da, ris gamoc saSualo da dabali muSaTa klasi (TeTrkanianebi da Savkanianebi)
gareubnebSi gadabargdnen. yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao, rasac bili jom
detroitSi miagno, fexsacmlis maRaziaSi iatakisa da fanjrebis recxva iyo. siRa­
takisa da mSobliur arkanzasSi dabrunebis SiSma bili jo aiZula, sxva gamosavali
epova da TavisTvis eSvela.

239
 gamosavali kokainis saxiT moiZebna, romelic amerikaSi samocaaTiani wlebis
miwurulisaTvis gaCnda. damTxvevis wyalobiT, medelinis narkotikebis kartelma
swored im dros daiwyo adgilobrivi, anu amerikeli distributorebis Zebna saku­
Tari produqtis gasasaReblad, rodesac bili jom samuSaos Zebnas mihyo xeli.
bili jo da misi Zmebi daukavSirdnen medelinis kartels, daikaves niSa bazarze
da iswavles sabiTumo raodenobiT yidva-gayidva da produqtis marke­tingi. Tan­
daTanobiT Seiswavles SesaZlo riskebis gaangariSebac, naRdi fulis brunvis kon­
troli, daqiravebulis wesebi da ganawesebi, mogebis gegma, premiebi da momxmare­
blis waxaliseba. 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis, rodesac otisma saswavlebeli
daamTavra, Zmeb Cambersebis mogeba yovelwliurad 55 milion dolars Seadgenda
(gadasaxadebis gareSe), rac detroitSi nebmismieri kerZo biznesis mogebaze meti
gaxldaT.
miuxedavad Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da uzarmazari mogebisa, Zmebi Cambersebi
kriminalebi iyvnen. `sigaretis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis msgavsad, isini ise yid­
dnen sakuTar produqcias, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen mis tragikul Sedegebs~
(adleri, 1995. gv. 6). narkotiki klavs bavSvebs, zombebad aqcevs mis momxmarebels,
angrevs ojaxebs. faqtobrivad, Cambersebma TavianTi qoneba `cocxali sikvdilis~
meSveobiT daagroves. ufro metic _ sabazro wilis SenarCunebis mizniT, maT dai­
qiraves dacva, romelic disciplinas adamianebis Zvlebis damtvreviT, daxvreti­
Ta da saxlebis dawviT amyarebda.
Zmebma pasuxi ages sakuTari saqcielisaTvis da SeerTebuli Statebis ka­nonis
mixedviT daisajnen (erT-erTi avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, xolo danarCenebs
25 wliani patrimroba miesajaT). Tumca, bili josa da misi Zmebis, aseve sxva ia­
takqveSa mewarmeebis miCneva kriminalebad da deviantebad ugulebelyofs im socia­
luri konteqstis mniSvnelobas, romelmac SezRuda maTi arCevani da Seuqmna aseTi
saqmianobis SesaZlebloba. Zmebi Cambersebi imave kulturis nayofs warmoadgenen,
romelmac isini SeaCvena. fulsa da simdidreze daxarbebuli sazogadoebis fsker­
ze yofnamac ki ver daayrevina far-xmali Zmeb Cambersebs. `fulis kulti da im pe­
riodis mzardi molodinebi iZulebuls xdida upovarT, mihyolodnen dominanti
kulturis mier dasaxul miznebs, da amave dros saSualebas uspobda maT, mieRwiaT
am miznebisaTvis kanonieri gziT~ (adleri, 1994. gv. 5). am garemoebebis fonze Zmeb­
ma Cambersebma gaakeTes racionaluri arCevani. maT ambavs gansakuTrebulobas is
faqti ki ar aniWebs, rom isini Zalian gansxvavdebodnen sxva amerikelebisagan, ara­
med is, rom isini, piriqiT, Zalian hgavdnen im adamianebs, vinc amerikuli ocnebiT
suldgmulobs.
deviacia (gadaxra) aris nebismieri is qmedeba, romelic arRvevs sazogadoebis
an jgufis kulturis farTod gaziarebul zneobriv Rirebulebebsa da normebs.
deviacia ar warmoadgens mxolod atipurobis sakiTxs (magaliTad, skaidaivingi
ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli, magram deviaciasac ar warmoadgens). qceva rom
devianturad CaiTvalos, amisaTvis is unda arRvevdes socialur standartebs.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom zneobrivi standartebi gamudmebiT icvleba da gansx­
vavebulia sxvadasxva sazogadoebisa da jgufisaTvis, deviaciis Sesaxeb warmod­
genac cvalebadia.

240
 zog SemTxvevebSi kulturuli standartebi ganisazRvreba kanoniT da ami­
tomac deviacia danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa. Tumca, kanonis yvela darRveva ro­
dia deviacia. magaliTad, adamianebis umetesoba xSirad aWarbebs siCqares 5 an 10
metr-saaTiT, magram Zalian cota ganixilavs am saqciels moralur problemad.
sxva SemTxvevaSi devianturi qmedeba SeiZleba ar iyos kanonsawinaaRmdego, magram
aRiqmebodes rogorc araeTikuri, amoraluri an `avadmyofuri~. profesori, ro­
melic paemans uniSnavs Tavissave students, ar Cadis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas,
magram sazogadoebis TvalSi misi saqcieli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, aRiqmeba, rogorc
`aramarTebuli~. mravali koleji da universiteti Tvlis, rom amgvari qmedeba
profesoris daTxovnis pirdapiri safuZvelia.
sazogadoeba mkacrad gmobs zog deviantur saqciels (magaliTad, sqesobriv
Zaladobas bavSvebze) da amave dros Semwynareblobas iCens sxva msgavsi saqcielis
mimarT (magaliTad, pornografiuli gamocemebis SeZenis mimarT). devianturi qce­
viT gamorCeul adamianebs ixseneben `giJebad~, `garyvnilebad~ an `gaukuRmarTe­
bulebad~. es zedsarTavi saxelebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom deviantebi Zireulad
gansxvavdebian Cvengan. Tumca, im adamianebs, romlebic msubuq deviantur qcevas
amJRavneben, `normalurebad~ miviCnevT, anu Cveulebriv adamianebad, romlebic
xandaxan uSveben Secdomas. ramdeni adamiani iciT Tqven garSemo, romlebic ar
abruneben wignebs biblioTekebSi, iparaven kalmebs samsaxurebidan, arRveven moZ­
raobis wesebs, ityuebian an malaven Semosavlebs? Tu amgvar qmedebebs deviantu­
rad miviCnevT, gamodis, rom devianturoba Zalzed gavrcelebuli yofila.
Zmeb Cambersebs sxva mewarmeebisagan is ganasxvavebda, rom isini yiddnen kokains
da mimarTavdnen Zaladobas. magram es ar aris msgavsi qmedebebis pirveli precen­
denti Cvens kulturaSi. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis franklin delano ru­
zveltis babuam, uoren ruzveltma, qoneba CinelebisaTvis opiumis didi raode­
nobiT miyidviT daagrova (uordi, 1985). 1880-90-ian wlebSi kokaini aRiarebuli
iyo fizikuri uZlurebis yvelaze Zlier panacead evropeli da amerikeli eqimebis
mier. igi iyideboda nebmismieri formiT da gamoi­yeneboda sxvadasxva produqtSi,
maT Soris koka-kolaSic. Zalis gamo­yenebac didi xania gaxda fulze orientire­
buli kulturis nawili. saukunis dasaw­yisSi SromiTma Zaladobam, policiisa da
SromiTi kavSirebis wevrebis Setakebam mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
es magaliTebi Zmeb Cambersebis gasamarTleblad rodia moyvanili. aramed imi­
saTvis, rom sxva kuTxidan SevxedoT maT qmedebas. soflis mier aRiare­buli gmiri,
SesaZloa qalaqSi `sazogadoebis nomer pirvel mtrad~ gamoacxadon. panacea sxva
epoqaSi SeiZleba Sxamad gadaiqces. bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azri mkveTrad
Seicvala sigaretTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca Tambaqos industria mainc agrZelebs
momwavlavi da momakvdinebeli produqtis Riad SeTavazebas farTo sazogadoebi­
saTvis.
am Tavis pirvel qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT deviaciis socialur agebulebas.
giCvenebT, Tu rogor aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis mier `deviantis~ iarliyis
miwebeba ZalTa damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSive da rogor SeiZleba `devianti~
mogvevlinos rogorc socialuri stabilurobis wyarod, aseve socialuri cvli­
lebis saTaved. Semdeg ganvixilavT deviaciis kontrolis meqanizmebsa da sakiTxs

241
imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xdeba devianti, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vin ergeba devia­
ciis mudmiv Sablons. amisaTvis ganvixilavT memkvidreobisa da garemos, struq­
turuli moSlis, deviaciuri karierisa da araadkvaturi socialuri kontrolis
rolebs. bolos ki, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT danaSaulze, sasjelaRsrulebasa
da danaSaulis kontrolis sxvadasxva meqanizmze.

deviaciis socialuri struqtura

deviacia socialuri definiciis sakiTxia da arsebobs mxolod im socialur

normebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic batonoben garkveul adgilas, dros, jgufsa
da situaciaSi. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad amazrzenia qmedeba realurad, arc
erTi qmedeba ar aris memkvidrulad devianturi. deviacia aris Tviseba, romelsac
adamianebi miaweren konkretul qcevebs, gamomdinare im normebidan, romlebic
TviTon daamkvidres da Tvlian rom `kargia~ da `sworia~.
Tu sxvisi qonebis ganadgureba cudi saqcielia, maSin aris Tu ara saaborte
klinikis dabombva devianturi qmedeba? pasuxi damokidebulia abortis Sesaxeb
Tqvens warmodgenaze. isini, vinc upiratesobas aniWeben arCevanis Tavisuflebas,
gmoben nebismieri saxis antiabortul Zaladobas, maSin rodesac abortis mowi­
naaRmdegeebma SeiZleba ifiqron, rom amgvari klinikis ganadgureba mraval si­
cocxles ixsnis daRupvisagan.

cxrili 6.1
deviaciis kulturuli Sedareba

ramdeni procenti fiqrobs, rom qmedeba

una isjebodes kanoniT

qmedebis tipi indo- irani italia aSS iugos-

eTi (sar­ lavia
dinia)
homoseqsualoba zrdas­
ruli adamianebis piradi
74 90 87 18 72
saqmea

sajaro, mSvidobiani poli­

tikuri protesti 33 77 35 6 46

safrTxeSi myofTa dax-

marebis uunaroba 45 56 80 28 77

qarxnis muSaobiT gamowve­

uli haeris dabinZureba 99 98 96 96 92

procentuli maCveneblebi damrgvalebulia

wyaro: adaptirebulia grem niumenis wignidan `SedarebiTi deviacia: aRqma da
kanoni eqvs kulturaSi~

242
 deviaciis socialuri definiciebi icvleba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi
(ix. cxrili 6.1). isini cvalebadia sazogadoebis SigniTac. magaliTad, arsebobs
gansxvavebuli mosazreba abortis Sesaxeb. ra ufro devianturia: TviTon aborti
Tu Zalis gamoyeneba im specialuri klinikebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic akeTeben
aborts? adamianebis umetesoba (ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel mosazrebas emxro­
ba) gmobs eqimebis ganadgurebas. magram, adamianebis nawili mtkiced aris darwmune­
buli, rom aborti mkvlelobis erT-erTi formaa. meoreni fiqroben, rom abortis
gakeTeba qalis uflebaa da am SemTxvevaSi man unda miiRos gadawyvetileba. de­
vianturobis gansazRvreba icvleba erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi (mravali
aziuri da laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelisaTvis devianturi qmedebaa moxuce­
bulisaTvis saxlSi movlaze uaris Tqma, rac farTodaa miRebuli TeTrkanianebisa­
Tvis), sxvadasxva socialur klasebs Soris (qalaqis getoSi devianturad ar miiC­
neven, Tu gauTxovari gogona dafexmZimda, rac aucileblad deviantur qmedebad
aRiqmeba saSualo socia­luri klasis mier), sxvadasxva profesiul jgufebs Soris
(pacientTan paemani devianturad miiCneva fsiqoanalitikosebis mier maSin, rode­
sac es sruliad normaluria dantistisaTvis) da sxvadasxva sqess Sorisac (go­
gonebi, romlebic xSirad erTvebian muSti-krivSi, ufro devianturebad aRiqme­
bian, vidre biWebi, romlebic amas akeTeben). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTi jgufis
mier sa­xeldebuli `xalxis nomeri pirveli mteri~ SeiZleba sxva jgufma gmirad
aRiaros (ix. kvlevis meTodis grafa).
deviacia icvleba ara mxolod jgufidan jgufSi, aramed erTi situaciidan
meoreSic. Cvens sazogadoebaSi adamianis mokvla deviantur qmedebad iTvleba,
Tu saqme ar exeba Tavdacvas an Tu saomari moqmedebebi ar mimdinareobs. amis ms­
gavsad, gamomdinare iqidan, rom drosTan erTad normebic icvleba, icvleba devi­
aciis definiciebic. gvian 1960-ian wlebamde, Tanacxovreba daqorwinebis gareSe
mkac­rad devianturad iTvleboda da SeiZleba axalgazrda amis gamo kolejidanac
ki gaericxaT. dRes ki amerikelebis umetesoba Tanacxovrobas socialurad misa­
Rebad miiCnevs, miT umetes maSin, Tu saqme exeba axalgazrda, uSvilo da hetero­
seqsual wyvils.
deviaciis definiciis cvlileba socialuri cvlilebis mniSv­nelovani nawi­
lia. cvlileba SeiZleba xdebodes Cqara da nela, organizebulad da araorgani­
zebulad. kolejSi CaricxulTa mzardma raodenobam (rogorc qalebis aseve ma­
makacebis) mniSvnelovnad gadaswia qorwinebis asaki, ramac, Tavis mxriv, Searbila
sazogadoebrivi normebi qorwinebamdel seqsTan dakavSirebiT. xandaxan cvlile­
ba moiTxovs organizebul da koleqtiur qmedebas, rogoricaa homoseqsualebis
brZola maTi dagmobis winaaRmdeg.
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor mTavrdeba amgvari brZola. magaliTad, geebis ufle­
bebis dacvis moZraobam Sedegad moitana is, rom mravalma sazogadoebam kanoniT
akrZala homoseqsualebis diskriminacia samuSao adgilebze. ojaxur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT geebis moZraoba naklebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda: mxolod ramde­
nime qveyanam aRiara homoseqsualuri qorwineba oficialurad (Tumca, amgvari

243
qveynebis ricxvi nel-nela izrdeba), anu, homoseqsualebs ar aqvT ufleba, meur­
veoba gauwion sakuTar Svilebs an Svilad aiyvanon bavSvi. rodesac bil klintonma
wamoiwyo kampania, romelic miznad isaxavda homoseqsualebisaTvis armiaSi sam­
saxuris nebis darTvas, is iZulebuli gaxda kompromisze wasuliyo da `miCqmal­
vis” politikas daTanxmeboda. amerikuli armiis erT-erTi maRalCinosani qali
iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina samsaxuri, radgan aRiara, rom lesboseli iyo.

saxeldeba da Zalaufleba

TiTqmis yvela adamiani arRvevs kanons xandaxan, magram maTi uravlesoba

ar aRiqvams Tavs deviantad da arc sxvebi fiqroben mis Sesaxeb ase. saxeldebis
Teoriis mixedviT (romelic simboluri interaqcionizmidan momdinareobs), de­
viantad aRiarebam SesaZloa didi gavlena iqonios adamianis socialur idento­
baze (blumeri, 1969/1986/; lemeri, 1951). sazogadoebis mier deviantad monaTvlis
sakiTxi damokidebulia ara marto imaze, Tu rogor iqceva konkretuli piri, ara­
med mis asakze, rasaze an eTnikurobasa da socialur klasze.
sociologi uiliam Camblisi (1973) akvirdeboda saxeldebis process misuris
erT-erT skolaSi. Camblisma ganasxvava ori sxvadasxva jgufi: `wmindanebisa~ da
`xulignebisa~. `wmindanebis~ rva wevri zeda-saSualo klass ekuTvnoda. isini
kargi studentebi iyvnen da aqtiurad monawileobdnen saskolo cxovrebaSi. uqme
dReebSi `wmindanebi~ mTeli `datvirTviT~ erTobodnen: svamdnen, maRali siCqariT
daaqrolebdnen manqanebs, Cadiodnen wvrilman qurdobas da xulignobdnen. qala­
qis macxovreblebi maT karg biWebad miiCnevdnen, romlebic xandaxan Tavs ufle­
bas aZlevdnen `sxvanairad~ moqceuliyvnen. policias, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi,
erTi `wmindanic~ ki ar daukavebia. eqvsi `xuligani~ ki dabali socialuri klasis
ojaxebidan iyo. isini kargi swavliT ar gamoirCeodnen. SabaT-kviras ZiriTadad
maRa­ziis karebTan iyvnen ayudebulebi da Tunuqis qilebidan alkoholur sasmels
svamdnen. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac isini CxubSi ebmeodnen (ufro xSirad erTma­
neTSi) da xandaxan wvrilman qurdobaze waucdebodaT xeli. magram `xulignebs~
policiasTan gamudmebiT problemebi hqondaT. qalaqelebi maT umaqnisebad Tv­
lidnen. `yvela eTanxmeboda mosazrebas, rom arcTu ise kargad Cacmuli da arcTu
ise kargi manerebis mqone biWebi dabali socialuri fenidan, yovelTvis prob­
lemebs eZebdnen~ (Camblisi, 1973, gv. 7). garda amisa, policiam icoda, rom `wmin­
danebis~ SeZlebuli mSoblebi erT ambavs atexdnen Svilebis dapatimrebis Sem­
TxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT `xulignebis~ mSoblebisagan, romlebsac amisaTvis arc
gavlena hyofnidaT da arc _ Zalaufleba.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, orive jgufis warmomadgenlebma gaamarTles
saxeldebiT ganpirobebuli molodinebi: `xulignebis~ ramdenime wevri mravaljer
iqna dakavebuli policiis mier, xolo `wmindanebis~ wevrebma ukan moitoves siymaw­
vile, saSualo klasis karierul gzas gauyvnen da siymawvilisdroindel saqciels
RimiliT `celqobad~ moixseniebdnen.
saxeldebisa da formaluri sanqciebis seleqciuri gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan
kiTxvebs badebs: visi normebi batonobs sazogadoebaSi? vin iRebs gadawyvetile­

244
bas, romel saqciels unda daerqvas devianturi? vin wyvets, ro­meli calkeuli
piri an jgufi unda gamocxaddes deviantad?
amerikul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc simdidre, aseve rasa xels uwyobs imis
gansazRvras, Tu vin axdens gavlenas saxeldebis procesze. is qmedebebi, romelic
Seuracxyofas ayenebs an safrTxes uqmnis TeTrkaniani saSualo da maRali fenis
warmomadgnelebs, Zalian xSir SemTxvevaSi miCneulia devianturad. ganwyobaze
moqmedi narkotikebi, romelsac quCaSi yidian (heroini, kokaini), aralegaluria,
magram ganwyobilebaze moqmedi iseTi wamlebi, romlebic afTiaqebSi eqimis recep­
tiT uproblemod iyideba (barbituratebi da trankvilizatorebi), kanonieria.
elitaruli wreebis Zalaufleba ganapirobebs imasac, rom am wris adamianebi ar
iwodebodnen devianturebad. magaliTad, sapensio da sakredito dawesebulebis
aRmasruleblebma uamravi amerikeli gayvlifes 1980-ian wlebSi, magram maTma re­
putaciam da simdidrem ixsna isini devianturobis iarliyisagan. maTma umetesobam
SeZlo braleulobis Camocileba.
karl marqsi amtkicebda, rom moraluri normebi ganisazRvreba finan­suri
elitis mcirericxovani mmarTveli klasis mier (aqedan gamomdinare, deviantobis
definiciac), radganac es normebi amyarebs arsebul ekonomikur wesrigs. marqsis
mixedviT, normebis darRvevaze sazogadoebis reagirebis simwvave damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad uqmnis safrTxes darRvevebi gabatonebul Zalebs. magali­
Tad, narkomanoba ar moiazreboda ZiriTad socialur problemad manam, sanam is
mxolod Raribebisa da eTnikuri umciresobebis problema iyo. mas Semdeg ki, rac
moimata TeTrkaniani saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebis mier narkotikebis mox­
marebis donem, gaZlierda socialuri aqciebi narkotikebis winaaRmdeg (ben-ie­
huda, 1990). ufro metic, narkotikebiT vaWrobam miizida is adamianebi, romlebic
msxvili biznesmenebis mier iaf samuSao resursad moiazreboda. nakrotikebTan
brZoliT elita am tendenciis SeCerebasac cdilobda.
amgvarad, marqsistuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, kanoni da sasjelaRsruleba asa­
xavs mmarTveli fenis upirveles da umniSvnelovanes interess – anu maT interess,
visac SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena kanonmdeblebze, policiasa da sasamarTloebze.
es ganacxadi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba Temidas miukerZoeblobas, anu imis rwmenas,
rom samarTali yuradRebas ar aqcevs socialur Zalauflebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ramdenad zustia es aRweriloba?
sociologi amitai etcioni acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis 500 msxvili
korporaciidan sxvadasxva simZimiT yvela arRvevs kanons nebmismieri 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (gerlermani, 1986). erT-erTi SemTxvevisas, romlis gamoZieba 10
wels gagrZelda, gamomZieblebma korporaciul danaSauls mkvlelobis erT-erTi
forma uwodes. manvilis korporacia amerikaSi azbestis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
Zveli da msxvili mwarmoebeli iyo. 1920-ian wlebSi samedicino JurnalSi gaCnda
informacia, rom azbestis mtveri filtvebis saSiS, xSir SemTxvevaSi fatalur
daavadebas iwvevda. korporaciis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis cnobili iyo am faqtis
Sesaxeb, magram maT muSebi ar gaufrTxilebiaT. ufro metic, maT xeli SeuSales am
sakiTze kvlevis Catarebas. es procesi 40 weli grZeldeboda, romlis ganmavloba­
Si uamravi adamiani gardaicvala, magram manvilis korporaciisaTvis aranairi san­

245
 qcia ar dauwesebiaT (kalhuni da hileri, 1988). rogorc Cans, kompaniis saxelma da
sididem erTgvari faris roli Seasrula. xSir SemTxvevaSi deviantobis sakiTxi
wydeba ara ama Tu im qmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli zianis xarisxiT, aramed im ada­
mianebis ZalauflebiT, vinc kanoni daarRvia. Tumca, elitis Zalaufleba abo­
soluturi ar aris. gansakuTrebiT pluralistur, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi,
mmarTveli klasebis miRma arsebul jgufebs SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion deviaci­
is saxeldebis procesze. magaliTad, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momxmareblis
uflebaTa dacvis jgufebma aqtiurad daiwyes federalur mTavrobaSi brZola
saSiSi produqtebis (magaliTad, azbestis, kibos gamomwvevi sxvadasxva sakvebi
danamatebis...) winaaRmdeg. bolodroindeli magaliTia sazogadoebis zewola
Tambaqos mowe­vis winaaRmdeg zomebis gamkacrebisaTvis, miuxedavad Tambaqos
mwarmoebeli kompaniebis aqtiuri sareklamo kampaniisa. amgvarad, Tu sazogadoe­
ba moikrebs Zalebs da koleqtiurad imoqmedebs, SeZlebs devianturebad moixse­
nios elitaruli wris wevrebi.

kvlevis meTodebi

kunZulebi quCaSi: urbanuli bandebis Seswavla

martin sanCes iankovskis mier

b anda~ sityvis gagonebac ki SiSis zars scems saSualo da maRali fenis amerikelebs. maTT­
vis banda asocirdeba moZaladeTa yvelaze dabal da deviantur jgufTan, romelic cnobi­
lia vandaluri qmedebebiT da sastikad uswordeba ara marto moqiSpe bandebs, aramed yvelas,
vinc gzaze gadaeyrebaT.
sociologi martin sanCes iankovski ikvlevda im sakiTs, Tu rogor axerxeben bandebi ara
marto arsebobas, aramed gaZlierebasac maT winaaRmdeg mimarTuli mudmivi kampaniebis fonze.
am Temaze arsebuli literaturis Seswavlisas sanCesma aRmoaCina, rom mkvlevarTa umetesoba
yu­radRebas amaxvilebda qalaqis erTi raionis, an erTi qalaqis bandaze, an imgvar bandebze,
romlis wevrebic erT romelime eTnikur jgufs warmoadgendnen. TiToeuli bandisaTvis indivi­
dualur da aseve yvelasaTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenis mizniT, sanCesma gadawyvita,
Caetarebina dakvirveba, rogorc monawile-mkvlevars.
bandebis Seswavlis mizniT arCevisas, sanCes iankovskim gamoiyena sami kriteriumi: sxvadasxva
politikuri da socio-ekonomikuri pirobebis gavlenis Sesafaseblad man gadawyvita, Seeswavla
sxvadasxva qalaqSi moqmedi bandebi; eTnikurobis rolis (Tu aseTi ram SesaZlebeli iyo) gamosav­
lenad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis wevrebisagan dakompleqtebuli bandebis Ses­
wavla. rac Seexeba wevrebis odenobas, iankovskim gadawyvita dakvirveboda sxvadasxva sididis
bandebs.
sanCes iankovskim Tavisi kvlevisaTvis sami qalaqi amoirCia: 1. niu-iorki, sadac mravladaa
saxelmwifos mier uzurnvelyofili sacxovrebeli Senobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad puerto­
rikoelebs, dominikelebsa da afro-amerikelebs ukaviaT; 2. bostoni Tavisi axali saxlebiT,
sadac macxovreblebis umetesobas irlandiuri warmoSobis muSaTa klasi Seadgens da 3. los-
anjelesi, sadac erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnil saxlebSi ZiriTadad laTinuri da aziuri war­
moSobis ojaxebi cxovroben. eTnikuri umciresobiT dasaxlebuli ubnebis gansazRvris Semdeg
sanCes iankovski daukavSirda adgilobriv oficialur pirebs, moipova informacia mis mier ar­

246
Ceul ubnebSi moqmedi bandebis Sesaxeb da amoarCia afro-amerikelebis, laTinebis, azielebisa
da TeTrkanianebis bandebis gadakveTis teritoriebi.
sanCes iankovski ver dadgeboda quCis kuTxeSi da ver gamoacxadebda: `gamarjoba, me profe­
sori var da Tqvenze dakvirvebas vapireb~ (1991. gv.9). amitom is daukavSirda Temis liderebs,
socialur muSakebsa da saeklesio pirebs da daxmareba iTxova bandebis wevreb­Tan wardgenis or­
ganizebaSi. mas surda, sxvebis dauswreblad Sexvedroda bandis wevrebs da piradad molaparake­
boda maT. bandebis liderebi mkvlevarTan pirveli Sexvedrisas dainteresdnen wignisa da bande­
bis Sedarebis ideiT, Tumca profesori maT TvalSi eWvs iwvevda. maSin iankovski mixvda, rom
misi identoba da garegnoba muSaobda rogorc mis sasargeblod, aseve mis winaaRmdegac: is, rom
iankovski ar iyo TeTrkaniani (iankovski misi poloneli maminacvlis gvaria) uiolebda afro-
amerikul da laTinur bandebTan urTierTobas, rasac ver vityviT TeTrkanianTa da azielebis
bandebze. niu-iorkSi arsebulma italielebisa da irlandielebis bandebma da los-anJelesis
azielTa bandam uari ganacxades kvlevis procesSi monawileobaze. Tumca oTxma irlandiurma
bandam, romelsac profesori bostonSi daukavSirda, neba darTo sanCes iankovskis, ewarmoebina
dakvirveba. maTTvis mTavari iyo, rom profesori puerto-rikoeli ar iyo (maTi mTavari mowi­
naaRmdege) da, Sesabamisad, safrTxes ar warmoadgenda. amgvarad, man monawileobis Tanxmoba mi­
iRo 10 niu-iorkuli, 10 los-anjelesuri da 4 bostonuri bandisagan.
Semdgomi nabiji gulisxmobda am bandebis ndobis mopovebas, rac saWiro iyo monawi­leobrivi
dakvirvebisaTvis. amisaTvis sanCes iankovskis ori gamocdis Cabareba dasWirda. pirveli iyo erT­
gulebis gamocda: bandis wevrebi kanons arRvevdnen misi TandaswrebiT, raTa gaegoT, Seatyo­
binebda Tu ara igi policias amis Sesaxeb. meore gamocda simamacisa da guladobis Semowmebas
isaxavda miznad: bandis wevrebma Cxubis scena gaiTamaSes, raTa iankovskis reaqciis siswrafe
SeefasebinaT. amiT isini mixvdebodnen, profesori maTTvis `SenaZeni~ iqneboda Tu zedmeti
tvirTi mowinaaRmdege bandasTan dapirispirebisas. iankovski mixvda, rom bandis wevrebisaTvis
Cxubi da damarcxeba ufro misaRebi iyo, vidre uaris Tqma Cxubze. karates kursebis wyalobiT
profesori mxolod ramdenime Calurjebuli adgiliT gadaurCa Cxubs.
monawileobrivi dakvirveba gulisxmobs mkvlevaris uSualo monawileobas dakvirvebis obi­
eqti jgufis saqmianobaSi. iankovski saSualod yovel Tves icvlida bandebs. maTTan erTad eZina,
maT ojaxebSi cxovrobda, mogzaurobda da iseT situaciaSi, sadac neitra­litets ver inarCu­
nebda, maT mxardamxar Cxubobda kidec (gv. 13). drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg, bandis wevrebs
didad aRar anaRvlebdaT, rom sanCes iankovski profesori iyo da kvle­vas awarmoebda. mas sul
ufro xSirad eubnebodnen, rom sulac ar hgavda profesors. dakvirvebis ganmavlobaSi iankovski
akeTebda Canawerebs, iwerda interviuebsa da Sexvedrebs, mogvianebiT ki momxdaris yoveldRi­
uri analizis gakeTebas mihyo xeli.
sanCes iankovski aseve dainteresebuli iyo, Seeswavla bandebisa da im Temebis damokide­
buleba, sadac isini moqmedebdnen. is ar amJRavnebda, vin iyo sinamdvileSi da ise akvir­deboda,
Tu rogori damokidebuleba hqondaT mezoblebs, biznesmenebsa da sxvadasxva oficialuri pirebs
bandis wevrebTan. mogvianebiT man gaamxila Tavisi vinaoba da iTxova oficialuri interviuebis
Catarebis nebarTva. umetesoba daTanxmda konfidencialurobis dacvis pirobiT.
sanCes iankovskis sulac ar gahkvirvebia, roca ramdenime eTikur dilemas waawyda. kvlevis
procesSi is uamravi ukanonobis mowme gaxda, magram ar daurRvevia bandebisaTvis micemuli
piroba. mas rom konfidencialurobis piroba ar mieca, bandebi arasodes darTavdnen TanamS­
romlobis uflebas; xolo mas rom sakuTari TvaliT ar enaxa, rogor Cadiodnen bandis wevre­
bi danaSaulebriv qmedebas, mis mier warmodgenili suraTi arasruli iqneboda. SeTanxmebis
Tanaxmad, iankovskis arc erT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi ar miuRia monawileoba (Tu ar CavTvliT
narkotikebis miRebas). man daicva konfidencialurobis piroba im oficialur pirebTan dakav­

247
SirebiTac, romlebic didsulovnad daTanxmdnen, ganexilaT dauwereli kanonebi da is araofi­
cialuri SeTanxmebebi, romlebic maT bandeb­Tan muSaobis saSualebas aZlevda.
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi sanCes iankovskim aRmoaCina, rom `devianturi~ bandebis wevrebisa da
`normalur~ axalgazrdebs Soris arsebuli sazRvari xSirad yalbia. bandis wevrebs ar axasi­
aTebdaT sizarmace, piriqiT _ energiulad da mondomebiT ibrZodnen, hqonodaT is, rac yvela
amerikels surs: fuli, qoneba, Zalaufleba da reputacia. biWebi uerTdebodnen bandebs ara
imitom, rom maTze ufrosi wevrebis gavlenis qveS eqceodnen, aramed imitom, rom surdaT ra­
RacisTvis mieRwiaT. bandebi axal wevrebs sTavazobdnen biznesis wamowyebis SesaZleblobebs,
garTobas, TavSesafars saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da fizikur dacvas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, bandis
wevrebad gaxdomis Semdeg axalgazrdebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen uperspeqtivo samsaxurebs, qro­
nikul siRatakesa da uimedobas, rasac sakuTari mSoblebis magaliTze xedavdnen.

wyaro: martin sanCes iankovski, kunZulebi quCebSi: bandebi da amerikuli urbanuli sazogadoeba (ka­
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1991).

deviaciis socialuri funqciebi

zog SemTxvevaSi deviacia iwvevs mWidrod SekavSirebuli socialuri siste­

mis moSlas, magram amave dros mas SeuZlia pozitiuri socialuri funqcia itvir­
Tos. sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, emil durkhaimi (1895/1982), pirveli
iyo, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila da gaaanaliza es erTi SexedviT paradoqsu­
li faqti. is amtikcebda, rom deviacia socialuri cxovrebis bunebrivi nawilia
– `jansaRi sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili~ (1895/1982, gv. 67). rogor SeiZleba,
deviacia iyos jansaRi sazogadoebis nawili?
durkhaimis pasuxi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirveli _ deviaciuri qcevis
gansazRvrebiT, sazogadoeba adgens, Tu romelic qcevaa misTvis misaRebi. sazR­
vari misaRebsa da miuRebels Soris xSir SemTxvevaSi Zneli gasavlebia. sazogadoe­
bebi Cveulebriv aweseben `nebadarTuli variaciebis zonas~ (citireba), romlebic
xSirad exeba farTod miRebul normebsac ki. normebis umetesoba ar aris mkafiod
gamoxatuli. maTi gansazRvreba xSirad araformaluri xasiaTisaa da vlindeba ada­
mianebis yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi. neba­darTulobis sazRvrebis mosinjvisas de­
viantebi sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs aiZuleben, dafiqrdnen imaze, Tu ra aris norma­
luri da marTebuli maTi rwmeniT.
meore _ devianturoba aerTianebs sazogadoebis wevrebs deviantebis winaaR­
mdeg da amiT aZlierebs socialur solidarobas. rodesac mSoblebi erTiandebian
maT qalaqSi gaxsnili pornomaRaziis daxurvis moTxovniT, an moqalaqeebi erTxmad
uWeren mxars patiosan politikoss, isini gaerTianebuli ZalebiT ebrZvian devian­
tobas, romelic warmodgenilia, erTi mxriv, im saqmosnis saxiT, romelmac gaxsna
pornomaRazia da, meore mxriv, meqrTame politikosis saxiT. am formiT sazoga­
doebis wevrebi TavianT energias socialuri wesrigis gasamyareblad iye­neben.

248
 e.i. deviacia xels uwyobs sazogadoebebs, gaamyaron esa Tu is norma, anu de­
viacia TamaSobs socialuri cvlilebis katalizatoris rols. amis maga­liTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT protesti rasobrivi segregaciis winaaRmdeg. 1955 wels
alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeris mcxovrebma roza parksma uari ganacxada,
gadamjdariyo avtobusis im nawilSi, romliTac, Cveulebriv, Savkanianebi mgzav­
robdnen. amiT man gamoamJRavna devianturi qmedeba. mag­ram TeTrkanianebis mcde­
lobam, daesajaT devianti, tradiciuli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. amis nacvlad agorda
moZraoba, romelmac socialuri Tanasworoba moutana afro-amerikelebs (moZ­
raoba samoqalaqo uflebebis mxardasaWerad ganxilulia me-20 TavSi).
Tu rogor moqmedebs devianturoba _ amyarebs arsebul normebs Tu aCqarebs
socialur cvlilebebs _ nawilobriv damokidebulia sazogadoebis tipze. marti­
vi, tradiciuli sazogadoeba yovelTvis konsensusis momxrea, rodesac saqme exeba
imas, Tu ramdenad misaRebia esa Tu is qmedeba. deviaciis dasjas xSirad mivyavarT
statuskvosadmi erTgulebamde. rTuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ufro hetero­
genulia da erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul cxovrebis wessa da moralur
Tvalsazrisebs Seicavs. `amgvar sazogadoebaSi dadgenili ar aris moralisa da
Rirebulebebis sazRvrebi. isini molaparakebas eqvemdebareba~ (ben-iehuda, 1985,
gv. 15). Sedegad, devianturobam SeiZleba xSirad gamoiwvios socialuri cvlile­
bebi da warmoSvas normebis dadgenis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis aucilebloba.

socialuri kontroli

deviaciis msgavsad, misi SezRudvis meqanizmebic socialuri konstruqciisaa.

socialuri kontroli gulisxmobs jgufisa da sazogadoebis mcdelobebs, rom­
lebic mimarTulia maTi wevrebis saqcielis regulirebisaken dadgenil normeb­
Tan SesabamisobaSi. idealur variantSi, adamianebi TviTonve emorCilebian am
normebs. magram socializacia ar aris srulyofili procesi da normebisadmi mor­
Cileba avtomatur xasiaTs ar atarebs. amas Sedegad moh­yveba sanqciebi an garegani
Zaldataneba. zogi sanqcia araformaluria, maga­liTad, adamianze araoficialuri,
xSir SemTxvevaSi uneblie zewola dayoliebis mizniT. pozitiuri araformaluri
sanqciebi gulisxmobs jildos damyolobisaTvis, magaliTad, Rimils, kocnas, Seqe­
bas... negatiuri araforma­luri sanqciebi ki gulisxmobs araformalur jarimebs,
magaliTad, dacinvas an ostraqcizms.
formaluri sanqciebi warmoadgens oficialur, institucionalizebul waxa­
lisebas damyolobisaTvis da dasjas devianturobisaTvis. formaluri sanqciebi
gansakuTrebiT saWiroa did, kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs erT­
maneTisagan gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi aqvT swor qcevaze da, Sesabamisad, ara­
formaluri sanqciebis gavlena sustia. iusticiis sistema kontrolis sistemis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da TvalsaCino, magram ara erTaderTi, institutia Tanamed­
rove sazogadoebaSi. biznesebsac aqvs garkveuli socialuri kontrolis meqa­
nizmi: TanamSromlebi, romlebic warmatebiT asruleben kompaniis mier dasaxul

249
amocanebs, jildovdebian _ maT xelfass umateben an awinaureben; xolo Tanam­
Sromlebi, romlebic ar emorCielbian kompaniaSi dadgenil wesebs, isjebian say­
veduriT, zogjer gaTavisuflebiTac ki. skolebi iyenebs niSnebis, qulebisa da
serTifikatebis sistemas moswavleTa dajildoebisas kargi yofaqcevisa da mos­
wrebisaTvis. Sesabamisad isjebian is moswavleebi, romlebic ar gamoirCevian dis­
cipliniTa da kargi moswrebiT. araformaluri socialuri kontroli jer kidev
garkveul rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. magram kontrolis form­
alur meqanizmebs mimarTaven maSin, rodesac araformaluri meqanizmebi ver asru­
lebs Tavis daniSnulebas, an wamaxaliseblad moqmedebs deviaciaze (magaliTad,
kolegebma da jgufelebma SeiZleba waaxalison seqsualuri Zaladoba da a.S)

vin SeiZleba gaxdes devianti?

deviaciur qcevas yovelTvis Tan axlavs dasjis riski, iqneba es socialuri uk­
mayofileba Tu iuridiuli sanqcia. ratom xdeba, rom zogi adamiani regularulad
mimarTavs deviantur qcevas, xolo zogi _ ara? SegviZlia Tu ara ganvsazRvroT
savaraudo sizustiT, vin SeiZleba gaxdes devianti da vin ara?

memkvidreoba

wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravalma mecnierma scada, gamoecno potenciuri devian­

tebi individis genetikur memkvidreobaze dayrdnobiT. mecxramete saukuneSi ita­
lielma kriminalistma Cezare lombrozom gamoikvlia damnaSaveebis Tavis qalis
moyvaniloba saerTo niSnebis aRmoCenis mizniT. kvlevaze dayrdnobiT man daadgina,
rom maRali yvrimalebi, farTo ybebi da xSiri warbebi, rac didi jiSis maimunebis
saxis wyobis msgavsia, axasiaTebda mraval damnaSavesac. lombrozosaTvis es imis
mauwyebeli iyo, rom kriminalebi evoluciis ganviTarebis wina safexurze darCnen
– anu isini warmoadgnen `velurebs~ civilur adamianebs Soris. Tumca, lombrozom
erTi mniSvnelovani meTodologiuri Secdoma dauSva _ man gamoikvlia mxolod
damnaSaveTa Tavis qalebi da ara mTeli mosaxleobis reprezentaciuli nimuSi. ram­
denime wlis Semdeg, rodesac ingliselma eqimma Carlz goringma (1913) damnaSavee­
bisa da Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis Tavis qalis moyvaniloba Seadara, veraviTari
gansxvaveba ver aRmoaCina. goringis es aRmoCena jer kidev gamoiyeneba samecniero
naSromebSi.
im drois sxva mecnierebi cdilobdnen, miegnoT iseTi fizikuri maxasiaTeb­
lebisTvis, romelic saerTo iqneboda msubuqi yofaqcevis yvela qalisaTvis (gil­
mani, 1985). TiTqos marTlac yvela meZavi hgavda erTmaneTs: muqi Tmebi, gamokveTi­
li ybebi, `uxeSi~ gamoxedva. saqme imaSia, rom maTi msgavseba ganpirobebuli iyo
msgavsi eTnikuri warmomavlobiT _ anu im droisaTvis meZavebis umetesoba erTi

250
eTnikuri jgufidan modioda, romlebic siRatakem aiZula am gzisTvis miemarTaT.
magram zogi mecnieri mainc Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom afrikelebi aRvirax­
snili cxovrebis wess misdevdnen. amitom am mecnierebma Seiswavles afrikeli qa­
lebis agebuleba, raTa daedginaT, ra ganapirobebda maT gamorCeulobas. meZavisa
da Savkaniani qalis imiji TandaTan erTmaneTs Seerwya, iseve rogorc TeTrkaniani
qali iqca patiosnebis gansaxierebad.
Zvelma mkvlevarebma xuTi umTavresi Secdoma dauSves: 1. isini moeqcnen kul­
turuli stereotipebis gavlenis qveS da cdilobdnen, samecniero mona­povariT
daedasturebinaT maTi WeSmariteba; 2. erTmaneTSi auries fizikuri maxasiaTeble­
bi (fenotipi) da Tandayolili (genetikuri) ganwyoba; 3. ar SeuswavliaT sakontro­
lo jgufebi (arakriminalebi, arameZavebi); 4. ar gaiTvaliswines SesaZlo cvladebi
(emi­grantebis gausaZlisi pirobebi); 5. airCies mcirericxovani, araSemTxveviTi
sakvlevi nimuSebi da moaxdines maTi ganzogadeba mTel socialur kategoriebze;
dResdReobiT mecnierebi Tanxmdebian, rom adamianuri qceva metismetad rTu­
lia saimisod, rom mxolod biologiuri axsna moeZebnos. maSinac ki, rodesac bio­
logiuri faqtoris monawileoba gadamwyvetia (magaliTad Sizofreniis, depre­
siisa da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebis dros), garemo faqtorebi mainc mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben imis gadawyvetisas, Tu rodis da rogor gamovlindeba es biolo­
giuri Tviseba, an gamovlindeba Tu ara saerTod. Tumca, mosazreba, rom devian­
tebi biologiurad gansxvavebulebi arian sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisagan,
ar aris myari. 1981 wels aSS-is prezidentma ronald reiganma ganacxada, rom da­
naSauli socialuri problema ki ar aris, aramed `adamianis gulis problemaa~, da
xazi gausva imas, rasac `adamianis bunebis mudmivi an absoluturi Tviseba uwoda~
(kamineri, 1994).

socializacia

meore mosazrebis mixedviT, deviantad Camoyalibeba damokidebulia socia­

lizaciaze. fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi swavlobs devianturi qcevis kvals adreu­
li bavSvobis periodidanve. fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli, froidi, amtkicebda,
rom adamianebis umetesoba asakis matebasTan erTad swavlobs im Tandayolili bi­
ologiuri survilebis daTrgunvas an efeqturad gadacemas, romelic siamovnebis
miRebis an agresiisaken aris mimarTuli. zog bavSvs gverdiT ara hyavs ufrosi
adamiani, romelTanac moaxdenda identirebas da mis Rirebulebebsa da moralur
xedvas gaiTavisebda. froidis azriT, amgvar bavSvebs ver uviTardebaT mZlavri
superego, anu fsiqikis is nawili, romelic asrulebs sindisis funqcias qcevis
marTvis procesSi. froids swamda, rom adamianis es kategoria gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia devianturobisaken.
socio-ekonomikuri Teoretikosebi emxrobian im azrs, rom bavSvi swavlobs
deviantur qcevas sxva, deviant adamianebze dakvirvebiTa da mibaZviT. gansa­

251
kuTrebiT xSiria maTTan axlos myofi adamianebis mibaZva (bandura da uoltersi,
1959). agresiuli bavSvebi xSirad swored iseT ojaxebSi izrdebian, romlebSic
mSoblebs aReniSnebaT fsiqikuri aSliloba, arian antisocialurebi da gansa­
kuTrebul agresias iCenen sakuTari bavSvebis mimarT (kapaldi da patersoni, 1991;
bandura, 1986). aseT ojaxebSi gazrdili bavSvebi moklebulni arian TviTkontro­
lis unars da SesaZlebelia maTma dasjam pasuxad agresia gamowvios; Tumca, SeiZ­
leba moxdes sruliad sapirispiroc: bavSvi morCilad moiqces, damyoli xasiaTi
gamoamJRavnos.
arsebobs kidev erTi, diferenciuli asociaciis saxeliT cnobili socialur-
struqturuli Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, devianturi saqcieliT cnobili ada­
mianebi socialurad ukavSirdebian sxva deviantebs, romlebic aZliereben devi­
antur normebsa da Rirebulebebs (geilordi da galieri, 1988; sazerlendi, 1949).
TiToeuli socialuri jgufi axal wevrebs gadascems sakuTar Rirebulebebsa da
normebs. es aris procesi, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze grZeldeba. devi­
antebs Soris diferenciuli urTierTobebis meSveo­biT SesaZlebelia adamianebis
socializacia narkotikebis, bandebis, politikurad korumpirebulTa subkul­
turebSi an deviantebis sxva jgufSi.
hovard bekerma (1963) aRmoaCina, rom adamianis Camoyalibeba marixuanas mom­
xmareblad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad iyo is CarTuli marixuanis mom­
xmarebelTa subkulturaSi. rac ufro maRalia monawileobis xarisxi da rac ufro
mWidroa socialuri kavSiri, miT meti Sansia imisa, rom adamiani gaxdes marixuanas
regularuli momxmarebeli. gamocdili mwevelebi aswavlian axalbedebs marixu­
anas mowevasa da misgan siamovnebis miRebas. garda amisa, axalbedebi Zvelebisagan
swavloben `swor~ midgomebs, kerZod ki imas, rom adamianebi, romlebic gmoben
marixuanas, meSCanebi arian. swored marixuanas mwevlebTan axlo kavSiri TamaSobs
gadamwyvet rols axalbedebis mwevlebad CamoyalibebaSi.
arasrulwlovnebi gansakuTrebiT iolad swavloben maTTvis axlobeli sub­
kulturis normebs, damokidebulebebsa da Rirebulebebs – devianturebsac ki. ro­
gorc akersi (1985. gv. 148) ambobs, `mozardebis qcevaze (damoukideblad imisagan,
devianturia Tu ara is), erTaderTi saukeTeso mimaniSnebelia ama Tu im mozardis
axlo megobrebis qceva. mozardTa mier rogorc narkotikebis moxmareba, aseve da­­­na­
Saulebrivi qmedeba, ZiriTadad jgufur qcevas warmoadgens. amis mizezi mxolod
is ki ar aris, rom mozardebi gansakuTrebiT iolad eqcevian Tanatolebis gavlenis
qveS, aramed is, rom mozardebi xSirad swored mas irCeven megobrad, visTvisac
misaRebia da iziarebs imas, rasac Tavad ukve akeTebs. es gadadis mowifuloba­
Sic, magaliTad, gei, romelic kanzasSi, patara qalaqSi cxovrobs, SeiZleba gada­
vides san-franciskoSi, raTa ufro axlos iyos im adamianebTan, romlebisTvisac
mi­saRebia misi cxovrebis wesi. rodesac erTad iyris Tavs im adamianebis sakmarisi
raodenoba, romlebic uaryofen umravlesobisaTvis misaReb normebs, Sedegad
SesaZlebelia subkultura Camoyalibdes.
diferenciuli asociaciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia aixsnas, Tu ra ganapiro­
bebs erTi mTliani jgufis wevrebis midrekilebas devianturi qcevisadmi. sxva si­

252
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, ratom icvleba devianturobis maCvenebeli (anu devianturi
qcevis ricxvi erT sul mosaxleze) jgufidan jgufSi, ubnidan ubanSi, Temidan
TemSi. erT-erTi adreuli kvlevis Sedegad, sociologebma daadgines, rom dana­
Saulis maRali maCvenebeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleboda Cikagos erT-erT
raionSi, maSin rodesac am raionma ramdenime eTnikuri warmomavlobis macxovreb­
lebi gamoicvala (Sou, 1930). mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom yoveli axalmosuli
jgufi Zveli macxovreblebisagan swavlobda deviantur qcevas, gansakuTrebiT
sabaSvo TamaSebisa da mozardebis bandebis meSveobiT (Sou da makkei, 1969). es
axalmosulebi ki amgvar qcevasa da normebs imigrantebis Semdeg nakads gadas­
cemdnen. ase xdeboda devianturi subkulturis SenarCuneba da gadacema wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. Tumca Tavad imi­grantebis jgufi TandaTan farTo sazogadoebas
uerTdeboda. Tu odesRac devianturi qcevis gamavrcelebeli da wamaxalisebeli
jgufi gamosworebis gzas daadga, mxolod socializacia ver gansazRvravs, Tu vin
gaxdeba SemdgomSi devianti.

struqturuli moSla

kidev erTi Teoria, romelic cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris adamianebis

garkveuli kategoria an jgufi ufro midrekili deviantobisaken, aris ro­bert
mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, deviantobis maRa­
li maCvenebeli im Seusabamobis Sedegia, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebis molo­
dinebsa da SesaZleblobebs, agreTve kulturul miznebsa da am miznebis misaR­
wevad saWiro saSualebebs Soris. mertoni fiqrobda, rom yvela adamiani ama Tu
im doziT axdens misTvis Rirebuli kulturuli miznebis internalizacias. yvela
adamiani axdens im normebis internalizaciasac, romelic marTavs am miznebis mis­
aRwevad saWiro kanonier meqanizmebs. Tumca, rodesac es kanonieri meqanizmebi
SezRudulia an saerTod ar arsebobs, adamianebi xSirad eZeben alternatiul sa­
Sualebebs am miznebis misaRwevad, an saerTod Tavs anebeben maTze fiqrs. mertonis
mosazrebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebis struqturuli rRveva warmoSobs devia­
cias. `zogi socialuri struqtura~ – werda igi `aiZulebs sazogadoebis zogierT
wevrs, Caidinos ukanono saqcieli~ (mertoni, 1968a, gv.132).
mertons magaliTad amerikuli sazogadoeba mohyavs, romelic uzarmazar
mniSvnelobas aniWebs warmatebas. am sazogadoebis wevrebi yvela bavSvs unergaven,
rom Tavdauzogav Sromas warmateba da keTildReoba mosdevs. Tumca, kanoniT
nebadarTuli saSualebebi warmatebis misaRwevad sakmaod SezRudulia. Zmebi Cam­
bersebi, romlebzec am Tavis dasawyisSi vilaparakeT, swored am dilemis winaSe
aRmoCndnen. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes mis gadasaWrelad? mertonma xuTi saSualeba
Camoayaliba (ix. sqema 6.1)

253
 adaptaciis iziarebs kulturasTan iziarebs kulturasTan
modelebi SeTavsebad miznebs SeTavsebad saSualebebs

konformisti diax diax

novatori diax ara

ritualisti ara diax

retritisti ara ara

ara (poulobs axal

meamboxe ara (isaxavs axal miznebs)
saSualebebs)

sqema 6.1/socialuri adaptaciis mertonis xuTi modeli

wyaro: adaptirebulia robert mertonis wignidan `socialuri Teoria da socialuri struq­

tura~ (niu iorki, 1986). gv. 194

1. konformuloba (damyoloba) gulisxmobs legitimuri da kulturasTan Se­

Tavsebadi miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro legitimuri da misaRebi sa­
Sualebebis Ziebis gagrZelebas, miuxedavad molodinebsa da SesaZleblobebs
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobisa. amis naTeli magaliTia SavkanianTa ojaxebi,
romlebic arkanzasis deltaSi ukve Taobebia cxovroben da Zlivs irCenen
Tavs moijaradeobiT.
2. inovacia gulisxmobs kulturasTan SeTavsebadi miznebis miRwevas misTvis
miuRebeli saSualebebiT (maT Soris arakanonieriTac). Zmebma Cabersebma
ukanono SesaZlebloba gamoiyenes (narkotikebiT vaWroba) finan­suri keTil­
dReobis misaRwevad.
3. ritualizmi gulisxmobs miznebis misaRwevad saWiro socialuri saSuale­
bebis imdenad mkacr gamoyenebas, rom ufro maRali miznebi ukana planze ga­
dadis. ritualizmis naTeli magaliTia biurokrati, romelic gulmodgined
miyveba wesebsa da ganawesebs, maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi qmdeba araefeqturia
da axSobs yovelgvar kreatulobas.
4. retritizmi gulisxmobs adamianis mier sakuTari miznebis misaRwevi saSua­
lebebis Zebnis mitovebas. retritistebi amovardnili arian sazogadoebidan
_ iseve rogorc Zmebi Cambersebis klientebi – Raribebi, romlebmac dayares
far-xmali da maTi ocneba mxolod narkotikis morigi jeris miRebiT Semoi­
fargleboda.
5. amboxi _ es aris sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi miznebisa da maTi miRwevisaT­
vis saWiro (an ukve miRebuli) saSualebebis mitoveba da inovaciuri, social­
urad miuRebeli saSualebebis Zebna. amis naTeli magaliTia is Savkanianebi,
romlebic ar wamoegnen amerikul ocnebas (uari Tqves rogorc legitimur,
aseve aralegitimur saSualebebze) da ganacxades, rom isini Seqmnidnen sa­

254
 kuTar sazogadoebas amerikaSi an afrikaSi da SeiaraR­debodnen TeTrkanianTa
Zalauflebis winaaRmdeg.

mertonis Teoria nawilobriv racionaluri arCevanis models warmoadgens.

mecnieri amtkicebda, rom deviacia racionaluri arCevania konkretul socialur-
struqturul pirobebSi, rac gulisxmobs legitimuri saSualebebis naklebobas
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli miznis misaR­wevad. Tu deviacia Zvirad
ar ujdeba konkretul individs (magaliTad, dabalia dapatimrebis an dasjis riski,
an sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba naklebad mniSvnelovania), maSin namd­
vilad aqvs azri miznis misaR­wevad sxva saSualebebis gamoZebnas. mertonis Teoria
socio-fsiqologiuri komponentsac Seicavs. misi mtkicebiT, legitimuri saSuale­
bebis ararseboba warmoSobs frustracias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs de­
viacias, rogorc am saSualebebis SemzRudveli sazogadoebis dasjis saSualebas.
magram ratom xdeba ise, rom zogi adamiani, romelic ganicdis marcxs, mimar­
Tavs deviacias, xolo danarCenebi konformistebad rCebian? am sakiTxs exmaureba
axali Teoriebi rRvevis Sesaxeb. zogi maTganis mixedviT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
simZime da imedgacrueba adamianebSi aZlierebs deviaciisadmi ganwyobas (egniu,
1990), sxvebi fiqroben, rom devianturi moqmedebebis mxardamWeri jgufis wevroba
SesaZloa xels uwyobdes deviantur qcevas (koeni 1965/1966). aqedan gamomdinare,
albaT yvela maTgani _ struqturuli rRveva, socialuri stresi da diferenci­
uli asociacia _ TamaSoben rols devianturi qcevis waxalisebaSi.
struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis kidev erTi gamoxatulebaa is, rom Cven ver
SevafasebT deviantobas ubralod deviantebze dakvirvebiT. unda gaviTvaliswi­
noT, Tu ra miznebs saxavs da ra Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs kultura da am miznebis
misaRwevad ra saSualebebs miiCnevs gamarTebulad. saWiroa zogadi socialuri
struqturebis Seswavlac, raTa davinaxoT, ra dabrkolebebs qmnis igi warmatebis
gzaze da ra saSualebebiT xdeba deviaciis waxaliseba. aseve mniSvnelovania
sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawilebis funqciuri integracia. funqciuri integ­
raciis dabali done xels uwyobs struqturul rRvevas da sxvadasxva mosazrebis
warmoSobas imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris misaRebi da ra – devianturi.

devianturi kariera

mozardebis umetesoba, romlebic maRaziebs texen, ar xdebian profesio­nali

mZarcvelebi; adamianebis umetesoba, romlebic marixuanas ewevian, ar xdebian nar­
komanebi. Tu adamianma erTxel mainc scada aratradiciuli seqsi, es sulac ar niS­
navs imas, rom aucileblad SeuerTdeba aratradiciul seqsualur subkulturas.
mokled rom vTqvaT, yvela adamiani SeiZleba iyos devianturi garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi, magram mxolod zogi maTgani adgeba devianturi karieris gzas.
ratom xdeba, rom zogi adamiani `eqsperimentis Catarebis~ Semdeg meoreul
deviantad yalibdeba? es damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: pirveli aris
sia­movnebis xarisxi, romelsac idnividi eqsperimentisagan iRebs. Tu mozardi,

255
romelmac maRaziidan raime nivTi moipara da dausjeli darCa, an Tu marixuanis
moxmarebisas adamianma miiRo siamovneba, maSin es adamianebi, savaraudod, kidev
gaimeoreben msgavs saqciels. meore _ individi eqsperimentirebis Semdeg Sesa­
Zloa gaxdes im jgufis wevri, romelic iwonebs da mxars uWers deviantur qce­
vas. mesame faqtoria deviantis normebisa da Rirebulebebis siaxlove misi ojaxis
normebsa da RirebulebebTan. magaliTad, Tu mSob­lebi sakuTar problemebs rome­
lime eTnikuri jgufis braleulobad miiCneven da xmamaRla da xSirad gamoTqvamen
ukmayofilebas, savaraudod, maTi mozardi Svili SeuerTdeba iseT jgufs, romlis
wevrebic wabilwaven sinagogas, fizikur Seuracxyofas miayeneben homoseqsuals,
an sxva msgavs danaSauls Caidenen.
deviantur qmedebebSi monawileoba Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentis xasiaTs ata­
rebs. misi mizania daadginos, aris Tu ara raime jildo amgvari qmedebisaTvis. ra
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, devianturi qmedebis pasuxad dasjam da sazogadoe­
bis gakicxvam SeiZleba sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos – anu waaqezos de­
viantad Seracxuli adamiani, kvlav gaimeoros igive an msgavsi xasiaTis qmedeba.
adamianebi, romlebsac `kriminalebs~, `gadareulebs~ an `axirebulebs~ uwodeben,
xSirad aRmoaCenen xolme, rom isini sazogadoebam gariya. devianturi iarli­
yebi aseT SemTxvevebSi kmayofilebis grZnobas uRvivebs deviantebs. magaliTad,
sazogadoebisagan gariyuli narkomani Tavis Tavs sxva narkomanebs ukavSirebs,
iseve rogorc meZavi _ sxva meZavebs. axal­bedebi TandaTanobiT xvewen teqnikas
sxva ufro gamocdili individebis magaliT­ze. aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, rom
am kategoriis adamianebi devianturi qmedebis racionalizaciasac swavloben.
maga­liTad, narkomovaWrem SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavi Cveulebriv biznes­
menad warmoidginos, romelic bazars produqtiT amaragebs.
amgvarad, saxeldeba xels uwyobs pirveladi deviantis (socia­luri normebis
erTjeradi darRveva, rac ar axdens gavlenas adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebze)
Camo­yalibebas meoreul deviantad (darRveva, romelic ukve adamia­nis cxovrebis
wesad, misi identobis nawilad da imijad aris qceuli). magram saxeldebis Teo­
ria ver xsnis pirveladi deviaciis mizezs. rogorc wesi, aravin aiZulebs adami­
ans, gasinjos narkotiki, moiparos manqana an gayidos sakuTari sxeuli. individi
SesaZloa ar apirebdes devianturi saqcielis gagrZelebas, magram mainc wyvets,
mosinjos arakanonieri qmedeba an gaagrZelos igi. es pirveli nabiji ar miewereba
individis gansxvavebas an mis moralur sisustes. sociologi travis hirSi (1969)
pirveladi deviaciis kvals araadekvatur socialur kontrolSi xedavs.

araadekvaturi socialuri kontroli

mcirewlovani bavSvebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebis ricxvi Zalian dabalia,

radgan isini ufrosebis gamudmebuli zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebian (got­
fredsoni da hirSi, 1990). mozardebs, romlebic SedarebiT Tavisufalni arian
ufrosTa kontrolisagan, saSualeba eZlevaT, Caidinon arakanonieri qmedebebi.
amis msgavsad, narkomanebi ZiriTadad saxloben siRatakiTa da dana­Saulis maRali

256
maCvenebliT `ganTqmul~, erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul urbanul nawileb­
Si. hirSis mosazrebiT, mizezi ubralod is ki ar aris, rom narkotikebis moxmarebas
danaSaulis Cadenamde mivyavarT, an is, rom umciresobebi metad arian midrekilni
narkomaniisa da danaSaulis Cadenisaken, aramed is, rom am teritoriebze moisus­
tebs socialuri kontroli; policia aqtiurad ar patrulirebs da am adgils verc
sazogadoebis kritikuli Tvali xedavs (hirSi da gotfredsoni, 1990).
hirSi da misi kolegebi amaxvileben yuradRebas TviTkontrolzec, raSic igu­
lisxmeba moTmineba, TavdaWera da gonivruloba. hirSi miuTiTebs, rom mSobel­
Ta zedamxedvelobis naadrevad Sewyveta iwvevs TviTkontrolis araadekvaturi
meqanizmebis Camoyalibebas. Tu bavSvze aravin izruna, is ver iswavlis sxvebze an
Tundac sakuTar Tavze zrunvas. araswori an xarvezebiT mimdinare socialuri
swavlac xels uwyobs deviacias. magaliTad, iseT raionebSi, sadac maRalia dana­
Saulis maCvenebeli, ojaxebis struqtura sustia. sakuTari problemebis mogva­
rebiT dakavebul mSoblebs, SesaZlebelia gamoeparoT Svilis devianturi saqcie­
lis simptomebi.
hirSis mosazrebebma zogi mecnieris kritika daimsaxura. kerZod, mecni­erebma
eWvqveS daayenes hirSis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adreuli gamocdileba ganapi­
robebs Semdgomi cxovrebis gzas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs (simpsoni
da laubi, 1990). kritikosebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom hirSma Tavidanve gamoricxa
varaudi, rom bavSvis araadekvaturi qmedeba SeiZleba iyos mizezi da ara Sedegi
mSobelTa araadekvaturi qmdebisa (konklini, 1992).
zemoT ganxiluli sxvadasxva Teoria imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba gaxdes devi­
anti, ufro avsebs erTmaneTs, vidre _ ewinaaRmdegeba. jon heiganma da alberto
palonim (1990) aRmoaCines, rom zogi inglisuri ojaxi `daxelovne­buli~ iyo dana­
Saulis CadenaSi da mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli es `xelovneba~ Taobidan
Taobas gadaecemoda. miiRes Tu ara memkvidreobad ojaxis wevrebma danaSaulis
Cadenis tendencia? SesaZlebelia asec iyo, magram amaSi socializaciam da so­
cialurma struqturam udavod didi roli iTamaSa. rogorc kriminaluri kla­
sis wevrebma, aseTma ojaxebma struqturuli rRveva ganicades, rasac Tavi daaR­
wies SeZlebulma moqalaqeebma. ufro metic, axalgazrda kriminalebma TavianTi
ojaxebisagan Seiswavles danaSaulis Cadenis teqnika. Tanac radgan isini sazoga­
doebis mier `damanaSaveTa ojaxad~ iwodebodnen, savaraudoa, ojaxis wevrebi bavS­
vebs arc zrdidnen imave simkacriTa da moTxovnebiT, rogorc es ufro respeqta­
belur ojaxebSi xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, deviacia aris ara Tandayolili an
spontanuri movlena, aramed dinamikuri procesebis Sedegi, romelic individis
qmedebas, socialur zewolasa da socialur garemoebebs gulisxmobs.

danaSauli da sasjelis sistema

danaSauli normis darRvevaa. norma gaTvaliswinebulia kanonmdeblobaSi da

uflebas aZlevs Sesabamis samsaxurebs, damnaSaves oficialuri sanqcia Seufar­

257
dos (jarima, dapatimreba, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa). danaSaulisa da deviaciis mniS­
vnelobebi erTmaneTs kveTs, magram identuri araa. yvela deviaciuri qmedeba rodia
kanondarRveva. magaliTad, alkoholis moxmareba da biseqsualizmi ar warmoadgens
kanondarRvevas, Tumca amerikelTa umravlesoba amgvar qmedebas normebis dar­
Rvevad miiCnevs. garda amisa, yvela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar miiCneva Tanabrad
devianturad. gzatkecilis danagvianeba an Cxubi safexburTo moedanze danaSau­
lebrivi qmedebebia, magram gacilebiT msubuqia, vidre mkvleloba an Zarcva. kanon­
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi icavs adamianebs mniSvnelovani zia­nisagan.
zogjer normebs adgenen iseTi adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT sakmarisi gavlena,
ukarnaxon saxelmwifos `kargisa~ da `cudis~ maTeuli ganmartebebi. deviaciis
ganmarteba subieqturia, maSinac ki, rodesac am ganmartebas mravali adamiani izi­
arebs, xolo danaSauli mkafiodaa gansazRvruli kanonebiTa da procedurebiT.
Tumca, danaSaulis gansazRvrebac meryevia. saukunebiis ganmavlobaSi mkre­
xeloba inglisSi danaSaulad iTvleboda da kanoniT isjeboda. mkrexe­loba ax­
lac sikvdiliT isjeba islamur saxelmwifoebSi, magram SeerTebul StatebSi
mas ar aqvs danaSaulis statusi. erTi da imave sqesis srulwlovani adamianebis
sqesobrivi kontaqti kanoniT isjeba aSS-is mxolod zogierT StatSi. gaTxovili
qalis meuRli­sadmi Ralati sikvdiliT isjeba zog qveyanaSi, magram ara SeerTe­
bul StatebSi (foreri, 1994). yuradRebis miRma darCenili ukanono qmedebebi, ro­
goricaa toq­sikuri narCenis unebarTvod dayra, axla sazogadoebis farTo gamox­
maurebas iwvevs. sazogadoebis cvlilebasTan erTad Cndeba danaSaulis sruliad
axali tipebi. amerikis ekonomikis manufaqturuli sistemidan finansur trans­
aqciebze gadasvlam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo qonebis gaflangvis sruliad axali
formis aRmocenebas. SromiT resursebSi qalebis ricxvis zrdam da genderuli
rolebis xelaxalma gansazRvrebam gamoiwvia is, rom seqsualuri harasmenti axla
ukve kanondarRvevad iTvleba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gaCnda tendencia,
romlis mixedviTac sul ufro meti norma ganisazRvreba, rogorc danaSauli da
masze pasuxismgeblobis dadgena evaleba iusticiis sistemas.

danaSaulis tipebi

gamoZiebis federaluri biuro amzadebs da aqveynebs yovelwliur angariSs

danaSaulis ori ZiriTadi kategoriis Sesaxeb. pirvel kategorias miekuTvneba da­
naSaulis is saxeebi, romlebic seriozul zians ayenebs adamianebs an maT qonebas:
mkvle­loba, gaupatiureba, Tavdasxma, Zarcva, qurdoba da ganzrax cecxlis wakide­
ba. meore kategoria anu tipi gulisxmobs naklebad mZime danaSauls: prostitucias,
nar­­kotikebis moxmarebas, iaraRis ukanono Senaxvas, sqesobriv niadagze Cadenil da­
naSaulebebs, saTamaSo biznesis warmoebas, vandalizms, moparuli qonebis miRebas.

258
Zaladobrivi da qonebis winaaRmdeg miyenebuli
danaSaulebebi

amerikelebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSauli am saukunis yvelaze serio­

zuli safrTxea (Gallup Pall Monthly, 1995) da dResac Zaladobrivi danaSaulis gigan­
turi talRis SuagulSi vimyofebiT. Zaladobrivi danaSauli gulisxmobs Zalado­
bis iseTi formebis gamoyenebas msxverplis winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa mkvleloba,
Tavdasxma da gaupatiureba. Tumca, iusticiis departamentisa da gamoZiebis fede­
raluri biuros mier mopovebuli statistika sxva suraTs gviCvenebs. danaSau­
lis maCvenebelma SeerTebul StatebSi piks 1980 wels miaRwia, ris Semdegac Tan­
daTanobiT iwyo kleba da mkveTrad daeca 1990-ian wlebSi (ix. sqema 6.2). maS, ratom
eSiniaT amerikelebs?

Zaladobrivi danaSauli sakuTrebis danaSauli

Zarcva
maCvenebeli 100 000 mcxovrebze

Tavdasxma

binis gatexva

qurdoba

gaupatiureba satransporto saSualebis qurdoba

mkvleloba

sqema 6.2/danaSaulis maCvenebeli 1975-1993 ww.

wyaro: moxseneba SeerTebul StatebSi danaSaulis Sesaxeb, 1993 w., kvlevis federaluri bi­
uro (1995 ) vaSingtoni, gv. 58, cx. 1.

rasakvirvelia, sainformacio programebi xels uwyobs mosax­leobaSi SiSis gaR­

vivebas. sensaciaze orientirebuli gadacemebi, romlebic exeba policiis muSaobas,
kriminalur gamoZiebasa da a.S., mTeli simZimiT mouTxrobs mayurebels Zaladob­
rivi danaSaulis Sesaxeb maSin, roca `Cveulebrivi~ danaSauli, romlis Sedegadac
aravin iRupeba, amgvar gadacemebSi naklebad Suqdeba. politikosebi Sanss ar uSve­

259
ben xelidan, ar aRniSnon, rom danaSaulis Cadenis ricxvi daeca. kanonmdeblebi mx­
ars uWeren sasjelis gamkacrebis nebmismier iniciativas, raTa sazogadoebam isini
`gulCvilebad~ ar monaTlos. magram mediis muSaoba da politikosebis gancxade­
bebi ver xsnis sazogadoebis SiSsa da statistikas Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.
pirvel rigSi, saWiroa ganvasxvavoT danaSaulebebis ricxvi da danaSaulis
maCvenebeli, romelic Cveulebriv 100000 sul mosaxleze Cadenili danaSaulis
ricxviT ganisazRvreba. danaSaulis maCvenebeli SeSfoTebas iwvevs danaSaulis
socialuri ASemadgenlobis cvlilebis gamo. Tumca, sazogadoeba danaSauls ara
maCveneblad, aramed tragediad aRiqvams (valinski, 1995). maga­liTad, 1993 wels
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maCvenebeli aSS-s Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi 8 procentiT
daeca, rac imas niSnavs, rom policiis erT ubanze, sadac 1992 wels 100 mkvleloba
iqna daregistrirebuli, 1993 wels `mxolod~ 92 dafiqsirda. statistikis Tval­
sazrisiT, es SeiZleba kargic iyos, magram Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisaTvis es 92
mokluls niSnavs. erTi mkvleloba ki mxo­lod erT msxverpls ar tovebs, aramed
moklulis ojaxis wevrebs, megobrebs, mezoblebs, TanamSromlebs da skolis megob­
rebs, romelTa Soki, mwu­xareba, mrisxaneba da SiSi `saqmis daxurvis~ Semdeg (Tu
aseTi ram moxda) xangrZlivi periodis manZilzec ar neldeba.
meore gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtori is aris, rom gamoZiebis federaluri biu­
ros statistika eyrdnoba policiisaTvis cnobil danaSaulebebs. danaSaulis
msxverplTa gamovlenis erovnuli kvleva atarebs gamokiTxvas mravalricxo­
van ojaxebTan da cdilobs gamoavlinos maTTvis cnobili danaSaulebebi gasuli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi. aseTi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom gamovlenil da­
naSaulTa naxevris Sesaxeb aravis Seutyobinebia policiisaTvis, radgan msxverpls
SeeSinda SurisZiebis an, ubralod, ar endoboda kriminaluri policiis sistemas.
mesame _ mkveTrad imata usaxelo da saxedafaruli ucnobis mier moulodne­
lad ganxorcielebulma Tavdasxmis SemTxvevebma (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti.
1994a). warsulSi mkvlelobebis naxevarze met SemTxvevaSi cnobili iyo mkvlelis
vinaoba. 1990 wlidan moyolebuli mdgomareoba Seic­vala. dRes Cadenil mkvlelo­
baTa umetesobas ar gaaCnia motivi. gamoZiebis federaluri biuros monacemebiT,
mkvlelebis 53 procents e.w. `ucnobi mkvlelebi~ Seadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mkvleli aranair kavSirSi ar aris msxverplTan. ufro metic, policia mkvlelis
dapatimrebas 5-dan maqsimum sam SemTxvevaSi axerxebs. mkvlels, romelic Tavs es­
xmis msxverpls qalaqis romelime nawilSi, didi Sansi aqvs (80%) dausjelad ga­
darCes (valinski, 1995).
vin arian mkvlelebi? 1993 wels, samidan 2 amocnobili mkvleli mamakaci
iyo (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti, 1994a). maTi mesamedi meryeobda 14-dan 24
wlamde asaks Soris, xolo 10 procenti 18 wlamde asakis pirebs warmoadgenda.
sportsmenebis msgavsad, mkvlelebi adre iCekebian. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi,
mkvlelobis maCvenebeli pirdapir asaxavda socialur struqturas: rac ufro
maRali iyo mozardebis ricxvi mosaxleobaSi, miT ufro maRali iyo danaSaulis
maCvenebeli (hirSi, 1993). Tumca, 1985 wels es tendencia Seicvala, rac imas niS­
navs, rom miuxedavad mosaxleobaSi mozardTa ricxvis Semcirebisa, danaSaulis,
kerZod ki, mkvlelobis maCvenebelma sagrZnoblad imata. garda imisa, rom axal­

260
gazrda mamakacTa ufro mcire raodenobam daiwyo ufro mZime danaSaulebebis Ca­
dena, mkveTrad Semcirda rogorc mkvlelebis, aseve maTi msxverplebis asaki (ix.
sqema 6.3). registrirebuli mkvlelobebis naxevarze meti 14-dan 24 wlamde asakis
mama­kacebis mieraa Cadenili. ufro metic, qalaqis mosaxleobis Sobadobis ricx­
visa da, Sesabamisad, Raribi mozardebis ricxvis prognozirebuli mateba afiqre­
binebs zog sociologs, rom vuaxlovdebiT mozardTa mier Cadenili mZime dana­
Saulebebis `epidemias~ (valinski, 1995).

sqema 6.3/mkvleloba asa­

kis mixedviT 1980-ia-
ni wle­bidan 1990-ian w-mde
mkvlelobaTa maGCve-
nebeli Tineijerebsa da
axalgazrdebSi mkve­Tr-
ad gaizarda.

wyaro: `nius viqi~, 1994 w-

is 15 agvisto, gv.23.

Savkanianebi ufro xSirad xdebian borotmoqmedebic da msxverplic, vidre

sxva romelime jgufi (sqema 6.4). 1993 wels, mTel qveyanaSi daregistrirda 26239
mkvleloba. mkvlelebis 29.2%-s Seadgenda TeTrkanianebi da laTinuri warmo­
Sobis pirebi, 29.1%-s _ Savkanianebi, xolo danarCenis, anu 39.5%-is dadgena

Zaladobrivi danaSauli sqema 6.4/Zaladobrivi da­

Savkaniani
naSaulis msxverpli rasis
mixedviT
TeTr-
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zaladob­
msxverplTa raodenoba 1000 adamianze

kaniani
rivi danaSaulis msxverplTa
absoluturi raodenoba TeTr­
ka­nianebze modis, maCvenebeli
12 wlis zeviT

SavkanianebisaTvis ufro maRa­

lia.

wyaro: ana brei, `vin aris da­

naSaulis msxverpli?~ iuridi­
uli statistikis biuroze
dayrdnobiT.

261
ver mo­xerxda. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Savkanianebi mosaxleobis mxolod 12 %-s
Seadgens, 44.7 mkvleloba 100000 sul mosaxleze, gacilebiT maRali maCvenebelia,
vidre es TeTrkanianebisa da laTinuri warmoSobis pirebis SemTxvevaSia (5.2 _
100000 sul mosaxleze).
vin aris msxverpli? 1993 wels aTi msxverplidan Svidze meti mamakaci iyo,
romelTagan TiTqmis naxevari (48%) 18-34 wlamde asakobriv kategorias miekuTvne­
boda. yoveli asi moklulidan 51 Savkaniani, xolo 46 TeTrka­niani iyo. mkvlelebis
umetesoba imave rasobriv da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba, romelsac msxverpli.
Tumca es faqti ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom mkvlelebsa da msxverpls sxva maxasiaTeb­
lebic saerTo aqvT. xSir SemTxvevaSi msxverpli udanaSaulo mowmea, romelic so­
cialuri pirobebis gamo moxvda danaSaulebebiT damZimebul raionebSi. amgvar
msxvrplTa Soris xSiria bavSvebi.
gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa statistika, romelic axalgazrda Savkanian mama­
kacebs exeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1992 wels 16-dan 24 wlamde Savkaniani mama­
kacebi Tormet wels zeviT mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-s Seadgenda (aSS-s iusiti­
ciis de­partamenti, 1994a) am wels registrirebuli mkvlelobebis msxverplTa
5%-s swored am asakobrivi jgufis Savkaniani mamakacebi warmoadgenen. yvelaze
maRali riskis qveS imyofebodnen 16-dan 19 wlamde asakis Savkaniani mamakacebi:
isini orjer ufro xSirad gaxdnen mkvlelobis msxverplni, vidre amave asa­
kis TeTrkaniani mamakacebi da samjer ufro xSirad, vidre TeTrkaniani qalebi.
Savkanian mama­kacebze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis sami SemTxvevidan or maT­
ganSi Tavdamsxmeli SeiraRebuli iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 14-dan 24 wlamde
Savkanian mamakacebSi 100000 sul mosaxleze 114,9%-s Seadgenda, xolo imave asa­
kis TeTrkanian mamakacebSi mxolod 11,7% iyo. mkvlelobis maCvenebeli 24 welze
ufrosi asakis Savkanian mamakacebSi rvajer aRemateboda mosaxleobis mTlian
maCvenebels. ase Tu gagrZelda, yoveli oci Savkaniani mamakacidan erTi mkvlelo­
bis msxverpli gaxdeba.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli qalaqebSi ramdenime faqtori­
Taa ganpirobebuli, esenia: qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis ricxvis mkve­
Trad mateba (xSir SemTxvevaSia aseT bavSvebs arasrulwlovani martoxela dedebi
an sxva naTesavebi zrdian); umuSevrobisa da siRatakis maRali done (dasaqmebulebs
Sorisac ki); televiziiT Zaladobis amsaxveli scenebis mudmivi Cveneba; iaraRsa da
narkotikebze xelmisawvdomoba da saerTo socialuri araorganizebuloba. mniS­
vnelovania isic, rom SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi policia da saswrafo
daxmarebis samsaxurebi nela reagirebs. xolo TemebSi ganxorcielebuli danaSau­
lis prevenciis zomebi iSviaTi da araefeqturia (magaliTad, samezoblo patruli­
reba). mowmeebic ar iCenen iniciativas, Caerion saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. am yvelaf­
ris fonze ki Selaparakebebi iolad gadadis Zaladobasa da mkvlelobaSi (petersoni
da krivo, 1993).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zaladobrivi danaSauli mosaxleobis SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, maTi ricxvi SedarebiT dabalia. adamianebi ufro xSirad qonebis qurdo­
bis (Zarcva) msxverplni xdebian (ix. grafiki 6.2). kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos,
rom danaSauli Tanabrad ar aris gadanawilebuli mosaxleobas Soris _ Raribebi

262
ufro xSirad zaraldebian, vidre mdidrebi. msxverplis gamovlenis maCvenebeli
30%-iT ufro metia im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 30000 aSS dolari
an naklebia, vidre im ojaxebSi, romelTa wliuri Semosavali aRemateba 30000 aSS
dolars (brei, 1994). Savkaniani amerikelebi samjer ufro xSirad xdebian Zarcvis
msxverplni, vidre TeTrkanianebi. garda amisa, maT orjer ufro xSirad paraven
manqanebs da uqurdaven binebs.

danaSauli msxverplis gareSe

xSirad danaSauls iseT qmedebad ganvixilavT, romelsac msxverpli unda moh­

yves. magram arsebobs `umsxverplo~ danaSaulebebic. danaSauli msxverplis gare­­­
Se gulisxmobs prostitucias, arakanonier sqesobriv kavSirs zrdasrul ada­
mianebs Soris, narkotikebis moxmarebasa da azartul TamaSebs (ix. cxrili 6.2).
amgvari tipis danaSauls momCivani ar hyavs. miuxedavad amisa, amgvari qmedebebi
sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia da danaSaulad moiazreba.
kriminalizaciis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom sinamdvileSi amg­vari tipis da­
naSaulsac hyavs msxverpli: azartuli moTamaSeebi Zarcvaven sakuTar ojaxebs;
mTvrali mZRolebi klaven udanaSaulo adamianebs; meZavebi avrceleben Sidssa da
sxva sqesobrivi gziT gadamdeb daavadebebs; SesaZlebelia narkomanebmac Cai­dinon
sxva danaSauli narkotikis mopovebis mizniT. amitom sazogadoebam unda akontro­
los amgvari tipis danaSauli.

cxrili 6.2

umsxverplo danaSaulisaTvis dapatimrebebi, 1993w.

prostitucia da defeqtis komercializacia 83,346

narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli Zaladoba 884,771
aralegaluri TamaSi 14,121
simTvrale 558,833
RamiT deboSi (axalgazrdebi) 73,502
cixidan gaqceva (axalgazrdebi) 136,785

wyaro: kvlevis federaluri biuro (1995), moxseneba SeerTebul StatebSi danaSau­

lis Sesa­xeb, 1993, gv. 221, vaSingtoni.

oponentebi kariminalizaciis momxreebs pasuxoben, rom mTavroba ar unda

ecados moralis kanonisadmi daqvemdebarebas. vis aqvs ufleba, ubrZanos erT­
maneTTan SeTanxmebul or adamians, ra gaakeTon da ra _ ara, miT umetes, Tuki
maTi qmedeba aravis ayenebs zians? kritikosTa azriT, amgvari kanonebi ara marto
Zneli gasatarebeli iqneba, aramed xels Seuwyobs `Savi bazris~ arsebobas da gaa­
Zlierebs organizebul danaSauls.

263
organizebuli danaSauli

organizebuli danaSauli konspiraciuli jgufis mier Cadenili danaSaulia.

am jgufis mizania miiRos fuladi mogeba an moipovos Zalaufleba, risTvisac
terorsa da korufcias iyenebs (abadinski, 1981). organizebuli danaSauli gan­
sxvavdeba sxva ukanono saqmianobisagan mZime danaSaulebebSi misi CarTulobis
doniTa da Zaladobisa da qrTamis TiTqmis yoveldRiuri gamo­yenebiT. misi viwro
specializaciaa arakanonieri saqonliTa da servisebiT uzrunvelyofa, magali­
Tad, narkotikebiT vaWroba, ukanono saqonlis (iaraRis, moparuli sakredito ba­
raTebis) gasaReba, fulis gasesxeba saxelmwifos mier nebadarTuli procentis
gadametebiT. organizebuli damnaSaveebi uzrunvelyofen legaluri saqonlisa
da servisebis aralegaluri gziT Semotanasac. magaliTad, amerikis bevr qalaq­
Si sindikatebs SeswevT unari, daikavon nagvis Segrovebis, agreTve taqsebisa da
limu­zinebis momsaxurebis monopolia. amas isini policiisa da sajaro moxelee­
bis moqrTamviT, zog SemTxvevaSi ki – SantaJis gziT aRweven. garda amisa, isini rea­
lur da kanonier kompaniebsac iyeneben fulis gaTeTrebis mizniT.
danaSaulebrivi sindikatebi xSirad emigrantebs Soris iqmneba. isini ar ic­no­
ben gabatonebul kulturasa da ekonomikas, maT saeWvo TvaliT uyureben samarTal­
damcavi organoebi da sxva oficialuri pirebi, radgan emigrantebi ver laparakoben
saxelmwifo enaze. aqedan gamomdinare, sindikatebi misdeven `eTnikur Tanamimdev­
robas~. magaliTad, mecxramete saukunis amerikaSi irlandiur sindikats mohyva
evropeli ebraelebis sindikati; meoce saukunis ocian wlebSi ki gaCnda italiuri
sindikati, romelsac hqonda kapitali, gamocdileba, kadri da kav­Siri evropaSi, ris
Sedegadac iolad SeZlebda heroiniT vaWrobis ayvavebas. ita­lielebi gamorCeuli
figurebi arian amerikis organizebuli danaSaulis istoriaSi, magram mogvianebiT
eTnikuri suraTi ufro daiZaba. amis erT-erTi faqtori gaxl­daT narkotikebis
mwarmoebeli qveyana. meoce saukunis samocian wlebSi heroinis umetesoba gadioda
TurqeTidan, muSavdeboda marselSi, safrangeTSi an korsikaze da mxolod amis Sem­
deg iyideboda SeerTebul StatebSi. 1970-ian wlebSi asparezze gamovida opiumis
mwarmoebel iseT qveynebTan dakavSirebuli jgufebi, rogorebicaa meqsika, kolum­
bia, pakistani da irani. dRevandel sindikatebs `narkomovaWreebis gaerTianebul
erebsac~ ki uwodeben (keri, 1987. gv. 1).
organizebuli danaSauli ar Semoifargleba mxolod SeerTebuli StatebiT
(geieri, 1995). mafia kvlav ikrebs Zalebs italiaSi, 5 wliani samoqalaqo omisagan
dasustebul liberiaSi; indoeTSi ki asaamsa da sxva provinciebSi Zalaufleba
xelT upyriaT yofil kriminalebsa da qilerebs.

TeTrsayeloianebi da korporatiuli danaSauli

adamiani, romelic benzingasamarT sadgurs Zarcvavs da 250 aSS do­lari miaqvs,

6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ixdis sasjels. xolo adamiani, romelic 2.5 milion dolars
iparavs birJaze aqciebis ukanono vaWrobiT, mxolod fuls abrunebs ukan (amas

264
garda `procentsac~, romelic jarimis erTgvari formaa). teroristi, romelic
bombs debs diplomatis manqanaSi, pasuxs agebs konspiraciisa da kriminaluri mkv­
lelobisaTvis. xolo fordis manqanebis kompaniam, romelic milionobiT pintos
yidda gazis avziT da icoda, ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo, Tu amgvarad gamarTul
manqanas uknidan vinme daejaxeboda, xanZrisas daRupuli 500 adamianis sicocx­
lis sanacvlod mxolod milionebi gadaixada zaralisaTvis, Tumca kompania dam­
naSaved ar ucvniaT. cxadia, rom Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia TeTrsayeloianTa
da korporatiul danaSaulze araerTgvarovania da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
`Cveulebriv kriminalis Sesaxeb~ arsebuli azrisagan.
termini `TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli~ pirvelad sociologma edvin sazer­
lendma gamoiyena. es termini aRniSnavs `respeqtabeluri, maRali statusis mqone
pirTa mier samsaxurebrivi movaleobis dros Cadenil danaSauls~ (sazerlendi,
1949 gv. 9). gaflangva, kompaniis kuTvnili qonebis dataceba da sakuTari Semo­
savlebis damalva `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulis kategoriaSi Sedis. amave kat­
egorias miekuTvneba sajaro moxelis mier saxelmwifo Tanxebis aramiznobrivad
gamoyenebac. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli imiT gansxvavdeba `Cveulebrivi~ da­
naSaulisagan, rom pirveli iSviaTad Seicavs Zaladobisa da iZulebis element­
ebs. Tumca, TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli ufro Zvirad fasobs. magaliTad, bankis
TanamSromelTa mier bankebis gaZarcvisas miRebuli zarali rvajer aRemateba
bankebze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmisas gatanili Tanxis odenobas (klinardi da
igeri, 1980). Tumca, gansxvavebiT mZarcvelebis 90 procentisa, romlebic cixeebSi
xvdebian, bankis moxeleTa mxolod naxevars efardeba sasjelis zoma (kriminal­
uri iusticiis statistika, 1994). rodesac politikosebi acxadeben, rom saWiroa
kanonisa da wesrigis gamkacreba, rogorc wesi, gulisxmoben policiisaTvis ufro
didi Tanxis gamoyofis saWiroebas quCis danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve­
lad da ara damatebiT Tanxebs federaluri gamomZieblebisaTvis, romlebic
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauls iZieben.
gansxvavebiT TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulisagan, romlebic piradi sargeb­
lisaTvis Cadian danaSaulebriv qmedebas, korporatiuli danaSauli organiza­
ciis sakeTildReodaa mimarTuli. amgvari qmedebis umTavresi mizania, gaamyaros
kompaniis mogeba (an Seamciros zarali). gansxvavebiT sxva damnaSaveebisagan, or­
ganizaciebi da kompaniebi ar warmoadgenen kerZo pirebs da, aqedan gamomdinare,
`maT~ aravin apatimrebs. korporatiuli danaSaulis regulaciis sazRvrebi xSi­rad
scdeba sasamarTloebs da maTi regulacia samTavrobo saagentoebis meSveobiT
xdeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi damnaSave kompania/organizacia jarimis gadaxdiT isje­
ba, romlis odenobac mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba kompaniis an organizaciis mogebas.
fasebis gamyarebisaTvis dawesebuli 50000 dolariani jarima verafers daaklebs
kompanias, romelis wliuri brunva miliard dolars aRemateba. korporaciebis
kompleqsuri agebuleba xSirad iZleva danaSaulebebis SeniRbvis saSualebas.

265
 globaluri sakiTxebi / lokaluri Sedegebi

saerTaSoriso vaWroba narkotikebiT

v aSingtonSi axalgazrda Savkaniani kaci CarTulia vaWrobis iseT saxe­obaSi, sadac misi
mokvlis Sansi asjer ufro metia, vidre sxva saqmianobisas iqneboda. rasakvirvelia, am
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavalic ramdenimejer aRemateba im Semosavals, romelsac mamakaci
SedarebiT usafrTxo saqmianobidan miiRebda (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 14 ivlisi). tailandis
maRalmTianeTSi axalgazrda qali uvlis miwis nakveTs, romelze daTesili yayaCos mosavali 10-
12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mis ojaxs damatebiT Semosavals moutans. kolumbiaSi mcxovrebi mili­
ardeli ki dakavebulia qonebis sxvadasxva investiciaSi (uZrav qonebasa da ranCoebSi) dabande­
biT (li 1989).
es sami adamiani, romlebic erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSi
cxovroben, warmoadgenen dResdReobiT msoflioSi yvelaze didi organizebuli danaSaulis _
narkotikebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis nawils. narkotrefikingi, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
seriozul socialur problemebTan, kerZod, usaxlkaroTa ricxvis zrdasTan da korufciasTan.
narkotikebiT vaWroba ubiZgebs SeiaraRebul bandebsac Zaladobisken. garda amisa, narkotre­
fikingi warmoadgens satyuaras `respeqtabeluri~ moqalaqeebisaTvis, romelic maT uzarmazar
mogebas sTavazobs: bankirebi SeiZleba CaerTnon fulis gaTeTrebis procesSi, mosamarTleebma
aiRon qrTami da Caagdon saqmeebi, an gamoitanon araadekvaturi ganaCeni, policielebma (maRal­
Cinosnebidan dawyebuli rigiTi patruliT damTavrebuli) daxuWon Tvali amgvar danaSaulebriv
qmedebaze didi gasamrjelos miRebis fasad.
es yvelaferi warmoadgens globaluri aralegaluri industriis pir­dapir Sedegs, romelsac
aZlierebs industrializebuli qveynebis mdidari mosaxleobis mxridan narkotikebis mud­
mivi da mzardi moTxovna. amerikelebs udidesi wvlili SeaqvT am procesSi. amerika pirvel ad­
gilzea narkotikebis moxmarebis mxriv. `ekonomistis~ monacemebiT, am qveyanaSi narkotikebis
mudmivi momxmareblebis ricxvi 6 milions Seadgens (`ekonomisti~, 1990 wlis 21 ivlisi). swored
amerikelebi xarjaven yvelaze bevr fuls mis SeZenaSi. erTi kilogrami kokas xis foToli (sai­
danac kokaini mzaddeba) andebis maRalmTianeTSi 2.10 aSS dolari Rirs, nebismieri amerikuli
qalaqis quCaSi ki erTi kilogrami damuSavebuli kokaini 90.000 aSS dolarad iyideba. am fulis
udidesi nawili amerikelebsve rCebaT.
mzardi da mudmivi moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad narkotikebis mza maragi arsebobs. nak­
lebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi kokas xis foTlebis gayidvam SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani gansx­
vaveba gamoiwvios ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovrebasa da normalur pirobebs Soris. Tumca, wliu­
ri 2 mi­liardi, romelic narkotikebis gayidvis Sedegad ubrundeba laTinuri amerikis qveynebs,
naklebad aRwevs Raribebamde. es Tanxa ZiriTadad narkobaronebs Soris nawildeba, romlebic
xSirad blokaven ganviTarebis programebs, raTa socialurad gaWirvebul mosaxleobas ar miscen
saSualeba, fulis Sovna narkotikebiT vaWrobis garda sxva saqmianobiT scadon. narkoba­ronebi
akontroleben presas, policiasa da sasamarTloebsac qrTamisa da teroris gamoyenebiT. nar­
kotikebis gayidviT miRebuli fuli xSirad gamoiyeneba politikuri kampaniebis dasafinanse­
blad, sadac xSirad TviTon trefikerebic monawileoben. narkobaronebi xSirad erTiandebian
memarjvene samxedro dajgufebebTan, romlebic ibrZvian arsebuli socialuri wyobis Senar­

266
CunebisaTvis, gansxvavebiT memarcxeneebisagan, romlebsac am wyobis Secvla surT. dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi komunistur reJimTan brZolis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul
Statebs xSirad gauwevia samxedro da finansuri daxmareba memarjveneebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom icodnen narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, Statebis
sagareo politika xSirad xels uSlida narkotikebiT vaWrobis SeCerebis mcdelobebs.
zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, amerikis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva _ daasustos narkotikebiT vaWro­
ba, _ ufro metad iyo mimarTuli Sida mdgomareobaze da ara sazRvargareTze (skoti da marSali,
1991). mxolod gamsaReblebTan brZola bevrs arafers Secvlis, radgan yovelTvis iqnebian maTi
adgilis dakavebis msurvelni. problemis xangrZlivi vadiT gadaWra gulisxmobs samkurnalo
programebis mxardaWeras, cnobierebis donis amaRlebas narkotikebis mavneblobis Sesaxeb da
socialurad gaWirvebuli fenebis daxmarebas, raTa qalaqSi macxovrebel mozards mieces saSua­
leba muSaobis da ara narkotikebiT vaWrobis gziT gaiumjobesos cxovreba. mokled rom vTqvaT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba globaluri problemaa, gamosavali SeiZleba moiZeb­
nos im problemebis gadaWriT, romelsac es danaSauli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iwvevs.

danaSaulis kontroli

1995 wlis pirvel naxevarSi niu-iorkSi mkvlelobis, Zarcvisa da qurdobis

maCvenebelma saukunis meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze dabal dones miaRwia
(krausi, 1995). registrirebuli mkvlelobis ricxvi _ 648 mkvleloba _ 312-iT
CamorCeboda 1994 wlis pirveli naxevris maCvenebels. Zarcvis ricxvi 22 %-iT,
xolo manqanebis qurdobis ricxvi – 25%-iT Semcirda. niu-iorkelebi Tavs gaci­
lebiT usafrTxod grZnobdnen, vidre 1970-ian wlebSi.
ram gamoiwvia es `saswauli~? gasaocari sulac ar aris, rom mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas niu-iorkis policiis xelmZRvaneli uiliam j. bratoni policias
miawers. 1995 wels bratonis brZanebiT quCebSi patrulebis raodenoba gaizar­
da. amave brZanebiT, policias ufleba mieniWa, daepatimrebina wvrilmani damna­
Saveebi da samoqalaqo wesrigis damRvevebi (isinic ki, vinc quCaSi Sardavda). am
brZanebam Sedegad gamoiRo is, rom policielebi dakavebulebis Cxrekisas xSirad
poulobdnen ukanono iaraRs an narkotiks. garda amisa, bratonma miTiTeba misca
policiis ubnebis kapitnebs, rukaze daetanaT maT ubanze momxdari yvela dana­
Sauli da amis mixedviT SeetiaT danaSaulisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, bratoni dainteresebuli iyo, rom es tendencia policiis dam­
saxurebad CaTvliliyo, magram zogi kriminalisti miiCnevs, rom arsebobs erTi
da martivi axsna, magaliTad, demografiuli monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac
`danaSaulis Cadenisaken yvelaze midrekili~, anu 16-dan 25 wlis asakamde axal­
gazrdebis ricxvi niu-iorkSi mkveTrad daeca. garda amisa, axal­gazrdebis didi
umravlesoba Seadgenda amerikaSi axlad Casuli emigranti ojaxebis Svilebs,

267
romelTac naklebad hqondaT survili, problemebi SeqmnodaT policiasTan. zogi
mecnieri am tendencias narkotikebs ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia, im periodSi
intensiurad xdeboda marixuanas (stimulanti) Canacvleba heroiniT (depresanti
an trankvilizatori), romlis xarisxma imata, xolo fasma iklo. aqedan gamomdi­
nare, narkotikebis momxmareblebs saSualeba hqondaT, nakleb safasurad ufro
xangrZlivi narkotikuli TrobisaTvis mieRwiaT. garda amisa, heroini anelebs
sistemas da danaSaulSi Zaladobis dones amcirebs. sxvebi ki fiqroben, rim am Sem­
TxvevaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli iaraRma iTamaSa. aravin icis, ra raodenobis
iaraRia niu-iorkis quCebSi, magram SesaZlebelia es ricxvi klebisaken midiodes.
iaraRianTa ricxvma im adamianebs Soris, romlebic msubuqi danaSaulisaTvis – me­
troTi mgzavrobisas safasuris gadauxdelobis gamo daapatimres, 1994 da 1995
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad iklo.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, mainc bevri aRmoCnda sasamarTlos skamze. 1995 wlis
ivlisasTvis gisosebs miRma 55000 sisxlis samarTlis damnaSave aRmoCnda (maTgan
daaxloebiT naxevari niu-iorkidan iyo), rac orjer aRemateboda 10 wlis win da­
kavebulTa ricxvs. narkotikebis realizaciaSi eWvmitanili 3000-mde adamiani
quCaSi mokles. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa damatebiTi kvleva, raTa axsnas niu-
iorkis es saidumlo. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT antidanaSaulebrivi stra­tegiebis
mecnierul dasabuTebas cecxlsasroli iaraRis kontrolis CaTvliT.

policia, rogorc kontrolis agenti

policia sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemis erT-erTi umTavresi agentia.

policielTa upirvelesi movaleobaa, daicvas udanaSaulo adamianebi da xeli
SeuSalos danaSaulebriv qmedebas, xolo Semdeg, danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxveva­
Si, Seagrovos samxilebi, daapatimros da daaaregistriros eWvmitanili da war­
moadginos samxilebi sasamarTlo procesze.
1960-ian wlebSi erT Zaladobrivi danaSaulis SemTxvevaze 3.3 policieli mo­
dioda. dRes es maCvenebeli Sebrunebulia: policiis erT oficerze 3.47 Zaladob­
rivi danaSaulis SemTxveva modis, rac imas niSnavs, rom axla erT poli­ciels
TerTmetjer met danaSaulis SemTxvevasTan uwevs gamklaveba, 1960-ian wlebSi
momuSave kolegebTan SedarebiT. 1994 wels daigegma, rom 2000 wlisaTvis pol­
icielTa ricxvi 100000-iT unda gazrdiliyo. adam valinskim (1995) gamoiTvala,
rom 1960-iani wlebis maCvenebels rom mivuaxlovdeT, 5 milioniT meti policieli
dagvWirdeba. valinski amtkicebs, rom policielebis rigebis Sevsebis safasuri
Rirs mosalodnel Sedegad. dRes policiis Zalebi, romlebic kadrebis naklebo­
bas ganicdis, ZiriTad dros im damnaSaveTa Zebna-dakavebas andomebs, romlebmac
ukve Caidines danaSauli da, amgvarad, dro aRar rCebaT, aRkveTon danaSauli da
daamyaron wesrigi sazogadoebriv adgilebSi.
sxvebs miaCniaT, rom policiisa da sazogadoebis interaqciis gzebi aranak­
leb mniSvnelovania, vidre quCebSi policielTa raodenoba. jerom skolnikma da
devid reilim (1986) Seiswavles kaliforniis santa-anas policia, romelmac 1970-
ian wlebSi wamoiwyo Temebisa da policiis samsaxuris SekavSirebisaken mimarTu­

268
li reformebis cikli. am reformebis nawils warmoadgenda samoqalaqo pirebis
daxmarebis gamoyeneba policiis samsaxurSi (magaliTad, gancxadebis Setana); Te­
mis mobilizacia (Temsa da policias Soris kavSirisaTvis konkretuli pirebis
daniSvna) da qvesadgurebi (policiis ganyofilebebisa da socialuri serviscen­
trebis kombinacia, sadac mosaxleobas SeeZlo informaciis miReba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gadaeWra piradi da Temis problemebi). marTalia, am reformas Sedegad
ar mohyolia danaSaulebaTa ricxvis mkveTri dacema (nawilobrivi imis gamo, rom
sul ufro met adamians gauCnda survili, policiaSi Seetana gancxadeba momxdari
danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb), magram sxva qalaqebis msgavsad, danaSaulis ricxvi ar
gazrdila. dRes ramdenime sxva qalaqis policiac atarebs msgavs reformas. es
tendencia emsaxureba problemebze orientirebuli politikis gatarebas (aqcen­
tirebas danaSaulis gamomwvev mizezebze) tradiciul, xdomilebaze orinetire­
buli politikis kvaldakval (reagireba kriminalur qmedebaze) (sigeli, 1990).
policiis zogierTma departamentma ver gaarTva Tavi Temis mobilizaciis
amocanas. garda amisa, SeSfoTebas iwvevs policielebis mier sisastikis gamovle­
nis xarisxi, gansakuTrebiT umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. es sakiTxi sazogadoe­
bis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca 1991 wlis martSi, mas Semdeg, rac moyvarulma
fotografma daafiqsira, Tu rogori sisastikiT gauswordnen los-anjelesis sa­
patrulo policiis oficrebi afro-amerikuli warmoSobis mZRols, rodni kings.
oTxi oficeri udanaSaulod cnes kingis cemisaTvis. am gadawyevtilebas masob­
rivi mRelvareba da saprotesto gamosvlebi mohyva (ix. Tavi 20). umciresobaTa
araerTma jgufma (gansakuTrebiT ki Savkanianma mamakacebma) ganacxada, rom poli­
cielebi xSirad Cadiodnen amgvar saqciels. 1995 wels gamarTulma o.j. simpso­
nis samsamarTlo procesma, sadac saqmes TeTrkaniani gamomZiebeli iZiebda, na­
Teli gaxada es tendencia. man ramde­nimejer moixsenia Savkanianebi `nigerebad~
da waradgina yalbi samxilebi, raTa sasamarTlos braldeba daedasturebina. amave
dros, umciresobis bevrma warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom policia ar iRebs yve­
la zomas maTi Temebis dasacavad, rogorc los-anjelesis aqciebis dros moxda.
policiis mxardamWerebs ki magaliTad mohyavT qalaqebSi narkotikebTan da­
kavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvis mkveTri zrda da acxadeben, rom kriminalebi
xSirad policielebze ukeT arian SeiaraRebulni. maTi azriT, poli­cieloba gaci­
lebiT saxifaTo profesiad iqca, ramac SeiZleba policiis oficrebs sastiki
qmedebis Cadenisaken ubiZgos. amis sapasuxod, zogierT adgilobriv departamen­
tSi oficialur saswavlo kurss specialurad policielTaTvis daumates stres­
Tan gamklavebis gakveTilebi da Camoayalibes moqalaqeTa saCivrebis gansaxilve­
li sabWo, romlis mizania policiis im oficerTa gamovlena, romlebmac Caidines
aramarTebuli an wamqezebluri saqcieli. Tumca, policielebi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul Zalas warmoadgenen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Soris
dasmenis faqtebi Zalian iSviaTia.
mokled rom vTqvaT, policiis Zalebis gaZlierebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi unda Sefasdes ara mxolod fuladi TvalsazrisiT, aramed unda ukav­
Sirdebodes mosaxleobis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebasac.

269
 sociologia da sajaro debatebi

iaraRis kontroli: Semcirdeba Tu ara mkvlelobaTa ricxvi?

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze ufro SeiaraRebul qveya­nad

iTv­leba (makdaueli da lizoti, 1993). ojaxebis naxevars, sul mcire, erTi iaraRi mainc gaaC­
nia. saerTo jamSi, amerikelebi floben 65 dan 70 milionamde pistolets, 125 dan 130 milionamde
SaSxanasa da, sul mcire, milion `Tavdasxmis~ (samxedro miznebisaTvis gamoyenebul) iaraRs.
dRes SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo sakuTrebaSi imdenive Tofia, ramdenic manqana! mkvlelobebisa
da TviTmkvlelobebis ori mesamedi cecxlsasroli iaraRiTaa Ca­denili (aSS-s iusticiis depar­
tamenti, 1994b).

debatebi

mocemuli statistikis gaTvaliswinebiT, xandaxan aqtualuri xdeba moTxovna iaraRis kont­

rolze, rasac regularulad xvdeba mkacri winaaRmdegoba. kontrolis dawesebis momxreebi
amtkiceben, rom iaraRze dawesebuli mkacri kontroli gamoiwvevs sasikvdilo danaSaulebebis
mkveTr Semcirebas. maTi umTavresi argumenti isaa, rom mkvlelebis umetesoba gareT viRacis
mokvlis mizniT rodi gamodis _ ubralod, vinmesTan Selaparakebisa da uTanxmoebisas isini
im iaraRs iyeneben, rac xelSi moxvdebaT. rac ufro meti iaraRi itrialebs mosaxleobaSi, miT
ufro xSirad damTavrdeba Selaparakeba da qurdobis mcdeloba msxverpliT. oponentebi ki amt­
kiceben, rom iaraRis mflobelTa umetesoba kanonmorCili moqalaqea da iRebs pasuxismgeblo­
bas iaraRis Senaxvaze; da mkvlelobebSi damnaSavea kriminalebi da ara iaraRi. isini iSvelieben
im argumentsac, rom iaraRis Senaxvis ufleba daculia konstituciiT.

analizi

pirveli problema, romlis winaSec dadgeba iaraRis kontrolisaken mimarTuli ne­bmismieri

strategia, struqturuli xasiaTisa iqneba. anu problemas warmoadgens kerZo sakuTrebaSi
myofi iaraRis raodenoba. iaraRi gadanawilebulia rogorc kanonmorCil mosaxleobas, aseve
kriminalebs Soris, Tumca es ori xazic SeiZleba gadaikveTos (magaliTad, kanonierma mesaku­
Trem iaraRidan sakuTar meuRles esrolos). iaraRis aseTi didi raodenobis fonze, Sesyidvaze
kontrolis daweseba Sedegs ver moitans. iaraRis aseTi popularoba nawilobriv amerikelTa
istoriis nawilia da im droidan momdinareobs, rodesac maT iaraRiT uwevdaT daxlebisa da
fermebis dacva. magram mas Semdeg amerikelTa cxovrebis wesi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. dRes, ur­
banul sazogadoebaSi, iaraRis Senaxvis zemoT moyvanili sababi aRar amarTlebs. gakvirvebas ar
unda iwvevdes is faqti, rom kanonis gamkacrebis mowinaaRmdegeTa umravlesoba swored im adgi­
lebSi cxovrobs, romelTa struqturuli pirobebic warsulTan siaxloves inarCunebs (es gansa­
kuTrebiT dasavleTs exeba).

270
 Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni kanonieri mflobelis
kmayofileba 10000 msxverplad? 100 msxverplad?
an Tundac erT msxverplad?

iaraRis kontrolis Sesaxeb debatebze gavlenas axdens adreuli struqturuli pirobe­

bidan momdinare kulturuli warmodgenebi da Rirebulebebi. iaraRis tarebis ufleba mini­
Webulia konstituciis erT-erTi muxliT, romelic exeba SearaRebuli policiis saWiroebas
iseT adgilebSi, romlis siaxlovesac ar iyo arc regularuli armiis nawili da arc Serifis
samsa­xuri. sazRvrispira teritoriebze Camoyalibebuli Rirebulebebi sicocxlisunariani
aRmoCnda – amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmis CaTvliT. iaraRi uSualod
Seerwya amerikuli kulturis imijs, gansakuTrebiT ki veluri dasavleTisas, romelmac saxeli
mZafrsiuJetiani kinofilmebiT gaiTqva. dRes iaraRis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebi ganicdis ara
marto warsulis legendebis, aramed masmediis gavlenasac. umetesobis warmodgena iaraRze,
Tanamed­rove cxovrebaSi arsebuli safrTxeebis SiSsa da Tavdacvis saWiroebaze, agreTve iara­
Ris flobasTan dakavSirebul SesaZlo riskze, momdinareobs masmediis saSualebebidan, kerZod
ki – televiziidan. Zaladobis gaSuqeba sainformacio gadacemebSi erTi faqtoria, magram mxat­
vrul gadacemebs kidev ufro didi zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZ­lia. iaraRs exeba gamoZiebasa da
kriminalistikisadmi miZRvnili uamravi gadacema, trilerebi da deteqtiuri Janris filmebi,
Tumca, damaxinjebulad. maga­liTad, televiziiT naCveneb amgvar gadacemebSi kriminalistis (an
poli­cielis) nasroli mizanSi gacilebiT iolad xvdeba, vidre realur cxovrebaSi, sadac Sem­
TxveviT mokluli gamvlelebisa da sakuTari iaraRiT daRupuli adamianebis ricxvi gacilebiT
ufro maRalia, vidre amas televiziiT uCveneben. warsulSi, rodesac masobrivad xdeboda teri­
toriis aTviseba, iaraRis flobas konkretuli mizezebi edo safuZvlad. dRes Zalian cota ada­
mianiRa nadirobs, romelTa umetesobisaTvis nadiroba mxolod hobia da ara Semosavlis ZiriTa­
di wya­ro. warsulSi ki iaraRi icavda mwyemsebs, oqros maZieblebs, Zvirfasbewvian mRrRnelebze
monadireebs. dRes, roca signalizacia da Camketebi efeqturad icavs ofisSi momuSaveTa da
saxlSi macxovrebTa usafrTxoebas, iaraRi mainc rCeba Cveni ekonomikis ganuyofel nawilad.
iaraRis mwarmoeblebi sakmaod kargad cxovroben sakuTari biznesis wyalobiT, radgan iaraRis
kanonieri mflobelebi, koleqcionerebi, monadireebi da Cubinebi xSirad vaWroben erTmaneTSi,
afinanseben Tavyrilobebs da iweren Jurnalebs iaraRis Sesaxeb. rasakvirvelia, swored iaraRia
dakavSirebuli kriminalur qmedebebTanac. maga­liTad, amerikuli bandebis Setakebisas, iq sadac
adre jaWvebis JRriali ismoda, axla iaraRis srolis xma ismis, rac imas niSnavs, rom periferieb­
Si mcxovreb sazogadoebas uCndeba survili, TviTonac gamoiyenos iaraRi.
iaraRis floba an gamoyeneba socialuri qmedebaa _ pirvel rigSi imitom, rom is aris ar­
Cevani da ara avtomaturi qceva an valdebuleba. mis socialur xasiaTs ganapirobebs amerikul
sazogadoebaze iaraRis gavlenac. iaraRze Cveni mijaWvulobidan gamomdinare, amerika is qveya­
naa, sadac yvelaze meti mkvleloba xdeba. 1990 wels mkvlelobis maCvenebelma 100000 sul mo­
saxleze 10.5-s miaRwia (SedarebiT 0.8-sTan gaerTianebul samefoSi, 1.0 – Tan iaponiaSi da 1.2-Tan
germaniaSi). iaraRis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli debatebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara mxolod
iaraRis individualur gamoyenebaze, aramed im socialur qmedebebzec, romelsac saxelmwifo
iaraRis mflobelTa sapasuxod mimarTavs. iaraRis registraciisa da misadmi xelmisawvdomobis
kontrolis sxva saSualebebi, romelsac mravali adamiani saxelmwifos mier SemoRebul kidev
erT SezRudvad miiCnevs, cxare kamaTis Temaa. erTmaneTis gamomricxavia is zomebic, romelsac
saxelmwifom mimarTa, rodesac misi agentebi darwmundnen, rom iaraRiT aralegaluri vaWroba

271
da koleqcioneroba gadasinjvas unda daqvemdebareboda. dabolos, iaraRi Zalauflebis in­
strumentia. mas aqtiurad iyeneben kriminalebi da gavleniani pirebi sakuTari gavlenis sxve­
bze iZulebiT gavrcelebis mizniT. sxvebisaTvis is usafrTxoebis garantia danaSaulis maRali
maCveneblis fonze. Tumca, iaraRis kontrolis garSemo atexili debatebis kidev erT sagans
warmoadgens swori balansi mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs (rogorc individebs, aseve rogorc or­
ganizebul jgufebs) Soris. unda ekavos Tu ara saxelmwifos monopolia Zalis yvela kanonier
gamovlinebasa da Zaladobaze (ris SemTxvevaSic, mxolod policielebsa da federalur agentebs
SeeZlebaT iaraRis gamoyeneba)? neba unda daerTos Tu ara Cveulebriv moqalaqes, gamo­iyenos
iaraRi Tavdacvis mizniT? unda Camoayalibon Tu ara maT SeiaraRebuli jgufebi sakuTari in­
teresebis dacvis mizniT (maSinac ki, rodesac maTi interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos
normebs)?
devid makdauelisa da alan lizotis (1993) mosazrebiT, sinamdvileSi debatebi imaze ki ar
aris aqcentirebuli, Tu ramdenad efeqturia kanoni iaraRze kontrolis Sesaxeb, ara­med imaze,
Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovania: adamianebis ufleba, iqonion iaraRi Tu iaraRis kontrolis Sede­
gad miRebuli koleqtiuri sargebeli. sociologias SeuZlia upasuxos, rom iaraRze gaZliere­
buli kontroli xels Seuwyobs mkvelelobebis Semcirebas, magram ver upasuxebs makdauelisa da
lizotis kiTxvas: `Rirs ki iaraRis 10 milioni mflobelis legitimuri bedniereba 10.000 msxverp­
lad? 100 msxverplad? an Tundac erT msxverplad?~ (1993. gv 320).

sasamarTloebi

1993 wels fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT Tavdasxmisa da gaupatiurebis SemTx­

vevebis naxevarze meti da Zarcvisa da qonebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva saxis dana­
Saulis 25% dapatimrebiT dasrulda (ix. sqema 6.5). dapatimrebulebis mxolod 40
%-s Seefarda sasjelis konkretuli zoma (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti, 1987).
realurad, kriminaluri sasamarTlos sistema Zabrs waagavs, romlis erT boloSi
Tavmoyrilia uamravi registrirebuli danaSauli, Sua nawilSi _ dakavebulebis
SedarebiT naklebi raodenoba da meore boloSi _ dapatimre­bulTa mxolod um­
niSvnelo ricxvi.
erTi mizezi, riTac SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom yvela damnaSave ar xvdeba
cixeSi, aris is, rom msxverplTa umetesoba uars ambobs sasamarTloSi Cvenebis
micemaze, rac SeiZleba ganpiroebebuli iyos Seuracxyofisa da brazis ganele­
biT an SurisZiebis SiSiT. meore mizezi imisa, rom damnaSave xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavs
aRwevs sapyrobiles, aris is, rom mas umsubuqdeba sasjeli bralis aRiarebis ga­
rigebis Sedegad. bralis aRiarebis mizniT garigebisas, prokurori sTavazobs
braldebuls bralis Semsubuqebas, Tu is aRiarebs danaSauls. erTi mxriv, ase
saxelmwifos acilebs Tavidan droisa da fulis xarjvas, xolo meore mxriv, sa­
Sualebas aZlevs damnaSaves (xSir SemTxvevaSi, seriozul damnaSaves), swrafadve
daibrunos Tavisufleba.

272
 Zaladobrivi danaSauli qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebi

mkvle- Tavdasxma gaupati­ Zarcva yaCa­ qur­ avtoman­

loba Zalis ureba Roba doba qanebis
gamoyenebiT qurdoba

gaxsnili gauxsneli

sqema 6.5/gaxsnili danaSaulebebi, 1993

wyaro: gamoZiebis federaluri biuro (1995), policielTa danaSaulis statistika aSS-Si.

1993, gv. 208. cxrili 25. vaSingtoni

sisxlis samarTlis samarTalaRsrulebis TiToeuli etapze TamaSSi erTveba

seleqciuri gasamarTleba, rac Tavis mxriv, diskriminacias iwvevs, miuxedavad
imisa, winaswarganzraxulia Tu ara es. pirvel rigSi, policia eyrdnoba sakuTar
mosazrebas damnaSavis dapatimrebisas. Semdeg sajaro bralmdebeli akeTebs amaves
damnaSavesTan garigebisas am ukanasknelis mier danaSaulis aRiarebis mizniT. bo­
los ki mosamarTle aseve sakuTar mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT wyvets, Tu vin war­
moadgens saSiSroebas sazogadoebisaTvis da aqedan gamomdinare, vis unda eTqvas
uari, giraoTi gaTavisuflebis moTxovnaze.
dabali fenis Savkanianebs samarTalaRsrulebis sistemis yvela etapis gavla
uwevT. ocidan ocdacxra wlamde asakis afro-amerikuli warmoSobis mamrobiTi
sqesis pirebis daaxloebiT meoTxedi ixdis sasjels cixeebSi, an ixdis pirobiT
sasjels an imyofeba gamosacdeli vadis qveS (aSS-s iusticiis saministro, 1995).

damtyvevebeli sazogadoeba

Jurnal `Taimsis~ 1994 wlis 7 Tebervlis gamoSvebis Tavfurcelze dabeWdi­

li lozungi `CaketeT isini da gadaagdeT gasaRebebi~ naTlad asaxavs imJamindel
saerTo ganwyobas. 1960-70-iani wlebi damnaSaveTa mimarT Seda­rebiTi lmobiere­
biT gamoirCeoda. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es tendencia mkveTrad Setrialda

273
sapirispiro mxares. dRes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSneba dapatimrebis
ufro maRali maCvenebeli, vidre es nebismier dasavlur qveyanaSia. amerikelebi
ufro mets xarjaven cixeebze, vidre ganaTlebis sistemaze (foreri, 1994).

sasjelis savaldebulo-minimaluri zoma

da `samjer dartymis~ kanoni

`samjer dartyma da ukve gareT xar~ – daaxloebiT aseTi filosofia dgas im

axali kanonebis ukan, romlebic danaSaulis ganmeorebiTi CadenisaTvis fiqsire­
bul, savaldebulo sasjels iTvaliswinebs. 1993 wlis martSi cametma Statma mi­
iRo aseTi kanoni, xolo Svidi Stati jer isev ganixilavda. (ba­terfildi, 1995).
kaliforniis kanonis mixedviT (romelic erT-erTi pirveli iyo), pirs, romelsac
erTxel ukve aqvs Cadenili mZime danaSauli, amgvari danaSaulis meored Cadenisas
uormagdeba sasjelis xangrZlivoba, xolo mesamed Cadenisas efardeba sasjelis
zoma, romelic iTvaliswinebs patimrobas ocdaxuTi wlidan sicocxlis bolomde.
amgvari `sami dartymis~ principia, CamoaSoros sazogadoebas `profesionali
kriminalebi~ da ar misces saSualeba mosamarTleebsa da nafic msajulebs, gamoi­
Cinon lmobiereba.
`sami dartymis~ kanoni ar aris axali idea (kamineri, 1994). federaluri saval­
debulo minimaluri sasjeli jer kidev 1790 wlidan moqmedebda (ix. cxrili 6.3).
TiTqmis yovel wels kongresi am sias axal-axal danaSaulebs umatebs. garda amisa,
aSS-is sasjelis Sefardebis komisia amzadebs mkacrad gansazRvrul sasjelis Se­
fardebis gzamkvlevebs. gansxvavebiT sxva sasamarTloebisagan, federaluri sa­
samarTlos mosamarTles ar aqvs ufleba, gaiTvaliswinos iseTi Semamsubuqebeli
garemoebebi, rogoricaa braldebulis ojaxuri mdgomareoba, kavSiri sazogadoe­
basTan, SromiTi Canaweri, gonebrivi an sulieri mdgomareoba.
savaldebulo minimaluri meqanizmebi sxvadasxva Sefasebas iRebs. kalifor­
niis kanonis analizisas, RAND Corporation-ma daadgina, rom `sami dartymis~ kano­
ni Seamcirebda mZime danaSaulebaTa ricxvs 34-dan 22%-mde, Tumca sakmaod didi
Tanxis fasad, rac weliwadSi daaxloebiT 4.5-6.5 miliardamde aSS dolars Sead­
gens (am ricxvebSi igulisxmeba axali cixeebis aSenebisa da patimrebis movlis
fasic) (grinvudi, 1994). aqve gasaangariSebelia gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebic.
magaliTad, damnaSave, romelsac emuqreba mTeli darCenili sicocxlis cixeSi
gatareba, savaraudod amjobinebs cecxli gauxsnas policias da Tavs uSvelos.
amave mize­ziT, damnaSaveebi, romlebmac meored an mesamed Caidines danaSauli ar
Tanxmdebian bralis aRiarebis garigebas da iTxoven sasamarTlo process, rac
aferxebs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis warmoebas.
savaldebulo minimaluri sasjeli da `sami dartymis~ kanoni qmnis farTo qsels:
danaSauli, romelic Sedis `mesame dartymis~ kategoriaSi, SeiZleba meryeobdes
Cxubidan da wvrilmani qurdobidan, gaupatiurebasa da mkvlelobamde. am SemTx­
vevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba danaSaulis Cadenis garemoebebi, motivi an mopa­
suxis xasiaTi (kamineri, 1994). iseve unda daisajos Tu ara qali, romelmac esrola
moZalade qmars, romelic xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi scemda mas, rogorc

274
qali, romelmac qmari fulis gulisaTvis mokla? savaldebulo minimaluri sasje­
lis principi xSirad arRvevs meore princips _ `dae sasjeli moergos danaSauls~.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac prokurori uars ambobs saqmis warmoebaze, xolo na­
fici msajulebi bralis damtkicebaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini fiqroben, rom es
principi irRveva.

cxrili 6.3

federaluri savaldebulo minimaluri sasjelis zomebi

kongresis mier damtkicebuli savaldebulo minimaluri
sasjelis zomebi Sedgeba danaSaulis mokle socialuri
istoriisagan:

1790
samudamo patimroba mekobreobisaTvis. aTi weli gemis meCeCze SegdebisaTvis
cru sinaTlis gamoyenebiT.

1888
eqvsi Tve portis xelosnis moqrTamisaTvis baltimorSi an niu-iorkSi.

1913
dapatimreba an jarima saqonelze fiqsirebuli fasebis dawesebisaTvis.

1934
aTi weli bankis gaZarcvis an qurdobisas Cadenili mkvlelobis an gatacebi­
saTvis.

1965
samudamo patimroba prezidentis an aRmasrulebeli sabWos wevris mkvle­
lobis mcdelobisaTvis.

1980-iani wlebi
sasjelis cvalebadi zomebi narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT Cadenili danaSau­
lisaTvis (skolebis maxloblad narkotikebis realizaciis, iatakqveSa vaWrobaSi
monawileobis miRebis, 5 gramze meti kokainis flobis SemTxvevebis CaTvliT).

wyaro: vendi kamineri `federaluri danaSaulobebi: politika da danaSaulis kontroli~

`The Atlantic Monthly, 273, #6 ~ (1994 wlis ivlisi)

dabolos, savaldebulo minimaluri sasjelis zoma aTavisuflebs mo­sa­marT­

leebs gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan da aniWebs mas bralmdeblebs: imis gadawyve­
tis procesSi, Tu rogor wauyeneben brals mopasuxes. bralmdeblebi faqtobri­vad

275
wyveten, Tu ra sasjeli Seefardeba damnaSaves. fede­raluri sasamarTlo centris
(kamineri, 1994) monacemebiT, im mopasuxeTa mxo­lod naxevars Seefardeba savalde­
bulo minimaluri sasjeli, romlebsac potenciurad ekuTvnodaT is. ufro metic,
SavkanianTa 68 procents Seefarda savaldebulo minimaluri sasjelis zoma, maSin
rodesac laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebis 57%-ma da TeTrkanianebis mxolod
54%-ma miiRo savaldebulo minimaluri sasjeli imave danaSaulisaTvis.

gadaWedili cixeebi

`sami dartymis~ kanonis SemoRebamdec ki dapatimrebis maCvenebeli mya­rad mi­

iwevda zeviT (sqema 6.6). 1980 da 1992 wlebSi qveyanaSi patimarTa ricxvis zrdam
kviraSi 900-s miaRwia, xolo 1994 wlis zafxulSi am maCvenebelma 1 milioni Sead­
gina (aSS-s iusticiis departamenti, 1995). am periodis ganmavlobaSive gaizarda
umciresobebis ricxvi dapatimrebulTa Soris. dapa­timrebis maCvenebeli 4.090-s
Seadgenda 100000 sul mosaxleze zrdasrul Savkanian mamakacTa Soris, xolo 502-
s _ TeTrkanianTa Soris. mdedrobiTi sqesis patimarTa ricxvi 227 procentiT

sqema 6.6/gisosebs miRma

cixeebSi myof adamianTa raode­
noba 1980 wlebis miwurulsa da
1990 wlebis bolos gaizarda
miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSau­
patimarTa raodenoba (mln.)

lis maCvenebeli imave wlebSi

Semcirda.

wyaro: iusticiis departamen­

ti, `niu iork Taimsi~ 1994 wlis
6 oqtomberi, gv. 3

gaizarda. am maCveneblis fonzec ki, 1992 wlis monacemebiT, qalebi patimarTa

mTliani raodenobis mxolod 6 procents Seadgendnen. dapatimrebebis maCveneb­
lis zrda ZiriTadad narkotikul nivTierebebs ukavSirdeba. 1992 wlis monace­
mebiT, saxelmwifo patimarTa 22% da federa­lur patimarTa 60% narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli damnaSave iyo.
sasjelaRsrulebis sistema ver umklavdeboda patimarTa mozRvavebul raode­
nobas. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis, san-kuentinSi (romelic 2.700 patimarzea gaTvlli),
3.900 patimari ixdida sasjels. rac dakavSirebuli iyo usafrTxoebis mzard prob­
lemebTan (logani, 1985). mogvianebiT problemebi kidev ufro gamwvavda. ormoc­

276
daerT StatSi saxelmwifo sistemas nabrZanebi aqvs, Seamciros patimarTa nakadi
an gaaumjobesos ZiriTadi servisebi. naangariSevia, rom federaluri, saxelmwifo
da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi 30 miliard do­lars daxarjaven koreqtivebisaTvis
1995 wels (26 miliardiT mets 1975 wel­Tan SedarebiT), raTa gaumklavdnen pati­
marTa mzard ricxvs (holmsi, 1994).
aferxebs Tu ara dapatimreba danaSaulis xdomilebas? auvnebelyofebs damna­
Saveebs? axdens maT reabilitirebas? damsaxurebisamebr sjis damnaSaveebs? daka­
veba niSnavs potenciuri damnaSaveebis SeCerebas, raTa maT ar Caidinon danaSauli,
an damnaSaveTa darwmunebas, rom maT aRar Caidinon danaSauli. ar arsebobs damam­
tkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom dakavebuli damnaSaveebis mzardi ricxvi an sasje­
lis gamkacrebuli zoma amarTlebs dakavebis principebs. maga­liTad, pensilvani­
aSi registrirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma 6%-iT moimata 1985-1990 wlebSi, maSin
rodesac patimarTa raodenoba 117%-iT gaizarda. recidivizmis done miuTiTebs
imaze, rom realurad patimarTa Zalze mcire ricxvi daadga gamosworebis gzas:
mdedrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 68%-ze meti da mamrobiTi sqesis patimarTa 80 %-ze
meti ganmeorebiT ixdida sasjels (foreri, 1994). dapatimreba niSnavs damnaSavi­
saTvis danaSaulis kvlav Cadenis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevas. magram, SeuZlebe­
lia 4 milioni braldebulis cixeSi gamoketva. ufro metic, ar arsebobs mkafio
meqanizmi imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli damnaSavea sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi.
Zaladobrivi danaSaulis umetesoba Cadenilia ara ganmeorebiTi damnaSaveebis
mier, aramed im adamianebisa, romlebic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadiodnen da­
naSauls (araZaladobrivs) qonebis winaaRmdeg (kamineri, 1994).
is, Tu ramdenad damsaxurebulad iReben sasjels damnaSaveebi, ufro moralur-
eTikuri sakiTxia da ara socilogiis gansjis Tema. magram kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
axalgazrda damnaSaveebze cixem SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios da
gamoiwvios maTi Serwyma iseT subkulturasTan, sadac msxverplad yofnis Tavidan
acilebis erTaderTi gza sxvebze Zaladobaa. cixem SesaZlebelia skolis funqciac
Seasrulos axalbedebisaTvis, romlebmac SeiZleba gamocdili damnaSaveebisagan
aiTvison danaSaulis Cadenis axali xerxebi.

sikvdiliT dasja

SeerTebuli Statebi erTaderTi dasavluri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac

jer kidev moqmedebs sikvdiliT dasja. 1994 wlisaTvis 37 Statisa da federalur­
ma mTavrobebma daamtkices sikvdiliT dasja (kostanco da uaiTi, 1994). niu-ior­
kis Statma sikvdiliT dasja 1995 wels daakanona.
Tumca ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba. SeerTebul
StatebSi yovel wels mkvlelobis 22000, dapatimrebis 18000, umaRlesi sasje­
lis Sefardebis 300 da ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanis mxolod 50 an 60 SemTxveva
fiqsirdeba (rogorc wesi, danaSaulis Cadenidan 8 an meti wlis Semdeg) (levini,
1995). ufro metic, tendencia iqiTken midis, rom mcirdeba im danaSaulebaTa tipi
da ricxvi, romelic eqvemdebareba sikvdiliT dasjas (Statebis umetesobaSi es

277
aris mxolod pirveli xarisxis mkvleloba `gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi~). Tvi­
Ton procesic SedarebiT `humanuri~ xdeba (anu momakvdinebeli nivTierebis umt­
kivneulo ineqcia eleqtroskamis nacvlad). (gostanco da uaiTi, 1994).
sazogadoeba yovelTvis uWerda mxars sikvdiliT dasjas (ix. sqema 6.7). amerikel­
Ta 70% aRniSnavs, rom mxars uWers sikvidiliT dasjas. mxo­lod 30 %-ia sasjelis am
formis winaaRmdegi (elsuorsi da grosi, 1994). mxar­damWerebis gancxadebiT, isini
mxars uWeren sikvdiliT dasjas, miuxedavad imisa, rom jerac ar aris damtkice­
buli, moqmedebs Tu ara erTi damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja sxvebze SemaSineblad.
mowinaaRmdegebi ki amtkiceben, rom arasodes dauWeren mxars sasjelis am formas,
kidevac rom gaCndes misi efeqtianobisa da profilaqtikuri mizanSewonilebis dam­
adasturebeli sabuTebi (sendisi da makgareli, 1995).

% mxars uWers sikvdiliT dasjas

% ewinaaRmdegeba sikvdiliT dasjas
% ar icis
procentebi

sqema 6.7/sikvdiliT dasjis mimarT damokidebulebis Secvla

sikvdiliT dasjisadmi mxardaWera Semcirda 1960-ian wlebSi, Semdeg 1980-ian 1990-
ian wlebSi gaizarda. sikvdiliT dasjis principis mxardaWera yovelTvis rodis niS­
navs mis realurad gamoyenebas.

wyaro: foebi elsvorTi da samoel grosi `damokidebulebis gamkacreba: amerikelTa

Tvalsazrisi sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb~, socialur sakiTxTa Jurnali 50, ## 2 (1994).

ratom xdeba iSviaTad sasikvdilo ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana, roca is ka­

no­niTaa damtkicebuli? ratom uWers mosaxleobis umetesoba mxars zogadad
sikvdiliT dasjas da ufro iSviaTad konkretul SemTxvevebSi? ganaCenis sis­
ruleSi moyvanas simbo­luri da ceremoniuli datvirTva aqvs Cvens sazogadoebaSi.
es Cven mier danaSaulisa da mkvlelobis uaryofis sazogado gamovlinebaa (grosi,
1989). magram saxelmwifos saxeliT Cadenili masobrivi mkvlelobebi gamoiwvevda
mosaxloebis mrisxanebas da igi amgvar qmedebebs hitlerisa da stalinis mier Ca­
denil qmedebebs gautolebda.
biujetis Semcirebisa da momWirneobis epoqaSic ki amerikuli sazogadoeba
mondomebulia, damnaSave daisajos nebismier fasad. amis mizezi ar aris mxolod

278
SurisZiebis survili. rogorc emil durkhaimi (1893/1985) ambobda, TviT dasjis
faqti aris kmayofilebis momgvreli. igi kanonmorCili moqalaqeebisaTvis so­
cialur funqcias asrulebs. deviantebisa da kriminalebis dasja amyarebs so­
cialur solidarobas da amtkicebs saerToO Rirebulebebs. sociologebi amtkice­
ben, rom Cven vsjiT ara mxolod imitom, rom gamovasworoT `kriminalebi~, aramed
imisaTvisac, rom Cven TviTon gvaxsovdes sazogadoebis moraluri Rirebulebebi­
sadmi erTgulebis mniSvneloba.

Sejameba

1. deviacia iseTi movlenaa, romelic sazogadoebis an jgufis TvalSi arRvevs

maT normebs. zogi devianturi qmedeba mwvave ukmayofilebas iwvevs, maSin
rodesac, zogi ukanono saqcieli mxolod Secdomad aRiqmeba.
2. deviacia socialuri definiciis sakiTxia. deviaturobis gan­sazRvreba icv­
leba sazogadoebidan sazogadoebaSi, jgufidan jgufSi da gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva situaciasa da droSic.
3. adamianebis aRiareba deviantebad damokidebulia ara marto imaze, Tu ra
saqciels Cadian isini, aramed imazec, Tu ras warmo­adgenen. deviantebs
yvelaze xSirad maT uwodeben, vinc Tavisi moqmedebiT safrTxes uqmnis so­
cialuri elitis interesebs.
4. miuxedavad imisa, rom deviantoba arRvevs socialur sistemas, is dadebiT
funqciasac asrulebs _ anu axsenebs adamia­nebs, Tu sad gadis respeqtabelu­
robis zRvari da amaRlebs socialuri solidarobis dones. amgvarad, devian­
turobam SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos socialuri normebis gamyarebas, magram
zogjer socialuri cvlilebebis katalizatoradac mogvevlinos.
5. socialuri kontroli gulisxmobs jgufis an sazogadoebis mcedlobas, daa­
reguliros qceva. idealur situaciaSi adamianebi axdenen normebis inter­
nalizacias. amave dros Tavad sazogadoeba awesebs sanqciebsac (garegnulad
gamoxatul iZulebas). sanqciebi SeiZleba iyos araforma­luri (Worebi) an
formaluri (patimroba) xasiaTis.
6. mcdeloba mtkicebisa, rom deviacia biologiuri Taviseburebaa, kra­xiT
das­rulda. dRes mecnierebi met yuradRebas amaxvileben socia­lizaciaze,
socialur swavlebasa da socialur struqturaze, romelic Sejamebulia
diferenciuli asociaciis TeoriaSi. erT-erTi pirveli, WeSmaritad soci­
ologiuri Teoria deviantobis Sesaxeb gaxldaT mertonis struqturuli
rRvevis Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs konfliqts kulturulad inducire­
bul survilebsa da SesaZleblobebis struqturas Soris.
7. TiTqmis yvela adamiani iqceva devianturad sicocxleSi erT­xel mainc, mag­ram
maTgan mxolod mcire ricxvi mihyveba deviantur karieras. pirveladi devi­
anturoba xasiaTdeba normebis erTjeradi, msubuqi darRveviT. meoreul de­
vianturoba ki warmoadgens deviantis rolis morgebas xangrZlivi periodis

279
 ganmavlobaSi. saxeldebis Teoria amtkicebs, rom socialurma sanqciebma
SesaZlebelia ukuSedegi aCvenos da gamoiwvios meoreuli deviantoba. pirve­
ladi deviantoba SesaZlebelia aixsnas arasrulfasovani socializaciiT,
romelic Tavis mxriv araadekvatur TviTkontrols iwvevs.
8. danaSauli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli normis darRvevaa. yvela devianturi
qmedeba ar aris danaSauli (da yvela danaSauli ar aris devianturi qmedeba).
dRes arsebobs tendencia, romelic mimarTulia normebis kanonebad kodi­
ficirebisaken.
9. gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikelebis rwmeniT, imata Zaladobrivma da
qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis ricxvma. magram oficialuri statis­
tika sapirispiros amtkicebs. mediis mcdeloba, gaamaxvilos sazogadoebis
yuradReba sensaciur danaSaulebze, araregistrirebuli danaSaulis maRali
maCvenebeli da `ucnobi damnaSavis~ mier Cadenili SemTxvevebis ricxvi sazoga­
doebaSi SiSs iwvevs. Zaladobrivi da qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis
umetesoba Cadenilia axalgazrda mamakacebis mier, romelTa Soris Warbobs
qalaqSi macxovrebeli Savkaniani mozardebi da axalgazrdebi. danaSaulis Ca­
denis asaki mcirdeba maSin, roca matulobs danaSaulis simZimis done.
10. e.w. umsxverplo danaSauli (prostitucia, narkotikebis ukanono gamo­
yeneba) ayenebs moralurobis dakanonebis sakiTxs. organizebuli danaSau­
lis meSveobiT xdeba ukanono saASualebebiT ukanono saqonlisa da servisebis
uzrunvel­yofa an kanonieri saqonlisa da servisebis uzrunvelyofa ukanono
saSualebebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTrsayeloianTa mier Cadenili da kor­
poraciuli danaSauli sazogadoebas ufro Zviri ujdeba, vidre quCaSi Cad­
enili danaSauli, maT iSviaTad sjian mkacrad, gzavnian cixeSi an uwodeben
deviantebs.
11. danaSaulis kontrolis farTod rekomendebuli strategia gulisxmobs iara­
Ris Sesaxeb kanonis gamkacrebas, quCebSi morige policielebis ricxvis zr­
das da urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris. aseve
sasamarTloebze zewolas sasjelis gamkacrebis mizniT.
12. amJamindeli tendenciis Tanaxmad, sul ufro meti damnaSave igzavneba cixeSi
xangrZlivi droiT. `sami dartymis~ kanoni da sxva savaldebulo minimaluri
sasjeli SeiZleba iwvevdes danaSaulis ricxvis Semcirebas, magram mas Sesa­
Zlebelia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebic mohyves (maga­liTad, sasamarTloe­
bis dabrkoleba). ar arsebobs imis myari sabuTi, rom dapa­timreba efeqturad
asrulebs sxvebis daSinebis funqcias, mosaxleobaSi amcirebs poten­ciuri
kriminalebis ricxvs da kriminalebs gamosworebisaken ubiZgebs.
13. gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, amerikelebi regularulad uWeren mxars sikvdi­liT
dasjas. Tumca, dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoaSkaravda, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravali uWers mxars zogadad sikvdiliT dasjas, isini xSirad ewinaaR­
mdegebian mas konkretul SemTxvevebSi. adamianebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi. miuxedavad axa­
li kanonisa, am sasjelis sisruleSi moyvanis SemTxvevebi mcirea.

280
 imsjeleT

1. ratom aris deviacia socialuri definiciis sakiTxi?

2. rogor xsnian saxeldebis Teoriebi deviacias?
3. SeajameT Teoriebi da imsjeleT Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi faqtoris Sesaxeb,
romlebic xsnis im faqts, rom zogi individi xdeba devianti, zogi ki _ ara:
buneba, socialuri daswavla (diferenciuli asociaciis CaTvliT), struqtu­
ruli rRveva da araadekvaturi socialuri kontroli.
4. axseniT, ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba arsebobs danaSaulsa da deviacias So­
ris.
5. mokled aRwereT am TavSi mocemuli danaSaulis tipebi.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. qalaqis sabWom gTxovaT, SeimuSavoT gegma sazogadoebaSi devianturobis

sakiTxis mosagvareblad. SeimuSaveT socialuri kontrolis programa, ro­
melic daeyrdnoba deviaciis arsebiTi axsnis aspeqtebs. miuTiTeT, Tqveni
gegmis konkretulad romeli aspeqti exeba konkretul axsnas.
2. Cven davinaxeT, rom bandebis wevroba sruliad normalurad aRiqmeba im
sazogadoebebSi, sadac bandebs myarad aqvT fexi mokidebuli, magram danar­
Ceni sazogadoeba am qmedebas devianturad miiCnevs. daasaxeleT qmedebebi,
romelsac, Tqveni azriT, deviantobad miiCnevda klasis, subkulturis an
qveynis warmomadgeneli.
3. am TavSi mocemulia danaSaulis ramdenime tipi: Zaladobrivi danaSauli, da­
naSauli msxverplis gareSe, organizebuli danaSauli da TeTrsayeloianTa
da korporaciuli danaSaulebebi. daalageT es tipebi yvelaze seriozulidan
msubuqisaken. daasabuTeT, ratom gadawyviteT ase.
4. imsjeleT, ra cvlilebas SeitandiT kriminaluri samarTalwarmoebis siste­
maSi da ratom.
5. amerikis cixeebi gadaWedilia patimrebiT. am Tavidan miRebul informaciaze
dayrdnobiT, warmoadgineT danaSaulis problemis gadaWris Tqveneuli midgoma.

sityvari

konformuloba _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT,

kulturulad gamarTlebuli miznebis miRweva kulturulad gamarTlebuli
saSualebebiT.
korporaciuli danaSauli _ ukanono saqmianoba, romelic miznad isa­xavs orga­
nizaciisaTvis sargeblis mopovebas.
danaSauli _ saxelmwifos mier kanoniT miRebuli normis darRveva.
deviacia _ qmedeba, romelic, socialuri jgufis azriT, arRvevs maT normebs.

281
devianturi kariera _ TandaTanobiT Serwyma deviantur cxovrebis wesTan da
deviantur subkulturasTan dakavSireba.
diferenciuli asociacia _ procesi, romliTac adamianebi socia­lizdebian
jgufSi gabatonebul qcevaSi. Tu amgvari qceva devianturia, devianturoba
kulturulad gadaecema.
formaluri sanqciebi _ socialur normebsa da Rirebulebebze oficialuri ze­
wola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT, romelsac axorcielebs iseTi oficialuri
organizaciebi, rogoricaa policiis departamenti, sasamarTloebi da cixeebi.
araformaluri sanqcia _ araoficialuri zewola damyolobis miRwevis mizniT,
rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, dacinva, gariyva, ukmayofileba (uaryofiTi sanqcie­
bi) da, meore mxriv, mowoneba da Seqeba (dadebiTi sanqciebi).
inovacia _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoria, romelic gulisxmobs
kulturulad gamarTlebuli miznebis miRwevas devianturi saSualebebiT.
internalizacia _ procesi, romlis drosac kulturuli standartebi xdeba
adamianis piradi struqturis nawilebi.
saxeldebis Teoria _ Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi iZenen deviantur so­
cialur identobas da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils, radganac sxvebi
mas deviantad aRiqvamen da aiZuleben, Tavi gariyulad igrZnos.
organizebuli danaSauli _ warmoadgens konspiraciul jgufs, romlis mizania
fuladi mogeba an Zalauflebis mopoveba, agreTve mcdeloba iyos xelSeuxe­
beli SiSis danergviT da korufciiT. organizebuli danaSaulis priorite­
tia ukanono saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa.
garigeba _ procesi danaSaulis aRiarebis, romlis drosac saolqo prokurori
sTavazobs eWvmitanils bralis Semsubuqebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi aRiarebs
danaSauls da uars ityvis sasamarTlo procesze.
pirveladi deviacia _ socialuri normebis sawyisi darRveva, rodesac ar aRin­
iSneba amgvari qmedebis Cadenis motivi da ar xdeba adamianis daxasiaTeba.
amboxi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, axali
miznebis dasaxva da maTi miRweva axali saSualebebiT.
retritizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, kul­
turis mier dasaxuli miznebisa da saSualebebis mitoveba.
ritualizmi _ robert mertonis struqturuli rRvevis Teoriis mixedviT, saSua­
lebebis brmad miyola. am dros umTavresi miznebi ukana planze gadaiwevs.
sanqciebi _ jildo socialuri normebis morCilebisaTvis da dasja maTi dar­
RvevisaTvis.
meoreuli deviacia _ procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi Tavis Tavs gansaz­
Rvraven deviantebad da misdeven cxovrebis deviantur stils.
socialuri kontroli _ sazogadoebis mcdeloba, marTos sakuTari Tavi; meqa­
nizmi, romliTac xdeba socialuri normebis gaZliereba da maTi potenciuri
darRvevebis aRkveTa.
struqturuli rRveva _ Seusabamoba socialur molodinebs, kulturul mizneb­

282
 sa da am miznebis misaRwevad saWiro saSualebebs Soris.
umsxverplo danaSauli _ iseTi danaSauli (magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebi
da prostitucia), romelsac xSirad ar hyavs msxverpli (anu piri, romelic
dazaralda am qmedebis Sedegad).
Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi _ danaSauli, romelic gulisxmobs msxverplis wi­
naaRmdeg fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebas, magaliTad, mkvleloba, Tavdasxma da
gaupatiureba.
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli _ danaSauli, romelic Cadenilia maRali sta­tusis
mqone adamianebis mier samuSaos Sesrulebis per­i­odSi.

283
284
 nawili III

gansxvaveba da uTanasworoba

285
286
 Tavi 7

klasi da stratifikacia

simdidre, Zalaufleba da prestiJi:

stratifikaciis ganzomilebebi

uTanasworoba da socialuri mobiloba

. amerikuli klasobrivi struqtura
. simdidrisa da Semosavlebis ganawileba
. socialuri mobiloba

siRaribe amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

. vin arian Raribebi? . dasaqmebuli Raribebi
. keTildReoba: miTebi da faqtebi

socialuri stratifikaciis axsna

. klasobrivi struqtura . funqciuri integracia
. Zalaufleba . kultura . socialuri qmedeba

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
imigracia, rasa da socialuri mobiloba
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: usaxlkaroebi

287
288
 m anhetenis centri miraJs waagavs cementis, foladisa da minis mbrwyinavi
koSkebiT, romlebic TiTqos wylidan amozrdilano. iqvea 1913 wels aSene­
buli vulvorTis Senoba _ Tavis droze yvelaze maRali caTambjeni, Tavisi
neogoTikur stilSi gadawyvetili spiralebiT. am arqiteqturul saocrebebs So­
ris Cakargula uolstriti _ amerkis SeerTebuli Statebisa da, zogis azriT,
msoflios finansuri centri.
manhetenidan fexiT 15-20 wuTis savalze mdebareobs soho _ erT dros ayvave­
buli fabrikebisa da maRaziebis raioni, rkinis eleganturi fasadebiT. 1950-60-ian
wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrebma soho aRmoaCines da aqtiurad daiwyes misi aTviseba
maRali sxvenebisa da dabali fasebis gamo, es raioni, faqtobrivad, mitovebuli iyo.
1970-ian wlebSi sohoSi mravlad gaixsna sagamofeno darbazebis filialebi, rasac
didi maRaziebi da moduri restornebi mohyva. dRes soho manhetenis yvelaze mo­
duri da Zviri nawilia. maRaziebma da restornebma nel-nela gandevna iq mcxovrebi
mxatvrebi. produqciis centri TandaTan moxmarebis centrad iqca. es aris adgili,
sadac elituri gemovneba yalibdeba.
zemoT, centraluri parkis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan iwyeba ki­dev erTi socia­
luri samyaro: harlemi. uamravi Zveli SenobiT, jer kidev dasaxlebuli avariuli
saxlebiT, ficrebiT SeWedili sacxovreblebiTa da carieli miwis nakveTebiT _
es adgili mravali Ratakis TavSesafaria, romelTa umravlesoba laTino da afro-
amerikelebi arian. harlemis ZiriTadi quCebis Cayolebaze wvrili maRaziebi da
eklesiebia ganTavsebuli; patara daxlebSi sigaretiT, koka-koliT, CipsebiTa da
konservebiT vaWroben, Rvinoebis maRaziebSi gamyidvlebi da molareebi tyviagaum­
tari SuSebis miRma sxedan. magram harlemis ZiriTad sayrdens quCis im wvrilmani
movaWreebis iatakqveSa ekonomika warmoadgens, romelic potenciur myidvels nax­
mar tansacmels, iaffasian afrikul qandakebebs, xatebs, piratul Canawerebsa da
Semwvar sakvebsac ki sTavazobs. narkotikebi quCebSi iyideba, maTi momxmareblebi
mitovebul SenobebSi an bnel derefnebSi ewevian, an ikeTeben. alkohols pirdapir
boTlebidan svamen, xolo plastikuri baraTebi Canacvlebulia etapobrivi gadax­
dis sistemiT.
uolstritis, harlemsa da sohos Sua mdebareobs manhetenis ZiriTadi sacxovre­
beli kvartlebi. zemoTa istsaidi, romelic ganTq­mulia mexuTe da parkis aveniuebis
eleganturi sacxovrebeli SenobebiT; medison aveniu dizainerebis maRaziebiT da
`muzeumebis mili~, sadac ZiriTad SeZlebuli protestanti anglo-saqsuri warmo­
Sobis TeTrkanianebi saxloben. zemoTa vestsaidi, romelic lin­konlis saxelobis
xelovnebis centridan iwyeba da kolumbiis universitetamde grZeldeba, amayobs
Tavisi mrafalferovnebiT. aq ganlagebuli sxvadasxva qveynis samzareuloebi,
gzispira kafeebi da specialuri maRaziebi saSualo fenis specialistebs, inteleq­
tualebsa da xelovnebis sferos warmomadgenlebs emsaxureba.
TeTrkanianebi, romlebic uolstritze muSaoben, sohoSi sadiloben da albaT
zemoTa istsaidSi cxovroben, yvelanairad cdiloben Tavi aaridon harlems da 96-
e quCasac ki (`wesieri~ saxlebis bolo quCa). vestsaidelebi, romlebic meddebad
an eqimebad muSaoben harlemSi, daRamdebamde toveben am raions da centrisken

289
miiCqarian Teatris an baletis warmodgenaze dasaswrebad. miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogierTi saSualo klasis afro-amerikeli muSaobs uolstritze, harlemSi
macxovreblebis umetesobas TvaliTac ar unaxavs igi. `zemoTa~ macxovreblebis
azriT, centri anu `daunTauni~ ZiriTadad TeTrkanianTa samflobelodaa miCneu­
li, sadac mCqefare finansur da sabazro kulturaSi Savkanianebi monawileobas ar
iReben (zukini, 1991).
niu-iorkis msgavsad, TiToeuli qalaqis wyoba da ganlageba warmoadgens sim­
didris, Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis gamoxatulebas. zogi kvartali ZlierTa
da mdidarTa piradi samflobeloa feSenebeluri ofisebiTa da sacxovrebeli
saxlebiT, sufTa da keTilmowyobili quCebiT. sxva teritoriebi saSualo klasis
adamianebis sacxovrebelia _ adamianebisa, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian da arc
Raribebi. mcire da saSualo biznesi maTi mflobelisaTvis mxolod normaluri
cxovrebis da ara fufunebis saSualebaa. am or raions Soris gansxvaveba ara mar­
to simdidresa da keTildReobaSia, ara­med maTi macxovreblebis gemovnebaSic.
am TavSi ganxilulia socialuri peizaJis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebeli
niSani _ socialuri uTanasworoba. pirvel nawilSi axsnilia, Tu rogor aris
so­cialuri uTanasworoba Cveni socialuri struqturis nawili, rogor xdeba
misi SenarCuneba ZalauflebiT, rogor gamoixateba uTanasworoba kulturul
aspeqtebSi. meore nawili ganixilavs socialur qmedebas da socialur mobilobas,
an individis socialuri poziicis cvlilebis SesaZleblobas. Semdeg aRwerilia
struqturuli faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs siRatakes SeerTebul Stateb­
Si. bolos ki SevexebiT im sakiTxs, aris Tu ara uTanasworoba ufro didi sistemis,
magaliTad, kapitalisturi ekonomikis Sedegi, Tu, ubralod, es aris zogi adamia­
nis unari, moipovos upiratesoba sxva adamianebze.

simdidre, Zalaufleba da avtoriteti:

stratifikaciis ganzomilebebi

socialuri stratifikaciis Seswavla socialuri uTanasworobis institu­

cionalizebuli formis axsnis mcdelobaa. rogorc sociologi gerhard lens­
ki (1996) ambobs, Cven gvsurs gavigoT, vin ras iRebs da ratom. am kiTxvaze pasuxi
nawilobriv adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebs ukavSirdeba. nebismier sazogadoebaSi
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian SesaZleblobebis, unarebis, siZlieris,
silamazis da ambiciis mixedviT. am Tvisebebma SesaZlebelia gavlena iqonios maTi
cxovrebis standartebze, maT mimarT pativiscemasa da maT gavlenaze. Tumca, aR­
saniSnavia, rom socialuri stratifikaciis sistemis safuZveli adamianebs Soris
gansxvavebaa.
stratifikacia aris mTeli sazogadoebis adamianTa fenebad dayofa, ro­
mel­Tac gaaCniaT mwiri, magram sasurveli resursebis araTanabari raodenoba,
cxovrebis araTanabari Sansi da aseve araTanabari socialuri gavlena (beteili,

290
1985). TiToeul doneze adamianebis socialuri statusi gansazRvravs imas, Tu
ramdenad miuwvdebaT maT xeli stratifikaciis sam ZiriTad ganzomilebaze. es­
enia: simdidre (Semosavlebis CaTvliT), Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. bankiris
statusi maRalia samive ganzomilebaSi, xolo usaxlkaro adamianisa, Sesabamisad,
_ dabali. isec xdeba, rom adamians, romelsac maRali statusi aqvs erT ganzo­
milebaSi, SeiZleba dabali hqondes danarCen orSi. magaliTad, saeklesio pirebs
SesaZlebelia hqondeT sakmarisi avtotriteti an dafaseba, magram maTi statusi
ar uzrunvelyofs maT ZalauflebiTa da simdidriT.
rodesac vambobT, rom socialuri stratifikacia institucionalizebulia,
vgulisxmobT, rom uTanasworobebi CaSenebulia socialur struqturaSi da SesaZ­
lebelia Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. stratifikaciis sistema daxurulia im gage­
biT, rom Zalian Znelia (an SeuZlebelia) poziciis Secvla ierarqiaSi. magaliTad,
aparteidis dros samxreT afrikis stratifikaciis sistema mWidrod iyo daxuru­
li SavkanianebisaTvis. amasTan SedarebiT SeerTebuli Statebis stratifikaciis
sistema Riad iTvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom, oficialurad, adamianebs SeuZli­
aT daikavon nebismieri pozicia, ise, rom yura­dReba ar mieqces maT Tandayolil
maxasiaTeblebs (gamonakliss warmoadgens is, rom emigrantebs ar SeuZliaT, ken­
Wi iyaron prezidentobaze). amerikuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, adamianis pozicia
ufro SeZenili (miRweuli) statusia (ix. Tavi 3). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pozi­
cia warmoadgens TiToeuli individis Zalisxmevisa da warmatebis Sedegs. Tumca,
rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, es mainc klasobrivi sistemaa: mosaxleoba dayofilia
simdidris, avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mixedviT da individis mSoblebis pozi­
cia saukeTeso prognozia imisa, Tu ra pozicias daikavebs maTi Svili.
socialuri stratifikacia ar xdeba SemTxveviT da ar efuZneba mxolod gan­
sxvavebebs adamianebis SesaZleblobebs Soris. es aris sistematuri mow­yoba, ro­
melic erTi adamianis interesebze zemoT meoris interesebs ayenebs. jer ar yo­
fila SemTxveva, rom romelime sazogadoebaSi yvelas Tanaswori ufleba hqonoda,
Tumca uTanasworobis xarisxi da done Zalian cvalebadia sxvadasxva sazogadoe­
baSi (lenski, lenski da nolani, 1991; sahlinsi, 1958). kalaharis udab­nos binadar
senis tomSi, romlis wevrebi ZiriTadad nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas misdeven,
gansxvaveba simdidreSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs gansxvaveba
Zalauflebasa da avtoritetSi. aq gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas tomis uxuce­
sebi iReben, mSoblebs aqvT Zalaufleba Svilebze da mamakacebs meti gavlena aqvT
qalebTan SedarebiT. maTi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebidan da unarebidan gamomdi­
nare, konkretul individebs SesaZlebelia ufro meti gavlena hqondeT, vidre sx­
vebs, magram amave dros, maT SeiZleba ar hqondeT gavlena calkeul adamianebze,
rac ganpirobebulia maTi poziciiT an sakuTrebiT.
ufro did sazogadoebebSi stabilur ierarqias mTeli jgufi warmoadgens da
am ierarqiaSi dakavebuli poziciebi Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
amgvar ierarqiebs safuZvlad SeiZleba savsebiT gansxvavebuli faqtorebi edos
(smiTi, 1974, 1991). magaliTad, sulieri statusi da kulturuli avtoritetis sxva
wyaroebi SesaZlebelia materialur qonebaze metad fasobdes romelime sazoga­
doebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTSi mahaTma gandis avtoriteti da Zalaufleba gaci­

291
lebiT aRemateboda warmatebuli biznesmenebisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom gandi
ar gamoirCeoda simdidriT, atarebda ubralo samoss da ZiriTadad marxulobda.
cxadia, im faqtma, rom man siRaribe airCia, mniSvnelovanad Seuwyo xeli mis av­
toritetsa da Zalauflebas. amas garda, induri sazogadoebis kastebad dayofis
tradiciuli sistema mniSvnelobas ufro sulier mxares aniWebda, vidre materi­
alur simdidres. Tumca, sxva konteqstSi SesaZlebelia sulier simdidreze metad
fizikur siZlieres, simdidres, ganaTlebas an demokratiul arCevnebs miniWeboda
upiratesoba.
Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul Stateb­
Si) simdidresa da Semosavals gansakuTrebuli roli ukavia stratifikaciaSi.
es gansxvaveba ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi asaxulia terminSi socialuri klasi.
socialuri klasi aris im adamianebis jgufi, romlebsac erTnairi pozicia uka­
viaT stratifikaciis sistemaSi, radganac isini erTnair poziciaze imyofebian
ekonomikis mxriv. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac amerikelebi saubroben `saSua­
lo klasze~, maT mxedvelobaSi hyavT adamianebi, romlebic arc mdidrebi arian
da arc Raribebi. pozicia, romlebic adamianebs klasSi ukaviaT, gavlenas axdens
maTi cxovrebis uklebliv yvela aspeqtze – dawyebuli sacxovrebeli adgilidan,
ganaTlebis, profesiis, Semosavlebis, qorwinebisa da cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
CaTvliTac ki.
arc erTi sistema ar aris imdenad martivi, rom adamianebi iolad ergebodnen
erT an meore fenas. xSirad statusi aramdgradia. magaliTad, narkobaroni SeiZ­
leba iyos warmoudgenlad mdidari, magram mainc ar iTvlebodes maRali klasis
wevrad. Cven vacnobierebT, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba momdinareobdes ara sim­
didridan, aramed biurokratiis kontrolidan. Cven aseve vacnobierebT, rom ise­
Ti kulturuli faqtori, rogoricaa rasizmi, SeiZleba zRudavdes adamianis av­
toritetsa da Zalauflebas, miuxedavad misi qonebrivi mdgomareobisa.

uTanasworoba da socialuri mobiloba

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damaarseblebma damoukideblobis deklara­

ciaSi ganacxades, rom `yvela adamiani dabadebulia Tanasworad~. ramdenime wlis
Semdeg didma frangma socialurma Teoretikosma, aleqsis de tokvilma imogzaura
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da ganacxada, rom es qveyana aris modeli Tanaswori,
demokratiuli sazogadoebis organizebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, mza recepti
evropis momavali ganviTarebisa. cxadia, Tavidanve arsebobda gamonaklisebi. da­
moukideblobis deklaraciaSi moyvanili frazis miuxedavad, romelic interpre­
tirebuli iyo rogorc `yvela kaci dabadebulia Tanasworad~, qalebs meoce sau­
kunemde ar hqondaT ufleba, monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi. amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis damaarseblebma aseve xeluxlebeli datoves monobis sistema da amiT
yovelgvari ufleba CamoarTves afro-amerikelTa did umravlesobas. monoba mxo­
lod samoqalaqo omis Semdeg gauqmda, ris Sedegadac afro-amerikelebs formalu­

292
rad mieniWaT Tanasworoba, Tumca uTanasworobis barieris damsxvrevas Taobebis
brZola dasWirda. dRes afro-amerikelebi da umciresobis sxva jgufebi, kvlav gani­
cdian diskriminacias da TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT uares pirobebSi cxovrebas.
amerikuli kultura afasebs Tanasworobas da amasTan erTad legitimurad
scnobs Zalze uTanasworo klasobriv struqturas. dapirispireba idealebsa da
realobas Soris gardauvalia. amgvarad, amerikelebs ar moswonT mdidrebi, rom­
lebic fiqroben, rom sxvebze ukeTesebi arian, magram amave dros igive amerikele­
bi fiqroben, rom sulac ar aris cudi, iyo mdidari saqmosnis SviliSvili da mem­
kvidreobiT miiRo is simdidre, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi ver gamoimuSavebdi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa umetesobas `sjera~ SesaZleblobebis Tanas­
worobis ideisa, bevri maTgani ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams im saxelmwifo prog­
ramebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miznad isaxavs amerikis sazogadoebis Tanasworobis
donis amaRlebas.

amerikuli klasobrivi struqtura

amerikelTa umetesoba sakuTar Tavs saSualo klasis warmomadgenlad miiC­

nevs. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, maRaziis gamyidvlebi arian isini, wylis gayvanilo­
bis ostatebi, inJinrebi Tu eqimebi. saSualo klasi niSnavs imas, rom misi wevrebi
muSaoben da miRebuli SemosavliT cxovroben, da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar arian
damokidebulni memkvidreobiT miRebul qonebaze. es zRvari muSaobas, simdi­
dresa da keTildReobas Soris iolad gasagebia, magram is faravs mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebebsac. magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom iuristi, romlis wliuri Semo­
savali 200000 aSS dolaria, iTvlebodes imave klasis warmomadgenlad, romelsac
ekuTvnis SinammarTveli, romlis saSualo wliu­ri Semosavali 12000 aSS dolars
Seadgens mxolod imitom, rom orive maTgani srul ganakveTze muSaobs da gamoi­
muSavebs saarsebo Tanxas?
rogorc es kiTxva cxadyofs, ioli ar aris imis gansazRvra, ramdeni klasisagan
Sedgeba amerikuli sazogadoeba. sociologebi klass gansazRvraven adamia­nebis
simdidris, Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis/profesiis mixedviT.
simdidre aRniSnavs adamianis faseul qonebas _ esaa yvelaferi is, rac am ada­
mians ekuTvnis, magaliTad, saxli an aqciebi. simdidre `Senaxuli myidve­lobiTi
unaria~, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da Taobidan
Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema (oliveri da Sapiro, 1990).
Semosavali ki gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdens iRebs adamiani gareTa wyarodan:
es aris fulis is raodenoba, romelic Sedis ojaxSi imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdeni
gadis misgan. arsebobs Semosavlis ori saxe: xelfasebi da anazRaureba (miiReba
Sromis fasad) da procentebi, dividendebi da qira (sakuTrebidan an qonebidan
miRebuli Semosavali).
simdidre gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs amerikuli klasobrivi struqturis
zeda safexurze myofi admianebis gansazRvraSi. es is adamianebi arian, romlebic

293
sakuTari qonebis did nawils memkvidreobas unda umadlodnen. maTi Semosavali
ZiriTadad investiciebidan modis. es faqtori ganasxvavebs maT saSualo da mu­
SaTa klasis amerikelebisagan. gansxvavebebs saSualo da muSaTa klasebs Soris
ZiriTadad profesia/saqmianoba qmnis, kerZod: samsaxuris is tipebi, sadac muSao­
ben adamianebi; ganaTlebis done, romelsac es samsaxurebi iTxovs; maTi saSualo
xelfasi da agreTve, ramdenad avtoritetulebi arian am fenis adamianebi samsa­
xurebSi da ramdenad aqvT kontroli sxvebze.

cxrili 7.1
profesiebis CamonaTvali prestiJis maCveneblis
mixedviT aSS-Si

maRalprestiJuli pro­ dabalprestiJuli

qula qula
fesiebi profesiebi
eqimi 86 wyalgayvanilobis
iuristi 75 ostati 45
kolejis/universite­ bankis molare 43
tis profesori 74 mSenebeli 36
fizikosi/astronomi 73 ofisis klerki 36
arqiteqtori 73 gamosasworebeli
kosmiuri inJineri 72 dawesebulebis 32
kbilis eqimi 72 oficeri
fsiqologi 69 avtobusis mZRoli 32
saeklesio piri 69 sacalo movaWre 31
farmacevti 68 satvirTo
medda 66 manqanis mZRoli 30
sportsmeni 65 molare 29
sahaero moZraobis konsierJi 27
kontroliori 65 taqsis mZRoli 28
dawyebiTi skolis dasufTavebis 28
maswavlebeli 64 samsaxuris muSaki
mfrinavi 61 oficianti 28
sociologi 61 barmeni 25
finansuri menejeri 59 fermaSi momuSave 23
msaxiobi/reJisori 58 benzogasamarTi sad­
guris muSaki 21
ojaxSi mosamsaxure 20
manqanis mrecxavi 19
gazeTebiT movaWre 19

wyaro: adaptirebulia `zogadi socialuri kvlevebi~, 1972-1993 ww.

294
 avtoriteti aris socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema da mowoneba, romliTac
ajildoeben adamianebs maTi Tvisebebis gamo, romelic faseulia sazogadoebi­
saTvis (gudi, 1978). SeerTebul StatebSi profesiuli saqmianoba avtoritetis
ZiriTadi wyaroa. sociologebi Semdegnairad zomaven profesiebis avtoritets:
Tavdapirvelad isini sTxoven mosaxleobis arCeul kohortas, Seafason sxvada­
sxva samsaxuris socialuri reputacia, amis Semdeg ki axdenen am Sefasebebis ska­
lirebas qulebis mixedviT, sadac 0 yvelze dabali, xolo 100 yvelaze maRali qu­
laa. amgvari gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi met-naklebad ucvlelia. rogorc 7.1. cxrili
gviCvenebs, amerikelebi yvelaze metad im profesiebs afaseben, romlebic Zalau­
flebasTan da maRali donis profesiul unarebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, maRa­
li avtoriteti yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs did Semosavals.
yvela am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, sociologma harold kerbom (1991, gv. 13-
14) amgvarad Seajama amerikuli klasobrivi struqtura:
maRali klasi Sedgeba im ojaxebisagan, romlebic did qonebas floben (msxvili
korporaciebis aqciebisa da uZravi qonebis CaTvliT). am adamianebs moepovebaT
avtoriteti da Zalaufleba swored maTi qonebrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare.
es adamianebi arian Zveli, damkvidrebuli ojaxis warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa
rokfelerebi, diuponebi, melonsebi da fordebi.
korporaciuli klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT didi bi­
urokratiuli Zalaufleba (aRmsruleblebi da direqtorTa sabWos wevrebi) msx­
vil korporaciebSi (da xSirad mTavrobaSic), oRond ar arian am korporaciebis
mflobelebi. arsebobs imis mtkicebulebebi, rom maRali klasi mcirdeba mniSvn­
elobidan gamomdinare, maSin rodesac korporatiuli klasi izrdeba amave faqto­
ris gaTvaliswinebiT.
saSualo klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic SedarebiT nakleb qonebas
floben, magram maTi profesiebi uzrunvelyofs saSualo an dabal Semosavlebs,
avtoritetsa da Zalauflebas. saSualo klasi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa zeda saSualo
klasad (eqimebi, iuristebi) da qveda saSualo klasad (ofisebSi momuSaveebi, mom­
saxure personali).
muSaTa klasi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT mcire qoneba (an
saerTod ar gaaCniaT is) da maTi profesiac iZleva saSualo an dabal Semosavals,
avtoritets an mcire Zalauflebas (an saerTod aranair Zalauflebas). muSaTa
klasi ZiriTadad Sedgeba dRiuri muSebisagan (romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofian
kvalificiur da arakvalificiur muSebad) da yvelaze dabal poziciebze mo­
muSave klerkebad.
dabali klasi moicavs im adamianebs, romlebsac saerTod ar gaaCniaT raime
saxis qoneba, xSirad arian umuSevrebi, ar gaaCniaT avtoriteti da Zalaufleba. es
ukve RaribTa fenaa.
ZiriTadad igive klasobrivi struqtura axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela ekonomi­
kurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebas (rogorc industriuls, aseve postindus­
triuls).
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli klasobrivi sistema SedarebiT stabiluria,
is eqvemdebareba da ganicdis kidec cvlilebebs. kristofer leSi (1995) bolo

295
drois yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebad miiCnevs im elitis warmoqmnas, rom­
lebic ZiriTadad informaciis manipulirebiTa da profesiuli gamocdilebiT
agrovebs qonebas. am axlad Camoyalibebuli elitis wevrebs cota ram akavSirebT
TemebTan, raionebTan an qveyanasTan. maTi qoneba dabandebulia globaluri
mniSvnelobis sawarmoebSi; isini aRweven damoukideblobas imiT, rom sakuTar
Svilebs aswavlian kerZo skolebSi, yiduloben gadaudebeli samedicino SemTx­
vevebis dazRvevas, qiraoben pirad dacvas sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvel­
sayofad... warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso kulturisa da garTobis qselis wevrebs
da Sedegad ufro meti saerTo aqvT honkongel an briuselel kolegebTan, vidre
sxva amerikelebTan.
federaluri mTavroba ar agrovebs monacemebs klasebze. mis mier moZiebuli
monacemebi ufro mosaxleobis fiqsirebuli procentis Semosavlebsa da qonebas
exeba, magaliTad, umdidresebi (an uRatakesebi) _ 1 procenti, 5 procenti an 20
procenti. Semosavlebsa da qonebaSi aRniSnuli gansxvavebebi zog SemTxvevaSi
mflobelis klass ar miewereba. am gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs cxovrebis etapic.
magaliTad, adamianebs 21-29 wlamde aqvT myari Semosavlebi, magram naklebi dag­
rovili qoneba; maSin roca, pensionrebs, romlebsac ukve aqvT dagrovili qoneba
(manqana, saxli, investicia da sxva qoneba), SedarebiT naklebi stabiluri Semo­
savali gaaCniaT. Tumca, gansxvaveba praqtikosi maswavlebelis an wyalgayvanilo­
bis ostatis (romelic jer kidev ixdis saxlis safasurs) qonebasa da pensioneris
(romelsac ukve aqvs saxli) qonebas Soris imaze mcirea, vidre maswavlebelsa da
rokfelers Soris.

simdidrisa da Semosavlebis ganawileba

aSS-Si simdidris ganawileba ukiduresad araTanabaria. amerikelebis umete­

sobas Zalian mcire qoneba aqvs. mxolod ori mesamedi cxovrobs sakuTar saxlebSi,
magram umetesobas jer kidev bolomde ar gaustumrebia am saxlebisTvis bankis­
gan aRebuli vali. amerikelTa mxolod 20%-ze odnav meti flobs aqcebs da fasian
qaRaldebs da mxolod 10.5% flobs sxva uZrav qonebas garda saxlebisa. saxlis
mflobelebis 73%-s moepoveba garkveuli qoneba, romelsac moaqvs dividendebi
finansur dawesebulebaSi (magaliTad, danazogi, specialuri angariSebi (saida­
nac fulis gamotana Cekis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli) da sadepozito angariSebi),
magram am depozitebis Rirebulebis mediana mxolod 3600 aSS dolaria (statis­
tikuri amonaridi, 1994, gv. 512). es imas niSnavs, rom amerikelebis umetesoba siR­
aribis zRvarTan axlos imyofeba, finansuri mdgomareobis mxriv. sagangebo Sem­
TxvevebSi (umuSevroba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, seriozuli daavadeba)
maT Zalze susti sayrdeni aqvT.
mdidrebs _ anu im adamianebis 10%-s, romlebic qveynis simdidris 70%-s flo­
ben _ amgvari problemebi ar awuxebT. simdidre, romelsac qveynis mosaxleo­

296
bis yvelaze mdidari 1 % flobs, 22-jer aRemateba darCenili 99 %-is kuTvnil
qonebas (oliveri da Sapiro, 1990). gansxvaveba kidev ufro didia im kapitalis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic Semosavlis generirebis potenciuri wyaroa. qveynis mo­
saxleobis um­didres 1%-s aqvs produqtiuli simdidris 237-jer meti odenoba
erT sulze, vid­re danarCen 99%-s. umdidresi 0.05% (daaxloebiT 430.000 ojaxi)
flobs qveynis korporatiuli aqciebis 40%-s. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ojaxebis erT
mesameds nulovani an uaryofiTi aqtivebi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi valebi
metia, vidre aqtivebi.
simdidris ganawilebis msgavsad, Semosavlis ganawilebac metad araTanabaria.
rogorc naCvenebia 7.1 sqemaSi, amerikelTa ojaxebis bolo erTi mexu­Tedis Semo­
savali mTlianad qveynis Semosavalis 3.6%-ia (1993 weli), maSin rodesac yvelaze
maRali erTi mexuTedisaTvis igive maCvenebeli 48.2%-ia. amave wlis monacemebiT,
SeZlebuli ojaxebis yvelaze maRal _ 5%-ze (korporaciuli klasis wevrebis
umetesobis CaTvliT) modioda yvela Semosavlis 20%, anu oTxjer meti imaze, ra­
sac isini miiRebdnen Semosavlebis Tanabari ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi (mosaxleo­
bis bolodroindeli angariSi, 1995).

sqema 7.1 / aSS-Si Semosavlis

gadana­wilebis maCveneblebi,
mosaxleobis mexuTedebis mi­
xedviT
zeda mexuTedi 48.2 %
mosaxleobis mexuTedebad dayo­
fa Semosavlebis ganawilebis mka­
fio suraTis miRebis saSualebas
iZleva. magram mosaxleobis es
segmentebi mxolod mi­axloebiT
meore mexuTeE d i 23.8 % Seesabameba socialuri klasebis
gansazRvrebebs.

mesame mexuTedi 15.3 %

wyaro: mimdinare aRweris Sedege­
bi, seria p-60, #188 (1995w. TEber­
meoTxe mexuTedi 9.1 %
vali)
qveda mexuTE d i 3.6 %

`Forbes Four Hundred~-Si, anu oTxasi yvelaze mdidari amerikelis yovelwliur

CamonaTvalSi Sedis ori fordi, sami rokfeleri, rva getisi da TerTmeti diu­
poni, Tumca, elitis yoveli xuTi wevridan oTxi korporaciuli klasis wevricaa
sakuTari neba-surviliT (forbsi, 1994 wlis 17 oqtomberi) (ix. grafiki 7.2). 1994
wels, qveynis ocma yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadma mTavarma aRmasrulebelma ofi­
cerma gamoimuSava 4.3 milioni aSS dolari wliuri xelfasisa da premiebis saxiT
(birni, 1995). msxvili korporaciebis aRmasruleblebis wliuri saSualo xelfasi
1.3 milion aSS dolars Seadgenda, premiebma da aqciebidan miRebulma mogebam sa­
Sualo aRmasruleblis Semosavali 2.8 milion aSS dolaramde aiyvana, rac 158-jer
aRemateba qarxnis ubralo muSis wliur Semosavals (24.411 aSS dolari), 112-jer
_ maswavleblis Semosavals (35.291 aSS dolari), 66-jer _ inJinris Semosavals
(58.240 aSS dolari) da 19-jer _ amerikis prezidentis wliur xelfass (200.000 aSS

297
dolari). 2.5 milion mdidar amerikels imdenive Semosavali aqvs, ramdenic muSaTa
da dabali klasis 100 milion wevrs erTad.

nominaluri dolari

milioni dolari

inflaciiT Sesworebuli

mogebulebi wagebulebi

wevrTa raodenoba wevrTa raodenoba

1984 1994 1984 1994
teqnologia1 15 35 memkvidreoba 146 82
sacalo vaWroba 19 37 uZravi qoneba 71 26
finansebi2 48 65 navTobi da gazi 74 37
gasarTobi biznesi 3
8 22 mZime warmoeba 95 69
media4 59 38
agrokultura 21 13

1. komunikaciebis CaTvliT; 2. sabanko saqme, investiciebi, dazRveva;

3. azartuli TamaSebis, restornebis CaTvliT;
4. gamomcemlobebisa da sakabelo televiziebis CaTvliT.

sqema 7.2 / mdidrebi kidev ufro mdidrdebian

1994 wels Forbes-is 400 yvelaze mdidari adamianis siaSi dafiqsirebuli yvelaze da­
bali ricxvi 310 milioni aSS dolari iyo, rac orjer aRemateba imave siaSi 10 wliT
adre dafiqsirebul monacems (150 milioni aSS dolari). inflaciis daregulirebis
Semdegac ki, mdidrebi jer kidev agrZeleben aRmasvlas. magram maTi qonebis gazrdis
saSualebebi icvleba: uZravi qoneba, navTobi da gazi naklebad Rirebuli xdeba gansx­
vavebiT gasarTobi biznesis inovaciuri ideebis, komunikaciis saSualebebisa da kom­
piuterebisagan.

wyaro: Forbes #9, 1994 wlis 17 oqtomberi.

1980-iani wlebi is periodia, rodesac mdidrebi kidev ufro gam­didrdnen, xolo

Raribebi kidev ufro gaRaribdnen, anu am periodSi mniSvnelovnad gai­zarda sxva­
oba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris (grinStaini da baraniki, 1990, filifsi, 1991).
amerikelebis yvelaze mdidari erTi mexuTedis saSualo Semosavali 30%-iT gaizar­
da, xolo yvelaze mdidari 1%-isa _ 75%-iT (anu 236.000 aSS dolariT gadasaxadebis

298
CaTvliT). reiganis dros gatarebulma sagadasaxado reformebma, romlebic ga­
dasaxadebis Sekvecas iTvaliswinebda, saSualeba misca mdidrebs, kidev ufro meti
Semosavali qonodaT (da kidev ufro meti daezogaT). mosaxleobis is nawili, rom­e­
lic saSualo erovnuli Semosavlis maCveneblis qvemoT imyofebian, mniSvnelovnad
dazaralda, rac nawilobriv ganapiroba samuSao adgilebis ricxvis Semcirebam
(sqema 7.3). saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis wevrebi iZulebulni iyvnen, damate­
biT saaTebSi emuSavaT, an moeZebnaT samuSao ojaxis ufro meti wevrisaTvis, raTa
SeenarCunebinaT 1980 wlis sacxovrebeli standartebi.

uRatakesi meore saSualo momdevno mdidarTa umdidresebis umdidresebis

mexuTedi uRatakesi saSualo mexuTedi 5 procenti 1 procenti
mexuTedi

sqema 7.3 / saSualo Semosavlebis danakargebi da mogebebi 1980-1990 wlebSi ojaxebis

Semosavlebis jgufebis mixedviT (gadasaxebis gamoklebiT). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
yvelaze mdidarma amerikelebma ara marto gazardes sakuTari Semosavlebi 1980-ian wleb­
Si, aramed SeZles, gadaenaxaT Semosavlebis ufro meti wili. amgvarad, yvelaze mdidari
amerikelebis 1%-is Semosavlebi 75%-iT gaizarda.

wyaro: `kongresis sabiujeto departamenti~, ekonomikisa da sociologiis amerikuli Ju­

rnali # 2, (1990) gv. 129-151.

es tendencia 1990-ian wlebSic gagrZelda (Tumca SedarebiT neli tempiT). am

periodis krizisma yvelaze mZimed imoqmeda saSualo klasze, romelsac 1930-iani
wlebis didi depresiis Semdeg aseTi mZime periodi arasodes hqonia. 1991 wels, ma­
Sin rodesac, umuSevrobis saerTo donem 15%-iT moimata, menejerebis umuSevro­
bis done 55%-iT gaizarda (barneti, 1993). situa­cia kidev ufro damZimda muSaTa
klasisaTvis. 1989 wlidan 1993 wlamde SeerTebulma Statebma dakarga 1.6 mil­
ionamde manufaqturuli samuSao adgili (barneti, 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkveTrad gaizarda orSemosavliani ojaxebis ricxvi, ojaxis Semosavlis maCvene­
beli mainc ucvleli rCeboda. muSaTa klasis bevr­ma wevrma, romlebic xangrZlivi
umuSevrobis problemis winaSe dadgnen, ufro dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebi
moZeb­na momsaxu­rebis seqtorSi.

299
socialuri mobiloba

socialuri mobiloba gulisxmobs erTi socialuri poziciidan an do­nidan

meoreze gadanacvlebas. is SeiZleba iyos socialur kibeze zemoT gadadgmuli
nabiji, an mwvervalamde asvla, an sulac qveviT Camoweva. nacvlad imisa, rom ga­
nixilon aRzevebis individualuri SemTxvevebi, sociologebi akvirdebian mobi­
lobis maCvenebels, anu socialur Skalaze zemoT an qvemoT moZraobis zogad
formebs. gamokvelvebma daadastura, rom zemoTa mimarTulebiT moZraoba nabij-
nabij xdeba. mas ar aqvs qveda safexuridan mwvervalamde naxtomis saxe. amgvarad,
qarxnis muSis Svili xdeba qarxanaSi muSebis zedamxedveli (da ara menejeri), xolo
maswavleblis Svili – kolejis profesori. amerikuli stratifikaciis sistemis
SedarebiTi Riaobidan gamomdi­nare, moZraoba _ rogorc qveviT, iseve zeviT _
xSiria (blau da dunkani, 1967, fizermeni da hauzeri, 1978).
sociologebi aseve aRniSnaven, rom socialuri mobiloba xSirad xdeba struq­
turuli cvlilebis da ara individualuri warmatebis Sedegi (levi, 1987). struq­
turuli mobiloba aRniSnavs konkretul sazogadoebaSi xelmisawvdomi profe­
siebisa da samsaxurebis ricxvis cvlilebas am Tanamdebobebisa da poziciebis
dasakaveblad saWiro muSaxelis raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi. struqturuli
mobiloba ar warmoadgens calkeuli individis mondomebis, Sromismoyvareobi­
sa da niWierebis Sedegs, is ufro SesaZleblobebis cvlilebebiTaa gamowveuli.
zog SemTxvevaSi am cvlilebebs SeiZleba cikluri xasiaTi hqondes, rogorc, maga­
liTad, iseTi krizisis dros xdeba, rodesac adamianTa didi raodenoba droebiT
samsaxuris gareSe rCeba an ufro dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurs Soulobs. sxva
SemTxvevaSi cvlilebebi mudmivia da gavrcelebuli, magaliTad, es is SemTxveve­
bia, rodesac axali teqnologiebis SemoReba warmoqmnis bevr axal samuSao adgils
sxvaTa Sekvecis fonze, an rodesac saerTaSoriso konkurenciis Sedegad, ecema sa­
Sinao produqciis yvela saxeobis gayidva.

socialuri mobilobis formebi

tradiciulad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi xasiaTdeba zrdadi socia­luri

mobilobiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi glexebi gardaiqmnen damoukidebel fermerebad,
fermerebi gaxdnen qarxnis muSebi, qarxnis `cisfersayeloianma~ TanamSromlebma
`TeTrsayeloianTa~ Tanamdebobebs miaRwies da a.S. farTomasStabianma emigraciam
xeli Seuwyo profesiul winsvlas. gavrcelebuli mosazrebisagan gansxvavebiT,
emigrantebi yovelTvis ar arTmeven samsaxurebs mkvidr mosaxleobas _ piriqiT,
maT SeiZleba xeli Seuwyon kidec ukeTesi da ufro meti samuSao adgi­lebis Seqmnas.
SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikurma eqspansiam gamoiwvia in­
dustriuli muSaxelis nakleboba. es problema emigrantebis daxmarebiT gadaiWra.
emigrantebis nawili fermeri gaxda da amiT sakuTari wvlili Seitana amerikis ag­
romrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi. dabolos, arakvalificiuri an naxevradkvalifici­
uri muSaxelis siWarbem mecxramete saukunis bolosa da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
kvalificiur muSa­xels winsvlaSi Seuwyo xeli (ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilob­

300
rivi Sedegebi). magaliTad, maRaziis mflobels, romelic mTel samuSaos TviTon as­
rulebda, saSualeba mieca, damxmare aeyvana da saqmianoba gaefarTovebina.
1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis bavSvebi, `aRzevebis iSviaTi da yvelaze
cocxali magaliTia, rac ki Statebis istoriaSi odesme yofila~ (niumeni, 1993,
gv. 56). amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze Savbnel periodSi dabadebul bavSvebs xSi­rad
uwev­daT skolis mitoveba da ojaxebis daxmareba. amas daemata meore msoflio
omi. miuxedavad amisa, am Taobam moaxerxa eTnikurad mravalferovani qalaqis ub­
nebidan gamosvla da gareubnebSi gadanacvleba. GI programis (programa, romelic
veteranebs aTavisuflebda kolejis gadasaxadisagan) daxmarebiTa da saxelmwi­
fos xelSewyobiT (romelic veteranebs dabalprocentiani ganvadebis saxlebiT
uzrunvel­yofda da Tavdebad udgeboda maT), agreTve, meore msoflio omis Sem­
dgom ayvavebuli ekonomikis saSualebiT, veteranebma Seqmnes saSualo klasis
ojaxis tipuri suraTi: deda, mama, ori Svili, sakuTari saxli, erTi an ori manqana
avtofarexSi, ojaxuri ardadegebi da imedi imisa, rom maTi Svilebis Sroma ufro
dafasdeba da ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebi eqnebaT. sakuTari gamocdilebidan ga­
momdinare, mSoblebis am Taobas imedi hqonda, rom Tavdadeba da Tavdauzogavi mu­
Saoba aucileb­lad dafasdeba. maTi cxovrebis standarti Surs iwvevda msoflioSi,
xolo maTi momavli uzrunvelyofili iyo: saxlebi, romlebic maT 1950-ian wlebSi
10.000-15.000 aSS dola­rad SeiZines, 1970-ian wlebSi ukve ocjer Zvirad fasobda.
am Taobis mSoblebis Svilebi optimizmis periodSi aRizardnen. isini uyu­
rebdnen saxls, ojaxsa da mSoblebis mier Seqmnil komfortul cxovrebas. wins­
vla socialur kibeze maTi Tandayolili ufleba iyo. 1980-90-ian wlebSi, rodesac
aSS-is ekonomikis ganviTareba Seferxda da samuSao adgilebi Semcirda, es Taoba
moumzadebeli aRmoCnda.
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare aRmasvlis saprispiro procesis
umTavresi gamomwvevi mizezi gaxldaT deinstitucionalizacia _ amerikuli eko­
nomikis transformacia manufaqturidan servisze. deinstitucionalizaciis pro­
cess Sedegebis mTeli wyeba mohyva. pirveli: daixura aTasobiT qarxana, an moxda
maTi gadaadgileba, an sulac sxva qveynebSi gadatana. amis Sedegad, milionobiT muSa
darCa samsaxurisa da Semosavlis gareSe. 1979-1984 wlebSi 11.5 milioni usamsaxurod
darCenili muSis naxevarma moZebna samsa­xuri gacilebiT dabali xelfasiT.
meore: maSin, rodesac momsaxurebis ekonomikis sainformacio seqtori
maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi vakansias sTavazobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
maRalkvalificiur TanamSromlebs, amgvari samsaxurebis umetesoba anazRaurebis
skalis bolo adgi­lebze aRmoCnda. saSualo klasidan CamoqveiTebuli uamravi muSa
(rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi), romlebic erT dros saaTSi 12, 15 da 20 do­lars
gamoimuSavebdnen, iZulebulni gaxdnen, icxovron saaTSi gamomuSavebuli 4.50 do­
lariT, romelsac maT, vTqvaT, hamburgerebis keTebaSi uxdian. aseTi dabalanazRa­
urebadi samsaxurebis umetesoba savaraudod naxevarganakveTiani an droebiTia da
ar gulisxmobs raime saxis sargebels an daxmarebas (igulisxmeba sapensio sqemebi,
janmrTelobis dazRveva, anazRaurebadi Svebulebebi da a.S).
mesame: ekonomikuri cvlilebiT `TeTrsayeloiani~ muSakebic dazaraldnen.
1980-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aTiaTasobiT menejeri,

301
 specialisti, profesionali, romlebsac Sesabamisi ganaTleba da gamocdileba
gaaCndaT, etapobrivad emsxverplnen Statebis Semcirebas msxvil korporaciebSi.
adgili hqonda srul ganakveTze momuSaveTa daTxovnas da Semdeg maT xelaxla ay­
vanas, oRond naxevar ganakveTze, an nardobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. dRes
samuSaodan daTxovnili TeTrsayeloniani muSebi, savaraudod, ufro xangrZlivi
periodis ganmav­lobaSi rCebian samuSaos ga­reSe, vidre cisfersa­yeloiani muSebi
(niumeni, 1993).
bavSvebi, romlebic amerikuli ocnebis ideiT gaizardnen, momswreni xdebian,
Tu rogor qreba es ocneba Tvalsa da xels Sua. `1990-iani wlebi im periodisaken
gvabrunebs, rodesac keTildReoba Tandayolili iyo. is adamia­nebi, romlebsac
xeli miuwvdebaT ukeTes cxovrebaze, aseTebad ibadebian, xolo maTTvis, visac
dabadebidanve ar dahyva keTildReoba, Zalian Zneli iqneba saSualo klasTan mi­
axloeba~ (niumeni, 1993, gv.218).

globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

emigracia, rasa da socialuri mobiloba

e vropelma emigrantebma, romlebic industriul qalaqebSi 1880 wlis Semdeg dasaxldnen

CrdiloeTidan, ufro met progress miaRwies, vidre im Savkanianebma, romlebic am qa­
laqebSi samxreTidan movidnen. tradiciulad, rasa am gansxvavebis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneva. ev­
ropeli emigrantebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini gansxvavdebodnen eniT, kulturiTa da reli­
giiT, `TeTrkanianebi iyvnen da erTi an ori Taobis Semdeg SeeZloT aRar gamoemJRavnebinaT es
gansxvavebebi” (libersoni, 1980, gv xi). evropelebisagan gansxvavebiT, Savkanianebi, samudamod
gansxvavebulebi rCebodnen rasobrivi niSnebis gamo, romelic xels uwyobda maT diskriminacias,
maSinac ki, rodesac evropeli emigrantebi Seerwynen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. meore mosaz­
rebis mixedviT, evropelma emigrantebma Tan moiyoles ojaxis ufro mtkice struqtura da gan­
sxvavebuli samuSao eTika. garda amisa, isini did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen ganaTlebas, rogorc
sazogadoebaSi dawinaurebis sawindars.
klasikad aRiarebul wignSi “Rvezelis naWeri” (1980) stenli libersonma eWvqveS daa­yena
orive axsna. mas magaliTad moyavs monacemebi, romlebic adastureben, rom Savkanianebi evropel
emigrantebze aranakleb mondomebulebi iyvnen mieRoT ganaTleba da maT ojaxis struqturebSic
araferi iyo iseTi Tandayolili, rom ukan daewia isini. Savkanianebma ufro didi diskrimina­
cia ganicades, vidre evropelma emigrantebma. damsaqmeblebi da SromiTi kavSirebi, Cveulebriv,
upiratesobas TeTrkanianebs aniWebdnen, miuxedavad enobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebebisa.
rasizms hqonda mniSvneloba, magram ara marto mas. afro-amerikel migrantebsa da evropel
emigrantebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad, saWiroa damatebiTi faqtorebis gaTva­
liswinebac. azieli emigrantebic, rogorc libersoni aRniSnavs, gamoirCeodnen rasobrivi
niSnebiT da uaryofiTi ganwyobis msxverplnic xdebodnen, TumcaRa, maT SeZles mieRwiaT mniS­
vnelovani warmatebisaTvis. libersonis axsna efuZneba or ZiriTad ideas. pirveli: samuSaos is
tipi, romelsac emigrantebi asrulebdnen, mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra saxis
samuSao qondaT maT im qveynebSi, saidanac emigrirdnen. Raribi qveynebidan wamosulebi Tanxm­
debodnen iseT samuSaoze, romlebsac ar daTanxmdeboden TavianT qveynebSi normaluri samsa­
xuris mqone emigrantebi. sikvdilianobis maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT, romelic dResdReobiT
erTaderTi saimedo wyaroa cxovrebis xarisxis gansasazRvrad, libersonma daadgina, rom aSS-is

302
samxreTis pirobebi (gansakuTrebiT SavkanianebisaTvis) gacilebiT uaresi iyo, vidre central­
uri samxreTi da aRmosavleT evropisa. amgvarad, CrdiloeTSi wamosuli Savka­niani migrantebi
minimumiTac kmayofildebodnen, rac maT aramomgebian poziciaSi ayenebda gamomuSavebisa da
sikvdilianobis TvalsazrisiT. isini aseve TeTrkaniani muSebis agresiis msxverplni xdebodnen,
romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom damsaqmeblebi Savkanian iaf muSaxels SromiT bazarze fasebis daw­
evisaTvis iyenebdnen.
amgvarad, Savkanianma migrantebma Tavidanve cudad daiwyes. imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom
darCnen isini am mdgomareobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, libersons Tavisi axsna aqvs – es gaxlavT
mobilobis niSis koncefcia. rogorc is ambobs, xSirad hqonda adgili erTi romelime jgufis
Tavmoyras konkretul profesiaSi/saqmianobaSi: italielebi xdebodnen dalaqebi, Svedebi _
durglebi, berZnebi xsnidnen restornebs, rusebi vaWrobdnen bewveuliT da a.S. amgvari saqmi­
anobebi emigrantebisaTvis winsvlis sawindari iyo. magram, `adgilis dakaveba~ emigrantTa
jgufebis mxolod mcire procentma SeZlo. TiToeuli evropuli jgufis SemTxvevaSi, konkre­
tul saqmianobas maTi didi ricxvi mxolod ramodenime weli misdevda. aSS-is mTavrobis mier
dadgenilma SezRudvam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira emigran­tebis nakadi evropidan da aziidan 1920-
ina da 1930-ian wlebSi, magram am faqtorma ver Seaferxa Savkaniani migrantebis nakadi samxreTi­
dan. axal­mosulebi, romlebmac veRar SeZles adgilis dakaveba, Seecadnen gaedevnaT ufro adre
Camosuli da Seda­rebiT warmatebuli evropeli emigrantebi amgvari adgilebidan, riTac gaa­
Zlieres maT mimarT damkvid­rebuli uaryofiTi stereotipebi da gamoiwvies dominanti klasis
guliswyroma. garda amisa, demografiuli balansis cvlilebasTan erTad, moxda TeTrkanianTa
damokide­bulebis Secvlac, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Savkaniani emigrantebis ricxvis zrdam
xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva erovnebis TeTrkanianTa damokidebulebis gaumjobesebas.
amgvarad, libersonis mixedviT, rasizmi, romelic Tavidanve TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols,
kidev uro Zlevamosili gaxda sxva cvlilebebis daxmarebiT. mxolod rasizmiT ar SeiZleba aixs­
nas evropeli emigrantebis maRali mobiloba. ekonomikuri konfliqti ufro mniSvnelovani iyo,
xolo rasa, ubralod, imdenad gamorCeuli niSani iyo, rom misi meSveobiT iolad xdeboda dis­
kriminaciis gamarTleba.

wyaro: stenli libersoni “Rvezelis naWeri”. Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani emigrantebi 1880 wlidan (ka­
liforniis universitetis gamomcemloba, berkli, 1980)

vin miiwevs win?

sociologebi dainteresebulni arian, rom ara mxolod gansazRvron. mo­

saxleobis ra nawili miiwevs zeviT an qveviT socialur kibeze, aramed daadginon,
adamianTa romeli tipi axorcielebs yvelaze xSirad am cvlilebas. klasikur kv­
levaSi piter blau da otis dadli dunkani (1967) Seexnen im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad
ganapirobebs adamianis socialuri warmomavloba mis saboloo statuss da sxva
ra faqtorebi (garda socialuri warmoSobisa) ganapirobebs statusis gansaz­
Rvras. mkvlevarebma SeimuSaves socioekonomikuri indeqsis saxeliT cnobili
zoma, romelmac saSualeba misca maT, SeedarebinaT mamebis ganaTleba da profe­
siuli miRwevebi Svilebis ganaTlebasa da profesiul miRwevebTan. mecnierebma
daadgines, rom socialuri warmoSoba mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs sabo­loo sta­

303
tuss, ZiriTadad imiT, rom is gavlenas axdens pirovnebis ganaT­lebaze. miRwevebi
ganaTlebaSi, mecnierTa azriT, aris is meqanizmi, romelic ganapirobebs statu­
sis erTi Taobidan meoreze gadacemas.
statusis miRwevis blausa da dunkanis modeli garkveulwilad gaamartives
uiliam h. seuelma da misma kolegebma (seueli da hauzeri, 1976). maT aRmoaCines,
rom ganaTleba da profesiuli miRweva ori tipis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
procesis Sedegia: erTi mxriv, procesebi, romlebic ganapirobeben adamianis
swrafvas statusisaken da gavlenas axdenen am swrafvaze, da meore mxriv, proces­
ebi, romlebic gardaqmnian am miswrafebas axal statusad. mSob­lebis klasi gavle­
nas axdens bavSvis Semdgom miRwevebze, Tundac piradi maga­liTidan gamomdinare.
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadamwyveti faqtori individis mier miRebuli ga­
naTlebis xarisxi da donea.
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom statusis mopoveba efuZneba miRwevebs ganaTlebaSi, ga­
momdinareobs sazogadoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ramdenime mosazrebidan: yvelaze
mniSvnelovania mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sazogadoebaSi individebi konkuren­
cias uweven erTmaneTs SedarebiT Ria ganaTlebisa da profesiis sistemaSi. Tumca,
sociologebma aRmoaCines isntituciuri an struqturuli wyobebi, romelebic ga­
napirobebs arCevansa da qmedebas yovel etapze (kerkhofi, 1995). TviTon ganaTle­
ba stratificirebulia. skolebi gansxvavdeba im saganmanaTleblo resursebis
mixedviT, romelsac mosaxleobas sTavazobs. magaliTad, qalaqSi mdebare skola
gansxvavdeba mdidari gareubnis skolisagan. skolebs SigniT studentebi da mo­
swavleebi dajgufebulni arian `Sesa­Zleblobebis~ mixedviT. rogorc wesi, Se­
Zlebuli da, aqedan gamomdinare, maRali statusis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebi ufro
xSirad ukeTes skolebSi swavloben da dasawyisidanve iReben starts ukeTesi mo­
mavlisaTvis.
SeerTebul StatebSi studentidan momuSavemde nabiji sakmaod swrafia. swav­
lis damTavrebis Semdeg, yofili studentebi TviTon gankargaven sakuTar beds.
ufro metic _ garda specializebuli saswavleblebisa (iuridiuli, samedicino),
ganaTlebis sistema ar aris profesiaze orientirebuli. rac mniSvnelovania da
fasobs, esaa diplomi _ idealur SemTxvevaSi kolejis an prestiJuli skolis
diplomi. germaniaSi moswavleebs specialur profesiul kategorebad saSualo
skolebSive ajgufeben. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg es moswavleebi ramdenime­
wlian programaSi iReben monawileobas, romelic miznad isaxavs samuSao gamoc­
dilebisa da staJis miRebas. iaponiaSi arsebobs momaval damsaqmeblebTan SeTan­
xmebis praqtika. isini skolebs vakansiebis sias ugzavnian, xolo es ukanasknelni
sakuTar kandidaturebs sTavazoben maT. SeerTebul StatebSi ki prestiJul sko­
lebsa da pirad kavSirebs ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre skolebSi miR­
weul warmatebas.
statusis mopovebis procesis ukeT gasagebad, saWiroa gaviTvaliswi­noT im
SesaZleblobebis struqtura, romlis farglebSic SeiZleba hqondes adgili in­
dividualur socialur qmedebas, profesiuli warmatebis TvalsazrisiT. 1950-
60-iani wlebis SesaZleblobebis struqturisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saSu­
alebas aZlevda amerikelebs (magram ara yvela maTgans), miswrafeba warmatebad

304
garda­eqmna jer ganaTlebaSi, xolo Semdeg _ profesiis dauflebaSi, 1980-90-iani
wlebSi aseTi qmedeba sakmaod garTulda. istoriulad, siRaribisaken daSveba
droebiTi krizisi iyo amerikelebis umetesobisaTvis (dunkani, 1984w.). dRes ki es
procesi mudmiv xasiaTs atarebs.
Tu siRatakidan simdidremde aRzeveba amerikuli ocnebaa, gza simdidri­
dan siRatakemde amerikuli koSmaria. mravali amerikeli miiCnevs, rom siRatake
Soreuli perspeqtiva da mxolod devianturi umciresobebis problemaa _ es aris
is, rac SeiZleba `maT~ daemarTos da `Cven~ (beini da elvudi, 1989w.). magram re­
alurad, amerikelebis mxolod mcire ricxvs aqvs rezistentoba (Tandayolili)
siRa­ribisadmi.

siRaribe amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

siRaribe SedarebiTi cnebaa. somalelebTan SedarebiT, romlebic SimSi­liT

itanjebian, Raribi amerikelebic ki SeZlebulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon. Tu
umuSevari amerikeli fiqrobs, rom yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi samu­Saoc ki
mniSvnelovnad gauumjobesebs sacxovrebel pirobebs, samsaxuridan gaTavisu­f­
le­bulma korporaciis maRali rangis moxelem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom gaRaribda,
raki Svils kerZo kolejSi ver gauSvebs saswavleblad.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi siRaribis sistematuri suraTis Seqmnis miz­
niT, mTavroba adgens oficialur siRaribis zRvars. igi dafuZnebulia im minima­
luri odenobis Tanxaze, romelic saWiroa ojaxisaTvis adekvaturi sakvebis
SesaZenad. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiToeuli ojaxi sakvebSi Semosavlis erT
mesameds xarjavs.

c x r i l i 7.2
siRaribis zRvari ojaxebis wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT
1 9 9 3
ojaxis wevrTa raodenoba siRaribis zRvari

1 adamiani $ 7.363
2 adamiani 9.414
3 adamiani 11.522
4 adamiani 14.763
5 adamiani 17.449
6 adamiani 19.718
7 adamiani 22.383

wyaro: mosaxleobis bolo angariSi, 1995. momxmareblis Semosavali

cxrilis gadakeTeba yovelwliurad xdeba inflaciis faqtoris gaTva­lis­

winebiT. 1993 wels siRaribis zRvari oTxsuliani ojaxisaTvis 14763 aSS dolari
iyo, anu TveSi 1200 aSS dolarze odnav meti. ojaxebi, romlebic am maCvenebelze

305
odnav zemoT moxvdnen, SeiZleba Tavs Raribebad Tvlidnen, magram oficialurad
mxolod is ojaxebi iTvleba statistikurad Raribebad, romlebic am zRvars qve­
moT arian.
siRaribis zRvaris garSemo mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs (beini
da elvudi, 1989). zogi kritikosis azriT, es zRvari metismetad maRalia, radgan
ar iTvaliswinebs daxmarebebsa da SeRavaTebs, rogorc fuladobrivs, aseve ara­
fuladobrivs _ magaliTad, sakvebis kuponebs, skolis sadilebs, saxelmwifo
daxmarebasa da samedicino SeRavaTebs. zogierTi ki acxadebs, rom siRaribis
zRvari ar asaxavs gansxvavebebs fasebSi regionebis mixedviT: magaliTad, niu-
iorkSi cxovreba ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre misisipiSi. aseve, es maCvenebeli ar iTva­
liswinebs mzard saojaxo xarjebs, magaliTad, Cvilis movlasTan dakavSirebul
damatebiT gasavals, an binis qiris matebas (beli, 1994; raglzi, 1990). ufro metic,
siRaribis zRvari erTad ganixilavs im adamianebs, romlebic droebiT kriziss
ganicdian da maT, vinc mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi siRaribeSi cxovrobs. ar
aris gansxvaveba sruliad upovarTa da im adamianebs Sorisac, romlebic gaWirve­
biT, magram mainc axerxeben Tavis gatanas. miuxedavad am SezRudvebisa, siRaribis
zRvari jerjerobiT saukeTeso da yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli indeqsia.
1960 wels 39.5 milioni amerikeli _ qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis 20%-ze meti
_ aRmoCnda siRaribis zRvars miRma. Tavdapirvelad jon kenedis, xolo misi gar­
dacvalebis Semdeg, lindon jeksonis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda programa
`omi siRaribes~, ris Sedegadac, siRaribis zRvars miRma mcxovrebi adamianebis
ricxvi samocian wlebSi Semcirda. 1969 wels man 24.1 milioni Seadgina (mosaxleo­
bis 9.5 %).

18 wels qvemoT
sul
65 da zemoT
procenti

sqema 7.4 / siRaribis zRvars miRma mcxovrebi amerikelebis procentuli

maCvenebeli, 1959-1993. siRaribis yvelaze didi riskis qveS dRes 18 wlamde asakis
bavSvebi arian. zRvars miRma mcxovrebi xandazmulebis ricxvi droebiTi klebis
Semdeg isev matebisaken wavida.

wyaro: statistikuri amonaridi aSS-is Sesaxeb, aSS-is mosaxleobis aRwe­ris bi­

uro, bolo angariSi (Tebervali).

306
 miuxedavad imisa, rom 1970-ian wlebSi saerTo ricxvi ramdenadme gaizarda da
1980 wlamde proporcia 10 procentis qvemoT iyo SenarCunebuli, 1980-ian wlebSi,
reiganisa da buSis prezidentobis dros, mdgomareoba gauaresda (sqema 7.4). 1993
wels 39.1 milioni amerikeli _ mTliani mosaxleobis 15.1% aRmoCnda siRaribis
zRvars miRma. Raribi ojaxebis wliuri Semosavali 5.960 aSS dolari _ gacilebiT
imaze naklebi iyo, vidre saxelmwifos mier naangariSevi Sesabamisi kvebisaTvis
saWiro Tanxa (mosaxleobis bolo angariSi, 1995).

vin arian Raribebi?

amerikaSi mcxovrebi Raribi mosaxleobis ganzogadeba sakmaod Znelia. Raribad

iTvlebian getoSi mcxovrebi martoxela axalgazrda dedebi, magram mxolod isi­
ni ar warmoadgnen am kategoriaSi SemavalTa umravlesobas. arc usaxlkaroebi ar
warmoadgenen umravlesobas. amerikaSi siRaribis zRvars miRma macxovrebel mo­
saxleobaSi Sedian adamianebi, romlebic periferiebSi cxovroben an samsaxuris
xangrZlivi staJi aqvT, magram usamsaxurod darCnen arcTu didi xnis win; aseve
adamianebi, romlebmac iseTi krizisi gadaitanes, rogoricaa ganqorwineba an oja­
xis wevris gardacvaleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom savaraudod afro-amerikelebi da
laTino-amerikelebi unda Seadgendnen am kategoriis umravlesobas, es ase ar aris:
Raribi amerikelebis umravlesoba (66.8 %) TeTrkanianebi arian (mosaxleobis anga­
riSi, 1995), romelTa naxevaric 16 wlamde asakis bavSvebi da 65 wels gadacilebuli
moxu­cebia.

dasaqmebuli Raribebi

arsebobs siRaribis axsnis sami mosazreba.(harisi, 1993; ostermani, 1993): pirve­

lis mixedviT, Raribebi imitom arian Raribebi, rom maT muSaoba ar surT. meore
mosazreba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Raribebs ar SeuZliaT muSaoba asakis, unarSez­
Rudulobis, mouclelobis (maT, visac mcirewlovani bavSvebis movla uwevT), an
sxva mizezebiT. mesame mTavari mosazrebis mixedviT, problema samuSao adgilebis
simcireSia.
gonivrulia vifiqroT, rom adamianebi ar iqnebodnen Raribebi, rom muSa­
obdnen. magram warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac es sinamdviles Seesa­bameboda,
dRes dasaqmeba ukve ar niSnavs imas, rom momuSave da misi ojaxis wevrebi daculni
arian siRaribisagan (beini da elvudi, 1989). im dasaqme­buli amerikelebis wili,
romlebic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi srul ganakveTze muSaoben da maTi xelfasi
mainc ar aris sakmarisi maTi ojaxebisTvis siRaribis zRvaris gadasalaxavad, 1979
dan 1992 wlamde 50%-iT gaizarda, rac mTlianad dasaqmebulebis 18%-s Seadgens
(lavili, 1995).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs dasaqmebuli Raribebis ricxvis zrdis mar­
tivi axsna, arsebobs ori faqtori. pirveli aris profesiuli struqturis cvli­

307
leba anu amerikis ekonomikis saxecvlileba manufaqturidan servisamde, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT. is momuSaveebi, romlebmac dakarges samsaxuri da xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi dausaqmeblebi darCenen, gacilebiT dabalanazRaurebad
samsaxu­reb­zec Tanxmdebian.
meore _ minimaluri xelfasi, romelic saxelmwifom daawesa, mkveTrad gaufa­
surda (ix. sqema 7.5). dRevandeli minimaluri xelfasi rom 1968 wels yofiliyo, is
saaTSi 6.29 dolars Seadgenda, rac gacilebiT maRalia dRevandel 4.25 dolarze
saaTSi (purdumi, 1995). gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, minimaluri
xelfasis mqone dasaqmebulebis umravlesoba ara mozardebi, aramed mozrdi­lebi
arian, romelTa umetesobasac ojaxis rCena uwevs. 1994 wels muSis minimaluri
xelfasi orsulian ojaxze 780 dolariT naklebi, samsuliani ojaxisaTvis 2.890
dolariT naklebi da oTxsuliani ojaxisaTvis 6.121 dolariT naklebi iyo siRari­
bis zRvrad dawesebul Tanxaze.
dolari 1991 w.

wlebi

sqema 7.5 / minimaluri xelfasebi 1991 wels dolarebSi gamoxatuli,

1967-1992ww.
dasaqmebul RaribTa raodenobis zrdis erT-erTi mizezia minimaluri xelfasis Semcireba

wyaro: ekonomikuri politikis instituti, vaSingtoni, aprili, 1993 w.

rasakvirvelia, es minimumi yvelaze ar vrceldeba: federaluri mini­maluri

anazRaureba oficiantisaTvis, romelic damatebiT gasamrjelosac iRebs, 2.13
dolaria saaTSi.
1995 wels prezidentma klintonma winadadeba wamoayena, 90 cen­tiT gaezar­daT
regularuli minimaluri anazRaureba, razec protesti ganacxades konserva­
torebma. maTi azriT, es gamoiwvevda fa­sebis zrdas da, Sesabamisad, inflacias.
Tumca, rodesac es SemoTavazeba ZalaSi Sevida 1989 wels prezident buSis xel­
moweriT, aRmoCnda, rom mas mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar mohyolia.
dasaqmebuli Raribebis ricxvi gansakuTrebiT didia SeerTebuli Statebis
periferiebSi. msxvili korporaciebis arsebobam mniSvnelovnad daazarala ara
marto fermerebi, aramed maTze da­mokidebuli ojaxis wevrebic.

308
keTildReoba: miTebi da faqtebi

siRaribeze msjeloba logikurad grZeldeba keTildReobaze msjelobiT,

radgan amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis es ori sityva erTmaneTis sino­nimebad
aRiqmeba. `keTildReoba~ – es aris programa, `mcirewlovani bavSvebis ojaxebis
daxmareba~, (AFDC) romelic Tavdapirvelad gankuTvnili iyo martoxela dedebis
(romelTa umetesoba qvrivi iyo) dasaxmareblad, raTa maT SesZlebodaT saxlSi
darCena mcirewlovani bavSvebis mosavlelad. dResdReobiT, daaxloebiT 14 mi­
li­o­ni amerikeli (romelTagan 2/3 bavSvia) iRebs daxmarebas AFDC–is farglebSi.
dRes sityva keTildReoba aris ZviradRirebuli da arasworad warmarTuli prog­
ramis sinonimi, romelmac Ziri gamouTxara samuSao eTikas da emuqreba mTlianad
qveyanas (brei, 1992).
mravali adamiani fiqrobs, rom 1) martoxela dedebis umetesoba da, aqedan ga­
momdinare, saxelmwifos kmayofaze myofi dedebis umetesoba afro-amerikelia; 2)
dedebis es kategoria zarmaci da gaunaTlebelia, isini ar muSaoben da arc undaT,
rom imuSaon; 3) es programa xels uwyobs qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis
ricxvis zrdas; 4) `sxvis~ kmayofaze cxovreba TandaTanobiT memkvidreobiT gada­
dis dedidan Svilze.
arsebuli monacemebis analizis Sedegad sociologma ketlin harisma aRmoa­
Cina, rom es oTxive mosazreba safuZvels moklebulia. 1) amerikeli martoxela
dedebis umetesoba TeTrkaniania da martoxela dedebis mxolod na­xevari mimar­
Tavs am programas. (2) programaSi monawile martoxela dedebis umetesoba mu­
Saobs (harisi, 1993; paveti). martoxela dedebi gamoimuSaveben daqorwinebuli
mamakacebis mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxebis daaxloebiT mesameds. erTi axsna ami­
sa is aris, rom mcirewlovani bavSvis dedebs akisriaT aRzrdis valdebuleba da
ufleba aqvT, imuSaon mxolod naxevar ganakveTze. Tumca arsebobs meore mizezic:
martoxela dedebis umetesoba adreul wlebs uTmobs ojaxsa da bavSvis aRzrdas,
da, Sesabamisad, naklebad iclis swavlisa da muSaobisaTvis. rodesac isini iwyeben
muSaobas, maT ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi ganaTleba da gamocdileba da amitom iZuleb­
ulni arian, imuSaon dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze da xSirad amis gamo uari Tqvan
iseT daxmarebebze, rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva. garda amisa, maT samsax­
uris gamo xSirad uwevT mcirewlovani bavSvebis arasaimedo garemoSi datoveba,
riTac, faqtobrivad, risks uqmnian maT janmrTelobas. miuxedavad am faqtorebi­
sa, mravali deda mainc muSaobas amjobinebs.

socialuri stratifikaciis axsna

fenebis warmoqmnis sociologiuri axsna gamoyofs sam ZiriTad Temas. pirveli _

mxolod individualuri gadawyvetilebebi da qmedebebi ar warmoadgens material­
uri keTildReobis, Zalauflebis, prestiJisa da cxovre­biseuli Sansebis araTana­
bari gadanawilebis mizezs. calkeuli adamianebis Sansebi gamoikveTeba umetesad

309
sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturis anu sazogadoebis im jgufebis SedarebiT
stabiluri klasifikaciis meTodis meSveobiT, romelTac mkveTrad gan­sxvavebuli
resursebi da SesaZleblobebi aqvT. meore _ ramdenadac araTanasworoba xels
uwyobs funqcionalur integracias, amave dros asaxavs elitis Zalauflebas, miaR­
wion sakuTar miznebs sxvebis xarjze. mesame _ araTanasworoba ara mxolod mate­
rialuri keTildReobisa da Zalauflebis `obieqtur~ doneebs ukavSirdeba, ara­med
naklebad materialur cvladebsac, rogorebicaa prestiJi da morali.

klasobrivi struqtura

karl marqsi (1867/1976) pirveli iyo, vinc klassa da fenebs Seiswavlida da

Tvlida, rom miuxedavad TanamedroveobaSi arsebuli `Tavisufali sawarmoo
sistemisa~, individebs axla ukve aqvT is saSualebebi, rasac adreuli ekonomi­
kuri sistemebi ver aZlevdnen maT da rodesac adamianebis cxovrebiseuli San­
sebi damokidebuli iyo mxolod klasobriv mdgomareobaze. marqsi SeSfoTebuli
iyo adreuli kapitalizmis mier mdidrebisa da Raribebis axleburi dayofiT. is
amtkicebda, rom am tipis dayofa axali iyo ori mizeziT. pirveli _ kapitalizmma
warmoqmna simdidris axali wyaroebi: industriuli warmoeba da farTomasStabi­
ani vaWroba. vaWrebi da qarxnebis mflobelebi TiTqmis erT dReSi gamdidrdnen.
maTi materialuri keTildReoba aRmoCnda imis mizezi, rom maT SeZles, mTlianad
daekavebinaT Zveli feodaluri wyobis aristokratiis adgili, rogorc sazoga­
doebis yvelaze ufro gavlenian nawils. meorec, kapitalizmma moaxdina mdidrebi­
sagan Raribebis gamorCeva sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT. Zveli mravaldoniani
ierarqia (glexi, skvaieri, raindi, lordi, mefe), romelic Tanabrad efuZneboda
religiur, politikur da ekonomikur sferoebs, Seicvala ordoniani klasobrivi
struqturiT, romelic damyarebuli iyo pirad sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebaze.
kapitalizmma sazogadoeba dayo warmoebis saSualebaTa mflobelebad (kapitali­
stebi) da adamianebad, romlebic yiddnen TavianT Sromas (muSebad). xelosnebma da
mcire fermerebma, romlebic adre SedarebiT kargad cxovrobdnen da damoukideb­
lebi iyvnen, dakarges TavianTi tradiciuli sasicocxlo Zalebi da umiwo muSebad
gadaiqcnen.
marqsi amtkicebda, rom kapitalistebs muSebisTvis eqsploatacia unda gaewi­
aT, raTa Tavad gadarCeniliyvnen da mogeba enaxaT. is aRiarebda, rom kapitalis­
turi industria, winamorbedi ekonomikuri sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT, qmnida
uzarmazar axal materialur simdidres da xalxisaTvis siRaribisagan Tavis daR­
wevis saSualebas. magram, marqsis mtkicebiT, nacvlad imisa, rom es materialuri
simdidre gadanawilebuliyo ise, rom sargebloba moetana sazogadoebis yvela
wevrisaTvis, kapitalizmi moiTxovda mis akumulirebas kapitaldabandebis sa­xiT,
romelsac sargebloba mohqonda mxolod saSualebaTa mflobelebisaTvis mSro­
melTa xarjze. mZime Sromisa da naTeli gonebis wyalobiT bevri mcire biznesis
mflobeli SeiZleboda SeerTeboda kapitalistTa rigebs (oRond amisTvis didi
dro dasWirdebodaT) im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki, magaliTad, mewarmeTa SvilTaSvile­

310
bi memkvidreobiT miiRebdnen bizness _ memkvidreobas warmoebis saSualebebze
_ da ara niWs, Sromisunarianobas, an pirovnuli Rirsebis nebismier sxva gamoxa­
tulebas.
warsulSi socialuri klasebis Seswavla _ klasobrivi TviTSegneba _ aSS-Si
iyenebda gamokiTxvis meTods, raTa moeZebna kavSirebi adamianTa klasobriv TviT­
Segnebas, damokidebulebasa da politikur mrwamssa Tu azrs Soris. Tanamedrove
sociologebma socialuri klasis koncefcias SesZines detalebi da niuansebi,
rogorc es marqsma aRwera kvlevis Sedegad (fantazia, 1995). Seron zukini (1991)
aRwers, Tu rogor gamoixateba araTanasworobis struqtura qalaqebis ubnobriv
mowyobaSi (am Tavis dasawyisSi manheteni aRwerilia). sxvadasxva zonaSi mcxovreb­
ni iSviaTad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, cxovroben gansxvavebul pirobebSi da uya­
libdebaT gamorCeuli esTetikuri Rirebulebebi da gemovneba. zogi sociologi
klasobriv gansxvavebulobas ganixilavs, rogorc gansxvavebul socialur da eko­
nomikur gamocdilebebs, gamoxatuls sxvadasxva saxis ritualebis, Cveulebebisa
da tradiciebis evoluciaSi. sxvebi klasobriv dapirispirebaSi angariSs uweven
sxva niSnebs (eTnosi, Temi, socialuri moZraoba da sxv.). bevri Tanamedrove soci­
ologi socialur klass moiazrebs procesad da ara fiqsirebul poziciad. rogor
xdeba, rom maRali wris qalbatonebi TavianT prestiJs umorCileben sazogadoe­
bis im wevrebs, romlebic maTze dabal poziciaze dganan ojaxebis TvalsazrisiT?
muSakebSi, romlebic emsaxurebian maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs (TviTm­
frinavis momsaxure personali, piradi mwrTvneli da sxv) axdenen Tu ara sakuTari
Tavis indentificirebas klientebTan, Tu ufro uZlierdebaT sakuTari daqvemde­
barebulobis SegrZneba? risken ubiZgebs maT sakuTari arsebobis interpretacia
_ qmedebisa Tu umoqmedobisaken?

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

usaxlkaroebi

1 950-ian wlebSi sruliad gaqra `SantiTaunebi~ da Sasis rigebi, sadac Tavs iyridnen mTeli
qveynis miusafarni da Rarib-Ratakni. Uusaxlkaroba ukve problema aRar iyo. me-20 sauku­
nis 70-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi usaxlkaroTa rixcvma uceb moimata.
dRes mawanwala usaxlkaroebi qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebisTvis bunebrivi movlenaa. usaxl­
karoTa aRricxva problemuria, radgan isini `umisamarTod~ cxovroben. erT-erTi kvlevisas
TavSesafrebsa da sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Ramis mTevelTa ricxvi daiTvales da daadgines,
rom im TvisaTvis 350000 amerikeli usaxlkaro iyo (jenksi, 1994) Tumca es Zalian cvalebadi ci­
fria. yovelwliurad minimum 1.2 milionamde mozardi xdeba usaxlkaro droebiT mainc.
usaxlkaroTa 3/4 mamakacia, aqedan 60% TeTrkaniani, 40% _ Savkaniani; maTgan TiTqmis yvela
dauojaxebelia da umravlesoba 37 wlamde asakisaa (Slei da rosi, 1992).

aris Tu ara sazogadoeba valdebuli, uzrunvelyos yvela

moqalaqe saarsebo minimumiT, kerZod, TavSesafriT?

311
 debatebi
ratom arian adamianebi usaxlkaroebi da saidan modian isini? aris Tu ara sazogadoeba
valdebuli, uzrunvelyos yvela moqalaqe saarsebo minimumiT, kerZod, TavSesafriT? sazoga­
doebis nawili Tvlis, rom usaxlkaroebi arian im ekonomikuri sistemebis msxverplni, romelic
adamia­nebze maRla mogebas ayenebs da ar qmnis sakmaris samuSao adgilebs. miuTiTeben meryev
socia­luri usafrTxoebis meryev qselzec, romelic ar icavs im adamianebs, romel­Tac ara aqvT
damouki­deblad funqcionirebis saSualeba (sulierad avadmyofi adamiani), an didi regresi ga­
nicades cxovrebaSi. Aisini ki, vinc uaryofiTad pasuxobs am kiTxvaze, Tavad usaxlkaroebs adana­
Sauleben da maT `usaqmurTa~ morig jgufad Tvlian.

analizi
usaxlkaroba nawilobriv socialuri struqturis, socialuri mowyobis anareklia, ro­
melic zRudavs an afarToebs cxovrebiseul Sansebsa da saSualebebs. me-20 saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebSi, rodesac sawarmoebSi Semcirda maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis ricxvi, ufro meti
xalxi gaxda iZulebuli, gadasuliyo dabalanazRaurebad momsaxurebis sferoSi da, Sesabamisad,
gaizarda konkurencia ubralo, dabalkvalificiur, fizikur momuSaveTa Soris. bevri adamia­ni
aRmoCnda umuSevari, magram ufro metad mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom TiTqmis arc erT maTgans ar
hqonda axlo momavalSi muSaobis perspeqtiva, anu iqca umuSevrad xangrZlivi vadiT. siRaribis
es mzardi maCvenebeli kidev ufro gaamwvava sa­xelmwifo daxmarebebis Semcirebam. amavdroulad
Semcirda dabalSemosavlian TavSesafarTa mowodebac (kozoli 1988). Senobebi mitovebul iqna
(an gadamwvari sadazRvevo fulisaTvis), zogi nageboba daingra, raTa momxdariyo urba­nuli ga­
naxleba, danarCeni gadakeTda saSualo da maRali klasis sacxovrebel adgilebad. 1973 da 1979
wlebs Soris SualedSi TveSi 200 dolarad dasaqiravebeli 900000-ze meti sacxovrebeli er­
Teuli sruliad gaqra erovnuli bazridan (snou da andersoni 1992); gauCinarda daaxloebiT
1 milionamde sawoli sastumroebis erTkacian oTaxebSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
usaxlkaroebisTvis ukanasknel TavSesafars warmoadgenda, (levitasi 1990). mTavrobas araferi
gaukeTebia TavSesafrebis Semcirebis mzardi tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod. marTlac, reiganis
admi­nistraciam 75%-iT Seamcira dafinanseba dabalSemosavlian sacxovrebel binebze (lengi,
1989; erovnuli gansaxlebis samuSao jgufi, 1988)
am struqturulma faqtorebma didi uimedoba gamoiwvia. magram ara yvela qronikulad da
ukiduresad Raribi adamiani gaxda usaxlkaro. ra iwvevs gansxvavevbas adamianebis umweobis do­
neebs Soris?
individualuri umweobis asaxsnelad Cven unda davakvirdeT socialur qmedebas an umoqme­
dobas. bevri usaxlkaro adamiani itanjeba `dagrovili ubedurebebisagan~ anu problemebisagan,
romlebic SeiZleba maTi mizeziT iyos (an ar iyos) gamowveuli: qronikul umuSevrobas damate­
buli sulieri avadmyofoba, susti fizikuri janmrTeloba, alkoholizmi, narkotikebi, krimi­
naluri warsuli an ramdenime maTganis kombinacia (rosi, 1989). Tumca rTulia mizezisa da Sede­
gis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.
yvela am problemas iwvevs zogi adamianis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze. usaxlkaroebs cnobis­
moyvareobis dasakmayofilebeli sagnebiviT eqcevian, Tavs uflebas aZleven, daakvirdnen da
Seuracxyon. keTili nebis iSviaTma gamovlinebam SeiZleba Seamciros tkivili, magram stigma da
uimedoba ar mcirdeba. saerTo TavSesafrebsa da bufetebSi misuli moxaliseebic ki cdiloben,
usaxlkaroebTan SeinarCunon distancia. Cveni sazogadoebis reaqcia usaxlkarobaze _ swored

312
es aris ZiriTadi Seuracxyofa. is adamianebic ki, romlebic TiTqos TanaugrZnoben usaxlkaro­
ebs, ar isurveben maT yofnas sakuTari saxlis axlomaxlo – aqedan, saidanac gaCnda fenomeni
NIMBY (`ara Cems ukana ezoSi~). axali TavSesafrebisa da bufetebis Senebis idea did winaaRm­
degobas Sexvda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxridan. saagentoebi, romlebic adre cdilobdnen
usaxlkaroTa daxmarebas, amJamad aRarc ki cdiloben maTTvis mudmivi TavSesafrebisa Tu sa­
muSao adgilis povnas, radganac aseTi arc arsebobs. isini ubralod cdiloben, usaxlkaroebi
uzurnvelyon gadaudebeli daxmarebiT. umweoebTan mudmivi urTierTobisas socialur muSakebs
uviTardebaT `TanagrZnobisagan gadaRliloba~. saboloo jamSi yvelaferi imiT mTavrdeba, rom
policias eZleva davaleba, Seamciros usaxlkaroTa gadaadgilebebi da rogorme sazogadoebis
Tvals moaSoros isini. erT-erTma policielma aRniSna, rom misi saqmea, usaxlkaroebi moqalaqe­
Ta mzeras gaaridos (snou da andersoni, 1993).
adamianebi uecrad ar xdebian samudamod usaxlkaroebi; `usaxlkaroTa kariera~ viTarde­
ba etapebad (snou da andersoni, 1993). erTi etapidan meoreSi gadasvla gardauvalia, TuUm­ca
damokidebulia individis qmedebasa da sxvebis reaqciaze. rodesac individi pirvelad aRmoCnde­
ba quCaSi, is SeSinebuli da dezorientirebulia, ar icis saiT mibrundes, vis endos, an saerTod
rogor gadarCes. isini cdiloben, imoZraon damxmare saagentoebis mimarTulebiT (rogoricaa,
xsnis armia) da auxsnan maT sakuTari warsulis Sesaxeb. amiT isini cdiloben, moaxdinon sakuTari
Tavis gansxvavebulobis xazgasma usaxlkarosagan, da gadadgan konkretuli nabijebi situaci­
idan Tavis dasaRwevad. usaxlkaros kariera SesaZlebelia aqve dasruldes, Tuki man moulodne­
lad ipova stabiluri samuSao, an oTaxi megobarTan erTad. meore etapze gvxdebian `stedlere­
bi~, romelTac ukve iswavles, TuU rogor gaitanon Tavi da ar eSiniaT sxva usaxlkaroebisa. isini
jer kidev saubroben quCisagan Tavis daRwe­vaze, magram maTi gegmebi bundovani da gaugebaria.
`autsaiderebs~ anu gariyulebs ukve sabolood aqvT gawyvetili kavSiri tradiciul sazoga­
doebasTan. isini quCaSi gadarCenaze (da ara cxovrebaze) arian orientirebulni da gaTavisebuli
aqvT quCasTan identifikacia. aseTi adamianebi TavianT warsuls sxvis mier gavlili cxovrebis
gzad miiCneven.
aAdamianTa umravlesoba trotuarze CaZinebuli qalis danaxvisas ise iqceva, TiTqos
usaxlkaro mis gverdiT ar aris da mxolod sazogadoebis farglebs gareT arsebobs. garkveul­
wilad usaxlkaroebi funqciurad mainc erwymian sazogadoebas. isini warmoadgenen iseTi orga­
nizaciebis arsebobis mizezs da upirveles klienturas, rogoricaa xsnis armia da msgavsi orga­
nziaciebi _ socialuri samsaxuris saagentoebi, TavSesafrebi, eklesiis bufetebi, narkotikisa
da alkoholizmis sareabilitacio programebi da sxva. garkveulwilad usaxlkaroTa gadaude­
beli daxmarebis samsaxurebi TavisTavad ukve qmnian Tavisebur `industrias~.
gareSe pirisaTvis usaxlkaroTa cxovreba SeiZleba Zalian qaoturi, araorganizebuli da
uazro Candes, magram sinamdvileSi quCis cxovrebam Seqmna kultura Tu qvekultura sakuTari
moraluri kodeqsis, socialuri urTierTobebisa da identurobis niSniT (snou da anderso­
ni, 1993). bevri usaxlkari Tavs irwmunebs, rom `is, rac warmavalia, momavalicaa~ da rom `ra­
sac dasTes, imas moimki~. esaa samagieros gadaxdis norma, romelic karnaxobs maT, gainawilon
erTmaneTSi is mciredi, rac gaaCniaT, riTac kidev ufro ikvreba usaxlkaroTa sazogadoeba.
usaxlkaroebi, agreTve, xelmZRvaneloben pricipiT `me mivxedav Cems saqmes da sxvamac sakuTars
mixedos~. quCis urTierTobebi xasiaTdeba, erTi mxriv, swrafi da ioli gaSinaurebiT da, meore
mxriv, undoblobiTa da arastabilurobiT. orma adamianma SeiZleba erT wuTSi erTmaneTs Se­
hficos samudamo Zmoba da meore wuTs orive Tavisi gziT wavides. usaxlkaroTa Soris arsebuli
aseTi moSvebuli socialuri urTierTobebi ganpirobebulia garemoTi. ramdenadac isini iSvia­
Tad rCebian erTsa da imave adgilas, axlo urTierTobebi maTTvis ucxoa.

313
 sakuTari Tavdajerebulobis gadasarCenad usaxlkaroebi xSirad acxadeben, axla raRac bedi
ar mwyalobso. bedis cneba maT aridebs pasuxismgeblobas, riTac itoveben SesaZleb­lobas, rom
bedi SeiZleba Seicvalos. bevri maTgani ixlarTeba tyuilebSi _ dawyebuli warsulis galamaze­
biT, damTavrebuli wminda wylis gamogonebiT (magaliTad, male misaRebi zRapruli memkvidreobis
Sesaxeb). rogori istoriac unda hqondes TiToeul usaxlkaros, saboloo jamSi arc erTi maTgani ar
Rebulobs pasiurad im negatiur kliSes, romelsac maT sazogadoeba aniWebs. miuxedavad amisa, dau­
wereli kanonis mixedviT, usaxlkaroebi arasodes aprotesteben erTmaneTis gamonagons.
saboloo jamSi uimedoba asaxavs ZiriTad urTierTobebs. korporaciebs unari Ses­wevT,
gadaaadgilon qarxnebi, maRaziebi, da samsaxurebi erTi qalaqidan meoreSi an qveynis gareT; uZ­
ravi qonebis mmarTvelebs aqvT Zalaufleba, iyidon dabalrentiani saxlebi da aagon axali ufro
momgebiani struqturebi; adgilobriv xelisuflebas ufleba aqvs, miiRos kanoni, romelic krZa­
lavs usaxlkaroTa quCaSi, tramvaisa da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi Zils. aRmasruleblebi,
romlebic am kanonebs adgenen, sulac ar arian cudi adaminebi, ubralod maT aqvT Zalaufleba,
miaRwion TavianT miznebs, Tundac es sxvebis pirdapir Tu iribad dazaralebas niSnavdes.
Tumca SedarebiT uunaro, uimedo usaxlkaroebsac aqvT arCevani. bevri imitom ar midis
TavSesafarSi, rom acnobierebs, iq misvliT dakargavs avtonomiasa da individualurobas; amas­
Tanave, misi azriT, es adgili bevrad ufro saSiSia, vidre quCaSi Zili.

funqciuri integracia

sxva sociologebi (dawyebuli herbert spenseriTa (1974) da emil durkhaimiT

(1893-1985)) amtkicebdnen, rom uTanasworobis zogierTi done xels uwyobs funq­
cionalur integracias. Cvens TanamedroveobaSi es azri ganaviTares amerikelma
sociologebma kingsli devisma da vilbert murma (1945). marqsis msgavsad, devisi
da muri orientirebuli iyvnen sazogadoebis ekonomikur struqturaze, magram
nacvlad klasebis formirebisa da memkvidreobiT miRebuli akumulirebuli ma­
terialuri keTildReobisa, isini xazs usvamdnen imas, Tu rogor cvlis adamia­
nebis motivacias gansxvavebuli donis Semosavlis Sansi.
devisi da muri amtkicebdnen, rom zogi samuSao ufro mniSvnelovania rTuli
sazogadoebebis integraciis TvalsazrisiT. mxolod adamianebis mcire jgufs
surs Tavisi niWis koncentrireba da swavlaSi investireba am samsaxuris mier maT­
ze dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesasruleblad. amitom aucilebelia, maTi anazRa­
ureba iyos saSualo xelfasze maRali (an mieceT maT damatebiTi jildos saxiT
prestiJi, Zalaufleba an sasiamovno samuSao garemo), raTa gaizardos maTi mo­
tivaciis done. amdenad, socialuri araTanasworoba funqciurad aucilebelia.
sazogadoeba, romelmac ver SeZlo adamianebis motivireba mniSvnelovani samuS­
aos Serulebis mizniT, dangrevis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas.
cxadia, adamianebis motivireba SesaZlebelia iseTi samuSaos arCeviT, ro­
melic ufro maRalanazRaurebadia da bevr damatebiT sargebels gulisxmobs.
magaliTad 1980-ian wlebSi, rodesac kompiuteris specialistebis deficiti iyo,
maTi anazRaureba da samuSao pirobebi mkveTrad gaumjobesda, ramdganac kom­
paniebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen maT `xelSi Casagdebad~. kritikosebma devisisa

314
da muris Teoriis sxva aspeqtebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes (ix kerbo, 1991 gv.
129-134). magaliTad, aris ki amerikaSi yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebi
funqciurad marTlac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da moiTxovs Tu ara is ganaTlebaSi
yvelaze did investicias? unda SevTanxmdeT, rom eqimis profesia marTlac mniS­
vnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis, am profesiis dauflebas esaWiroeba specialuri
niWi da gamocdileba. eqimTan SedarebiT, damlagebeli ar aris mniSvnelovani, arc
gansakuTrebuli niWi da gamocdileba esaWiroeba. amitom eqimebs ufro mets ux­
dian, vidre damlageblebs. magram Tu am ukiduresobebs gavcdebiT, Teoria nak­leb
mdgradi xdeba. gacilebiT meti ganaTleba da niWi esaWiroeba skolis maswavle­
bels, vidre finansur menejers, magram maswavleblebs bevrad ufro dabali anaz­
Raureba aqvT. aseTi magaliTebis moyvana dausruleblad SeiZleba.
devisi da muri ZiriTad yuradRebas imas uTmobdnen, Tu ramdenad funqciuria
motivacia sazogadoebisTvis mTlianobaSi, da mxedvelobidan gamorCaT is, Tu vin
iRebda sargebels araTanasworobis konkretuli struqturisagan. arc is gauT­
valiswinebiaT, Tu ra xarisxiTaa es araTanasworoba aucilebeli, rom xalxma se­
riozuli kiTxvis niSani ar dausvas am status kvos.

Zalaufleba

marqsma daamkvidra azri, rom kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis

gamoyeneba warmoebis saSualebebze arsebuli sakuTrebis uflebis pirdapiri ana­
reklia. sociologiis meore fu­Zemdebelma maqs veberma daaskvna, rom arsebobs Za­
lauflebis sxva wyaroebi, romlebic aRqmul unda iqnas, rogorc sxvadasxva fenebis
ganzomileba, da ara rogorc ekonomikuri daSrevebis mxardamWeri rgoli.
veberma gansakuTrebiT xazi gausva imaT Zalauflebas, romlebic marTaven
biu­rokratiul struqturas da gavlena aqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. es mo­
sazreba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania komunisturi sazogadoebebis analizisas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi komunizms uklaso sazogadoebis saukeTeso nimuSad
miiCnevda, komunizmi sinamdvileSi uTanasworobis axleburi gamoxatuleba aR­
moCnda. CineTSi, sabWoTa kavSirsa da sxva yofil Tu arsebul komunistur sazoga­
doebebSi biurokratebma moipoves Zalaufleba da maTTvis xelmisawvdomi iseTi
fufunebis sagnebi, raze ocnebac ki warmoudgeneli iyo Cveulebrivi moqalaqi­
saTvis. biurokratiulma sistemam warmoqmna meqrTameobis instituti, rac sabo­
loo jamSi isev biurokratTa fenas aZlierebda, maT Svilebs SeeZloT umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miRebac. sabolood es fena damoukidebel klasad Camoyalibda, Tavi­
si klasobrivi privilegiebiT, romlebic TandaTanobiT memkvidreobiTi xdeboda.
(lenski, lenski da nolani, 1991).
kapitalistur samyaroSic, magaliTad AaSS-Si, biurokratiuli Zalaufleba
klasebis warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca. aqac uamravi magaliTia koruf­
ciisa, Tumca maRali sajaro biurokratiuli aparatebi korufciis gareSec war­
moadgenen gamdidrebis wyaros. maT ufleba aqvT, Seqmnan sakuTari saxelfaso

315
sistema, amis garda lobistebis mier miniWebuli privilegiebiTac sargebloben
(ufaso mgzavroba mdidrul kurortebze. da a.S)
veberis mizani iyo ara marto gansazRvra, Zalauflebisa, rogorc Semosavlisa
da simdidris wyarosi, aramed is, rom TavisTavad biurokratiac warmoadgens so­
cialuri klasifikaciis wyaros. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi biz­
nesis umetesobas marTaven ara maTi realuri mflobelebi, aramed profesionali
menejerebi. milionobiT kerZo pirs, sapensio fondsa Tu sxva korporaciebs aqvT
TavianTi wili IBM-Si, magram kompania TavisTavad warmoadgens biurokratiul
aparats, romelsac marTavs prezidenti, Tavmjdomare da a.S. maT kavSiri aqvT
umaRles saxelisuflo biurokratiasTan da amrigad, TavianTi gavlenis wyalo­
biT qmnian klasobriv Zalauflebas (domhofi, 1993).
klasobrivi Zalauflebis magaliTia arCevnebic. rogorc sabolood Sedegi­
dan Cans yvela amerikelic ar aris Tanasworuflebiani da ara aqvs Tanabari
ufleba reklamasa da arCevnebisaTvis aucilebel sxva aqsesuarze. marqsis erT-
erTi mimdevari antonio gramski (1971) amtkicebda, rom yuradReba unda gavamax­
viloT kulturul Zalauflebaze. roca gvaswavlian, rom ZiriTadi yuradReba
unda davuTmoT gamdidrebas da ara socialuri sistemis gadasinjvas, da rom es
sistema aucilebelia, amiT gvaiZuleben, SeveguoT am sistemas, da Zalauflebas
gvar­Tmeven. `saxalxo kultura~ TiTqos yvelaze ufro popularuli sistemaa,
elitaruli kulturis sapirispirod, magram isic ki asaxavs da amkvidrebs kapi­
talisturi sazogadoebis uTanasworobas, romelSic TiTqos yvelas aqvs dawinau­
rebis ufleba magram sinamdvileSi cota Tu SeZlebs amas.

kultura

veberi ar dafiqrebula, rom erTad aRebuli simdidre da Zalauflebac ki

SeZlebdnen aexsnaT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi klasebis warmoqmnis sistema.
kulturuli faqtoric unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli, rogorc araTanasworobis
erT-erTi gamoxatuleba. magaliTad, qalis Sromis ufro dabali anazRaureba,
romelsac zogi sazogadoeba awesebs Tavisi kulturidan gamomdinare (magaliTad,
medda). klasebis Camoyalibebis meore ganmsazRvreli faqtori SeiZleba iyos rasa
da erovneba. veberi iyenebs termins status jgufebi, raTa aRweros adamianTa is
jgufi, romelTa prestiJuloba ganisazRvreba kulturuli, da ara ekonomikuri
an politikri faqtorebiT.
sxvadasxva sazogadoeba sxvadasxva rames aniWebs upiratesobas. magaliTad,
indur sazogadoebaSi sulier Tvisebebs eniWeba sagangebo statusi. Tumca am
sazogadoebaSi es statusi memkvidreobiTia da ara pirovnuli. aqedan modis in­
duri kasturi sistema (gouldi, 1971w.). miuxedavad xelisuflebis mcdelobisa,
SebrZoleboda kastur sistemas, sadac hindus warmomadgenlebi iTvlebian maRal
kastad yvela danarCenTan SedarebiT da ekrZalebaT maTTan socialuri kavSiri,
kulturuli statusi am sazogadoebaSi mainc rCeba diskriminaciis erT-erT mniS­

316
vnelovan wyarod. dResac ki warmatebuli da mdidari indoelebi dabali kaste­
bidan dacinvis sagani xdebian maRal kastad miCneuli Raribi magram `wminda~
brahmanebis mier. amisagan gansxvavebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom miiCneva, TiTqos
amerikulma sazogadoebam mainc ver daaRwia Tavi rasobriv da genderul aspeqtSi
gansxvavebulobas, amerikelebis umravlesoba arCevs, xazi gausvas miRweul sta­
tuss, romelic Sromisa da warmatebis Sedegia.
amerikelebis umravlesobisaTvis sulieri siwminde naklebad prioritetuli
Rirebulebaa. amis sanacvlod amerikelebi xazs usvamen kulturul da socialur
faqtorebs, magaliTad, imas, Tu rogor gamoimuSaveben da xarjaven fuls, vin
iyvnen maTi winaprebi, vis icnoben da ramdenad warmatebulebi arian saqmianobaSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikelebisaTvis profesia prestiJis mTavari ganmsazR­
vrelia. profesiebs ki afaseben misgan miRebuli sargeblobis mixedviT, da ara
gavlenisa Tu simdidris gamo.
prestiJi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis klasifikaciis sistemis mniSvnelovani
nawilia. eqimebi, iuristebi da universitetebis profesorebi TavianT profesiebs
prestiJulad miiCneven da imedi gaucruvdebaT, Tu maTi Svilebi biznes-kari­
eras airCven. erTsa da imave profesiaSi ki adamianebi prestiJs met upiratesobas
aniWeben simdidresTan SedarebiT. Ees aris swored mTavari ganmasxvavebeli biz­
nessa da profesiebs Soris. Bbiznesis SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba, diskebis
maRazia gaqvs Tu tansacmlis _ TiToeuli maTganis upiratesoba gamoixateba mis
mier miRebul mogebaSi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, kargi eqimi aris is, romelic ukeT
mkurnalobs pacients da ara is, romelic met fuls gamoimuSavebs. amas garda, Cven
miviCnevT, rom eqimi cudia, Tuki is ar umkurnalebs pacients, romelsac fuli ara
aqvs. magram aravin gamoTqvams sayvedurs gastronomze, Tu is ar mogyidiT bost­
neuls maSin, rodesac Tqven fuli ara gaqvT.
frangi sociologi pier burdie (1984) miiCnevs, rom prestiJi mniSvnelovania
ara marto profesionalebisaTvis, aramed ierarqiis nebismier safexurze mdgomi
adamianisaTvis. burdies azriT, klasobrivi pozicia simdidresa da Zalaufle­
basTan erTad damokidebulia `kulturul kapitalzec~, romelsac sargebloba
moaqvs individisaTvis Tavisi prestiJis gamo. magaliTad, kolejis diplomi Ta­
visTavad arc warmoebis saSualebaa da arc Zalauflebis iaraRi, magram misi meS­
veobiT SeiZleba moipovo simdidreca da Zalauflebac, Tuki is gexmareba kargi
samsaxuris povnaSi (burdie 1977). zogjer kulturuli kapitali efeqturia iq,
sadac fuli ar Wris. magaliTad, harvardis kursdamTavrebuls gza xsnili aqvs
iseT klubebSi, sadac milioners Sesvlis Sansic ar aqvs. kulturuli kapitali
iseve araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli, rogorc simdidre da Zalaufleba. yvela
amerikels ara qvs saSualeba harvardSi (an sxva romelime dafnis gvirgvinosan
kolejSi) miiRos ganaTleba. elitaruli kolejebis kursdamTavrebulebs ki xeli
miuwvdebaT iseT upiratesobebze, rogoricaa sazRvargareT swavlis ufleba, sa­
patio sazogadoebis wevroba da a.S.

317
socialuri qmedeba

kulturuli kapitalis magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom klasobriv poziciebs so­

cialuri qmedebebi gansazRvravs. sazRvargareT swavla da sapatio sazogadoebis
wevroba socialuri qmedebis magaliTia. am upiratesobebis miReba damokidebu­
lia klasobriv kuTvnilebaze, Tumca es individualuri arCevanis sakiTxicaa. maga­
liTad, pirovnebam Tavad unda airCios, zogadi saganmanaTleblo kursi gaiaros,
kolejis diplomisTvis ibrZolos Tu saerTod Sewyvitos swavla. erTaderTi,
rasac adamiani ver airCevs, es aris dabali standartebi, romlebic fexs ikidebs
urbanul saxalxo skolebSi. es Tavis mxriv damokidebulia reorganizaciaze, sa­
Sualo klasis adamianebis gareubnebSi sacxovreblad gadasvlasa da sxva araerT
garemo faqtorebze.
TiToeuli zemoTxsenebuli Teoretikosi xazs usvams socialuri klasifika­
ciis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs socialur qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. marqsma gaakeTa
ori daskvna. pirveli _ klasobrivi uTanasworoba ZiriTadad individualuri
qmedebis Sedegia. zogi axali mewarme SeiZleba gaxdes biznesmeni da zogi biznesmeni
gakotrdes, magram es ar cvlis sistemas. ufro metic _ kapitalistebi eqsplua­
tacias imitom ki ar uweven muSebs, rom isini cudebi arian, aramed imitom, rom es
erTaderTi gzaa mogebis misaRebad da kapitalistur samyaroSi gadasarCenad. is
faqti, rom kapitalistebi dabal xelfasebs uxdian TanamSromlebs, ganpirobebu­
lia sazogadoebaSi maTi klasobrivi mdgomareobiT. amavdroulad muSas ocnebac ki
ar SeuZlia, gaxdes kapitalisti mxolod didi Sromisa da fulis dagrovebis gziT.
marqsis mixedviT, kapitalizmi moiTxovs muSaTa did da kapitalistTa Sez­
Rudul raodenobas. amitom Zalian cota muSa Tu SeZlebda kapitalizmis pirobeb­
Si siRatakisaTvis Tavis daRwevas, magram verc erTi maTgani ver gamdidrdeboda.
marqsi urCevda maT, Tavi daenebebinaT erTmaneTs Soris konkurenciisaTvis, gaer­
Tianebuliyvnen da revoluciis gziT SebrZolebodnen kapitalizms (marqsi da en­
gelsi 1848/1976). ai, amas uwodebda marqsi klasobriv brZolas da mTel muSaTa klass
mouwodebda, individualuri winaaRmdegobebis nacvlad, erTiani winaaR­mdegoba
gaewiaT am miuRebeli wyobisaTvis da kapitalizmi socializmiT SeecvalaT.
marqsi gatacebuli iyo koleqtiuri qmedebebis ideiT, veberi ki ufro metad
individebis qmedebas uWerda mxars, raTa maT SeecvalaT TavianTi sakuTari (an
maTi jgufis) yofa. es TavisTavad gulisxmobda individebsa da jgufebs Soris
konkurenciasa da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebasa da strategias. vebers magaliTad
mohyavda, Tu rogor qmnian religiuri Tu emigrantTa jgufebi Zlier sazogadoe­
bas da erTmaneTs ekonomiurad dawinaurebaSi exmarebian. radgan emigrantebs in­
dividualurad ar gaaCniaT didi Zalaufleba, esaWiroebaT Zala, romelic momdi­
nareobs koordinirebuli socialuri qmedebisagan (perkini, 1976). sociologebma
daiwyes im qvekulturuli jgufebis Seswavla, romlebic aSS-Si azielma emigran­
tebma Seqmnes. miuxedavad imisa, rom es jgufebi afaseben Tavisufali sawarmos
principebs, isini mainc ar cxovroben sruliad individualisturi midgomiT, maTi
qmedeba socialurad organizebulia da orientirebulia ojaxsa da Temze. aseTi
jgufebis wevrebi sesxad aZleven erTmaneTs fuls, raTa wamoiwyon sakuTari biz­

318
nesi, qiraoben sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs da did riskze midian, rodesac Svilebs
karg kolejebSi agzavnian (laiti, 1993w.).
funqcionaluri integraciis problemebze muSaobisas devisi da muri aqcents
akeTebdnen individualur qmedebebze. maTi azriT, sazogadoebis wevrebis motivi­
reba muSaobisaTvis metad mniSv­nelovania da aRar tovebs adgils individualuri
kaprizebisTvis. Aaucileblad unda arsebobdes socialurad organizebuli gzebi,
raTa uzrunvelvyoT xalxis mier aucilebeli ganaTlebis miReba, saWiro samuSaos
Sesruleba da amiT araTanasworuflebianobis struqtura da akmayofilebs sakuTar
daniSnulebas. am Teoriis mixedviT, klasobrivi struqtura karnaxobs individebs,
imoqmedon ise, rom sazogadoebis struqturul intergacias xeli Seuwyon.
Tanamedrove sociologebi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian marqsis xedvas, rom ekonomi­
kuri struqtura ganapirobebs klasobriv gansxvavebulobas. Tumca amavdroulad
isini aseve eyrdnobian vebers, romelic amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi gansxvavebu­
loba ar aris dafuZnebuli mxolod simdidreze. kKlasobrivi Zala­ufleba da kul­
turuli Rirebulebebi aseve mniSvnelovania da ar SeiZleba Semcirdes maTi roli
ekonomikuri wyaroebiT. maSin, rodesac marqsi xazs usvamda, rom struqturuli
uTanasworoba warmoqmnis konfliqts, mravali Tanamedrove sociologi Tvlis,
rom igive uTanasworoba SeiZleba iyos motivaciis wyaro.

Sejameba

1. klasobrivi dayofa aRniSnavs sazogadoebis danawevrebas xalxis fenebad

(strata), romelTac aqvT iSviaTi, magram sasurveli resursebis araTanabari
raodenoba, romelic gavlenas axdens maT cxovrebiseul Sansebsa da socialur
statusze. klasobrivi dayofis zogierTi sistema, maT Soris amerikuli kla­
sobrivi sistema, Riaobisken miiswrafvis; zogi ki daxuruli sistemaa (mag.,
kasturi sistema indoeTSi da samxreT afrikis aparteidSi). praqtikulad, sis­
temebis umetesoba am or ukiduresobas Soris dgas.
2. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebi afaseben Tanasworuflebianobas, amerikul
sazogadoebas aqvs Zalian araTanaswori klasobrivi struqtura. amerikelebis
umravlesoba Tavs saSualo klass miakuTvnebs. uamravi sociologi gansaz­
Rvravs adamianTa klass maTi simdidris mixedviT (ras floben), Semosavle­
biTa (ras gamoimuSaveben) da prestiJiT (profesiuli Tvisebebis mixedviT).
sociologi harold kerbo amerikul sazogadoebas yofs xuT ZiriTad klasad:
maRali klasi, korporaciuli klasi, saSualo klasi, muSaTa klasi da dabali
klasi. Semosavlebi da, gansakuTrebiT, materia­luri keTildReoba aSS-Si sak­
maod araTanabrad aris gadanawilebuli.
3. amerikuli ocneba siRaribidan simdidrisken miTis msgavsia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom amerikelebi metismetad mobilurebi arian, umravlesoba mainc erTi an
ori nabijiT adis zemoT, zogi ki qvemoT eSveba. Tumca, istoriu­lad zeasvla
ufro gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, daRmasvlis tendencia uaxlesma ekonomi­
kurma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia.

319
4. ojaxuri statusi amerikelebisTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saganma­naT­
leblo miswrafebebisa da monapovrebis gansazRvraSi, Tumca, profesiul
statuss SesaZleblobaTa srtuqtura (skolidan dawyebuli) gansazRvravs.
5. siRaribis donem amerikaSi sagrZnoblad aiwia 1980-90-ian wlebSi. gavrcele­
buli rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, RaribTa umravlesoba TeTrka­niania, bevri
maTgani ar Rebulobs keTildReobis daxmarebas da ar cxovrobs Sig qalaqeb­
Si. yvelaze ufro Raribebi arian bavSvebi, Semdeg _ martoxela qalebi, rom­
lebic sakuTar ojaxs marto uZRvebian.
6. umweoTa jgufSi yvelaze ufro swrafad mzardi jgufi momuSave adamia­nebis
jgufia _ eseni arian qalebi da mamakacebi, romelTa xelfasebic arasakma­
risia sakvebis, TavSesafris, tansacmlis da sxva pirveli moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofi­leblad.
7. SeerTebul StatebSi daxmarebas 14 milioni adamiani iRebs, maTi 2/3 bavSvia,
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani martoxela dedebis raodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria.
bevri qali saxelmwifosgan daxmarebas iRebs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mu­
Saobs kidec.
8. komunaluri getoebis hipergetoebad transformirebam xeli Seuwyo Sua qa­
laqis mosaxle afro-amerikelebis gaRaribebas. uilsoni amas miawers urba­
nuli ekonomikis struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa (gansakuTrebiT `lurj­
xalaTianTa~ samuSaobisa da gamyidvelis samsaxurebis Semcirebas, riTac
SesaZlebelia cxovrebisaTvis sakmarisi xelfasis miReba da ar saWiroebs
umaRles ganaTlebas) da getoSi mcxovrebi Raribebis socialur izolacias.
Tumca, es problemebi SeiZleba agreTve gamoiwvios rasobrivma diskrimina­
ciam da socializaciam.
9. siRaribis socialuri axsna xazs usvams socialuri klasis struqturas, eli­
tis Zalauflebasa da aramaterialuris (prestiJi da moraluri Rirebule­
bebi), iseve, rogorc materialuris (simdidre da Zalaufleba) mniSvnelobas.
10. marqsi aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoeba dayofilia klasebad ekonomikur struq­
turaSi adamianebis rolis mixedviT (warmoebasTan maTi damokidebulebis
mixedviT). devisi da muri xazs usvamdnen uTanasworobis rols funqciuri
integraciis xelSewyobis sakiTxSi. veberma wamoayena azri, rom klasobrivi
dayofa mravalganzomilebiani movlenaa, romelic warmoadgens simdidrisa
da Semosavlis, Zalauflebis (pirovnebis SesaZlebloba gavlena moaxdinos
sxva­Ta qmedebaze), kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da prestiJis anarekls. yvela
es faqtori _ klasobrivi struqtura, funqciuri integracia, Zala­ufleba
da kultura _ qmnis socialuri qmedebis saSualebebsa da barierebs.

imsjeleT

1. ra aris socialuri klasobrivi dayofa da rogor xdeba misi dam­kvi­dreba?

2. daupirispireT erTmaneTs socialuri klasifikaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli sami
ZiriTadi midgoma: marqsis aqcenti struqturaze, veberis xazgasma Zala­

320
 uflebaze da devisi-muris damokidebuleba funqcionaluri integraciis
koncefciaze.
3. ra rols TamaSobs prestiJi socialuri klasificirebis sakiTxSi?
4. rogor qmnis amerikul klasobriv struqutras simdidre da Semosavali?
5. CamoTvaleT socialuri mobilobis ramdenime ZiriTadi winapiroba.
6. daaxasiaTeT amerikeli Raribi.
7. Tqveni azriT, riT SeiZleba aixsnas usaxlkaroTa mzardi ricxvi?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. ganixileT socialuri klasifikacia Semdegi sami ZiriTadi koncefciis priz­

maSi: 1) socialuri struqtura, 2) socialuri qmedeba, 3) funqciuri integra­
cia, Zalaufleba da kultura.
2. socialuri klasifikaciis ra Sedegebs xedav Sen irgvliv arsebul sazoga­
doebaSi? klasobrivi dayofis SefasebaSi romeli ufro misaRebia TqvenTvis
_ marqsis perspeqtiva, veberis perspeqtiva Tu funqciuri integraciis per­
speqtiva?
3. socialuri mobiloba ufro misaRebia Tu Svilebis mier mSoblebis klaso­
brivi poziciis memkvidreobiT miReba? ra faqtorebi uwyobs an uSlis xels
mobilobas aSS-Si?
4. gamoiyeneT am TavSi mocemuli koncefciebi da Teoriebi da CamoayalibeT
kongresisaTvis gankuTvnili polisis winadadeba, Tu rogor unda vebrZo­
loT siRaribes aSS-Si.
5. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom SesaZlebelia ekonomikurma politikam sargeb­loba
moutanos mdidrebs, saSualo klass da Raribebs erTdroulad, Tu aucilebe­
lia arsebobdes mudmivi kompromisi am sami klasis interesebs Soris?

sityvari

miRweuli statusi _ statusi, romelic individualuri mcdelobisa da miR­

wevebis Sedegia.
miniWebuli statusi _ statusi, romelic dafuZnebulia individualuri kon­
trolis miRma mdgom socialur Sefasebebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rasa,
sqesi an asaki.
kasturi sistema _ socialuri uTanasworobis daxuruli sistema, romelSic sta­
tusi ganisazRvreba dabadebisTanave, Svilebi Caketilebi arian mSob­lebis
socialuri poziciis CarCoebSi, xolo ierarqias gansazRvravs siwmindisa da
prestiJis gansxvavebebi.
klasobrivi struqtura _ sazogadoebis SedarebiT stabilur jgu­febad dana­
wevreba, mkveTrad araTanaswori resursebiTa da cxovrebiseuli SansebiT.
karl marqsis ganmartebiT, es jgufebi warmoadgens Tanamedrove sazogadoe­
bis nawils kapitalisturi sistemis sakuTrebis flobisa da warmoebis sx­
vadasxva poziciebze.

321
klasobrivi dayofis daxuruli sistema _ socialuri klasifikaciis sistema,
romelSic rTuli an SeuZlebelia socialur iererqiaSi aRmasvla. mas uwode­
ben daxurul klasobriv sistemasac.
korporaciuli klasi _ im adamianebisagan Semdgari socialuri klasi, romel­
Tac aqvT didi biurokratiuli Zalaufleba ZiriTad korporaciebSi (da
xelisuf­lebaSi) umetesad ara am korporaciebis sakuTrebis safuZvelze.
Semosavali _ is, rasac xalxi gamoimuSavebs garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
dasaqmebis an investirebis gziT.
dabali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs xalxTa jgufs sakuTrebis ga­
reSe, umeteswilad umuSevarni, romelTac ara aqvT Zalaufleba da prestiJi.
saSualo klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelic moicavs adamianTa im jgufebs, rom­
lebic floben SedarebiT mcire sakuTrebas, magram maTi saqmianoba uzrun­vel­
yofs maT saSualo SemosavliT, prestiJiTa da avtoritetiT. saSualo klasis
dayofa SesaZlebelia zeda da qveda saSualo qvejgufebad.
klasobrivi dayofis Ria sistema _ es is sistemaa, romelsac ar gaaCnia bevri wi­
naaRmdegoba socialuri mobilobis TvalsazrisiT, poziciis mopoveba xdeba
Rirsebis safuZvelze da adamianis wodeba dakavSirebulia mis individualur
miR­wevebze.
prestiJi _ socialuri Sefaseba, pativiscema an dafaseba, romelic eniWeba ada­
mians yvela im Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac sazogadoeba maRal Se­
fasebas aZlevs.
socialuri klasi _ adamianebi, romlebic dganan socialuri klasifikaciis
sistemis erTsa da imave doneze.
socialuri mobiloba _ adamianTa gadaadgileba erTi socia­luri poziciidan
meoreSi, zemoT an qvemoT.
klasobrivi dayofa _ sazogadoebis danawevreba adamianTa fenebad, romelTac
aqvT resursis araTanabari raodenoba.
struqturuli mobiloba _ sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi profesiebis rao­
denobisa da saxeobebis cvlileba im mSromelTa raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi,
romelTac maTi Sesrulebis unari SeswevT.
maRali klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian mdidari ojaxebi. didi qone­
ba maT did Zalauflebasac aniWebs.
materialuri keTildReoba _ (simdidre) is, rasac xalxi flobs da SeuZlia mo­
maval Taobebs gadasces.
muSaTa klasi _ socialuri klasi, romelsac qmnian Raribi adamianebi. isini yidian
TavianT Sromas Tavis gadasarCenad, samuSao aZlevs maT dabal Semosavals da
dabal prestiJs. muSaTa klasis adaminebs ar gaaCniaT aranairi avtoriteti.

322
 Tavi 8

rasa da eTnosi

kulturuli mravalferovneba
. erovneba: emigranti . rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi

jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis forma

. kolonializmi . gadaadgileba . genocidi . monoba
. segregacia . winaaRmdegoba . mikerZoeba da diskriminacia
. asimilacia . pluralizmi da multikulturalizmi
. identobisa da aRiarebis politika

multikulturuli amerika
. afro-amerikelebi . laTino-amerikelebi
. mkvidri amerikelebi . aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
mtkice moqmedeba

323
324
 C rdiloeT karolinis universitetSi arsebobs erTi Zveli tradicia: damam­
Tavrebeli kursis studentebi universitets saCuqars utoveben. studen­
tebma, romlebic 1987 wels amTavrebdnen universitets, cnobil skulptors Seuk­
veTes qandakeba, romelic studentur cxovrebas asaxavda da romelic ax­ladgaxsnili
biblioTekis win daidgmeboda. qandakeba 1990 wlis Semodgomaze dadges, rasac
dauyovnebliv mohyva protesti. qandakeba gamosaxavda studentTa jgufs, sadac
ori, aSkarad afro-amerikeli studenti eria. erT maTgans Tavze wigni edo da ise
inarCunebda wonasworobas, xolo meore, TiTis wverze kalaTburTis burTs atri­
alebda. aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti sadad iyo Cacmuli da xelSi vio­
lino ekava. mravali studentis azriT, qandakeba mxars uWerda rasobriv da eTni­
kur stereotipebs. afro-amerikeli studentebi sportsmenebad (da aqedan
ga­momdinare ara `seriozul~ studentebad) iyvnen warmodgenilni, romelTa fesve­
bi `primitiuli~ kulturidan modioda (warmodgenili Savkaniani qaliT, ro­melsac
Tavze tvirTi adevs), xolo aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli studenti uineteresosa
da ambiciuri adamianis STabeWdilebas to­vebda. moqandakis mcdelobam, daeWira
rasobrivi da eTnikuri gansxvavebebis detalebi, sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo.
aRSfoTeba kidev ufro gaizarda, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom viRacas afro-
amerikeli studentis qandakeba waeqcia da burTi moepara. vandalebis dakaveba
dRemde ver moxerxda. aravin icis, vin Caidina es saqcieli _ TeTrkanianma ra­
sistebma, romlebic ganawyenebulebi darCenen afro-amerikeli studentebis mox­
vedriT am qandakebaSi, Tu afro-amerikelma studentebma, romlebmac amgvarad
gamoxates protesti stereotipis winaaRmdeg. saCivrebisa da ukmayofilebis tal­
Ram universitetis administracia aiZula, qandakeba sxva, ufro naklebSesamCnev
adgilas (studenturi sacxovreblis teritoriaze) gadaetanaT.
arc 1987 wlis kursdamTavrebulebi, arc fakulteti da arc administracia
ar moeloda amgvar reaqcias. studentebma specialurad sTxoves moqandakes,
gaeTvaliswinebina universitetis multikulturuli imiji. rodesac moqandakes
sTxoven, warmoadginos sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebi SezRudul
sivrceSi, is gverds ver auvlis kulturul stereotipebs. aucilebeli araa, rom
stereotipebi yovelTvis uaryofiT datvirTvas atarebdes. sxva kolejebisa da
universitetebis msgavsad, CrdiloeT karolinis universiteti xels uwyobs, raTa
mwvrTnelebma moZebnon kalaTburTis varskvlavebi, romelTa didi nawili Savka­
niania. universitets arsebobisaTvis sWirdeba Tanxebi, kalaTburTiT ki SeiZleba
am Tanxis nawilis gamomuSaveba da kursdamTavrebulebi, kanonmdeblebi da sxvebi
ufro met fuls gascemen universitetisaTvis, rodesac misi gundi igebs. sportu­
li stipendiebi saSualebas aZlevs socialurad daucvel studnetebs eTnikuri
umciresobebis jgufebidan, iswavlon kolejSi, risi saSualebac maT ar eqnebo­
daT stipendiebis gareSe. aravin, arc Savkaniani da arc TeTrkaniani, ar gamoTqvams
protests, rodesac gundi igebs. universiteti aseve daeZebs studentebs, romle­
bic gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian maTematikaSi, bunebismetyvelebasa da musikaSi.
maTgan bevria aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli. aravin gamoTqvams protetsts maT

325
CaricxvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic eyrdnoba maRal Sefasebas. ufro metic,
bevri afro-amerikeli studenti amayobs sakuTari warmomavlobiT da, Sesabamis­
ad, bevri aziuri warmoSobis studenti ama­yobs, rom isini ufro mowesrigebulebi
da organizebulebi arian, vidre maTi amerikeli Tanatolebi.
CrdiloeT karolinis univeristeti gamonaklisi ar aris. qandakebasTan dakav­
Sirebuli incidenti erT-erTi gamovlinebaa im rasobrivi da eTnikuri dapirispi­
rebis talRisa, romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi amerikis kolejebi da universitetebi
moicva. aseTi SemTxvevebi im faqtis gamoZaxilia, rom amerika, romelic eTniku­
rad gansxvavdeba Tavisi sawyisisagan, axla ufro metad vidre odesme, warmoad­
gens multikulturul sazogadoebas. rasobrivi da eTnikuri uTanasworoba Cveni
qveynis erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa. amave dros, kulturuli sxva­dasxvaoba
warmoadgens amerikis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier mxaresa da Semoqmedebis wyaros.
kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs iyo `amerikeli~ (iseve, rogorc rasobrivi da eTnikuri
uTanasworobis mizezis dadgenis sakiTxi), dRemde ar aris gadaWrili.
es Tavi kulturuli mravalferovnebis wyaros ganxilviT iwyeba da Semdeg
aqcenti keTdeba emigrantebis mniSvnelobaze amerikis istoriaSi. amis Semdeg
gavarkvevT, Tu ra saxis damokidebuleba arsebobs sazogadoebaSi Tavisi kultu­
riT gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris. es Zalauflebisa da socialuri struqturis
sakiTxia. bolos yuradRebas SevaCerebT oTx yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufze:
afro-amerikelebze, laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebze, mkvidr amerikelebsa da
aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebze da ganvixilavT, Tu ramdenad arian TiToeuli
jgufis wevrebi funqciurad gaerTianebulni amerikuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebSi. vimsjelebT agreTve socio-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Sedegebzec.

kulturuli mravalferovneba

`Pledge of Allegiance~ ambobs, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi `erTi, ganu­

yofeli eria~, magram Cveni qveyana xasiaTdeba kulturuli mravalferovnebiTac.
adamianebs, romlebic sakuTar sTavs `amerikelebs uwodeben~, msoflios TiT­
qmis yvela qveyanaSi aqvT fesvebi, romlebic jer kidev SesamCnevia. rogorc amas
CrdiloeT karolinas universitetSi momxdari incidenti mowmobs, kulturuli
erTobis idea xSirad upirispirdeba kulturul mravalferovnebas.

erovneba: emigranti

mkvidri amerikelebisagan (amerikeli indielebi) gansxvavebiT, yvela amerike­

li erT-erTi maTgania an STamomavalia im 60 milioni emigrantisa, romlebic Sim­
Silma da/an religiurma devnam aiZula, mietovebinaT samSoblo da SeerTebul
StatebSi _ `SesaZleblobebis qveyanaSi~ Camosuliyvnen (mosaxleobis biuleteni,
1994). Cvens Soris arian im kolonistebis STamomavlebi, romlebmac meCvidmete

326
saukuneSi pirveli dasaxlebebi Seqmnes, agreTve 600000-mde afrikeli monisa da im
espenelebisa da frangebis STamomavlebi, romlebic dasavleTisa da aRmosavle­
Tis mimarTulebiT SeerTebuli Statebis gafarToebis Sedegad SeuerTdnen qvey­
nis mosaxleobas.
amerikelebis umravlesoba emigrantTa oTxi ZiriTadi nakadis STamomavlebi
arian (mosaxleobis biuleteni, 1994). emigrantebis pirveli nakadi (1890-1820),
romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
periodSi dasaxlda qveyanaSi, ZiriTadad im ingliseli protestantebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTa umravlesoba religiur Tavisuflebas eZebda. meore nakadi
(1820-1860) im evropeli glexebisa da xelosnebisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic indus­
triulma revoluciam iZulebuli gaxda, arsebobis sxva saSualeba gamoenaxaT.
swored am periodSi gaixsna gza amerikis dasavleTisaken. emigrantTa es jgufi
5 milionamde germanelis, britanelis, irlandielisa (ZirTiadad kaTolikeebi)
da skandinavielisagan Sedgeboda. mesame nakadis (1880-1914) Semodineba SeerTe­
buli Statebis samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi daiwyo da pirvel msoflio om­
Tan erTad dasrulda. am nakadSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis 20 milionamde
macxovrebeli iyo, romelTa Soris mravlad iyvnen marTlmadidebeli qristianebi
an ebraelebi. am droisaTvis qveyanaSi ukve Zalas ikrebda industriuli revolu­
cia. emigrantTa umetesoba aRmosavleT sanapiros ZiriTad qalaqebSi dasaxlda da
qarxnebSi daiwyo muSaoba. amave periodSi qveyanaSi Tavi moiyara SvidasiaTasamde
Cinelma, iaponelma da sxva aziuri warmoSobis emigrantma, romlebic rkinigzebze
da dasavleTis sanapiros qalaqebSi muSaobdnen. meoTxe nakadi jer kidev ar das­
rulebula.
1914 wlis Semdeg emigraciis nakadi Sesustda nawilobriv gadatanili ori
msoflio omisa da didi depresiis gamo, xolo nawilobriv SeeTebuli Statebis gam­
kacrebuli kanonis gamo emigrantebis Sesaxeb, romelmac daamkvidra kvotirebis
sistema, anu TiToeul qveyanas daudgina emigrantebis konkretuli ricxvi. zemo­
xsenebuli kanonis SemoReba warmoadgenda amerikis kulturuli erTobis SenarCu­
nebis mcdelobas, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom mxolod im adamianebs, romlebic
evropuli warmoSobis TeTrkanian amerikelebs Tavis msgavsad miaCndaT da rom­
lebic iolad SeZlebdnen dominant amerikul kulturasTan Serwymas, eZleodaT
cxovrebis nebarTva.
1965 wels gauqmda kvotirebis sistema da Semovida axali, romelic upirate­
sobas aniWebda im emigrantebs 1) romelTa ojaxis wevrebic ukve cxovrobdnen
StatebSi da 2) imaT, visac gaaCnda amerikul Sromis bazarze moTxovnadi unar-
Cvevebi da gamocdileba. Tumca, axalma kanonma ver SeZlo, bolomde daeRwia Tavi
kulturuli da politikuri mikerZoebisagan. pirvel rigSi, SemoRebuli iqna re­
gionaluri kvotirebis sistema, romelic iTvaliswinebda emigrantebis Tanabari
raodenobis miRebas evropidan, aziidan, afrikidan da samxreT amerikidan. erTi
SexedviT, es politika sruliad samarTliania, mag­ram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris.
magaliTad, amerika iRebs imdenive emigrants mWidrod dasaxlebuli aziidan, ram­
densac patara evropidan.

327
 meore rigSi upiratesoba eniWeba maT, visac axlo naTesavebi hyavT amerikaSi.
ojaxebis gaerTianeba keTilSobiluri saqmea, magram es moqmedebs im ojaxebis sasi­
keTod, romlebic ukve cxovroben StatebSi da romelTa umravlesobac evropuli
warmomavlobisaa. Tumca, zogma araevropuli warmoSobis ojaxmac (magaliTad, in­
doelebma da pakistanelebma) isargebla am sistemiT.
mesame rigSi, amerikis mTavroba emigraciis sakiTxs sagareo politikaSi iye­
nebs. ltolvilebi, romlebic sakuTar qveynebSi politikur devnas gamoeqcnen, spe­
cialuri pirobebiT sargebloben. Tumca, gadawyvetileba imis Sesa­xeb, Tu vis unda
mieniWos ltolvilis statusi, seleqciur xasiaTs atarebs. 1980-ian wlebSi SeerTe­
bulma Statebma miiRo im nikaraguelebis umetesoba, romlebic amtikicebdnen, rom
komunisti sandinistas (romelic Semdgomi gadayenebul iqna) mTavroba maT devnida.
magram, didi survili ar gamoumJRavnebia, mieRo emigrantebi nikaraguas mezobeli
el-salvadoridan, sadac msgavsi represiuli reJimi iyo gamefebuli. saqme is iyo,
rom el-salvadoris mTavroba, gansxvavebiT nikaraguisagan, Statebis mokavSires
warmoadgenda. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis damxobamde amerikis
moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvel yvela adamians avtomaturad eZleoda ltolvilis
statusi. Statebis mTavroba imave privilegiiT ar anebivrebda eTiopiis marqsis­
tuli reJimidan Tavis daRwevis msurvelT, miuxedavad imisa, rom icoda maTi da­
patimrebis, wamebis an mkvlelobis maRali riskis Sesaxeb sakuTar qveyanaSi.

aRiarebuli emigrantebi 1900-1993ww.

aTasi

sqema 8.1 / emigrireba SeerTebul StatebSi 1900 – 1993

emigrantTa ricxvma piks 1991 wels miaRwia (rac nawilobriv ganapiroba didi xnis manZilze
aralegalurad mcxovrebi ucxoelebisaTvis emigrantis statusis miniWebam amnistiis prog­
ramis Tanaxmad). Tumca, radgan SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleoba gaizarda, emigrantebisa
da amerikaSi dabadebulebis proporciuli maCvenebeli 1905-1914 wlebSi ufro maRali iyo
(1000 sul mosaxleze 11.1 miRebuli emigranti), vidre 1984-1993 wlebSi (3.8 emigranti 1000
sul mosaxleze).

wyaro: `emigracia amierikis SeerTebul StatebSi: mogzauroba gaurkveveli bedis Sesax­

vedrad~, mosaxleobis biuleteni 49. #3, seqtemberi (1994): 16.

328
 1965 wlidan moyolebuli, emigrantTa ricxvi mkveTrad gaizarda (sqema 8.1).
1980-ian wlebSi daaxloebiT 10 milioni legaluri (da aralegaluri) emigranti
Semovida qveyanaSi, romelmac gadaaWarba manamde rekordad aRiarebul saukunis
pirvel dekadaSi dafiqsirebul 9 milions (frei da tilovi, 1995). axali emigran­
tebi ramdenime kuTxiT gansxvavdebian ufro Zveli emigrantebisagan. maTi 80
procenti Camovida laTinuri amerikidan an aziidan, rac ganapirobebs maTi enisa
da tradiciebis mkveTr gansxvavebas evro-amerikelebis ZiriTad masasTan. isini
ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre mTeli amerikis mosaxleoba da, savaraudod,
hyavT (an axlo momavalSi eyolebaT) axalgazrda Svilebi. Tanac, mraval maTgans
umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli: 1993 wels miRebuli emigrantebis naxevar­
ze meti, romlebic arCeul iqnen dasaqmebis upiratesobiT, iyvnen menejerebi da
administrato­rebi, an profesionalebi da teqnikuri eqspertebi. pirvelad is­
toriaSi, emigran­tebis mniSvnelovani ricxvi mzard konkurencias uwevs saSualo
fenis amerikelebs.
yvelaze gvian Casuli emigrantebi cvlian qveynis struqturas. maTi sami meoT­
xedi mxolod 6 StatSia dasaxlebuli (kalifornia, niu-iorki, texasi, florida, niu-
jersi da ilinoisi) xolo erTi meoTxedi, rva yvelaze did metropolitanSi cxov­
robs. es imas niSnavs, rom emigraciis gavlena, romelic aseve vrceldeba skolebis,
samedino servisisa da dasaqmebis mzard moTxovnaze, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria zogi­
erT adgilas. emigraciis maRalma maCvenebelma gamoiwvia `TeTrka­nianTa gadinebis~
axali forma (ix. Tavi 12. ganaTleba). 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, niu-iorkSi,
CikagoSi, los-anjelesSi, hiustonsa da feniqsiSi Casul 10 emigrantze 9 adgilob­
rivi mcxovrebi modioda, romlebic tovebdnen am qalaqebs. amJamad, TeTrkanianebi
ubralod ki ar toveben qalaqebs da maT gareubnebSi gadadian sacxovreblad, isini
mTel regionebs toveben da ufro `TeTr~ adgilebSi – magaliTad, tampa-st. pe­
terburgi, sie­tli, feniqsi, atlanta da las vegasi – saxl­debian, romlebic gansa­
kuTrebiT ar izidavs emigrantebs (frei da tilovi, 1995. gv. 44).
emigrantebis koncentraciisa da TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis gadinebis kombina­
ciam warmoSva ori sxvadasxva eri (frei da tilovi, 1995). zogierT adgilebSi amerika
mkveTr cvlilebas ganicdis da rogorc kulturulad, aseve rasobrivad gansxvave­
buli xdeba. es amerika warmoadgenlia portebiT – san franciskodan hiustonamde
dasavleTiT, bostonidan vaSingtonamde da maiamamde aRmosavleTiT _ amas damate­
buli Cikago centralur dasavleTSi. `sxva~ amerika qveynis mTeli danarCeni nawi­
lia, sadac emigrantTa ricxvi da Sesabamisad maTi gavlena Zalian mcirea.

rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
emigrantTa jgufebis umetesoba amerikaSi cxovrebis pirvel wlebSi diskrimi­
naciis msxverpli gaxda. Tumca meore da mesame Taobebi ukve Seeria mosaxleobas da
sakuTari warmomavlobis mxolod susti niSnebiRa SemorCa. magaliTad, germanuli
warmoSobis amerikelebma SeiZleba iamayon TavianTi memkvidreobiT, magram isini
ukve aRar laparakoben germanulad, aRarc germanul kvartlebSi cxovroben da

329
aRarc diskriminacias ganicdian. zogierTma jgufma, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, rom­
lebic ufro gvian Cavidnen amerikaSi (magaliTad samxreT-aRmosavleT qalaqebSi,
agreTve poulsa da CikagoSi mcxovrebi irlandielebi), sadac maT mimarT mkve­
Trad mtrul damokidebulebas amJRavnebdnen, ufro metad SeinarCunes erovneba.
ramdenime jgufi, gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis gan­
mavlobaSi xdebian diskriminaciis msxverplni, gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamoirCe­
vian TavianTi identobiT. eseni arian afro-amerikelebi, laTinuri da aziuri war­
moSobis amerikelebi.
termini umciresobis jgufi aRniSnavs im adamianebs, romlebsac ar swyalo­
ben da xSirad uweven diskriminacias. es termini gaCnda iq, sadac mosaxleobis
umetesobas saerTo kulturuli Rirebulebebi aqvs. isini Cagraven emigrantebs an
kontrols uweven im mosaxleobas, romelic `gansxvavdeba~ maTgan. Tumca, am gan­
sxvavebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. zogierT SemTxvevaSi jgufi, romlis
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi izRudeba, ricxobrivad umravlesobas warmoad­
gens. magaliTad, samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli reJimis pirobebSi, Savkanian
afrikelebs epyrobodnen rogorc umciresobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini mo­
saxleobis 70 procents Seadgendnen. amerikaSi qalebi procentulad metni arian
_ isini mosaxleobis 52 procents Seadgenen, magram maT xSirad epyrobian rogor
umciresobas. qalebis Rirebulebebi da moTxovnebi xSirad `specialur intere­
sebad~ iwodeba, xolo TeTrkaniani mamakacebis Rirebulebebi da moTxovnebi `sa­
jaro interesad~ aRiqmeba (ix. Tavi 9) yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli kriteriumebi,
romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba adamianebis garkveuli kategoriisaTvis umcireso­
bis statusis miniWeba, gaxlavT rasa da eTnikuroba.

rasisa da eTnikurobis gansazRvra

erT-erTi pirveli, rac TvalSi gvxvdeba rodesac adamians vuyurebT (sqesis

garda), aris misi rasa (omi da uinanti, 1994), rac gvaZlevs saSualebas, ganvsaz­
RvroT, vin aris es adamiani. rodesac vxvdebiT pirs, romelic Sereuli rasisaa an
miekuTvneba CvenTvis ucnob rasobriv/eTnikur kategorias, Cven myisve vibneviT.
iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa `ra sainteresoa, sul ar hgavxar indiels~ an `sulac
ar iqcevi SavkanianiviT~, amxels im prekoncefciebs, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu
rogor unda gamoiyurebodes an iqceodes mkvidri amerikeli an afro-amerikeli.
adamianebis sxvadasxva rasebad dayofis idea mecxramete saukuneSi iRebs
sa­Taves. am ideis Tanaxmad, rasebi warmoadgens evoluciis xis sxvadasxva gan­
Stoebebs, sadac zogierTi maTgani (gansakuTrebiT ki evropuli warmoSobis
TeTrkanianebi) bunebrivad aRematebian sxvebs. rasa, jiSis msgavsad, aris fiq­
sirebuli, obieqturi, biologiuri kategoria. ukve meoce saukuneSi, mecnierebma
gadawyvites rasebad daeyoT mTeli kacobrioba, Tumca, xSirad ver Tanxmdebod­
nen TiToeuli rasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSanTa raodenobaze da yovelTvis aw­
ydebodnen gamaRizianebel `gamonaklisebs~.
rasobrivi klasifikaciis problemam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac demokratiuli ideebis paralelurad monobac ar­

330
sebobda (j. marksi, 1994). mraval StatSi moqmedebda kanoni, romelic krZalavda
Sereuli rasis warmomadgenlebis qorwinebas da STamomavlobis yolas (zogierTi
maTgani 1960 wlamdec ki moqmedebda). magram amave dros, saidumlos ar warmoadgen­
da is, rom mravali monaTmflobeli etrfoda Savkanian qalebs da maTgan Svilebic
hyavdaT. rogor SeeZlo sasamarTlos gadawyvita, vin iyo Savkaniani? sayo­velTao
pasuxi aseTi iyo: nebismieri piri, romelsac erTi romelime winapari mainc hyavda
afro-amerikeli (devisi, 1993). samxreTSi es gansazRvreba `erTi wveTis kanoniT~
iyo cnobili, rac imas niSnavda, rom sisxlis erTi wveTi gansazRvravda adamianis
Savkanianobas. yvelaferma aman, biologiurad sruliad absurduli daskvna gamo­
iwvia: gamodioda, rom Savkaniani piris SvilTaSvili upirobod iTvleboda Savka­
nianad da amave dros imisaTvis, rom adamiani TeTrkanianad ecnoT, Svidi Taobis
TeTrkaniani winaprebic ki ar kmaroda. ar arsebobda Sualeduri gamosavali, ada­
miani an TeTrkaniani unda yofiliyo, an Savkaniani.
Tanamedrove genetika adasturebs, rom adamianebis dayofas rasebad samec­
niero mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. biologiuri gansxvaveba adamianebis jgufebs Sig­
niT ufro didia, vidre gansxvavebebi jgufebs Soris (j. marqsi, 1994). adamianebi
gansxvavdebian zomis, ferisa da agebulebis mixedviT. yvela jgufSi arsebobs
gamxdari da sruli adamiani, iseve rogorc gansxvavebulia sisxlis jgufi. is, rac
ganasxvavebs erT mosaxleobas meorisagan, aris konkretuli niSnebisa da genebis
mqone adamianTa proporcia. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis jiSebs Soris variacia
warmoadgens gradaciis da ara adamianebis konkretuli jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTe­
beli mkafio genetikuri sazRvrebis Sedegs.
ideas rasebis gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb iyeneben politikosebi piradi Tavi­
suflebis, samoqalaqo uflebebis, ganaTlebis, ke­Tilmowyobis, samarTlisa da
Cveulebrivi pativiscemis SezRudvis mizniT. 250 welze meti SeerTebul StatebSi
dominirebda `rasobrivi diqtati~, Savkanianebi sistematurad idevnebodnen poli­
tikidan da sxva socialuri institutebidan (omi da uinanti, 1994). cvlilebis miuxe­
davad, es memkvidreoba jer kidev axdens gavlenas Cvens socialur struqturaze.
rasa socialur identobasac warmoadgens, romelsac Tanabar mniSvnelobas
aniWeben rogorc TeTrkanianebi, aseve Savkanianebic. garkveulwilad monobam Se­
qmna `Savkanianis~ kategoria, an afro-amerikelisa imiT, rom aSantesa da ovimbun­
dus, iurubasa da bankogos erTsa da imaved moiazrebda da Sesabamisad epyroboda.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi es jgufebi erTmaneTs (da agreTve TeTrkanian amerikeleb­
sac) Seerwya. `isini qmnidnen axal kulturul stilsa da identobas sakuTari
amerikuli gamocdilebidan da afrikuli fesvebidan, isini TandaTanobiT yalib­
debodnen axal adamianebad, rogorc fizikuri, aseve kulturuli TvalsazrisiT~
(devidi, 1993, gv. 29). identoba, romelic iZulebiTa da zizRiT yalibdeboda,
drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi siamayisa da erTgulebis, politikuri
mobilizaciisa da kulturuli miRwevebis safuZvlad iqca.
dRes adamianebs SeiZleba Ralati daswamon, Tu sakuTar afro-amerikul war­
momavlobas pirvel adgilas ar daayeneben. Savkaniani amerikelebi, romlebic so­
cializdebian, xvdebian an colad irTaven TeTrkanianebs, Tu ufro Zliers ara,

331
zustad igive winaaRmdegobas awydebian, rogorsac is TeTrkaniani amerikele­
bi, romlebsac sxvadasxva rasis megobrebi da partniorebi hyavT. es aris erTi
mizezi, ratomac eZnelebaT TeTrkanian studentebs, gaugon Savkanian Tanato­
lebs (blauneri, 1991). TeTrkaniani studentebi `rasobriv problemas~ xSirad
feris Secnobad moiazreben, xolo am problemis gadaWris gzad `daltonizmi~
(daavadeba, rodesac adamiani ferebs ver arCevs) esaxebaT. umetesoba miiCnevs,
rom rasobrivi dayofa amerikis istoriis nawilia, romelic amerikam unda daivi­
wyos (da garkveuli doziT asec aris). Savkaniani studentebi xSirad ganixilaven
`rasobriv problemas,~ rogorc ZalTa gadanawilebis sakiTxs, romelic umniS­
vnelovanes rols asrulebs ara marto amerikis istoriaSi, aramed maT yovel­
dRiur gamocdilebaSic.
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT rom vimsjeloT, rasa aRniSnavs adamianebis
im kategorias, romlebic sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamen, rogorc gansxvavebulebs Tan­
dayolili biologiuri TvisebebiT da sxvebis mierac aseve aRiqmebian. rasa war­
moadgens socialur da kulturul kategorias, im socialuri qmedebis nayofs,
romelmac Seqmna politikuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba da daamkvidra kul­
turuli kategoriebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom rasobriv gansxvavebebs biologiuri
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, mravali adamiani miiCnevs, rom es mainc mniSvnelovania.
eTnikuri jgufi Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs da aseve aRiqmebian sxvebis mier saerTo istoriisa da iseTi kulturuli max­
asiaTeblebis gamziareblebad, rogoricaa ena, religia, ojaxuri tradiciebi da
sakvebi. magaliTad, laTinuri warmoSobis adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Savkanianebi,
TeTrkanianebi da wiTelkanianebi. is, rac aerTianebs am adamianebs, aris kultura
(romelic ar iTvaliswinebs kanis feris mniSvnelobas). termini eTnikuri jgufi aR­
wers konkretul qveyanaSi mcxovreb qvejgufs, magaliTad, polonuri warmoSobis
amerikelebi, navahoebi, franguli warmoSobis kanadelebi da eTiopiuri warmoSo­
bis ebraelebi. sociologi jon Selton ridi (1994) amtkicebs, rom `samxreTeli~
amerikaSi warmoadgens eTnikur jgufs, gamomdinare samxreTelebis kulturuli
Taviseburebebidan, rac ganasxvavebs maT danarCeni amerikelebisagan. is, Tu ram­
denad iziareben erTi eTnikuri jgufis wevrebi saerTo kulturul maxasiaTeb­
lebs, naklebad mniSvnelovania imaze, rom maTi rwmeniT isini `gansxvavebulebi~
arian. eTnikuroba, iseve rogorc rasa, socialuri iarliyia.
rogor ganisazRvreba adamianebis jgufi, rasobrivad Tu eTnikurad, subieq­
turia. germaniaSi da aRmosavleT evropaSi ebraelebi gansxvavebul rasad miiCne­
vian. holokastis dros `erTi wveTis kanonis~ mixedviT adgendnen, vin iyo ebraeli
da, Sesabamisad, vin unda wasuliyo sikvdilis banakebSi. dRes SeerTebul StatebSi
ebraelebi SesaZloa moisazrebodnen eTnikur jgufad an gansxvavebuli religiis
mimdevrebad. anglo-amerikelebi xSirad moiazreben laTinuri warmoSobisa da
mkvidr amerikelebs sxva rasad. xolo laTinuri warmoSobis amerikelebi fiqroben,
rom isini sxvadasxva eTnikuri da erovnuli jgufebis wevrebi arian (meqsikelebi,
kubelebi, puerto-rikoelebi, honduraselebi); Sesabamisad, indielebic fiqro­
ben, rom snus, Cerokis, mohaukisa da hopis wevrebi arian.

332
 eTnikuroba mniSvnelovania amerikelebisaTvis (uotersi, 1990). am qveyanaSi
cxovrebis wlebis miuxedavad, Zalzed cota adamiani asaxelebs sakuTar Tavs
mxolod `amerikelad~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris an­
keta moicavs mraval variants. anketis mizania, zustad daadginos gamokiTx­
ulTa identoba. pasuxi SeiZleba iyos `amerikeli~ da `ar vici~. 1990 wels gamok­
iTxulTa mxolod eqvsma procentma moniSna `amerikeli~. evropuli warmoSobis
amerikelebisaTvis, eTnikuri identoba moqnilia, nebayoflobiTi da simboluri.
TeTrkanianebs SeuZliaT, amoirCion erT-erTi mSoblis an bebia-babuis identoba,
daamtkicon sxvadasxva eTnikuroba sxvadasxva situaciaSi (aqedan gamomdinareobs
gamoTqma: ` wminda patrikis dRes yvela irlandielia~). an gadai­nacvlon erTi
identurobidan meoreze cxovrebis sxvadasxva momentSi. afrikuli, laTinuri,
aziuri warmoSobisa da mkvidri amerikelebisaTvis, eTnikuri identoba mxolod
piradi arCevanis sakiTxi ar aris. es eTnikuri iarliyebi warmoadgens sxve­bis mier
miweril statusebs (ix. Tavi 3), rac xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gan­
sxvavebulia garegnoba TeTrkanianTa standartebisagan.

jgufTaSorisi urTierTobis formebi

kacobriobis istoriaSi mravali sxvadasxva kulturis adamiani ukavSirdebo­

da erTmaneTs savaWro kavSirebis, migraciis, kolonizaciis da dapyrobebis Sede­
gad. zog SemTxvevebSi isini amboben, rom maTi gansxvaveba ganpirobebulia, maga­
li­Tad, rasiT, eTnikurobiT, an erovnebiTa da religiiT. roca am urTierTobebSi
sakmarisad bevri xalxi monawileobs da, amave dros, calkeuli individebis mis­
wrafebebi SenarCunebulia, Zalaufleba gadamwyveti faqtori xdeba. rodesac erT
jgufs gaaCnia ufro meti Zala, vidre meore jgufs, rasa da eTnikuroba SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc kolonizaciis, gadaadgilebis, damonebis da xandaxan
ganadgurebis racionalizacia. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, erT jgufs SeuZlia
ukarnaxos sakuTari pirobebi meore jgufs da am ukanasknelma am pirobebis mixed­
viT unda icxovros da SezRudos Tavisi SesaZleblobebi, an kidev mosTxovos
daqvemdebarebul jgufs ugulebelyos sakuTari tradiciebi. magram amave dros,
rasa da eTnikuroba SeiZleba gaxdes winaaRmdegobis gawevis, ajanyebis, ormxrivi
tolerantobisa da pativiscemis moTxovnis safuZveli.

kolonializmi

kolonializmi aRniSnavs ucxo Zalebis mier garkveuli teritoriis mitacebas,

masze dasaxlebas da adgilobriv mosaxleobaze politikuri da socialuri upi­

333
ratesobis TandaTanobiT mopovebas. evropuli kolonializmi, romelic meTxuT­
mete saukuneSi daiwyo, aris am movlenis pirveli magaliTi istoriaSi. evropelebi
marTavdnen samxreT naxevarsferos umetes nawils da albaT msoflios mosaxleo­
bis naxevarsac. elita dros SesaniSnavad atarebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
monuri Sromis xarjze. tradiciuli politikuri sistemebi, miwebis aTviseba, war­
moebis meTodebi da adgilobrivi kulturis sxva elementebi an ikrZaleboda, an
evropelTa moTxovnebs ergeboda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawils
SeeZlo emuSava jariskacad, an mieRo ganaTleba da emuSava klerkad.
evropulma kolonializmma wvlili Seitana rasis Tanamedrove cnebis Camoya­
libebaSi, gamomdinare iqidan, rom oficialur pirebs xSirad uwevdaT gaerCiaT
evropelebi (ganurCevlad konkretuli warmomavlobisa) adgilobrivi mosaxleo­
bisagan (todorovi, 1994). amis Sedegad warmoSobili `feris xazi~ xels uwyobda
teritoriebis mitacebisa da ganZeulobis datacebis, eqspluataciis, damonebisa
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTeli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganadgurebis raciona­
lizacias. evropuli koloniebis umetesobam damoukdeblobis mopoveba mxolod
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moaxerxa. Tumca arsebobs iseTi qveynebi,
maga­liTad – aSS, avstralia, axali zelandia da samxreT afrika _ sadac koloniza­
torebma moa­xerxes kontrolis xelSi Cagdeba da axali eris Seqmna gamoacxades.

gadaadgileba (adgilmonacvleoba)
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, dampyrobeli jgufi ar kmayofildeba mxolod gaba­
tonebiT da cdilobs Caanacvlos adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. adgilmonacvleoba
xdeba umeteswilad iseT teritoriebze, romlebic ganTqmulni arian bunebrivi
resursebiTa da dampyrobeli jgufis samSoblosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli geo­
grafiuli da klimaturi pirobebi gaaCniaT (libersoni, 1961, van den bergi, 1978).
adgilmonacvleobam SeiZleba SeiZinos iZulebiT relokaciis forma, atricia
(rodesac adgilobrivi jgufi TandaTanobis tovebs teritorias an iRupeba) an
eqspulcia. istoriis ganmavlobaSi adgilmonacvleobis mravali SemTxveva arse­
bobs. prekolonialur afrikaSi, magaliTad, agresiulma Crdiloelma mena­xire­eb­
ma aiZules monadireTa mcire zomis jgufebi daetovebinaT aRmosavleT afrikis
dablobebi da gadaenacvlaT iseT naklebad sasurvel adgilebSi, rogoricaa ka­
laharis udabno.
adgilmonacvleobis sixSire da masStabi gaizarda evropuli kolonializmis
pirobebSi, risi naTeli magaliTia maT mier mkvidri amerikelebisadmi gamovleni­
li damokidebuleba. indielebi miwas ar aRiqvamen iseT ramed, romlis yidva-gayid­
vac SesaZlebelia, aqedan gamomdinare, evropelebis mosvlaSi veranairi problema
ver dainaxes. SemdgomSi, TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad, ga­
Zlierda konkurencia miwaze da male indielebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen gadaenacv­
laT misisipis dasavleTisaken. magram TeTrkanian mosaxleTa nakadi, romelTac
ga­cilebiT ufro daxvewili iaraRi gaaCndaT, agrZelebda maT kvaldakval svlas

334
(spenseri, 1980). TavianTi fermebisa da saqonlis ranCoebisaTvis, evropelebma
gaanadgures indielTa ZiriTadi saarsebo wyaro _ bufaloebi, xolo Semdeg Tan­
daTanobiT gaanadgures indielebis soflebi da dasaxlebebi. sabolood, gadar­
Cenili indielebi arakeTilmosurne rezervaciebSi Caketes. swored aseve, unda
iTqvas, rom evropelma kolonizatorebma iZulebuli gaxades adgilobrivi avs­
tralieli (aborigenebi) da axalzelandiuri (maoris tomi) mosaxleoba mietove­
bina mSobliuri adgilebi.

genocidi

genocidi erovnuli, rasobrivi, religiuri an eTnikuri jgufis ganadgurebi­

saken mimarTuli sistematuri, mizanmimarTuli mcdelobaa. es termini 1944 wels
Seqmna riCard lomkinma, romelmac ase daaxasiaTa holokasti (nacistur banakeb­
Si 6 milioni ebraelis ganadgureba), Tumca arsebobs am movlenis uZvelesi wina­
morbedebi. Crdilo afrikis uZvelesi qalaqis – karTagenis ganadgureba romis
mier (hanibalis mier romis dapyrobis cnobili, magram warumatebeli mcdelobis
Semdeg) erTi magaliTia adreuli istoriidan. romaelebma ara marto daipyres da
gaanadgures qalaqi da misi Senobebi, maT miwaze marilic ki moayares, rom veRara­
vis ecxovra iq.
genocidi umTavresad xdeba erTi konkretuli eris mier gancdili ekonomi­
kuri krizisis da/an samxedro damarcxebis Sedegad (diupre, 1994). erovnuli
TviTSefasebis grZnobis aRdgenis mizniT, lideri kiTxulobs: `vin gviRalata
Cven?~ pasuxad savaraudod miuTiTeben umciresobaTa jgufze, romelTa reli­
giac ewinaaRmdegeba umravlesobis religiur mrwamss da romlebsac gaaCniaT
kav­Sirebi SedarebiT Zlier gare mterTan. genocidis mizania `gawmindos~ eri mis
wiaRSi mcxovrebi mtrisagan. umcireosobis jgufi xdeba ara mxolod gantevebis
vaci, aramed zvarakad Sewiruli tarigi.
Tanamedrove genocidis pirveli msxverplni somxebi arian. qristianuli som­
xeTi otomanebis imperiis qveSevrdomi iyo, romelTa sulTnebi saukuneebis gan­
mavlobaSi iCendnen Semwynareblobas kulturuli da religiuri mravalferovnebis
mimarT. 1900 wels, otomanTa iperiis saTaveSi movida axalgazrda Taoba, romle­
bic mgznebare nacionalizmiT gamoirCeodnen. 1915 wels, ruseTis imperiis mier
TurqeTis damarcxebisas, TurqeTis mTavrobam brZaneba gasca, momxdariyo mTeli
somxuri mosaxleobis deportacia. vinc sacxovreblebSi sikvdils gadaurCa, fe­
xiT gauyva gzas mTebis gaRma sakvebisa da wylis gareSe. am periodSi erT mili­onze
meti (TurqeTSi mcxovrebi somxebis naxevarze meti) somexi daiRupa.
SemTxvevebi, romlebsac holokastamde mivyavarT, sakmaod gavs erTmaneTs.
nacisturi ideologiis mixedviT, germanelTa damarcxeba I msoflio omSi da Sem­
dgomi ekonomikuri krizisi gaxldaT saerTaSoriso masStabiT ebraelebis kon­
spiraciis brali. ariuli rasa, romelic `mmarTveli rasaa~, unda iqnes daculi
yvela Zalis fasad ebrauli kontaminaciisagan.

335
 holokasti or fazad mimdinareobda. pirvel fazaSi (1933 _ 1940), moxda
ebraelebis izolacia da maT aekrZalaT qristianebze qorwineba. ebraelebs Ca­
moarTves germaniis moqalaqeoba, aukrZales profesiebis daufleba da moaxdines
maTi qonebis konfiskacia, aiZules isini ecxovraT getoebSi da etarebinaT davi­
Tis varskvlavi amocnobis mizniT. Sors mimavali gegmebi, romlebic nacistebma
SeimuSaves, miznad isaxavda maT gaZevebas Soreul qveynebSi.
meore fazaSi (1941 _ 1945), iZulebiT migraciis politika, erT-erTi damRup­
veli Zala aRmoCnda. meore msoflio omma ara mxolod arapraqtikuli gaxada de­
portaciebi, aramed saSualeba misca eqstremist nacistebs esargeblaT sagange­
bo mdgomareobiT da farulad emoqmedaT. germaniaSi, avstriasa da poloneTSi,
da nacistebis mier okupirebul ruseTSi, ebraelebs uyridnen Tavs, ketavdnen
uhaero furgonebSi da gadahyavdaT buxenvaldSi, daxauSi da sxva sakoncentra­
cio banakebSi. daniSnulebis adgilze misvlisTanave, zogierT maTgans imwamsve
`saSxapeSi~ mierekebodnen, romelic gazis kamerisa da krematoriumis kombinacias
warmoadgenda. danarCenebs, cocxalmkvdar mdgomareobaSi myofebs, aiZulebdnen
monawileoba mieRoT erTmaneTis ganadgurebebSi. magaliTad, aTxrevinebdnen
jgufur saflavebs da ayrevinebdnen sakuTari TanamoZmeebis cxedrebs. arsebobs
tyveebis sastik samedicino eqsperimentebSi gamoyenebis mravali faqti. eqvsi
milioni kaci, qali da bavSvi daiRupa holokastis Sedegad. rodesac 1945 wels sa­
koncentracio banakebi gaaTavisufles, am droisaTvis gadarCenilebi ukve mosia­
rule ConCxebs hgavdnen, romlebsac adamianis araferi darCenodaT. dResac tur­
istebi osvencimisa da sxva sakoncentracio banakebis daTvalierebisas xSirad
pouloben Zvlisa da kbilebis fragmentebs.
holokasti, werda zigmundt baumani, `zemoT swevs warsulis genocidis epizo­
debs swored ise, rogorc Tanamedrove industriuli qarxnebis koSkebia aRmar­
Tuli kotejebs zemoT, an ise rogorc Tanamedrove industriuli ferma, Tavisi
traqtorebiT, kombainebiTa da pesticidebiT gansxvavedeba glexis karmidamosa­
gan~ (1991, gv. 89)
holokosti gaxlavT borotebis gamorCeulad Tanamedrove forma. evropel
ebraelebis mimarT xorcieldeboda diskriminacia. magram brbos Zaladoba, rogorc
wesi moklevadiania. kristalnaxti iyo erTaderTi rbeva holokostis periodSi,
rodesac RamiT germanelebma vandalurad daangries da gadawves ebraelTa saxlebi,
biznesebi da samlocveloebi. albaT asamde ebraeli gardaicvala. aseTi tempiT 6
milioni ebraelis ganadgurebas 200 weli dasWirdeboda (sabini da silveri, 1980).
holokasti damokidebulia iseT Tanamedrove institutebze, rogoricaa na­
cionalizmi (rwmena imisa, rom erTi eTnikuri an kulturuli jgufisadmi kuT­
vnileba iZleva yvela politikur uflebas), Tanamedrove teqnologiebi (rkinigza,
gazis kamerebi) da biurokratiuli organizaciebi. biurokratiuli organizacie­
bi cvlis teqnikur efeqturobas moraluri pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT:
maRalCinosan oficialur pirebs, romlebic politikas qmnian, ar sWirdebaT,
rom Sedegebis mowmeebi gaxdnen, iseve rogorc xelqveiTs ar sWirdeba gaigos, Tu
ras fiqrobs misi ufrosi. naklebad eqstremalur situaciebSic ki, biurokratia
iwvevs socialuri qmedebis dehumanizacias. holokasti cvlis brbos mZvinvare­

336
bas biurokratiiT, koleqtiuri risxviT, romelsac Tan axlavs xelisuflebisadmi
morCileba. ebraelTa ganadgureba gauxmaureblad moxda – is ar sargeblobda xalx­
is mxardaWeriT. ubralod germanelma xalxma protestis gareSe miiRo es gadaw­
yvetileba, iseve rogorc aliansis liderebma, romlebmac icodnen am tragediis
Sesaxeb, magram ar gauxmaurebiaT sasikvdilo banakebis arseboba Tavisi qveynebis
mosaxleobisaTvis.
holokasti Tanamedrove genocidis erTaderTi magaliTi araa. am formas moh­
yva hutus mier tutsis ganadgureba ruandaSi da bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg
wamowyebuli `eTnikuri wmenda~ yofil iugoslaviaSi 1990-ian wlebSi. mxolod gan­
sxvaveba isaa, rom sisastikis es bolo ori gamovlineba farTod Suqdeboda masme­
diis saSualebebis mier.

monoba
zogierT SemTxvevebSi, Zalauflebis mqone jgufebs gaaCniaT ekonomikuri mo­
tivacia; maTTvis umjobesia gamoiyenon sxvebis Sroma, vidre Tavidan moicilon
isini (adgilnacvaloba an genocidi). rasakvirvelia, nacistebis periodSi ger­
manelebi iZulebiT iyenebdnen ebraelebs, rogorc samuSao Zalas. monoba war­
moadgens morCilebis institucionalizebul sistemas, sadac `batoni~ flobs da
akontrolebs monebs, romlebic iZulebulni arian iSromon sakuTari nebis wi­
naaRmdeg. monoba istoriis ganmavlobaSi ara erT sazogadoebaSi xdeboda, Zveli
saberZneTisa da romis CaTvliT.
Tumca moniT vaWroba, romlis drosac CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi mone­
bi afrikidan SemohyavdaT, unikaluria garkveuli TvalsazrisiT. sxva drosa da
qveynebSi, mona, rogorc wesi, brZolis dros datyvevebuli mteri iyo – anu tyve.
evropelebma monobisagan biznesi Seqmnes, yidulobdnen ra afrikeli tomebis
mier datyvevebul mowinaaRmdeges, romlebsac isini axal samyaroSi gasayidad
amzadebdnen. monebze moTxovnis gazrdasTan erTad, evropelebma daiw­yes fulis
gadaxda afrikeli tomebisaTvis, raTa maT specialurad komerciuli mogebis
mizniT, moewyoT Tavdasxmebi mezobel tomebze da SeepyroT adamianebi, romleb­
sac Semdgom evropelebs miyididnen. afrikidan amerikaSi TiTqmis naxevari mil­
ioni afrikeli iqna iZulebiT Camoyvanili. aq maT TeTrkanianebi sakuTrebad da
qonebad Tvlidnen da amgvaradve epyrobodnen. mravali afrikeli aseTive iZulebis
wesiT moxvda karibis zRvis qveynebSi, sadac, sxva rom araferi vTqvaT, gacilebiT
uaresi pirobebi iyo. afrikelTa ufro mcire ricxvi amave gziT moxvda samxreT
amerikasa da evropaSi.
monebiT vaWroba safuZvels iRebs plantaciuri ekonomikisagan, romelic
orientirebuli iyo iseT mosavalze, rogoricaa Saqari da bamba. Saqrisa da bambis
warmoeba yvelaze momgebiani iyo, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac arsebobda arc­
Tu ise gamocdili, magram samagierod iafi muSaxeli. zogierT adgilebSi, monebs
SedarebiT ukeT eqceodnen, rogorc Rirebul samuSao Zalas, magram umetes Sem­
TxvevaSi, maT sastikad epyrobodnen. monebs ekrZalebodaT SeenarCunebinaT kav­
Siri sakuTar kulturasTan, ojaxTan, sofelTan SesaZlo ajanyebebis prevenciis

337
mizniT. monobis gamarTlebas cdilobdnen im mosazrebiT, rom afrikelebi iyvnen
`CamorCenili~ da `bavSvuri~ arsebebi, romlebic ver SeZlebdnen im uflebebis gam­
oyenebas, romlebic konstituciam mianiWa TeTrkanianebs. am sistemis umTavresi
Strixi iyo TvalnaTeli gansxvavebis Seqmna _ gadaulaxavi zRvari _ monebsa da
mosaxleobis danarCen nawils Soris. sxva periodebsa da sazogadoebebSi, monebs
SeeZloT moepovebinaT Tavisufleba Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da erTgulebis fasad.
SeerTebul StatebSi monoba uwyvet xasiaTs atarebda: igi gadadioda mSoblebidan
Svilebze. SesamCnevi fizikuri gansxvaveba da rasistuli ideologia kidev ufro
amyarebda institucionalizacias SeerTebul StatebSi.

segregacia
samoqalaqo omis Sedeg monoba gauqmda, magram mdidari TeT­rkanianebi iolad
ver eguebodnen iafi muSaxelis dakargvas, xolo Raribi TeTrkanianebi _ gaTa­
visuflebuli Savkanianebis konkurencias. dominantis statusis SesanarCuneb­
lad, TeTrkanianebma axali sazRvrebi daaweses: moijareobam warmoSva sesxisa
da dabrunebis cikli, romelic aiZulebda gaTavisuflebul Sakvanianebs emuSa­
vaT yofili mepatronis miwebze. SemoRebuli iqna `jim qrous~ kanoni, romelic
Savkanianebs xmis micemasa da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebiT sargeblobas
ukrZalavda. socialuri zewola gamoiyeneboda im Savkaniani liderebis dasajil­
doveblad, romlebic sxvebs TanamSromlobisaken mouwodebdnen da im TeTrkani­
ani liberalebis SesaCereblad, romlebic cdilobdnen waeqezebinaT Savkania­
nebi, raTa am ukanasknelT moeTxovaT sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebi. rodesac
am procesis SeCereba SeuZlebeli gaxda, samxreTelma TeTrkanianebma Zalado­
bas mimarTes (jvrebis dawva, gaZeveba, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba). dominirebis
strategia Seqmnili iyo imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuliyo ekonomikuri status-
kvo Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis aRrevisaTvis xelis SeSliT.
segregacia warmoadgens rasobrivi an eTnikuri jgufebis iZulebiT gancalke­
vebas. igi institucionalizebuli diskriminaciis formaa, romelic socialuri
struqturis nawils warmoadgens. segregirebul sazogadoebaSi, dasaSvebia mxo­
lod umniSvnelo kontaqti dominant jgufsa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri umcireso­
bebis jgufebs Soris. tipur segregirebul sazogadoebaSi, umciresobis wevrebs
ar SeuZliaT icxovron im ubnebSi, iaron im skolebSi, iyvnen im klubebis wevrebi
da isargeblon im sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebiT (sastumroebi, restornebi,
tualetebi, wylis Sadrevnebic ki), sadac cxovroben, dadian, stumroben da riT­
ac sargebloben dominanti jgufis warmomadgenlebi. segregacionistebs eSiniaT
Sereuli qorwinebebisa. segregacia, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens `elitis~ siwmin­
dis SenarCunebis strategias.
SeerTebul StatebSi, segregacia gamarTlebuli iyo `gancalkevebuli magram
Tanaswori~-s principiT, rogorc es aRniSnulia 1896 Semdgar plesi fergiusonis
winaaRmdeg saqmeSi. Sakvkanianebs ga­naT­lebis miRebis igive ufleba qondaT, ro­
gorc TeTrkanianebs, magram es ar niSnavda imas, rom maT igive skolebSi SeeZloT

338
siaruli, sadac TeTrkanianebi swavlobdnen. rogorc praqtikam cxadyo, gan­
calkeveba ar niSnavda Tanasworobas.
samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli sistema, rasobrivi segregaciis kidev ufro
ukidurus formas warmoadgenda. am sistemas 1950-ian wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli
afrikaneli nacionalistebis _ holandieli mosaxleebis STamomavlebis _ mier,
romlebic samxreT afrikas Tavisad miiCnevdnen da sastikad ewinaaRmdegebod­
nen rasobrivi aRrevis nebismier gamovlinebasa da formas. aparteiduli reJi­
mis pirobebSi yvela piri dabadebisTanave warmoadgenda konkretuli rasobrivi
kategoriis wevrs (magaliTad, TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani afrikeli, indoeli, an fe­
radkaniani, rac Sereul rasas gulisxmobda); uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi gani­
sazRvreboda rasobrivi klasifikaciis safuZvelze; arCevnebSi monawileobis
miReba mxolod TeTrkanianebs SeeZloT. Savkanianebi warmoadgendnen `moqalaqe­
ebs~, magram ara samxreT afrikisa, aramed maTi `miwa-wylisa~. araTeTrkanianebs
ekrZalebodaT ara marto miwis SeZena TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi, ar­
amed am adgilebSi Sesvlac ki, Tu isini iq ar muSaobdnen. samuSao nebarTva droe­
biT xasiaTs atarebda da muSebs ar SeeZloT ojaxebi mieyvanaT samsaxurTan axlos.
sxvadasxva dros, `Warbi~ muSaxeli iZulebiT gadaaadgiles sakuTar `miwawyalze~,
TeTrkanianTa qalaqebis gafarToebisa da ganviTarebis mizniT, miwasTan gaas­
wores SavkanianTa dasaxlebebi. socialuri kavSiri TeTrebsa da Savebs Soris mka­
crad ikrZaleboda.

winaaRmdegoba
adamianTa Zalzed mcirericxovani jgufi iRebs uTanasworo mopyrobas da Za­
ladobas xalisiTa da pasiurad. rodesac protesti da brZola Zalzed saxifaToa,
maSin adamianebi mimarTaven iseT zomas, romelsac jeims skotma (1985, 1987) `sustTa
iaraRi~ uwoda. erTi strategia mdgomareobs konfrontaciisa da usiamovno inter­
aqciis Tavidan acilebaSi `TviTsegregaciis~ (avtosegregacia) meSveobiT. maSi­nac
ki, rodesac ar arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli segregaciis iZuleba, umci­
resobaTa jgufebma SesaZlebelia TviTon moindomon gancalkeveba (magaliTad,
Cinuri kvartlebi SeerTebuli Statebis qalaqebSi). avtosegregacia aZlierebs
mxar­daWeris qsels da amyarebs eTnikur siamayes. meore strategia gaxlavT faruli
winaaRmdegoba. magaliTad, umciresobis jgufebi cdiloben rac SeiZleba naklebi
saqme gaakeTon. aqedan modis miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom umciresobebi `zarmacebi~ ari­
an. maT agreTve SesaZlebelia mwyobridan gamoiyvanon qarxnis manqana-danadgarebi,
gaumxilon saidumloebebi dominanti jgufis konkurentebs da a.S.
Tumca, umciresobebi yovelTvis ar arian iseTi sustebi, rom mxolod farul
da arapirdapir winaaRmdegobas mimarTon. (skoti, 1987). magaliTad, indoeTSi,
mahaTma gandim SeimuSava da ganaviTara britanuli kolonialuri reJimis winaaR­
mdeg mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis idea. ieso qristesa (romelsac gandi Tayvans
scemda) da induri kulturis gmirebis mibaZviT, gandi da misi TanamebrZolebi aw­
yobdnen demonstraciebs da policiis moaxloebisas ar mimarTavdnen raime zomas

339
– ubralod Cerdebodnen. mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis miznebia: (1) socialuri in­
teraqciis arsebuli formis mospoba ekonomikuri boikotis, samuSao sabotaJisa
da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT (mizanmimarTuli darRveva arsebuli
kolonialuri kanonebisa) da (2) policiis demoralizacia da maTi reputaciis
Selaxva sazogadoebis TvalSi. aTasobiT indoeli demonstranti daapatimres,
daasaxiCres da mokles, magram indoeTma TandaTanobiT SeZlo damoukideblobis
mopoveba swored mSvidobiani revoluciis gziT.
martin luTer kingi-umcrosi imave strategias iyenebda 1950-60-ian wlebSi
mimdinare amerikelTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobisas. samoqalaqo
uflebebis dacvis moZraoba nawilobriv meore msoflio omidan veteranebis da­
brunebasTan erTad daiwyo. evropaSi, TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani jariskacebi
mxar­damxar ibrZodnen `Tavisufali samyaros~ gadasarCenad; hitleris rasistu­
li politika sayovelTaod dagmes da maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac. Tumca,
SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTSi dabrunebuli Savkaniani veteranebis uflebebi
uxeSad irRveoda. 1954 wels uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanilma gadaw­
yvetilebam (brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad)
yvela skolis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb imedi gauCina Savkanian mosaxleobas, Tumca,
am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen samxreTis TeTrkaniani gubernatorebi, xolo
fede­ralurma mTavrobam Tavis Sekaveba arCia. mosalodneli imedebis gacrueba da
sacxovrebeli pirobebis ucvleloba xSirad badebs protests (deisi, 1974w.).
samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraoba spontanurad daiwyo da gavrcel­
da. Savka­nianTa eklesiam, romelic samxreTSi erTaderT nebadarTul damoukide­
bel instituts warmoadgenda, gadamwveti roli iTamaSa am moZraobis ganviTa­
rebaSi, xeli Seuwyo ra liderebisa da sakomunikacio qselis Camoyalibebas da
`saerTo simbolikis~ SemuSavebas, romlebic Savkanianebis imedsa da SiSs gamo­
xatavdnen (morisi, 1984). protestantebi segregacias upirispirdebodnen pirda­
pir, magram ara Zaladobrivi gziT. isini mimarTavdnen ekonomikur boikots, mjdo­
mare aqciebs, masobriv demonstraciebs da ubrZolvelad nebdebodnen masobriv
dapatimrebebs.
mSvidobiani protesti eyrdnoba dominanti jgufis im zogierTi wevris nebas,
romlebic aRiareben umciresobaTa jgufis mZime mdgomareobas da acnobiere­
ben maTi moTxovnis samarTlianobas. am moZraobam imdens miaRwia, rom mravalma
TeTrkanianma uari Tqva mxari daeWira im saqmosnebisa da politikosebisaTvis,
romlebic segregacias marTebulad miiCnevdnen (am moZraobis ufro Rrma analizi
mocemulia meoce TavSi).
samxreT afrikaSi aparteiduli sistemis mospoba garkveulwilad ganapiroba
msoflio sazogadoebis protestma da ekonomikurma boikotma da nawilobriv Za­
ladobisa da sabotaJis SiSma samxreT afrikaSi. Savkaniani liderebisa da politi­
kuri partiebis aRiarebiT, aseve, multirasobrivi arCevnebis daSvebiT, adgilo­
brivi TeTrkanianebi Zlivs gadaurCnen SeiaraRebul ajanyebas.
ajanyeba mTeli Tavisi ganviTarebiT mosalodnelia maSin, rodesac socia­
luri umciresoba ricxobriv umravlesobas warmoadgens. kenia da rodeziaSi (ax­
landeli zimbabve), sadac Savkaniani mosaxleoba mkveTrad aRemateboda britanel

340
kolonistebs, SeiaraRebulma ajanyebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa damoukide­
blobis mopovebaSi. saukeTesod SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvili britanuli armia
male gamoifita intensiuri brZolebisagan da mSvidobiani daregulirebis upers­
peqtivobisagan, romelic maTi mxridan modioda. afrikis yofili koloniebis
umetesobam damoukidebloba SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebis gziT moipova.

mikerZoeba da diskriminacia

umciresobaTa jgufebisaTvis dawesebuli formaluri SezRudvebis moxsna ar

niSnavs, rom maT avtomaturad eZlevaT SesaZlebloba miiRon samuSaoebi, ganaTle­
ba da sxva SesaZleblobebi da rom maT, am SezRudvis moxsnis Semdeg, pativisce­
miT moepyrobian. diskriminacia SesaZlebelia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi
araoficialurad grZeldebodes, maSinac ki, rodesac segregacia oficialurad
aris akrZaluli. adamianebis ganwyoba kanonebis SemoRebasa da gauqmebasTan er­
Tad ar icvleba.
ganwyoba aris Camoyalibebuli mosazreba adamianTa kategoriis Sesaxeb, maga­
liTad, rasobrivi an eTnikuri jgufebis Sesaxeb, romelic efuZneba misi wevrebis
realur an warmosaxviT maxasiaTeblebs (ganwyoba SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebi­
Ti, aseve uaryofiTi, magram TviTon termins ufro xSirad uaryofiTi konotacia
aqvs). ganwyoba aris winaswari gansja, romelic sapirispiro samxilis arsebobis
paralelurad dominirebs. amis magaliTia adamianebis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom konkretuli jgufis yvela wevrs erTnairi Tviseba aqvs, rodesac isini jgu­
fis wevrebs individebad ver aRiqvamen, da rodesac isini ugulebelyofen im mtki­
cebulebas, romelic maT ganwyobas abaTilebs. ganwyobas mZlavri gavlena aqvs
adamianebis qmedebebze, radganac igi ayalibebs ara marto maT emociur reaqcias,
aramed gansjasac.
ganwyoba ar aris mxolod individualuri damokidebuleba. is kulturuli
normacaa. amerikeli bavSvebs, magaliTad, rasobrivi ganwyoba uyalibdebaT mSob­
lebis saubrebis mosmenis dros, an televizoris yurebisas. xSirad ganwyobas xan­
grZlivi efeqti aqvs, radgan araTanabar pirobebSi kontaqtis garda (rogoricaa
msaxurisa da batonis damokidebuleba) adamianebs ar uwevT meore jgufTan kon­
taqti. iSviaTi da araTanabari kontaqtebi xSirad axangrZlivebs da xels uwyobs
stereotipebis Camoyalibebas. stereotipi niSnavs fiqsirebul, gamartivebul,
damaxinjebul kulturul ganzogadebas, romelic dakavSirebulia socialur
jgufebsa da kategoriebTan da agreTve maT wevrebTan.
ganwyobam SeiZleba safuZveli Cauyaros erTi da igive qmedebebis Zalzed gan­
sxvavebul Sefasebebs iqidan gamomdinare, Tu vis vafasebT _ Cvensave jgufis
wevrs Tu im jgufis wevrs, romelis mimarTac gagvaCnia konkretuli ganwyoba.

muSaobda Tu ara linkolni gvian Ramemde? es imis maCvenebelia, rom igi

SromismoyvareobiT, mizandasaxulobiTa da TavdaWrilobiT gamoirCe­
oda da surda mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobebis realizacia moexdina. mu­

341
 Saoben Tu ara iaponelebi da ebraelebi aseve gvian Ramemde? Tu es asea,
es mxolod da mxolod maT mier amerikuli standartebis ganadgurebasa
da maT ubadruk azrovnebaze miuTeTebs, romelic aiZulebs maT dabal
xelfasebze imuSaon da Tanac saSinel pirobebSi. aris Tu ara erTi, dom­
inanti jgufis eibi gonieri, mSromeli da windaxeduli, maSin rodesac
meore, aradominanti jgufis eibi xarbi, kriJani da mewvrilmanea? pirve­
li eibis mTeli damsaxureba imaSia, rom igi dominanti jgufis wevria da
aqedan gamomdinare, gonieri da brZenia, xolo imave saqcielisaTvis,
meore jgufis eibi eSmakia da Wkviani. (robert mertoni, 1957 gv.428)

diskriminacia aRniSnavs im mniSvnelovan socialur gadawyvetilebebs adami­

anebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ganpirobebulia am adamianebis savaraudo rasob­
rivi an eTnikuri identobebiT. ganwyoba warmoadgens kulturulad gamyarebul
mosazrebebs, xolo diskriminacia ki _ am mosazrebebze dafuZnebul socialur
qmedebebs.

a. uw-i Tavs anebebs uw-s gaaCnia

a. uw-i dadis an swavlas, samsaxuris naklebi
Rarib skolaSi an b. mas agdeben skolidan SesaZlebloba
b. mas cudi Sedegebi aqvs

TeTrkanian gadam­
xdelebs ar surT
uw – niSnavs umciresobis wevrs, xolo
fulis flangva isrebi aRniSnavs uaryofiTi gavlenis
`araferze~ mimarTulebas
uw-s:
1. aqvs cudi janrmT­
sxvebis eloba
uw arasrulfaso­ 2. sayidlebze dadis
vania warmatebis mosazrebiT
maRalfasian nak­
xarisxidan lebad mimzidvel
gamomdinare maRaziebSi
3. cxovrobs cudad igi gamoimuSavebs muSaobs dabali
mowyobil saxlSi dabal Tanxas
4. meti Sansi aqvs donis samsaxurSi
uw-i ganicdis saku­ gaxdes danaSaulis
Tari Tavis mimarT msxverpli 5. ufro
undoblobasa da meti Sansi aqvs
sakuTari gaxdes danaSaulis
siZulvils mosazrebiT monawile

sqema 8.2 / ganwyobisa da diskriminaciis jadosnuri wre

ganwyoba da diskriminacia Tavidanve gansazRvrul winaswarmetyvelebebs warmoadgens,
romlebic amaxinjebs dominanti jgufis mosazrebebs umciresobebze da zians ayenebs umci­
resobebis TviTSefasebas.

wyaro: riCard t. Seferis wignidan rasobrivi da etnikuri jgufebi, meoTxe gamocema.

1990

ganwyoba da diskriminacia xSirad warmoadgens im winaswarmetyvelebis nawils,

romelic mxolod imitom xdeba, rom adamianebs amisi sjeraT (mertoni, 1968b,
mirdali, 1944). afrikanelebi miiCnevdnen, rom Savkaniani afrikelebi maTze qve­
moT dganan rasobrivad da amitom maT uars eubnebodnen ganaTlebaze, normalur
samuSaoebze, keTilmowyobil saxlebsa da Cveulebriv pativiscemazec ki. ganwyo­
bisa da diskriminaciis Sedegad, samxreT afrikaSi Savkanianebis umetesoba iyo
gaunaTlebeli, asrulebdnen manualur samuSaos, cxovrobdnen keTilmouwyobel

342
saxlebsa da siRatakeSi. cxovrebis es dabali standartebi aZlierebda rwmenas
imisa, rom Savkaniani amerikelebi arasrulfasovnebi iyvnen. ase axdenda gavlenas
es mcdari warmodgena (rasobrivi arasrulfasovnebis) qcevaze (SesaZleblobis
ararseboba), romelic, Tavis mxriv, adasturebda, rom es warmodgena simarTles
Seesabameba (ix. sqema 8. 2).
ganwyobis yvelaze ukiduresi gamovlinebaa rasizmi. es aris warmodgena imis Se­
saxeb, rom rasa an eTnikuri jgufi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivad aRmatebuli an arasrul­
fasovani. rasistebi miiCneven, rom siWkviane, zneoba da sxva mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi
Tandayolilia da Sesabamisad ucvleli. kolonialur periodSi, rasobrivi ideo­
logia warmoadgenda dapyrobebis, damorCilebis, eqspluataciis da evropelebis
mier adgilobrivi mosaxleobebis sastiki damokidebulebis sayrdens. rasobrivi
ideologia aseve warmoadgenda rogorc oficialuri segregaciis, aseve araoficia­
luri diskriminaciis gamamarTlebel saSualebas. dabolos, rasobrivi ideologia
warmoadgens mkveTri dayofisa da sazRvrebis gavlebis kidev erT safuZvels. ada­
miani aris an TeTrkaniani an Savkaniani an arieli an sxva rasas miekuTvneba.
TeTrkaniani amerikelebi xSirad fiqroben, rom rasizmi individualuri feno­
menia, romelic warmodgenilia radikaluri TeTrkaniani rasistebis frTis si­
ZulviliT aRsavse ideebiTa da maTi Zaladobrivi socialuri qmedebebis mTeli
wyebiT. afro-amerikelebi ki, rasizms aRiqvamen ufro rogorc amerikuli sazoga­
doebis socialuri struqturis nawils, romelic ise mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
tradiciebTan, rom winaswarganzraxuli diskriminaciis ararsebobis SemTxveva­
Sic ki agrZelebs moqmedebas. araganzraxul diskriminacias xSirad instituciur
rasizmsac uwodeben. magaliTad, mZime periodis dros, mravali damqiravebeli
(samTavrobo moxeleebis CaTvliT) miyvnen `bolos ayvanili, pirveli daTxovni­
lis~ princips, rac gulisxmobda naklebi samuSao gamocdilebis mqone persona­
lis daTxovnas. es erTi SexedviT miukerZoebeli principi diskriminacias uwevs
afro-amerikelebs, romlebmac ver daagroves samuSao gamocdileba, gamomdinare
im faqtidan, rom maT warsulSi ar hqondaT muSaobis ufleba.
ganwyoba da stereotipebi ar aris mxolod elitisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
daqvemdebarebul jgufebsac gaaCniaT sakuTari ganwyobebi, xSirad sxva daqvem­
debarebul jgufebTan, an im jgufebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebmac SeZles Tavi
daeRwiaT daqvemdebarebulobis statusisaTvis. afro-amerikelebis ganwyoba
ebraelebis mimarT amis erT-erTi magaliTia: kornel uesti (1994) ambobs, rom
Savi antisemitizmi efuZneba sam warmodgenas: pirveli _ Savkanianebi miiC­
neven, rom ebraelebi sargebloben yvela im privilegiiT, rac miniWebuli aqvT
TeTrkanianebs amerikul sazogadoebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, wvlili SeaqvT
rasobriv uTanasworobaSi, meore _ mraval Savkanians ufro dadebiTi molodini
gaaCnia ebraelebis mimarT, vidre TeTrkanianTa sxva jgufebis mimarT. Tu gaviT­
valiswinebT devnisa da ganadgurebis faqtors, isini miiCneven, rom orive jgufi
`bunebrivi mokavSireebi~ unda iyvnen. rodesac konservatori ebraelebi ewinaaR­
mdegebian dadebiT diskriminacias, Savkanianebi ormagad imedgacruebulebi rCe­
bian. mesame _ `SavkanianTa antisemitizmi warmoadgens erTi araprivilegirebuli

343
jgufis mier Surisa da wyenis erT-erT gamoxatulebas meore araprivilegirebuli
jgufis mimarT, romelmac Tavi daaRwia am statuss amerikul sazogadoebaSi~ (uest,
1994 gv. 112). ebraelebi im eTnikur jgufs ganekuTvnebian, romlebic sul ufro da
ufro miiweven win da ikaveben poziciebs akademiebSi, JurnalistikaSi, gasarTob
biznessa da sxva saqmianobebSi. imis magivrad, rom es warmateba ebraelTa Sromis­
moyvareobas da miswrafebas miaweron, mravali Savkaniani miiCnevs, rom ebraelTa
es aRmavloba klanurobisa da favoritizmis Sedegia. garda amisa, masmediis saSu­
alebebi aWarbeben SavkanianTa antisemitizmis dones da sama­gierod saTanadod ar
aSuqeben ETeTrkanianTa antisemitizms, gadaaqvT ra yuradReba Savkanianebisa da
ebrelebis mimarT instituciona­li­zebuli diskriminaciidan.

asimilacia

integrirebul sazogadoebaSi (romelic segregirebuli sazogadoebis anto­

nimia) interaqcia sxvadasxva rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris xSiria da Cveu­
lebriv megobruli (blau da Svarci, 1983). Tumca, es mosazreba yovelTvis ar niS­
navs yvela jgufis Tanasworobas. SesaZlebelia ramdenime formis arseboba:
zogierT sazogadoebaSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufis wevrebi
erTmaneTSi Tavisuflad irevian da aseve aerTianeben TavianT Cveulebebsa da Ri­
rebulebebs. maT Soris xSiria Sereuli qorwineba, ris Sedegadac ibadeba sruli­
ad axali kultura, amalgamacia. es swored isaa, rogoradac dramaturgi izrael
zangvili saukunis dasawyisis amerikas aRwerda:

ai isic _ uzarmazari qoTani! yuri daugdeT! ar gesmiT xma? RmerTo,

rogor duRs da gadmoduRs _ keltebi da laTinebi, slavebi da te­
vtonebi, berZnebi da sirielebi, Savebi da yviTlebi _ ebrealebi da
jentilebi! (1909. gv. 198-199)

zangvilis romantikul piesaSi, Raribi ebraeli emigranti colad irTavs mSve­

nier qristian qals. ojaxebs Soris mtroba daviwyebas eZleva da mas Semdeg wyvili
bednierad cxovrobs.
ramdenad gavs amerika qoTnis imijs, sadac uamravi ram ixarSeba erTad? rasak­
virvelia, gavlenam, romelic sxvadasxva jgufma moitana am qveyanaSi, axali da gan­
sxvavebuli amerikuli kultura Seqmna, magram rasobrivi, eTnikuri da kulturuli
gansxvavebebi ukvalod ar gamqrala. gansxvavebebi `qreboda~ umeteswilad im adami­
anebs Soris, romlebic 1) yvelaze adre Camovidnen 2) ekavaT met-naklebad Tanabari
poziciebi Zalovan struqturebSi 3) hqondaT msgavsi kultura 4) hqondaT msgavsi
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi (rogoricaa kanis feri). aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvave­
bebi ingliselebis, frangebis, irlandielebis, germanelebisa da skandinavielebis
STamomavlebs Soris gamokveTilad aRar Cans amerikul sazogadoebaSi.
afro-amerikelebis jgufi warmoadgens yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTs
adamianebisa, romlebic ar gaiTqvifnen sxva jgufebSi. evropuli warmoSobis

344
amerikelebi aqtiurad zRudaven Savkaniani amerikelebis xelmisawvdomobas
domi­nanti kulturisadmi, magaliTad, akrZaluli iyo monebisaTvis wera-kiTxvis
swavleba. amave dros, isini xels uSlidnen monebs SeenarCunebinaT tradiciuli
Cveulebebi da kultura da fiqrobdnen, rom yvela afrikuli kultura erTmane­
Tis msgavia da erTnairad `dabali~. bedis ironiiT, cecxlze Semodgmuli qoTnis
saukeTeso magaliTs afro-amerikuli kulturis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, ro­
melic sxvadasxva gavlenis Tavmoyrisa da arevis Sedegia. magaliTad, Savkanianebma
afrikuli ritmebi da harmonia qristianul himnebsa da xalxur musikasTan daaka­
vSires da iseTi mimdevrobebi Seqmnes, rogoricaa Tavdapirvelad bluzi da jazi,
Semdeg ki rok-en-roli da repi. afro-amerikelebs wvlili miuZRviT agreTve teq­
nologiebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela amerikels ar gauziarebia cecxlze Semodgmuli
qoTnis idea. meoce saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, anglo-saqsonuri elita
axalmosuli emigrantebisagan eloda, rom isini aiTvisebdnen maT Cveulebebsa da
Rirebulebebs. jon quinsi adamsma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba mecxramete saukunis
es ganwyoba:

emigrantebi erT rames unda Seeguon _ winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini

verasodes moipoveben bednierebas SeerTebul StatebSi. maT unda Semo­
irRvion da gadaagdon evropuli tyavi, ifiqron STamomavlobaze da
daiviwyon winaprebi. darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tvi­
Ton rasac fiqroben, maTi Svilebis momavali damokidebulia am qveynis
ganwyobaze. (cotirebulia gordonTan, 1978, gv. 187)

amgvarad, emigrantebisagan moelodnen, rom isini ara marto Seerwymebodnen

dominant kulturas, aramed daiviwyebdnen saku­Tar memkvidreobas. inglisuri
enis, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur enad gamocxadeba, asimilaciis
Tanamedrove versiaa.
asimilacia aRwers umciresobebis jgufis gaerTianebas dominanti jgufis
kulturasa da socialur cxovrebaSi ise, rom umciresobis warmomadgenlebi Tan­
daTanobiT kargaven TavianT, rogorc sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebis saxes.
asimilacia asimetriul xasiaTs atarebs. rogorc viciT, `cecxlze Semodgmuli
qoTnis~ ideis momxreebs sjeraT, rom yvela jgufi gardaiqmneba axal jgufad
da rom am procesSi yvela Tanabrad iqneba CarTuli. asimilaciis momxreebi ki
acxadeben, rom umciresobebi unda daeqvemdebaros gabatonebuli umravlesobis
kulturas.
sociologi robert e. parki da misi kolegebi (1925) asimilacias etapobriv
procesad miiCnevdnen. pirvel etapze axalmosulebi, romlebic ar icnoben domi­
nant kulturas, ibrZvian sakuTari adgilis mosapoveblad. maT SeuZliaT mxolod
is daisakuTron, rac aravis sWirdeba _ unayofo miwa, araprestiJuli samuSao da
saSineli sacxovrebeli pirobebi. msgavsad amisa, axali emigrantebi xSirad cdi­
loben, moiZion iseTi adgilebi, sadac Tavs kargad igrZnoben. meore etapze isini
(ufro sworad ki maTi Svilebi da SviliSvilebi) iwyeben dominanti jgufis enisa

345
da kulturis aTvisebas. brZola arsebobisaTvis iRebs respeqtabelurobisaTvis,
ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebisaTvis, maRalanazRaurebadi da prestiJuli sam­
saxurebisaTvis brZolis saxes. es aris sastiki brZola, magram TandaTanobiT eT­
nikuri jgufis ufro meti wevri miiwevs win, ukeTesi cxovrebisaken da am gzaze
TandaTanobiT kargavs sakuTari kulturis naSTebs. am etapze ukve xdeba qorwine­
ba sxvadasxva jgufis waromadgenlebs Soris. asimilacia dasrulebulia.
magram yvela jgufs ar eZleva saSualeba asimilirdes dominant jgufTan, risi
naTeli magaliTicaa afro-amerikelebis SemTxveva, da yvela jgufs ar surs mona­
wileoba miiRos asimilaciis procesSi. laTinuri da aziuri warmoSobis amerike­
lebi, iseve, rogorc mkvidri amerikelebi, aqtiurad ibrZvian sakuTari kultur­
isa da tradiciebis SesanarCuneblad. axlo warsulSi mravalma amerikelma dainaxa,
rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi Zlierebis wyaroa da saWiroa ara maTi gaqroba da
gaTqvefa, aramed SenarCuneba da dacva.

pluralizmi da multikulturalizmi
(kulturuli mravalferovneba)

jgufTa Soris urTierTobis kidev erTi forma gaxlavT pluralizmi, romlis

pirobebSic, sazogadobaSi sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebi inarCune­
ben individualur kulturul identobebs da socialur kavSirebs, da amis para­
lelurad monawileobas iReben gaziarebul politikur da ekonomikur sistemebSi
(kuperi da smiTi, 1969). pluralur sazogadoebebSi, TiToeul jgufs gaaCnia sa­
kuTari ena, religia da samzareulo. jgufis wevrebi umTavresad erTmaneTTan
urTierToben (megobroben, qorwindebian a.S), Tumca isini funqciurad integri­
rebuli sazogadoebis wevrebs warmoadgenen.
rodesac vsaubrobT pluralur sazogadoebebze, mniSvnelovania erTmaneTi­
sagan ganvasxvaoT funqciuri integracia da socialuri integracia. jgufebi so­
cialur sazogadoebaSi funqciurad arian gaerTianebulni im TvalsazrisiT, rom
isini damokidebulni arian erTmaneTze, rac imas ar niSnavs, rom isini yvelani
Tanasworni arian da Tanabari pativiscemiT sargebloben (socialuri integracia).
aparteidis dros, samxreT afrika pluralur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, radgan
misi ekonomika damokidebuli iyo TeTrkanianebis, Savkanianebis, azielebisa da
feradkanianebis wvlilze, Tumca, es jgufebi mkacrad segregirebulni iyvnen da
simdidre da Zalaufleba araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli. SveicariaSi plura­luri
sazogadoeba, romelic germanuli, franguli, italiur da retoromanuli warmo­
mavlobis adamianebisagan Sedgeba, sxvadasxva regionebsa da TemebSi cxovrobs
ise, rom yvela maTgans SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi kultura. aq dominanti jgufi
ar arsebobs. SveicariaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebi naxevradavtonomiurebi
arian da warmoadgenen im kulturuli `federaciis~ wevrebs, sadac sxvadasxva
jgufebi mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben.
multikulturalizmi axali terminia, romelic did mniSvnelobas aniWebs so­
cialur interaqcias sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis wevrebs Soris da miesalmeba

346
yvela jgufis monawileobasa da wvlils ufro mozrdili, heterogenuri kultu­
ris warmoqmnis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli mravalferovneba poziti­
ursa da sasurvel movlenas niSnavs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, gagebisa da interaqciis
axali formebi damokidebulia ara marto erTgvarobasa da damyolobaze, aramed
gansxvavebebisadmi pativiscemaze. ganaT­leba saSualebas aZlevs sxvada­sxva eT­
nikur jgufebs ufro meti iswavlon erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. adamianebs eniWebaT Ta­
visufleba Tavad airCion kulturuli identobebi nacvlad imisa, rom iZulebiT
gaerTiandnen sxvebis mier arCeul kategoriebSi (aronovici, 1992; k. teilori,
1995; uarneri, 1992).
multikulturalizmi ufro metia, vidre ubralod recepti jgufTa Soris
gaumjobesebuli urTierTobebis. igi agreTve warmoadgens socialuri urTier­
Tobebis mzardad multikulturuli bunebis aRiarebas ufro internacionalur,
globalurad gaerTianebul samyaroSi (li, 1991). multikulturalizms mxardam­
Werebi SeerTebul StatebSic gamouCndnen, magram is ar aris yvelgan miRebuli
da mowonebuli. erTni ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWeben asimilacias erT, ufro
erTgvar (homogenur) amerikul kulturaSi, romelsac safuZvlad inglisuri ena
udevs. meoreni ki, Savkaniani nacionalistebis garkveuli nawilis CaTvliT, aqti­
urad uWeren mxars ufro mkveTr gancalkevebas avtonomiis sxvadasxva eTnikuri
da rasobrivi jgufebisaTvis.

identobisa da aRiarebis politika

eTnikurad da kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebebSi, piradi da

koleqtiuri identobis sakiTxi axal mniSvnelobas iZens. identobis politika aris
brZola imis Taobaze, Tu ra socialuri da institucionaluri Tvisebebi unda
mieweroT individebs, jgufebs da socialur kategoriebs da romeli ganixileba
rogorc kanonieri an ukanono, cudi da kargi (kalhauni, 1995, uaili, 1994). idento­
ba politikuri cnebaa, radgan igi gansazRvravs jgufebisa da individebis ufle­
bebsa da movaleobebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, axdens gavlenas maT cxovrebaze. aq
mxolod Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri sargeblianobisaTvis brZolis sakiTxi ki
ar dgas, aramed sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemisa da socialuri legitimurobis
sakiTxebi. ZiriTadi sakiTxia ramdenad aRiareben sxvebi adamianebs, ise, rogorc
es am ukanasknelT surT.
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi socialuri identobebi dafuZnebulia genderze,
asakze, uaxloes winaprebsa da naTesaobaze. adamianebi ibadebian da inarCuneben
igive statuss. identobebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturul konsensusTan
(magaliTad, rogor unda moiqcnen qalebi da kacebi), ritualebTan (qorwinebebi,
dakrZalvebi da a.S) da stabilur socialur qselTan. Tanamedrove sazogadoebeb­
Si, Tumca, masobrivi migracia, mdidari piradi arCevanis saSualeba, arastabiluri
da araerTgvarovani socialuri qselebi xels uwyoben identurobis sakiTxis gar­
Tulebas. adamianebs uwevT sxvadasxva rolebis morgeba da sxvadasxva molodinis
dakmayofileba. identuroba xdeba moTxovnileba an samomavlo gegma.

347
 debatebi iarliyebTan dakavSirebiT identobis politiks nawilia. magaliTad,
martin luTer kingi sakuTar Tavs `negros~, anu zangs uwodeboda (espanuri sityvi­
dan `Savi~, romelic maSin ufro zrdilobianad iTvleboda, vidre inglisuri sityva
`Black~), romelsac samxreTelebi `nigrad~ (an ufro uaryof epiTetad -`nigerad~)
gamoTqvamdnen. samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZolis ufro gvian etapze, `negro~
Secvala `Savkanianma~ (rogorc SavkanianTa siamaye an SavkanianTa Zalaufleba).
dResdReobiT, mravali Savkaniani amjobinebs afro-amerikels, romelic yuradRebas
amaxvilebs ara imdenad kanis ferze, ramdenadac kulturul memkvidreobaze. war­
sulSi, TeTkaniani amerikelebi feradkanians uwodebdnen afrikuli warmomav­lobis
yvela adamians. dRes bevri Savkaniani, an afro-amerikeli iyenebs frazas `feris
adamianebi~, raTa gamoarCion isini yvela ara TeTrkanian da araevropeli warmoSo­
bis xalxisagan, romlebic kolonizaciis an monobis msxverplni gaxdnen.
jgufebisadmi mikerebuli iarliyebi naklebad eqvemdebareba gemovnebasa
stils. isini ufro aRniSnavs, vin arian adamianebi da rogor unda movepyraT maT.
amerikis skolebis umetesobaSi, dRes bavSvebi swavloben ara marto monobaze, ara­
med maTi mSoblebis Taobisagan gansxvavebiT, ecnobian informacias im wvlilis
Sesaxeb, romelic gamoCenilma afro-amerikelma mecnierebma da xelovnebis moR­
vaweebma gaiRes qveynisaTvis. ufrosi Taobis adamianebs, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
bevrs arafers aswavlidnen afro-amerikuli kulturis Sesaxeb. dRes bevri adami­
ani Savkanianebs mxolod dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi xvdeba an axal ambebSi
igebs informacias maT Sesaxeb da aqedan, gamomdinare, maT xSirad siRaribesTan,
danaSaulTan, araregistrirebul qorwinebebTan da socialur daxmarebebTan aka­
vSirebs. uaryofiTi imijis wyalobiT, policiam SesaZleblia daapatimros da da­
kiTxos Savkaniani, romelic mdidari TeTrkanianebis ubanSi atarebs manqanas. dapa­
timrebis mizezi SeiZleba mxolod misi kanis feri iyos.
africentrizmis (romelic xandaxan `afrocentrizmad~ moixsenieba) aRmas­
vla warmoadgens ufro meti pativiscemisa da legitimurobis mopovebis mcdelo­
bas (sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemis CaTvliT). africentrizmi amtkicebs, rom
saWiroa msoflio istoriis gadasinjva afro-centristuli da ara evrocentris­
tuli gadasaxedidan, radgan evropuli kulturis didi nawili saTaves egvipitu­
ri da sxva afrikuli civilizaciebidan iRebs (erli, 1995). Tanamedrove Savkanian
sazogadoebaSi, Savkanian muslimanTa lideri malkom eqsi, romelic avrcelebda
separatizmis ideas da amtkicebda, rom SavkanianTa istoria – es aris gza sia­
mayemde, xSirad ufro popularulia, vidre martin luTer kingi, romelic qris­
tianul principebze dayrdnobiT integraciisaken mouwodebda adamianebs.
amerikuli gamocdileba TiTqmis Seuqcevadad axdens identobebis gadakeTe­
bas. Cinelma emigrantebma SeiZleba erT mSvenier dRes aRmoaCinon, rom maT aziuri
warmoSobis amerikelebad ixsenieben iaponelebTan, koreelebTan, vietna­melebTan
da sxva emigrantebTan erTad, romlebic kulturulad sxvadasxva jgufs warmoad­
genen, laparakoben sxvadasxva enaze da aRiareben sxvadasxva religias. musliman
bengalelebs da pakistanelebs SesaZloa aseve mouwioT erT jgufSi gaerTiane­
ba hindus tomis indoelebTan erTad (espiritu, 1996). zog situaciaSi, magali­
Tad, kolejis studentur sacxovreblebSi, pan-eTnikuri iarliyebi SesaZloa

348
sasar­gebloc ki gamodges jgufis identurobisa gansazRvrisas da jgufuri or­
ganizaciebis da aqtivobebis wyarod iqces, romelTa mizania kulturuli Tav­
dacvis zomebis miReba. magram sxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT pirad da ojaxur
cxovrebaSi, farTo identoba, rogoricaa `aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli~ sru­
liad moklebulia mniSvnelobas. Cinelebi savaraudod ufro erTmaneTze qorwin­
debian, vidre iaponelebsa da koreelebze, indoelebic Tavissave eTnikuri jgu­
fis wevrebze qorwindebian da Zalze iSviaTad _ indonezielebsa da Cinelebze da
a.S. cxadia, TiTouli jgufis wevrebi savaraudod ufro araaziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebze qorwindebian, vidre azielebze, romlebsac sxvadasxva erovnuli
da lingvisturi fesvebi aqvT (virki, 1995).
identobis politika aseve gulisxmobs brZolas jgufis wevrebis Sorisac,
romlebic SeiZleba ar daeTanxmon erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor ufro up­
riania sakuTari Tavis warmoCena. magaliTad, zogierTi afro-amerikeli mimar­
Tavs tradiciul simbolikas da upiratesobas aniWebs myvirala ferebis kintes
tanisamoss. organizacia `islamis xalxi~ (Savkaniani muslimanebi) mxars uWers
Zlier, separatistul identobas, romelsac bevri afro-amerikeli ar aRiarebs,
magram arseboben iseTebic, vinc amas enTuziazmiT uWers mxars. zog maTgans mos­
wons emig­rantebis ricxvis zrda afrikidan da karibis zRvis qveynebidan, zogi ki,
piriqiT, ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams.
es sakiTxebi garTulebulia mravlobiTi, erTmaneTis gadamfaravi identobe­
biT. magaliTad, bevri Savkaniani qali miiCnevs, rom qalTa moZraoba gamiznulia
TeTrkaniani, saSualo fenis qalebisaTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare amjobineben, rom
Savkanianis identoba qalis identobaze win daayenon. cxadia, arseboben adamian­
ebi, romlebic feminizms rasobriv Ralatad miiCneven, xolo arian iseTebic, mag­
aliTad, mwerali bel huksi (1993) romlebic miiCnevs, rom SavkanianTa identobis
zogierTi imiji mikerZoebulia da Savkaniani mamakacebis sasargeblod muSaobs.
xolo sociologi patricia hil kolinzi (1991) amtkicebs, rom arsebobs Savkani­
anTa identurobis konkretulad feministuri gageba. arc huks da arc kolinzs ar
surT arCevani gaakeTon Savkanianobasa da feminizms Soris.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro da ufro mravalferovani xdeba kulturu­
li da eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT da am procesTan erTad, sul ufro da ufro met
adamians uCndeba is sindromi, romelsac sociologma v.e.b. diubuam (1903) `ormagi
Semecneba~ uwoda. es termini ori identobis tarebas gulisxmobda. es ori idento­
ba potenciur konfliqtSi imyofeboda erTmaneTTan, ise, rogorc es `amerikelisa~
da `Savkanianis~ SemTxvevaSi iyo. diubuam aseve aRwera is daZabuloba, romelic
mohyveba imis gancdas, rom rasac adamiani fiqrobs sakuTar Tavze da rogoradac
aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavdebodes sxvisi TvaliT danaxu­
lisagan. mecnieri fiqrobda, rom am situaciaSi gamosavals warmoadgenda ara erTi
romelime identobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, aramed orives Serwyma Semoq­
medebiTi gziT. (ixileT Tavi 1). es sakiTxi ZiriTadi problema gaxda ara mxolod
calkeuli amerikelisaTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebasTvisac.

349
multikulturuli amerika

SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis rasobrivi da eTnikuri Semadgenloba

ufro Seicvala 1980-ian 1990-ian wlebamde, vidre mTeli danarCeni drois ganmav­
lobaSi meoce saukuneSi (sqema 8.3).

sqema 8.3 / SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis mzardi mravalferovneba, rac dakavSire­

bulia emigrantebis ricxvis zrdasTan 1930-1993 w.w.
amerikis saxe icvleba, magram es cvlileba SesamCnevia mxolod zogierT adgilebSi, rogori­
caa sanapiro qalaqebi da kolejebis studenturi sacxovreblebi.

wyaro: aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, aSS-is emigraciisa da naturalizaciis samsaxuri

da urbanuli instituti `amerikis xelaxla gamogoneba~, `biznes uikis~ specialuri gamoS­
veba, 1992 weli, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis statisti­
kuri nawyvetebi.

am dekadaSi umciresobebis zrdis tempma orjer gadaaWarba wina dekadebSi

dafiqsirebul maCvenebels. amis erTi mizezi emigraciis donis zrdaa, xolo meore
_ umciresobebs Soris Sobadobis saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli. evropuli war­
moSobis TeTrkanianebi jer kidev mosaxleobis yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufs
warmoadgenen (ix. sqema 8.4), magram dRes SeerTebuli Statebis yoveli meoTxe
moqalaqe afrikuli, aziuri, laTinuri warmoSobis an mkvidri amerikelia. laTi­
no-amerikelebi, SesaZloa, niu mexikosa da kaliforniis StatebSi yvelaze mrav­
alricxovani jgufi gaxdes. 2000 wlisaTvis, saskolo asakis yvela bavSvis erTi
mesamedi araevropuli eTnikuri jgufis wevri iqneba. swored es bavSvebi iqnebian
21-e saukunis samuSao Zalis yvelaze didi nawili (angariSi umciresobebze umaR­
les ganaTlebaSi, 1988). amerikis momavlisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneba
mSvidobian damokidebulebas rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris.
samwuxarod, jgufebs Soris damokidebuleba TandaTan ufro uaresdeba. es
daZabuloba sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis sxvada­sxva gamocdilebiTaa ganpiro­

350
bebuli. maTi Se­saZleblobebica da problemebic gansxvavebulia da xSirad uCn­
debaT SegrZneba, rom erTmaneTis kon­kurentebi arian.

sqema 8.4 / ZiriTadi ameri­

kuli eTnikuri jgufebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gaizar­
da kul­turuli da rasobrivi
mravalferovneba, SeerTebu­
li Statebi kvlav rCeba upi­
ratesad `TeTrkanian~ (evro­
pul) saxelmwifod.

wyaro: U.S. Bureau of the Cen-

sus, 1991. Census 1990 wlis mo­
nacemTa winaswari gamoSveba.

afro-amerikelebi

afro-amerikelebi, romelTa saerTo ricxvi 33 milions aRwevs, SeerTebuli

Statebis eTnikur umciresobaTa Soris yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufs war­
moadgenen. afrikelebisa da maTi STamomavlobis istoria amerikaSi unikaluri
da yvelasgan gansxvavebulia. isini im erTaderTi jgufis wevrebi arian, romelTa
winaprebi amerikaSi iZulebiT Camoiyvanes da monebad aqcies. gansxvavebuli kul­
turuli fesvebis mqone afrikelebi erTad Seyares da sakuTar tradiciebTan kav­
Siri aukrZales. amrigad, gansxvavebiT im emigrantebisagan, romlebic sakuTari
nebasurviliT Camovidnen amerikaSi, afrikelebs iZulebiT mouwiaT sakuTar kul­
turasTan da manamde arsebul socialur qselTan ganSoreba.

351
 miuxedavad amisa, afro-amerikelebma SeZles, ganeviTarebinaT unikaluri sub­
kultura, romelic gadarCenisa da brZolis safuZvlad iqca. monobis dasrulebam
safuZveli Cauyara xangrZliv brZolas Tanabari uflebebis mosapoveblad. amave
dros, Savkanianebi da maTi ojaxebi TviTdamkvidrebisTvisac ibrZodnen da xSirad
inacvlebdnen samxreTis soflebidan CrdiloeTis qalaqebSi. afro-amerikelebma
monawileoba miiRes da sakuTari wvlili Seitanes amerikis istoriis yvelaze mniS­
vnelovan movlenebSi. brZola TanasworobisaTvis gaerTianda samoqalaqo ufle­
bebis moZraobasTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi moipova, rac kanon­
mdeblobaSi cvlilebebis SetaniT gamoixata. Tumca, afro-amerikelebma male
aRmoaCines, rom kanonebSi Setanili cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo. TeTrkanianebs ar
surdaT sakuTari privilegiebis daTmoba da, aqedan gamomdinare, integraciis mxar­
dasaWerad Seqmnil programebs, xSirad sapirispiro Sedegebi mohyveboda xolme.

mimdinare politikuri da socioekonomikuri statusi

im dRidan moyolebuli, rodesac kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra Tanabari uf­

lebebi da SesaZleblobebi yvelasaTvis, afro-amerikelebma ocdaaTi wlis ganma­
vlobaSi mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies. politikaSi arCeuli Savkaniani moxele­
ebis ricxvma 1990-ian wlebSi 7000-s gadaaWarba, gansxvavebiT 1960-iani wlebisagan,
rodesac Savkaniani moxeleebis ricxvi mxolod ramdenime aseuls udrida. afro-
amerikelebi muSaoben qveynis yvela Tanamdebobaze prezidentisa da vice-prezi­
dentis garda da mogebuli aqvT Zalian mniSvnelovani arCevnebi, romlis drosac
amomrCevlebis umravlesoba TeTrkaniani iyo (magaliTad, detroitis meris ar­
Cevnebi). Savkanianebis xmis micemis maCvenebeli iseTive maRalia, rogorc es xdeba
igive socio-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis TeTrkanianebis SemTxvevaSi. amis umTavres
mizezad, SeiZleba CaiTvalos Zlieri sazogadoebrivi zewola (romelsac mxars
uWers eklesia da agreTve araoficialuri socialuri qselebi) da Temis solida­
roba (konsensusi xels uwyobs moqalaqeebis rwmenis ganmtkicebas, rom maT mier
micemul xmas, mniSvneloba aqvs)(elisoni da londoni, 1992). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
or partias Soris ZalTa seriozul gadanacvlebas, savaraudod, Savkanianebis
mier micemuli xmebi mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs axali demokratebis an (SeiZle­
ba respublikelebis) koaliciebis Seqmnas, gansakuTrebiT qveynis samxreTSi.
afro-amerikelebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies ganaTlebaSic, karierul
winsvlasa da SemosavlebSi (robertsi, 1995). Savkaniani iuristebis, mosamarTlee­
bis, mecnierebisa da inJinrebis, uZravi qonebisa da safondo birJebis agentebis
ricxvi mkveTrad gaizarda. 1970-90-ian wlebSi, Savkaniani ojaxebis ricxvma,
romelTa wliuri Semosavali 50000 aSS dolars aRemateboda, 57%-iT imata (hek­
eri, 1992). amgvarad, afro-amerikelebis mzardma ricxvma SeZlo gzis gakvleva
saSualo fenamde. SeZlebuli TeTrkanianebis msgavsad, SeZlebuli Savkanianebi
kargi ganaTlebiT gamoirCevian (hekeri, 1992).

352
 c x r i l i 8.1
TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani mamakacebis, qalebisa da ojaxebis
Semosavlebi da gamomuSavebuli Tanxebi

TeETrkaniani Savkaniani

ojaxebi $38.909 $21.161 $544

yvela mamakaci $21.645 $12.754 $589
yvela qali $11.036 $8.857 $803
dasaqmebuli mamakaci $31.012 $22,369 $721
dasaqmebuli qali $21.659 $19.819 $915

SeniSvnebi: 1. CamonaTvali yvela mamakacis, yvela qalisaTvis gulisxmobs yvela wyarodan

miRebul Semosavals, pensiebidan da daxmarebis programebidan dawyebuli, unarSezRudu­
lobis daxmarebiT damTavrebuli 2. SavkanianTa Semosavlebi TeTrkanianTa 1.000 aSS dol­
arze (wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyveti, srul ganakveTze samuSao)

wyaro: endriu hekeri, ori eri: Savi da TeTri, dayofili, mtruli, araTanaswori (balantini,
niu-iorki, 1992, gv.100)

c x r i l i 8.2
Savkaniani mamakacebisa da qalebis ganaTleba da Semosavlebi

ganaTleba kaci qali

arasruli umaRlesi skola $786 $860

4 weli umaRles skolaSi $780 $916
1-dan 3 wlamde kolejSi $839 $918
bakalavris xarisxi $764 $966
magistris xarisxi $870 $939

wyaro: endriu hekeri, ori eri: Savi da TeTri, dayofili, mtruli, araTanaswori (balan­
tini, niu-iorki, 1992, gv.101)

miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, afro-amerikelebis Semosavali mainc dabali

rCeba (saSualo maCveneblebis mixedviT) TeTrkanian amerikelebTan SedarebiT
(cxrilebi 8.1 da 8.2). saSualo fenis SavkanianTa `tipuri~ ojaxi, savaraudod,
Sedgeba avtobusis mZRolisa (romlis wliuri Semosavali 32000 aSS dolaria) da
misi meuR­lisagan, romelic maswavleblad an meddad muSaobs da wliurad 28000
aSS dolars gamoimuSavebs. saSualo fenis TeTrkanianTa ojaxis Semosavali ufro
maRalia. aseT ojaxebSi, sadac qmari savaraudod menejeris Tanamdebobaze muS­
aobs, wliurad daaxloebiT 75000 aSS dolars gamoimuSavebs, coli ki mxolod nax­
evar ganakveTze an damatebiTi SemosavlisaTvis muSaobs (hekeri, 1992). TeTrkani­
ani zogadi profilis eqimi an qirurgi wliurad 62000 aSS dolars gamoimuSavebs,
gansxvavebiT Savkanianebisagan, romelTa Semosavalic daaxloebiT 40000 aSS do­
liaria (1990 wlis monacemebiT). kolejis TeTrkaniani profesorebi da instruq­
torebi fsiqologiaSi gamoimuSaveben saSualod 32687 aSS dolars gansxvavebiT

353
imave Tanamdebobaze momuSave Savkanianebisagan, romelTa Semosavalic 10000 aSS
dolars Seadgens weliwadSi (roberisi, 1995). ufro metic, Savkanian iuristTa da
mecnierTa erTi mesamedi saxelmwifo struqturebSi muSaobs. SeiaraRebuli Za­
lebis xuTi wevridan erTi Savkaniania (es maCvenebeli orjer aRemateba Savkanian­
Ta da TeTrkanianTa proporcias samoqalaqo ekonomikaSi). daaxloebiT igive pro­
porciaa safosto servisebsa da qalaqis saagentoebs Soris. biujetis Semcireba
gansakuTrebul dartymas ayenebs saSualo fenis Savkanian warmomadgenlebs.
Savkaniani saSualo fenis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad gaizarda siRatakeSi
mcxovrebi Savkanianebis ricxvic, ramac kidev ufro gaafarTova ufskruli saSua­
lo klassa da Rarib Savkanianebs Soris. siRatakis maCvenebeli Savkanian mosaxleo­
bas Soris samjer aRemateboda TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis maCvenebels, romelic
ucvleli iyo ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi. yvela droSi, Savkaniani mosaxleobis
umuSevrobis done yovelTvis orjer ufro maRali iyo. SavkanianTa umravlesobas
ar gaaCnia regularuli samsaxuri da es problema dRes ufro simwvaviT gamoirCe­
va, vidre odesme 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiidan moyolebuli (hekeri, 1992;
statistikuri amonaridebi, 1995). Savkanian bavSvebs oTxjer ufro maRali Sansi
aqvT gaizardon siRatakeSi, vidre TeTrkanian bavSvebs _ rac gamowveulia imiT,
rom Savkanian bavSvebs, savaraudod, ufro xSirad zrdian mxolod dedebi. ufro
metic _ afro-amerikeli Raribebi ufro Raribebi arian, vidre TeTrkaniani Ra­
ribebi, isini ufro xSirad rCebian siRatakeSi ZiriTadad iseT raionebSi, sadac
maRalia siRatakisa da danaSaulis done (o’hara, 1991). (ix. msjeloba getoebSi
gamefebul siRatakeze, Tavi 7).
sacxovrebeli segregacia TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris arsebuli um­
Tavresi socio-ekonomikuri napralis umTavresi mizezia.
dasaxleba erTaderTi sferoa, sadac yvelaze naklebi progresi SeiniSneba
integraciis TvalsazrisiT. 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli segregaciis done,
faqtobrivad ar Secvlila (mesei da dentoni, 1992). 9 milioni Savkanianidan daax­
loebiT 20% cxovrobs srul rasobriv izolaciaSi, ZiriTadad, qalaqebis Sua
nawilSi. ufro metic, rasobrivi izolacia aseve aqtualuria gareubnebSic (mesei
da egersi, 1990). laTino-amerikelebisa da aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebisaTvis
mdgomareoba icvleba maT mier mkvidri macxovreblebis statusis miRebasa da so­
cio-ekonomikuri donis gaumjobesebasTan erTad. afro-amerikelebisaTvis seg­
regacia kvlav mwvave problemad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni xania maTi
ojaxebi metropoliebSi cxovroben da ra Seadgens maTi ojaxebis Semosavals.
rezidentul segregacias Sors mimavali Sedegebi aqvs: is gavlenas axdens
skolebze, sadac bavSvebi dadian, rogorc bavSvebis aseve maTi mSoblebis megobre­
bze, maTTvis xelmisawvdom samsaxurebze, jandacvasa da sxva gadaudebel servise­
bze, danaSaulis riskze da sakvebisa da sxva SenaZenis xarisxzec ki. rezidentul
segregacias SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos ganwyobazec, romelic xSirad faruli
xasiaTisaa.
gamokiTxvvebis Sedegebis mixedviT, TeTrkaniani amerikelebis umetesoba
fiqrobs, rom martin luTer kingis ocneba rasobrivi Tanasworobis damkvidreba­

354
ze axda (uileri, 1993). gamokiTxuli TeTrkanianebis sami meoTxedi fiqrobs, rom
dRes Savkanianebs zustad iseTive Sansi aqvT, miiRon nebismieri saxis samsaxuri,
rogoric TeTrkanianebs, da rom Savkanianebi aWarbeben, rodesac maT mimarT dis­
kriminaciis doneze saubroben. TiTqmis yvela TeTrkanianma ganacxada, rom isini
mxars uWeren integracias da Tanabar SesaZleblobebs, magram bevri maTgani am pi­
robebis Sesrulebas im siZneelebs ukavSirebs, rac arasamarTlian privilegiebs
(afirmatiuli aqti), Zaladobas, aralegitimurobas, Savkanianebs Soris samuSao
eTikis dabal dones da TeTrebis mimarT SavkanianTa ganwyobas exeba (bakaniki,
1995). zogadi mesiji ase JRers: `me ar var cudad ganwyobili, magram....~
afro-amerikelebs sxvagvari mosazreba aqvT (uileri, 1993). Savkanianebis
umetesoba (70%) ar fiqrobs, rom maT ar gaaCniaT Tanabari SesaZlebloba, mi­
iRon samsaxuri kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad da samsaxurebSi arsebuli rasobrivi
uTanasworoba, Semosavlebi da sacxovrebeli adgilebi diskriminaciis Sedegs
warmoadgens. rogorc erT-erTma misisipelma Savkanianma aRniSna: `arsebobs
winsvlis saSualebebi. unda iaro skolaSi da bejiTad imuSao. Tu Savkaniani xar,
ubralod ufro bevri muSaoba mogiwevs, rasac cota meti dro dasWirdeba. sul
esaa~ (bakaniki, 1995, gv. 84). sxvebi ase optimisturad ar arian ganwyobilni: erT-
erTi gamokiTxvis monawile SavkanianTa naxevarma aRniSna, rom amerikeli eri or
sazogadoebas qmnis: Savs da TeTrs, gancalkevebulsa da araTanabars.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

mtkice moqmedeba

t ermini `afirmatiuli qmedeba~ pirvelad gamoCnda 1961 wels prezident jon kenedis mier
xelmoweril brZanebaSi, romelic avalebda federalur kontraqtorebs, daekmayofilebi­
naT ganmcxadeblebi samuSao adgilebiT da muSaobis periodSi maT saTanadod mopyrobodnen,
ganurCevlad anazRaurebisa, rwmenisa, ferisa an erovnebisa. (Researcher, 1995 wlis 28 aprili).
pozitiuri diskriminaciis mizani iyo ara mxolod diskriminaciis aRkveTa, aramed integraciis
xelSewyoba da umciresobebis kompensireba maTze ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciisaTvis. am
politikam safuZveli Cauyara programebs, romelTa mizani iyo gansazRvrul vadebSi umcireso­
bebis dasaqmeba, maTTvis socialuri upiratesobis miniWeba da kvotis daweseba im umciresobebis
mflobelobaSi arsebuli firmebisaTvis, romelTa garkveuli nawili xdeboda mTavrobis kon­
traqtori. dasawyisidanve afirmatiulma qmedebam azrTa didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.

momxreebs miaCniaT, rom pozitiur diskriminacias sargebloba moaqvs ara marto

umciresobisTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis, radgan amgvari qmedebebi zr­
dis kolej­Si mravalferovnebas, xels uwyobs mravaleTnikuri samuSao personalis
arsebobas da rasaTaSDoris urTierTgagebas. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sxvadasxva
jgufis wevrebi Tavs iyrian samuSaoebze da saklaso oTaxebSi.
pozitiuri diskriminaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi ki acxadeben, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis
da samuSaos miRebis SesaZlebloba damokidebuli unda iyos mxolod da mxolod
pirovnul damsaxurebaze.

355
 debatebi

momxreebi amtkiceben, rom afirmatiuli qmedeba saSualebas aZlevs umciresobebis warmo­

madgenlebs, iswavlon kolejSi, SeiZinon axali profesia da daiwyon Tavisi saqme. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ganwyoba umciresobebis mimarT dadebiTisaken Seicvala, igi bolomde ar gamqrala.
aqedan gamomdinare, afirmatiuli qmedeba jer kidev saWiroa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uz­
runvelsayofad. momxreebi aseve miiCneven, rom afirmatiuli qmedeba sasargebloa ara mxolod
umciresobebisaTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis, radgan igi qmnis mravalferovnebas
studentTa sacxovreblebSi da samsaxurebSi, rac xels uwyobs sxvadasxva jgufis adamianebis
erT garemoSi gaerTianebas.
afirmatiuli qmedebis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom umaRles saswavleblebsa da maRalanaz­
Raurebad samsaxurebSi miReba unda eyrdnobodes mxolod pirad Rirsebebsa da damsaxurebebs.
maTi mosazrebiT, afirmatiuli qmedeba pozitiuri diskiriminaciis formaa, romelic usamarT­
lod Cagravs TeTrkanian mamakacebs. ufro metic, igi qmnis dabal ormag standarts, romelic
xels uwyobs Sesrulebis donis daqveiTebas. rasobrivi harmoniulobis xelSewyobis nacvlad,
afirmatiuli qmedeba xels uwyobs TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis ganawyenebas da, garda amisa, avi­
Tarebs ideas, rom umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi da qalebi dabadebidanve arasrulfasovnebi
arian da specialuri daxmareba sWirdebaT. oponentebi iSvelieben martin luTer kingis gam­
onaTqvams, rom igi ocnebobs im dReze, rodesac `bavSvebze imsjeleben maTi xasiaTis da ara maTi
kanis feris mixedviT~. amis Semdeg ki afirmatiuli qmedebis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom Tana­
bari SesaZleblobebi fers ar unda arCevdes.

analizi

rasobrivi uTanasworoba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis socialuri struqturis nawilia

adreuli periodidanve. SavkanianTa (rogorc jgufis) dabali socioekonomikuri done dRes oTx­
saukunovani segregaciisa da monobis Sedegia. mxolod bolo 30 welia, rac afro-amerikelebma
miaRwies Tanabari SesaZleblobebis garkveuli dones. diskriminaciisa da negatiuri ganwyobis
ararsebobis pirobebSic ki, rasobrivi uTanasworoba isev iarsebebda, Tu institutebi ubralod
ganagrZobdnen `Tavisi saqmis keTebas~. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu kolejSi Caricxva damokidebuli
iqneboda mxolod testebis Sedegebze, Rarib ojaxebSi gazrdili afro-amerikeli bavSvebi, rom­
lebmac dabali donis skolebSi miiRes sawyisi ganaTleba, ver SeZlebden sakmarisi qulebis dag­
rovebas, miuxedavad maTi niWisa da SesaZleblobebisa.
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli amerikeli sazogadoebis struq­
turaSi rasobrivi uTanasworoba, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas moqmedeba sWirdeba. fede­
ralurma xelisuflebam pirveli nabiji maSin gadadga, roca ganaxorciela zewola kompaniebsa
da universitetebze, aqtiurad mieRoT da daesaqmebinaT umciresobis warmomadgenlebi. amave
dros, Savkanianebma (da qalebma) sarCeliT mimarTes Tanabari samuSao SesaZleblobebis komisias
da moiTxoves im kompaniebis gasamarTleba, romlebic warsulSic mimarTavdnen (magaliTad, awe­
sebdnen araTanabar xelfasebs) da amJamadac mimarTaven diskriminaciul qmedebas (magaliTad,
samsaxurSi miRebisas da dawinaurebisas).
am qmedebebma, Tavis mxriv, mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia. 1990-ian wlebSi afirmatiuli aqti re­
spublikelebsa da demokratebs, konservatorebsa da liberalebs Soris mwvave gan­xeTqilebis sa­
gnad iqca qveynis mTavrobis samomavlo kursis gansazRvrisaTvis brZolaSi. gamokiTxvebis Sede­
gebi adasturebs, rom sazogadoebis negatiuri damokidebuleba pozitiuri diskriminaciisadmi

356
izrdeba. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom oponentebi arian adamianebi, romlebmac Tavis Tavze iwvnies
pozitiuri diskriminaciis Sedegi, magram es ase aris (m. teilori, 1995). cxadia, rac ufro xSiri
kontaqti aqvT TeTrkanianebs SavkanianebTan, miT ufro dauWeren mxars isini pozitiur dis­
kriminacias. opozicias gverdSi udganan Savkaniani profesionalebi, mecnierebi, menejerebi da
studentebi, romlebic warmatebulni arian da fiqroben, rom afirmatiuli aqti Savkanian pro­
fesionalTa stigmatizebas uwyobs xels, radganac sazogadoeba fiqrobs, rom maT warmatebas
ara sakuTari SromiTa da niWiT miaRwies, aramed rasobriv niadagze miniWebuli privilegiebiT.
magaliTad, ielis iurisprudenciis profesori, stiven karteri (1991) wers, rom pozitiuri dis­
kriminaciis Sedegad kidev ufro gaizarda rasobrivi dayofa _ TeTrkanianTa mier Seqmnili
stereotipi SavkanianTa dabali SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
uTanxmoebis mniSvnelovani nawili Cveni kulturidan momdinareobs. adamianebs moswonT,
roca sazogadoebas meritokratuls uwodeben, sadac Tavdauzogavi Sroma da niWiereba saTa­
nadod fasdeba. amave dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanasworobas _ yvelas aqvs Tanabari
SesaZlebloba, gamoavlinos sakuTari niWi da unari warmatebis misaRwevad. meritokratiis mx­
ardamWerebi yuradRebas amaxvileben individualur uflebebze, gansxvavebiT Tanasworobis
damcvelTagan, romlebic jgufur Sedegebs aniWeben met upiratesobas.
magram meritokratiisa da Tanasworobis realur cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba arasrulfasov­
nad xdeba. pirvelive Sexvedrisas Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqceva adamianis rasa, sqesi, asaki,
Cacmuloba, mimzidveloba da a.S. Sesabamisad, qebas imsaxurebs meritokratiis cneba, magram Cveni
sazogadoeba yovelTvis amJRavnebda pozitiur diskriminacias garkveuli jgufebis mimarT. abi­
turientTa ganacxadebis miRebisas kolejebi da universitetebi karga xania yuradRebas aqceven
axalgazrdebis warmomavlobas (gansakuTrebiT imas, arian Tu ara isini amave kolejis an univer­
sitetis kursdamTavrebulebis Svilebi), sacxovreblis geografiul mdebareobas (CrdiloeT
dakota bostonis winaaRmdeg). ramdeni TeTrkaniani mamakaci grZnobs Tavs `msxverplad~ rodesac
misi kolejis an universitetis gundi Sexvedras igebs? arasodes gamovxatavT protests, rode­
sac samoqalaqo samsaxurebis veteranebis Sroma fasdeba (ar aqvs mniSvneloba, oTaxSi iSromes
maT Tu brZolis velze iomes). rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebi da rogorc individebi, upirate­
sobas vaniWebT garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs, magram upiratesoba, romelsac rasobrivi
safuZveli aqvs, aRvivebs socialur daZabulobas da ganawyenebas.
samarTlianoba ar aris erTaderTi faqtori. samsaxurSi miRebisa da dawinaurebis politika
funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli ekonomikasTan. pozitiuri diskrimnaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi miiC­
neven, rom diskriminaciis es tipi disfunqciuria, radgan man SeiZleba daaqveiTos ganaTlebasa
da profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebis miRwevis standartebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ziani mia­
yenos ekonomikas. momxreebi ki amtkiceben, rom afirmatiuli aqti funqciuria, radgan is saSu­
alebas aZlevs adamianebs, gamoavlinon unar-Cvevebi, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
garda amisa, is saSualebas aZlevs rogorc studentebs, aseve dasaqmebul adamianebs, moipovon
gamocdileba da gaxdnen konkurentunarianebi saerTaSoriso bazarze. amiT isini, xels Seuwyo­
ben saarsebo standartebisa da warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis zrdas umciresobaTa sa- zoga­
doebebSi.
pozitiuri diskriminaciis garSemo mimdinare yvelaze mZafri debatebi Zalauflebas exeba.
400 wlis ganmavlobaSi TeTrkaniani amerikelebi sakuTar Zalauflebas Savkanianebis eqsplua­
taciis, maTi Rirsebis Selaxvisa da maTi identobis uaryofisaTvis iyenebdnen. samoqalaqo
uflebebis dacvis moZraobam Secvala Zalauflebis ganawileba. am moZraobis warmateba gana­
piroba SavkanianTa erTsulovnebam. isini erTad idgnen sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad, gansx­
vavebiT TeTrkanianTagan, romlebsac ar aerTianebdaT erTi idea – bevri maTgani uTanagrZnob­
da Savkanianebis brZolas. federalurma mTavrobam Zalaufleba gamoiyena da sajaro skolebi

357
gaaerTiana, xolo mogvianebiT amave Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT daiwyo pozitiuri diskrimina­
ciis ganxorcieleba, rasac dasawyisSi mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, magram samoqalaqo
uflebebis legalizaciis procesTan erTad, mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia. 1960-ian wlebSi
ekonomikis gafarToebis procesSi, sakmarisze meti samuSao adgilebis gamo, afirmatiuli aqti
SedarebiT iolad misaRwevi iyo. 1990-ian wlebSi, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis pirobebSi,
adamianebi ufro zrunaven sakuTar perspeqtivaze da naklebad nerviuloben umciresobebis an
imigrantebis gamo, ris Sedegadac, pozitiuri diskriminaciis garSemo atexili debatebi kidev
ufro gamZafrda.
1990-ian wlebSi kvlav moxda pozitiuri diskriminaciis politizireba, radgan yvelas (ara
marto TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs, aramed profesiul asociaciebs, SromiT gaerTianebebsa
da politikosebs) surs, gaimyaros poziciebi. garda amisa, am sakiTxis garSemo mimdinare de­
batebs erTgvari `politikuri sargebeli~ moaqvs _ mas yuradReba gadaaqvs saerTaSoriso ba­
zris simZlavreebsa da aSS-s ekonomikaze, romlebic mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi agdeben mo­
muSaveebs da amcireben maT molodinebs.

laTino-amerikelebi
laTino-amerikelebi anu espanurad molaparake amerikelebi sididiT meore
umciresobis jgufs warmoadgenen. sul mcire 22.8 milioni laTino-amerikeli le­
galurad cxovrobs StatebSi, sxvebi emigrantebi arian, romlebsac legalurad
cxovrebisaTvis saWiro sruli dokumentacia ar gaaCniaT (aSS-s mosaxleobis aR­
weris biuro, 1994°). gamomdinare iqidan, rom emigraciis done maRalia da amJamad
amerikaSi axalgazrda da didi ojaxebi cxovroben, laTino-amerikelTa ricxvi
swrafad izrdeba. Tu ase gagrZelda, isini afro-amerikelebsac Camoitoveben ukan
(statistikuri amonaridi, 1995).

laTino-amerikelTa mravalferovneba

`laTino-amerikeli~ ganzogadebuli cnebaa, romelic gulisxmobs laTinuri

amerikis sxvadasxva nawilidan SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva
mizeziT Camosul adamianebs. evropeli emigrantebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac
TandaTan daiviwyes mSobliuri enebi, laTino-amerikelebi agrZelebdnen espanurad
laparaks. maT sxva tradiciebis SenarCunebac moaxerxes (nelsoni da tienda, 1985).
laTino-amerikelTa umetesoba ar Seerwya dominant kulturas. emigrantTa uw­
yveti nakadi xels uwyobs tradiciebis xsovnas da Rirebulebebisadmi pativiscemas.
meqsiko-amerikelebi, anu Cikanoebi or ZiriTad kategoriad iyofian: pirvel
kategorias miekuTvnebian im espanelTa STamomavlebi, romlebic amerikis samxreT-
aRmosavleTSi amerikis mier am teritoriis dapatronebamde (rac 1848 wels gamar­
Tuli amerika-meqsikis omis Sedegad moxda) karga xniT adre cxovrobdnen.
meore jgufi ufro gviandeli emigrantebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi Camovidnen SeerTebul StatebSi sezonuri samuSaos
povnis imediT. zogi maTgani, meqsikis mTavrobasTan dadebuli SeTanxmebis Tanax­
mad, legaluri gziT Semovida StatebSi, zogierTi ki _ aralegalurad.

358
 meqsikaSi mosaxleobis zrdas Tan mohyva dasaqmebis dabali done da socia­luri
mdgomareobis gauareseba. ukeTesi momavlis povnisa da StatebSi myofi naTe­
savebis daxmarebis imediT, uamravi meqsikeli emigranti cdilobs StatebSi Camos­
vlas. ra saocaric unda iyos, isini gverds uvlian fermebiTa da ranCoebiT mdidar
samxreT-aRmosavleTs da qalaqebSi eZeben samsaxurebs mSeneblobasa da warmoeba­
Si. meqsikelebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian diskriminaciisa da Zaladobisa­
gan, radgan deportaciisa eSiniaT. garda amisa, adgilobrivi TeTrkanianebi maT,
rogorc iaf muSaxels, xelfasebis daqveiTebas miaweren. interesTa konfliqtis
erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo kaliforniaSi miRebuli kanoni, romelic aralega­
lebs ganaTlebis miRebasa da sazogadoebrivi servisebiT sargeblobas ukrZalavs.
SeerTebul Statebs puerto-riko samarTavad 1898 wels gadaeca, romelsac
manamde koloniis statusiT 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagebda. 1917 wels puerto-
rikos macxovreblebs amerikis moqalaqeoba mieniWaT, xolo 1952 wlidan kunZu­
li erT-erTi Stati gaxda. koloniad yofnis periodSi kunZulze patara fermebi
plantaciebiT Canacvlda, sadac mogvianebiT industrializaciis programa dai­
wyo. magram am programam ver SeZlo moecva kunZulis mzardi mosaxleoba. sahaero
mimosvlam gaaiola moZraoba da meore msoflio omis Semdeg kunZulis mosaxleo­
bis TiTqmis mesamedma niu-iorks miaSura samuSaos saZebnelad. puerto-rikoelebi
gansakuTrebuli emigrantebi arian: gamomdinare iqidan, rom kunZuli amerikis
erT-erTi Statia, maT mimosvlisaTvis vizebi ar sWirdebaT da, garda amisa, samSob­
losTan siaxlovis gamo, maT SeuZliaT xSirad iaron iq an samudamod dabrundnen.
kuburi warmoSobis amerikelebis umetesoba StatebSi politikuri lto­l­
vilebis statusiT Camovida. maT Tavi daaRwies fidel kastros komunistur diq­
tats. dRes kubelebi maiamis yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnikur umciresobas
warmoadgenen, romlebsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT qalaqis biznesis ganvi­
Tarebasa da politikis warmoebaSi. kubelebma daadastures, rom isini politiku­
rad yvelaze aqtiurni arian laTino-amerikel emigrantebs Soris. kubelebi ibrZ­
vian, raTa amerikam izolaciaSi moaqcios kastros reJimi. maT aseve gamoiCines
Tavi, rogorc finansurad warmate­bulma jgufma.

identobis sakiTxebi

laTino-amerikelTa sxvadasxva jgufma SeZlo zRvaris SenarCuneba ara mxolod

danarCen jgufebTan, aramed erTmaneTis SigniTac. termini `laTino-amerikeli~
(hispanis), daamkvidra aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biurom (kalderoni, 1992). am
terminma 1960-ian wlebSi Secvala meqsiko-amerikeli, romelic ufro asimilaciaze
miuTiTebda da ar usvamda xazs am kategoriis indiur fesvebs. dRes mravali ada­
miani upiratesobas aniWebs termins `laTino~ imave mosazrebis gamo.
laTino-amerikelebi sxva `identurobis krizisis~ winaSe dganan., romelic ra­
sobriv klasifikacias exeba (mesei da dentoni, 1992). bevri maTgani Sereuli ra­
sobrivi warmoSobisaa. maTi winaprebi arian TeTrkaniani evropelebi, amerikeli
indielebi, Savkaniani afrikelebi da azielebic ki. laTino-amerikul kulturaSi

359
rasa moiazreba, rogorc kontinuumi TeTrkanianidan indielamde, romelic mra­
val variacias gulisxmobs. aSS-Si ki, adamiani an TeTria an indieli, TeTrkaniani
an Savkaniani. amis Sedegad, laTino-amerikelebi ikaveben gaurkvevel pozicias eT­
nikuri da rasobriv umciresobebs Soris. erTi da imave erovnebis sxvadasxva ada­
miani SeiZleba aRiqmebodes TeTrkanianadac (ZiriTadad espanuri warmoSobisani),
da TiTqmis Savkanianad (es umTavresad exeba induri an afrikuli warmoSobis ada­
mianebs).

c x r i l i 8.3
profesiuli dasaqmebis maCvenebeli laTino-amerikuli
warmoSobisa da sqesis mixedviT, saSualo wliuri maCveneblebi, 1993w.

laTino- aralaTino-
amerikeli amerikeli

profesia ganawileba %-Si 1993 w.

mamakacebi _ 16 wlis asakisa da zemoT 100.0 100.0

menejeruli specialobebi 11.6 27.9
teqnikuri, gayidvebisa da
administraciis daxmareba 15.4 21.5
servisis sfero 16.0 10.1
xeloba, SekeTeba 19.6 18.0
operatorebi da muSebi 28.4 19.0
metyeveoba, meTevzeoba, mebaReoba 8.9 3.7

qalebi _ 16 wlis asakisa da zemoT 100.0 100.0

menejeruli specialobebi 15.4 29.8
teqnikuri, gayidvebisa da
administraciis daxmareba 40.9 42.9
servisis sfero 24.6 17.5
xeloba, SekeTeba 2.5 1.8
operatorebi da muSebi 14.8 7.4
metyeveoba, meTevzeoba, mebaReoba 1.8 0.8

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuros angariSebi P20-475, `laTino-amerikuli mo­

saxleoba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi~

dRevandeli socio-ekonomikuri statusi

laTino-amerikelebma mokrZalebul socio-ekonomikur progress miaRwies.

mxolod mcire ricxvma SeZlo, gaTanabreboda ang­lo-amerikelebs (aSS-s mosaxleo­
bis aRweris biuro, 1990b). 1993 wels, laTino-amerikelebis naxevarze odnav metma
daasrula umaRlesi skola (gansxvavebiT aralaTino-amerikelebisa da afro-
amerikelebis 80%-gan). miuxedavad imisa, rom SedarebiT moimata menejeris pro­
ziciebze dasaqmebulTa ricxvma, zogadi tendencia miuTiTebs, rom maTi umetesoba
dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSia dasaqmebuli (ix. cxrili 8.3). laTino-amerikel­

360
Ta saSualo wliuri Semosavali TeTrkanianTa wliuri Semosavlis sam-meoTxeds
Seadgens. saSualod, aralaTino-amerikelis mier gamomuSavebul 1 dolarze la­
Tino-amerikelebis mier gamomuSavebuli 63 centi modis (ix. sqema 8.5). miuxedavad
imisa, rom am umuSevrobisa da siRatakis maCveneblebi bolo xanebSi odnav gaum­
jobesda, maTi mdgomareoba gacilebiT CamorCeba TeTrkaniani amerikelebis mdgo­
mareobas. 1993 wlis monacemebiT, laTino-amerikelTa 29 procenti cxovrobda siR­
aribis zRvars miRma (gansxvavebiT aralaTino-amerikeli warmoSobis ETeTrka­nianTa
9.6%-gan) (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994w.).

im ojaxTa procentuli maCvenebeli, romelTa wliuri Semosavali 10.000 aSS dolarze naklebia

im ojaxTa procentuli maCvenebeli, romelTa wliuri Semosavali Seadgens da aRemateba

50.000 aSS dolars.

aralaTino- laTino- meqsikeli puerto- kubeli centralur sxva laTino-

amerikeli amerikeli rikoeli da samxreTamerikeli amerikuli
warmoSobis
pirebi

sqema 8.5 / laTino-amerikul qvejgufebSi Semosavlebis

ganawileba 1992
keTildReoba da siduxWire araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli
laTino-amerikul qvejgufSi.

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, mimdinare angariSebi. mosaxleobis daxasi­

aTeba, P-20, # 475 (1994), gv. 16-17

siRatakis maRali maCvenebeli gamowveulia ganaTlebis dabali doniT, Sromis

bazris axlaxans dawyebuli aTvisebiT, inglisuri enis arcodniT (catani, 1988w.).
Tumca, axalma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom am maCvenebelze rasistuli damokideb­
ulebac axdens gavlenas (telesi da murguia, 1990w.). laTino-amerikelebis gare­
gnoba cvalebadia. am jgufis wevrebs, SesaZloa, hqondeT saxis TeTri an muqi
kani. gamokvlevebis mixedviT, am jgufis muqkaniani warmomadgenlebi gacile­­biT
ufro naklebs gamoimuSaveben, vidre isini, romlebic, SesaZloa, TeTrkaniane­bad
`ga­saR­dnen~, miuxedavad maTi ganaTlebisa da saqmianobisa. TeTrkaniani laTi­
no-amerikelebi ufro metad saxloben gareubnebSi evropuli warmoSobis TeTr­
kanianebTan erTad, vidre muqkanianebi, romelTa didi raodenoba eTnikur ank­
lavebSi cxovrobs (mesei da dentoni, 1992w.).

361
mkvidri amerikelebi

mkvidr amerikelebs centraluri roli ukaviaT amerikuli folkloris ganvi­

TarebaSi. SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze bevri toponimi indiuri warmoma­
vlobisaa. mxolod indielebi warmoadgenen erTaderT eTnikur jgufs, romelic
specialuradaa moxseniebuli konstituciaSi. kanoniT, indielebi suverenuli
tomebis warmomadgenlebi arian, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, xelisufleba iSviaTad
miagebs pativs maT suverenitets.

mokle socialuri istoria

rodesac evropelebma axali samyaro `aRmoaCines~, kontineti ukve dasaxle­

buli iyo sxvadasxva tomiT _ dawyebuli agresiuli meomrebiT, damTavrebuli
mSvidobiani monadireebiT, meTevzeebiTa da fermerebiT. ori udidesi amerikuli
imperia _ inkebisa (peru) da actekebisa (meqsika) _ im dros yvelaze Zlevamosili
civilizaciebis ricxvSi idgnen.
evropelebis mosvlamde amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleoba 10 milions
ar aRemateboda (snipi, 1992w.). 1890 wels ki, rodesac mkvidrma amerikelebma Tavi­
anTi ukanaskneli saomari pozicia samxreT dakotaSi daicves, `daWril muxlTan~,
maTi saerTo raodenoba 300.000-mde Semcirda. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi faqtori,
romelmac ganadgurebamde miiyvana amerikis mkvidri mosaxleoba: pirveli da um­
Tavresi gaxldaT evropelebs Soris gavrcelebuli daavadebebi, romelTa winaaR­
mdegac indielTa tomebs imuniteti ar gaaCndaT (magaliTad, Cutyvavila, qolera,
tifi, gripi). evropelebis masobriv Semosvlamdec ki, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
didi raodenoba swored am daavadebebis gavrcelebis Sedegad ganadgurda. meore
faqtori iyo mravalricxovani omebi, ara marto evro-amerikelebTan, aramed
tomebs Sorisac, radgan Seviwrovebis Sedegad, isini iZulebulebi iyvnen, erTmane­
Tis teritoriebze gadasuliyvnen. indielTa tomebis wevrebs xSirad qiraobdnen
erTmaneTis amosaxocad. albaT 500.000-mde mkvidri amerikeli daiRupa omebisa da
brZolebis Sedegad. mesame faqtori iyo genocidi, romelic mtrul teritoriaze
iZulebiTi TavmoyriTa da winaswardagegmili masobrivi JletiT iyo gamoxatuli.
amerikaSi evropelebis mosvlamde mkvidri amerikelebi 2 miliard akr miwas
flobdnen. saukunis dasasruls, maT, vinc epidemiebs, omebsa da genocids gadaur­
Ca, Tavi mouyares, e.w. rezervaciebSi, romelTa sruli farTobi 90 milion akrs
Seadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoniT rezervaciebi damoukidebel miwebs war­
moadgenda, isini indielTa sakiTxebis biuros mier imarTeboda, iq ki, ZiriTadad,
TeTrkaniani adamianebi muSaobdnen. damoukidebeli sagareo politikis warmoebis
uflebis sanacvlod, maT indielebs federaluri saxsrebiT gamouyves skola da
jandacvis servisebi, Tumca, rogorc wesi, es servisebi ar gamoirCeoda maRali
xarisxiT da biujetsac xSirad ar hyofnida Tanxebi maT Sesanaxad. miwebis gankarg­
vis sakiTxebsac ki biuro wyvetda da Tan ise, rom mkvidri amerikelebi am gadaw­

362
yvetilebebiT xSirad wagebulebi rCebodnen (ietmani, 1992w.). maT mdgomareobas
kargad aRwers termini `Sida kolonizacia~ (snipi, 1992w.).
zogadi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mkvidri indielebi male unda gadaSenebuliyvnen.
monadireebsa da meTevzeebs xels uwyobdnen fermerebad CamoyalibebaSi, bavS­
vebs agzavnidnen skola-internatebSi, sadac maT ukrZlavdnen mSobliur enaze
laparaks. 1950-ian wlebSi iwyeba terminaciis politika, romelic miznad isaxav­
da mkvidri mosaxleobis waxalisebas _ sacxovreblad qalaqebSi gadasuliyvnen
da, aseve maTi miwebis specialuri statusis gauqmebas. amiT, evro-amerikelebma
viTomda bolo mouRes `indielTa problemas~.
Tumca, raoden gasakviric unda iyos, mkvidrma amerikelebma SeZles gaer­
Tianeba da, amave dros, tomobrivi identobebis SenarCuneba. pan-indiuri moZrao­
ba dResac yvavis da sul ufro da ufro ikrebs Zalas (snipi, 1992w.).
mkvidr amerikelTa raodenoba, romelic nela, magram stabilurad izrde­
boda, 1950-1990 wlebSi xuTjer gaizarda da 2 milions miaRwia (eSbaxi, 1995). es
maCvenebeli nawilobriv gamowveulia Sobadobis ricxvis matebiTa da sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis zrdiT. saqme imaSia, rom mkvidri amerikelebis identobasTan daka­
vSirebuli stigmis SesustebasTan erTad, bevrma indiuri an Sereuli warmoSobis
amerikelma gaamJRavna sakuTari warmomavloba.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, indielTa tomebis warmomadgenlebma sasamarT­
loSi sarCeli Seitanes da moiTxoves darRveuli xelSekrulebebis aRdgena. amis
Sedegad, sius toms 122.5 mln aSS dolari gadaeca mitacebuli `Savi mTebis~ kom­
pensaciis saxiT, xolo Puget Sound- is garSemo mcxovrebma tomebma miiRes ufle­
ba, isargeblon am tbebSi daWerili oragulis 50%-iT, rasac isini meTevzeobasa
da agrokulturis ganviTarebas axmaren. yvelze did xmaursa da ukmayofilebas
iwvevs indielTa teritoriaze gaSenebuli kazinoebisa da sxva gasarTobi biznesis
mzardi raodenoba. saqme imaSia, rom kanoni ar krZlavs indielTa teritoriebze
azartuli TamaSebiT garTobas. es faqti garSemo mcxovrebi sazogadoebis ukmay­
ofilebas iwvevs ara marto azartuli TamaSebis, aramed Sedegebis gamo (mag. pros­
titucia), romelic am saqmianobas axlavs xolme Tan.

mimdinare socio-ekonomikuri statusi

dRes 2.23 milioni mkvidri amerikeli iTvleba qveyanaSi mcxovreb yvelaze Ra­
rib umciresobaTa jgufs Soris. ganaTlebis, Semosavlebis, dasaqmebisa da janmr­
Telobis mxriv, mkvidri amerikelebi CamorCebian ara marto zogadad amerikelebs,
aramed umciresobaTa yvela jgufs (ix. sqema 8.6). mkvidr amerikelebze ubeduri
SemTxvevebis, mkvlelobis, TviTmkvlelobis, RviZlis daavadebebis, gripis, pnev­
moniisa da diabetis maRali maCvenebeli modis (zemoT CamoTvlilTagan yvela
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos alkoholis Warbi moxmarebiT) da maTi sicocxlis xan­
grZlivoba saerTo erovnul maCvenebelze 10 wliT naklebia (ietmani, 1992w.).

363
 mkvidri sikvdilobis maCvenebeli
amerikelebi, asakis mixedviT
eskimosebi da yvela
aleutebi rasa
ojaxis wevrebis
avtosagzao
saSualo ricxvi 4.6 3.8
SemTxveva

ojaxis Semosavalis
mediana $13.700 $19.900 yvela sxva
SemTxvevebi
ojaxis saSualo
Semosavali $16.500 $23.100 RviZlis qronikuli
daavadebebi
Semosavali da cirozi
erT sulze $3.600 $7.300
diabeti
siRatakis zRvars
miRma mcxovrebTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 28.2% 12.2% pnevmonia
da gripi
umaRlesi skolis
kursdamTavrebulTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 65.5% 75.2% mkvleloba

kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa
procentuli maCvenebeli 9.3% 20.3%
mkvidri amerikelebi
TviTmkvleloba
umuSevarTa procentuli
yvela rasa
maCvenebeli 13.3% 6.5%
tuberkulozi

maCvenebeli 100.000-Tvis

sqema 8.6 / mkvidri amerikelebis socio-ekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebi
mravali mkvidri amerikelis siRatake ganpirobebulia janrmTelobis aradamakmayofile­
beli mdgomareobiT, maRali riskis qceviTa da sicocxlis mokle xangrZlivobiT

wyaro: aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, statistikuri amonaridi SeerTebuli Statebis

Sesaxeb, 1994w.

aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi

1965 da 1990 wlebSi aziuri warmoSobis mosaxleoba TiTqmis aTjer gaizarda

da aseTive tempiT agrZelebs gamravlebas (gardneri, 1992w.). aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebi ara marto yvelaze mzardi eTnikuri kategoriaa amerikaSi, aramed
yvelaze mravalferovanic. 1960-iani wlebisaTvis, qveyanaSi aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebis 4 ZiriTad kategorias ganasxvavebdnen (Cinelebi, iaponelebi, kore­
elebi da filipinelebi), 1980-iani wlebisaTvis maTi raodenoba sul mcire ocdax­
uTamde gaizarda (espiritu da ongi, 1994w.). dRes 7 milioni aziuri warmoSobis
amerikeli mosaxleobis 3%-s Seadgens.

mokle socialuri istoria

Cinelebis dasavleT sanapiroze emigraciis procesi meTvramete saukunis Sua

periodidan daiwyo. am dros isini rkinigzaze muSaobdnen da saxeli gaiTqves, ro­
gorc kargma muSebma. Tumca, sarkinigzo samuSaoebis dasrulebisa da umuSevro­

364
bis maCveneblis zrdis Semdeg, TeTrkanianmebma zurgi Seaqcies Cinelebs. linCis
wesiT gasamarTleba, saxlebis gadawva da devnis sxva formebi CinelTa mimarT, im
dros iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda. 1882 wels SemoRebuli iqna kanoni, romelic
Cinelebs ukrZlavda miwis SeZenas da srulfasovani moqalaqis statusis miRebas.
Cinelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, gancalkevebiT dasaxlebuliyvnen erTad (Cinuri
kvartlebi) (vongi, 1982w.). 1965 wlis saemigracio kanonis SemoRebis Semdeg ameri­
kaSi Camosuli Cinelebis raodenobam gadaaWarba Cinuri emigraciis 80 wlis gan­
mavlobaSi Semosuli Cineli emigrantebis ricxvs. dRes 1.6 milioni Cinuri warmo­
Sobis amerikelisagan ori mesamedi taivanidan da honkongidan emigrirebulebis
STamomavlebi arian.
iaponelma emigrantebma aSS-Si Camosvla 1870-ian wlebSi daiwyes. axalmo­
sulebma gaxsnes bostneulisa da yvavilebis maRaziebi da xeli mihyves sxva wvr­
ili biznesis warmoebasac. 1924 wels Sewyda emigrantebis miReba aRmosavleT
aziidan. iaponiis mier perl-harborze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis gamo, aSS-is
xelisuflebam Suri sakuTar qveyanaSi mcxovreb iaponelebze iZia. qveynis siRrme­
Si mcxovrebi 120000-ze meti iaponeli (maT Soris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
70000 moqalaqec) dasavleTis sanapiroze specialurad SemoRobil da dacul
`relokaciis centrebSi~ moaTavses. TeTrkanianebma ki maTi miwebi miitaces da
maTi biznesic xelSi Caigdes. mxolod 1988 wels moubodiSa senatma oficialu­
rad iaponelebs adamianis uflebebis darRvevisaTvis da TiToeul im iaponuri
warmoSobis amerikels gadasca 20000 dolaris odenobis kompensacia, romlebic
datyvevebulebi iyvnen omis dros.
dResdReobiT SeiniSneba iaponeli emigrantebis ricxvis kleba, rac gan­
pirobebuli unda iyos iaponiis ekonomikis swrafi winsvliTa da, Sesabamisad,
iaponelebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebis SeTavazebiT samSobloSive. dRes aSS-Si
mcxovrebi 847000 iaponuri warmoSobis amerikeli emigrantTa mesame an meoTxe
Taobas warmoadgens. isini yvelaze ukeT asimilirebuli eTnikuri jgufia.
azieli emigrantebis yvelaze didi ricxvi dRes filipinebidan modis. Semdeg
modis korea, vietnami da indoeTi (gardneri, 1992w.).

kulturuli mravalferovneba

aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs ori mniSvnelovani faqtori ganasxvavebs Cven

mier zemoT aRwerili jgufebisgan: gansxvavebiT laTino-amerikelebisagan, rom­
lebic iziareben saerTo enas _ espanurs da saerTo kaTolikur religias, aziuri
warmoSobis amerikelebs ar gaaCniaT erTi saerTo istoria an kultura. isini sx­
vadasxva qveynidan modian da sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. maTi religiac mraval­
ferovania da moicavs budizms, qristianobas, induizmsa da islams. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, indoelebs, birmelebs, taivanelebsa da samoelebs Zalian cota ram
aqvT saerTo rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve sxva amerikelebTanac.

365
 c x r i l i 8.4
arCeuli klasisa da adgilobrivi jgufebis E
eTnikuri ganawileba, procentebSi

amerikaSi dabadebulebi sxva qveynebSi dabadebulebi

jgufi menejeri specialisti servisi operatorebi

iaponeli 62 62 8 3
Cineli 21 25 30 34
filipineli 12 8 27 19
koreeli 3 2 15 19
vietnameli 0 0 10 17

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, mosaxleobis aRwera, 1990w; anketis nimuSi (aSS-is
mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, vaSingtonis olqi).

garda amisa, axali azieli emigrantebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiTac. isini gamoirCevian maRali profesiuli warmatebiT da maT So­
ris bevria maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli. gamomdinare im gamoc­
dilebidan da profesiidan, rac maT samSobloSi hqondaT, am jgufis warmomad­
genlebi SeiZleba muSaobdnen eqimebad, inJinrebad, meddebad, ovidiantebad da a.S
(ix. cxrili 8.4).

mimdinare socio-ekonomikuri statusi

dekadebis ganmavlobaSi, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs Camou­yalibdaT

`samagaliTo umciresobis~ imiji. yvela faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, isini
gauTanabrdnen da xSir SemTxvevaSi daCrdiles kidec amerikelebis sxva jgufebi
(uiniki, 1990w.). aziuri warmoSobis ojaxebis Semosavlis mediana ufro maRalia
TeTrkaniani amerikelebisaze. am jgufis warmomadgenlebi xSirad ikaveben maRal
Tanamdebobebs da muSaoben maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi. aziuri warmoSobis
amerikeli studentebis Sedegebi ufro maRalia standartul testebSi (gansa­
kuTrebiT ki ariTmetikasa da bunebismetyvelebaSi), vidre sxva amerikuli jgufis
studentebisa. maT orjer ufro maRali Sansi aqvT, daamTavron koleji da xarisxi
moipovon. magram es statistika srul suraTs ar asaxavs.
150 wlis ganmavlobaSi azielebi (anu aRmosavlelebi) miiCneodnen `yviTel
safrTxed~: isini xasiaTdebodnen eSmak, moxerxebul, gaiZvera da arasando adamia­
nebad. meore msoflio omis dros ki maT `Sinaur mtrebs~ uwodebdnen. `yviTeli
safrTxidan~ `sanimuSo umciresobaze~ gadasvlis procesi 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo,
rodesac adgili hqonda rasobriv niadagze aRmocenebul sayovelTao mRelvare­
bas (Cani, 1995w.). moulodnelad, mediam SeamCnia, rom Cinelebisa da iaponelebis
umetesobam gza gaikvala skolebisaken, gadainacvla gareubnebSi da SeurTda

366
saSualo fenas. Tu azielebma moaxerxes winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, ratom ver
axerxeben amas sxvebi (Savkanianebi da laTino-amerikelebi)?
azielebis warmatebam daadastura amerikuli ocnebis ganxorcielebis Sesa­
Zlebloba mondomebiT, Tavdauzogavi muSaobiTa da discipliniT (suZuki, 1995w.).
Tumca am movlenas sxva axsnac SeiZleba moeZebnos: azielTa Rirebulebebi, rac
gamoixateba morCilebaSi, simSvidesa da damyolobaSi, warmoadgens mtrul ga­
re­­mos­Tan adaptaciis erT-erT saSualebas (Cani, 1995w.). aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebisaTvis ganaTlebas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva aqvs, rac SeiZleba
maTi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT iqnes axsnili. Tavdapirvelad azielebs iS­
viaTad iyvandnen samsaxurSi TeTrkaniani damsaqmeblebi da, aqedan gamomdinare,
ganaTleba socialuri mobilobis miRwevis erTaderT saSualebad rCeboda (siu da
okazaki, 1995). ufro metic, amerikul skolebSi, aziuri warmoSobis studentebs
xSirad ar aZlevdnen saSualebas, monawileoba mieRoT klasgareSe aqtivobebSi,
rac dama­tebiT stimuls aZlevda maT. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis te­
qnikuri seqtoris aRmavlobam warmoSva moTxovna kvalificiur kadrze (ZiriTa­
dad, teqnikur-samecniero sferoebSi). aqedan gamomdinare, aziuri warmoSobis
amerikelebma isargebles struqturuli mobilobiT (dasaqmebis struqturis cv­
lileba).
pozitiuri stereotipebic ki SeiZleba saSiSi aRmoCndes (kristali, 1989w.).
mosazreba, rom aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs TviTon SeuZliaT warmatebis miR­
weva, xSir SemTxvevaSi umciresobisTvis Seqmnili specialuri programebidan maTi
amoRebis safuZveli gaxda, ris Sedegadac azielebi daxmarebas ver iReben. stereo­
tipi maTi warmatebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia sxva eTnikuri jgufebis ganawyenebis
safuZveli gaxdes, rogorc es koreelebis mimarT 1992 wels los-anjelesis gamos­
vlebisas moxda (ix. Tavi 20). dabolos, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebs warmateba
iseT seriozul fasad daujdaT, rogoricaa gadaWarbebuli damyoloba, gaZliere­
buli kontroli, zewola warmatebis misaRwevad da dakarguli identoba (Cani,
1995w.). zog SemTxvevaSi, aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi SeiZleba ganxilul iyvnen
asimilaciis msxverplad. maTTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs iseTi sazogadoebrivi
molo­di­nis Camoyalibebis saSiSroeba, romelTa mixedviTac yvela danarCen jgufs
moeTxoveba aseTive moqceva, warmatebisadmi aseTive swrafva da misi miRweva ise­
Tive saSualebebiT, rogoriTac amas aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebma miaRwies.

Sejameba

1. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi erT-erTi kulturulad yvelaze mraval­

ferovani eria msoflios masStabiT. gasul wlebSi emigrantTa ricxvma imata,
rac ganpirobebulia emigrantTa Sesaxeb kanonisa da saerTaSoriso mdgomare­
obis cvlilebiT.
2. termini umciresoba exeba im jgufs, romelic ar sargeblobs Tanabari mopyro­
biT sazogadoebaSi (damoukideblad imisagan, warmoadgenen Tu ara isini ric­
xob­riv umciresobas). xSirad umciresobaTa jgufebi ganisazRvreba fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT (rasiT) an kulturuli maxasiaTeblebiT (eTnikurobiT).

367
3. rasa da eTnikuroba socialuri konstruqtebia. rasa aris is mosaxleoba,
romelic Tavis Tavs aRiqvams gansxvavebuli, Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebis
mqoned (aseTebadve aRiqmebian isini sxva adamianebis mier). eTnikuroba aris
socialuri identifikacia, romelic efuZneba jgufis kulturul maxasiaTeb­
lebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom rasis cnebas Zalian mcire biologiuri mniSvnelo­
ba gaaCnia da eTnikuroba xSirad moqnilia, orive maTgani gamoiyeneba politi­
kur instrumentad. maT SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon socialur identobaze.
4. eTnikuri politika aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme exeba iseT kul­
turul kontaqts, sadac monawileobs adamianTa is raodenoba, romlebsac
garSemomyofebi jgufis wevrebad aRiqvamen. zogjer erTi jgufi axorcielebs
politikur da ekonomikur sabotaJs meoris winaaRmdeg, rogorc kolonia­
lizmis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, erTi, ufro Zlieri jgufi imo­
nebs, devnis an acalkevebs ufro sust jgufs. ukidures SemTxvevebSi, Zlieri
jgufebi cdiloben, masobrivad gaanadguron susti jgufis wevrebi (geno­
cidi). adamianTa mxolod Zalian mcire raodenoba egueba diskriminacias da
Zaladobas udrtvinvelad. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba miiRos avtosegregaciis,
faruli aqciebis, sajaro protestisa da SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis formebi.
5. umciresobebis formaluri SezRudvebis gauqmeba ar niSnavs avtomaturad
Tanasworobis damkvidrebas. ganwyoba aris uaryofiTi an dadebiTi damokide­
buleba adamianTa garkveuli jgufis mimarT, romelic efuZneba realur da
warmosaxviT socialur maxasiaTeblebs. ganwyoba, romelic ar gulisxmobs
mxolod pirad mosazrebas, dakavSirebulia kulturul normebsa da Rire­
bulebebTan. diskriminacia socialuri qmedebaa, romelic emyareba savarau­
do gansxvavebebs jgufebs Soris.
6. jgufTa Soris damokidebuleba ar midis konfliqtamde. akomodaciis forma
moicavs integracias (Tavisuflad aRrevas), asimilacias (umravlesobis mier
umciresobis STanTqma), pluralizms (gansxvavebuli identobebis SenarCu­
neba) da multikulturalizms (kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis SenarCuneba da
pativiscema).
7. kulturulad da eTnikurad gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi iden­turobis sa­
kiTxi politikur xasiaTs iRebs. iarliyebma, romlebsac miaweren erT rome­
lime jgufs, SesaZlebelia gavlena iqonios am jgufis wevrebis gamocdile­
basa da SesaZleblobebze.
8. umciresobebs Soris emigrantebis maCvenebelisa da Sobadobis maCvenebelis
zrdidan gamomdinare, amerikis saxe TandaTan icvleba. jgufTa Soris har­
moniuli damokidebuleba dRes StatebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
odesme. magram rasobrivi da eTnikuri Tanasworobisaken mimarTuli mcdelo­
bebi mxolod nawilobriv warmatebuli aRmoCnda.
9. afro-amerikelebi qmnian yvelaze did umciresobaTa jgufs qveyanaSi. maT
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, isini kvlav mniSvnelovnad CamorCebian TeTrkanianebs Se­
mosavlis, ganaTlebisa da sxva sakiTxebis mxriv. saSualo fenis Savkanianebis

368
 ricxvis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba getoebSi gamefebuli siRaribis done.
miuxedavad gamocdilebisa da ganaTlebisa, Savkanianebi gacilebiT naklebs
gamoimuSaveben, vidre TeTrkanianebi. ufro metic, rezidentuli segregacia
(romelic gavlenas axdens ganaTlebaze, samuSaoTa qselze da a.S) iZulebuls
xdis saSualo da dabali fenebis afro-amerikelebs, miatovon qalaqebi da
SeizRudon mxolod interrasobrivi kontaqtebiT, rac xels uwyobs ganwyo­
bis warmoqmnas.
10. laTino-amerikelebma, SesaZloa, mokle xanSi ricxobrivad af­ro-amerikelebs
gauswron. laTino-amerikelebs saziaro aqvT ena, religia da Cveulebebi, rac
ganapirobebs maT gaerTianebas garkveul donemde. Tumca, meqsikelebs, kube­
lebsa da sxvebs gansxvavebuli identobebi aqvT. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis
garda, laTino-amerikelebs ganaTlebis ufro dabali done aqvT. maT Soris
maRalia umuSevrobis maCvenebeli da siRatakis done.
11. mkvidri amerikelebi warmoadgnen umciresobis yvelaze Rarib jgufs SeerTe­
bul StatebSi. erTxans mravali adamiani fiqrobda, rom indielebi TandaTan
asimilirdebodnen an Caikargebodnen ZiriTad masaSi. amis nacvlad, mkvidrma
amerikelebma SeinarCunes tradicia da amJamad garkveul winsvlas miaRwies
mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis, tomuri wesebis SenarCunebisa da ekonomikis
TvalsazrisiT.
12. aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi xasiaTdebian gamravlebis yvelaze swrafi
tempiTa da eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT. gamomdinare eTnikurobidan da
samSobloSi maTi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, zogma maTganma
StatebSic SeinarCuna warmateba, magram maT Soris arian iseTebic, romlebsac
jer kidev uwevT brZola arsebobisaTvis. dRes aziuri warmoSobis amerikele­
bi `samagaliTo umciresobad~ xasiaTdeba, rac maT moTminebasa da gamZleobas
gamoxatavs.

imsjeleT

1. CamoTvaleT is faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs daZabulobas idealebsa

da kulturul erTianobas, Semwynareblobasa da kulturul mravalferovne­
bas Soris.
2. ra ganapirobebs kulturuli da rasobrivi mikerZoebis SenaCunebas?
3. rogor ganisazRvreba umciresobebis jgufebi rasobrivi da eTnikuri mosaz­
rebidan?
4. riT gansxvavdeba dominaciisa da konfliqtis formebi?
5. rogor xdeba integracia?
6. CamoayalibeT Semdegi umciresobaTa jgufebis mokle aRwera: afro-
amerikelebi, laTino-amerikelebi, mkvidri amerikelebi da aziuri warmoSo­
bis amerikelebi.

369
 iazrovneT kritikulad

1. imsjeleT emigraciis Sesaxeb da gamoiyeneT xuTi ZiriTadi koncefciidan

sul mcire sami (socialuri struqtura, socialuri qmedeba, funqciuri in­
tegracia, Zala da kultura).
2. SeimuSaveT strategia, romelic mimarTulia ganwyobisa da diskriminaciis
donis Semcirebisaken.
3. `cecxlze Semodgmuli qoTnis~ metafora zustad ver aRwers im damokide­
bulebas, rac arsebobs SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva eTnikur da rasobriv
jgufebs Soris. moigoneT, sxva metafora, romelic ufro zustad asaxavs
Tqvens mosazrebas am urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT.
4. gamoiyeneT 5 ZiriTadi koncefciidan sul mcire sami da ganixileT am TavSi
mocemuli umciresobis romelime jgufis daxasiaTeba.
5. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom ekonomikuri Tanasworoba spobs rasobriv segregacias
SeerTebul StatebSi? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
6. ra gzebiT gaamyara pozitiurma diskriminaciam funqciuri integracia ameri­
kul sazogadoebaSi? ra SemTxvevaSi hqonda sapirispiro Sedegi? Tqveni az­
riT, ra mohyveboda mis aRkveTas Sedegd?

sityvari

afirmatiuli aqti _ konkretuli jgufis wevrebis gamo gansakuTrebuli mopy­

roba, maTi interesebis gaTvaliswineba ZiriTadad warsulSi momxdari dis­
kriminaciis gamosasworeblad
asilimilacia _ umciresobebis jgufis Serwyma dominanti jgufis kulturasa
da socialur cxovrebaSi, ise rom umciresobis warmoamdgenlebi TandaTanT
kargaven TavianT, rogorc sxva kulturis warmomadgnelebis saxes.
kolonializmi _ erTi eris ekonomikuri aneqsia meore, ufro Zlieri eris mier
da am procesis Tanamdevi politikuri da socialuri gabatoneba adgilobriv
mosaxleobaze
diskriminacia _ gariyva an eqspluatacia konkretuli jgufis wevrobis gamo. dis­
kriminacia SeiZleba iyos mizanmimarTuli an instituciuri, anu gamowveuli
iyos im socialuri institutebis xangrZlivi moqmedebiT, romelic araTana­
bar gavlenas axdens jgufebze.
eTnikuri jgufi _ adamianebis jgufi, romlebic aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs rogorc
saerTo istoriisa da kulturis mqoneebs, da aseve aRiqmebian sxvebis mier.
genocidi _ xelisuflebis mier erovnuli, rasobrivi, religiuri an eTnikuri
jgufis ganadgurebisaken mimarTul sistematuri, mizanmimarTuli mcdeloba.
instituciuri rasizmi _ rasizmi, romelic ise Rrmadaa gamjdari sazogadoebis
tradiciebsa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, rom maSinac moqmedebs, roca ar ar­
sebobs gacnobierebuli ganwyoba an mizanimimarTuli diskriminacia.

370
integracia _ daubrkolebeli interaqcia da kontaqti sxvadasxva rasobriv da
eTnikur jgufebs Soris. zogjer iwodeba `socialur~ integraciadac, raTa
ganvasxvavoT funqciuri integraciisagan.
umciresobis jgufebi _ adamianebi, romlebic gamoirCevian maT mimarT araTanas­
wori mopyrobiT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic cxovroben da romlebic sakuTar
Tavs diskriminaciis msxverplad miiCneven.
multikulturalizmi _ midgoma pluralur sazogadoebaSi cxov­rebisadmi, ro­
melic adamianebs mouwodebs, pativi scen erTmaneTs da im maxasiaTeblebs,
rac ganasxvavebs calkeul jgufebs. es mosazreba gansxvavdeba pluralizmis
sxva formebisagan, radgan gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs interaqciasa da
jgu­febs Soris Tanasworobaze.
pluralizmi _ sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis Tanaarseboba ise,
rom TiToeuli maTgani inarCunebs sakuTar kulturul identobas da so­
cialur qsels erTsa da imave ekonomikur da politikur sistemaSi monawile­
obis paralelurad.
ganwyoba (prejudice) _ kategoriuli winaswarganwyoba adamianebis mimarT (ro­
gorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri), romelic efuZneba realur an warmosax­
viT maxasiaTeblebs.
rasa _ adamianTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic sakuTar Tavebs genetikurad gansx­
vavebulad miiCneven (da aseve miiCnevian sxvebis mierac).
rasizmi _ doqtrina, rom rasebi arian biologiurad aRmatebulni an arasrul­
fasovanni.
segregacia _ jgufebs Soris kontaqtis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli tradiciuli
SezRudva an akrZalva rasis, eTnikurobis, sqesisa da asakis kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT.
monoba _ institucionalizebuli sistema, romelSic `batons~ aqvs sruli ufle­
ba, mis sakuTrebaSi myof monebs iZulebiT Seasrulebinos samuSao.
stereotipebi _ fiqsirebuli, gamartivebuli an damaxinjebuli ganzogadebebi,
romelic dakavSirebulia socialur jgufTan da mis wevrebTan da gaziare­
bulia kulturul konteqstSi.

371
372
 Tavi 9

sqesi da genderi

genderis socialuri konstruqcia

. biologia bedisweraa? . kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebebi
. genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi
. genderuli formebi Sefasebisa da msjelobisaTvis
. feministuri Tvalsazrisis Teoria

genderuli araTanasworuflebianobis formebi

. genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba samsaxurSi
. genderuli politika

CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: profesiuli segregaciis
erovnebaTaSorisi formebis axsna

373
374
 safrTxeSi yofna brZolas ar niSnavs. roca gesvrian an Tundac gklaven,
arc es aris brZola. brZola niSnavs mowinaaRmdegis moZebnas, mokvlas an
Sepyrobas. brZola mokvlas niSnavs da qalebs amis gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT!
Aaucilebelia Zala da amtanoba, amitom qalebs es ubralod ar ZaluZT.
SeiZleba Zvelmodurad CamTvaloT, magram Cemi azriT, qalis buneba ar
aZlevs mas amis saSualebas. qalebi sicocxles aZleven, ufrTxildebian,
zrunaven sicocxleze. isini ar arTmeven sicocxles. (generali robert
h. barou, citata niu-iork TaimsSi, 1991w. 21 ivlisi, gv.3)

r evoluciuri brZolebidan dawyebuli, qalebi amerikis yvela sabrZolo ope­

raciaSi monawileobdnen. dRevandel dRes yoveli aTi jariskacidan erTi
an meti qalia; 35 000 qali msaxurobda jarSi sparseTis yuris omis dros. TerTme­
ti daiRupa, aqedan xuTi brZolis dros da ori tyved aiyvanes. qalebs jer kidev
ekrZalebaT uSualod brZolis velze yofna.
amis oficialuri mizezi is aris, rom qalebi ar arian fizikurad sakmarisad
Zlierebi da naklebad SeuZliaT Tavis dacva. jariskaci qalebi amis sawinaaRmde­
god acxadeben, rom isini ukve riskaven sicocxles an tyved Cavadnas, roca komuni­
kaciebis, transportis, dazvervis Tu samedicino danayofebSi msaxuroben. garda
amisa, Tanamedrove iaraRi ufro metad gonebriv SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs, vidre
Zalas da xelCarTuli brZola Zalze iSviaTia. zogierTi kritikosi SiSobs, rom
qalebma, SesaZloa, orsulobis gamo, droze adre datovon jari, magram sparseTis
yuris omis dros, sportuli tramvis gamo, meti jariskaci tovebda jars, vidre
qali _ orsulobis mizeziT (niusviki, 1991 wlis agvisto). zogierTebi fiqroben,
rom qalebis yofna jariskacebs Soris mamakacur urTierTobas arRvevs. Tumca
eqvsTviani eqsperimenti, roca qalebi da kacebi erTad msaxurobdnen safreni apa­
ratebis mzidavze, warmatebiT dasrulda. qalebi iseve kargad msaxurobdnen, ro­
gorc kacebi da sagrZnoblad gaaumjobeses gemze saerTo atmosfero. Cven ufro
civilizebulebi gavxdiT, _ aRiara skiperma. (Taimi, 1995w. 17 aprili gv.37).
bevri qali miiCnevs, rom realuri mizezi seqsizmia – araTanabari damokide­
buleba qalisa da mamakacis mimarT sqesis gamo. kacebi ver eguebian, rom qalebi
iTavseben axal funqciebs, magaliTad, samxedro saqmes, rac manamade wminda mamak­
acur saqmianobad iTvleboda. pat Sroederi fiqrobs, rom samxedro SezRudvebs
kacebi TavianT sasargeblod iyeneben: Tavi moaqvT, TiTqos qalebis safrTxisgan
dacva undaT, sinamdvileSi ki xels uSlian dawinaurebaSi (quidleni, 1991w. gv.19).
sabrZolo SezRudva erTaderTi winaaRmdegoba ar aris, rasac qali samxe­
droebi awydebian. 1988 wlis qalebis sakiTxebis Semswavleli komisiis angariSis
mixedviT, maT yvela samxedro nawilSi zRudaven, miuxedavad Cinisa da samuSao ad­
gilisa. angariSis gaanalizebisas faiarstounma da harisma (1994) daadgines, rom
ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis manZilze respodenti qalebis 73% da mamakacebis 16%
seqsualuri devnis msxverpli yofila.
angariSis gamoqveynebis Semdeg samxedroebma mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
garkveul zomebs mimarTes, gansakuTrebiT erTi incidentis Semdeg, roca 1991
wels ramdenime qali (maT Soris oficrebi) mfrinavebis seqsualuri Zaladobis

375
msxverpli gaxda teilhukis konvenciis dros las vegasSi. gamoZiebam gamoavlina,
rom es farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. Sedegad ramdenime admirali gadadga,
zogma ki samsaxuri Seicvala.
bolo wlebSi qalebma samxedro samsaxurSi seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies.
1933 wlidan maT moipoves sabrZolo misiebze frenis ufleba; sahaero Zalebis
mdivani qalia. 1994 wlidan qalebma daikaves TiTqmis 260 000 posti, romelic ma­
namde maTTvis miuwvdomeli iyo (Tavdacvis departamentis memorandumi. 1994w. 13
ianvari). 1995 wels aSS samxedro akademiaSi, vest pointSi, pirvelad gamocxadda
qali klasis yvelaze warCinebul mowafed. is sam programaSi iyo yvelaze warmate­
buli – samxedroSi, akademiursa da fizikurSi (niu-oirk Taimsi, 1994w. 4 ivnisi).
sabavSvo baRebi samxedro bazebis nawilad iqca. eqvsi leitenantidan erTi qalia.
Tumca sabrZolo SezRudvebi karierul winsvlas xels uSlis: 30 polkovnikidan
mxolod erTia qali da 407 generlidan mxolod erTia qali (moskosi, 1990). maRali
samxedro Cinis mopoveba uSualod aris damokidebuli brZolis velze miRweul
warmatebebze. sociologiuri terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, qalebisTvis brZoleb­
Si monawileobis akrZalvis mizani maTive usafrTxoebaa, magram sinamdvileSi ki es
akrZalva miznad isaxavs qalebis karierul winsvlaSi xelis SeSlas.
genderi ufro metia, vidre biologia. es aris socialurad konstruirebuli
gansxavavebebisa da Sefasebebis krebuli, romelic Zalauflebasa da kulturas
asaxavs ise, rogorc socialur funqcias. samxedro samsaxuris magaliTi genderis
sociologiisaTvis eqstremaluri magaliTia, magram es sakiTxi cxovrebis yvela
socialur sferos exeba. genderuli gansxvavebebi socialuri struqturis erT-
erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa da am gansxavebebis SenarCuneba ZaliT
xdeba. yvela ZiriTadi koncefcia miesadageba sqessa da genders, magram sam maT­
gans Semdgom msjelobebSi ZiriTad adgils davuTmobT.

genderis socialuri konstruqcia

samSobiaro blokSi axalSobil gogonebsa da biWebs cal-calke aTavseben. ter­

mini sqesi asaxavs biologiur gansxavavebas, romelic reproduqciul funqcias
exeba. bevrad ufro bundovania is faqti, Tu rogor ibadebian adamianebi qalebad
da kacebad, ra gansazRvravs amas, Cveni biologiuri identoba Tu am biologiuri
identobis sociologiuri konstuqcia? termini genderi niSnavs arabiologi­ur,
kulturiTa da socialuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul gansxvavebas qalsa da ma­
makacs da qalurobasa da mamakacurobas Soris (laseti da breneri, 1989w. oakli,
1972w. skoti, 1998w.). roca mSoblebi pirvelad acmeven TavianT axalSobil vaJs
cisfer tansacmels an gogonas vardisfers, iwyeba bavSvis sqesobrivi identobis
so­cialurad Camoyalibeba. sazogadoeba awesebs kulturul normebs, bavSvebs ki
as­wavlian am normebis morCilebas. amgvarad, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi biologiiT
aris gansazRvruli, genderuli gansxvavebebi ki socializaciis Sedegia (ix. Tavi 5).

376
 nebismieri sazogadoeba iyenebs genders, rogorc princips, romlis mixedvi­
Tac aris gadanawilebuli movaleobebi da jildoebi socialuri cxovrebaSi qali­
sa da mamakacis rolebad. tansacmlidan dawyebuli _ karieris arCeviT damTavre­
buli, qalebi da mamakacebi gansxvavebulebi unda iyvnen. istoriulad qalebi da
mamakacebi iTvlebodnen ara marto gansxvavebulebad, aramed araTanasworebad.
TiTqmis yvela droSi da yvela adgilas is samuSao, gasarTobi, mosazreba, tradi­
cia da Rirsebac ki, romelic qalisaTvis ufro tradiciuli iyo, naklebad Ri­
rebulad iTvleboda imasTan SedarebiT, rasac mamakacebi akeTebdnen. amgvarad,
racionaluroba (rac mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad moiazreba) ufro
dadebiT Tvisebad iTvleba, vidre emociuroba (qaluri Tviseba), mudmivi Sejibri
(mamakacuri Tviseba) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sxvaze zrunva (qaluri); fulis
Sovna (tradiciuli mamakacis roli) ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre bavSvebis movla
(jer kidev, ZiriTadad, qalis movaleoba). TiTqmis yovelTvis kacebi ufro didi
ZalauflebiT, simdidriTa da privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, vidre qalebi. es
asea Tanamedrove dasavlur samyaroSic, miuxedavad socialuri cvlilebebisa.
genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba universaluri movlenaa. bevri fiqrobs,
rom mizezi, ris gamoc genderuli araTanabaruflebianoba aseTi gavrcelebulia,
biologiaa, romelic gansazRvravs Cvens fiqsirebul, ,,ZiriTad” identobas.

biologia bedisweraa?

miuxedavad biologiis rolisa, sociologebi Tvlian, rom is mkacrad ar

gansazRvravs qalur da mamakacur qcevas.
adamiani Zalian advilad adaptirebadi cxovelia, mas bevrnair garemoSi Seu­
Zlia cxovreba. sxva saxeobebTan SedarebiT Cven gvaqvs ramdenime instinqti, Tan­
dayolili qceva da gacilebiT Zlieri SesaZlebloba swavlis da cvlilebisa. ro­
gorc evoluciuri biologiis mkvlevari stefen jei gudi (1984w.) gvafrTxilebs,
martivi biologiuri Teoriebi, romlebic sqesTa Soris ,,bunebriv” gansxvavebas
usvamen xazs, Zalian xSirad miuTiTeben genderul SezRudvebze (romlebic Zalian
cotaa) da ara SesaZleblobebze (romelTa raodenobac Zalian didia).
debatebSi monawile orive mxare Tanxmdeba, rom arsebobs gasxvavebebi qalsa
da mamakacs Soris da cdiloben amis mizezebis povnas. magram sinamdvileSi sqesebs
Soris bevrad ufro meti msgavsebaa, vidre gansxvaveba; Cven ar unda vsaubrobdeT
gansxvavebebze, romelTa dasabuTeba ar xdeba mecnierulad. sqesTa gansxvavebaze
dawerili 2000-ze meti wignisa da statiis ganxilvis Semdeg, makobma da Jaklinma
(1974w.) daaskvnes, rom, faqtobrivad, ar aris gasxvaveba TviTSefasebas, motiva­
ciasa da analitikur azrovnebas Soris, aseve erTnairad reagireben qalebi da ma­
makacebi mosasmen da vizualur stimulaciaze da a.S.
Catarebuli testebi avlenen garkveul gansxvavebas: kacebi ufro agresiule­
bi arian, vidre qalebi da kacebi ufro met warmatebas aRweven vizualuri dava­
lebebis Sesrulebisas da maTematikaSi. qalebi ufro mfrTxalebi arian, vidre
kacebi da aqvT ukeTesi verbaluri SesaZleblobebi. (Jaklini, makobi, doeringi

377
da kingi, 1984w. aseve ix. haidi, 1981w. Sermani, 1978w. tavrisi da uedi, 1984w.). amas
Tavis tvinis kvlevebic adasturebs (Siavici, et.al 1995w. uitelsoni, 1992w. uit­
naubi 1991w.). mecnirebma didi xnis win icodnen, rom qalisa da mamakacis tvini
mcired gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. qalebs ufro patara tvini aqvT, magram meti
neironebi aqvT da ufro farTo xidi tvinis or nawils Soris. amiT SeiZleba aixs­
nas maTi midrekileba enebisadmi da ukeTesi intuicia. tvinis stimulacia aCvenebs,
rom kacebis tvinis im nawilSi, romelic moqmedebas marTavs, meti aqtiurobaa, rac
gansakuTrebiT agresiaSi gamoixateba, qalis tvini ki ufro aqtiuria im nawilSi,
romelic pasuxs rTul emociur gamoxatulebaze agebs.
es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom biologia marTavs tvins. realurad jer kidev
dasadgenia gansxvavebebi axalSobil vaJebsa da gogonebs Soris. amas emateba isic,
rom gogonebsa da biWebs Tavidanve gansxvavebulad eqcevian. es niSnavs, rom go­
gonebisa da biWebis nervuli sistema yoveldRiuri socialuri urTierTobis
fonze gansxvavebulad yalibdeba. gansxvaveba naklebad igrZnoba mowifulobis
asakamde, Semdeg seqsualuri mowifuloba da socialuri normebi sagZnob gansx­
vavebebs warmoSobs. mozard gogonebs xSirad aqvT dabali TviTSefaseba. skolis
maRal klasebSi gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis samyaros Soris ukve sagrZno­
bia (riCmondi-aboti, 1992w.). biologiuri faqtori garkveul rols TamaSobs am
procesSi, magram kulturuli aspeqti imdenad Warbobs, rom biologiuri faqto­
ris gavlenis gamoyofa Zalian rTulia. rogorc mexuTe TavSi vnaxeT, buneba da
aRzrda ganuyoflad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT biologiur gan­
sxvavebebze saubrisas, aris is, rom erTi sqesis adamianebis saqcielSi ufro meti
gansxvaveba SeimCneva, vidre sxvadasxva sqesis adamianebSi (bleieri 1984w. haidi
1984w. Torni 1993w.). SemTxveviTi principiT SerCeulma qalma SesaZloa bevrad
ukeT Seasrulos `mamakacuri~ saqme, vidre zogierTma kacma da piriqiT. rogorc
ukve aRiniSna bevr situaciaSi orive sqesis saqcieli erTmaneTs emTxveva. es
sakiTxi, rogorc wesi ikargeba im kvlevebSi, romlebic gogonebsa da biWebs, qa­
lebsa da mamakacebs ajgufebs. am SemTxvevaSi, imaze msjeloba, rom ama Tu im sqesis
warmomadgenels ukeT SeuZlia garkveuli saqmianobis Sesruleba, azrs kargavs.
individualuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa treiningi, xasiaTi, motivacia SeiZleba
bevrad ufro relevanturi iyos.
fsiqologiur gansxvavebebsac ki ar aqvs wminda boilogiuri axsna. mamakaci
sportsmenebi ufro swrafad darbian da maRla xtebian, vidre maTi qali kolegebi,
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amerikuli kultura, (iseve rogorc bevri sxva)
am mxriv, bevrad ufro met motivacias uqmnis da, SesaZloa, zewolasac ki axor­
cie­lebs biWebze, aRar gagvikvirdeba, rom isini ukeTes Sedegs aRweven. Tumca,
qali da kaci Cempionebis raodenoba erTmaneTs dauxlovda, radgan qalebi bevrad
ufro aqti­u­rebi gaxdnen ukanaskneli sami aTeuli wlis manZilze. (doili, 1985w.
jordani, 1983w.).
kulturuli konteqsti didwilad gansazRvravs qalis fizikur SesaZleblo­
bebs. sazogadoebebSi, romelSic ZiriTadad soflis meurneobas misdeven da qale­
bi mindorSi muSaoben, SedarebiT Zlierebic arian. aseve kultura gansazRvravs

378
imas, Tu ras aRviqvamT Cven fizikur Zalad. magaliTad, adamianebis umravlesobas
normalurad eCveneba, roca qals 15-kilogramiani bavSvi sasursaTo maRaziaSi mi­
hyavs, magram Tu igive qali maRaziidan 5-kilogramiani CanTiT gamodis, mas exmare­
bian (festermakeri, uesti da cimermani, 1991w.). amgvarad, kulturuli cvlileba,
individualuri qmedeba da kulturuli konteqsti _ yvela es faqtori moqmedebs
im nedl masalaze, rasac biologia gvaZlevs.
qalSi mxolod biologiuri faqtoris xazgasma ,,esencialisturi” poziciaa, ro­
melic qalis arss mis reproduqciul organoebSi an sxva fizikur TvisebebSi xedavs.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, genderis mravalferovnebis aRniSvna, imaze msjeloba, Tu ro­
gor gansazRvravs garemo qalad Tu kacad yofnas, `konstruqtivistur” midgomas
niSnavs. qalebs Soris msgavsebis xazgasma biologiis safuZvelze solidarobis
Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. Aman SeiZleba aseve arastabiluroba gamoiwvios. Ffemi­
nistebi dayofilebi iyvnen esencializmisa da konstruqtivizmis mixedviT (fasi,
1989w. batleri, 1990w.). sociologebis umravlesoba nawilobriv mainc konstruq­
tivistia (ix. Tavi 4 socializaciis Sesaxeb). Tumca isini aRiareben, rom socialuri
konstruqcia ver Secvlis kulturul kategoriebs an personalur Tvisebebs (kal­
houni, 1994w.). marTlac, zogierTi Teoretikosi gvafrTxilebs, rom kulturulma
konstruqciebma iseve SeiZleba aqcion genderi gansazRvrul faqtorad, rogorc
biologiis bediswerad miCnevam. rogorc judiT batleri (1990w.) aRniSnavs, aseT
SemTxvevebSi biologia ki ara, aramed kultura xdeba bediswera (gv.8).

kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebebi

mxolod biologia rom gansazRvravdes genderul Tvisebebs, Zalian mcire

iqneboda gasxvaveba genderul rolebSi sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs
Soris. Tumca aq Zalian didi gasxvavebebia. is, rasac adamianebi qalis an mamakacis
saqmed miiCneven, gansxvavebulia. amerikelebi, magaliaTad, fiqroben, rom kacebi
ufro mzad arian fizikurad mZime samuSaos Sesasruleblad, zogierT sazogadoe­
baSi ki, gansakuTrebiT saharis afrikaSi, qalebi asruleben yvelaze mZime samuS­
aos, gadaaqvT tvirTi bazarSi, Cexaven SeSas da aSeneben saxlebs. kacebi nadiro­
ben da did dros atareben saubarSi. aseve, amerikaSi eqimebis umravlesoba kacia,
ruseTSi ki piriqiT _ qali. zogierT kulturaSi kacebi arian ZiriTadad mTxro­
belebi, zogan qalebi. zogan soflis meurneoba kacebis saqmed iTvleba, sxveb­Si _
qalis, zogan qali da kaci erTad Sromobs mindorze. miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs
Tu ara Sinagani biologiuri gansxvavebebi, isini socialur cxovrebaSi did mra­
valferovnebas gulisxmoben.
anTropologi margaret midi (1935-1963w.w.) iyo pirveli, vinc im sazogadoe­
bebis Seswavla daiwyo, romelTa genderuli mowyoba gansxvavdeba Cvenisgan. axa­
li gvineis sam mezobel tomSi man aRmoaCina agresiuloba qalebSi, kacebis pasi­
uroba da Zalian mcire gansxvaveba qalisa da kacis rolebSi. rbili xasiaTis mqone
arapeSebSi orive sqesi nazi, damxmare da mzrunveli iyo. amis sawinaaRmdegod,
mundugumrebis orive sqesi daundobeli, mebrZoli da egoistia. mesame tomSi,

379
tCambuliSi, qalebsa da maT rolze Cveni warmodgenebi Tavdayira dadga. qalebi
iyvnen ZiriTadad sakvebis mompoveblebi, iparsavdnen Tavs, ar atarebdnen aranair
samkauls. kacebs ufro metad aRelvebdaT silamaze mTel dRes kopwiaobasa da
WoraobaSi atarebdnen.
mids SedarebiT eqtremaluri pozicia ekava genderis socialur konsruqcia­
sTan dakavSirebiT. is werda: bevri Tviseba, Tu yvela ara, romelsac qalurs an ma­
makacurs uwodeben, iseve naklebad aris dakavSirebuli sqesTan, rogorc tansac­
meli, manerebi an Tavsaburavi, rasac sazogadoeba drois garkveul monakveTSi ama
Tu im sqess miawers. gadamwyvet rols aq sazogadoeba asrulebs (CafezSi, 1970w.
gv.260). arc erT sociologs ar sjera, rom biologia aris mTlianad ganmsazRvre­
li genderuli rolebisa. bevri Tvlis, rom sxvadasxva kulturebs gacilebiT
ufro meti aqvs saerTo am TvalsazrisiT, vidre es midma aRwera.
rogorc adre vaxseneT, TiTqmis yvela sazogadoeba ufro afasebs im Tvise­
basa da saqmeebs, romelic mamakacis damaxasiaTeblad iTvleba (Cafez, 1984w.). midi
(1928-1968w.w.) wers, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor aris saqme gadanawilebuli,
kacis saqme ufro mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, qalis saqme ki ufro rutinulia. maga­
liTad, inglisSi samrewvelo revoluciamde rTva qalis saqmed iTvleboda da
qsova _ kacis, qsovaSi ufro mets ixdidnen. roca sarTveli manqana gamoigones,
mama­kacebma masze pretenzia gamoacxades, radgan ganviTarebuli teqnologiebi
TavianT privilegiad miaCdaT, Tanac manqaniT momuSaveebs mets uxdidnen, vidre
xeliT mrTvelebs. roca es saqmianoba nel-nela naklebad saWiro gaxda masSi,
ufro meti qali maSin CaerTo. (pinCbeki, 193; tompsoni, 1968).
sxvadasxva kulturebis Sedareba cxadyofs mravalferovnebas, sxvadasxva
kulturebi sxvadasxva raRaceebs miiCneven qalisa da kacis maxasiaTeblebad. ar
arsebobs kacuris erTi gansazRvreba (fasi, 1989w.), magram yvela sazogadoeba an­
sxvavebs qalursa da mamakacurs. istoriulad kacebi dominirebdnen, radgan fizi­
kurad ufro Zlierebi iyvnen _ es biologiuri gansxvavebaa. rac ufro didxans
grZeldeboda es dominanturi mdgomareba, miT ufro meti saSualeba hqonda kacs
da ufro izrdeboda araTanabaruflebianoba. kacebis dominanturoba socialuri
struqturis Semadgeneli nawili gaxda, rasac kulturuli normebi da Rirebule­
bebic uwyobs xels iseve, rogorc fizikuri Zala an Zalaufleba.

genderuli rolebi da stereotipebi

genderze Cveni Sexedulebebis umravlesoba saTaves 50-iani wlebidan iRebs,

Cveni sazogadoebisTvis es istoriulad uCveulo periodia. Oekonomikis ayvavebisa
da demografiuli cvlilebebis fonze, roca Statebis mosaxleobis umravlesobas
SesaZlebloba hqonda sakuTar saxlSi ecxovra, kaci aq, ZiriTadad, Semomtani iyo,
qali ki daisaxlisi, romelic Svilebis (2.4) aRzrdiT iyo dakavebuli.

380
 miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian bevri qali muSaobs da bevri samuSao adgili, ro­
melic adre mamakacebis saqmianobad Tvleboda, qalebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gax­
da, is socialuri moTxovnebi da genderuli rolebi, romlebic 50-ian wlebSi Camo­
yalibda, dResac idealurad iTvleba. genderuli rolebi aris garkveuli qceva,
damokidebuleba, movaleobebi da privilegiebi, romelTac sazogadoeba TiToeul
sqess miawers. genderuli rolebi sakmaod adre iCenen Tavs gogonebisa da biWebis
TamaSebSi. biWebi ufro agresiul TamaSebs irCeven da saTamaSo moedans TiTqmis
mTlianad ikaveben, gogonebi ufro pasiurad TamaSoben, magaliTad, TojinebiT an
Tokze xtunaven (Torne, 1993w.). genderuli rolebi efuZneba genderuli stereo­
tipebis krebuls, romlis sawinaaRmdegod gamodian sociologebi da qalTa moZ­
raobis wevrebic (riCmond aboti, 1992w.; golomboki da fivuSi, 1994w.).
genderuli stereotipebi gamartivebulia, magram mkacrad dadgenilia da kul­
turuli, gaZlierebulia Sexedulebebi qalisa da mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. isini xels uwyoben genderuli rolebis SenarCunebas imis xazgas­
miT, Tu romeli saqmianoba Tu movaleobaa qalisa Tu mamakacisaTvis ,,bunebrivad”
damaxasiaTebeli. 1990 wels Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom aTidan TiTqmis
eqvsi respodenti ambobda _ qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT gansxvavebuli pirovnuli
Tvisebebi, interesebi da SesaZleblobebi. cxrili 9.1 aCvenebs gansxvavebul maxasi­
aTeblebs, romlebsac amerikelebi miaweren sxvadasxva sqess.

cxrili 9.1
ramdenad gansxvavebulad Tvlian sqesebs
qalebi da mamakacebi

SekiTxva: axla minda gkiTxoT qalebsa da kacebs Soris ufro konkre­

tul gansxvavebebze. yovel maTganze, rasac wavikiTxav, miTxariT es
mamakacisTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tu qalisTvis?

15 mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba:

jami kacebi qalebi
1. agresiuli 64% 68% 61%
2. Zlieri 61 66 77
3. amayi 59 62 55
4. araorganizebuli 56 55 57
5. mamaci 54 55 53
6. Tavdajerebuli 54 58 49
7. damoukidebeli 50 58 43
8. ambiciuri 48 51 44
9. egoisti 47 49 44
10. logikuri 45 53 37
11. advilad saurTierTo 44 48 40
12. momTxovni 43 39 46
13. mesakuTre 42 38 45
14. sasacilo 40 47 34
15. saRad moazrovne 39 46 34

381
15 qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba
jami kacebi qalebi

1. emociuroba 81% 79% 83%

2. bevri laparaki 73 73 74
3. mgrZnobiare 72 74 71
4. mzrunveli 66 69 64
5. momTmeni 64 60 68
6. romantiuli 60 59 61
7. uxasiaTo 58 63 52
8. frTxili 57 55 9
9. SemoqmedebiTi 54 48 60
10. xelmomWirne 52 51 53
11. manipulatori 51 54 48
12. gulwrfeli 42 44 41
13. kritikuli 42 43 41
14. bednieri 39 38 39
15. mesakuTre 37 43 32

wyaro: linda destefano da daiane kolasanto, `1975 welTan SedarebiT dRevandel amerikel
mamakacTa umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom ukeTesi seqsi aqvs~ 1990 w. TeEbervali gv. 29.

Ggenderuli rolebi da stereotipebi aZliereben erTmaneTs. stereotipebi

asaxaven imas, Tu ras unda akeTebdnen sxdasxva sqesis warmomadgenlebi. yovel­
dRiuri xilva imisa, rom adamianebi tradiciul saqmianobas ewevian, aZlirebs im
azrs, rom genderuli stereotipebi Rirebulia. magaliTad, Cven vTvliT, rom
kacebi ufro Zlierebi da mebrZolebi arian da amitom ufro metad SeeferebaT
policiaSi muSaoba; roca vxedavT, rom marTlac po­licielebis umravlesoba ka­
cia, Cven vaskvniT, rom Cveni stereotipi marTebulia. radgan, Cven Zalian iSvia­
Tad vxedavT qalebsa da kacebs aratradiciul rolSi, naklebad gvaqvs Sansi Se­
vicvaloT Sexedulebebi. amgvarad, Cven migvaCnia, rom policieli qali da mama,
romelic saxlSi zis, gamonaklisia. TandaTan meti qali iwyebs mamakacis saqmis
Sesrulebas da piriqiT es stereotipebi sadao xdeba. Tumca, stereotipebi jer
kidev warmoSoben rolebis konfliqts _ anu winaaRmdegobas im moTxovnebs So­
ris, romelic ama Tu im rolTan asocirdeba _ es exeba qalsac da mamakacsac.
rolebis konfliqti problemebs warmoSobs im qalebisaTvis, romlebic cdi­
loben dedoba da kariera erTmaneTs SeuTavson. is qalebic ki, romlebic amas
warmatebiT axerxeben, iSviaTad arian dawinaurebis kandidatebi. mamoba ar iwvevs
aseT Sedegs samsaxureobrivi TvalsazrisiT da ar qmnis rolebis konfliqts. marT­
lac, rac ufro warmatebulia kaci, ufro meti Sansia, rom is iyos daqorwinebuli
da hyavdes ojaxi, qalebisaTvis es piriqiTaa (ehrenrihi da ingliSi, 1989w.). qale­
bi, romlebic gadawyveten, ar gaaCinon bavSvi, gariyulebi arian sazogadoebidan
(fiSeri,1991w.).
ufro met stress ganicdian qalebi rolebis konfliqtis Sedegad. Tumca arian
Tu ara zogadad qalebi ufro metad stresis qveS, vidre mamakacebi? SesaZloa,es
ase Cans imitom, rom qalebi ufro metad gamoxataven emocias, kacebi ki sxvagvarad

382
gamoxataven stress, magaliTad, gabrazebiT. mirovskim da rosma (1995w.) gaiTva­
liswines es SesaZlebloba, rodesac stresis SeswavliT iyvnen dakavebulebi, ro­
melic sevdaSi, gaRizianebaSi, arakeTilganwyobasa da tkivilSi gamoixateboda.
maT daadgines, rom qalebi aranakleb xSirad gamoxataven sibrazes stresis Sede­
gad. aseve daadgines, rom qalebi daaxloebiT 30%-iT ufro xSirad arian stresis
msxveplni, vidre kacebi. es ar niSnavs, rom kacis roli amerikaSi stresisgan Tavi­
sufalia. araadekvaturobis SiSi da warumatebloba kacebisaTvis stresis mTa­
vari wyaroa. kacebi iZulebulebi arian yovelTvis aCvenon, rom arian Zlierebi da
mamacebi. genderuli stereotipebi xels uSlis kacebs, gamoxaton siTbo da sinaze
TavianT colebTan da SvilebTan an orive sqesis megobrebTan. kacs moeTxoveba,
rom iyos mkacri da mudmivad aCvenos sakuTari upiratesoba, amis dadastureba mas
xSirad agresiuli qceviT, zogjer ZaladobiTac ki uwevs. kacis roli Tavs iCens
janmTelobis sakiTxSic. Kkacis cxovrebis saSualo xangZlivoba rva wliT nakle­
bia, vidre qalis da kacebi ufro xSirad xdebian gulis Setevis, stresTan dakav­
Sirebuli daavadebebis da alkoholizmis msxverplni (ix.Tavi14).
orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi xSirad gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas tradiciu­
li genderuli rolebiT, Tumca es rolebi ar icvleba. kacebis umravlesoba isev
irCevs tradiciulad mamakacur saqmianobas; qalebis umravlesoba isev uvlis
saxls da bavSvebs maSinac ki, roca srul ganakveTze muSaobs. Mmagram, aRniSnavs
patricia hil kolinsi (1991), _ Cvens xasiaTs sxvadasxva identoba gansazRravs,
maT Soris sqesi, rasa, socialuri fena, religia da seqsualuri orientacia – es
yvelaferi mainc gansxvavebebs gulisxmobs. Mmokled, Cvens gansxvavebebsac ki aqvT
gansxvavebebi.

genderuli formebi Sefasebisa

da msjelobisaTvis

yvela genderuli gansxvaveba stereotipi ar aris; mravali gansxvaveba realu­

rad arsebobs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is ar aris Tandayolili. magaliTad, femi­
nisti mecnierebi xazs usvamen im faqts, rom msjelobaSi qalebs Rirebuli wvlili
SeaqvT, roca dgeba moralis Sesaxeb sakiTxi (benhabibi da korneli, 1986w. gili­
geni, 1982w.). roca kacebi saerTod cdiloben msjeloba mcire raodenobis naTel
da zogad principebze daiyvanon, qalebi iTvaliswineben ufro farTo konteqs­
tualur faqtors. kacebi ufro naklebad scdebian mocemul CarCoebs maSin, roca
qalebi mzad arian ganixilon sxva SesaZleblobebi.
erTi kargad cnobili kvleva naTlad aCvenebs moralze msje­lobebSi arsebul
am gansxvavebebs. kolbergi (1969w.) warmoaCens problemebis serias da svams SekiTx­
vas: rogor unda gadawydes es SemTxvevebi? erT-erT SemTxvevaSi kaci ver yidu­
lobs wamals, romelic gankurnavs mis momakvdav cols. sakmarisi fulis sesxebas
ver axerxebs, gamyidveli ki fass ar aklebs. kaci SeiWreba afTiaqSi da iparavs wa­
mals. swori iyo Tu ara misi saqcieli? da ratom? kacebi am kiTxvaze pasuxad samar­
Tlianobis zogad principebze saubroben da amboben, rom kaci arasworad moiqca.

383
qalebi ufro xSirad sapirispiro pasuxisken ixrebian, amave dros bevr detalur
SekiTxvas svamen da zogjer gvTavazoben gamosavals, romelic SekiTxvaSi mocemu­
li ar aris (magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes programa, romliTac moxda
wamlebis darigeba gaWirvebuli adaminebisTvis). qalebis pasuxebi ganpirobebulia
konkretuli konteqstiT, urTierTobiT, sxvaze zrunvis ideiT da ara zogadi mo­
sazrebebiT samarTlianobasa da Tanabaruflebianobaze. kolbergi Tavdapirvelad
am gansxvavebas ganixilavda cudisa da kargis dapirispirebis kuT­xiT, man daaskvna,
rom kacebi moralurad ufro maRla idgnen. Tumca, sagulisxmoa karol giliganis
(1987w.) naTqvami, rom mzrunvelobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetileba aranakleb Ri­
rebulia, vidre samarTlianobaze. erT situacias ori mxare sxvadasxvagvarad uy­
urebs sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
benhabibi (1986w.) moralur xedvaSi arsebul gansxvavebebs jorj herberts
midis sociologiur TeoriasTan akavSirebs. moralur konteqstSi am dros ga­
nixileba `viRac sxva~ anu es niSnavs zogadad viRacaze fiqrs da ara konkretul
adamianze. ganzogadebuli magaliTebi mniSvnelovania adamianTa uflebebis
konteqstSi. ra xdeba maSin, roca saqme Seexeba konkretul pirovnebas? Tu Cven
vifiqrebT, zogadad adamianze, _ aRniSnaven benhabibi da giligani, _ mxedve­
lobidan gamogvrCeba socialuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi elementi, rogoricaa Tana­
grZnoba da sxvaze zrunva. meore TvalsazrisiT, `konkretuli sxva~ anu konkre­
tuli adamianis konkretuli situaciis danaxva, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
istoriiTa da unikalurobiT (imis xasgasma Tu ra gangvasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan)
ufro saWiroebebisken ixreba, vidre uflebebisken. moraluri principebi, rom­
lebsac am poziciamde mivyavarT, aris pasuxismgeblobis, urTierTobis da sxvaze
zrunvis SegrZneba. rogorc giligani da benhabibi amboben, gansxvaveba naklebad
aris ganviTarebis problema, saqme gvaqvs gansxvavebul, magram erTnairad Rire­
bul or mosazrebasTan, genderi seriozul rols TamaSobs TiToeulis azrovnebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
Rirebulebebis sakiTxis Kkidev erTma kvlevam, sagrZ­nobi gansxvaveba warmo­
aCina amerikel mozardebs Soris. ana beuteli da margaret marini (1995w.) iyeneben
kiTxvarebs, romlebic skolis damamTavrebeli klasis moswavleebma Seavses 1977-
dan 1991 wlamde, mizani maTi Rirebulebebisadmi damokidebulebis, Sedarebis un­
aris, meterializmis da cxovrebis azris Ziebis SesaZleblobis Sefaseba iyo. aR­
moCnda, rom qalebi amJRavneben bevrad met pasuxismgeblobasa da mzrunvelobas,
naklebad afaseben materializmsa da konkurencias da fiqroben, rom cxovrebis
azris povna mniSvnelovania. es gansxvavebebi Tavs Semdegac iCenen, maSinac ki,
roca qalebi imave sferoSi cdiloben karieris gakeTebas, romelSic kacebi.
cxadia, rom zogierTi gansxvaveba biologiis Sedegia, danarCeni ki kulturis.
Znelia sazRvris gavleba, nawilobriv imitom, rom biologia da kultura ikveTeba
yvela individualur SemTxvevaSi da maTi mTlianad gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia.
Aaseve aRsaniSnavia, rom mxolod imitom, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi kulturu­
li konstruqciiT aris gamowveuli, maTi Secvla advilia. isini SeiZleba Zalian
Rrmad iyo gamjdari pirovnebebSic da kulturaSic.

384
feministuri Tvalsazrisis Teoria

rogorc aRvniSneT, qalebi gasxvavdebian kacebisagan Rirebulelebebis Se­

fasebaSi, Aaseve maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gansxvavdeba kacebisagan, isini
metad orientirebulni arian ojaxze, vidre socialuri cxovrebis politikur
Tu karierul nawilze, amave dros qalebi naklebad Zlierebi arian fizikurad
da ekonomiurad. zogierTi sociologi feministi svams kiTxvas, ra pozicia unda
hqondes am SemTxvevaSi sociologias? (smiTi 1990).
kanadeli sociologi DdoroTi smiTi aRniSnavs, rom sociologia, rogorc
disciplina Camoyalibda mamakacTa samyaros sqemebze, meTodebsa da Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT. qalebi iZulebulebi iyvnen dayrdnobodnen kacebis codnas da gamo­
eyenebinaT maTi terminebi da Sexedulebebi. qalebi imarTebian am sociologiuri
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, radgan sociologebi arian imaT Soris, vinc adgens we­
sebs, romliTac Cven vimarTebiT.
smiTs surs, rom qalebi iyenebdnen TavianTi insaideris pozicias da asrulebd­
nen fasilitatorisa da mediatoris rols mamakacur samyaroSi, es iqneba axali
gamocdileba sociologiisTvis, romelic pirad gamocdilebas daefuZneba da ara
zogad Teoriebs. rogorc is ambobs, qalebis piradi gamocdileba Cven erTi nabi­
jiT ukan dagvwevs, saidanac SevxedavT sociologiis pretenzias, iyos cxovrebis
amsaxveli, maSin roca is Cvens realur SiSebs ver asaxavs. (1990w. gv.27). magram smiTi
aseve aRiarebs, rom mxolod piradi gamocdileba ver iqneba sociologiis safuZve­
li, mainc saWiroa ganzogadeba, socialuri urTierTobebis gaanalizeba, romlebic
Cvens cxovrebas gansazRvraven. qalebma kacebisagan gansxvavebiT daiwyes praqti­
kuli, saR azrze dafuZnebuli codniT, romelsac SeuZliaT daamaton sociologiis
konceptua­luri codna. kacebma amis sawinaaRmdego unda gaakeTon, anu realuri ga­
mocdilebiT gaamdidron praqtikuli codna, magram isini amas ar gaakeTeben, radgan
arsebuli Zalaufleba da Sromis ganawileba maT sasargeblod aris mowyobili.
smiTi Semdeg cdilobs feministuri sociologiis safuZvlad qalebis konkre­
tuli cxovreba daasaxelos. am kuTxiT is iziarebs giliganis mosazrebas konkre­
tulsa da specifiurze, rac qalebis moralisadmi damokidebulebaSi Cans. femi­
nisturi mosazreba eyrdnoba garkveul pirobebs, praqtikul qmedebebs da qalebis
cxovrebis socialur urTierTobebs _ ara marto sociologi qalis gamocdile­
bidan, aramed im adamianebisac, romelTa cxovrebasac is swavlobs.

genderuli araTanasworuflebianobis
formebi

genderuli rolebi axla bevrad ufro gaxsnilia, vidre Tundac erTi TaobiT
adre iyo. dRes qalebi bevrad ufro meti TanasworobiT sargebloben, vidre maTi
dedebi an bebiebi. Tumca uTanasworoba arsebobs da es exeba yvelas, qalebsac da
kacebsac.

385
 zogierTi uTanasworoba modis jer kidev im droidan, roca qalebs ar hqondaT
SesaZlebloba, kacebis msgavsi ganaTleba mieRoT. magaliTad, 1993 wels univer­
siteti damTavrebuli hqonda qalebis 19, xolo kacebis _ 25%-s. es gansxvaveba
Seivso axali studentebiT da 1993 wels 55% studentebisa iyo qali (10 wliT adre
iyo 44% ). Tumca Tanabari ganaTleba samuSao adgilas Tanabar gadanawilebas ar
niSnavs: 1992 wels universitetis kursdamTavrebuli qali weliwadSi daaxloebiT
30394$-s gamoimuSavebda, kaci ki _ 41406$-s (aSS Sromis departamenti).

genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba samsaxurSi

qalebis Sesvla anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi `Cveni drois ZiriTad socialur

revoluciad~ moinaTla (hoSildi, 1989w. gv.249). saxlis gareT momuSave qalebis
rao­denoba izrdeba saukunis dasawyisidan, Tumca bolo wlebSi zrda Senelda (sqe­
ma 9.1). yvelaze didi cvlileba moxda saSualo fenis TeTrkanian qalebSi, radgan
Savkaniani da sxva umciresobis warmomadgeneli qalebis umravlesoba isedac mu­
Saobda saxlis gareT (vudsi, 1989w.).

sqema9.1 / fasian kadrebSi amerike­

li qalebis procentuli maCvene­
beli 1950 da 1993 wlebis monace­
mebiT
1950 wlis Semdeg ramodenime aT­
wleulis ganmavlobaSi, mo­muSave
qalebis procentulma maCvene­
belma SesamCnevad imata. gansa­
kuTrebiT STambeWdavia momuSave
dede­bis raodenobis mateba.

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRwe­

ris biuro, SeerTebuli Sta­tebis
statistikuri amonaridi, 1994w.

ram ganapiroba qalebis gaaqtiureba samuSao adgilebze? servisis samsaxurebi,

sadac ZiriTadad qalebi msaxuroben, gafarTovda. amasTanave, kacebis xelfasebma
iklo da saWiro gaxda sxva Semosavali. ganqorwinebebis didma raodenobam qalebi
iZulebuli gaxada xelfasze ezrunaT. dabolos, Seicvala damokidebuleba mo­
muSave colebis mimarT. 1993 wels qalis mier samsaxuris dawyebis ideam, im Sem­
TxvevaSic ki, Tu qmars misi uzrunvelyofa SeeZ­lo, farTo mowoneba daimsaxura
mamakacebis 86%-Si maSin, roca 1938 wels amas mamakacTa mxolod 22% iwonebda.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi qalebis raodenoba samuSao adgilebze gan­sx­va­vdeba. (res­
kini da padavici, 1994w.). im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mkacri dayofaa, magaliTad,
musulmanur qveynebSi, momuSave qalebis raodenoba naklebia. aramusulmanur
ganviTarebad qveynebSi kacebi axdenen maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris monopo­
lizebas (rogorc es adre dasavlur samyaroSi xdeboda). ganviTarebul qveynebSi,

386
samsa­xurebSi momuSave qalebis raodenoba TiTqmis utoldeba kacebisas, gansa­
kuTrebiT skandinaviur qveynebSi. yvelaze mcire gasxvaveba yofil komunistur
da socialistur qveynebSi gamovlinda, sadac ideologiuri tradicia ambobs,
rom yvela janmrTeli adamiani unda muSaobdes. genderuli gansxvavebebi saqmeSi
monawileobis TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan gvexmareba davadgi­
noT qalisa da mamakacis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da gansxvaveba siRaribis do­
neSi. 1991 wels aSS-Si qalebis 30% ufro Raribi iyo, vidre kacebi.
rogor gamoiyureba samuSao adgili im qalebisaTvis, romlebic ukve muSa­o­
ben? is, rogorc wesi, araadekvaturad aris mowyobili saxlSic da sazRvagare­
Tac, miuxedavad Secvlili damokidebulebisa da ukanasknel aTwleulebSi gaCe­
nili SesaZleblobebisa. problemebs Soris, romlebsac qalebi awydebian, aris:
samu­Saos gayofa kacisa da qalis saqmed, Sualedebi xelfasebis gadaxdas Soris,
Seferxebuli dawinaureba, genderuli mikerZoeba da devna samsaxurSi. amasTanave,
qalebi saxlSi `meore cvlaSi~ muSaoben. (kacebis Zalian mcire nawili imave prob­
lemebs awydeba).

segregacia samuSao adgilze

aSS-s sensus biuro aRricxavs, ramdeni qali da ramdeni kaci muSaobs 500 met sx­
vadasxva sferoSi. es monacemebi 1990 wliT TariRdeba (raskini da padaviCi, 1994w.).

qalebis umravlesoba muSaobs qalur sferoSi (ix. cxrili.9.2)

xuTidan sami qali muSaobs klerkad, servisis samsaxurSi, vaWrobaSi;
kacebis ori mesamedi muSaobs menejerad, profesionalad, operatorad
(sonerson, 1994w.)
qalebis erTi mesamedi muSaobs 503-dan 10 sferoSi.
yvelaze xSirad qalebi muSaoben im sferoebSi, sadac muSaobdnen 1940
wels.
mxolod 11% qalebisa muSaobda sferoebSi, sadac sul mcire 75% kaci
iyo dasaqmebuli.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalebi, faqtobriv, gamijnulebi arian da im sfe­

roebSi muSaoben, romelsac bevrma `qaluri saqme” uwoda. okupaciuri segregaci­
is arseboba kargad Cans statistikur monacemebSi, romelsac segregaciis indeqsi
ewodeba. qalebi da kacebi rom Tanabrad iyvnen gadanawilebulebi, indeqsi nuls
gviCvenebda; mTliani dayofa ki 100 mogvcemda. 1990 wels indeqsi iyo 55, rac niS­
navda, rom qalebis 55% unda gadasuliyo mamakacur sferoebSi, raTa indeqsi nuls
gatoleboda.
ukanaskneli ramdenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi okupaciurma segregaciam daiwia.
1970-dan 1990 wlamde indeqsi 11 punqtiT Camovida. qalebma muSaoba daiwyes iseT
sferoebSi, romlebic manamde mamakacurad iTvleboda, magaliTad, bankis mene­
jeris, barmenis, dazRvevis muSakebis, avtobusis mZRolebis adgilebze. ZiriTa­
dad, es cvlilebebi xdeboda im fonze, rom msgavsi samuSaoebi naklebad mimzidve­

387
li iyo mamakacebisaTvis da damqiravebels mamakaci TanamSromlebis nakleboba
afiqrebda. zogierT SemTxevevaSi mamakacuri sferoebi mTlianad qaluri gaxda,
maga­liTad, bankis TanamSromlebi da telefonis operatorebi qalebi arian. roca
es xdeba, segregaciis indeqsi zemoT iwevs. zogierTi qali erTi sferodan meoreSi
moZraobs, Tumca mainc ufro xSirad qalur sferoSi rCeba.

c x r i l i 9.2

samuSao Zalis genderuli segregacia (amorCeuli samsaxurebi)

1994 wlis monacemebiT

dasaqmeba

mdivani 3.397 98.9%

mimRebi 931 96.4
buRalteri 1.829 91.9
bankis molare 441 90.4
kompiuteris operatori 546 60.6
programisti 549 29.3
gayidvebis supervaizeri 4.443 37.5
gamyidveli 6.440 66.1
medda 1.956 93.8
dantisti 97 100.0
bavSvebis momvleli 286 97.3
damlagebeli an mosamsaxure 500 95.8
oficianti 1.446 78.6
mkeravi-memanqane 619 86.0
kerZOo warmoebis TanamSromeli 3.921 23.9
meqanikosi an SemkeTebeli 4.419 4.5
durgali 1.265 1.0
mexanZre 210 2.1
policieli da gamomZiebeli 968 15.6
satvirTo manqanis mZRoli 2.815 4.5
piloti an navigatori 104 2.6

wyaro: aSS-is Sromis, dasaqmebisa da gamomuSavebis biuro, 1995 wlis ianvari,

cxrili II. gv. 175-180

mTavari problema okupaciur segregaciaSi aris is, rom warmoSobs gansxvave­

bas xelfasSi. qalis SromaSi naklebs ixdian, vidre mamakacisaSi (ix. sqema 9.2). dRes
qalebi iReben mamakacebis Semosavlis 70%. yovel 10 000 dolarze, romelsac qali
iRebda 1990 wels, mamakacis 14. 306 dolari modioda. daaxloebiT 27% iyo gansxva­
vaveba qalisa da mamakacis mier gamomuSavebul fuls Soris (sorensoni, 1994).
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca dabali statusis kacis samuSaos va­darebT qalis sam­
saxurs, qalebi mainc naklebs gamoimuSaveben. mke­ravebi, magaliTad, xaliCis mrTve­
li mamakacebis xelfasis naxevarze odnav mets iReben. is mamakacebic ki, romlebic
qalur samuSaos asruleben, mets gamoiumuSaveben, vidre maTi qali kolegebi. ga­
naTleba am problemas ver agvarebs. saSualod universitetdamTavrebuli qali

388
naklebs gamoimuSavebs, vidre skolis diplomis mqone mamakaci. umciresobis war­
momadgeneli qalebi orjer ufro wamgebian poziciaze arian: saSualod Savkaniani
qali srul ganakveTian samuSaoze imaze mets ar iRebs, vidre TeTrkanianebi, rom­
lebmac skolis damTavreba ver SeZles (rodi, 1990 w).

sqema 9.2 / xelfasebis Sefardeba qalebsa

da mamakacebs Soris 1955-1991 wlebSi
qalebis anazRaureba yovel­Tvis CamorCe­
boda mama­ka­cebis anazRaurebas. 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, qa­­lebis anazRaureba
xelfasebis Sefardeba

55%-iT naklebi iyo mamaka­cebisaze, 1990-

ian wlebSi am maCvenebelma 70%-s miaRwia.

wyaro: ilein sorensoni `SedarebiTi Rire­

buleba: aris Tu ara es Rirseuli politi­
ka? (prinstonis universitetis gamomcem­
loba, 1994 weli) ~

istoriulad Savkaniani qalebi yvelaze metad iyvnen segregirebuli samuSao

adgilebze, ZiriTadad maT iseT dabalanazRaurebad da araprestiJul saqmeebze
uwevdaT muSaoba, rogoricaa saxlis momvleli, qarxnis an mindvris muSa. 1970
wlis antidiskriminaciuli muxliT Savkaniani qalebis mdgomareoba sagrZno­
blad gaumjobesda. 1985 wlisaTvis isini TeTrkaniani qalebis TiTqmis 90%
gamoimuSavebdnen. yvelaze SesamCnevi cvlilebebi ki mTavrobaSi, sazogadoebriv
marTvaSi, transportisa da komunikaciebis, aseve jandacvis, ganaTlebis da so­
cialur servisis sferoSi moxda. Tumca yvelas Tanabrad ar usargeblia: zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Savkanianma qalebma qvemoT gadainacvles nakleb anazRaurebad samu­
Saoze, TeTrebma ki _ zemoT. Tumca, mTlianobaSi Savkaniani qalebis mdgomaroeba
gaumjobesda statusisa da Semosavlis mxriv. Mmagram es xdeboda im fonze, roca
Savkaniani mamakacebis dasaqmebam iklo da qalebi ojaxSi erTaderTi Semomtanebi
gaxdnen. 1993 wels ojaxebi, romlebsac Savkaniani an laTinuri warmoSobis qalebi
inaxavdnen, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT cxovrobdnen (Tanamedrove mosaxleobis an­
gariSi 1995w.).
okupaciuri segregacia da xelfasis diskriminacia globaluri fenomenia
(gaero, 1991w.). TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi arsebobs segregacia samuSao adgilze
sqesis mixedviT, Tumca qveynebs Soris arsebobs gansxvaveba imaSi, Tu ra iTvle­
ba tradiciulad qalisa Tu mamakacis saqmianobad. indoeTSi, ma­galiTad, qalebis
umravlesoba muSaobs mSeneblobaze, kacebi ki, ZiriTadad, klerkis movaleobas
asruleben. Tumca, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi qalebs samsaxurebis nak­lebi arCevani
aqvT da maTi samuSao naklebad dafasebulia (petersoni da runiani, 1993w.). okupa­
ciuri diskriminaciis suraTi amerikis situaciis msgavsia, Tumca arsebobs mci­

389
 re anomaliebi. zogierT `progresul~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic egalitarianizms
usvams xazs (mag. skandinaviuri qveynebi), ufro maRalia okupaciuri segregaciis
done, vidre ufro tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, rogoricaa iaponia, italia da sa­
berZneTi (Carlzi, 1992w.) (ix. kvlevebis meTodebis tabula).

Sedareba Semosavlis kuTxiT

is, rom Semosavali sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebulia, axali ambavi ar aris.

damqiraveblebi yovelTvis mets uxdidnen kacs, vidre qals. 1913 wlis parizis ga­
dasaxadebis Canaweri mowmobs, rom qalebis qoneba kacebis 65% Seadgenda anu gan­
sxvaveba SemosavalSi imdenive iyo, ramdenic dRes (raskini da padaviCi 1994). mecx­
ramete saukuneSi mrewvelobaSi momuSave qalebis anazRaureba kacebis anazRaurebis
37 %-s ar aRemateboda. erTma qalma am problemis gadaWris kargi gza ipova.

kvlevis meTodebi

profesiuli segregaciis erovnebaTaSorisi formebis axsna

m maria Carlzma (1992) Seiswavla 25 industriuli qveynis monacemebi. is cdilobda, axsna

moeZebna profesiuli segregaciis sqesismieri modelisaTvis. ratom moxda ise, rom seg­
regaciis umaRlesi done dafiqsirda e.w. progresul sazogadoebaSi, xolo tradiciuli sazoga­
doebebi am mxriv ufro tolerantulebi aRmoCndnen. marias gamokvlevam saSualeba misca avtors
epova ganmartebebi da pasuxebi arsebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
Uupirveles yovlisa, tradiciul qveynebSi formalur sferoSi naklebad fiqsirdeba qalTa
ricxvi. samuSao sferos miRma darCenili qalebi irgeben sqesTa tradiciis mixedviT gansaz­
Rvrul dedisa da meuRlis rols, Mrac, cxadia, ar gulisxmobs materialur anazRaurebas da
amitom isini ar fiqsirdebian ZiriTad SromiT kategoriaSi. ufro progresul sazogadoebaSi
saqmianoba, romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc `qalis saqme~, rogoricaa, magaliTad, bavSvis an
moxucis movla, anazRaurebad saqmianobad iqca. am samuSaos ZiriTadad asruleben qalebi, rac,
Sesabamisad, zrdis sqesTa segregacias samuSao sferoSi. Mmeore: Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qa­
lis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos dasaxelebac ki gansxvavebulia. MmagaliTad, QTu qali aris `an­
gariSmwarmoebeli~, kaci moxseniebuli iqneba rogorc `buRalteri~. mesame: Tanamedrove qvey­
nebis ekonomika moicavs momsaxurebis da informaciis farTo seqtors, rac qalTa samuSaos
tipis Seqmnis saSaulebas iZleva.
Ddaskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Carlzs unda moexdina mkacrad gansazRvruli erovnu­
li Sedarebebi. monacemTa baza unda gadamowmebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo Yyvela qveynisaTvis
erTnairi principis safuZvelze. Aavtorma ki arCevani industriul qveynebze SeaCera, radgan
araindustriul qveynebs ar aRmoaCndaT saTanado informacia anazRaurebad muSaxelze. Carlzs
bedma gauRima da saSualeba mieca, gacnoboda qalTa da mamakacTa SromiTi bazris monacemebs
eqvs profesiul kategoriaSi. es monacemebi Segrovebuli iyo saerTaSoriso Sromis Oofisis mier.
(s.S.o) International Labour Office (ILO) gaeros saagentosac gaaCnia statistikur monacemTa baza
standartizebuli formatiT.

390
 pirveladi monacemebis Sejerebis Semdeg Carlzma gadawyvita xaris­xis maCvenebeli Seeqmna,
raTa gamoeTvala saerTo sqesTa profesiuli Skala TiToeuli QqveynisaTvis eqvs profesiul
kategoriaze dayrdnobiT. igi agreTve unda darwmunebuliyo, rom sqesTa segregaciis gansaz­
Rvraze gavlenas ar moaxdenda qalTa samuSao Zala da profesiuli srtuqtura.
Carlzs axla xelT hqonda monacemebi, romelic miuTiTebda sxvaobas ocdaxuT sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi profesiuli segregaciis mxriv. misi Semdegi mizani iyo daedgina sxvaoba am qveynebs
Soris, rasac miaRwiaYkidec sajarod xelmisawvdom erovnul, Tu saerTaSoriso wyaroebze dayrd­
nobiT, aman saSualeba misca, daedgina mniSvnelovani socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
maxasiaTebeli TiToeuli qveynisaTvis. Carlzma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo momsa­
xurebis seqtors, damqiravebelTa klasis sidides, qalTa samuSao kontigents, nayofierebas,
sqesTa Tanasworobas, korporaciulobis dones, samuSao bazris zrdas da modernizacias. Sem­
deg man mimarTa statistikuri analizis princips, raTa daedgina am damoukidebeli faqtorebis
gavlena profesiul segregaciaze. mTavari faqtori SromiTi SesaZleblobis anu xelmi­sawvdomi
samuSao adgilebis struqtura aRmoCnda.

zooparkis TanamSromeli dasaqmebuli

kaci
momsaxurebis teqnikosi
dasaqmebuli
qali

mRebavi

socialuri muSaki

mefrinveleobis gaumjobesebis
specialisti
momsaxurebis specialisti

policielTa momzadebis
direqtori
meddebis direqtori

saremonto samuSaoebis
muSaki
administraciuli mdivani

Tviuri xelfasi

sqema 9.3 / qalebisa da mamakacebis yovelTviuri xelfasis

Sedareba pirveli dadgenili fasis programis dawyebamde, minesotis StatSi Seadares qa­
lebisa da mamakacebis yovelTviuri xelfasebi im samsaxurebSi, sadac orive sqesia dasaqme­
buli. qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime Sedegi.

wyaro: dasaqmebulebTan urTierTobis minesotis departamenti. sara m. evansi da barbara

j. nelsoni `dadgenili fasi: teqnokratiuli reformis paradoqsi~ Femninist Studies 15, #1
(1989w.); 174

391
 me fuli ar mqonda, qalis xelfasi ki Tavis Sesanaxad sakmarisi ar iyo.
vxedavdi, rom kacebi gacilebiT met fuls Soulobdnen. gadavwyvite,
kaci gavmxdariyavi. es martivi iyo. ubralod, kacis samosi gadavicvi da
kaciviT muSaoba daviwye. am gziT gvariani Tanxis mogroveba SevZeli,
amitom ukan aRar damixevia.

dRes qalebi ufro praqtikul gadawyvetilebebs aniWeben upiratesobas.D dRes

bevrs kamaToben e.w. `SedarebiTi Rirebulebis~ Sesaxeb, rac samuSaos anazRaurebis
Sefasebas gulisxmobs unarebze, mcdelobaze, pasuxismgeblobaze, gaweuli samuS­
aos risksa da am samuSaos mogebaze dayrdnobiT. statistika naTlad miuTiTebs,
rom sistematurad mimdinareobs qalTa / an umciresobaTa jgufebis mier Sesrule­
buli samuSaos anazRaurebis kleba. (Treiman and Hartman,1981: Writing and Lowe,1989).
magaliTad, ZiZis anazRaureba mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba benzingasamarT sadgurze
momsaxure personalis anazRaurebisgan (Sorens, 1994). bevri qali dabali anazRau­
rebis gamo dRes uars ambobs sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelovanes saqmianobaze,
rogoricaa ZiZis an EeqTnis profesia (ix. sqema 9.3).
SedarebiTi Rirebulebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben, rom es principi gamo­
xatavs antidiskriminaciul politikas da kongresis mier miniWebul statuss:
Tanasworoba samuSaosa da anazRaurebis mxriv. roca qalebis an UumciresobaSi
myof mamakacTa anazRaureba aris iseTive dabali, rogorc TeTrkanian mamakacTa
da amav­droulad orive samuSaos kategoria mniSvnelovania damqiraveblisaTvis,
maSin namdvilad didi Sansia, rom diskriminaciis sakiTxma iCinos Tavi. rogorc
paula inglandi aRniSnavs (1992w.), SedarebiTi Rirebuleba warmoadgens diskrim­
inaciis iseT formas, romelic umetesad SeumCnevelia mosamarTleTa, kanonmde­
belTa, damqirevebelTa da TviT msxverplTa mierac ki:

Cvens qveyanaSi ufro iolia SeamCnio qalTa diskriminacia maSin, roca

qals ar aqvs ufleba, daikavos mamakacisaTvis gansazRvruli samuSao.
qalebi diskriminacias ganicdian maSinac ki, roca samuSao, rasac isini
asruleben, TandaTan kargavs fass da mxolod amitom aris es qalTa­Tvis
gankuTvnili SromiTi kategoria.

SedarebiTi Rirebulebis oponentebi (1992) aRniSnaven, rom damqiraveblebs

amaSi brali ar miuZRviT, radgan isini bazris moTxovnis Sesabamisad ixdian. Aami­
tom Tu qalebs undaT, rom hqondeT maRali anazRaureba, unda Seecadon mamaka­
cebisTvis gankuTvnili samuSao daikavon.
Mmeore problema aris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis praqtikaSi danergva. am prin­
cipis danergva gulisxmobs samuSao kategoriis Sefasebas, rac bevri kritikosis
azriT subieqturia da sakamaTo. kritikosebi irwmunebian, rom Sefasebis sistemam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios mamakacTa xelfasebis Semcireba, rac dadebiTad ar aisaxeba
mamakacTa pirovnul Rirsebaze, magram am principis mxardamWerebi aRniSnaven,
rom SeiZleba iseTi politikis SemuSaveba, romelic saSualebas iZleva gaizardos
qalebis xelfasebi, xolo mamakacebis darCes igive.

392
 Kkidev erTi argumenti SedarebiTi gadaxdis sawinaaRmdegod aris is, rom es
SeiZleba metad xarjiani aRmoCndes damqiravebelTaTvis, 2-dan 150 miliardis
farglebSi. Tumca damqiraveblebi, vinc ukve praqtikaSi danerga es principi,
aRniSnaven, rom es Tanxebi gadaWarbebulia da rom gadasaxadi aRwevs saSualo
amerikeli damqiraveblis sagadasaxado uwyisis mxolod 5-10 procents. am prin­
cipma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos gadasaxadis gadaxdasac, radgan igi xels uwyobs qal­
Ta da maTi ojaxebis siRaribidan amoyvanas.
SedarebiTi Rirebulebis programa danergilia mTeli avstraliis ekonomiki­
sa da onrtarios provinciisaTvis, kanadis federaluri mTavrobis, 20 amerikuli
saxelmwifo erTeulisaTvis da didi raodenobiT municipaluri da kerZo seqto­
ris biznesisaTvis. jerjerobiT arc erTi programis cxadi Sedegi ar aris saxeze.
Tumca am mxriv aRsaniSnavia minosetas magaliTi. QqalTa da mamakacTa Sefardeba
aq gaizarda 72-dan 81%-mde. D samuSao jarima, dawesebuli umetesad qalTa samuS­
aosaTvis, Semcirda 21-dan 3%-mde. Ees yvelaferi moxerxda mamakacTa xelfasebis
SenarCunebis xarjze.

winsvlis barierebi

kidev erTi uTanasworoba samuSao sferoSi es aris vertikaluri segregacia:

organizaciaSi qalebis qveda, xolo mamakacTa zeda doneze koncentrirdeba. Ees
imitom xdeba, rom qalebi Tavmoyrilni arian ufro dabali safexuris samuSaoebze,
e.w `qalTa tipis samuSaoze”. amasTanave mamakacebs ufro swrafad awinaureben, vi­
dre qalebs. bevri qali, romelsac gaaCnia unar-Cvevebi, motivacia da Sesabamisi
codna, ver axerxebs dawinaurebas. Aam erTi SexedviT uCinar, magram sinamdvileSi
realur xelisSemSlel faqtors `minis Wris sindroms~ uwodeben.
SeiZleba moviyvanoT advokatebis magaliTi. Uuniversitetis damTavrebidan 10
wlis Semdeg qali advokatebis saSualo Semosavali 40,000 dolaria, ufro cota,
vidre maTi mamakaci kolegebisa. qali advokatebi umetesad muSaoben patara
firmebSi. maSinac ki, roca isini muSaoben did firmebSi, maTi gadanawileba xdeba
naklebad prestiJul sferoSi, rac aZnelebs dawinaurebis Sanss. 1980-ian wlebSi
qali advokatebi Seadgendnen kompaniis asocirebuli anu araStatiani TanamS­
romlebis 25%-s da partniorebis anu Statiani TanamSromlebis mxolod 6%-s.
minis Weris federaluri komisiis mier gamoqveynebulma moxsenebam daadas­
tura, rom biznesis maRal eSelonebSi marTlac arsesobs barieri, romlis gada­
laxvasac iSviaTad Tu axerxeben qalebi da feradkanianebi (niusuiki, 1995 wlis 27
marti, gv. 24). gamokvlevam aCvena, rom qalebis mxolod 5% 1000 korporaciaSi Tu
axerxebs biznesis mmarTvel sferoebSi adgilis damkvidrebas. situa­cia ukeTesia
saSualo donis mmarTvelobiT wreebSi, sadac qalebs samuSaos 40% ukaviaT. imedi
ki aseTia, rom es qalbatonebi moaxerxeben gza gaikvlion mmarTvelobis saTavee­
bisaken. jerjerobiT ki bevri qali mmarTvelobis UumaRles safexurs mxolod sa­
kuTari biznesis wamowyebiT axorcielebs. qalTa mier wamowyebuli mcire biznesi
orjer aRemateba mamakacebisas.

393
 miuxedavad progresisa, qalebi mainc bevr winaaaRmdegobas awy­debian. dawi­
naureba, ZiriTadad, mentoris an sponsoris saSualebiT xorcieldeba, romelic
sasargeblo rCeviT uzrnvelyofs.N nacnoboba da saWiro kontaqtebi ki samuSaos
Sesaxeb informaciis moZiebaSi exmarebaT. magram Tu es xdeba mamakacebiT dakom­
pleqtebul koleqtivSi, maSin am rols kacebi irgeben da qalebi arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme.
bevri qali miiCnevs, rom am winaaRmdegobis mizezi SeiZleba iyos e.w Mommy
Track. bevri korporacia dRes cdilobs daexmaros qalebs ojaxuri da samsaxure­
brivi movaleobebis dabalansebaSi mosaxerxebeli samuSao saaTebis SeTavazebiT.
Tumca roca saqme dawinaurebamde miva, momuSave dedebis sakiTxi umal eWvqveS
dgeba. radgan momuSave dedebs ar undaT an ubralod ar SeuZlaiT ofisSi yovel­
dRiurad15 saaTi gaataron. maT naklebad eZlevaT Sansi daamtkicon, rom SeuZli­
aT dedobisa da mmarTveli Tanamdebobis SeTavseba. aseT situaciaSi bevri qali
ubralod nebdeba. Ggamokvlevam aCvena, rom biznes skolis dasrulebis Semdeg qa­
lebis 20% mxolod diasaxlisobiT kmayofildeba.
bevri kompania cdilobs daamtkicos genderuli neitralitetis politika da
qalebis mcire ricxvs maRal, mmarTvelobiT postze niSnavs. Tumca qalTa umete­
soba aqac uCivis stress, socialur izolacias da genderuli rolebiT ganawile­
bul movaleobebs (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Sexvedrebis dros mokled monaxazis
gakeTeba) kanteri am problemas martiv axsnas uZebnis: misi azriT, am uTanasworo­
bis mizezi aris qalTa umciresobaSi yofna. problemis martivi gadaWris gza,
ubralod, qalTa raodenobis zrda iqneboda. jenis ionderi ki miiCnevs, rom prob­
lema qal­Ta umciresobiT ki ar aris gamowveulia, ramed maTi ricxobrivi zrdiT,
rac safrTxes uqmnis umravlesobas. rac ufro prestiJulia samuSao, miT ufro
maRalanazRaurebadia is, amitomac kacebs sruliadac ar siamovnebT qalis SemoW­
ra am sferoSi. Kkidev erTi problema am poziciaze momuSave qalebisa aris is, rom
maT ara mxolod sakuTari kompetenturobis damtkiceba uwevT, aramed TavianTi
sqesis gadalaxva da mamakacebis gundSi Cawera, rogorc erT-erTi imaTgani.
gamokvlevam, ganicdian Tu ara kacebi imaves, rasac qalebi, Tu aRmoCndebian Qqa­
lTa koleqtivSi, uaryofiTi pasuxi aCvena, radgan qalis sfero da saqme naklebad
prestiJulia, vidre mamakacisa. kacebs iolad SeuZliaT dawinaureba. aRmoCnda,
rom tipuri qaluri samsaxurebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorebicaa meddis, daw­
yebiTi skolis maswavleblis, biblioTekaris, socialuri muSakis, mamakacebi sak­
maod samarTlian mopyrobas imsaxurebdnen samsaxurSi miRebisa Tu dawinaurebis
mxriv da bevri maTgani imaze Sorsac ki wavida, vidre gegmavda. mamakacebi aRiS­
navdnen, rom maT Uufrosebic (mamakacebi) da TanamSromlebic kargad epyrobodnen.
zogierTi Tanamdeboba mamakacebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo, radgan am
poziciebze qalebs specialuri programebis Tanaxmad eqskluziuri ufleba hqon­
daT miniWebuli.
erT-erTi kvleva mieZRvna mamakacis rols eqTnis profesiaSi. am kvlevam aCve­
na ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi mamakacisa da Qqalis saqmisadmi midgomaSi. mama­kacebis
Segr­Znebebi sruliad gansxvavdeboda Qqalebis SegrZnebebisgan. isini grZnobdnen
damatebiT fsiqologiur wnexs da dominanturi jgufidan izolacias. TumcaRa

394
am SegrZnebebs aranairi obieqturi safuZveli ar hqonda. mamakaci eqTnebi Za­
lian kargad arTmevdnen Tavs dakisrebul movaleobas. rac Seexeba izolacias,
es mxolod MmaTi fantaziis nayofi iyo, radgan amgvari diferenciaciiT mamakac
eqTnebis surdaT TavianTi statusis gamyareba. sinamdvileSi amgvari qmedeba ma­
makacebs arc sWirdebodaT, radgan eqimebi da pacientebi nebismieri samuSaos Ses­
rulebis dros maT ufro endobodnen, vidre qalebs. metic, mamakaci eqTnebisagan
samedicino Tu teqnikur daxmarebas ufro xSirad iTxovdnen, vidre pacientebis
movlas. xelmZRvanelebi mamakac eqTnebs ufro iSviaTad aZlevdnen SeniSvnebs,
aniWebdnen ufro met Tavisuflebas TavianTi samuSao grafikis da­gegmvaSi da ur­
Cevdnen kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, raTa dawinaurebuliyvnen ufro maRalanazRa­
urebad poziciebze.…

G genderuli mikerZoeba samsaxurSi

genderuli mikerZoebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa is, rom sapasuxismgeblo Tanam­

debobebze swored mamakacebi arian wardgenili. magaliTad, isini wyveten, vin
miiRon samsaxurSi; afaseben, vin arTmevs Tavs dakisrebul movaleobas an vin
im­saxurebs dawinaurebas. laboratoriulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom sqess gadamw­
yveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda rezumeebis SefasebaSi. kerZod, mdedrobiTi sqesis
aplikants naklebi privilegias aniWebdnen da xelfassac dabals uniSnavdnen.G mi­
Rebulia, rom e.w. qaluri samsaxuri nakleb Zalisxmevas da unars moiTxovs, vidre
identuri @`mamakacuri@”samsaxuri. qalis warmatebas samsaxurSi, Cveulebriv, Sem­
TxveviTobas miaweren maSin, roca igive saxis warmateba mamakacisTvis aRiqmeba,
rogorc misi unarebisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegi.
Qqalsac da mamakacsac uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs qali menejerebis
mimarT, radgan maT miaCniaT, rom qalis adgili maRal Tanamdebobebze ar aris.
MmmarTveli qalebi ormagi wnexis qveS eqcevian: Tu maTi qceva Seesabameba qalu­
robis aRqmis tradiciul models, maSin miiCneven, rom maT akliaT Tavdajerebu­
loba, xolo Tu qalebi mamakacur modelis Tanaxmad imoqmedeben, maSin maT agre­
siulebad da arakomunikabelurebad AaRiqvamen.
G genderuli mikerZoeba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa maSin, roca qalebi tra­
diciulad mamakacur samsaxurs irCeven. qali policielebi amtkiceben, rom isini
mamakaci kolegebis mxidan mudmiv meTvalyureobas grZnoben. qal policielebs
moeTxovebaT iseTi qaluri samuSaoebis Sesruleba, rogoriciaa yavis moduReba,
dasufTaveba. isini xSirad xdebian uxeSi xumrobebis samizneebi. patrulirebis
dros mamakac policielebs ar surT qalebis partnioroba. zedamxedvelebi mi­
iCneven, rom policieli qali mxolod saofise samsaxurisTvisaa mizanSewonili.
erT-erTma kvlevam aCvena, rom tradiciulad mamakacur samsaxurebSi momuSave
qali ufro met stress da nakleb siamovnebas iRebda, vidre is qalebi, romlebic
muSaobdnen dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi (magaliTad, mdivnebad skolaSi),
mag­ram qalTa koleqtivSi.
Ggenderuli mikerZoebis gamoxatulebis yvelaze maxinji formaa seqsualuri
diskriminacia, roca pirovneba iZulebulia aitanos an Tundac upasuxos masze

395
maRal Tanamdebobaze myofi piris mxridan arasasurvel seqsualur yuradRebas.
seqsualurma diskriminaciam SeiZleba miiRos uwmawuri xumrobebis forma, rac
qalebs arasasurvel situaciaSi ayenebs. Uukidures SemTxvevaSi ki es SeiZleba seq­
sualur ZaladobaSic gadaizardos. situacia ufro seriozul saxes iRebs, roca
qalis uari SeTavazebul intimur urTierTobaze dawinaurebaze uaris Tqmis an
Tundac sxva saxis sadamsjelo mopyrobis sababi xdeba.
seqsualur diskriminacias ganmartaven rogorc zogad seqsualur saubars an
moqmedebas, romelic samuSao adgilze mtruli garemos Camoyalibebas uwyobs
xels. erT-erTma kvlevam, romelic miznad isaxavda seqsualuri diskriminaciis
Seswavlas samxedro sfe­­roSi, daamtkica, rom samsaxurSi arsebuli atmosfero
ganapirobebda individebis diskriminacias. es imas niSnavs, rom im samsaxu­rebSi,
sadac seqsualuri saubari SemaSfoTebel garemos qmnida, qalTa 80% seqsualuri
diskrimianciis msxverpli gaxda. meore mxriv, iseT samsaxurebSi, sadac seqsua­
lur saubars aSkara saxe ar eZleoda, qalTa mxolod 5% waawyda seqsualur dis­
kriminacias.
EaRniSnuli problema amerikis sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca 1991
wels, roca senatma moismina larens tomasis umaRles sasamarTloSi daniSvnis
ambavi. mosmenis dros anita hilma, samarTlis profesorma, tomass seqsuaulur
diskriminaciaSi dasdo brali. Aana amtkicebda, rom rodesac is tomasis kolega
iyo, mamakaci daJinebiT moiTxovda masTan Sexvedras. Mmas Semdeg, rac anam uari
uTxra, mouxda Seuracxmyofeli seqsualuri braldebebis moTmena. tomasma uaryo
waye­nebuli braldebebi da mainc gaxda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle.
sruli simarTlis dadgena SeuZlebelia, magram skandaluri am SemTxvevaSi is
iyo, rom senatis sasamarTlo komitetis yvela mamakacma wevrma ignorireba gauke­
Ta seqsualuri Zaladobis muxliT wayenebul braldebas. MmaT agreTve uari ga­
nacxades tomasis pirad cxovrebaze gamoZiebis Catarebaze, maSin roca qalis pi­
radi cxovrebis gamomzeureba arad Caagdes. sabolood ki komitetma veto daado
eqspertizis gakeTebas, rasac SesaZloa hilis qmedeba gaemarTlebina kidec.
Hhil-tomasis epizodi kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba so­
ciologiur cnebebs amgvari analizis dros. maSinac ki, roca saqme braldebebis
uaryofas exeba, Zalaufleba mamakacebis xelTaa. am konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gasakviri araa is faqti, rom qalebi braldebas arasodes ar ayeneben pirvelebi. N
nebismier SemTxvevaSi amerikuli sazogadoeba seqsualuri diskriminaciis
problemas araseriozulad aRiqvams, radgan miCneulia, rom `biWebi yovelTvis
biWebad darCebian~. genderuli TvasazrisiT tomasis saqmis mosmenisas senatis
socialuri struqtura daubalansebeli iyo, radgan 100 senatoridan 98 mama­
kaci iyo. funqcionalur integracias qalebisTvis sargebloba ar moaqvs, radgan
saCivrebis mosmenis procedurebi gaWianurebulia. ufro metic, funqcionaluri
kavSiri skolas, samsaxursa da sxvadasxva samsaxurebs Soris ganapirobebs imas,
rom zogjer qalebi ar riskaven xma amoiRon Zaladobis windaaRmdeg Tu am qmede­
biT isini mniSvnelovan rekomendaciebs an sponsoris mxardaWeras dakargaven.
sabolood, tomasis saqmis mosmenam qalebs moqmedebisken ubiZga: maT gadawy­
vites, rac SeiZleba meti qali aerCiaT Tanamdebobebze.

396
@meore cvla

Qqalebis umetesoba samsaxurSi rvasaaTiani grafikiT muSaobs, xolo samsa­

xuris Semdeg sruli datvirTviT saxlSi uwevs muSaoba (sadilis momzadeba, da­
sufTaveba, baSvebis movla). arli hoCildma sxvadasxva dros Catarebul kvlevebze
dayrdnobiT daadgina, rom dasaqmebuli qalebi kviraSi 15 saaTiT mets muSaoben,
vidre mamakacebi.
swored qalebi agvareben iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa eqimTan vi­ziti, mego­
brebTan stumroba, samuSaodan saxlSi darekva bavSvebis ambis gasagebad. aseTi
saxis valdebulebebi qalebs rutinul yofaSi aqcevs (ix. cxrili 9.3). mamakacebi
dakavebuli arian manqanisa da ezos movliT, remontiT, magram yovelive es rodia
rutinuli movaleobebi! maTi Sesruleba xom naklebi sixSiriTacaa SesaZlebelia,
magaliTad, maSin, roca mamakacs Tavisufali dro aqvs.

c x r i l i 9.3
momuSave qalebisa da mamakacebis mier saSinao saqmeebze
daxarjuli saSualo dro 1987-1988 wlebSi

saojaxo saqme

qalebis saqme
saWmlis momzadeba
TefSebis darecxva da alageba
saxlis dalageba
recxva, uTooba da tansacmlis dakemsva
mamakacebis saqme
gare samuSaoebi an SesakeTebeli samuSaoebi
(Rebva, saojaxo nivTebis SekeTeba da a.S)
manqanebis movla da remonti
neitraluri saqme
sayidlebze siaruli
(bostneuli, sxvadasxva sakvebi)
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da Sesabamisi
qviTrebis mowesrigeba/Senaxva
ojaxis wevrebis manqaniT tareba samsaxurSi,
skolaSi da sxv.
sul
respondentTa raodenoba

wyaro: hariet b. preseri `momuSave meuRleebis dasaqmebis ganrigi da saojaxo saqmeebis

gayofa genderis mixedviT~ American Sociological Review 59 (ivnisi, 1994 weli), gv. 354

erT-erTi gamokvlevis Tanxmad, ori Tanabrad dasaqmebuli meuRlidan qali 19

saaTiT met dros uTmobda rutinuli movaleo­bebis Sesrulebas, vidre mama­kaci.
mamakaci kviraSi 6 saaTiT mets uTmobda ara rutinuli saqmis Sesrulebas. saqme
isaa, rom mamakacebi ufro metad saxaliso saqmes iTavseben, rogoricaa, magali­
Tad, bavSvebis zooparkSi gaseirneba, qalebi ki asruleben iseT movaleobas, ro­

397
goricaa bavSvebis gamokveba, dabana. mamaka­cebs ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sZi­
navT da ufro meti dro aqvT televizoris sayureblad da gasarTobad.
hoCSildi varaudobs, rom qalebi `meore cvlaze@~ xmas ar imaRleben, imitom
rom maTTvis qorwinebas, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvagvari datvirTva aqvs.
pirvel rigSi, qalebi gacilebiT naklebs gamoimuSaveben, vidre mamakacebi, amitom
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT qorwineba MqalisaTvis ufro momgebiania. dResdReo­
biT saqorwino kavSiri ufro nakleb stabiluri xdeba da ganqorwinebas qalisTvis
ufro meti ekonomikuri ziani moaqvs, vidre mamakacisTvis.
`meore cvlis~ fenomenis arseboba gamowveulia kulturuli faqtorebiTac.
rodesac orive sqesis studentebi aRweren TavianT momaval ojaxur cxovrebas,
isini xelmZRvaneloben tradiciuli genderuli modeliT. kiTxvaze, Tu visi sam­
saxuria ufro mniSvnelovani, pasuxi calsaxaa _ qmris. orive sqesis warmomadgen­
lebi miiCneven, rom bavSis movla qalis movaleoba. Qqalic da mamakacic gegmavs
karieris Seqmnas, TumcaRa maTi damokidebuleba samsaxurisadmi Tvisobrivad gan­
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. mamakaci studentebi TavianT momavals xedaven rogorc
miRwevebis uwyvet jaWvs. umetesobam icis, ra gza unda airCios cxovrebaSi da ro­
gor miaRwios sawadels. isini mzad arian imuSaon mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
raTa ojaxi arCinon. karierasTan dakavSirebuli gegmebi ki ufro bundovania. maT
survili aqvT imuSaon, magram ar gamoricxaven, rom maT karieras, SesaZloa, wer­
tili daesvas Tu amas obieqturi saWiroeba moiTxovs (ojaxi da bavSvebi).
zogadad, amerikuli samuSao adgili ar aris idealuri im adamianebisTvis,
visac surs Tanabari wili Seitanos ojaxis biujetSi. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, zogi­
erTi kompaniebi daojaxebul qalebs ufro moqnil samuSao grafiks sTvazoben,
Tumca es ukanaskneli AaSkarad uaryofiTad moqmedebs qalis momaval karieraze.
kompaniebi ar uzrunvelyofen bavSvis movlis specialur programebs, radgan iTv­
leba, rom baSvebis movla qalis pirdapiri movaleobaa da man es samsaxursac unda
SeuTavsos. mamakacebi ki mxolod drodadro SeiZleba Caenacvlon maT.
Aarsebobs alternativac. magaliTad, SvedeTSi MmTavrobis mier dawesebulia
bavSvTa movlis saxalxo DdRe. Tu mSoblebi gadawyveten am dRes TavianT Svileb­
Tan saxlSi darCnen maT garantirebuli aqvT 18 Tviani Svebuleba, socialuri
usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebi.MM mTavroba agreTve avaldebulebs damsaqmebel kom­
paniebs, damatebiTi dro gamouyon mSoblebs avadmyofi bavSvis mosavlelad. Sesa­
Zlebelia agreTve naxevar ganakveTze muSaoba im mSoblebisTvis, visi Svilebic
skolamdeli asakisani arian. Tumca aqve unda AaRvniSnoT, rom SvedeTSi Zalian cota
kaci Tu sargeblobs mamisaTvis gankuTvnili SvebulebiT da isini, vinc gadaw­
yveten gamoiyenon igi, dacinvis obieqtebi xdebian TavianTi meuRleebis mxridan.

genderuli politika
didi xnis manZilze politika mamakacis samyarod miiCneoda. gavrcelebuli
stereotipebis mixedviT, qalebs ar amoZravebT Zalauflebisken Zlieri swrafva,
rac esoden mniSvnelovania politikisaTvis, isini metismetad @faqizebi arian
saimisod, rom xelebi ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi gaisvaron. 1920 wlamde qalebs

398
arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebac ki ar hqondaT. meoce saukunis meore naxevar­
Si milionobiT qali moxalised muSaobda sxvadasxva politikuri partiebisa Tu
politikuri kandidatebis ofisebSi. politikur Tanamdebobaze arc erTi qali ar
iyo nominirebuli, rom araferi vTqvaT imaze, rom qalebs ar hqondaT Sansi das­
wrebodnen kuluarul sxdomebs, sadac namdvili biznesgarigebebi ideboda.
samocdaaTian wlebSi dawyebulma qalTa moZraobam Secvala maTi roli ameri­
kis politikaSi. gaizarda arCevnebSi monawile qalebis ricxvi, ufro da ufro
meti qali iyrida kenWs da imarjvebda kidec. UmaTma raodenobam umaRles maCvene­
bels 1990 wels miaRwia (ix. cxrili 9.4).
mniSvnelovania, rom arCevnebSi qalTa da mamakacTa warmateba Tanabari iyo,
radgan genderulma faqtorma xmis micemis dros gadamwyveti roli ar iTamaSa.
dResdReobiT qalebi sakmarisi raodenobiT ar arian warmodgenili saxelmwifo
Tu adgilobriv struqturebSi, amis mizezi ar aris is, rom qalebi ver imarjveben.
es mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom qalebi naklebad monawileoben arCevnebSi.

c x r i l i 9.4
qalebi arCeviT Tanamdebobebze,
SerCeuli samsaxurebi, 1975-1995 wlebi

arCeviTi qalebis qalebis

samsaxurebi procentuli ricxvi
maCvenebeli

1975 1981 1995 1995

aSS-is kongresis wevrebi 4 3 10.3 55

arCeuli oficialuri 10 11 25.9 84

pirebi qveynis masStabiT

saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo 8 12 20.6 1.536

organoebis wevrebi

wyaro: amerikis qalTa da politikis centri, igltonis politikis instituti,

rutgersis universiteti.

politikis zeda eSelonebi jer kidev miuwdomelia qalebisTvis. jerjerobiT

amerikas ar hyolia ara Tu qali prezidenti, aramed qali prezidentobis kandidat­
ic ki. Mmxolod 1995 wels eWira Statis gubernatoris Tanamdeboba qals. sazoga­
dod msoflioSi qalebs naklebad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobebze. gaerTianebuli
erebis 159 wevri saxelmwifodan mxolod 6 qveynis warmomadgenlobas xelmZRva­
nelobdnen qalebi. kabinetis wevrTa mxolod 3.5% iyo warmodgenili mdedrobiTi
sqesiT da gaeros 93 qveyanas saerTod ar hyolia warmodgenili qali mmarTvelis
Tanamdebobaze. qalTa ricxvi saparlamento asambleaSi arasodes aWarbebs 25%-s.
genderuli mikerZoeba MSeimCneva marTvis biznesSic. sajaro samsaxurebSi, poli­
tikur partiebsa Tu sxvadasxva saxis politikur organizaciebSi qalTa didi rao­
denoba mxolod da mxolod dabali rangis Tanamdebobas ikavebs. Zalian cota qals
uWiravs iseTi Tanamdeboba, sadac realuri gadawvetilebis miRebaa saWiro.

399
 ratom ar gvxvdebian qalebi amgvari tipis Tanamdebobebze? amas Semdegi faq­
torebi ganapirobeben: vertikaluri da horizontaluari segregacia niSnavs imas,
rom qalebs ufro naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli resursebze, aseve maT mamakacebze
naklebi statusi da Zalaufleba aqvT. ganaTlebac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs:
msoflioSi qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT naklebi Sansi eZlevaT
normaluri ganaTlebis misaRebad. zogadad ki, ganaTleba ufro fasobs, vidre ga­
mocdileba. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens afrikuli qveyana _ ritrea. 1992
wels xelisuflebaSi mosulma mTavrobam MmTeli rigi samTavrobo Tanamdebobebis
dasakaveblad ganaTlebis specialuri standartebi SeimuSava. amgvari politi­
kis gatarebis Sedegad samTavrobo seqtorSi momuSave qalebma TavianTi samuS­
ao dakarges (maT Soris iseTi samsaxurebic, romelTac uSualo Sexeba hqondaT
qalebis an bavSvebis keTildReobasTan). Mqalebis nacvlad aRniSnuli Tanamde­
bobebi daikaves mamakacebma, romelTac sazRvargareT miRebuli hqondaT forma­
luri ganaTleba, magram naklebi praqtikuli gamocdileba gaaCndaT. kulturuli
faqtorebi xSirad gansazRraven qalis adgils politikaSi. Mmsgavsi kulturuli
stereotipebi praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs. zogierT sazogadoebaSi,
umetesad muslimanur qveynebSi, religiuri Sexedulebebi qals aiZulebs Semoi­
farglos mxolod saojaxo saqmianobiT. ase rom, qalTa roli politikaSi gan­
isazRvreba Zalauflebis qona-arqoniT. P politika Zalauflebis gamoyenebaa da
sazogadoebis umetes sferoSi mamakacebs ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvT.

Sejameba

D1. debatebi Temaze, unda miiRon Tu ara monawileoba qalma jariskacebma sa­
brZolo manevrebSi, naTlad warmoaCens im dilemas, rasac qalsa da mamakacs
Soris msgavseba da gansxvaveba hqvia.
sociologebi ganasxvaveben biologiur sqess da genders (xalxis warmodgenaH
mamakacur da qalur maxasiaTeblebze). genderi socialuri warmonaqmnia da
ar SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom qali da mamakaci gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebiT
ibadebian.
@2. biologia gansazRvravs adamianur qcevas, qmnis sqesTa Soris fsiqologiur
gansxvavebas da adgens, Tu ra roli ekisreba personas reproduqciaSi.
magram biologia ver xsnis im Teziss, rom qali da mamakaci sapirisiro cne­
bebia. Catarebuli kvleva amtkicebs, rom sqesTa Soris ufro meti saerToa,
vidre gansxvaveba. sapirispiro sqesis Sedareba iseT farTo diapazons ar
iZ­leva, rogorc is, rom erTi da imave sqesSi SesaZlebelia ufro mraval­
ferovani variantebis gamoyofa.
3. sxvadasxva kulturaTa kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom orives _ qalsac da
mamakacsac, xelewifebaT rigi pasuxismgeblobisa da saqmianobebis Tanabrad
Sesruleba. Tumca, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoebaSi ganasxvaveben qalisa
da mamakacis samuSaos da upiratesobas aniWeben ukanasknels. G
4. genderuli roli es aris kulturuli wamodgena imaze, Tu rogor unda
fiqrobdes, iqceodes an ras unda grZnobdes qali da mamakaci. Ggenderuli

400
 rolebi dafuZnebulia stereotipul sapirispiro sqesTa Soris gansxvave­
baze. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri qceva icvleba drosTan erTad, gen­
deruli stereotipebi warmoSoben konfliqts qalisa da mamakacis rolebze.
5. zogierTi genderuli sxvaoba marTlac rom realuria da ar SeiZleba maTi
ugulvebelyofa. magaliTad, qalebs mamakacebisgan gansxvavebuli midgoma
aqvT moralisadmi. Mmamakaci samarTlianobis da Tanasworuflebianobis cne­
bebze ufro ganzogadebulad msjelobs, maSin, roca qali upiratesobas ani­
Webs konkretul magaliTs. gansxvavebaa agreTve RirebulebebSic. zogadad,
qalebs ufro kargad SeuZliaT TanagrZnobis gamo­xatva, isini naklebad mate­
ria­listebi arian da ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben cxovrebis arsSi Cawv­
domas. is faqti, rom qalebs mamakacebisgan gansxvavebuli gamocdileba aqvT,
zogierTi feministisTvis imis safuZveli gaxda, rom sociologia feministu­
ri TvalTaxedviT Seeswavla.
Q 6. ukanasknel wlebSi momuSave qalTa ricxvi gaizarda, magram gen­deruli UuTa­
nasworoba kvlav vlindeba. qalebs kvlav uxdebaT dakavdnen e.w. qaluri samu­
SaoTi, sadac gacilebiT dabali anazRaurebaa. Mmcdeloba, rom Semcirdes
genderuli UuTanasworoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom xelfasi dgin­deba imis
mixedviT, Tu ra unar-CvevebTan, ZalisxmevasTan, pasuxismgeb­lobasTan da
riskTan aris dakavSirebuli mocemuli samuSao.
G7. genderul uTanasworobas ganapirobebs qalebis koncentracia e.w. dabali
rangis samuSaobze da mamakacebis koncentracia maRali rangis samsaxurebSi.
ATu qals dawinaureba surs, igi uTuod awydeba uxilav bariers. magram im Sem­
TxvevaSi Tu mas maRali Tanamdeboba uWiravs, maSin qali dama­tebiTi wnexis
qveS imyofeba, rom araferi vTqvaT socialur izolaciaze da qalis rolis
stereotipze. MgansxvavebiT qalebisgan, mamakacebi naklebad Tu aRmoCndebian
aseT situaciaSi.
8. mamakacis Zalaufleba samsaxurSi ganapirobs genderul mikerZoebas, gansa­
kuTrebiT im SemTxvvaSi, Tu qals tradiciulad surs mamakacis Tanamdebobis
dakaveba. genderuli mikerZoebis yvelaze maxinji gamovlinebaa seqsualuri
diskriminacia.
9. Mmiuxedavad imisa, Tu ra tipis samuSaos asrulebs qali, mas yovelTvis uw­
evs saSinao saqmeebis mogvareba. jerjerobiT ucvleli rCeba sazogadoebis
damokidebuleba qalis rolisadmi saSinao saqmianobaSi.
Q10. dRes qalebi ufro aqtiurad arian Cabmuli amerikis politikaSi. Tumca maT
maRali da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebi ar ukaviAAaT. es tendencia vrcel­
deba msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaze.

imsjeleT

1. ratom iyeneben sociologebi termins `genderi~ qalebisa da mamakacebis Ses­

wavlisas?
2. SeafaseT argumentebi, romlebic amtkiceben biologiur gansxvavebas qalsa
da mamakacs Soris.

401
3
M . moiyvaneT magaliTebi qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebebze sxva­dasxva kulturidan.
4. imsjeleT genderuli rolisa da stereotipebis urTieTzegavlenaze.
5. ganixileT genderuli stratifikaciis mdgomareoba samuSao adgilze.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. rogor moqmedebs sqesisa da genderis cnebebi samxedro cxovrebaze? Segi­

ZliaT moiyvanoT magaliTebi sxva sferodan? daafiqsireT gansxvaveba.
2. Mmsgavsad genderisa, esencializmi da konstruqtivizmi damyarebulia adamia­
nis identobis cvalebadobasa da wyaroebis kontrastul Sexedulebebze. ra
doziT gansazRvravs esenciuri zogadi maxasiaTeblebi genders? aris Tu ara
genderi kulturulad da socialurad konstruirebuli? romeli Tvisebebia
determinirebuli da romeli eqvemdebareba konstruirebas?
3. rogori gavlena aqvs sociologiaze qalis TvalTaxedvas? daasaxeleT so­
cialuri institutebis is niSan-Tvisebebi, romelic, SesaZloa, yuradRebis
miRma darCeniliyo sociologiaSi marto mamakacebi rom yofiliyvnen Car­
Tulebi?
4. ra roli miuZRvis mediasa da sazogaodebas samuSao adgilze seqsualur dis­
kriminaciis warmoCenaSi?
5. Tqveni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara genderuli Tanasworobis miRweva? ra
aris yvelaze didi dabrkoleba Tanasworobis gzaze?

sityvari

dadgenili fasi _ anazRaurebis gamoTvla konkretuli samsaxurisaTvis unar-

Cvevebis, mondomebis, pasuxismgeblobasa da am samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli
riskis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebaze dafuZnebiT, romelic gamoricxavs sqe­
sobriv da rasobriv mikerZoebas da uTanasworobas.
genderi _ mamakacebze an qalebze sociumis mier miwerili arabiologiuri Tvise­
bebi.
genderuli rolebi _ gansxvavebuli davalebebi da aqtivobebi, romelsac
sazogadoeba miawers TiToeul sqess da gansazRvravs mamakacurobis an qal­
urobis niSniT.
genderuli stereotipebi _ zomaze metad gamartivebuli, magram myari ideebi,
romelic Seexeba mamakacebisa da qalebis Tvisebebs.
maCizmo _ Zlieri mamakacuroba, rac gamoixateba kvexnaSi, trabaxSi da qalebis
mimarT eqspluataciur damokidebulebaSi.
seqsizmi _ araTanaswori mopyroba qalebisa da mamakacebis mimarT, rac efuZneba
sqess an genders da romelic xSirad gulisxmobs uaryofiT ganwyobasa da qa­
lebis diskriminacias.
sqesobrivi Zaladoba _ samuSao adgilze zemdgomi piris mier qve­SevrdomisaTvis
sqesobriv kavSirze daTanxmebis moTxovna.

402
 Tavi 10

Taobebi da mosaxleobis
dabereba

asakobrivi gansxvavebebi da cxovrebiseuli

Sansebi
. `didi depresiis~ Svilebi . `beibibumerebis~ Taoba

asaki, dabereba da gardamavali

etapebi
. asakis socialuri definiciebi
. gardamavali etapebi: daberebis procesi

cxovrebis asakobrivi safexurebi

. bavSvoba . mozardoba . zrdasruloba
. xandazmuloba

asakobrivi struqtura: aSS-is `gaWaRaraveba~

. grZelvadiani tendenciebi
. Rrmad moxucebulebi

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
daberebis politika da konfliqti TaobaTa Soris

403
404
d Res sidnei kartoni ormocdaxuTi wlis gaxda, magram da­badebis dRes ar
zeimobs, piriqiT, wuxs Tavisi axalgazrdobis ganuxorcielebeli ocnebebis
gamo. 1972 wels, kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg, sidnei darwmunebuli iyo, rom 45
wlis asakisTvis yvela dasaxul mizans miaRwevda, magram axla misTvis sruliad na­
Telia, rom darCenili cxovrebac ki ar eyofa sakuTari molodinebis gasamarTle­
blad. mas da mis meuRles, lusis, sami wlis gogona kendali hyavT da male meore
Svilic eyolebaT. kolejSi swavlis gadasaxadi astronomiul cifrs rom aRwevda,
dResac valad adevs. lusis qvrivi mama alcSeimeriT aris avad da ocdaoTxi saaTis
ganmavlobaSi meddis meTvalyureoba sWirdeba. momvlelis xarjebis dafarvac
sidneis da lusis uwevT. rogorc eqimebi amboben, moxucs sxva mxriv Zlieri orga­
nizmi aqvs da 100 wlamde icxovrebs. sidneisa da lusis aseve tvirTad awevT bankis
25 wliani sesxi, prestiJul ubanSi saxlis SesaZenad rom aiRes. amas kidev maRali
saprocento gadasaxadebi emateba maTi kuTvnili ori manqanisaTvis. TiTqos CamoT­
vlili finansuri problemebi sakmarisi ar iyo, erT dRes samsaxurSi misul sidneis
`siurprizi~ daxvda _ gancxadebebis dafas TanamSromlebi Semohxveodnen. dafaze
300 kacis sia iyo gamokruli, romlebic kompaniis `restruqturizacias~ Seewirnen.
darCenil TanamSromlebs ki xelfasis momatebaze arc unda eocnebaT. siaSi moxved­
rili aTi kaci swored sidneis ganyofilebis TanamSromeli iyo. aqedan ors muSa­
obis erTi wliT meti staJi hqonda, vidre sidneis. rogorc Cans, menejmenti maRalx­
elfasiani kadrebis gaSvebas cdilobda da sidnei amjerad gadarCa. SemdegSi ki
SeiZleba aRar gaumarTlos. (polani da levini, 1992 gv.29-30).
sidneis ambis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sociologiuri aspeqti imaSi mdgo­
mareobs, rom marto mas ar awuxebs yofiTi problemebi. TiTqmis imave problemebis
winaSe dgas misi Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli, romlebic qveyanaSi meore msoflio
omis Semdeg, swrafi ganviTarebis procesebis dros daibadnen (grehemi, 1995w.). es
problemebi nawilobriv aSS-is sazogadoebis asakobrivi struqturidan iRebs sa­
Taves. aRniSnuli aspeqti socialuri struqturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ele­
mentia da asakobriv jgufebSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis garkveul raodenobas
moicavs. sidnei daibada maSin, rodesac qveyanaSi uamravi axalSobili gaCnda. im
periodSi dabadebulebs omisSemdgomi `beibibumerebis Taoba~ ewoda. 1946-1964
wlebs Soris Cvens mosaxleobas daaxloebiT 76 milioni bavSvi daemata. axali Tao­
bis es rekorduli ricxvi dRemde aisaxeba TiToeulis cxovrebaze: ganaTlebaze,
samuSao adgilebis raodenobasa da xelfasebze.
`beibibumerebis~ cxovrebaze gavlena iqonia konkretulma istoriulma da
kulturulma movlenebmac da mimdinareobebmac, romlis gavla maT sakuTari
cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSi uwevdaT.
cxovrebis kursSi sociologebi gulisxmoben sxvadasxva asakobriv etaps
dabadebidan sikvdilamde (elderi, 1987 w. o’randi da krekeri, 1990 w.). adamia­
nis cxovreba iyofa etapebad: mcirewlovnoba, bavSvoba, mozardoba; adreuli,
saSualo da gviani zrdasruloba da moxucebuloba. kulturuli ajanyebebiT
ganTqmulma 1960-ianma wlebma sul sxva gavlena iqonia imdroindel mozardebze,

405
vidre 1930-iani wlebis `didi depresiis~ wlebma. aseve, adreuli zrdasruloba
cinikuri `voTergeiTis~ periodSi sul sxva rames niSnavda, vidre adreuli zrda­
sruloba meore msoflio omis patriotul eraSi. is, Tu vin xar da ra xdeba Sens
irgvliv, im istoriuli zegavlenebis nawilobrivi produqtebia, romlebic uSua­
lod aisaxeba Taobaze da wiTel zolad gasdevs Seni cxovrebis yvela etaps.
mocemuli Tavis pirvel nawilSi Tanamedrove amerikeli `bei­bibumerebisa~ da
sxva Taobebis Sesaxeb giambobT. ganvixilavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens sazogadeobis
asakobrivi struqtura adamianebis cxovrebaze da winsvlis Sansebze; istoriul
movlenaTa mimdinareoba rogor axdens adamianuri SesaZleblobebis formirebas
adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva safexurze; rogor ayalibebs TiToeuli Taoba
im sazogadoebas, romelSic TviTon cxovrobs. daviwyebT imiT, rom erTmaneTs
SevadarebT `beibibumerebisa~ da `didi depresiis~ Taobebs. Semdeg ganvixilavT
im sam ZiriTad koncefcias, romlebic adamianis cxovrebis kursis Seswavlisas
gamoikveTa: (1) asaks, (2) asakobrivi zrdis safexurebsa da (3) gardamaval etapebs
asakobriv safexurebs Soris. TiToeuli maTgani ara marto biologiuri, aramed
kulturuli movlenacaa. Tqven dainaxavT `cxovrebis kurss~, rogorc dinamiur
process, romelic icvleba ara marto erTi etapidan meore etapze gadasvlisas,
aramed erTi kulturidan meore kulturaze gadasvlis drosac.
meore nawilSi ganvixilavT `cxovrebis kursis~ oTx mniSvnelovan etaps _
bavSvobas, mozardobas, zrdasrulobasa da moxucebulobas. vnaxavT, rasTan aris
yoveli es etapi dakavSirebuli aSS-Si. bolos, gavakeTebT daskvnebs, SevaCerebT
ra Cvens mzeras `WaRara~ mosaxleobaze, anu ufrosi asakis adamianebis SedarebiT
yvelaze did nawilze, maT Soris moxucebulobas miRweul adamianebze, romlebic
arcTu cotani arian qveyanaSi. is, Tu ras niSnavs aRniSnuli Taoba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisaTvis, Zalze mniSvnelovania 21-e saukunisTvis.

asakobrivi gansxvavebebi da
cxovrebiseuli Sansebi

erTi SexedviT, adamianis unarze da Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli, Tu romel

kolejSi gaagrZelebs swavlas. harvardSi moxvedra SeuZlia mas, visac skolaSi
swavlis dros yovelTvis yvelaze maRali qulebi aqvs miRebuli; Tumca kolejma,
SesaZloa, uari uTxras miRebaze mas, visac swavlis fuli ar gaaCnia. aRniSnuli
ganmartebebi sinamdviles Seesabameba, magram ar miesadageba yvelas. gadawyvetile­
ba individualuria da ar iTvaliswinebs did socialur struqturebs. adgili aqvs
uTanasworobas _ yvelas ar SeuZlia elitarul kerZo skolaSi swavla.
meore mniSvnelovani socialuri faqtoria Taoba, romelsac esa Tu is adamiani
ekuTvnis. is Taoba, romelmac skola meore msoflio omis Semdeg daamTavra, har­
vardSi bevrad advilad moxvda, vidre 1960-ian wlebSi dabadebulTa Taoba. mizezi
martivia da raodenobaSi unda veZeboT. zemoaRniSnuli movlena damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdeni adamiani monawileobs konkursSi da rogoria maTi SezRuduli

406
raodenobis adgilze moxvedris Sansi. omis dros ara marto skolebis kursdam­
TavrebulTa raodenoba iyo mcire, 1960-ian wlebis kursdamTavrebulebTan Se­
darebiT, aramed bevrs, samxedro samsaxuris gamo, kolejSi Cabarebis gadadeba
mouwia. aqedan gamomdinare, konkursi dabali iyo da Sesabamisad, elitarul sas­
wavleblebSi studentTa moxvedrac ufro advili.
TiToeul TaobaSi bevri faqtori axdens gavlenas pirovnebis cxovrebiseul
Sansebze; imaze, Tu romeli Taobis warmomadgeneli xar, didad aris damokidebu­
li, iqnebi maRalanazRaurebad Tu dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurSi, iqnebi mdidari
Tu Raribi, socialur kibeze gadaadgildebi Tu statikurad erT adgilze dar­
Cebi. aRniSnuli faqtis demonstrireba naTlad SeiZleba ori Taobis erTmaneTTan
SedarebiT. eseni arian `didi depresiisa~ da `beibibumerebis~ Taobebi.

`didi depresiis~ Svilebi

sociologma glen elderma wignSi `didi depresiis Svilebi~ (1974w. 1978w. da

1987w.) aRwera kvleva 1920-1921 wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebis jgufze. erTsa da
imave wels, an Tanmimdevrulad mimdinare wlebis garkveul periodSi dabadebis
niSniT adamianebis jgufis gamoyofas, demografiuli terminologiiT asakobriv
kohortas uwodeben. kohortam, romelic elderma Seiswavla, e.w. `didi depresiis~,
anu 1930-iani wlebis mozardebamde miiyvana, romelTa qcevasa da sakiTxebisadmi
midgomaze am istoriulma SemTxvevam didi gavlena moaxdina, Tanac, ara marto
uSualod im periodSi, roca isini mozardebi iyvnen, aramed SemdgomSic. kohor­
tis wevroba ar aisaxeba mxolod bavSvobis asakze: `misi gavlena yvela asakze
moqmedebs im wreebis meSveobiT, romelTac isini miekuTvnebian, maTi meSveobiT,
visTanac urTierToba aqvT da im socialuri Tu kulturuli pirobebis meSveo­
biT, romelTa pirispirac uwevT maT yofna~ (raili, 1987).
`didi depresiis~ periodis Tineijerebs, romlebic elderis dakvirvebis
obieqtebi iyvnen, rTuli pirobebis gadatana mouwiaT sakuTar ojaxebSi. maTi
mSoblebis umetesoba umuSevari iyo. prestiJulobis dakargvis faqti xSir Sem­
TxvevaSi metad tkenda guls maT mSoblebs. verafriT Svelodnen im subieqtur
SegrZnebas, rom `qvemoT mieqanebodnen~. bevri ojaxi cdilobda daemala sakuTari
gaWirveba. aRniSnuli Taobis erT-erTma warmomadgenelma elders uambo, rom
misma mSoblebma sakmaod didi Tanxa gadaixades axal naxatSi maSin, roca saWmlis
fuli ar hqondaT. ratom? imitom, rom mezoblebi saxlis interiers xedavdnen, mag­
ram ver xedavdnen, Tu ras Wamdnen am saxlis macxovreblebi.
mozardebis 40% (romlebic elderis dakvirvebis jgufSi Sediodnen) iZule­
buli iyo swavlasTan erTad emuSava kidec. Sedegad, es Taoba cxovrebis sakmaod
adreul etapze gaerkva yoveldRiuri moTxovnebis sagnebis: sakvebis, tansac­
mlisa da binis qiris fasebSi, ramac maTSi finansuri pasuxismgeblobis da konser­
vatiulobis xarisxi gazarda. gamoTqmebi `fuli advilad ar modis~ da `imdenad
gaWime, ramdenadac gagwvdeba~ swored im Taobis memkvidreobaa, visac uSualod
`didi depresiis~ Svilebs uwodeben da visac swored im periodSi mouwia muSaoba.

407
es Taoba `didi depresiis~ Sedegad gaCenil sirTuleebs depresiis gareSe gaum­
klavda. maT far-xmali ki ar dayares, piriqiT, pozitiurad miudgnen sakiTxebs da
amitom bevrs muSaobdnen.
aRniSnulma aspeqtebma `didi depresiis~ Svilebis cxovrebis momdevno eta­
pebze mniSvnelovani kvali datova. mamakacebis umetesobas e.w. `saxelobo krista­
lizacia~ daemarTa, anu isini darCnen im xelobis amara, riTac uwevdaT adreul
asakSi Tavis rCena. isini, ZiriTadad, Raribi ojaxebidan iyvnen. maTi interesebis,
xedvebis da survilebis sfero Seviwrovda da koncentrirda e.w. `stabilur~
saqmianobaze. SesaZloa es iyo reaqcia im gaWirvebaze, rac maT mozardobis asak­
Si ganicades. elderis mier gamokiTxuli mamakacebis umetesoba, isinic ki, vinc
mozardobisas ar ganicdida ukidures siRaribes, zrdasrulobis asakSic muSao­
baze orientirebuli adamianebi iyvnen. maTi umTavresi Rirebuleba Sromis Sede­
gad miRebuli miRwevebi, ojaxi, Svilebi da mSoblis vali iyo (elderi, modeli da
parke, 1993 w.w.).
elderis mier gamokvleuli qalebis damokidebulebebs Soris upiratesoba qa­
lis tradiciul ojaxur vals eniWeba, rac, ZiriTadad, Svilis aRzrdas da ojaxis
movlas gulisxmobs. es movlena gansakuTrebiT maT Soris SeimCneva, vinc war­
moSobiT Raribi ojaxidanaa. maT Soris aseve SeimCneoda ojaxis adre Seqmnis da
Svilebis gamo samsaxurze uaris Tqmis tendencia (gansakuTrebiT, pirveli Svilis
gaCenis Semdeg). rogorc Cans, am qalebisTvis ojaxze fokusireba iyo erTgvari
gza, Tavi daeRwiaT bavSvobaSi `didi depresiis~ Sedegad maTTvis da maTi ojaxis
wevrebisTvis miyenebuli `fsiqologiuri tramvebisgan~.
Tumca am kategoriis qalebis mier ojaxze koncentrirebis mizezi, Sesa­
Zloa, maTi Taobis simciriTac iyos gamowveuli (eisterlini, Seferi da maku­
noviCi, 1993w.). mamakacebisTvis SedarebiT advili iyo samsaxuris povna, gansa­
kuTrebiT, meore msoflio omis da mis Semdgom periodSi, roca aSS-is ekonomika
gansakuTrebiT swrafad ganviTarda. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba izrdeboda da
muSaxelis nakleboba iyo. muSaxelis mozidvis mizniT izrdeboda xelfasebis moc­
uloba. mamakacis SemosavliT Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mTeli ojaxis rCena. aqedan
gamomdinare, qorwinebaSi myof qalebs Tavis rCenis mizniT muSaoba ar sWirdebo­
daT da SeeZloT mTeli Tavisi energia ojaxisTvis daeTmoT. swored isini gaxdnen
SemdegSi `beibibumerebis~ Taobis mSoblebi.
elderis saintereso dakvirvebas warmoadgens isic, rom `didi depresiis~ Tao­
bis Tineijerebma dramatulad gansxvavebuli zegavlena ganicades, maTTan Seda­
rebiT, vinc imave periodSi mcirewlovani iyo. 1928-1929 w.w. dabadebulebTan Se­
darebiT (romlebic `didi depresiis~ periodSi Zalian patarebi iyvnen), 1920-1921
w.w. dros dabadebulebi (romlebic `didi depresiis~ dros Tineijerebi iyvnen)
ufro mizanmimarTulni da sakuTar momavalSi darwmunebuli adamianebi arian.
zogadad rom vTqvaT, maT ufro mets miaRwies zrdasrulobis asakSi, vidre 8-9
wliT gvian dabadebulma adamianebma. aRmoCnda, rom `didi depresiis~ periodma
ufro negatiuri gavlena iqonia maTze, vinc maSin mcirewlovani iyo, vidre maTze,
vinc maSin mozrdilobis asakSi iyo. amis mizezi SesaZloa is aris, rom am asakis
`kohortam~ mcirewlovnebis asaki 1920-ian wlebSi (qveynis aRmavlobis) gaatara da

408
`did depresias~ ise uyurebda, rogorc droebiT movlenas, radgan sxva, ukeTesi
cxovrebac enaxa. im faqtma, rom swavlasTan erTad, ojaxis finansuri mxardaWe­
ris mizniT, muSaobac uwevdaT, maT is Tviseba SesZina, rac SedarebiT axalgazrda
Taobas aklda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, am konkretuli Taobis warmomadgenlebis gan­
viTareba da formireba aSkarad imis mixedviT moxda, rasac mas istoria uqadda
(elderi, modeli da parke, 1993 w.).

`beibibumerebis~ Taoba

Tu gaixsenebT im naxat films, sadac piToni goWs ylapavs, advilad warmoid­

genT, rogor aRebs gveli pirs farTod, Semdeg swrafad xuravs da gadaylapuli
goWis gamo saylapavi mili ebereba. gaberili adgili piTonis sxeulSi nel-nela
Tavidan kudisken gadainacvlebs. am gamosaxulebis aRqma saSualebas mogcemT
warmoidginoT, ras niSnavs `beibibumerebis~ Taoba (jonsi, 1980w.).
asakobrivi jgufi

mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba

sqema 10.1 / aSS asakobrivi struqtura, 1950-2030

diagramebi naTlad uCvenebs `beibibumerebis~ Taobis gadaadgilebas cxovrebis kursis Rer­
Zze. 1950 wels, rodesac `beibibumerebis~ Taobam daiwyo arseboba, `gamoberili~ nawili
swored aSS asakobrivi struqturis diagramis ZirSia moTavsebuli. 1980 wels, rodesac
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis wamomadgenlebi mozardobis da adreuli zrdasrulobis asaks
miuaxlovdnen, `gamoberilma~ adgilma diagramis Sua nawilis qvemoT gadainacvla. 2000
wlisTvis `gamoberili~ adgili diagramis Sua nawilis zemoT miiwevs, anu beibibumerebis
Taoba ukve Suaxnis asaks aRwevs. xolo 2030 wlisTvis, rodesac es Taoba moxucebulobis
asaks miaRwevs, mosaxleobis diagrama, piramidis nacvlad, oTxkuTxeds daemsgavseba.

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, SeerTebuli Sta­tebis statistikuri amona­

ridi, 1994w.

409
 koloniuri xanidan dRemde axalSobilTa maCvenebeli aSS-Si mniSvnelovnad
klebulobs. am tendenciaSi erTaderT did gamonakliss adgili hqonda _ 1946 wl­
idan dawyebuli da Semdeg, roca bavSvebis uprecedento raodenoba gaCnda. soci­
ologebma Tavdapirvelad CaTvales, rom wyvilebi ubralod `dakargul dros in­
azRaurebdnen~, radgan maT omis dros Svilebis yola ar SeeZloT. `axalSobilTa
bumi~ daaxloebiT or aTeul wels gagrZelda, xolo 1964 wels am maCvenebelma isev
kleba daiwyo. aSS-is mosaxleobas, drois am periodSi, 76 milioni bavSvi daemata.
iqidan moyolebuli aRniSnuli `kohortis~ moculoba kidev ufro gaizarda imi­
graciis fonze da maTma ricxvma 80 milions miaRwia, rac aSS-is mosaxleobis erT
mesameds udris. `beibibumerebis~ wina da momdevno Taoba ricxobrivad bevrad
ufro naklebia, isini aSS-is mosaxleobis struqturaSi swored piTonis sxeulSi
gamoberili nawilis miRma darCenil adgilebs gvanan (ix. sqema 10.1). asakis mate­
basTan dakavSirebiT, `beibibumerebis~ Taobis gamosaxuleba cxrilze piTonis sx­
eulSi gadaadgilebas emsgavseba. gadaadgileba iwyeba Cvilobidan, gadadis bavS­
vobis asakSi, Semdeg mozrdilobis, zrdasrulobis sxva­dasxva etapis, dabolos,
moxucebulobis asakSi. am gamoberili nawilis gamosaxulebam asakobriv struq­
turaze 50 wlis asakobriv zRvars miaRwia. am Taobis bavSvoba daemTxva eizen­
haueris `aRmavlobis~ periods, kosmosSi pirveli xomaldis gaSvebas da civ oms.
maTi mozardobis asaki kenedis mkvlelobiT daiwyo da vietnamis omiT damTavrda,
xolo maTi adreuli zrdasrulobis asaki daemTxva niqsonis `voTergeiTis~ eras.
am periodSi bevri axal­gazrda urbanisti profesionali `iufi~ Camoyalibda.
dRes sityva `axalgazr­da~ nel-nela CamoSorda termins `iufi~, radgan 1996 wels
`axalSobilTa bumis~ Taobis pirveli warmomadgenlebi ukve 50 wlis asaks miuax­
lovdnen.
rogorc `didi depresiis~ Svilebis Taobis mimoxilvisas aRvniSneT, individis
cxovrebis formireba im movlenebis zegavleniT xdeba, romlebic misi cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan etapebze iCens Tavs (rilei, 1987w.). individis formirebaze gavlenas
axdens Semdegi aspeqtebic: qalia Tu mamakaci, mdidaria Tu Raribi, amerikelia Tu
Cineli da a.S. am aspeqtebze Cven Semdeg TavebSi visaubrebT. ganvixiloT, ra gavle­
na moaxdina `beibibumerebis~ Taobaze maT axalgazrdobaSi momxdarma movlenebma,
magaliTad, gareubnebis ganviTarebam. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi
pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc gareubnebSi dasaxldnen. es faqti, Sesabamisad, dakavSire­
bulia movlenebTan, rogoric aris savaWro `molebis~ gaxsnisa da `mimwodeblis~
servisis mania. aRniSuli Taoba omis Semdgomi ekonomikis swrafi ganviTarebis pe­
riodSi gaizarda. maTi mSoblebi umetesad optimisturad uyurebdnen momavals.
axali teqnologiebi TiTqos usazRvro SesaZleblobebs qmnida. `beibibumerebis~
Taobis warmomadgenlebs Tavi gansakuTrebulebad da yovelive saukeTesos memkvi­
dred miaCndaT. magram, roca adreuli zrdasrulobis asaks miaRwies, saeWvo warmo­
Sobis vietnamis omi gaRvivda. gasakviri ar aris, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis war­
momadgenlebi omis winaaRmdeg saprotesto aqciebSi CaerTvnen. amdenad, mTel rig
istoriul movlenebs, rogoric iyo gareubnebis ganviTareba, ekonomikuri aRmav­
loba, arapopularul omSi aSS-is CarTva _ adgi­li swored `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze hqonda, rac ganasxvavebda maT sxva Taobebisgan.

410
 yvelafris miuxedavad, `beibibumerebis~ Taoba ar aris Tavisi drois pasiuri
produqti. Tavis mxriv, maTi wyalobiTac icvleboda movlenaTa mimdinareoba da
xandaxan dramatuladac. imis gamo, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba bevrad meti iyo
raodenobrivad Tavis winamorbed da Semdgom Taobaze, Tavis mxriv, zrdis yvela
etapze socialuri cvlilebebis mizezi xdeboda. 1940-iani wlebis bolos da 1950-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi maTi wyalobiT gaivso samSobiaro saxlebi da baga-baRebi,
ramac Seqmna doqtor spokisa da doqtor suisis fenomeni; 1950-iani wlebis bo­
los da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaivso dawyebiTi skolebis da Semdeg saSualo
skolebis saklaso oTaxebi. Semdeg TandaTan daicala dabali safexuris saswavlo
dawesebulebebi, radgan `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi nel-nela mo­
zardobis da adreuli zrdasrulobis asakobriv safexurze gadavidnen.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobam uzarmazari gavlena iqonia bazarzec. magaliTad, ma­
Sin, roca misi warmomadgenlebi Tineijerobis asakSi iyvnen, iyideboda rokmusi­
kis uamravi diski da cximovani gamonayaris sawinaaRmdego saxis gamwmendi uamravi
malamo. 21-e saukuneSi ki, roca `beibibumerebis~ Taoba pensiaze gadis, Zalian
swrafad izrdeba moTxovnileba binebsa da saxlebze aSS-is samxreT da samxreT-
dasavleT nawilSi (e.w. `mzis sartyelSi~).
istoriis yovel etapze am Taobis gavlenis wili maTive cxovrebiseuli wins­
vlis Sansebze uzarmazaria. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia socialuri mdgoma­reobis
Skalaze maTi gadaadgilebis maCveneblebis sidideebi (socialur ierar­qiaSi maTi
gadaadgilebis maCveneblebi).
riCard isterlinis (1987) mixedviT, mravalricxovani Taobis wevroba indivi­
dis piradi SesaZleblobebis Sesustebas niSnavs, radgan am Taobis warmomadgen­
lebi, faqtobrivad yvelaferSi uwevdnen erTmaneTs konkurencias. zemoT ganvixi­
leT harvardis magaliTi. ra Tqma unda, ufro advilia universitetSi moxvedra,
rodesac konkursantTa raodenoba mcirea (rodesac kursdamTavrebulTa raode­
nobaa mcire, radgan maTi umetesoba omSia gawveuli), vidre maSin, roca sazoga­
doeba savsea iseTi axalgazrdebiT, romelTac umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba surT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas samsaxuris Sovnasa da dawinaurebazec _ rac ufro metia
ama Tu im postze moxvedris msurveli, miT naklebia TiToeulis Sansi.
sterlinis Teorias imis Taobaze, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens ricxovnoba da
konkurencia cxovrebiseul Sansebze, naklic aqvs. igi saTanadod ar afasebs Sesa­
Zleblobebis masStabebs, romelsac `beibibumerebis~ Taoba qmnis. Sevida Tu ara
es Taoba adreuli zrdasrulobis asakSi, kolejebisa da universitetebis raode­
noba gaizarda, raTa dakmayofilebuliyo umaRlesi saswavleblebze gazrdili
moTxovnebi. mas Semdeg, rac am Taobis warmomadgenlebma swavla daamTavres da
Camoyalibdnen mSromel zrdasrulebad, Sesabamisad, gaizarda momxmareblebis
da myidvelTa raodenoba. Sedegad gaizarda Sesyidvebis moculoba da moTxovna
produqtebis gazrdil raodenobaze; gafarTovda da ganviTarda ekonomika da
Seiqmna ufro meti samuSao adgili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `beibibumerebis~
Taoba socialur fonze iqca im Zalad, romliTac sargeblobs sazogadoebis da­
narCeni nawili. cxovrebiseuli ciklis yvela etapze isini mediis yuradRebis
da socialuri movlenebis centrSi iyvnen: jer rogorc gareubneli bavSvebi,

411
mere rogorc `vudstokis~ Taobis kolejis studentebi, romlebic saprotesto
aqciebs mar­Tavdnen; dabolos, rogorc Suaxnis asaks miRweuli zrdasrulebi. maT
Secvales qvey­nis mTeli socialuri struqtura; metnaklebad, Seiqmnes keTil­
dReoba TavisTvis da amiT SedarebiT Seamcires konkurencia Tavisive Taobis war­
momadgenlebs Soris.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebis individualurma qmedebebmac (mag­
aliTad, ekonomikur keTildReobaze Sexedulebis Secvlam) moaxdina gavlena maT
cxovrebiseul Sansebze (buveri da devita, 1991w. isterlini, Seferi da makunoviCi,
1993w.). magaliTad, maTi mSoblebis Taobisgan gansxvavebiT `beibibumerebis~ Tao­
bis warmomadgnlebis umetesobam uari Tqva qorwinebaze, an qorwindebodnen gvian
asakSi. msgavsi gadawyvetileba, uari Tqvan an gvian aiRon Tavis Tavze saojaxo
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgebloba, maT finansuri resursebis akumu­
lirebis saSualebas aZlevda. maT, Tavis mSoblebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebis gaCena
gvian asakSic daiwyes. qorwinebis da Svilis gaCenis dagvianeba saSualebas aZlevs
`beibibumerebis~ Taobas, ganamtkicos sakuTari finansuri mdgomareoba, raTa sa­
Tanadod moemzados mSoblis rolisa da ojaxuri movaleobebisTvis. mSoblebTan
SedarebiT cota Svili `beibibumerebis~ Taobas, finansuri TvalsazrisiT, did
SeRavaTs aZlevda. ori Svilis yola maTTvis normad iqca maSin, roca is ojaxebi,
sadac TviTon cxovrobdnen, sul mcire, samSviliani iyo. amave dros, dRes am Tao­
baSi ufro meti qali muSaobs, vidre maTi mSoblebis TaobaSi, rac wyvilebs aseve
ukeTes ekonomikur mdgomareobas uqmnis.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis cxovrebis ekonomikuri foni, ra Tqma unda, sul var­
debiT mofenili ar aris, razec mocemuli Tavis dasawyisSi naambobi sidnei qartonis
cxovrebis ambavic metyvelebs. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs
ufro meti da Tavdadebuli muSaoba uwevT, raTa cxovrebis sasurvel dones miaRwion
vidre maT mSoblebs uwevdaT. bevri maTgani uCivis Tavisufali drois simcires da
samsaxurebriv stress (brauzi, 1995 w.). maTi mSoblebis Taoba mxolod ojaxis mamis
Semosavalze cxovrobda da Tavs komfortulad grZnobda, beibibumerebis Taobas
ki miaCnia, rom ojaxis sarCenad sul mcire ori adamianis Semosavalia saWiro. maTi
Semosavlis didi nawili miaqvs binebis da saxlebis spiralurad gazrdil fasebs, ra­
mac 1980 wels piks miaRwia, radgan am Taobis sul ufro met da met warmomadgenels
uwevda sacxovrebeli farTis mosapoveblad SejibrSi CarTva; saWiroa bavSvis momv­
lelebisTvis fulis gadaxda, radgan orive mSobeli muSaobs; SvilebisTvis umaR­
lesi ganaTlebis misaRebad sakmaod didi Tanxis dafarva; asakovan mSoblebze zrun­
va, radgan `beibibumerebis~ Taobis mSoblebi maT wina Taobebze ufro xangrZlivad
cxovroben (buvieri da de vita, 1991w. aSS aRwe­ris biuro, 1995w.).
faqtia, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis nebismieri asakobrivi kohortis winaSe
ufro meti problema idga, vidre maTi wina Taobis winaSe. pirobebis gauaresebis
faqtis winaSe yofna sul ufro metad uwevT `beibibumerebis~ Taobis im warmomad­
genlebs, vinc Semosavlis kibeze yvelaze qvemoT dgas, anu maT, visac Sromis ba­
zarze `advilad cvlian~ xolme. `beibibumerebis~ periodis rac ufro gviandel
safexurze gaCnda adamiani, miT ufro naklebi aqvs winsvlis Sansi da sxvebTan Se­
darebiT kidev ufro Raribebi arian (brauni, 1995w.).

412
 yvelaze uares mdgomareobaSi uSualod `beibibumerebis~ periodis damTavrebi­
sas dabadebulebi arian. esterlinis Teoriis sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom isini
ufro ganwirulebi arian siRaribisTvis (brauni, 1995w.). amis mizezi ki SesaZloa,
is iyos, rom maT mouwevT konkurencia gauwion `beibibumerebis~ Taobis im warmo­
madgenlebs, romlebsac jer ar miuRweviaT sapensio asakisTvis da muSaoben. amis
mizezia aseve isic, rom aSS-is ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi gavlenas axdens Sromis
bazris moTxovnilebebsa da qveyanaSi arsebuli samsaxurebis struqturebze. ma­
Ral­kvalificiur muSakebze moTxovna aRar aris iseTi, rogoric 1970-ian wlebsa da
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iyo. 1972-1986 wlebSi aRmasrulebeli, administraci­
uli da samenejmento postebis raodenoba 74%-iT gaizarda, 1986-2000 wlebisTvis
ki mosalodneli iyo maTi mxolod 29%-iT zrda (silvestri da lukaseviCi, 1987w.).
yovelive amis gamo ki, beibibumerebis momdevno Taobas daebloka dawinaurebis Sansi
(krimovski da krauzi, 1992w.). winsvlis Sansis dablokva ki ZiriTadad saSualo kla­
sis statusze airekla da didi sirTuleebis pirispir daayena isini. SedarebisTvis,
1959 wlamde dabadebulTaA 60%-ma 30 wlis asakam­de saSualo klasis statuss miaRwia,
maSin, roca 1959 wlis Semdeg dabadebulTa amave asakis mxolod 42%-ma miaRwia imave
statuss (dunkani da smidingi, citatebi bradSeidan, 1995w.). faqtobrivad, winsv­
lis Sansis dablokva problemaa, rogorc `beibibumerebis~ momdeno TaobisTvis, ise
beibibumerebis periodis bolo wlebSi dabadebulTaTvisac.
da mainc, socialuri SesaZleblobebis klebis tendenciis miuxedavad, `bei­
bibumerebis~ Taoba finansurad bevrad uzrunvelyofili iyo, vidre maTi mSo­
blebi maTi cxovrebis kursis igive safexurze, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis qalebmac daiwyes muSaoba da Tanac ojaxis wevrebi ra­
odenobac Semcirda. `beibibumerebis~ ojaxebis TiToeul wevrze saSualod Semo­
savlis wili ori mesamediT metia, vidre maT bavSvobaSi iyo (isterlini, Seferi da
makunoviCi, 1993w.). mSoblebTan SedarebiT, `beibibumerebis~ Taobas meti kapitali
aqvs _ maTi aqtivi aWarbebs vals. marTalia, proporciulad, Tavis mSoblebTan
SedarebiT, cotas aqvs sakuTari saxli, magram maT ufro meti danazogi da qoneba
aqvT, vidre bankebis vali (isterlini, Seferi da makunoviCi, 1993w.). ese igi, sid­
nei kartonis problema nawilobriv, SesaZloa, winsvlis usazRvro horizontebisa
da SesaZleblobebis molodinSi veZioT. ararealisturi molodinis qona beibibu­
merebis Taobas TiTqos tradiciad eqca.
cxadia, es saubrebi `beibibumerebis~ Taobaze Zalian ganzogadebulia. ra Tqma
unda, am Taobidan uklebliv yvelas ar hqonda ararealisturi molodini an saxe­
lis moxveWis fuWi survili. yvela erTmaneTs ar hgavda. paul laionsi (1994w.) Ta­
vis wignSi `66-ianis klasi: aSS-is gareubnebis mcxovrebni~ aRwers beibibumerebis
Taobis bevr iseT warmomadgenels, romlebmac zrdasrulobis asaks ukve 60-iani
wlebis bolos miaRwies: isini ar monawileobdnen omis winaaRmdeg gamarTul an
adamianis uflebebis damcvel demonstraciebSi; ar eweodnen marixuanas da ar ata­
rebdnen eqsperimentebs narkotikebTan mimarTebaSi; ar icvamdnen hipebiviT; maTi
umetesoba droulad daojaxda; maTTvis ucxo iyo 1960-iani wlebisTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli radikalizmi da janyi da mxolod Soridan adevnebdnen Tvals mas.
pirvelma sociologma karl manheimma, romelic Taobebis gavlenis Zalas ikvlev­

413
da, aRiara, rom Taobis warmomadgenlebis Zlierad gamovlenilma saerTo niSneb­
ma SeiZleba SeniRbos Sinagani gansxvavebebi. man erTsa da imave TaobaSi Semavali
jgufebis mimarT, romlebic erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sexed­
ulebebi aqvT da saerTo istoriul gamocdilebas gansxvavebulad udgebian, gamoi­
yena termini Taobis struqturuli dajgufeba (volfi, 1993w.). Taobis sxvadasxva
struqturuli dajgufebis Seqmnis safuZveli SeiZleba yofiliyo konkretuli
asaki, sqesi, warmoSobis socialuri klasi, eTnikuri warmoSoba da sxv. zemoaRniS­
nuli koncefcia Zalze mniSvnelovania da yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom is
Taobis erT monoliTad aRqmis tendencias ewinaaRmdegeba.

asaki, dabereba da gardamavali

etapebi

termini `asaki~ sociologebisTvis ar aris mxolod adamianis dabadebidan

gasuli wlebis raodenoba. masSi aseve Sedis socialuri definiciebi imis gaT­
valiswinebiT, Tu ra moeTxovebaT da ra SeuZliaT ama Tu im asakis adamianebs.
es definiciebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebasTan
mimarTebaSi. terminis Tanmxlebi definiciebi sagrZnoblad icvleba wlebis ganmav­
lobaSi. termins `dabereba~ (aging) aqvs sociologiuri datvirTvac. yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi am termins asakobrivi zrdis maRal safexurze gadasvlasTan mimarTe­
baSi iyeneben, xolo sociologebisTvis es aris adamianis asakobrivi zrda dabade­
bidan sikvdilamde. sociologebisTvis `dabereba~ ara marto qronologiur prog­
ress gulisxmobs asakobriv zrdaSi, aramed axal asakobriv statusebsa da rolebs
Soris arsebul gardamaval etapebsac.

asakis socialuri definiciebi

yvela kulturas garkveuli normebi aqvs, riTac unda ganisazRvrebodes ada­

mianis qceva cxovrebis kursis sxvadasxva safexurze (qeiTi, 1990w.). am normebis
mixedviT ganisazRvreba, Tu ras niSnavs esa Tu is asaki. kulturuli aspeqtebi­
dan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva sazogadoebas sxvadasxva normebi aqvs. CineTis qalaq
honkongSi miaCniaT, rom axalgazrdoba periodia, roca adamiani impulsuria da
Tavisufalia yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobisgan; Sua xnis asaki periodia, roca ada­
mianma Sromis da ojaxuri valdebulebebis tvirTi unda ataros; xolo moxucebu­
lobis asaki periodia, rodesac adamianze sxvam unda izrunos, man ki isiamovnos
Tavisufali drois Tavis nebaze gatarebiT. sruliad gansxvavebul normebs ani­
Weben upiratesobas sxva kulturebi. magaliTad, irlandiur qalaq blesingtonSi
axal­gazrdebi ar arian Tavisufalni yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobisgan. isini `Tavs
imkvidreben~ imiT, rom eZeben samuSaos, emzadebian dasaqorwineblad, aCenen Svi­
lebs da zrunaven saxlis SeZenaze. blesingtonSi arc moxucebulobis asaks miiC­

414
neven Tavisufali drostarebis xanad. maT visac Sromis unari gaaCniaT, moeTxove­
baT saTemo an sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebis doneze Tavisi codna da gamocdileba
sxvebs gadascen (ikelsi, 1992w.).
moxucebuloba, Sua xnis asaki an axalgazrdoba kalendriT ar ganisazRvreba
(klauseni, 1986w.). cxovrebis es safexurebi socialur konteqstSi kulturis Ta­
viseburebebiT ganisazRvreba. asaki, rogorc kulturuli konstruqcia, romelsac
Tan garkveuli molodinebi axlavs, gzas ukafavs adamians, raTa erTi socialuri
rolidan da statusidan meoreze gadavides (miiRos is ufleba-movaleobebi, ro­
melic cxovrebis gzaze unda ataros). amerikelebSi asaki gviani mozardobis peri­
odidan adreul zrdasrulobis periodamde miCneulia `Sesaferis~ asakad skolis
dasamTavreblad, mSoblebis saxlis dasatoveblad da muSaobis dasawyebad. 60
wlis asakidan moyolebuli ki, isini pensiaze gadian. yvela sazogadoebaSi erT­
gvari `ganrigi~ arsebobs, romelia `normaluri~ asaki qorwinebisTvis, Svilebis,
an SviliSvilebis yolisTvis da sxv. es ganrigebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
Seicvalos. magaliTad, 1950-iani wlebis bolos Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad
gairkva, rom qalebisa da mamakacebis 90% mamakacis qorwinebisTvis Sesaferis
asakad miiCnevda 20-dan 25 wlamde periods. 1970-iani wlebis bolos es maCvenebeli
42%-mde Semcirda. imave kvlevis Sedegad, umravlesobis mier qalis qorwinebisT­
vis Sesaferis asakad miCneuli iyo 19-24 weli. es mosazreba ori aTeuli wlis Sem­
deg Seicvala da gamokiTxulTa mxolod 46% miiCnevda, rom qali adreul asakSi
unda gaTxovdes (rozenfildi da starki, 1987w.). normebis aseTi cvlis gamo, ada­
mianebi rTulad iReben gadawyvetilebas sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan eta­
pebTan dakavSirebiT, radgan ver pouloben aRniSnul `ganrigSi~ sakuTar adgils
(niugarteni da nougarteni, 1987w.).
asaki exmareba adamiansac rolebis Secvlasa da erTi statusidan meoreSi ga­
dasvlaSi da exmareba sazogadoebasac resursebis (fuli, Zalaufleba da prestiJi)
gadanawilebaSi (o’randi da krekeri, 1990w.). magaliTad, asakovani `beibibumerebis~
warmomadgenlebi 21-e saukuneSi politikur asparezze did garRvevas warmoqmnian,
radgan ricxvobrivadac metni iqnebian da qonebis didi nawilic maT xelSi iqneba
akumulirebuli. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom isini usaTuod isargebleben presti­
JiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, sadac sociologiuri da teqnologiuri cvlile­
bebi Zalian swraf tempSi mimdinareobs, asakovan adamianebs Zvelmodurad miiCneven,
xolo maT codnas moZvelebulad. amis sapirispirod, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi
asaki ufro prestiJulia, radgan isedac mciredi odenobiT darCenili adamianebis
gamocdileba da codna bevrad ufro sasargeblod miaCniaT (foneri, 1993w.).
adamianebis asakis mixedviT socialur kategoriebad klasificirebis process
asakobrivi rangireba ewodeba. asakobrivi rangireba farTod gavrcelebuli mid­
gomaa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, Tumca es yovelTvis ase ar iyo. asakisa da asa­
kobrivi sxvaobebis mniSvnelobam pirvelad me-19 saukunis bolos iCina Tavi da me-
20 saukuneSi damkvidrda (Cudakovi, 1989w.). adamianis qcevis da sazogadoebrivi
institutebis organizebaSi asakobriv rangirebas 1850 wlamde iseTi mniSvneloba
ar hqonda, rogoric dRes aqvs.

415
 aviRoT ganaTleba. 1870 wlamde skolebSi swavlebis procesi asakobrivi ran­
gis mixedviT ar iyo dayofili. gakveTilze yvela asakis bavSvi erTad ijda. 14
wlis mozardi da 20 wlis zrdasruli adamianebi gverdigverd isxdnen harvardisa
da ielis universitetebSi. studentebisTvis ar iyo gansazRvruli zusti asaki,
rodis unda Sesuliyvnen an daemTavrebinaT saswavlebeli. 1804 wels CrdiloeT
karolinas `Capel hilis~ universitetis axali prezidenti sul 24 wlis iyo, anu
zog studentze bevrad ufro axalgazrda. saganmanTleblo sistemaSi ar xdeboda
moswavleTa gadanawileba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. dRes, am mxriv, sapiris­
piro mdgomareobaa, skolebSi erTi asakis bavSvebi erT klasSi sxedan da ganaTle­
basac Sesabamisi programiT iReben. zusti asakobrivi rangirebis aucilebloba
nel-nela qreba kolejebsa da universitetebSi.
socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi xelisuflebis CarTvam xeli Seuwyo
cxovrebis kursis standartizacias asakobriv qronologiaze dayrdnobiT (gile­
mardi da reini, 1993w.). saxelmwifo kanoni, romelic savaldebulod acxadebs
swavlis dawyebas 6 wlis asakSi, Sedegad gvaZlevs imas, rom saklaso oTaxebi savsea
erTi da igive wels dabadebuli bavSvebiT. es asakobrivi kohorta Semdeg erTad
izrdeba ganaTlebis sistemis yvela safexurze, isini erTad amTavreben skolas,
Sedian kolejebsa da universitetebSi da karieris Seqmnasac TiTqmis erTad iwye­
ben. ormoci wlis Semdeg ki, daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi, isini erTad
mimarTaven socialuri uzrunvelyofis dawesebulebebs Sesaferisi SeRavaTebis
misaRebad da samsaxuridan gadadgomis (pensiaze gasvlis) Taobaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni sazogadoeba asakobrivad sakmarisad rangirebu­
lia, arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romlebic kidev ufro mkacrad rangirebulia. maga­
liTad, aRmosavleT afrikis pastoralur masais tomSi mamakacis mxolod oTx
asakobriv rangs cnoben: biWi, meomari, adreuli asakovani mamakaci da ufrosi asa­
kovani mamakaci. TiToeul asakobriv rangs Tavisi mkacrad gansazRvruli ufle­
ba-movaleobebi aqvs: biWebi mSoblebis gankargulebaSi arian da maTi movaleoba
ojaxis saqonlis mwyemsvaa. meomrebi, 15 wlidan 30 wlamde mamakacebi, romelTac
`moranebs~ uwodeben, ucoloebi arian da calke soflebSi cxovroben asakovani ma­
makacebis Temis zedamxedvelobis qveS; adreul asakovan mamakacebs (30-45 wlisa)
ufleba aqvT, hyavdeT coli, saqoneli da Seqmnan sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgili.
45 wlis an ufro asakovani mamakacebis movaleoba ki marTva da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis mogvarebaa. am sazogadoebaSi 30 wlis mamakaci, raoden brZenic ar
unda iyos, politikuri lideri ver gaxdeba, xolo 45 wlis mamakaci, rac ar unda
janmrTeli da Zlieri iyos, meomari ver gaxdeba. masais tomis mamakacebisTvis
funqciebis ganawileba mxolod asakis mixedviT xdeba (bernardi, 1955w. ole sai­
toti da bekviTi, 1980w. spenseri, 1988w.).
umetes Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi asaki statusis, rolebisa da resursebis
ganawilebisas mxolod erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos. faqtobrivad,
amerikeli sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi Zalian zRudavs asakobrivi ran­
girebis faqtoris gamoyenebas uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis miniWebaSi. ukano­
nobad iTvleba asakobrivi SezRudvebi dasaqmebisa da keTilmowyobis sakiTxebSi.
Tumca asakze dayrdnobili negatiuri stereotipi (ageism) sazogadoebaSi mainc

416
arsebobs (batleri, 1989w). asakovani amerikelebi xSirad xdebian asakobrivi dis­
kriminaciis msxverplni, radgan axalgazrdad yofna ukeTesi Sansia keTilmow­
yobisTvis. amitom qveynis moqalaqeebi uamrav Tanxas xarjaven, raTa medicinis
CareviT axalgazrduli ieri SeinarCunon (saxis plastikuri operaciebi, zed­
meti wonisgan gaTavisufleba da sxv.). rodesac telewamyvani kargavs samsaxurs
naoWebis da WaRara Tmis gamo, amas swored asakobriv diskriminaciamde mivyavarT,
rac niSnavs ama Tu im pirisTvis uflebebze, SesaZleblobebsa da resursebze ua­
ris Tqmas misi asakis gamo (levini da levini, 1980w.).

gardamavali etapebi:
daberebis procesi

asaki, erTi mniSvnelovani niSnis gamo, fundametalurad gansxvavdeba iseTi

statusebisgan, rogoric aris rasa da sqesi. Zalian iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda,
Savkanianad, TeTrkanianad, mamakacad Tu qalad yofna adamianebs cxovrebis bo­
lomde uwevT, xolo asaki etapobrivad cvladi statusia, radgan adamianebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi erTi asakobrivi kategoriidan meore asakobriv kategoriaSi
gadadian, rac maT asakobriv zrdas anu daberebas niSnavs.
asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebs axali molodinebi da pasuxismgeblobebi
uCndebaT, sxvadasxva uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi eniWebaT. amdenad, axal asa­
kobriv safexurze gadasvla socialurad mniSvnelovania. aseT gardamaval eta­
pebs xSirad specialur ritualebs uZRvnian, rac xandaxan sajaro ceremoniebSi
gamoixateba da iseTi simboloebiT aris datvirTuli, rac cxovrebis erTi etapi­
dan meore etapze gadasvlis aRsrulebas aRniSnavs.
frangma anTropologma arnold van genepma (1908-1961w.w.) Tavis 1908 wlis
klasikur analizSi mxatvrulad aRwera masais tomis biWebisa da gogonebisTvis
zrdasrulTa asakobriv etapze gadasvlis rituali. ceremonia biWebisTvis yovel
oTx-xuT weliwadSi erTxel tardeboda da masSi 12-dan 16 wlamde asakis mozard­
ebi monawileobdnen:

ceremoniis monawileebi amoisvrebian TeTr TixaSi, gadaiparsaven Tavebs

da ori-sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi sofel-sofel dadian. am dros ikvleba
xari an cxvari. sasaklaos mowyobidan meore diliT TiToeuli monawile
gogonebis mier misi qoxis win dargul xes Wris. momdevno dRes biWebi
siciveSi gadian da civ wyalSi banaoben, rasac primitiuli iaraRiT win­
dacveTis rituali moyveba. windacveTis Semdeg biWebis sawolebze dak­
luli xaris sisxls mimoaqceven. biWebi oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi rCebian
Tavis adgilze da xmas ar iReben. Semdeg gamodian qoxebidan da gogonebs
ajavreben. xSirad qalis kabasac icvamen da Citis bumbulebiT gawyobil
Tavsaburavs ixuraven. saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg isev Tavs
iparsaven. roca Tma imdenad gaezrdebaT, rom maTi davarcxnas SeZleben,
isini moranebi anu meomrebi arian (van genepi, 1908-1961w.w. gv. 85-86).

417
 gogonebisTvis gankuTvnili ceremonia kidev ufro sastiki da araadamianuri
iyo. qalebis e.w. `windacveTa~ genetaliebis gakveTasa da klitoris amokveTas iT­
valiswinebda (dRemde tardeba msgavsi ritualebi). gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg qa­
lebs aTxovebdnen.
masais tomSi erTi asakobrivi safexuridan meoreze gadasvla dRemde fizikur
tkivilTan aris dakavSirebuli (gansakuTrebiT gogonebisTvis), rac amerikeli
sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia. amerikelTa mRelvarebas iwvevs is, rom garkveul
asakobriv zRvarze, rogorc wesi, biWebi Zaladobis zegavlenis qveS moqcevis sa­
SiSroebis winaSe dgebian, rasac SeiZleba adgili hqondes ezoSi fexburTis Tama­
Sisas atexili Cxubis drosac da quCaSi saqmeebis garCevisas iaraRis trialis
drosac. gaurkveveli warmoSobis formalur ceremoniebs amerikaSic aqvs adgi­
li. ganvixiloT e.w. `debiutantebis~ (`maRal sazogadoebaSi~ Sesvlis msurvelTa)
texasuri mejlisi, sadac milionebad Rirebul Zvirfas tansacmelSi gamowyobili
adamianebi yvavilebiT mofenil fiandazebze limuzinebiT Semodian, raTa mona­
wileoba miiRon ceremoniaSi, romelic sakmaod ucnauri elementebisgan Sedgeba:

martivi reveransis nacvlad, texaseli `debiutantebi~ (`maRal sazoga­

doebaSi~ Sesvlis msurvelni) e.w. `hercogebis~ winaSe iatakze ise eS­
vebian, rom SubliT iataks exebian (amisaTvis kargad ganviTarebuli
kunTebia saWiro), Semdeg ise unda Sexedon `hercogs~, TiTqos nebarT­
vas sTxoveno (albaT didxans fiqri ar dagWirdebaT imis misaxvedrad,
Tu ras niSnavs es Jesti). nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg isini nela dgebian
iatakidan (risTvisac aseve kargad ganviTarebuli kunTebia saWiro)
(ivinsi, 1990w.)

masais tomis ceremoniis msgavsad, Tumca naklebi sisastikiT, `debiutantTa~

mejlisi xazs usvams ara marto asakobrivi safexuris gadalaxvis mniSvnelobas,
aramed mamakacebis socialur dominantobas. cxovrebis kursis garkveul safe­
xurze gadasvlis zeimiT aRniSvna Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas
emsaxureba.
`debiutantebisa~ da kursdamTavrebulTa mejlisi, religiuri dResaswaule­
bi, qorwilebi da dakrZalvebi aSS-Si erTgvari ritualebia, romlebic erTi asako­
brivi safexuridan meoreSi gadasvlas eZRvneba. aseTi ritualebi mniSvnelovania
rogorc individisTvis, romelic axal asakobriv statuss iZens, aseve sazoga­
doebisTvis, romelSic es individi cxovrobs. aseT ceremoniebSi gamoyenebulia
fabulebi da simbolebi, romlebic xsnian axal asakobriv safexurze gadasvlis
mniSvnelobas. am procesebis dros individebsa da sazogadoebas axseneben ufle­
bebsa da movaleobebs, romelic Tan axlavs ama Tu im asakobriv statuss. asako­
briv safexurebze gadasvlisadmi miZRvnili ritualebis mniSvnelobaze isic me­
tyvelebs, rom isini dRemde SenarCunda, miuxedavad socialuri cvlilebebisa,
romlis Sedegad am ritualebma TiTqmis dakarga azri. magaliTad, cota vinme Tu
miiCnevs dRes 13 wlis asakis adamians imdenad momwifebulad, rom mas zrdasru­
lis ufleba-movaleobebi daekisros, magram ebraelebs Soris simbolurad mainc

418
aRniSnaven am asakis biWebis dabadebis dReebs e.w. `barmicuvas~ ceremoniiT. sau­
kuneebs gamovlili es rituali aSkarad miuTiTebs sxvadasxva kulturis mier axal
asakobriv safexurebze gadasvlis ritualisadmi erTgulebaze.
dRes xalxi TiTqos cdilobs `ar CamorCes~ cxovrebas da axal asakobriv sta­
tusze droulad gadavides, magram, meore mxriv, bolo wlebSi adamianebi toveben
garkveul gardamaval etapebs asakobriv safexurebs Soris. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom kolejis damTavrebis `Sesaferis~ asakad 21-22 welia miCneuli, garkveu­
li socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad (ganqorwinebis maRali procenti, qalTa sa­
muSao bazarze CarTvis gazrdili maCvenebeli, umuSevrobis done) ufrosi asakis
zrdasrulebma kolejebSi da universitetebSi Sesvla `aratradiciul~ asakSi dai­
wyes. es tendencia Tu gagrZelda, amerikuli kolejis damamTavrebeli ceremonia
aRar iqneba asakobrivad gansazRvruli ise, rogorc es axlo warsulSi xdeboda.
aseve moqnili gaxda samsaxuridan pensiaze gasvlis asakic. bolo wlebSi,
msoflios dasavleT nawilSi mosamsaxure xalxi bevrad adre gadis pensiaze, vid­
re maT asakobrivi niSniT ekuTvniT. magaliTad, pensiaze zogjer 55 wlis asakSi
gadian. mimdinare periodSi naklebad aris standartizebuli sapensio asaki asa­
kobrivi qronologiiT. es ufro samsaxurebis struqturul faqtorebze, samuSao
adgilebis raodenobaze, individis pirad mdgomareobaze da mis mier cxovrebis
kursis arCevazea damokidebuli (gilemardi da reini, 1993w.).
rogorc xedavT, socialuri struqturis ori aspeqtis Tanmimdevroba dair­
Rva. pensiaze gasvlis saSualo asaki dasavleTSi zogan 55 wlamde Semcirda, zogan
ki, piriqiT, 70 wlamde gaizarda. sapensio asakad miCneulma da cxovrebis kursSi
erTi etapidan meore etapze gadasasvlelad miCneulma asakma (65 weli) xuT-xuTi
wliT aqeT-iqiT gadaiwia. igive moxda sxva mniSvnelovan gardamaval asakobriv
etapebzec: magaliTad, gaizarda pirveli Svilis yolis asaki da gafarTovda Svi­
lis yolis asakobrivi diapazoni, gaizarda asakovani qalebis raodenobac (daax­
loebiT 40 wlis asakSi), romlebic Svilebs pirvelad aCenen; gaizarda Tineijeri
dedebis raodenobac. mokled rom vTqvaT, asakobriv safexurebze gardamaval
etapebze matulobs araerTgvarovneba da sul ufro rTuldeba maTi erTmaneTis­
gan gamijvna (jorji, 1993w.).

asakobrivi safexurebi

Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi adamianis cxovrebis kursi oTx nawilad

iyofa: bavSvoba, mozardoba, zrdasruloba da moxucebuloba. zog ganviTarebad
kulturaSi ar cnoben mozardobis asakis dajgufebas, zogSi ki _ ar Tvlian, rom
zrdasrulobasa da moxucebulobas Soris zRvari unda iyos. magaliTad, afri­
kis kalaharis udabnoSi mcxovreb kungis tomSi (Zaxilis niSani garkveuli bgeris
gamosaxulebaa) (ikels et-ali, 1992w.) saerTod ar cnoben calkeul asakobriv
zRvars. am sazogadoebaSi yvela zrdasruli erTnairi ufleba-movaleobebiT
sargeblobs. Tineijerebi aranair winaswar wvrTnas ar gadian zrdasrul asakSi
gadasasvlelad da arc zrdasrulebi asruleben maTi asakisTvis Sesaferis gansx­

419
vavebul funqciebs. kunis tomis warmomadgenlebi mudam Tavis SvilebTan erTad
cxovroben da moxucebulobis gamo Sromaze uars arasodes amboben. amerikelebi
ki, maTgan gansxvavebiT, miCveulebi arian TavianTi cxovreba garkveul fazebad,
socialuri problemebis seriebis mixedviT dayon. mocemuli Tavis bolos gan­
vixilavT amerikeli sazogadoebisTvis miRebul asakobriv safexurebs: bavSvobas,
mozardobas, zrdasrulobasa da moxucebulobas. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes,
rom es oTxi safexuri socialur aspeqtebze agebul cnebebs warmoadgens.

safexuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi

amocana Rirseba nakli

Cviloba ndoba an undobloba imedi izolacia

adreuli avtonomia an sircxvili nebisyofa iZuleba

bavSvoba da eWvi

TamaSis iniciativa an danaSaulis mizani daTrgunva

asaki grZnoba

skolis gulmodgineba an kompetenturoba inertuloba

asaki arasrulfasovneba

mozardoba identuroba an identobis erTguleba uayofa

miuRwevloba

Wabukoba siaxlove an izolacia siyvaruli gamorCeuloba

zrdasruloba produqtiuloba an zrunva miuERebloba

stagnacia

sibere integracia an sibrZne zizRi

sasowarkveTa

sqema 10.2/ eriqsonis safexurebi da ganviTarebis gamocdilebebi

erik eriqsoni fiqrobda, rom cxovrebis kursis TiToeul safexurze adamianebs uwevT gan­
viTarebasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani gamocdilebebis winaSe dgoma. keTilsasurveli
gamocdilebis miRebisas adamianebs pozitiuri grZnobebi da socialuri urTierTobebi
uyalibdebaT, arakeTilsasurveli gamocdilebis miRebisas ki sapirispiro Sedegs iReben.
mocemul cxrilis pirvel svetSi cxovrebis kursis 8 safexuria CamoTvlili. meore svet­
Si CamoTvlilia is gamocdilebebi, romlis pirispirac uwevT adamianebs dgoma asakobrivi
safexuridan safexurze gadasvlisas. mesame da meoTxe svetSi ki CamoTvlilia is Zlieri da
susti Tvisebebi, romlebsac adamianebi iZenen cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli ga­
mocdilebis mixedviT.

wyaro: A. Review, by Eric H. Ericson, by permission of W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copy-
right@1982 by Rikan Enterprises, Ltd

erik eriqsonma Tavis naSromSi `bavSvoba da sazogadoeba~ (1950w.), rva so­

cialur-fsiqologiuri safexuri warmoadgina, romelTa gadalaxvac adamianebs
Tavisi cxovrebiseuli kursis gavlisas uwevT (ix. sqema 10.2). eriqsonis mixedviT,

420
adamianebi yovel safexurs Taviseburad, pozitiurad an negatiurad udgebian da
maT midgomaze bevrad aris damokidebuli is, Tu rogor gaarTmevs is Tavs dar­
Cenil cxovrebas. zigmund froidis fsiqoanalizis gavleniT, eriqsonis Teoria
mkveTrad fsiqologiuria. Tumca, misi Teoriis sociologiasTan mimarTebaSi
ganxilvac SeiZleba, Tu sakiTxs ase davsvamT: riT gansxvavdeba TiToeuli asako­
brivi safexuris Tanxvedri problemebi im adamianebis problemebisagan, romle­
bic sxvadasxva istoriul an kulturul konteqstSi cxovroben, an maTTvis, vinc
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan rasobrivad, sqesobrivad an klasobrivad? aseT Sem­
TxvevaSi eriqsonis Teoria saSualebas mogvcems, ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT im gansx­
vavebul gamocdilebebs, romlebsac adamianebi cxovrebis kursis TiToeul safex­
urze iZenen. saubars TiToeuli safexuris ganxilviT daviwyebT. gamovkveTavT
eriqsonis mier aRweril ZiriTad problemebs, ganvixilavT im adamianebis so­
ciologiur kvlevas faqtiur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze, romlebic Cveni
konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrebi arian da romelTa gamocdilebac warsulTan
an sxva kulturebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

bavSvoba
eriqsonis TeoriaSi bavSvebis problema is aris, rom isini sxvebze arian
damokidebuli, amitom maTi ganviTareba ZiriTadad agebulia gamocdilebaze
`ndoba Tu undobloba~. bavSvebi, romlebsac siyvaruliT da zrunviT zrdian,
sxva adamianebisadmi ndobiT arian ganwyobili da samyaros usafrTxod miiCneven.
xolo maTTvis, viszec saTanadod ar zrunaven, samyaro gamoucnobia da isini un­
doblobas gamoxataven sxvebis mimarT. erT-erTi barieris gadalaxva, eriqsonis
Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebs fexis adgmis asakSi uwevT anu maSin, roca cdiloben
cotaodeni damoukidebloba moipovon. aseT periodSi ganviTareba eyrdnoba ga­
mocdilebas `avtonomia Tu sircxvilisa da sakuTar TavSi eWvis Separvis grZno­
ba~. isini, visac damoukideblad moZraobis saSualebas aZleven, martiv amocanebs
TviTonve asruleben da TviTdajerebulobis jansaR SegrZnebas iZenen; xolo maT,
vis avtonomiasac laxaven, sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi eWvi eparebaT da rcxveniaT
sakuTari qcevis gamo. oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi (roca kidev ufro meti damoukide­
blobis mcdeloba aqvT), bavSvebis ganviTareba eyrdnoba gamocdilebas `inicia­
tiva Tu danaSaulis grZnoba~. am asakSi bavSvebi kontaqtSi Sedian TanatolebTan
da cdiloben sakuTar Tavze kidev erTi pasuxismgebloba _ saojaxo saqmeebSi
daxmareba _ aiRon. Tu mSoblebi an ojaxis sxva wevrebi am mxriv maT mxardaWeras
ucxadeben, bavSevebi sakuTar Tavs saWirod miiCneven, xolo Tu maT iniciativebs
uariT pasuxoben an dascinian, uviTardebaT danaSaulis grZnoba. saskolo asakSi
ki bavSvebs uwevT uamravi problemis gadalaxva, raTa SeiZinon unarebi, miiRon
axali informacia da SeZlon ojaxze ufro did socialur wresTan urTierToba.
am periodSi maTi ganviTareba igeba gamocdilebaze: `sibejiTe Tu arasrulfa­
sovnebis grZnoba~, rac niSnavs imas, rom an sakuTari Tavis rwmena uviTardebaT
da advilad xsnian maT winaSe mdgom axal-axal amocanebs an, piriqiT, uCndebaT
grZnoba, rom maT sxvaze naklebi SeuZliaT.

421
 eriqsonis mixedviT, bavSvis fsiqologiuri amocana iniciativis ganviTarebaa.
cocva, sirbili da xtunva mxolod TamaSi ar aris _ bavSvis Zalisxmevaa, Seamow­
mos da daamtkicos sakuTari SesaZleb­lobebi.
eriqsonis Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvoba gansakuTrebuli da mniSvnelovani
etapia adamianis cxovrebaSi; periodi, rodesac adamianebs mniSvnelovani prob­
lemebis gadalaxva uwevT, raTa ganiviTaron usafrTxoebis da kompetenturobis
grZnoba. eriqsonis azriT, bavSvebma unda miiRon siyvaruli, mxardaWera da gageba,
raTa zemoaRniSnul miznebs warmatebiT miaRwion. samwuxarod, amas yvela ojaxi
ver axerxebs. cxovrebis kursSi bavSvobis etapisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo­
bis miniWeba SedarebiT gviandeli movlenaa. Sua saukuneebSi garkveuli social­
uri klasebidan bavSvebi iZulebulebi iyvnen adridanve SeesrulebinaT zrdasru­
lis roli (Sorteri, 1975w.). im periodSi bavSvebisTvis naklebad xelmisawvdomi
iyo e.w. bednieri bavSvobis damaxasiaTebeli simRera, cekva, sabavSvo moTxrobebis
kiTxva an rame sxva gasarTobebi. idea, rom bavSvebi unda iyvnen sasurvelni, ga­
naTlebulni, daculni da zrdasrulTa cxovrebis zogi mkacri realobisgan dis­
tancirebulni, TandaTan SemoiWra me-18 saukunis maRali klasis ojaxebSi, Tumca
momdevno erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi es ucxo iyo dabali da saSualo klasis war­
momadgenlebisTvis. is ki ara, me-20 saukunis mijnaze, aSS-Si 10-15 wlis bavSvebis
18,2% jer kidev muSaobda ojaxis daxmarebis mizniT. aqedan maTi ori mesamedi
sakmaod mZime eqspluatacias ganicdida qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi muSaobiT (faifi,
1989w.). 1870-ian wlebSi (roca bavSvis Sromis gamoyeneba iseT qarxnebSi, sadac
mZime samuSaoebi sruldeboda, jer kidev misaRebi iyo) da 1930-ian wlebSi (roca
bavSvis Sromis gamoyeneba ukve ukanonod da amoralurad iTvleboda) bavSvobis
cnebis kulturuli konteqsti xelmeored da fundamenturad gadafasda. bavSvebi
aRar ganixilebodnen sasargeblo ekonomikur kapitalad (maTi Sromisunariano­
bisa da xelfasis mixedviT), isini ojaxis sasurvel, Seufasebel wevrebad iqcnen
(zelizeri, 1985w.). gadafasebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi axali teqnologiebis Se­
mosvla gaxda, romelmac gamoaTavisufla bavSvebi e.w. dabalkvalificiuri samuS­
aodan. 1920-ian e.w. ayvavebis wlebSi, mSoblebi ukve sakmarisad gamoimuSavebdnen
xelfass da SeeZloT SvilebisTvis skolaSi siarulis neba miecaT. aseTma ekonomi­
kurma cvlilebebma sazogadoeba ufro sentimentaluri gaxada bavSvebis mimarT.
mdidrebis ojaxebSi bavSvebs ukve miiCnevdnen angelozebad da fiqrobdnen, rom
isini imsaxurebdnen ukeTes, dacul samyaroSi cxovrebas.
am sentimentalurma idealebma TandaTan dakarga amaRlebuloba. samyaro,
romelSic bavSvebi cxovroben, SeiZleba iseTi daculi aRar iyos (niustadteri,
1993w.). bevri socialuri mkvlevari gvafrTxilebs bavSvobis mniSvnelobis da­
kninebis Sesaxeb (postmani, 1982w. suranski, 1982w. vini, 1984w.). isini miuTiTeben
bavSvebis iseT qcevebze, romlebic, wesiT, zrdasrul asakSi unda axasiaTebdeT
maT. magaliTad, seqsualuri aqtivoba, alkoholis an narkotikis miReba, Zalado­
bis xilva an Tanamonawileoba. am tendenciis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mediis mier
gavrcelebuli informacia, romlebzec uwin mxolod zrdasrulebs miuwvdebo­
daT xeli (postmeni, 1982w.). postmeni televizias ganixilavs rogorc `farTod
xelmisawvdom teqnologias~, rac imas niSnavs, rom nebismier mayurebels, asakis

422
miuxedavad, SeuZlia uyuros yvelafers, rasac is gadmoscems _ seqss, Zaladobas,
narkotikis moxmarebas da zrdasrulTa cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebs.
zogi socialuri mkvlevari Zalze SeSfoTebulia bavSvobis mniSvnelobis dak­
ninebiT. isini SiSoben imis gamo, rom bavSvebi ase Cqaroben zrdasrulobaSi gadas­
vlas, isini gamotoveben ara marto patar-patara bavSvur siamovnebebs, aramed cu­
dad moemzadebian cxovrebis momdevno safexurisTvis. mkvlevarebis meore na­wili
ar eTanxmeba am azrs da ambobs, rom Secdoma iqneba bavSvebis izolireba zrdas­
rulTa cxovrebis sirTuleebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis problemebisgan. isini
miesalmebian bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnil iseT filmebs, satelevizio gadacemebsa
da literaturul nawarmoebebs, romlebic maT daexmareba swori gadawyvetile­
bebis miRebaSi im problemebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTanac Sexvedra zrdasrul
cxovrebaSi maT usaTuod mouwevT. maT aseve swamT, rom `daculi bavSvoba~ _ gar­
Toba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobebi ver moargebs maT Tanamedrove ojaxuri
cxovrebis realobebs. ganqorwinebis mateba iseT ojaxSi, sadac orive mSobeli
muSaobs, Tanamedrove bavSvs aiZulebs ufro srafad momwifdes, vidre 1950-ian
wlebSi mcxovrebi misi Tanatoli.
savaraudod, kamaTi bavSvobis Tanamedrove gagebis Sesaxeb kidev didxans
gagrZeldeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom dRevandel aSS-Si bavSvebs bevr
iseT gamocdilebasTan uwevT Sexeba, romelTa ganzogadeba Znelia. Znelia aseTi
gansxvavebuli kulturuli matareblebis, religiuri mimdinareobis, ekonomi­
kuri statusis da ojaxuri struqturebis mqone heterogenul sazogadoebas erTi
saukeTeso meTodi an recepti gamouwero bavSvebis aRsazrdelad.

mozardoba

mozardoba kidev ufro gviandeli kulturuli cnebaa, vidre bavSvoba (keti,

1977w.). mxolod me-19 saukunis bolos daiwyes sociologebma mozardobis, ro­
gorc adamianis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare periodis, Seswavla
da aRwera. fsiqologma stenli holma (1905-1981w.w.) erT-erTma pirvelma Cauyara
safuZveli aRiarebas, rom mozardis asaki mRelvarebisa da stresebis periodia
adamianis cxovrebaSi; da es aris sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamovlenisa da ime­
dismomcemi periodic. holi amtkicebda, rom sanam zrdasrulTa samyaroSi Seabi­
jeben, Tineijerebs unda mieceT Sansi awarmoon eqsperimentebi da mosinjon Tavi
sxvadasxva SesaZlo rolSi. es mosazreba eriqsonis TeoriaSic aisaxa. man mozardis
asaki aRwera, rogorc dgoma problemis winaSe, romelic dafuZnebulia gamoc­
dilebaze `TviTgarkveva Tu araswori arCevani (mcdari roli)~. `TviTgarkveva~
niSnavs imaSi garkvevas, Tu ras warmoadgen da saiT midixar. mozardebi, romlebic
ver axerxeben TviTgarkvevas, ibnevian da ver igeben, Tu ra SeuZliaT da ra unda
akeTon cxovrebaSi.
mozardis asakis Sesaxeb axali mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba nawilobriv so­
cialur struqturebSi momxdari cvlilebis Sedegi iyo. me-20 saukunis aSS
umeteswilad urbanuli da industriuli qveyana gaxda da is kvalifikacia, ro­

423
melic maSindel muSaxels gaaCnda, aRar iyo sakmarisi samuSao bazris dasakmayo­
fileblad. Sesaferisi ganaTlebis miReba fufunebis nacvlad aucilebeli piroba
gaxda. zrdasrulobaSi gadasvlas winapiroba gauCnda ganaTlebis saxiT. axal­­­gazr­
debs moeTxovebodaT skolis damTavreba da kolejSi Cabareba. mogvianebiT, 1930-
iani wlebis `didi depresiis~ periodSi, umaRles skolaSi swavlis gagrZelebis
kidev erTi mizezi gaCnda: srulganakveTiani samuSao adgilebis mosapoveblad Se­
qmnili umuSevarTa rigebis gantvirTvis mizniT, mozardebs iq dgomis sanacvlod
skolebSi swavlas urCevdnen. amdenad 1900-1956 wlebs Soris kursdamTavrebulTa
proporcia aSS-Si 6,3%-dan 62,5%-mde gaizarda.
mozardis cneba sabolood 1940-1950-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, ro­ca am asakis
moswavleebi skolebSi TiTqos calke gamoeyvnen danarCenebs, rogorc `mozardTa
sazogadoeba~ da Tavisi gemovnebiT da standartebiT Tineijerebis subkultu­
rad Camoyalibdnen (kolemani, 1961w.). aRniSnuli subkultura metwilad meore
msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis Sedegad mopovebuli keTildReobis produqti
iyo, rac mTeli rigi socialuri cvlilebebis da rolebis gadanawilebis fonze
Seiqmna. magaliTad, Tineijerebis umetesobas maSin SeeZlo manqana SeeZina, rac
imis saSua­lebas aZlevda, rom paemanze mSoblebis Tvalwin aRar evlo. Sedegad,
gaizarda Tineijerebis seqsualuri aqtivobac.
aris imis niSnebi, rom mozardis asaki nel-nela mcirdeba. magaliTad e.w. `bobi-
soqserebi,~ romlebsac 1940-ian wlebSi frenk sinatras koncertebze gulyra
emarTebodaT, daaxloebiT 15-18 wlis iyvnen; e.w. `Tiiniboperebi~, romlebic 1960-
ian wlebSi P`biTlzebs~ aRmerTebdnen, 12-14 wlisani iyvnen. paemanze siarulis da
kosmetikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis asakma 15-16 wlis asakidan 11-12 wlamde
daiwia (niugarteni da niugarteni, 1987w.).
pirveli sqesobrivi kavSiris saSualo asakic mcirdeba (gelmani, 1990w. zemani,
1990w.). 1988 wels mozardi gogonebis 80%-s da biWebis 86%-s 19 wlamde asakSi
hqonda miRebuli sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebis gamocdileba. maT Soris sak­
maod bevrs bevrad ufro adre (gogonebis daaxloebi 25 %-s da biWebis 33%-s 15
wlis asa­kamde) dauwyia aqtiuri sqesobrivi cxovreba. zusti asakis gamokveTa
aqac Zneli aRmoCnda, radgan sqesobrivi kavSiris dawyebis asaki sxvadasxvaa. Tine­
ijeris seqsualuri aqtivoba damokidebulia bevr faqtorze, maT Soris mis fizi­
kur mowifulobaze, mSoblebis seqsualur midrekilebebze, sakiTxisadmi ojaxis
damokide­bulebaze, religiur damokidebulebaze, ojaxis socioekonomikur md­­go­
maroebaze (umamo ojaxebSi gogonebs midrekileba aqvT adreuli sqesobrivi kav­
Sirisken), megobrebis da Tanaklaselebis garemoze (flaneri, rouvi, da galei,
1993w. adri da bili, 1987w. diblasio da benda, 1994w.).

zrdasruloba

1960-ian wlebidan, roca `beibibumerebis~ Taobis pirveli warmomadgenlebis

rekordulma raodenobam skola daamTavra da kolejSi Sevida, 20 wlis axalgaz­
rdebis umetesoba jer kidev rCeboda finansurad mSoblebze damokidebulad. dRe­

424
vandeli monacemebiT, bevri kolejdamTavrebuli sacxovreblad cota xniT mainc
ubrundeba mSoblebis ojaxs. Tvrametidan ocdaoTxwlamde qalebisa da mamakacebis
daaxloebiT 68.3% dRes mSoblebTan an naTesavebTan cxovrobs. aqedan 40%-s mi­
tovebuli hqonda ojaxi da Tavidan miubrunda mas (riCi, 1990w.). amdenad, dRes zr­
dasruli adamianebi urTierTgamomricxavi mesijis pirispir dganan. erTi mxriv,
bevri kulturuli faqtori aiZulebs maT ufro swrafad gaizardon da, meore
mxriv, saTanado pirobebis nakleboba (ar aris sakmarisi samuSao adgilebi, xeli
ar miuwvdeba sacxovrebel farTze da Sesamabisad Znelia partnioris povna) ar
aZlevs maT saSualebas, 22-27 wlis asakSi icxovron zrdasruli adamianis cxovre­
biT. Sedegad, mozardebis asaki orive mxridan gaizarda (iani, 1989w.). bavSvebi bev­
rad adre Sedian mozardobis asakSi da SedarebiT didxans rCebian am statusSi.
mozardobis vadis gaxangrZliveba individualuria. mizezebis speqtri kv­
lav farToa. erT-erTma kvlevam 1960-iani wlebis kursdamTavrebulebi 1980-iani
wlebis kursdamTavrebulebs Seadara, raTa gaezoma maTi zrdasrulobis asa­
kis miRwevis zRvari. amisaTvis man sami cxovrebiseuli movlena gamoiyena: swav­
lis damTavrebis asaki, qorwinebis asaki da pirveli Svilis yolis asaki (buCmani,
1989w.). 1960-iani wlebis kohortis warmomadgenlebis 23.4%-ma, skolis damTavre­
bidan oTx weliwadSi samive cxovrebiseuli movlenis gavla moaxerxa, maSin roca
es 1980-ian wlebis kohortis mxolod 11.0%-ma SeZlo. xolo gviandeli kohortis
TiTqmis mesameds 80-iani wlebis bolosTvisac ki ar hqonda gavlili am samidan
Tundac erTi romelime movlena. zrdasrulobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebis
Tanmimdevrobasa da periodebs Soris drois moculobis gazrda imaze metyvelebs,
rom moxda im asakobriv safexurebs Soris gardamavali etapebis zogadi `destan­
dartizacia~.
zrdasrulobaze gardamaval etapebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis miuxeda­
vad, 20-dan 30 wlamde asakis adamianebi erTi da imave amocanebis winaSe dganan. erik
eriqsoni (1950, 1982) mTavar amocanad partnioris gamonaxvas xedavda, rasTanac
adamianebs adreuli zrdasrulobis asakSi uwevT Sexeba da rasac, eriqsonis azriT,
safuZvlad udevs gamocdileba `sqesobrivi kavSiri Tu izolacia~. axalgazrda zr­
dasruls aqvs moTxovnileba Tavisi identoba nawilobriv sxva adamianis identobas
daukavSiros megobruli urTierTobebis, siyvarulis, qorwinebis, bavSvebis gaCe­
nisa da gazrdis gziT. Tumca bevrs uWirs amasTan dakavSirebiT pasuxismgeblobis
Tavis Tavze aReba, radgan eSinia Tavisuflebis dakargvis. amitom didxans izoli­
rebuli da marto rCeba. daniel levinsonma (1978) mamakacebis cxovrebis kursis
sistematuri kvlevis pionerma, zemoaRniSnul problemas daumata kidev erTi _
adreuli zrdasruli asakis mamakacis cxovrebaSi sakuTari niSis moZebnis amocana.
(ix. sqema 10.3). 20-22 wlis mamakacebi iwyeben qorwinebaSi, saqmianobaSi, sacxovrebe­
li adgilis SerCevaSi arCevanis gakeTebas. es arCevani gansazRvravs mis adgils zr­
dasrulTa cxovrebaSi. 30 wlis asakidan es arCevani ufro met seriozulobas iZens.
arCevani eqsperimenti aRar aris, ara­med `ufro realuria~. 35 wels gadacilebuli
mamakacisTvis dgeba oja­xis dafuZnebisa da `Ruzis CaSvebis~ dro da iwyeba arCeul
saqmianobaSi dawinaurebisTvis zrunvis periodi.

425
 gviandeli gardamavali zrdasruloba

zrdasrulobis Sua xani

Camoyalibebuloba miRwevebis ganmtkiceba;
momavali TaobebisaTvis ukeTes samyaroze zrunva
sakuTari miRwevebis ganmtkiceba; momavali Tao­
bebisaTvis ukeTes samyaroze zrunva

axalgazrdobis danakargebTan brZola;

cxovrebis mniSvnelobis gadafaseba

sicocxlis Sua asakis gardamavali periodi

stabilurobisa da warmatebisadmi miswrafeba;

adreuli zrdasruloba
ojaxisaTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmna

sakuTari kuTxis mowyobis dasawyisi; samsaxuris/

karieris, mewyviles, faseulobaTa arCeva

adreuli zrdasrulobis gardamavali periodi

bavSvoba da mozardoba

sqema10.3 / zrdasrulobis safexurebi da maTze gardamavali etapebi levinsonis mixed­

viT.
eriksonis msgavsad, levinsonma zrdasrulobis asakSi ori gansxvavebuli etapi gamohyo: ad­
reuli zrdasruloba da Sua xani. orive maTgans gaaCnia (1) stabiluri (an struqturulad
agebuli) periodebi, romlebSic adamiani ganixilavs Tavis warsuls da gegmavs momavals; da
(2) gardamavali periodebi, rodesac adamiani grZnobs, TiTqos warsulsa da momavals Soris
aris gaWedili da cdilobs xidi gados maT Soris. levinsoni miiCnevs, rom asakis miuxedavad,
adamianis statusi yovelTvis ar yalibdeba asakis Sesabamisad.

wyaro: adaptirebulia: daniel levinsoni (Daniel J. Levinson) da sxvebi, `adamianis

cxovrebis `sezonebi~ (Knopf: New York, 1978), gv. 57.

imave tipis pasuxismgeblobebis dro dgeba imave asakobriv safexurebze mdgom

qalebSic (helsoni da muri, 1987w.). magram qalebis SemTxvevaSi zrdasrul asakSi
Sesvlis winaswar gansazRvra Znelia ise, rogorc es mamakacis SemTxvevaSi xdeba
(rozenfildi da starki, 1987w.). xSirad imaze, Tu rodis aCens qali bavSvs, didad
aris damokide­buli mis samsxuris dawyeba da kariera. qalma, romelmac 20-25 wlis
asakSi gaaCina Svili, samsaxuri SesaZloa 30 wlisam ver daiwyos da, amdenad, kari­
erac mxo­lod 40 wlisam gaikeTos, rac daaxloebiT 10-15 wliT dagvianebuli iqneba
mamakacis karieris tipur asakTan SedarebiT. sxva SemTxvevaSi qalma, SesaZloa, Za­
lian axalgazrda asakSi daiwyos muSaoba, xolo mSoblis funqcia 30-40 wlamde ga­
dados. dRes aSS-Si asakis mixedviT naklebad SevZlebT vimsjeloT qalis ojaxur,
samsaxureobriv an mSoblis statusze. Tumca, Tu viciT, rodis gaaCina pirveli
Svili da ramdeni Svili hyavs, SesaZloa misi saqmianobisa da karieris Sesaxeb visa­
ubroT (hansoni, 1983w.).
miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor dagegmaven TavianT adreul zrdasrulobaSi
cxovrebas, qalebsac da mamakacebsac mouwevT axal asakobriv safexurze gadasv­
la anu isini Tavs Suaxnis zrda­srulebad aRiqvamen. levinsonis kvlevaSi am safe­

426
xurze gardamaval asakad iTvleba 40-45 weli, Tumca, sxvebis azriT, am asakma
SeiZleba aseve gadaiwios aqeT-iqiT (velant, 1977w.). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Suax­
nis asakSi adamianebs mouwevT cxovrebis kursis bolo periodisTvis momzadeba.
Sua xnis asaki, romelic cnobilia `Sua xnis mamakacis krizisis~ periodad, levin­
sonis mier gamokvleuli mamakacebis 70-80%-is mier miCneulia fsiqologiuri
tkivilebis periodad. darCenili cxovrebis xelaxali gacnobierebis gamo, isini
xSirad eWvqveS ayeneben ganvlil karieras da ojaxur mdgomareobas. `ra vuqeni
Cems cxovrebas? ra miviRe an ra miveci Cems cols, Svilebs, megobrebs, Cems Tavs
an sxvebs? (gv.60). zogisTvis, sidnei kartonis msgavsad (Tavis dasawyisSi naambobi
moTxrobis gmiri), mtanjvelia imis aRq­ma, rom axalgazrdobis ocnebebi ganuxor­
cielebeli darCa.
mamakacebi, romlebic kmayofilni arian ganvlili cxovrebiT, Suaxnis asaks
cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTad saintereso periodad miiCneven; TavianT TavSi dar­
wmunebulebi arian da sxvebisadmi erTgulebas iCenen. Suaxnis asaks amgvari qa­
lebisTvisac meti TviTdajerebuloba moaqvs (muri, 1987w.). am asakis adamianebs
euflebaT grZnoba, rom qveynisTvis da momavlisTvis bevri gaakeTes samsaxur­
Sic da ojaxSic. erik eriqsonma amas `produqtiulobis~ grZnoba uwoda. qalebs,
miuxedavad imisa, gaikeTes Tu ara maT samsaxureobrivi kariera an eweodnen Tu
ara sazogadoebriv aqtiurobas, es grZnoba yvela SemTxvevaSi gaaCniaT, radgan
maT ojaxebSi mainc aRizarda momavali Taoba (louvenTali, Terneri da Ciriboga,
1975w.). mamakacebisTvisac, ojaxs gareT gaweuli muSaoba igivea, rac qalebisTvis
_ ojaxi. Tumca, unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvelas ar uCndeba grZnoba. eriqsonma am
problemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxi ase daayena: `produqtiuloba Tu stagnacia~.
is, vinc miiCnevs, rom maTi TviTrealizacia warmatebulad mimdinareobs, produq­
tiulebi arian, xolo isini, romlebic ase ar Tvlian, stagnaciaSi imyo­febian da
mowyenili arian.
eriqsonis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovrebis kursis etapebi univer­
salur problemebzea centrirebuli, `produqtiuloba~ da TviTrealizacia
fufunebaa, romelsac vxvdebiT mxolod iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlis wevrebs
arsebobisTvis yoveldRiuri brZola ar uwevT. cxovrebis kursis Tanmxlebi mov­
lenebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan Taobebis cvlis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis sazoga­
doebasTan gvaqvs saqme. TaobaTa cvlasTan dakavSirebiT zrdasruli asakis ada­
mianebis rolebis cvla aSkaraa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi: qorwineba, mSoblis
vali, ojaxi da samsaxuri Suaxnis amerikelebisTvis dRes sxva rames niSnavs, vi­
dre es yvelaferi maTi mSoblebisTvis da bebia-babuebisTvis niSnavda imave asakSi.
30-40 wlis adamianebi dRes ufro xSirad ganqorwindebian, ufro xSirad icvlian
samsaxurs da sacxovrebel adgils, vidre maTi winamorbedebi. swrafi teqnolo­
giuri cvlilebebis da mudmivi siaxleebis pirobebSi gazrdili Taobis Rireb­
ulebebTan yvelaze bolo da saukeTeso modelis Zieba `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
warmomadgenlebis gonebis mdgomareoba iqca, Tumca mudmivi cvlilebebisadmi
midrekileba dakavSirebulia erTi asakobrivi jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebul
konkurenciasTanac. `beibibumerebis~ Taobis warmomadgenlebisTvis erTi da
imave dawesebule­baSi dawinaurebis perspeqtiva Zalze sadavoa da mdored mimdi­

427
nareobs _ SezRuduli raodenobis maRalanazRaurebad adgilebze mosaxvedrad
didi konkursebis warmatebiT gavlaa saWiro. amitomac arian isini iZulebulebi,
kompaniidan kompaniaSi imogzauron, raTa rogorme karieris kibis zeda safex­
urze moxvdnen. msgavsma TaobaTa brZolebma Secvales zrdasrulobis asakis mniS­
vnelovani aspeqtebi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom 21-e saukuneSi SevdivarT, SesaZloa,
moxucebulobis asakis aspeqtebic Seicvalos.

xandazmuloba

afxazebi, romlebic kavkasiis mTebSi, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikaSi,

saqarTveloSi cxovroben, cnobilni arian sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT. 80-90 wlis
asakSi maTi umetesoba jer kidev aqtiur cxovrebas eweva da bevri afxazi qali da
mamakaci 100 welze metxans cocxlobs (beneti, 1976w. Garbi 1984w.). amaSi bio­logiur
faqtoric TamaSobs garkveul rols. afxazebis genetikuri kodi, rogorc Cans,
isea daprogramebuli, rom isini cxovrebis kursis yvela safexurze sxva erebTan
SedarebiT gvian gadadian. am genebis wyalobiT, afxazebi fizikurad ufro nela
berdebian, vidre sxva xalxi maT asakSi. ra Tqma unda, dietasa da fizikur varjiS­
sac Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili. afxazebi jansaR saWmels miirTmeven. cocxal xilsa da
bostneuls, simindisa da sxva marcvleulisgan damzadebul saWmelebs, xaWosa da
iogurts, mawons, cximsa da rafinirebul Saqars ki Zalze cotas Wamen. afxazebs
ar sWirdebaT sportul darbazebSi varjiSi, radgan maTi cxovrebis stili (rac
fermebSi muSaobasa da saqonlis mwyemsvas gulisxmobs) TavisTavad moiTxovs
fizikur datvirTvas. es ki maT xandazmul asakamde formis SenarCunebaSi exmare­
ba. yvelaferTan erTad maT cxovrebaSi adgili ar aqvs Tanamedrove da industri­
uli cxovrebis zewolas, da Sesabamisad, socialuri cvlilebebic am (glexebis)
sazogadoebaSi naklebad xdeba. afxazebSi Zalian dabalia stresTan dakavSirebu­
li daavadebebis riskic.
afxazebi moxucebulobaSi aqtiuri cxovrebis wesiT cxovroben, radgan maT­
gan amas maTi kultura moiTxovs. asakovani afxazisgan ver moismenT Civils janmr­
Telobis mdgomareobis gamo. arsebobs Zveli afxazuri gamoTqma: `mowuwune kaci
didxans ver cxovrobso~. afxazebs sjeraT, rom isini kvlav dRegrZelni iqnebian,
da moxucebulobaSi cuds verafers xedaven. faqtobriv moxucebulobis miR­wevaze
ocneboben kidec, radgan am dros didi pativiscemis sagani xdebian. es imitom
xdeba, rom isini mWidrod integrirebulni arian ojaxisa da megobrebis wresTan,
romelSic, asakis gamo, didi pativiT sargebloben. afxazebi Zalian afaseben mo­
xucebs _ moxuci afxazuri sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia.
zemoT aRwerili socialuri konteqsti saukeTeso magaliTia eriqsonis rvasa­
fexuriani cxovrebis kursis bolo safexuris problemebSi gasarkvevad, rac, misi
azriT, eyrdnoba gamocdilebas: `integracia Tu sulieri dacema (uimedoba)~. eriq­
sonis mosazrebiT moxucebi an unda Seeguon TavianT asaksa da statuss da ganvli­
li cxovrebiT kmayofilebma Tavi miiCnion sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrebad,
an iwuwunon ganvlil cxovrebaze, Tavi ususurad CaTvalon, eSinodeT sikvdilis

428
da daec­nen sulierad. afxazebisTvis moxucebulobis asaki cxovrebis kursis Ri­
rebul nawilad aris miCneuli da, Cveulebriv, imedgacruebasa da uimedobaSi ar
vardebian.
marTalia, amerikel moxucebs albaT arasodes eqnebaT moxuci afxazebis
msgavsi pativiscemis SegrZneba, magram aris rwmena, rom im droisTvis, roca
`beibibumerebis~ Taoba am asakobriv safexurze gadava, damokidebuleba mox­
ucTa asakisadmi ufro metad pozitiuri gaxdeba. 2011-2029 wlebSi es Taoba, ro­
melic daaxloebiT 80 milions Seadgens, maTi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan etaps, 65
wlis asaks miaR­wevs. mosaxleobaSi amdeni asakovani adamianis arseboba maTdami
damokidebulebis sakiTxebSi saTanado cvlilebebs moiTxovs. marTalia, 21-e sa­
ukuneSi naoWebi modaSi ar iqneba, magram axalgazrda Taobis gandideba Taname­
drove sazogadoebaSi TandaTan albaT Sesustdeba da Seicvleba im RonisZiebebiT,
romlebic asakovani adamianebisadmi ukeTesi damokidebulebas iTvaliswinebs.
`beibibumerebis~ Taobis Zalaufleba da mopovebuli qoneba moxmardeba asakovani
adamianebis kulturuli aRqmis gaumjobesebas (rukzeri, 1995w.). am etapze aSS-is
sazogadoebis asakovani adamianebis cxovrebis realoba bevrad ufro poziti­
uria, vidre bevr axalgazrdas warmoudgenia.

cxovrebis stili da piradi urTierTobebi

96 wlis eTel niqsoni jer isev mxned gamoiyureba. is pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg ka­
liforniis erT-erT sofelSi cxovrobs. TviTon dadis maRaziebSi, saxlsac TviTon
alagebs, manqanasac marTavs da Tavisi ori vaJis, xuTi SviliSvilisa da eqvsi Svil­
TaSvilis sanaxavadac marto midis. `Ramis Sous~ ekranze gamoCenis Semdeg misis niq­
soni dRis sensaciad iqca _ daingra stereotipi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi asakis qalebi
saWiroeben momvlelebs, damokidebulni arian TavianT Svi­lebze an uaryofilni da
ganwirulni iZulebulebi xdebian, martoobaSi gaataron darCenili cxovreba.
SesaZloa, misis niqsoni gamonaklisia, rom TiTqmis 100 wels miRweuli jer
isev energiulia, magram is mainc ar aris erTaderTi. aSS-is mosaxleobis daaxloe­
biT 3.6 milioni 85 wels gadacilebuli adamianidan bevri dRemde damoukideblad
cxovrobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi umravlesoba Raribia da socialuri dax­
marebis garda sxva Semosavali ar aqvs. sakuTar SvilebTan mxolod 11% cxovrobs.
is miTic, rom moxucebi Svilebis xarjze cxovroben, arasworia. erT-erTi gamo­
kiTxvis Sedegad dadginda, rom amerikeli moxucebis kmayofaze myofi Svilebis
raodenoba 4-jer metia, vidre im Svilebis raodenoba, vis kmayofazec maTi mSob­
lebi arian; meore kvlevam ki aCvena, rom Taobebs Soris finansuri daxmareba TiTq­
mis calmxrivia (hogano, egebini da klogi, 1993w). moxucebis mxolod 1%-s surs
sakuTar SvilebTan cxovreba (horni da miari, 1987w.). eWvi ar aris, rom mSoblebis
`mitoveba~ asocirebuli unda iyos axalgazrdebis ojaxuri bednierebis maCveneb­
lis matebasTan (vaiTi da edvardsi, 1990w.). aseTi tendencia ar niSnavs imas, rom mo­
xucebi mokveTili unda iyvnen Tavisi Svilebisgan. isini urTierToben Svileb­Tan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sors cxovroben maTgan; orive mxare kmayofilia amgvari
cxovrebiT.

429
 moxucebulTa marto cxovrebis tendencia albaT gagrZeldeba, radgan bei­
bibumerebis Taoba ukve uaxlovdeba sapensio asaks (makunoviCi, isterlini, Se­
feri da kriminsi, 1995w.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom am Taobas kidev ufro cota
Svili hyavs, vidre maT wina Taobas hyavda, Sansi, rom isini sakuTar SvilebTan
icxovreben, kidev ufro naklebia. zogi sociologi am tendencias uaryofiTad
afasebs (esterlini, Seferi da manukoviCi, 1993w.). Tumca Tu mas ganvixilavT,
rogorc damoukidebel cxovrebas, rasac amerikelebi aniWeben upiratesobas, ma­
Sin ise negatiuri aRar gamoCndeba, rogorc amas zogi sociologi aRiqvams. Sesa­
Zloa, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobam gaWirvebis Jams inanos kidec, meti Svili rom
ar gaaCina. pozitiurad Tu vimsjelebT, gaWirvebis Jams Svilebi iwyeben zrunvas
TavianT moxucebul mSoblebze da saTanado zomebsac iReben (silversteinin,
1995w.). ra Tqma unda, Cvens sazogadoebaSi arseboben mitovebuli da uaryofili
moxucebic. TavisTavad cxadia, uZluri moxucis movlis aucileblobis simZimiT
gamowveuli stresi xSirad aqcevs maT `zedmet~ tvirTad, rac mSoblebTan yofnis
survils aqveiTebs (olsoni, 1994w.). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aseTi SemTxvevebi iS­
viaTia da msgavs mdgomareobaSi moxucebulTa mxolod 4% imyofeba. esec ar iyos,
dauZlurebul moxucebze aSS-Si ojaxis wevrebis kompensaciebis gareSec zru­
naven (oldo da fridmani, 1994w.).
meore mizezi, ris gamoc moxucebulTa marto cxovrebas ar miiCneven proble­
mad, megobrebis faqtoria. isini erTmaneTs did socialur mxardaWeras ucxade­
ben. amerikel moxucebulTa umetesoba did dros uTmobs TanatolebTan megobro­
bas. erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT, gamokiTxuli moxucebis TiTqmis naxevarma 11-dan
40-mde megobari daasaxela, visac daxmarebisTvis nebismier dros mimarTavda (qva­
dano, 1986w.). aRniSnuli urTierToba yovelmxrivia. magaliTad, erTs SeuZlia da­
narCenebi manqaniT eklesiaSi waiyvanos; meore _ namcxvars gamoacxobs an wvnians
moumzadebs maT, visTvisac es aucilebelia; mesame wignebs waukiTxavs mxedvelo­
badaqveiTebul megobrebs. Tavis tolebs moxucebi ufro sando megobrebad miiC­
neven, vidre sxva, ufro axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenlebs an sulac sakuTar
Svilebs (ficjeraldi, 1986w.).
tolebTan urTierTobis Sedegad amerikelebs Tavi martosulad aRar miaC­
niaT, maT Soris daqvrivebulebsac, ganqorwinebulebsac da dauqorwineblebsac.
erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT gamokiTxuli 65 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis 88%
aRniSnavs, rom maTTvis martooba problema ar aris (raseli, 1989w.). saintereso
dakvirvebaa, rom martooba ara imdenad dacilebis da ojaxidan gamoyofis Sede­
gia, ramdenadac adamianis im molodinebis, rasac isini gverdiT myofebisgan
moiTxoven. im gansakuTrebulad individualur sazogadoebebSi, sadac ar aqvT
adamianTa did jgufSi cxovrebis molodini, marto cxovreba sulac ar niSnavs
martoobis SegrZnebas. martoobis gancda ufro damaxasiaTebelia im sazogadoe­
bebisTvis, sadac aseTi molodinebi maRalia, xolo SesaZleblobebi ki mcire (jila
da jokela, 1990w.).
bevri amerikeli moxuci sxva TanatolebTan urTierTobas axerxebs pensio­
nerTa anu gadamdgari adamianebis gaerTianebebSi gaerTianebiT, sadac maTi socia­
lizacia bevrad ufro advilad xdeba (jonsoni da troli, 1994w.). am gaerTianebeb­

430
Si adamiani bevrad ufro aqtiuri socialuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs, maT Soris, zogi
_ sqesobrivad aqtiuri cxovrebiTac (makarti, 1989w.). pensionerTa gaerTianebebis
cxovrebis stils garkveuli upiratesobac aqvs. kvlevebis umetesoba adasturebs,
rom maTSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi bevrad ufro janmrTelebi arian da didxans
cxovroben, vidre sxva pirobebSi macxovrebeli moxucebi (qvadano, 1986w.).
pensionerTa gaerTianebebSi adamianebi, maTi klasobrivi socialuri warmomav­
lobis miuxedavad, aqtiurad urTierToben. ma­galiTad, kaliforniaSi dabalSemo­
savliani moxucebulebisTvis aSe­nebul sacxovrebel kompleqsSi macxovreblebis
Seswavlis Sedegad, arli hoCaildma (1978w.) aRmoaCina, rom iq macxovrebelma 43-
ma moxucma Seqmna mkvidri gaerTianeba, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTze zrunavd­
nen. ramdenime TveSi `merilis korTis~ mcxovreblebma saerTo, gasarTob oTaxSi
yavis manqana daamontaJes da daiwyes sxvadasxva tipis jgufuri RonisZiebebis:
boulingis ligis Sexvedrebis, dilis seminarebis, bibliis SemswavlelTa klasis,
yovelTviuri da­badebis dRis wveulebebisadmi miZRvnili lanCebis, sadilebis,
cekvebis, kartis TamaSis, RirsSesaniSnaobebis dasaTvaliereblad avtoturebis
organizeba; maT bendic ki Seqmnes, romelic maTive tolebs arTobda axlomaxlo
moxucebulTa TavSesafrebSi. gaerTianebis wevrebi pasiur moxucebs arwmuneben,
mona­wileoba miiRon am RonisZiebebSi. xolo maT, visac susti janmrTelobis gamo
ar SeuZliaT Senobidan an oTaxidan gasvla, megobrebi rig-rigobiT stumroben
da exmarebian saWiro nivTebis an produqtebis SeZenaSi, saWmlis momzadebaSi,
sarecxis garecxvaSi da sxva.
marTalia, ufro keTilmowyobil moxucebulTa saxlebis macxovrebelTa in­
teresebi da RonisZiebebi gansxvavdeba `meril qorTis~ wevrebis RonisZiebebisgan,
magram maT socializaciis TvalsazrisiT bevri saerTo aqvT. floridas `san-siTi­
Si~ magaliTad, Tavs iyrian gadamdgari Tanamdebobis pirebi da yofili profesio­
nalebi, socialuri aqtivobebi ZiriTadad moicavs golfis TamaSs, ZviradRirebul
kulturul movlenebs, xelovnebis nimuSebis Segrovebas da samoqalaqo aqtivo­
bebs. `san-siTis~ macxovreblebi amayoben imiT, rom maTi ganrigi datvirTulia
da, frensis ficjeraldis lozungis Tanaxmad, `qalaqs pensiaze gasasvlelad ar
scalia~ (ficjeraldi, 1986w.). `beibibumerebis~ didi Taobis janmrTeli da aqti­
uri warmomadgenlebisTvis, romlebic 15-20 wlis Semdeg moxucebulobis asaks mi­
aRweven, socialuri aqtivobebis gagrZelebis mizniT gadamdgarTa gaerTianebebis
modeli albaT ufro misaRebi iqneba da farTod gavrceldeba 21-e saukuneSi.

daqvriveba da genderuli disbalansi

`meril qorTis~ 43 macxovreblidan, hoCSildis kvlevis mixedviT, 35 qvrivi

iyo. socialuri struqturis am martivma magaliTma aCvena, rom amerikeli qalebi
mamakacebze saSualod 7-8 wliT metxans cxovroben. Sesabamisad, qvrivi qali qvriv
mamakacebze 5-jer metia. amas emateba qalis asakovan mamakacebze gaTxovebis ten­
denciac da gamodis, rom moxucebulobis asakSi qvrivi bevrad metia qali, vidre
mamakaci. 65 wlis asakisTvis gaTxovili qalebis 25% ukve daqvrivebulia. darCe­

431
nilTa naxevarze meti 65 wlis asakSi qvrivdeba. imave periodSi xuT qalze mxolod
erTi mamakaci kargavs meuRles (klauseni, 1986w.). statistikis mixedviT, 65 wlis
zemoT asakis mamakacebis 75% da imave asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 40% cxovrobs
meuRlesTan erTad (aSS-is SeerTebuli Statebis aRweris biuro, 1998w.).
daqvriveba sxvadasxvagvari gamocdilebaa qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis. ra­
tomRac mamakacebi ufro Znelad eguebian meuRlis dakargvas, TiTqos isini ara
marto cols, aramed ojaxis mxardaWeris mTel sistemas kargaveno, romelsac Ta­
vis kuTvnilebad miiCnevdnen. 60-70 wlis mamakacebi dgebian faqtis winaSe, rom maT
ar ician saWmlis momzadeba, Tavis movla da ganicdian fizikur sisustes, radgan
ar iReben sakmaris sakvebsa da kaloriebs. daqvrivebuli mamakacebi kargaven Segr­
Znebas, rom isini damoukidebelni da sazrianebi arian. maT ar sCveviaT daxmarebis
Txovna da amitom mas verc iReben naTesavebisgan an megobrebisgan. maT naklebad
aqvT ganviTarebuli socializaciis unari, radgan tradiciulad `direqtoris~
rols socialur sakiTxebSi _ mezoblebTan da naTesavebTan urTierTobas _
cols andoben xolme. gasakviri ar aris, rom 65 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebis
TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevebi qvrivebSi ufro xSiria.
zemoT aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom qalebisTvis daqvrivebis faqtTan Seg­
ueba Zneli ar aris. isini cxovrebis partniors kargaven, romelTanac pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg TiTqmis yovel wuTs erTad atareben. pensioneri wyvilebi yvel­
gan ganuyrelad erTad dadian, rogorc erTi mTliani erTeuli. meore naxevris
gardacvaleba SeiZleba arsebobis saSualebis dakargvis tolfasi gaxdes. qvrivi
qalebi kargaven aseve meuRleebis pensiebs anu maT ekonomikur usafrTxoebas
safrTxe emuqreba, miTumetes, Tu qalebi mTeli cxovreba diasaxlisebi arian da
amis gamo pensias ar iReben. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare albaT gasagebia, Tu
ratom aqvT daqvri­vebul moxuc amerikel qalebs bevrad naklebi Semosavali, vid­
re maTive asakis im qalebs, vinc ganqorwinda an arasdros daqorwinebula (SCvenki,
1992). es aseve xsnis, Tu ratom aris 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis qvrivebis siRari­
bis done oTxjer ufro maRali (21%) qorwinebaSi myofi imave asakis mamakacebis
si­Raribis donesTan SedarebiT (5%) (holcekeni da smidingi 1994w.).
imis miuxedavad, rom moxuc qvriv qalebs xSirad xelaxla qorwineba surT, qv­
ri­vebs Soris qorwinebis gadawyvetilebis miReba mamakacebis prerogativaa. amas
Tavisi demografiuli da kulturuli mizezebi gaaCnia. 10.5 milioni 65 wels ga­
dacilebuli daqvrivebuli amerikelidan 1992 wels daaxloebiT 82% qalia da 18%
kaci (saluteri, 1992w.), rac imas niSnavs, rom am asakis yovel 100 qvriv qalze amave
asakis 22 mamakaci modis, da imis gamo, rom asakovan kacebs SedarebiT axalgazr­
da qalze qorwinebis saSualeba aqvT, maT partniors kidev ufro farTo arCevani
aqvT, xolo maTi asakis qvriv qalebs ki _ naklebi. Sedegad, am asakis mamakacebs
xelaxla qorwinebis 8-jer meti Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs (horni da miari, 1987w.).
saintereso dakvirvebaa, rom socialuri statusi xelaxal qorwinebaze sapirisp­
iro gavlenas axdens qalebisa da mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi _ rac ufro ganaTle­
bulia qali da maRali Semosavali aqvs, miT naklebia imis Sansi, rom is meored
gaTxovdeba, rac mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi piriqiT xdeba.

432
samuSao da pensiaze gasvla

65 wels gadacilebul mamakacebs Soris momuSaveTa procentu­­li rao­denoba,

1940-iani wlebis monacemiT _ 67%, 1950-ian wlebSi daeca 46%-mde, 1970-ian wlebSi
_ 26%-mde, xolo dReisTvis _ 16%-mde. (sxvaoba procentebs Soris amave asakis
qalis SemTxvevaSi bevrad naklebia, radgan istoriulad maTi srul ganakveTze
muSaobis procentuli raodenoba yovelTvis dabali iyo) (aSS aRweris biuro,
1987, 1995w.). aRniSnul asakSi momuSave mamakacebis raodenobis Semcireba ramden­
ime faqtoriT aris gamowveuli. teqnologiurma cvlilebebma zogi samuSao ad­
gilis gauqmeba gamoiwvia. amasTan, am adamianebis kvalifikacia da unarebi aRar
aRmoCnda saWiro da sakmarisi. qarxnebis gadatanam da daketvam aiZula asakovani
adamianebi gasuliyvnen pensiaze, radgan adgilis Secvla da samuSaos saZebnelad
sxvagan gamgzavreba maTTvis Zalian rTuli iyo. pensiaze gasvlis mizezi qveynis
ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da keTildReobaSic devs (klarki da ankeri, 1993w.).
rac ufro SeZlebulebi arian adamianebi, miT ufro advilad aZleven Tavs ufle­
bas, asakSi yofnisas daisvenon.
garda imisa, rom asakovan amerikelebs pensias samsaxuridan gadadgomis Sem­
deg aZleven, arsebuli samTavrobo sapensio programebisa da kerZo sapensio geg­
mebis mixedviT, oficialur sapensio asakad miCneulia 65 weli (2000-ani wlebisT­
vis gaizrdeba 67 wlamde). zogi programa ekonomikur waxalisebebs eweva maTTvis,
vinc `droulad~ gava pensiaze (qvini da barkhauzeri, 1994w.). bevri msurvelia sai­
misod, rom droze gavides pensiaze da droze aiRos Tavisi kuTvnili sapensio pake­
ti. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonma gaauqma savaldebulo sapensio asaki,
umetesoba mainc 65 wlis asakSi pensiaze gadis, Tumca, rogorc mamakacebis, ise
qalebis erTi nawili ufro adrec gadis pensiaze (morisi da basi, 1988w. qvini da
barhauzi, 1994w.). bevri pensiaze gadis, raTa miiRos sapensio paketi, romelic so­
cialuri daxmarebis, kerZo sapensio fondisa da piradi danazogebis kombinaciaa.
muSaobis staJis gaxangrZlivebis miuxedavad, amerikelebs cxovrebis TiTqmis
meoTxedis pensiaze gatareba urCevniaT.
sapensio asakze gardamavali periodi, SesaZloa, stresuli iyos, gansakuT­
rebiT mamakacebisTvis. am asakis mamakaci ufro metadaa CarTuli Sromis bazarSi
da Tavisi identoba ufro metad gaigivebuli aqvs samsaxurTan, vidre amave asakis
qals. mamakacisTvis samsaxuri marto statusisa da Semosavlis wyaro ki ara, sia­
mayisa da sakuTari Tavis mniSvnelobis niSanic aris. samuSao struqturebi, sul
mcire, yoveldRiuri, yovelkvireuli da yovelwliuri socialuri kontaqtis sa­
Sualebas aZlevs mas, xolo idealur SemTxvevaSi _ SemoqmedebiTobis da TviT­
realizaciis saSualebasac. zogi mamakacis cxovrebaSi pensiaze gasvla did si­
carielesTan Sejaxebas niSnavs.
da mainc, asakovani amerikelebis umravlesoba pensiaze gasasvlelad winaswar
emzadeba (klauseni, 1986w. qvadano, 1986w.). mxolod 7% tovebs samsaxurs iZule­
biT (raseli 1989w.). rogorc Cans, sinamdvileSi 30-40 wliani staJis Semdeg yvela
samsa­xuri imdenad saintereso aRar aris, rom maTi xnis adamianebs, gamomuSavebis
garda, sxva ramiT izidavdes. fransis ficjeraldi Sokirebuli iyo flo­ridas

433
`san-siTis~ macxovreblebTan kvlevis SedegebiT, rom uamravi saSualo da maRali
klasis pensioneri mamakaci pensiaze gasvlas ar nanobda.

sajaro mosamsaxure, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli,

damoukidebeli biznesmeni, bevri adamiani, romelic siamayiT saubrob­
da Tavisi warmatebebis Sesaxeb samsaxurSi, meubneboda, rom is winaswar,
ramdenime wliT adre emzadeboda pensiaze gasasvlelad. nawilma isic
Tqva, rom SeZlebodaT ufro adre gavidodnen pensiaze. erT-erTma maT­
ganma, romelic soflis meurneobis saministroSi muSaobda da msoflio
hqonda movlili, aRniSna, rom pensiaze 55 wlis asakSi gavida, radgan mo­
bezrda samsaxuri. meorem Tqva, rom man qimiuri kompania gayida, `raTa
virTxebis Sejibridan Tavi daeRwia~ da Tevzaobis da golfis TamaSis
saSualeba hqonoda (ficjeraldi, 1986w. gv. 229-230)

sapensio asakze gardamavali periodis daZlevis Semdeg samsaxuridan gadamd­

gari pirebi TavianTi molodinebis pirispir rCebian. rogorc aRvniSneT, bevri maT­
gani ambobs, rom moswonT axali situacia. pirveli SegrZnebidan gamomdinare, isini
miiCneven, rom im axalgazrdebze ukeTesi mdgomareoba aqvT, romlebic mu­Saoben
(gouvi, Ortega da staili, 1989w.). amis mizezi albaT is aris, rom isini nakleb stres­
Si arian, SeuZliaT Tavad gankargon sakuTari dro, dagegmon TavianTi dRe saku­
Tari interesebidan da upiratesobebidan gamomdinare. bevri maTgani moxalised
iwyebs muSaobas sakuTari unarebis mixedviT. haris polis mixedviT, samsaxuridan
gadamdgari adamianebis mxolod 11% ambobs, rom isini siamovnebiT daubrundebian
TavianT samuSao adgilebs (raseli, 1989w.). rogorc ficjeraldis kvlevisas erTma
kacma Camoayaliba: `menatreba biznesis konkurenciis doRi, magram ukan dabruneba
ar minda. sul stresi da stresi, aRar minda mudmiv stresSi yofna~ (gv. 230).
sapensio asakisadmi midgoma, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxvagvaria, da­mokidebulia
adamianebis socioekonomikur pirobebsa da mitovebuli samsaxuris xasiaTze.
maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris mqoneni SedarebiT gvian gadian pensiaze da me­
tad arian kmayofili pensiaze gasvliT, vidre dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris
mqoneni. albaT imitom, rom maRali Semosvlis patroni SedarebiT janmrTelia
da meti fuli aqvs, romlis gamoyeneba sakuTari siamovnebis Sesabamisad SeuZlia.
Tumca isini, romlebic samuSao adgilze did Zalauflebas flobdnen, did stress
ganicdian pensiaze gardamaval etapze.
aseve arian asakovani adamianebi, romelTac urCevniaT ar gavidnen pensiaze,
yovel SemTxvevaSi im asakSi, romelsac maT sTavazoben pensiaze gasasvlelad.
aseTi adamianebi naxevar ganakveTze mainc agrZeleben muSaobas da ara mxolod
imitom, rom muSaoba undaT, aramed imitom, rom cdiloben, meti Tanxa daagro­
von, raTa ufro uzrunvelyofili sibere hqondeT (kei. lordi da Seridi, 1995w.).
`beibibumerebis~ TaobaSi msgavsi tendencia, albaT, gaizrdeba (kongresis kvarta­
luri angariSi, 1993w.). ufro metic, 21-e saukuneSi gaizrdeba moTxovnileba muSa­
xelze. iqidan gamomdinare, rom momdevno, SedarebiT mcire asakobrivi kohortis
jeri modis marTon qveynis ekonomika, `beibibumerebis~ Taobis sul ufro met war­

434
momadgenels mouwevs pensiaze uaris Tqma da Sromis bazarze xelmeored CarTva.
amerikeli pensionerebis erTma mesamedma, faqtobrivad, ukve daiwyo xelmeored
muSaoba, Tundac droebiT. 21-e saukunis pirvel naxevarSi im asakovan amerike­
lebs, visac muSaobis survili eqneba, udavod meti SesaZleblobebi elodebaT saa­
misod (heivardi, hardi da lui 1994w.).

ekonomikuri garemoebebi

moxucebulobis asakSi amerikelebi bevrad ukeTes ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi

arian, vidre maTi winamorbedebi. amis mizezi qveynis zogadi ekonomikuri mdgo­
mareobis gaumjobesebaSi, nawilobriv socialuri usafrTxoebis da maT janmr­
Telobaze zrunvis programebSi, agreTve kerZo sapensio fondebis arsebobaSia.
siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi 65 wels gadacilebuli qalebisa da mamakacebis
procentuli raodenoba 1959 arsebuli 35%-dan 1970-ian wlebSi 25%-ze Camovida,
xolo dRes _ 12%-s udris. 1970-ian wlebSi siRaribe orjer meti iyo moxucebSi,
vidre mTlianad saxelmwifos doneze. dRes igi 14%-iT CamorCeba siRaribis saer­
To dones yvela asakobriv jgufSi (hesi da marksoni, 1991w).
zogi moxuci imdenad kargad aris uzrunvelyofili, rom kritikosebisgan
Sefaseba `Rormucela bebruxanebi~ daimsaxures (hesi, 1990w.). federaluri dax­
marebis programaSi didi adgili swored maT ukaviaT. momsaxurebaSi mxolod min­
imalur Tanxebs axdevineben, miuxedavad imisa sWirdebaT Tu ara es maT sinamdvile­
Si. Tumca aseTi `SeZlebuli seniorebi~ suraTis mxolod erT nawils Seadgenen.
maT xelSi arse­bulma kapitalma SeiZleba daCrdilos is faqti, rom moxucebis
fena mosaxleobis sakmaod mravalferovan segments warmoadgens (holc-ikeni da
smiding, 1994w.). erT-erTma kvlevam uCvena, rom maT Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri
uTanasworoba bevrad ufro radikaluria, vidre sxva asakobriv jgufebSi maSin,
roca mdidari moxu­cebis erTi mexuTedi iRebs arsebuli resursebis 46%-s, Rari­
bi mo­xucebis erTi mexuTedi iRebs mxolod 6%-s (kristali da Si, 1990). es gaxlavT
mTavari mizezi imisa, Tu ratom iTxoven moxucebulTaTvis gankuTvnili saxelm­
wofo privilegiebis SezRudvas da mxolod usaxsro moxucebis uzrunvelyofas
ufaso samedicino daxmarebiT.
siRaribis zRvarze myofi moxucebi ukidures gaWirvebas ganicdian. qvrivi qa­
lebi da mZimed daavadebulebi finansurad gansakuTrebul siduxWireSi arian. (go­
lanti da la greka, 1994w. morgani 1991w.). siRaribis done moxucebulebSi asakTan
erTad matulobs. 45 da ufrosi asakis adamianebi statistikurad ufro Raribebi
arian, vidre 65-dan 70-mde asakianni. siRaribis done gansakuTrebiT garkveuli
jgufisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad 72 wlis da ufrosi asakis Savkani­
ani qalebis 64%, romlebic marto cxovroben, sakmaod Raribebi arian (aSS, aRwer­
is biuro, 1990w.). moxucebs Soris siRaribis maCvenebelze arsebuli statistika
erT-erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtze metyvelebs: adamia­nebis erTi da igive kategoria
rCeba Raribad axalgazrdobaSic da Semdegac. eseni arian eTnikuri umciresobebi,
qalebi, romlebic marto uZRvebian ojaxs (famfeli da hardi, 1994w.). imis gamo,

435
rom eTnikurad gansxvavebuli asakovani adamia­nebis raodenoba matulobs (mosa­
lodnelia, rom 2050 wlisTvis gaormagdeba araTeTrkaniani moxucebulebis ra­
odenoba), siRaribis sixSire am asakobriv jgufSi kvlav moimatebs.
samedicino xarjebi tvirTad awevs bevr asakovan adamians, maT Soris araRa­
ribebsac. moxuci amerikelebis Semosavlis didi nawili swored am mimarTulebiT
ixarjeba. 1960-ian wlebSi asakovani adamianebi Tavisi Semosavlis 6%-ze naklebs
xarjavdnen janmrTelobaze. 30 wlis Semdeg es maCvenebeli 18%-mde gaizarda da
momavalSi kidev ufro zemoT aiwevs (aSS-is kongresi, warmomadgenelTa palatis
angariSi, 1990w.). marTalia, samedicino daxmarebis programebi faraven moxucTa
hospitalizaciisa da sxva samedicino daxmarebisTvis saWiro xarjebs, magram mom­
vlelebisa da ZiZebis daqiravebisTvis saWiro Tanxebis gadaxda maT Tavad uwevT
(margolisi, 1990w.), rac soliduri Tanxaa asakovani adamianebisTvis. unda gaviT­
valiswinoT, rom dRes yovelive zemoaRniSnulis fasebi bevrad ufro maRalia
da asakovani adamianebi bevrad nakleb Tanxas zogaven, vidre amas maTi mSoblebis
Taoba axerxebda cxovrebis kursis imave safexurze (nazari, 1995w.).

asakobrivi struqtura: aSS-is `gaWaRaraveba~

grZelvadiani tendenciebi

Cveni sazogadoebis asakobrivi struqtura icvleba. grZelvadiani tenden­

cia iseTia, rom mcirdeba axalgazrdebis raodenoba, xolo asakovani adamianebis
raodenobrivi moculoba matulobs. is faqti, rom cvlileba, romelic eris da­
berebaSi gamoixateba (maiersi, 1990w.), ori martivi statistikuri maCveneblidan
Cans. erT-erTi maCvenebelia adamianis asakis `mediana~ (statistikuri Sua asaki),
romelic mosaxleobis asakobriv monacemebs Suaze yofs. mis erT mxares myofi
50% moxucia, medianas maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, meore mxares myofi 50% ki _
axal­gazrda. me-20 saukuneSi Suaxnis adamianebis raodenoba gaizarda da momaval
dekadebSi kidev gaizrdeba. 1900 wels asakobriv grafaze mediana iyo 22.9 weli.
1950-ian wlebSi igi 30.2 wlamde gaizarda. 1995 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 34.3 wels
uCvenebda. 2020 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 40 wlis zRvars miuaxlovdeba, xolo 2050
wlisTvis _ daaxloebiT 46 wlisas. igive suraTs miviRebT, Tu ganvixilavT 65 an
ufrosi asakis amerikelebis asakobriv proporciebs. am asakobrivi jgufis mocu­
loba me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda da kidev ufro gaizr­
deba 21-e saukuneSi. 1900 wels mosaxleobis mxolod 4,1% Seadgenda am asakobriv
jgufs, 1950 wlisTvis 8,1%-mde gaizarda, 1995 wels ki raodenobam 12.8%-s miaR­
wia. 2020 wlisTvis, albaT qveynis mosaxleobis 18% moxvdeba 65 wlis da ufrosi
asakobriv jgufSi, xolo 2050 wlisTvis _ 25%. 21-e saukuneSi, bavSvebis, mozar­
debis da adreuli zrdasrulobis asakis adamianebis asakobrivi jgufebis mocu­
loba TandaTan Semcirdeba.

436
 amerikeli sazogadoebis gaWaRaravebis gamomwvevi ori ZiriTadi mizezi ar­
sebobs. jer erTi, me-20 saukuneSi gaizarda adamianebis cxovrebis xangrZlivoba.
1900-ian wlebSi dabadebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi saSualod 47 wlamde cxov­
robdnen, xolo qalebi _ 49 wlamde. dRes mamakacebi saSualod 72 wlamde cxov­
roben, xolo qalebi _ 80 wlamde. cxovrebis xangrZlivobis gazrda zogadad
cxovrebis donis standartebis gaumjobesebis Sedegia (swori kveba da higiena).
mosaxleobis `gaWaRaravebis~ meore mizezi `beibibumerebis~ Taobis moculo­
baa, romelic TandaTan asakSi Sedis. miuxedavad imisa, rom asakobrivma medianam
1900 wlidan dRemde aSS-Si zemoT aiwia, am tendenciaSi erTi gamonaklisi mainc
arsebobs. im aTwleulebSi, roca `beibibumerebisa~ da misi momdevno Taoba gaCnda,
asakobrivi mediana daRmavlobis gzaze idga. 1950-iani wlebis maCvenebeli 30.2
wlis asaki 1960-ian wlebSi 29.4 wlamde Camovida, xolo 1970 wels _ 27.9 wlamde
(amis Semdeg mediana mudmivad izrdeboda). saintereso dakvirvebaa, rom asakob­
rivi medianas es moklevadiani ukusvla daemTxva periods, roca gaizarda im
amerikelebis raodenoba, romlebmac miaRwies an gadaabijes 65 wels. anu medianas
qvemoT daweva iman gamoiwvia, rom `beibibumerebis~ periodSi gaCenilma axalgazr­
da Taobam raodenobrivad bevrad gadaaWarba SedarebiT mcire moculobis asako­
briv kohortas, romelic im periodSi 60-70 wlis xdeboda. axla ki beibibumerebis
Taoba miiwevs `gaWaRaravebis~ asakisken, xolo misi momdevno Taobis warmomadgen­
lebis kohortis zoma bevrad pataraa. amdenad, momdevno naxevari saukunis ganma­
vlobaSi amerikeli mosaxleobis dabereba gardauvalia.
ra cvlilebebs unda elodon amerikelebi socialur cxovrebaSi asakobriv
struqturis daberebasTan dakavSirebiT? im gardauvali momentis miRwevisas (21-
e saukunis dasawyisSi), rasac `beibibumerebis~ Taobis moxucebulobaSi gardama­
vli etapi hqvia, bevrad meti pensioneri gveyoleba, xolo momuSave zrdasruli
adamia­nebis raodenoba bevrad naklebi iqneba. Sedegad 21-e saukuneSi qveyanaSi
muSa­xelis deficiti gaCndeba; Semcirdeba produqtis warmoebac da momsaxureo­
bac; muSaoba mouwevT asakovan adamianebsac, razec zemoTac visaubreT. savarau­
doa, rom mTel sazogadoebas finansuri presi daawveba. `axalSobilTa Taobis~
warmomadgenlebs gauWirdebaT pensiaze gasvla, vinaidan ar eqnebaT saTanado da­
nazogi (kongresis kvartaluri angariSi, 1993w.). xolo imis gamo, rom am Taobis
warmomadgenlebs dResdReobiT isedac uWirT danazogis gakeTeba, maT pensiaze
gasvlis Semdegac mouwevT izrunon pensiaze dasamatebeli xelfasis miRebaze.
aris imis SesaZleblobac, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba pensionerTa dax­
marebis programebis (janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis) arseboba.
im droisTvis, rodesac `beibibumerebis~ Taobas pensiaze gasvla mouwevs, saa­
miso saxs­rebi, SesaZloa, Zalze Semcirdes. federaluri biujetis didi nawili
dasWirdeba am didi moculobis asakobrivi kohortis uzrunvelyofas. iqidan ga­
momdinare, rom mosamsaxure adamianebis koeficienti sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba,
pensionereb­Tan SedarebiT, Semcirdeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa
raodenobac (habibi, 1990w.). mosalodneli mzardi disbalansi momsaxure adamian­
ebsa da pensio­nerTa raodenobas Soris aSkaraa. 1945 wels erTi adamianis social­
urad uz­run­­vel­yofisTvis 35 mosamsaxure muSaobda. 1985 wlisTvis es proporcia

437
 ukve aseTi iyo _ sami erTze. msgavsi disbalansi, TavisTavad cxadia, momavalSi
cxare socialur debatebs gamoiwvevs samTavrobo socialuri daxmarebebis zoma­
sa da formaze (ix.socialuri da sajaro debatebis nawili).
ekonomikur kriziss, albaT, janmrTelobis dacvis saSualebebis maRali fase­
bic daemateba. Tu momavalSi cxovrebis xangrZlioba miRweuli iqneba maRali sa­
medicino teqnologiebSi Cadebuli uzarmazari investiciebiT, erTi mxriv, mi­
viRebT sazogadoebas, romlis didi nawili asakovan mosaxleobas warmoadgens,
xolo, meore mxriv, miviRebT sazogadoebas, romlis resursebis didi nawili asa­
kovani adamianebis sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi ixarjeba (kalahani, 1987w.). Seicv­
leba samedicino praqtikac. bevri eqimi Tavis gamocdilebas mimarTavs asakovani
adamianebis janmrTelobis problemebis mogvarebisken, imitom rom swored am sa­
medicino mimarTulebaze iqneba gazrdili moTxovna. aseve ayvavdeba industriis
is saxeebi, romlebic gaTvlili iqneba asakovani adamianebis moTxovnilebebis ba­
zarze, rac dakavSirebulia pensionerTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli dasaxlebebTan,
moxucebulTa TavSesafrebTan, gamasajansaRebel saSualebebTan. savaraudod,
`beibibumerebis~ Taoba Secvlis Cvens damokidebulebas sikvdilis mimarT. Sesa­
Zloa, sikvdilTan Sexvedra maTTvis SedarebiT advilic gaxdes.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

daberebis politika da konfliqti TaobaTa Soris

b eibibumerebis Taobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic dRes Sua xnis asaks aRweven, Tavisi Se­
mosavlis did nawils moxucebulTa socia­luri dacvisa da janmrTelobis dacvisTvis
gankuTvnil gadasaxadebSi ixdian. 1960 wlidan dRemde maqsimaluri wliuri gadasaxadi am mimar­
TulebiT daaxloebiT 3000%-iT gaizarda. iyo 300 dolari da gaxda 9000. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba
am gadasaxadebis gamarTlebas xedavs imaSi, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdoba Semdeg maTTvis gan­
kuTvnil socialur da janmrTelobis dacvis gadasaxads gadaixdis. faqti ki is aris, rom, Sesa­
Zloa, es daSveba mcdari aRmoCndes. axalgazrda Taobam, SesaZloa, ver gaakeTos igive, rac
`beibibumerebis~ Taobam SeZlo dRevandel moxucebulTa socialuri dacvisTvis.

debatebi
zemoT aRniSnuli daSvebis mizezi is ki ar aris, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdebi uars ityvian
moxucebulTa socialuri dacvis gadasaxa­deb­ze. ubralod, maT es SeiZleba veRar moaxerxon.
problema raodenobaSia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba Zalian didia, maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
ki bevrad meti, vidre maTi winamorbedebisa, amitom momdevno, moculobiT mcire Taobis mier
gadaxdili Tanxebi ver gawvdeba maTi socialuri dacvisTvis saWiro fondebs. ukeTes SemTxveva­
Si, dRevandel axalgazrda Taobas, Tavisi Semosavlis meoTxedis gadaxda mouwevT am fondebSi.
uares SemTxvevaSi, moxucebulTa socialuri dacvis gadasaxadebma, SesaZloa, maTi Semosavlis
40% moicvas (longmeni, 1987w.). bolo varianti, albaT bevrad ufro realisturia im SemTxveva­
Si, Tu axalgazrda Taoba naklebad mobiluri da naklebad Semosavliani iqneba. amis mizezi ki,
SesaZloa, is gaxdes, rom bavSvebs ar aqvT saTanado ganaTlebis miRebis da iseTi ganviTarebis
saSua­leba, rogoric maT mSoblebs hqondaT. SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom ar iyos sakmarisi samuSao
adgili da isini TviTon aRmoCndnen socialur daxmarebaze damokidebulni.

438
 `beibibumerebi~ am daSvebas usamarTlobas uwodeben. isini fiqroben, rom maT gadasaxadebis
mZime tvirTi atares da amitom imsaxureben saTanado socialuri daxmarebis miRebas moxuce­
bulobaSi. bolos da bolos, isini arc ise mdidrebi arian, rom uari Tqvan socialur daxmare­
baze. dRevandel ekonomikur pirobebSi sul ufro Zneldeba danazogebis gakeTeba da kerZo
sapensio dazRvevis programebisTvis fulis gadadeba (kongresis kvartaluri angariSi, 1993w.).
gadasaxadebi, kreditebi, Svilis ganaTlebis safasuri _ erTad sakmaod did Tanxas Sedgens da
moxucebulobis asakisTvis Tanxis gadadeba faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba
miiCnevs, rom garantirebuli socialuri dacva maTi damsaxurebuli uflebaa. Tu vinme xelyofs
am uflebas, am Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaerTiandebian da maT moTxovnebs politikuri xasiaTi
miecema, rac TaobaTa Soris politikuri konfliqtis sagani gaxdeba.

analizi

TaobaTa Soris konfliqtis mTavari katalizatori sazogadoebis socialuri struqturaa.

`beibibumerebis~ Taoba bevrad ufro didia, vidre misi momdevno Taoba da Tanac misi warmo­
madgenlebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, savaraudod, 70 wlidan 80 wlamde gastans. rogor SeZ­
lebs Seda­rebiT mcirericxovani Taoba uxados pensia da samedicino daxmareba moqalaqeTa am
uzarmazar segments? damokidebulebis koeficienti Zalian gaizrdeba, radgan igi ganisazRvre­
ba gadamxdelTa raodenobasTan im adamianebis raodenobis SefardebiT, vinc damokidebulia
am gadasaxdebze. erT-erTi aRweris biuros prognoziT, 2030 wlisTvis 20-dan 64 wlamde asakis
adamianebis Sefardebis koeficienti 65 wlisa da ufrosi asakis adamianebTan iqneba 1 _ 2,2-Tan.
(longmeni, 1987w.). es ki imas niSnavs, rom erTi pensioneris socialuri daxmarebis Rirebuleba
ori zrdasruli mosamsaxuris jibidan gadaixdeba.
TaobaTa Soris brZola kulturuli movlenac aris. dRevandeli kulturuli Rirebulebebi
gulisxmobs moxucebulTa socialur daxmarebas. winaT yovelTvis ase ar iyo. aSS-s mTeli is­
toriis ganmavlobaSi, moxucebulTa daxmareba maTi piradi an ojaxis saqme iyo. 1930 wels ruz­
veltis administraciam socialuri daxmarebis aqti warudgina amerikel xalxs, rac gulisxmob­
da individualur gadaxdebs saxelmwifo fondSi (FICA), romlidanac Semdeg esa Tu is adamiani
moxucebulobisas pensias miiRebda. aqti fiqcia aRmoCnda. bolo 1980-ian wlebSi Catarebulma
kvlevam aCvena, rom daqorwinebuli mSromeli adamiani, romelic 65 wlis asakSi pensiaze gadioda
da FICA-s gadasaxadebs manamade srulyofilad ixdida, fondSi Setanili TanxiT Tavs mxolod
or wels Tu gaitanda (kolmani da koici, 1986w.). SedarebiT mcireSemosavliani mosamsaxuris mier
sapensio fondSi gadaxdili gadasaxadebis moculoba ki aseT adamians pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg
mxolod erT wels Tu gaataninebda Tavs. amdenad, Tanxa, romelsac amerikelebi FICA-s fondSi
ixdian, imdenad mis samomavlo pensias ar ganekuTvneba, ramdenadac dRes pensiaze myofi adamia­
nebisTvis gansazRvrul socialur daxmarebas. mosaxleoba, am mxriv, dRemde gaurkvevlobis wi­
naSe dgas. zogi xSirad gamoTqvams eWvs sapensio fondis sakmarisobis Taobaze. zogic fiqrobs,
rom aseTi politika ar aZlevs saSualebas didi Semosavlis mqone adamianebs ainazRauron is,
rasac isini aRniSnul fondebSi ixdian muSaobis periodSi.
sabolood, sapensio fondebTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli Tanxmoba miRweuli iqna oTxi
faqtoris gamo: pirveli, es aris siRaribe moxucebulTa Soris, ramac qveyana me-20 saukuneSi
moicva da Raribma mosaxleobam 30%-s miaRwia da ramac, Sesabamisad, nacionaluri skandalis
xasia­Ti miiRo (holc-ekeni da smidingi). 1950-ian wlebSi amerikelebma sapensio asakis mimarT
axali xedva gamoimuSaves. es aRar unda yofiliyo cxovrebis erTgvari `carieli~ periodi,

439
romelsac SiSiT Sehyurebdnen, aramed cxovrebis sasiamovno periodi unda gamxdariyo, rom­
lis dros asakovani xalxi imiT dakavdeboda, rasac muSaobis periodSi ver axerxebda (longmani
1987w.). swored am mizans unda momsaxureboda saxelmwifo fondebi. zogi mkvlevari aRniSnavs,
rom rac ufro daberdeba amerikeli eri, moxucebis daxmarebis kulturuli Rirebulebebis qan­
qara koleqtiuri xedvidan TandaTan individualuri xedvisken gadaixreba da moxucebs sakuTar
Tavze zrunva Tavad mouwevT. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom Taobebs Soris uTanasworobis ar­
sebobis SegrZneba gaCndeba, radgan is, rasac dRevandeli moxucebi iReben, albaT dRevandel zr­
dasrulebsa da axalgazrdebs im doziT aRar ergebaT moxucebulobis asakSi (bengstoni, 1993w.).
is, Tu rogor ganviTardeba TaobaTa Soris urTierToba, ubralo Zala­uflebis sakiTx­
ia. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba raodenobiT metia da daaxloebiT mosaxleobis mesameds Sead­
gens. amerikel pensionerTa asociacia (AARP) dRes aSS-Si erT-erTi Zlieri politikuri or­
ganizaciaa. is lobirebas uwevs pensionerebs, uzrunvelyofs informaciiT da organizebas
ukeTebs lgotebis ins­tituts pensionerTaTvis. politikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis did nawils
asakovani adamianebi warmoadgenen. arCevnebis dros maTi monawileoba bevrad metia axalgaz­
rdebTan SedarebiT. maT xmas didi Zala aqvs. isini bevrad xSirad eswrebian partiis sxdomebs da
did finansur mxardaWeras uweven TavianT kandidatebs.
miuxedavad Tavisi raodenobisa, politikuri aqtivobisa da Zaluflebisa, `beibibumerebis~
Taobis warmomadgenlebis mdgomareoba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg mainc Sors iqneba dRevandeli
pensionerebis mdgomareobidan. maT mainc dasWirdebaT momdevno, momuSave Taobis mxridan
mxar­daWera. erT-erTma kvlevam uCvena, rom mxardaWeris mopovebis SesaZlebloba swored iseT
pluralistur demokratiul qveynebSia, rogoric aSS-ia, sadac gansxvavebuli interesis mqone
jgufebi erTmaneTTan Sejibrs undebian da naklebad erTiandebian koaliciebSi Zalauflebis
ganawilebis mizniT. igive axasiaTebT yvela im qveyanas, sadac `memarcxene~ politikuri par­
tiebis naklebobaa da sadac politikuri partia socialuri klasebis ideaze ar agebs programas
(pampeli, 1994w.). aseT sazogadoebebSi da, maT Soris, aSS-Si, saxelmwifo fondebidan asakovani
adamianebi ufro iReben daxmarebas, vidre axalgazrdebi.
pensionerTaTvis gankuTvnil nebismier programas, romelsac sazogadoeba iRebs, koleq­­ti­
u­ri socialuri aqtis forma aqvs. amitom TaobaTa Soris brZola namdvil bataliad gadaiqceva,
roca saqme koleqtiur aqciebsa da dafinansebis sakiTxebs Seexeba. rogori arCevanis winaSec
ar unda dadgnen pensionerebi, maTi is nawili, romelic Sromisunariani iqneba da sazogadoebis
sxva aspeqtebTan integrireba SeuZLlia, albaT muSaobas amjobinebs. daxmarebis is programebi,
romlebic SenarCundeba im droisTvis, SesatyvisobaSi unda movidnen kulturul Rirebule­
bebTan da damokidebulebebTan. Tu pensionerebi bevrad ufro privilegirebul mdgo­mareobaSi
aRmoCndebian, vidre sxva adamianebi, TavisTavad cxadia, gaWirdeba maTTvis gansazR­vruli
fondebis finansuri mxardaWera (bengstoni, 1993w.). ra azri eqneba dabali xelfasebidan dabali
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas saxelmwifo fondebSi, Tu ki es moculoba ar eyofa pensionerebis uz­
runvelyofas?! socialuri `Sesabamisobis~ problema gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos TaobaTa So­
ris kamaTis dros, romelsac 21-e saukuneSi eqneba adgili.

wyaro: jefri kolmani da devid kolci: `How Long Does It Take for New Retirees to Recover the Value
of Their Social Security Taxes?~.kongresis kvleviTi momsaxureba, 1986 wlis 21 ianvari. angariSi # 86-10
EPW. cxrili 1. gv.11.

440
Rrmad moxucebulebi

igive mizezi, rac amerikelebis daberebas iwvevs, anu asakobrivi dRegrZelo­

ba, amavdroulad iwvevs Rrma moxucebis (85-is da ufrosi asakis adamianebis) ra­
odenobis mniSvnelovan zrdas. amerikel pensionerTa Soris Rrma moxucebulobis
asaki yvelaze swrafad mzardi asakia. 1960-1994 wlebs Soris, rodesac aSS-is mo­
saxleoba 45%-iT gaizarda, 65 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis raodenoba gaorma­
gda, xolo Rrma moxucebulTa segmenti 27.4%-iT gaizarda. 1994 wels Rrmad mox­
ucebulebi amerikeli pensionerebis 10%-s Seadgendnen. 2050 wlisTvis, rogorc
gamoiangariSes, es 24%-s miaRwevs, xolo qveynis mTel mosaxleobasTan Sefardeb­
iT, Rrmad moxucebi am droisTvis 5%-ia (aSS-is aRweris biuro, 1995w.).
dRes mosaxleobis did nawils aRelvebs, rogor unda mogvardes amdeni moxu­
cis movlis sakiTxi. maT aseve aRelvebT isic, rom rac ufro meti iqneba Rrmad
moxucebuli, miT meti iqneba mwvave arTritiT, osteoporoziT, parkinsoniT da
alSimeriT daavadebuli adamiani. Tundac erTi aseTi daavadebuli mSoblis mov­
la finansuradac da emociuradac did tvirTad daawveba maT Svilebs, romlebic
male unda miuaxlovdnen imave asaks. statistikuri monacemebiT, asakTan erTad
matulobs sxvebze damokidebulobis xarisxic. magaliTad, 1990 wels moxucebul­
Ta saxlebSi 65 wlidan 74 wlamde amerikeli mosaxleobis mxolod 1% cxovrobda,
magram 85 wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebis _ 25%, xolo Rrma moxucebulTa is
naxevari, romelTac jer kidev sakuTar saxlebSi, yoveldRiuri aqtivobis (da­
bana, saWmlis momzadeba da sxv.) Sesasruleblad garkveuli daxmareba sWirdebo­
daT (aSS aRweris biuro, 1995w.).
statistika aseve uCvenebs, rom 85 wlis da ufrosi amerikelebis daaxloebiT
38% damoukideblad cxovrobs. cxadia, advilia iyo pesimisturad ganwyobili Rr­
mad moxucebulis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mimarT, magram maTi raodenobis
zrda ar niSnavs maincdamainc invalidis savarZlebis, respiratorebis da kaTe­
terebis raodenobis katastroful zrdas. faqtobrivad, 85 wlis moxucebi bevrad
ufro janmrTelebi arian, vidre maTze 20 wliT umcrosebi (engieri, 1995w.). maTi
sikvdilic bevrad ufro umtkivneulo da swrafia, vidre avadmyofobiT dauZlure­
buli 70-75 wlis adamianebis sikvdili. amas janmrTelobis uzrunvel­yofis samsa­
xurebis statistikac adasturebs. 90 wlis da kidev ufro asakovanTaTvis gaRe­
buli samedicino uzrunvelyofis xarjebi im adamianebisTvis gaweuli xarjebis
erT mesameds Seadgens, vinc 70 wlamde cxovrobs.
amdenad, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis maCvenebeli texili Rrmad moxuce­
bulTa janmrTelobis grafikze naklebad daxrilia, vidre 70 wels miaxloebuli
adamianebis janmrTelobis maCvenebeli. yvelaze asakovani adamiani, frangi qal­
batoni, romelic 1995 wels 120 wlis gaxda, bevrad janmrTelad da mxned gamoi­
yureboda, vidre bevri masze axalgazrda. igi sulac ar iyo sasowarkveTili
Tavisi asakis gamo da ambobda, rom asaki mas Zalian mouxda, radgan 110 weli das­
Wirda popularulobisTvis. `vapireb, kidev didxans ganvicado es siamovneba~, _
acxadebs moxuci qalbatoni (citata engieris naSromidan, 1995w. gv.5).

441
 Sejameba

1. Taobas, romelSic esa Tu is pirovneba daibada, cxovrebiseul Sansebze mniS­

vnelovani gavlena aqvs. individis Taobas gavlena aqvs iseT sakiTxebze, ro­
goric aris: esa Tu is individi mdidari iqneba Tu Raribi; maRali anazRaureba
eqneba Tu dabali; socialur kibeze mimaval gzaze mobiluri iqneba Tu stati­
kuri. am faqtis ilustrireba moxda `didi depresiis~ Svilebisa da `beibibu­
merebis~ Taobebis SedarebiT. `didi depresiis~ Svilebis Taoba SedarebiT
pataraa. meore msoflio omis Semdeg swrafi tempiT ganviTarebuli ekonomi­
kis Sedegad maT Semosavali sakmaod didi iyo. am Taobis mamakacebs advilad
SeeZloT maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovna, colisa da Svilis uzrunve­
lyofa da saxlis gareubnebSi SeZena. `beibibumerebis~ Taoba, ki piriqiT, imis
gamo, rom raodenobrivad didia, Sromis bazarze arsebuli did konkursSi
monawileoba uwevT. rac Seexeba xelfasebs, ojaxis orive wevris, col-qmris
xelfasi ojaxs hyofnis Tvidan Tvemde. yoveli axali bavSvis gaCenis SemTx­
vevaSi am Taobis warmomadgenlebs bevrad meti problema eqmnebaT, vidre maT
winamorbedebs.
2. asaki aris maxasiaTebeli, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebebi adamianebs una­
wileben statusebs da rolebs, uflebebsa da movaleobebs. asakze dafuZne­
buli socialuri kategoriebis warmoebis process ewodeba asakobrivi ran­
gireba, romelic gansxvavebulia kulturisa da epoqis mixedviT. cxovrebis
kursSi iseT movlenebs, rodesac erTi tipis roli meoriT icvleba, gardama­
vali etapebi ewodeba. cxovrebis kursis gardamavali etapebi, rogorc indi­
vidisTvis, aseve sazogadoebisTvis, SesaZloa, SeumCneveli iyos an, piriqiT,
mkveTrad gamokveTili _ ritualebiTa da ceremoniebis saSualebebiT.
3. erik eriqsonma adamianis ganviTarebis yvelaze detaluri Seswavla war­
mogvidgina. man ganixila ganviTarebis safexurebis mTeli seria, dabadebidan
sikvdilamde da uwoda maT cxovrebis kursis (ganviTarebis) safexurebi
uwoda. ganviTarebis TiToeuli safexuris paralelurad man Camoayaliba
is problemebi, romlis winaSec adamians uwevs dgoma cxovrebis kursis ama
Tu im safexurze, da romelTa pozitiurad an negatiurad gadawyveta xde­
ba. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSi
adamianebs ZiriTadad oTxi safexuri miaCniaT yvelaze mniSvnelovnad: bavS­
voba, mozardoba, zrdasruloba da moxucebuloba. zogierT sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebis kursis safe­xurebs sxvagvarad ganixilaven.
4. ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan etapad bavSvobis miCneva SedarebiT gviandeli
aRmoCenaa. idea, bavSvi unda aRizardos da daculi iyos zrdasrulTa sam­
yarosgan, renesansis droindeli mosazrebaa romelic mxolod mecxramete
sau­ku­nis bolodan aRiares mkvlevarebma, rom bavSvebi bevrad adreul asakSi
dgebian zrdasrulTa aqtivobebis da pasuxismgeblobebis winaSe.

442
5. mozardobis asaki sakuTar TavTan kiTxvebis dasmis da eqsperimentebis asa­
kia, radgan Tineijerebi cdiloben sakuTari Tavis identificirebas da imis
dadgenas, Tu ras warmoadgenen. cxovrebis es etapi mniSvnelovan safexurad
1940-1950-ian wlebSi aRiares, roca skolebSi moxda axalgazrda Taobis seg­
regacia da Sedegad Camoyalibda Tineijerebis subkultura gamokveTili Ta­
visi gemovnebiTa da standartebiT.
6. zrdasruloba moicavs mTel rig cvlilebebs da axal problemebs adamia­
nis cxovrebaSi. Sua xnis asaki, anu e.w `krizisi~, bevri kacisa da zogierTi
qalisTvis Rirebulebebis xelaxal gadafasebas iwvevs da maT winaSe dgeba
sakiTxi, ganaxorcieles Tu ara maT mier dasaxuli miznebi da realurad risi
gakeTeba SeuZliaT darCenili cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.
7. Tanamedrove amerikeli sazogadoeba ufro axalgazrdebzea koncentrire­
buli da amitom negatiuri miTebis simravle asakSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT
SeimCneva. kvlevebis Sedegebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom moxucebi cxovrebas sulac
ar atareben martoobasa da sasowarkveTilebaSi. maTi umetesoba sakuTar Tavs
uzrunvelyofs da socialurad aqtiuria, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani
ukve qvrivia (umetesad qalebi). isic miTia, rom amerikeli moxucebi Raribe­
bi da Svilebze damokidebulni arian. moxucebulTa siRaribis done mxolod
bolo ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda. moxucebulTa umravlesoba kmayo­
filebas gamoxatavs pensiaze gasvlis Semdgom cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
8. Cveni sazogadoebis asakobrivi struqtura icvleba. axlo momavalSi bevrad
meti asakovani adamiani gveyoleba, vidre axalgazrda. amerikeli sazogadoe­
bis `gaWaRaraveba~ gamowveulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gazrdiT da Soba­
dobis donis SemcirebiT. amas isic emateba, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba iwyebs
Suaxnis asakSi Sesvlas. maTi moxucebulobis asakSi SesvlasTan erTad daiwye­
ba periodi, romelic amerikel sazogadoebaze did gavlenas moaxdens.
9. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gazrda iwvevs ara marto sazogadoebis `gaWaRa­
ravebas~, aramed Rrma moxucebulTa raodenobis gazrdasac. yvelaze mzardi
Taoba amerikel sazogadoebaSi Rrma moxucebi iqnebian (85 wlis da ufrosi
asakis adamianebi). maT Sesa­xeb gavrcelebuli azris miuxedavad, moxucebi
bevrad damoukideblebi da janmrTelebi arian.

imsjeleT

1. ganixileT magaliTebi, romlebic axsnis, Tu ra gavlenas axdens Taoba konkre­

tuli adamianis cxovrebiseul Sansebze.
2. axseniT, ras gulisxmoben sociologebi, roca amboben, rom asaki kulturuli
konstruqciaa.
3. aRwereT asakobrivi zrda sociologiuri terminebiT da moiyvaneT asakTan
dakavSirebul axal statusebsa da rolebze gadasvlis gardamavali etapebis
magaliTebi.

443
4. aRwereT bavSvoba, mozardoba da zrdasruloba, rogorc cxovrebis kursis
safexurebi amerikel sazogadoebaSi.
5. CamoTvaleT da gaaqarwyleT moxucebulobis asakTan dakavSirebuli miTebi
6. ra socialuri movlenebi iwvevs amerikeli sazogadoebis `gaWaRaravebas~ da
ra cvlilebebs unda velodoT, Tu es procesi 21-e saukuneSic gagrZeldeba?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. mocemuli Tavi aRwers `didi depresiis~ Svilebis Taobisa da `beibibumerebis~

TaobisTvis damaxasiaTebel unikalur gamocdilebebs. ra gamocdilebebze
isaubreben sociologebi Tqvens TaobasTan dakavSirebiT?
2. rogor esadageba eriqsonis mier aRwerili adamianis ganviTarebis asakobrivi
safexurebi Tqveni nacnobis an Tqvensave gamocdilebas?
3. CamoayalibeT mosazrebebi bavSvobis gaqrobis Sesaxeb. marTla ase dgas
sakiTxi? ramdenad didi problemaa es? ecadeT, am sakiTxze mocemul TavSi
aRniSnuli sakiTxebidan gamomdinare isaubroT.
4. moxucebulobis Sesaxeb am TavSi mocemuli sakiTxebidan gamomdinare, rogor
prognozs ukeTebT sakuTar mdgomareobas moxucebulobis asakSi? romel Tao­
basTan gaaigivebdi mosalodnel mdgomareobas? romlisgan ganasxvavebT?
5. vTqvaT, kongresSi agirCies deputatad. ra saxis kanonebs miiRebdiT eris `ga­
WaRaravebis~ promlemebTan dakavSirebiT?

sityvari

asaki _ biologiurad asaki aris wlebi, moyolebuli adamianis dabadebidan. so­

ciologiurad, es cneba moicavs kulturul definiciebsac imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra moeTxovebaT an SeesabamebaT adamianebs sxvadasxva asakSi. es definicebi
sxvadasxva sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi sxvadasxvanairia.
asakobrivi diskriminacia _ individisTvis uaris Tqma garkveul uflebebze,
SesaZleblobebsa da momsaxurebaze mxolod misi asakis gamo.
asakobrivi rangireba _ adamianebis socialur kategoriebad klasificireba
asakis mixedviT.
asakobrioba _ asakis safuZvelze adamianis negatiuri Sefasebis sistema,
romelsac ,ZiriTadad moxucebTan mimarTebaSi iye­neben.
asakobrivi struqtura _ cxovrebis kursis ToToeul safexurze myofi adamia­
nebis raodenoba.
asakobrivi zrda _ adamianis gadaadgileba cxovrebis kursze dabadebidan sikv­
dilamde
asakobrivi kohorta _adamianebis kategoria, romlebic daibadnen erTsa da imave
wels anu konkretuli wlis uaxloes periodSi aqeT-iqiT.
Taobis asakobrivi jgufebi _ adamianebis jgufebi erTsa da imave TaobaSi, ro­

444
 melic erTi da imave istoriuli movlenis monawileebi arian, magram erTmane­
Tisgan gansxvavebuli midgoma da damokidebuleba aqvT.
identireba _ adamianisTvis imis SegrZneba, Tu vin aris da saiT midis. es SegrZne­
ba moicavs warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis erTian SegrZnebas.
cxovrebis kursi _ adamianis cxovrebis (dabadebidan sikvdilamde) safexurebis
socialurad gansazRvruli Tanmimdevroba.
asakobrivi gardamavlobisadmi miZRvnili ritualebi _ saxalxo sazeimo cere­
moniebi, romlebic adamianis erTi asakobrivi statusidan meoreze gadasvlas
eZRvneba.
gardamavali statusi _ statusi, romelic icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. asaki
gardamavali statusia, radgan adamianebi periodulad gadadian erTi asakob­
rivi kategoriidan meoreSi.

445
446
 nawili IV

socialuri institutebi

447
448
 Tavi 11

ojaxi

ojaxis funqciebi da struqtura

. ojaxis funqciebi
. gansxvavebuli ojaxuri struqturebi

`mkvidri~ ojaxi
. tradiciuli ideali . Tanamedrove realoba

qorwineba da ganqorwineba
. gadawyvetileba – visze daqorwinde?
. gadawyvetileba – rodis daqorwinde?
. gadawyvetileba ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb

Zaladoba ojaxSi
. bavSvze Zaladoba . meuRleze Zaladoba

amerikuli ojaxis momavali

. kulturuli omi:
ojaxuri Rirebulebebi, bavSvis gaCena da aborti

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
Tineijerebis fexmZimoba – rogor moviqceT?

449
450
 1 994 wlis Semodgomaze mTeli aSS adevnebda Tvals ori patara biWunas gata­
cebis ambavs. sainformacio gamoSvebebi dilas Tu saRamos uCvenebdnen oc­
dasami wlis suzan smiTs, gatacebuli bavSvebis dedas, romelic qmris, devidis
xels iyo CaWidebuli da tiriliT emudareboda gamtaceblebs, uvneblad dae­
brunebinaT misi 3 wlis maikli da 1 wlis aleqsi. am gansacdelSi maT yvela amerike­
li mSobeli uTanagrZnobda. mSoblisTvis Svilis ZaliT warTmevam da maTi sicocx­
lis riskis qveS yofnam yvela daafiqra ojaxis Temaze. mTeli aSS aRaSfoTa
gamtaceblebis saqcielma.
albaT, warmogidgeniaT, rogor aRSfoTdebodnen amerikelebi, roca gaiges,
rom sinamdvileSi dedam mokla Svilebi, mere Segnebulad moityua da ararsebul
gamtaceblebs dasdo brali Svilebis gatacebaSi. misma saqcielma adamianebis rw­
mena ojaxuri Rirebu­lebebis Sesaxeb, rac deda-Svilis urTierTobas, mSoblebis
mier Svilis dacvas, usafrTxo keris qonas, gvaris gagrZelebas gulisxmobda,
mTlia­nad Searyia. xalxis reaqcia imdenad sastiki iyo, rom samxreT karolinas
Statis qalaq iunionSi, sadac siuzan smiTi cxovrobda, sasamarTlos bralmde­
blebma misi­ve aRiarebis safuZvelze, misTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana
moiTxoves.
danaSaulis gamokveTis Semdeg, sasamarTloze braldebis mxarem suzan smiTi
daaxasiaTa, rogorc cbieri da boroti adamia­ni, romelmac Tavisi Svilebi mxo­­
lod sayvareli mamakacis gulismo­sagebad daaxrCo, im mamakacisa, romelmac igi
uaryo, radgan uTx­ra, rom mas ar undoda am qalis Svilebis mama gamxdariyo. dacvis
mxa­rem ki sxvagvari suraTi daxata. maT aRniSnes, rom am qalis oja­xuri cxovreba
disfunqciuri gaxda. jer kidev 15 wlisa maminacvalma gaaupatiura, mogvianebiT
qmari gaeyara, bolos ki, sayvarelma uaryo. yovelive aman imedgacruebul da sa­
sowarkveTil qals saSinelebis Cadenisken ubiZga. suzanis megobrebi, romlebic
mowmis rolSi gamodiodnen, amtkicebdnen, rom mas, Tavisi arastabiluri ojaxuri
mdgomareobis miuxedavad, Tavisi Svilebi Zalian uyvarda da mzrunveli deda iyo
(niu-iork Taimsi, 9 ivlisi, 1995 w. gv. 8).
sabolood, suzan smiTi sasikvdilo ganaCens gadaurCa. is axla samudamo
patimrobaSia. Tumca amerikelebis SegnebaSi misi saqme jer kidev ar aris daxu­
ruli. yvela Caafiqra im azrma, Tu ratom ingreva ojaxuri kavSiri ase umowya­
lod. marTalia, es konkretuli SemTxveva gansakuTrebulia, magram gazeTebi xom
yoveldRe aSuqeben bavSvebze Zaladobisa da colebis cemis faqtebs. ra aris es
_ ojaxuri cxovrebis krizisi Tu garkveuli `bneli mxare~, romelic maSin iCens
xolme Tavs, roca mZafri emociebi adamians aiZulebs sikeTis nacvlad boroteba
Caidinos; ramdenad daSorda ojaxuri cxovrebis realobebi im miTebs, romlisac
Cven ase gvjeroda?
ojaxi, albaT, yvelaze Rirebuli socialuri institutia, magram es institu­
ti, bolodroindeli kulturuli cvlilebebisa da ojaxis zogi tradiciuli fun­
qciebis dakargvis gamo, didi problemis winaSe dgas. dRes bevri amerikeli ibrZ­
vis ojaxuri cxovrebis simtkicis ideis gadarCenisTvis; bavSvebze Zaladobisa da
ojaxuri konfliqtebis aRkveTisTvis; ganqorwinebis raodenobis Semcirebis­Tvis;

451
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvTa uflebebis dacvisTvis; Svilis mikuTvnebis
SemTxvevaSi martoxela mamis pasuxismgeblobis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebisTvis.
yvelaferi keTdeba imisTvis, raTa suzan smiTis saqme erTaderTi gamonaklisi
iyos, magram SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom uflebebis xelyofis, konfliqtebisa
da ojaxis wevrebze Zaladobis SemTxvevebma imata.
mocemul TavSi visaubrebT ojaxis funqciasa da struqturaze: riT gansxvav­
deba ojaxuri struqturebi erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva kulturaSi, periodsa da sx­
vadasxva sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, ojaxis miRebul formad miCneulia tradici­
uli `mkvidri~ ojaxi. aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT misi alternatiuli formebic;
yu­radRebas mivapyrobT qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas, Tu rogor gadavwyvitoT
visze da rodis viqorwinoT an viqorwinoT Tu ara saerTod. visaubrebT imazec,
Tu ra gvaiZulebs ganqorwinebas da ra Sedegebi mohyveba mas; ganvixilavT oja­
xuri Zaladobis sakiTxs, kerZod, Zaladobas colebsa da bavSvebze, gavlenas Za­
lauflebrivi struqturis ojaxur urTierTobebze; ganvixilavT ojaxis momaval
pers­peqtivas, ganvixilavT kulturul konfliqtebs, romlebic TandaTan iCens
Tavs iseve, rogorc gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi ojaxur urTierTobebze.

ojaxis funqciebi da struqtura

ojaxi adamianebis jgufia, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian qor­

winebiT, memkvidreobiT, Svilebis aRzrdis valdebulebiT da, rac yvelaze mniS­
vnelovania, Svilebis yolis surviliT. garkveuli niSniT, yvela sazogadoebaSi
ojaxi socialuri organizaciis erT-erTi nawilia da ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebe­
li es niSnebi yvela sazogadoebisTvis marTlac saerToa.

ojaxis funqciebi

ojaxi miCneulia mniSvnelovan institutad, radgan igi pasuxobs adamianis

yvelaze fundamentalur individualur da koleqtiur saWiroebebs:

siyvarulisa da emociuri usafrTxoebis saWiroeba: ojaxi moicavs e.w. si­

yvarulis saxeliT aRebul valdebulebebs, gainawilos finansuri da
emociuri resursebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi ojaxi gulisxmobs Tbil urT­
ierTobas, erTgulebas, mzrunvelobas, meuRlis keTildReobisTvis Tav­
ganwirvis survils da upirobo siyvaruls (dizardi da gadlini, 1990 w.);
sqesobrivi urTierTobis regulirebis saWiroeba: yvela sazogadoeba
garkveul SezRudvas uwesebs am sazogadoebis wevrebs sqesobriv urT­
ierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris imazec, Tu vis visTan SeuZlia daam­
yaros sqesobrivi kavSiri. magaliTad, ojaxis wevrebTan (meuRlis garda)
seqsualuri kavSiris damyareba (incesti), sayovelTaod akrZalulia.

452
 axali Taobis gazrdis saWiroeba: ojaxis Seqmnis erT-erTi mTavari miza­
nia bavSvebis gaCena da gazrda (socializacia). bavSvebi sazogadoebis
`axal­wveulebi~ arian. maT unda iswavlon kulturis elementebi, rac maT
socialur cxovrebaSi kompetenturi monawileobisTvis dasWirdebaT.
ojaxi aseTi swavlebis pirdapiri arenaa.
bavSvebisa da unarSezRudulebis movlis da dacvis saWiroeba: bavSvebi Tavi­
anT mSoblebze arian damokidebuli zrunvis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienisa da
TavSesafris TvalsazrisiT. zog unarSezRudul adamians zrdasruloba­
Sic sWirdeba movla, rasac swored misi ojaxis wevrebi uzrunvelyofen.
socialuri statusis mopovebis saWiroeba: sazogadoebis struqtura
socialuri rolebisa da statusebis CaxlarTuli qselia. adamianebs
sWirdebaT rogorme am statusebs Soris moxvdnen da hqondeT ama Tu
im rolis Sesrulebis motivacia. aSS-isa da sxva sazogadoebebSi, sadac
socialur mobilobas da Tanabar SesaZleblobebs qadageben, adamianis
statusi bevrad aris damokidebuli ojaxze, maT erovnul, eTnikur, ra­
sobriv, religiur, klasobriv da sacxovrebel adgilTan identurobis
TvalsazrisiT.

gansxvavebuli ojaxuri struqturebi

ojaxis zemoT CamoTvlili funqciebi yvela sazogadoebisTvis saerToa, xolo

am funqciebis Sesasruleblad saWiro formebi sxva­dasxva sazogadoebaSi sxva­
dasxvaa. adamianTa umetesoba fiqrobs, rom ojaxis mowyoba gamarTlebulia ara
marto moralu­rad, aramed bunebrivadac. miCneulia, rom mxolod momavali Tao­
bis gaCena, rogorc biologiuri movlena, warmoadgens ZiriTads da saerTos yvela
sazogadoebisTvis, xolo danarCeni saWiroebebi sxvadasxva kulturisTvis gansx­
vavebulia. mamakacebis dominantoba ojaxuri cxovrebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
Tvisebaa, magram sxva­dasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvaa misi xarisxi da forma, razec
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTebi gviambobs:

indoeTSi, keralas niaraSi, bavSvebis aRzrdaSi dedis Zmas ufro didi

roli eniWeba, vidre bavSvebis biologiur mamas. mozardobis periodSi
naiarel gogonebs ufleba aqvT ramdeni­me sayvareli hyavdeT. dafex­
mZimebis SemTxvevaSi, sayvarlebs Soris erT-erTi (an ramdenime), romelic
Tavs bavSvis mamad cnobs, mSobiarobis xarjebs ixdis. sxva valdebule­
bebi bavSvisa da qalis mimarT qalis sayvarlebs, an bavSvis miniSnebul
mamas ar gaaCnia. deda-Svilze qalis axloblebi zrunaven. qonebrivi mem­
kvidreoba da privilegiebi gadadis ara mamidan vaJze, aramed dedis Zmi­
dan dis Svilze (gou, 1978).
madagaskarze, betsileos tomSi, mamakacs ufleba aqvs ramdeni­me coli
hyavdes. TiToeuli coli am kacis kuTvnil brinjis mindvrebis mimde­

453
 bare sofelSia dasaxlebuli. rac ufro mdidaria mamakaci da met brin­
jis mindors flobs, miT ufro meti colis yola SeuZlia. pirveli anu
ufrosi coli, romelsac `did cols~ uwodeben, saukeTeso da Semosav­
lian mindorTan cxovrobs. mamakaci ZiriTadad masTan cxovrobs, sxve­
bTan ki stumrad dadis xolme, roca danarCen mindvrebs moinaxulebs
xolme (kotaki, 1991w.).
himalais mTebis ZirSi, dasavleT nawilSi mcxovreb tomSi Zmebs saerTo
coli hyavT. jer ufrosi Zma qorwindeba da mere da­narCeni Zmebi ufro­
si Zmis colis e.w. Tanaqmrebi xdebian. isini yvelani erTad erT ojaxad
cxovroben. bavSvebi, romelic am qals uCndeba, yvela biZas `mamas~ uwo­
deben. Zmebs, rogorc erTian jgufs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, ufleba aqvT
kidev erTi coli moiyvanon. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvela `qmari~ iziarebs yve­
la `cols~.

sociologebi ojaxis struqturaSi arsebul gansxvavebebis kate­gorizacias

sxvadasxva kriteriumebis mixedviT axdenen. erT-erTi maTgania qorwinebaSi myo­
fi partniorebis raodenoba. amerikis sazogadoeba iuridiuladac da kulturu­
ladac aRiarebs `monoga­mias~ anu qorwinebas erT mamakacsa da erT qals Soris.
aris sazogadoebebi, romlebic `poligamias~ aRiareben, rac erTdroulad ram­­
denime partniorTan qorwinebas niSnavs. qorwinebis im formas, rodesac erT kacs
erTdroulad ramdenime coli hyavs (rogorc betsilos tomSi) `poligamias~ uwo­
deben. naklebad gavrcelebulia `poliandria~ anu qorwineba, sadac erT qals ram­
denime qmari hyavs.
meore kriteriumi, romelsac sociologebi iyeneben ojaxis struq­turis
gansazRvrisas, is upiratesobaa, romelsac ojaxur kavSirebs aniWeben anu rode­
sac qorwinebis kavSiris uzenaesobas aRiareben; rodesac qmari, coli da maTi mci­
rewlovani Svilebi erT ojaxur birTvs qmnian, maT `mkvidr ojaxs~ uwodeben. oja­
xis aseTi Semadgenloba tradiciul struqturad aris miCneuli aSS-sa da umetes
dasavlur qveynebSi. mkvidri ojaxis forma sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi sxvadasx­
vagvaria (gavixsenoT betsileos tomi). mravalcolian sazogadoebaSi mamakacs ar
moeTxoveba yvela ojaxs, romelsac qmnis, `mkvidri~ ojaxis statusi misces. aSS-Si
zrdasruli adamiani Tavs ori `mkvidri~ ojaxis wevrad miiCnevs: pirveli, `saori­
entacio~ ojaxi _ misi mSoblebisa da da-Zmisgan, meore ki, `gvaris gamgrZelebe­
li~ ojaxi, meuRlisa da Svilebisgan Sedgeba.
iseT ojaxur struqturas, sadac upirateobas sisxliT kavSirs aniWeben, ewo­
deba `gafarToebuli ojaxi~ (mkvidr ojaxze didia da sisxliT naTesavebisgan
Sedgeba). `gafarToebuli~ ojaxis wevrebi erT saxlSi cxovroben da sisxliT na­
Tesavebis meuRleebi ojaxis birTvis mier periferiul naTesavebad arian miCneu­
li. aseTi ojaxi, rogorc wesi, sami Taobis warmomadgenlebisgan Sedgeba, radgan
daqorwinebuli Svilebi Tavis mSoblebTan erTad cxovroben. marTalia, aSS-Si
macxovrobelTaTvis sami Taobis Tanacxovreba miRebuli ar aris, magram sxva
sazogadoebebSi ojaxis struqturis aseT formas xSirad vxvdebiT.

454
 gafarToebuli ojaxebis klasifikacia sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevis faqto­
ris mixedviT xdeba. e.w. `patrilokalur~ struqturas miekuTvnebian axaldaqor­
winebuli wyvilebi, romlebic qmris ojaxTan cxovroben: daqorwinebuli vaJebi
rCebian mSoblebTan, xolo gogonebi gaTxovebisas midian ojaxidan; e.w. `matri­
lokalur~ struqturas miekuTvnebian isini, romlebic, piriqiT, colis ojax­
Tan cxovroben, anu vaJebi qorwinebis Semdeg toveben mSoblebis saxls, xolo qa­
liSvilebi _ rCebian; im struqturas, sadac axaldaqorwinebu­li wyvili calke,
mSob­lebis gareSe saxldeba da sakuTar `mkvidr~ ojaxs afuZnebs, `neolokaluri~
struqtura ewodeba.
ojaxis struqturis kategorizaciis kidev erTi kriteriumia naTesauri xazis
gagrZelebis wesi. amerikelTa Svilebi orive mSoblis naTesaur xazs agrZeleben
da memkvidreobis miReba orive maTganisgan SeuZliaT. aseT ojaxur struqturas
`ormxrivi naTesauri xazis~ mqone struqtura ewodeba. 250 sxvadasxva sazogadoe­
bis Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom maTi 30% swored aseT struqturas miekuT­
vneba (mardoki, 1949w.). 40% naTesaur xazs mamis xaziT agrZelebs, 20% ki _ dedis
mxridan. bunebrivia, rom `patrilokalur~ struqturaSi naTesauri xazi mamis
mxridan gadadis, `matriloka­lurSi~ ki _ dedis mxridan.
kidev erTi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac ojaxuri struqturis kategori­
zacia xdeba, mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu vin sargeblobs avtoritetiT ojaxSi. avto­
ritets SeiZleba flobdes mamakaci (`pat­riarqaluri~ struqtura) an qali (`ma­
triarqaluri~ struqtura). avtoritets SeiZleba aseve Tanabrad flobdes qalic
da kacic (`egalitaruli~ struqtura). istoriulad, upiratesoba patriarqalur
struqturas eniWeboda iseT sazogadoebebSi, rogoric iyo Zveli berZnebis, ro­
maelebis, ebraelebis da bevri sxv. amazonel amorZalebze legendebis arsebobis
miuxedavad, sruli matriarqati arc erT sazogadoebaSi ar yofila norma. qalis
avtoriteti sxvadasxva ojaxSi sxva­dasxvagvaria, damokidebulia pirovnebaze da
col-qmars Soris arsebul urTierTobebze. `egalitaruli~ urTierTobebi ufro
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
ojaxur struqturebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa iseT did sazogadoebebSi,
rogoric aSS-Sia. amerikuli ojaxebis naxevarze bevrad naklebma SeinarCuna
`mkvidri~ da `mTliani~ ojaxis saxe. ganqorwi­nebebis matebasTan erTad, imata
Sereuli ojaxebis raodenobam (maminacvliT, dedinacvliT, geriT, naxevrZmebiT
an naxe­vardebiT). ojaxuri struqturebi erTmaneTisgan eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. aziuri da laTinoamerikuli ojaxebis siaSi naklebia
ganqorwinebulTa procentuli maCvenebeli. afro-­amerikeli bavSvebis raode­
noba, romlebic martoxela mSobleb­Tan an gafarToebul ojaxebSi izrdebian,
TeTrkanian bavSvebis rao­denobasTan SedarebiT metia (raglsi, 1994w.). TeTrkanian
martoxe­la mSobelTan SedarebiT, feradkanianebi naklebad qorwindebian meored.
afroamerikul ojaxebSi ojaxs, ZiriTadad, dedebi uZRvebian. SedarebiT gvian im­
igrirebuli da sxva, dabali klasis ojaxebi mravalwevriania, vidre didi xnis win
imigrirebuli da saSualo klasis ojaxebi.

455
 ojaxuri struqturebi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba TviTon kulturebs Sig­
niTac da kulturebs Sorisac. xandaxan kanonzomierebac icvlis saxes. indoeT­
Si ojaxuri struqtura TandaTan Seicvala, radgan induri sazogadoebis didi
brZolis Sedegad, TandaTan gaizarda qalTa uflebebi. magaliTad, qalebs miecaT
ufleba moiTxovon ganqorwineba, aikrZala qvrivi qalebis gardacvlili qmrebi­
sTvis danTebul koconze Tavis dawvis ceremoniac... dasavleT afrikaSi piriqiT
moxda: kolonializmisgan Tavis daRwevisa da damoukideblobis mopovebis Sede­
gad miRebuli kanonmdeblobiT tradiciuli matriarqaluri struqtura Seicva­
la da qalebi iseTi TanasworuflebinobiT veRar sargebloben, rogorc manamde.
es gamoiwvia evropuli modelis Sesabamisi kanonebis safuZvelze ojaxis sakuTre­
baze mamakacis uflebebis gazrdam.

tradiciuli ormagi martoxela martoxela mama sxva*

kariera deda 18 wlamde 18 wlamde
SvilebiT SvilebiT
* Sedian pensiaze gasulebi da sxvebi, romlebic samuSao Zalas ar miekuTvnebian

sqema 11.1 / amerikuli ojaxuri struqturebi. 1950 da 1993 ww.

oTxi dekadis ganmavlobaSi `tradiciuli~ ojaxis procentuli maCvenebeli 40%-iT daeca
(iyo 63% da gaxda 19.5%). im ojaxebis raodenoba, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs, raodeno­
brivad orjer gaizarda maSin, roca martoxela dedebis raodenoba oTxjer gaizarda.

wyaro: aSS aRweris biuro; aSS statistikuri monacemebi. vaSingtoni aSS 1994w.).

droTa ganmavlobaSi, dasavleT evropaSi ojaxebis zomac Semcirda da patri­

arqalurobis donec. ukve karga xania, amerikuli ojaxebic ganicdian zomaSi Sem­
cirebas. ojaxis axalgazrda wevrebi calke cxovrebas aniWeben upiratesobas. amas
emateba axalSobilTa raodenobis Semcirebac (raglsi, 1994w.). sagrZnoblad Sem­
cirda amerikuli `mkvidri~ ojaxebis raodenobac: Tu maTi raodenoba 1950 wels
63% iyo, 1993 wlisTvis mxolod 19% darCa. marTalia, zrdasruli Svilebi jer
kidev miiCneven Tavs Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxis wevrebad, magram calke cxovroben
(ix. sqema 11.1). Semdegi qveTavis Tema swored am tipis ojaxebis cvlilebebia.

456
`mkvidri~ ojaxi

tradiciuli ideali

biver kliveri skolidan erT-erT axalgaSenebul gareubanSi saxlSi brundeba.

deda rZes da orcxobilebs axvedrebs da yu­radRebiT usmens mis wuwuns skolis
problemebze. samsaxuridan dabrunebuli mama brZnuli gamometyvelebiT iwyebs
ojaxuri problemebis ganxilvas da Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. `mkvidri~
ojaxis gaidialeba me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebis iseTi satelevizio situaciuri
komediebis Sedegi iyo, rogoric aris `miende bivers~. bevri amerikeli dRes im
dros nostalgiiT ixsenebs da cxovrebis im stils dRevandel ojaxur `kriziss~
adarebs. krizisSi igulisxmeba dangreuli ojaxebi, ganqorwinebis maRali done,
muSaobiT gadaRlili ojaxis wevrebi, Zaladoba iaraRiT, fexmZimoba Tineijereb­
Si, narkomania da a.S. xalxs TavSi utrialebs azri, SeiZleba Tu ara icxovron ise,
`rogorc adre cxovrobdnen~.
nuTu warsulSi marTla yvelaferi ise kargad iyo, rogorc aRweren? satele­
vizio komediebis mier aRwerili ojaxuri idiliebi malavdnen ramdenime realo­
bas. `tradiciuli~ ojaxi axali fenomeni iyo aSS-is sazogadoebisTvis (kunci,
1992w.). meore msoflio omis Semdeg xalxi ufro adre qorwindeboda, vidre ma­
namade, bavSvebsac ufro mets aCendnen, ramac `beibibumerebis~ Taobas Cauyara
safuZveli. omis Semdgomma ekonomikurma aRmavlobam Seqmna samuSao adgilebi
sxva dasxva sferoSi. sawarmoebis irgvliv gaSenda gareubnebi. axalgazrdebs
saSua­leba miecaT, SeeZinaT da komfortulad moewyoT sakuTari binebi. gaCnda
axali Rirebulebebi: garToba, ojaxuri rolis morgeba da sakuTari survilebis
dakma­yofileba. mSoblebis ojaxze damokidebulebam mniSvneloba dakarga.
me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebis situaciuri komediebi malavdnen kidev erT so­
cialur faqtors. saqme is aris, rom amerikelebis umetesoba usaxsrobis gamo ver
aRiqvamda Tavs e.w. `jun kliveris sarecxi manqanis~ da `huveris mtversasrutis~
momxmareblad. amerikelebis sul mcire erTi meoTxedi siRaribeSi cxovrobda da
`mamikos xelfasi~ bevr ojaxs ar hyofnida (kunci, 1992w.). bevri satelevizio Sou
ignorirebas ukeTebda iseT mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, rogoric aris kulturuli
gansxvavebebi (laTinel mebaRes filmSi `Cemi sami vaJi~ saxelad frenk smiTi er­
qva), izolacia, erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis sistematuri rRveva, dabali
anazRaureba qalebisTvis da usaxsroba, romelic viTomda `idealu­ri~ ojaxebis
ukan idga. miuxedavad imisa, rom SedarebiT naklebi iyo ganqorwinebebis ricxvi,
mravlad iyvnen uiRblo qorwinebaSi myofi adamianebi.
dRevandeli ojaxuri struqturis ganxilvisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom ar aris
saWiro warsulis gaidealeba da misi, ufro `martiv~ mdgomareobad ganxilva.
warsuli tradiciuli `idealuri~ ojaxis cneba ar Seesabameboda realobas da
arc dRevandeli axali tipis ojaxuri struqturaa Zalian axali. wnexi, romelic

457
amerikul ojaxs awevs, didi xania arsebobs. amerikelebi Tavad ver Tanxmdebian Te­
maze, Tu romelia upiratesi ojaxuri struqtura. 1993 wels Catarebuli galapis
kvlevis mizani iyo pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ xom ar ajobebs sazogadoebisTvis, rom ma­
makacma imuSaos da qal­ma ojaxuri saqmeebi akeTos? 26% daeTanxma am mosazrebas,
xolo 37% kategoriulad ar daeTanxma. danarCenebis azri TiTqmis orad gaiyo da
naxevari SedarebiT pozitiurad, naxevari ki negatiurad iyo ganwyobili. mniSv­
nelovani umravlesoba mxars uWerda, qalebis muSaobas miuxedavad imisa, hqonda
Tu ara qmars maRali anazRaureba (galapis yovelTviuri gamokiTxva).

Tanamedrove realoba

dRevandeli aratradiciuli ojaxebi SedarebiT patara da inkluziuria, ami­

tom rolebis gacvlac ufro misaRebia misi wevrebisTvis, vidre warsulSi, roca
ojaxSi Semomtanad mxolod ojaxis mama iTvleboda, coli ki saxlSi unda mjdari­
yo da mxolod qmarze da bavSvebze ezruna. Tanamedrove ojaxebSi, umetes Sem­
TxvevaSi, orive mSobeli muSaobs; bebias da papas SedarebiT aqtiuri roli aqvT
Svili­Svilebis aRzrdaSi; ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi ki wyvili xelaxla qmnis e.w.
Sereul ojaxs (dedinacvali, maminacvali, naxevar da-Zma); an rCeba martoxela
mSoblad.

ojaxebi, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs

umuSevari diasaxlisi Zalian iSviaTi movlena xdeba aSS-Si. 1948 wels gaTxo­
vili amerikeli qalebis mxolod 22% muSaobda. dRes es raodenoba 63%-mde gaiz­
arda. dRes 25 wlidan 42 wlamde asakis gaTxovili qalebis 73% da saskolo asakis
bavSvebis dedebis 72% muSaobs (aSS Sromis departamenti, 1994w.).
rodesac me-20 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi milionobiT daojaxebulma qalma muS­
aoba daiwyo, maT wilad dabalanazRaurebadi da dabal statusiani samsa­xurebi:
mimtanis, gamyidvelis, bankis operatoris da sxva Tanamdeboba SexvdaT. miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom am samsaxurebis wyalobiT maTi ojaxis biujeti gaizarda, karieraSi
winsvlis perspeqtiva maT ar hqondaT. ojaxSi qalis samsaxuri rangiT mainc ma­
makacis samsaxuris qvemoT idga. es realoba iyo ara marto e.w. `TeTrsayeloian~
anu maRalanazRaurebadi da maRalstatusiani samsaxuris mqone mamakacebis
ojaxebisTvis (advokatebi, biz­nesmenebi da sxv), aramed im ojaxebisTvisac, sadac
mamakacebs e.w. `lurjsayeloiani~ samsaxuri hqondaT. mamakacebs yovelTvis met
anazRaurebas, usafrTxoebis garantiebs da dawinaurebis Sansebs sTavazobdnen,
vidre qalebs. dResdReobiT iseTma ojaxebma, sadac orive wevri (mSobeli) muS­
aobs kidev ufro imata, radgan dRes mamakacsac da qalsac, Tanabrad aqvs dawinau­
rebis SesaZlebloba.
im ojaxebs, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs, meti Semosavali aqvs, magram sxva
problemebis winaSe uwevs dgoma. magaliTad, ojaxSi, sadac erT-erT wevrs axal
da ukeTes samsaxurebriv SesaZleblobas sTavazoben sxva qalaqSi, bavSvis movlis

458
sakiTxi da ojaxis wevrebis cal-calke cxovrebis perspeqtiva TavisTavad prob­
lematuri xdeba. dRes mamakacebis ojaxuri movaleobebi gaizarda da qalebisa
Semcirda, magram mainc aris garkveuli uTanasworoba. rogorc wesi, qalebs sam­
saxurSi srul ganakveTze muSaobis mere, ojaxSi, `meore cvlaSi~ uwevT muSaoba
(hoCSildi, 1989w.). erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom sam wlamde asakis bavS­
vebis dedebi, romlebsac samsaxuri aqvT, bavSvis movlisTvis gaweuli Sromis gaT­
valiswinebiT, kviraSi daaxloebiT 90 saaTs muSa­oben (skari da vainbergi, 1986w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qmarmac da colmac icis, rom ojaxuri pasuxismgeblobebis
uTanasworod ganawileba usamarTlobaa, dResdReobiT qalebi ufro ganixilaven
am sakiTxs ojaxur problemad, vidre mamakacebi (burisi, 1991w.).
ojaxebs, sadac orive mSobeli muSaobs, mcirewlovani Svilebis­Tvis momv­
lelebi sWirdebaT, rasac maTi Semosavlis sakmaod didi nawili eTmoba (frankeli,
1991w.). dabalSemosavlian ojaxebs bavSvis movlaSi mSoblebi, naTesavebi an mego­
brebi exmarebian. maRalSemosavlian mSoblebs saSualeba aqvT Svilebi specialur
dawesebulebaSi, sabavSvo baRSi ataron (angariSi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, 1990w.).
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis naxevarze meti dRes skolamdeli aRzrdis dawe­
sebulebebSi dahyavT. (skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s socia­luri
komisia, 1993w.). msoflios masStabiT tendencia aseTia: skolamdeli aRzrdis
dawebulebebSi oTx wlamde asakis bavSvebis 65% (niu-iorkidan), 80% (beijingi­
dan), 95% (tokiodan) dadis (tobini, vu da davidsoni, 1989w.).
zog mSobels skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebaSi bavSvis tareba moswons
ara imdenad movlis, aramed bavSvisTvis garkveuli gamocdilebis micemis Tval­
sazrisiT. skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebis saqmianobis xarisxi dRes gan­
isazRvreba higienuri pirobebiT, aRmzrdelobiTi aqtivobebiT, romelsac aRmz­
rdelebi sTavazoben bavSvebs da a.S. kvlevis, Tu romeli jobia, ojaxSi miRebuli
Tu skolamdel dawesebulebaSi miRebuli aRzrda, Sedegi ar aris sakmarisad dama­
jerebeli. maRalkvalificiuri skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebi, SesaZloa,
sasargeblo da metad Rirebuli iyos im bavSvebisTvis, romlebic dediserTebi
arian an romelTa ojaxuri mdgomareoba ar aris maincdamainc saxarbielo. da­
balkvalificiuri analogiuri dawesebulebebi, SesaZloa, zians uqaddes bavSvis
aRzrdas da mis socialur qcevas momavalSi, miT umetes, Tu bavSvs iq Zalian ad­
reul asakSi miiyvanen da iq yofna mas kviraSi 20 sT-ze metxans uwevs (skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s socialuri komisia, 1993w.).
problemebi saukeTeso skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebsac aqvs, magali­
Tad, SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom momvleli ar Seesabamebodes Tavis Tanamdebobas an
bavSvma avadmyofobis gamo xSirad ver iaros iq. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac bavS­
visa da mSoblis ardadegebi da Svebuleba ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. am dros dedebs
uwevT samsaxuris gacdena da SvilTan erTad saxlSi darCena, rac dedis karieras
xels uSlis da mamakacTan SedarebiT mas naklebad elodeba winsvla samsaxurSi
(blau da robinsi, 1989w. klermani da libovici, 1990w.). ufro metic, zog SemTx­
vevaSi, bevri Sromis, stresisa da pasuxismgeblobis konfliqtis Sedegad zaral­
deba deda-Svilis urTierToba (skolamdeli asakis bavSvebze zrunvis APA-s
socialu­ri komisia, 1993w.).

459
ojaxebi, sadac ramdenime Taoba erTad cxovrobs

me-20 saukuneSi e.w. gafarToebuli ojaxebi nel-nela `mkvidr~ ojaxebad gadai­

qca, radgan ojaxis aseT mowyobas droTa ganmavlobaSi meti upiratesoba mieniWa.
stiven ruglesi (1994w.) ojaxis aseT saxecvlilebas ramdenime faqtoriT xsnis.
pirveli: ganaTleba gaxda ufro mniSvnelovani momavali karieris TvalsazrisiT,
vid­re ojaxur biznesSi muSaoba; Sedegad, sul ufro naklebi Svili rCeboda ojaxur
biznesSi samuSaod. meore: ekonomikurma cvlilebebma mobilobis aucilebloba
gamoiwvia. amerikelebis azriT, swored sxva StatSi samuSaos moZiebis mizniT ga­
dasvlam gamoiwvia Svilebis mSoblebis ojaxisgan mowyveta. dRevandeli asakovani
adamianebi bevrad ufro iRblianebi arian, vidre maTi winamorbedebi, radgan maT
saSualeba aqvT pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg bina iq daidon, sadac Tbili klimatia. gar­
da amisa, ojaxis struqturis saxecvlilebam ufro meti individualizmisa da da­
moukideblobis SesaZlebloba misca axal Taobas, vidre mis winamorbedebs hqondaT.
zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, ojaxuri struqtura dRes kidev ufro patara zomis
struqturad iqca, vidre `mkvidri~ ojaxebi iyo. xandaxan ojaxi mxolod wyvilisgan
Sedgeba, xan martoxela mSoblisgan da erTi-ori Svilisgan da sxv. miuxedavad imisa,
rom presa dRes mSoblebis `daclil budeSi~ Svilebis dabrunebis tendenciisken
miuTiTebs, amis empiriuli damamtkicebeli sabuTi jer ar arsebobs (uaiti, 1994w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom bebia-papa zrdasrul SvilebTan aRar cxovroben, e.w.
gafarToebuli ojaxis pirobebSi, isini ojaxidan mowyvetilebi ar arian. maT
bevrad ukeTesi damokidebuleba aqvT calke mcxovreb SvilebTan, vidre maSin,
roca bebiebsa da papebs Tavisi Svilebis ojaxis yoveldRiuri stresuli riTmisa
da xmauris qveS uwevdaT cxovreba (Cerlini, 1995w.). zrdasrulTa mSoblebTan
urTierTobis xarisxi maT sacxovrebel adgilebs Soris manZilzea damokide­
buli. rac ufro axlos cxovroben erTmaneTTan, miT ufro meti kontaqtia maT
Soris. mniSnelovani faqtoria mSoblebis asakic. SedarebiT axalgazrda bebia-
papa SviliSvilebis cxovrebaSi ufro aqtiurad monawileobs. asakovan mSoblebs
bevrad axlo urTierToba aqvT qaliSvilebTan, vidre vaJebTan, gansakuTrebiT,
roca qaliSvilebi ganqorwinebulebi arian (aldousi, 1995w.). samoc wels miRweu­
li mSoblebis TiTqmis naxevari Svilebis ganqorwinebis faqtis winaSe dgas (spitzel
et la. 1994w.). aseT situaciaSi SviliSvilebi Svilisa da mSoblis urTierTobebis
Suamavlad iTvlebian.
sul ufro xSiria bebia-papebisa da SviliSvilebis megobrobis faqtebi. socio­
logebi _ endriu Cerlini da frenk furstenbergi Tavis naSromSi `axali amerike­
li bebia da papa~ (1986w.) weren, rom gamokiTxuli bebia-babuebis 50%-ma SviliS­
vilebi sul raRac erTi an ori dRis win moinaxula, xolo 70%-s gasuli kviris
ganmavlobaSi sul mcire erTi SviliSvili mainc hyavda monaxulebuli. mSoblebis­
gan gansxvavebiT, bebia-babuebs meti dro aqvT SviliSvilebTan urTi­erTobis,
TamaSis, wignis kiTxvis, saSinao davalebis SesrulebaSi mixmarebisa da seirnobis.
swored imitom, rom asakovani adamianebi dRes ufro didxans cxovroben, SviliS­
vilebTanac ufro didxans uwevT yofna. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi 15 wlis aTi bavS­
vidan xuTs hyavda bebia-papa, 1970 wlisTvis ki _ aTidan cxras (Cerlini, 1995w.).

460
 Rrmad moxucebuli mSoblebi, romlebsac xSirad Seryeuli janmrTeloba
aqvT, garkveul tvirTad awvebian zrdasrulebs. maT `sendviCis~ Taobas uwode­
ben, radgan ormagi presis qveS arian _ erTi mxriv, Svilebisa da, meore mxriv,
mSoblebis mxridan. ubralo WeSmaritebaa, rom am Sua, e.w. alyaSemortymuli Tao­
bis keTildReoba zaraldeba ormagi pasuxismgeblobebis gamo. Tumca e.w. grZivi
(longituduri) kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom Taobebis mimarT ormagi
pasuxismgebloba mxolod minimalur gavlenas axdens zrdasruli Svilebis mdgo­
mareobaze da rom `sendviCis~ Taobis problemebi SesaZloa miTi aRmoCndes (lu­
mizi da buTi, 1995w.).
samwuxarod, yvela moxuci rodia Svilebis yuradRebiT ganebivrebuli. Ta­
namedrove sazogadoebaSi bevria asakovani adamianebis mimarT ojaxis wevrebis
sastiki mopyrobis SemTxvevebi. aSS-is kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis asa­
kovani adamianebis mdgo­mareobis Semswavleli komisiis (1990w.) mier warmoebuli
kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom yovel wels daaxloebiT 1,5 milioni moxucis (anu
yovel ocSi erTis) uflebebi irRveva. SemTxvevebi, romlebic gamokvleuli ar
aris, aRniSnul raodenobas kidev ufro gazrdis. moxucebis uflebebis darRveva­
Si igulisxmeba fizikuri Seuracxyofa (seqsualuri Zaladobis CaTvliT), udieri
damokidebuleba (uaris Tqma mis kvebaze, wamlebiT da sxva nivTebiT uzrunvelyo­
faze), an fsiqologiuri Zaladoba (daSineba imiT, rom miatoveben).
moxucebulTa orive kategoriis (visac sastikad an piriqiT, kar­gad epyro­bian)
mdgomareobis Seswavlis Sedegad (pilmeri, 1986w.), aRmoCnda, rom sastiki mopyro­
bis mizezi zrdasruli Svilebis mSoblis movlis saWiroebiT gamowveuli stresi
naklebad iyo. mTavari gansxvaveba am ori kategoriis ojaxebs Soris is iyo, rom
isini, vinc sastikad epyrobodnen moxucebs, umetesad damokidebuli iyvnen maTi
mSoblebis finansur Semosavalze da sxv. moZaladeebi swored maSin eqceodnen
sastikad Tavis mSoblebs, rodesac maTgan sWirde­bodaT raRac da ara maSin, roca
mSoblebs sWirdebodaT rame. moxucebze moZaladeTa ori mesamedi an alkoholiki
iyo an gonebrivad SezRuduli. ar yofila SemTxveva, rom piriqiT yofiliyo anu
moxu­cebs gamoeCinaT sisastike Svilebis mimarT; miT umetes ar yofila SemTxveva,
rom finansuri mdgomareoba gamxdariyo maTi Zaladobis mizezi. kvlevam aCvena,
rom moxucebze Zaladobis riskis qveS yofnis faqtori damokidebulia maTi mzru­
nvelis Tvisebebze.

Sereuli ojaxebi

bevri ganqorwinebuli adamiani xelaxla qorwindeba aSS-Si. aqedan naxevarze

meti ukve mSobelia (bumpasi, suiTi da martini, 1990w.). Sedegad iqmneba e.w. Sereuli
ojaxebi. sxvanairad maT `mSobelnacval~ ojaxebs uwodeben. 1992 wels amerikeli
bavSvebis 11% cxovrobda `mSobelnacval~ ojaxSi, sadac erTi biologiuri mSo­
beli da meore e.w. `mSobelnacvali~ iyo (Cerlini da furstenbergi, 1994w.). prog­
nozi aseTia, rom 16 wlamde yoveli meoTxe bavSvi swored aseT ojaxSi icxovrebs
(mileri da murmani, 1989w.). 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi Sereuli ojaxebis raodenoba
gadaaWarbebs tradiciuli `mkvidri~ ojaxebis raodenobas (pili, 1990w.). Sereuli
ojaxebis arsebobam naTesaobis cnebis axali xedva gaaCina (Cerlini da fursten­

461
bergi, 1994w.). amerikelebSi mxolod sisxliT naTesaoba an qorwineba ar niSnavs na­
Tesaobas. urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba, regularuli zrunva, daxmarebis gaweva
da miReba _ ai, am gzebiT yalibdeba naTesaoba, rac TavisTavad advili amocana ar
aris. Sereul ojaxebSi naTesuri urTierToba yalibdeba ojaxis axal wevrebs So­
ris dedis an mamis mxridan. sityva step-parent frangul enaSi (beau-parent) igives
niSnavs, rac parent-in-law.
mTavari mizezi, Tu ratom aris Zneli naTesaobis cnebis sabo­lood Camoyali­
beba, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xelaxali qorwinebisas, romelic ganqorwinebas mos­
devs, e.w. `nacvali~ mSobeli ar ikavebs aravis adgils. xSir SemTxvevaSi Svilebi
agrZeleben urTierTobas Tavis biologiur mSoblebTan, ase rom, dedinacvlis an
maminacvlis roli yovelTvis ar aris Tavidanve garkveuli (Svebeli, faini da re­
neri 1991w.). xSirad dedinacvlebs da maminaclebs gadametebuli molodini aqvT
imisa, rom maSinve Seucvlian bavSvebs namdvil dedas an mamas; rom sapasuxo siyva­
ruls an morCilebas da pativiscemas miiReben maTgan. amas xandaxan wlebi sWirde­
ba (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w.). Wkviani dedinacvali da maminacvali Seegueba
im azrs, rom maT SezRuduli uflebebi aqvT bavSvebze (gerebze) da moTminebiT
daelodeba im dros, roca maTTan urTierToba ufro ganumtkicdeba.
arsebobs ramdenime faqtori, rasac SeuZlia bavSvebsa da e.w. `nacval~ mSob­
lebs Soris urTierTobis swrafad mowesrigeba (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w.).
erT-erTi faqtoria bavSvis (geris) asaki. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis bevrad
advilia imis dajereba, rom dedinacvali an maminacvali misi `namdvili~ mSobe­
lia. kidev ufro aadvilebs saqmes is faqtori, Tu biologiuri mSobeli iSviaTad
Cndeba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori ki mdgomareobs urTi­erTobebis xarisxSi
e.w. `nacval~ mSoblebsa da biologiur mSoblebs Soris. Tu isini erTmaneTSi karg
urTierTobas Camoayalibeben da saerTo koncefciebs gamoimuSaveben bavSvis da
ojaxis mimarT, maT bevrad ufro warmatebuli ojaxebi CamouyalibdebaT. samwu­
xarod, ar arsebobs zogadad miRebuli normebi am mimarTulebiT.
maminacvlebs ufro uadvildebaT urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba gerebTan,
vidre dedinaclebs. es ukanasknelni iSviaTad cxovroben gerebTan erTad. `mami­
nacvali... xSirad avsebs vakuums, romelic biologiurma mamam datova. dedi­
nacvals ki piriqiT, unda rogorme moergos im adgils, romelic biologiur dedas
ekava (Cerlini da fustenbergi, 1994w. gv 371).
rac SeexebaT bavSvebs, isini xSirad ganicdian dedinacvlis an maminacvlis e.w.
SemoWras maT cxovrebaSi da maTTaAn daaxloebis mcdelobas. garda amisa, mSob­
lis xelmeored qorwineba maT ukargavs biologiuri mSoblebis Serigebis imeds.
mozardebs gansakuTrebiT uWirT ojaxSi axali wevris miReba maSin, roca Tavad
cdiloben TviTdamkvidrebas an ibrZvian damoukideblobisTvis. SeiZleba moxdes
isic, rom ojaxis axal wevrebsa da biologiur Svilebs Soris gaimarTos brZola
konkretuli ojaxis biologiuri mSoblis yuradRebis misapyrobad an mosapoveb­
lad. maSinac ki, rodesac urTierTobebi kargad yalibdeba, bavSvebs euflebaT
grZnoba, TiTqos isini Ralatoben biologiur mSobels. situacias aseve arTu­
lebs isic, rom arseboben kidev naxevar da-Zmebi, axali bebiebi, babuebi da sxv.
romlebTanac bavSvebs aseve uwevT Sejibri an brZola.

462
martoxela mSoblebi

ojaxuri struqturis kidev erTi gavrcelebuli saxeobaa martoxela mSo­

belTa ojaxebi. aseTi ojaxebi iqmneba ganqorwinebis, daqvrivebis an Svilis qor­
winebis gareSe gaCenis SemTxvevaSi. 1970 da 1993 wlebs Soris TiTqmis orjer
gaizarda aseTi ojaxebis ricxvi (iyo 13% da gaxda 27%). marTalia ori mesamedi
aqedan TeTrkanianTa ojaxebia, magram afroamerikelebi ufro midrekilni arian
amisken. afroamerikuli ojaxebis 64%, TeTrkanianTa _ mxolod 23%, xolo la­
Tino-a­merikelTa _ 37% Seadgens martoxelamSoblian ojaxs (angariSi mimdinare
mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, 1993w.).
izrdeba qorwinebis gareSe Svilebis gaCenis SemTxvevebic. 1950 wels es maCvene­
beli 4%-s udrida, xolo 1992 wels igi 30%-mde gaizarda (janmrTelobis statis­
tikis erovnuli centri, 1995w.), Tumca procentuli maCvenebeli ufro maRalia
SavkanianebSi, vid­re TeTrkanianebSi (68% da 23%). qorwinebis gareSe Svilis gaCena
ufro socialur mdgomareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre rasasTan. (angariSi
mimdinare mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, 1993w. gringlasi da veinraubi, 1995w.). damatebiT
unda iTqvas, rom satelevizio gmiris, merfi braunis msgavsad, saSualo klasis
qalbatonebi dRes swored aseT arCevans mimarTaven da imis gamo, rom maTi raode­
noba swrafad izrdeba, xSir SemTxvevaSi bolomde martoxela dedis statusSi rCe­
bian. qorwinebis gareSe Svilis gaCenis tendencia aisaxeba kulturazec. aRniSnul
statuss dRes naklebad kicxaven, vidre me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. martoxela
mSoblis statusi socialuri funqciebisadmi dRevandel midgomazec miuTiTebs
– xSir SemTxvevaSi mamebi Tavis Svilebs ar exmarebian ekonomiurad (xolo dedebis
Semosavali SedarebiT mcirea), amitom bavSvebis daxmarebaze unda izrunos saxelm­
wifom an saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebma. aseT SemTxvevaSi socia­luri institute­
bi bavSvebsac da dedebsac garkveul daxmarebas sTavazoben (magaliTad, ufaso
skolamdel aRzrdas), raTa maT SeZlon ojaxuri funqciebis Sesruleba. Tinei­
jeri martoxela dedebi gansakuTrebulad Raribi da daxmarebaze damokidebulni
arian. swored amitom, isini yvelaze xSirad arian socialuri politikis Sesaxeb
debatebis sagani (ixileT danarTi – sociologiuri da sajaro debatebi). saWiroa
imis ganWvreta, qveynis keTildReoba daexmareba Tu, piriqiT, daazaralebs Rarib
adamianebs, romlebic funqciurad ar arian integrirebuli sazogadoebaSi.
sara maklanhanis da karen buTis (1989w.) kvlevam uCvena mniSvne­lo­vani sxvaoba
martoxelamSobliani ojaxisa da ormSobliani oja­xis ekonomikur da stresul
mdgo­mareobas Soris (pitmani, 1993w.). es gansxvaveba SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom
qali, saSualod, bevrad naklebs gamoimuSavebs, vidre mamakaci; maTi Semosavali,
sxva qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad, bavSvebis aRzrdas eTmoba; bevri maT­
gani ar iRebs damatebiT daxamarebas bavSvebisaTvis da sxv.
martoxela dedebi cxovrebiT ufro ukmayofiloebi arian, vid­re gaTxovili
an uSvilo qalebi (maklanahani da buTi, 1989w.). kerZod, ganqorwinebulebi, sxveb­
Tan SedarebiT, ufro depresiulebi arian, rac, Sesabamisad, stresis maRal dones
iwvevs. bevr SemTxvevaSi martoxela dedebs uwevT sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla,
axali samsaxuris dawyeba, finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad meti samu­

463
Sao saaTis aReba, axali socialuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da amave dros
Tavis Svilze zrunva.
bevri ram dauweriaT qalaqis getoebSi macxovrebel martoxela Savkanian dedeb­
ze. e.w. `matrifokaluri~ (dedaze fokusirebuli) ojaxebi Sedgeba dedisgan, masze
damokidebuli Svilebisgan, maT Soris erTi an ori zrdasruli qaliSvilisgan da
maTi Svilebisgan. SesaZloa, maT kidev bebia da deida daematoT. aseTi ojaxebis cen­
traluri figura ojaxis dedaa, romelsac sxva zrdasruli qalebi exmarebian. zogi
mkvlevaris azriT, SavkanianTa dasaxlebebSi Sekruli, `mkvidri~ ojaxebis naklebo­
ba an ararseboba ojaxis, rogorc cnebis rRvevis niSania (edlemani, 1987w.).
mkvlevarTa oponentebi ki fiqroben, rom `matrifokaluri~ ojaxebi poziti­
uri movlenaa im pirobebSi, roca mamakacebi ar zrunaven maTi ojaxis wevrebze.
mama­kacebs iqneb sulac ar undaT Tavidan airidon msgavsi pasuxismgeblobebi.
ubralod, umuSevrobisa da dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSi garbian, raTa Tavisi
waruma­teb­lobis pirispir ar darCnen. (teilori, Ceters, Takeri da luisi, 1990w.).
marTalia, martoxela mSoblebis umravlesoba dedebi arian (1993 wlisTvis
maTi raodenoba 7 milions Seadgenda), magram martoxela mamebis raodenobac (vi­
sac aRebuli aqvT Svilebze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba), sagrZnoblad gaizarda (1.32
mln. dRevandeli monacemebiT) (angariSi mimdinare mosaxleobaze, 1993w.). amis erT-
erTi mizezi, isaa, rom sqesebs Soris rolebis ganawilebaSi garkveuli libe­ralizmi
SeimCneva da mamebi sul ufro aqtiurad erevian Svilebis aRzrdaSi. garda amisa, Ta­
namedrove mamebs surT gansxvavdebodnen Tavisi mamebisgan, romlebic samsa­xurze
iyvnen koncentrirebulni da SvilebTan urTierToba naklebad hqondaT. dabolos,
ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb kanonSi Setanilma cvlilebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom gan­
qorwinebis Semdeg meurveoba orive mSobels da xandaxan marto mamasac miakuTvnon.
martoxela mamebze warmoebuli erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
mTavari problema, rasac isini awydebian martoxela dedebis msgavsad, aris samsa­
xuris da bavSvis movlis SeTavseba. (grifi 1985w.). bevr maTgans mouwia arCevanis
gakeTeba samsaxursa da Svils Soris. rac ufro meti iyo Svilebis raodenoba an
rac ufro mcirewlovani iyo Svili da rac ufro mouwyobeli kariera hqonda ma­
mas, miT meti iyo problema. aseT SemTxvevebSi mamebs samsaxuris xarjze uwevdaT
ojaxuri movaleobis Sesruleba. 1,136 gamokiTxulidan 66%-ma samsaxuri Seicvla,
xolo 43%-ma _ dakarga.
im bavSvebis raodenoba, romlebic martoxela mSoblis ojaxebSi izrdebian,
uzarmazaria. (bumpasi da sviti, 1989w.). maT Soris _ 1970 welsa da 1984 wlebs
Soris dabadebuli bavSvebis naxevari. aqedan 80% afro-amerikeli bavSvia. aseTi
bavSvebis mSoblebis mxolod 36% qmnis sul meored ojaxs.
martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi gazrda, iqneba es TeTrkanianebis Tu Savkanianebis
ojaxi, yovelTvis problemebTan aris asocirebuli. aseT ojaxSi gazrdili bavS­
vebi meti riskis winaSe dganan, rom maTi swavlis done skolaSi dabali iqneba, sam­
saxurSi ki _ dabali anazRaureba mieRoT; maT, SesaZloa, SedarebiT adre Seqmnan
ojaxi, adre gaaCinon Svili da adre ganqorwindnen; aseve xdeba isic, rom isini Se­
darebiT iolad erTvebian danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi, xdebian alkoholikebi an
narko­manebi. (pitmani, 1993w.).

464
 mizezisa da Sedegis gansazRvra, ra Tqma unda, rTulia, magram erTi ram faq­
tia, rom martoxela mSoblebis ojaxebis problema ufro siRaribesTan aris
dakavSirebuli, vidre TviTon ojaxis struqturasTan. rodesac mkvlevarebma
erTmaneTs erTi da imave standartebiT macxovrebeli ojaxebi Seadares, Zalian
mizeruli aRmoCnda gansxvaveba erTmSoblian da ormSoblian ojaxebs Soris (Tum­
ca gansxvaveba arsebobs). sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra SemTxvevas unda mivakuTnoT mar­
toxela mSobelTa ojaxebis problemebis umetesoba, ganqorwinebas Tu ardaqor­
winebas, Tu im winapirobebs, rac ganqorwinebas an ardaqorwinebas uZRoda win.
dabolos, gasarkvevia, TviTon martoxela mSoblobaa Zneli, Tu ubralod, marto­
xela mSoblebi dganan ufro meti problemis winaSe, vidre ormSobliani ojaxebi?
am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad marsi gringlasma da marSa vainraubma (1995w.) erTmaneTs
Seadares TeTrkaniani, saSualo klasis, saSualo asakis qalbatonebisgan Semdgari
marto­xela dedebis jgufi da qorwinebaSi myofi imave fenisa da asakis dedebis
jgufi. maT ainteresebdaT, baSvebze ra gavlenas axdenda (an axdenda Tu ara saer­
Tod gavlenas) martoxela dedis garemoSi gazrda. skolamdel asakSi da dawyebi­
Ti skolis periodSi yvelaferi rigze iyo, magram problemebma Tavi iCines wina
mozardobis da mozardobis periodSi. martoxela mSoblis ojaxebSi aRzrdilebs
ufro meti problema hqondaT swavlaSi, yofaqcevasa da socialuri statusis mop­
ovebaSi. mkvlevarebma aseTi Sedegebi dedobriv stress da socialuri daxmarebis
naklebobas daukavSires. amdenad, gringlasma da vainreub­ma sazogadoebas Ses­
Tavazes _ marto­xela mSobelTa mdgomareobis Seswavlisas, sakiTxi sxvagvarad
dasvan da kiTxva `sakmarisia Tu ara erTi mSobeli?~ Secvalon kiTxviT _ `ra sWir­
deba martoxela mSobels, rom igi warmatebuli iyos?~

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

Tineijerebis fexmZimoba _ rogor moviqceT?

a SS-s sxva ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, Tineijerebis fexmZimobis yvelaze

maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, Tumca sqesobrivi urTierTobis dawyebis maCvenebeli kana­
disa da evropis qveynebis maCvenebels ar scdeba. yovel wels aSS-Si milionze meti Tineijeri
fexmZimdeba. 1991 wels 530 aTasma Tineijerma imSobiara. aqedan 11 aTasi ToTxmeti wlis an kidev
ufro patara iyo. sociolog Karen pitmanis (1994 wlis statistikuri maCveneblebi) TqmiT, Tine­
ijeri dedebis umetesoba mSobiarobis dros daqorwinebuli ar iyo. (kunci, 1992w.).
Tineijerebi, zrdasrulebisgan gansxvavebiT, gauTvaliswinebeli fex­mZimobis riskis winaSe
bevrad ufro xSirad dganan. sociologi karen pitmani (1993w.) oTx riskfaqtors gansazRvravs:
sqesobrivi kavSirebis dam­yarebis adreuli asakidan dawyeba; afroamerikuli da laTinoameri­
kuli warmoSoba; Rarib ubnebSi cxovreba; swavlis dabali done da miswrafebebis nakleboba.
robert poltniki (1992w.) Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad aseve aRniSnavs, rom TineijerebSi fexmZimoba
da bavSvebis gaCena ufro xSirad swored ganaTlebiT CamorCenil jgufebSi SeimCneva. Raribi
da gaunaTlebeli fenidan xuTSi erTi Tineijeri gogona fexmZimdeba da aCens Svils, xolo fi­
nansurad SeZlebul da maRali akademiuri moswrebis mqone gogonebSi am asakSi _ ocidan erTi
(pitmani, 1993w.).

465
 Tineijeri mSoblebis Tema aqtiuri socialuri debatebis sagania, radgan maT Zalian mcire
arCevani aqvT da saWiroeben daxmarebas saxelmwifos mxridan, radgan dganan saSiSroebis winaSe,
maTi bavSvi, SesaZloa, disfunqciuri iyos skolaSi an saxlSi.

debatebi

Tineijer mSobelze (romelic ar aris daqorwinebuli) debatebis sagani imis garkveva ki ar

aris, ramdenad moswons ama Tu im adamians es fenomeni, aramed is, Tu ra unda gakeTdes am mimar­
TulebiT.
erT mxares dganan isini, romlebic amtkiceben, rom arsebuli sajaro politika Tavad uw­yobs
xels TineijerebSi fexmZimobis SemTxvevebis zrdas. magaliTad mohyavT erT-erTi saxelmwifo
daxmarebis organizacia sa­xelwodebiT, romelic martoxela dedebs finansurad exmareba; rac
meti Svili hyavs qals, miT metia daxmareba. zogi politikosi miiCnevs, rom es programa, erTi
mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba qorwinebis ideas da xels uwyobs TineijerebSi Svilebis gaCenis ideas.
maTi mosazrebiT, Tu sazogadoebas unda, rom TineijerebSi fexmZimobis cikli Sewydes, uari
unda Tqvas maTTvis finansuri daxmarebis gawevaze; maTi azriT, unda moxdes saxelmwifo dax­
marebis prog­ramebis gadaxedva da Semcirdes am mizniT daxmarebebis raodenoba. miaCniaT, rom am
gziT moxdeba `pasuxismgeblobis~ gazrda, `ojaxuri Rirebulebebis~ institucionalizacia da
Sromi­sadmi pativiscemis gazrda.
oponentebi ki fiqroben, rom saxelmwifo daxmarebis programebis gavlena martoxela dedeb­
ze Zalze mcirea. amas adasturebs isic, rom martoxe­la dedebis raodenoba im qveyanaSi ufro me­
tia, sadac maTTvis gankuTvnili daxmareba bevrad naklebia. (harisi, 1996w.). daxmarebis arqona,
ubralod, gazrdis Tineijeri dedebis siRaribis dones, rac maTi bavSvebis janmrTelobis da so­
cialur mdgomareobas gaauaresebs. am sociologebis azriT, saxelmwifo daxmarebis prog­ramebi
ki ara, janmrTelobis da saganmanaTleblo programebi unda Seicvalos. bavSvebs adreuli asaki­
dan unda miawodon informacia sqesobrivi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, raTa maT manamde iswavlon
fexmZimobisgan Tavis dacvis teqnika, sanam seqsualurad aqtiurebi gaxdebian; konsultacia
unda gauwion mozardebs, raTa maT Tavad SeZlon fexmZimobis kontroli.
am mimarTulebiT ganaTleba anu Sobadobis kontroli, ratomRac zogierT politkoss da re­
ligiur moRvawes Seuracxyofad miaCnia. maTi azriT, seqsis sakiTxebSi ganaTleba, piriqiT, sqe­
sobrivi aqtivobis provocirebas moaxdens. isini abortis sastiki winaaRmdegic arian. arCevanis
uflebis momxreebi amis sapasuxod amboben, rom religia ewinaaRmdegeba TineijerebSi qorwinebis
gareSe fexmZimobas, magram amavdroulad am dile­midan Tavis daRwevis gzasac uWris maT.

analizi

Tineijerebis fexmZimobis da martoxela mSoblebis raodenobis gazrdas safuZvlad ramde­

nime sociologiuri elementi udevs. is faqti, rom maTi didi umetesoba afro-amerikeli da
Raribia, miuTiTebs am movlenis struqturul ganzomilebaze. umuSevrobis koeficienti
yvelaze maRali axalgazrda Savkanian mamakcebs Sorisaa, vinc didi qalaqis Rarib dasaxlebebSi
cxovrobs. maT ara aqvT saSualeba colad moiyvanon gogonebi, romelTac afexmZimeben. iq, sa­
dac siRaribe Warbobs, Tineijerebi nakleb perspeqtivas xedaven qorwinebaSi anu, sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, aseT garemoSi martoxela mSoblis statusiT Tineijerebi bevrs arafers kargaven
maTTan SedarebiT, visac daqorwinebulis statusi aqvT. xSirad piriqiT xdeba, isini mogebulni
rCebian. bavSvi xandaxan maTi siamayisa da qaluri bednierebis sagani xdeba. maT winaSe xSirad arc

466
dgas didi arCevani, rom ifiqron, ra jobia maTTvis, dedoba Tu swavlis gagrZeleba. kultura
TavisTavad ayalibebs socialur struqturebs da ojaxis esa Tu is formac ama Tu im jgufisTvis
bevrad misaRebi xdeba. SesaZloa, TeTrkaniani politikosebi SavkanianebSi TineijerTa fexmZi­
mobis matebaSi krizisis niSans xedaven, magram Savkaniani mosaxleoba amas ganixilavs, rogorc
bolo 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli monobisgan, diskriminaciisgan da ekonomikuri disloka­
ciisgan gaTavisuflebas.

GH G Tu Tineijeri darwmundeba, rom ganaTleba mas siRaribidan Ta­

vis daRwevis saSualebas miscems, igi naklebad ifiqrebs skolis
mitovebasa da saxelmwofi daxmarebis imedad bavSvis gazrdaze.

funqciur urTierTobebsac didi wvlili miuZRvis aRniSnul sakiTxSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Rar­
ib ubnebsa da migdebul soflebSi Tineijeri dedebi ver xedevan kavSirs maT ganaTlebasa da samuSao
perspeqtivebs Soris, vinaidan mcirea muSaobis SesaZlebloba. bevri Tineijeri deda sakuTar dede­
bze, qal naTesavebze da saxelmwifosgan mcire daxmarebazea damokidebuli, rac sxvadasxva fun­
qciur damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, zemoaRniSnuli damokidebulebebi
disfunqciuria, radgan igi Tineijeri dedebisTvis iZulebiTaa Tavsmoxveuli(igulisxmeba urba­
nuli gareubnebis da migdebuli soflebis Tanmxlebi mZime socialuri pirobebi anu siRaribe).
Tineijeri gogona xdeba Tineijeri deda rigi moqmedebebis (da umoqme­dobebis) Sedegad. jer
adgili aqvs sqesobrivi kavSiris aqts, ris Sedegadac igi fexmZimdeba da risi mizezic, xSir SemTx­
vevaSi, fexmZimobis kontrolis saSualebebze uaris Tqmaa. amas mohyveba pirveli gadawyvetileba,
ar Sewydes fexmZimoba; da meore gadawyvetileba, rom ar unda daqorwindes. yvela es moqmedeba
didad aris ganpirobebuli zemoTxsenebuli struqturuli da kulturuli pirobebiT.
aRniSnul qmedebebs xSirad safuZvlad udevs iseTi faqtori, rogoric aris Zalafuleba
(zegavlena). bevri Tineijeri gogonasTvis, ganasakuTrebiT maTTvis, visac momavlis didi pers­
peqtiva ar esaxebaT, bavSvis gaCena Zalauflebis mopovebis erTgvari saSualebaa anu bavSvis sa­
SualebiT Tineijerebi sakuTari cxovrebis kontrolis uflebas, zrdasruli adamianis statuss
iqmnian. gogonebi xSirad fiqroben, rom amiT isini moipoveben Zalauflebas bavSvis mamazec, rac
xSirad ase ar xdeba. biWebi ufro xSirad axerxeben pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebas. Tumca
Svilis gaCena biWebisTvisac Zalauflebis niSania. isinic Tavs zrdasrulad grZnoben, uCndebaT
sakuTari potenciis srulyofis SegrZneba da kvalis datovebis aRqmis Sesa­Zlebloba. maT Sexe­
dulebebze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia saxelmwifosac (igulisxmeba saxelmwifo daxmarebis
programebis saSualebebiT am sakiTxeb­Tan dakavSirebuli kontrolis gaweva).
aRniSnuli analizi gvkarnaxobs, ra unda gakeTdes am mimarTulebiT: Tineijerebs unda
SevTavazoT meti alternativa, raTa icodnen, ras dakargaven adreuli fexmZimobis da Svilis
yolis SemTxvevaSi. Tu Tineijeri darwmundeba, rom ganaTleba mas siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis
saSualebas miscems, igi naklebad ifiqrebs skolis mitovebasa da saxelmwofi daxmarebis imedad
bavSvis gazrdaze. studenturi sesxebi da samsaxurze orientirebuli satreningo programebi
erT-erTi konkretuli gzaa am mimarTulebiT. ojaxis dagegmvis momsaxureba saSualebas miscems
maT akontrolon fexmZimoba da Sobadoba. yovelive es ki bevrad ukeTesi gzaa mdgomareobis ga­
mosasworeblad, vidre Rirebulebebisadmi damokidebu­lebze zogadi kamaTi (plotniki, 1993w.)

467
patara ojaxebi

amerikuli ojaxebi struqturulad zomiT Semcirda. 1960 wels saSualo ojax­

is zoma iyo 3.67 piri ojaxSi; 1993 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli Semcirda da gaxda _ 3.16
piri (angariSi mimdinare mosaxleobis Sesaxeb 1993w.). 1990 wels uSvilo ojaxebis
(visac arasdros hyolia Svilebi da visi Svilebic ojaxidan wavidnen) raodenobam
(27.8 milioni) gadaaWarba Svilebiani (18 wlamde asakis bavSvebi, romlebic mSob­
lebTan cxovroben) ojaxebis (24.5 milioni) raodenobas (angariSi mimdinare mo­
saxleobis Sesaxeb 1993w.).
uSvilo ojaxebis maCveneblis gazrdis erT-erTi mizezi sicocxlis xangrZli­
vobis gazrdaa. dRevandel wyvilebs, romlebic adre daqorwindnen da dRemde
erTad cxovroben, 50-wliani Tanacxovrobis perspeqtiva aqvT maSin, roca me-20
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daqorwinebulebs Tanacxovrebis faqtobrivad mxolod
35-wliani vada hqondaT anu Svilebis aRzrdas dRes Tanacxovrebis Sedare­biT na­
klebi nawili eTmoba.
Tanamedrove qalebi ufro gvian qorwindebian da, Sesabamisad, nakleb Svilebs
aCenen. gvian qorwinebas Tan uSvilobac emateba. garkveul nawils sulac uSvilo­
ba urCevnia Svilebis yolas. faqti is aris, rom dResdReobiT amerikelebs patara
ojaxi urCevniaT. 1972 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis 41%-s idealur variantad ori Svi­
lis yola miaCnda. 1989 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 55%-mde gaizarda. maTi raode­
noba ki visac 4 Svilis yola miaCnda idealurad, dRes 31%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda
(vudi, 1990w.).
dRes bevrad meti qalia uSvilo, vidre winaT iyo. me-20 saukunis 40-ian wleb­
Si dabadebuli qalebis mxolod 10%-s ar hyavda Svili, xolo 1954 wlis Semdeg
dabadebul qalebs Soris es maCvenebeli 30%-mde gaizarda. amis erT-erTi mizezia
kontraceptuli saSualebebis warmoebis ganviTareba, abortis gakeTebis xelmi­
sawvdomoba, qalis muSaobis SemTxvevebis gazrda da, saerTod, ojaxuri cxovrebis
Rirebulebebis Secvla. qalTa umetesoba, romlebmac uSvilod darCena amjobines,
arian TeTrkanianebi, cxovroben did qalaqebSi, muSaoben, arian finansurad gamar­
Tulebi, ganaTlebu­lebi da ar arian Zalian religiurebi. ganaTlebas erT-erTi
mniSv­nelovani roli uWiravs bavSvis gaCenasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi. qalebi, romlebic amTavreben kolejs an skolas, bavSvis gaCenis ga­
dadebis tendencia axasiaTebT. rac ufro meti xniT gadadeben qalebi bavSvis ga­
Cenis dros, miT naklebia maTi dafexmZimebis Sansi (pebli da blumi, 1982w.).

qorwineba da ganqorwineba

qorwineba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc or an met adamians Soris aRiare­

buli kavSiri, romelic gulisxmobs sqesobriv kavSirTan da ekonomikur urTier­
TobebTan dakavSirebul movaleobebs. ojaxis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, qorwineba
sazogadoebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi funqciis matarebeli institutia, Tumca

468
individebic xedaven masSi sargeblobas. mas Tan axlavs partnioruli kavSirebi
da stabiluri urTierTobebi; is aseve aiolebs zogi adamianis cxovrebiseul
problemebs. magaliTad, qorwineba did rols TamaSobs alkoholis da sigaretis
moxmarebis Semcirebis saqmeSi; zrdis Semosavlis wyaros; dabolos, qorwinebaSi
myofi adamianebi, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro didxans cxovroben (lilardi da vai­
ti, 1995w.). daqorwinebuli mamakacebi am sargeblobas maleve iReben, xolo qalebi
_ TandaTan, roca qorwineba ZalaSi Sedis da rodesac isini Sesabamis finansur
keTildReobas aRweven. pirvel qorwinebaSi piradi upiratesobis srulyofilad
mopovebis mcdeloba xSirad bevr sazogadoebaSi ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. gan­
qorwineba gamowveulia socialuri sakiTxebiTac.

gadawyvetileba _ visze daqorwinde?

aSS-Sic ki, sadac adamianebs miaCniaT, rom qorwinebisas meuR­lis arCevis Tavi­
suflebis xarisxi meti aqvT, garkveuli socialuri Zalebi aiZuleben iqorwi­non
`Sesaferis~ partniorze (Terneri da helmsi, 1988w.). sxva sazogadoebis msgavsad,
amerikelebsac aqvT garkveuli normebi Camoyalibebuli, ris mixedviTac isini
arCeven mewyviles. zogi aseTi norma moiTxovs adamianisgan iqorwinos Tavisive
socialuri fenis SigniT arsebul adamianze (tomis, erovnebis, religiis, rasis,
soflis warmomadgeneli da sxv.). amas `endogamiis~ wesi ewodeba. zog sazogadoe­
baSi ki mewyvilis moZeb­na miRebulia Tavisi garemocvis gareT. aseT wess ki `egzo­
gamias~ uwodeben. egzogamiis wesi krZalavs qorwinebas Tavisive wreSi Semavali pa­
tara wris wevrze (rogoric aris, maga­liTad, axlo naTesavebi). endogamiis wesiT,
gareTa wre miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad Sors unda eZebon sakuTari mewyvile (ar
unda gavidnen sakuTari rasis, religiis an socialuri klasis gareT).

garigebiT qorwineba

rac unda sulelurad da aRmaSfoTeblad JRerdes, 25 wlis asakSi si­

yvarulis gareSe gavTxovdi. mxolod sami wlis Semdeg gavuge am araCveu­
lebriv, butia kacTan cxovrebas gemo . . . .

ase aRwers Soba naraiani sakuTar garigebiT qorwinebas indiel kacTan (niu-
iork Taimsi, 4 maisi 1995w. gv. g1). Sobas (indiel gogonas), romelmac amerikuli
koleji daamTavra, egona rom amerikuli individualisturi sistemis nawili gax­
da. surda vinme, araindieli Sehyvareboda da mas gayoloda colad. hyavda kidec
Seyvarebuli, magram masTan naTesauri kavSiri ver daamyara. mere, roca mSobleb­
ma SesTavazes `Sesaferisi~ mewyvilis moZebna, igi daTanxmda. jer horoskopiT
SearCies potenciuri meuRle Tavisive religiaSi, rasasa da socialur klasSi.
Semdeg Sobas mSoblebi Sexvdnen misi momavali meuRlis mSoblebs. bolo nabiji
ukve wyvilze iyo damokidebuli. xanmokle Sexvedrebis Semdeg, Soba daTanxmda

469
momavali meuRlis winadadebas, colad gahyoloda mas. pirveli ori weli `kargad
gacnobas~ moundnen da mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo wyvilma erTmaneTis Seyvareba.
Sobas warmatebuli, garigebiT qorwineba ar aris mxolod bednieri SemTxveva.
garigebiT qorwineba warmatebulia (xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba da naklebi gan­
qorwineba) bevr qveyanaSi: iranSi ase­Ti warmatebuli qorwineba 90%-s Seadgens,
indoeTSi _ 95%-s, es maCvenebeli bruklinis ebraul dasaxlebaSic maRalia, ase­
vea TurqeTsa da avRaneTSi. (niu-iork Taimsi, 4 maisi 1995w. gv. 8). zemoaRniSnul
sazogadoebebSi garigebiT qorwineba mTeli rigi mizezebis gamoa miRebuli. iseT
sazogadoebebSi, sadac axaldaqorwinebulebi e.w. gafarToebuli ojaxis nawili
xdebodnen, ojaxi did imeds amyarebda SerCeul kandidatze. mas unda gaeziare­
bina ojaxis mosazrebebi, Tu ra sjobs da ra aris ukeTesi maTTvis. garda amisa,
mas unda moepovebina sakuTari wona am ojaxSi. aseT situaciaSi emociaze agebulma
urTierTobebma, SesaZloa, damangreveli Sedegebi gamoiRos, saSiSroeba Seuqmnas
ojaxis simtkices da ojaxis wevrebis urTierTobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, bevr aseT
sazogadoebaSi qorwinebis dros wyvilis mSoblebi erTmaneTs garkveul qonebas
sTavazoben (mziTevs an patarZlis gamosasyids), raTa orive ojaxs hqondes mtkice
gadawyvetileba ojaxis SenarCunebis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiT. garigebiT
qorwineba axasiaTebs im sazogadoebebs, sadac asakovani adamianebi floben mi­
webs an sxva resursebs, romelzec misi momavali Taobaa damokidebuli da sadac
ufrosebs axalgazrdebze ufro meti gavlena aqvT, vidre es dasavlur sazogadoe­
bebSia miRebuli, sadac adamianebi Tavad irCeven sakuTari karieris gzas.
arc aSS-Si qorwindebian yovelTvis sakuTari arCevanis mixedviT. mSoblebi
iribad, xandaxan SefarviT, magram mainc cdiloben garkveuli zegavlena iqonion
Svilebis arCevanze, magaliTad, samezoblos, skolis, eklesiis SerCevis gziT; an
iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebiT, rogoric aris `rogor Wams~ `ra acvia~, `CvenTvis Sesa­
ferisi~ an `Seuferebeli~. am faqtorebis saSualebiT isini gansazRvraven im ada­
mianebis tips, romelTanac Svilebma unda iurTierTon, imegobron an iaron pae­
manze. magaliTad, amerikeli ebraelebi Svilebs garigebiT ar aqorwineben, magram
mkacrad adevneben Tvals, rom maT Svilebs mxolod ebralebTan hqondeT urTi­
erToba da eTnikuri identoba ar dakargon.

siyvaruliT qorwineba

mSoblebis iribi Carevis miuxedavad, amerikelebs Rrmad swamT, rom qor­

winebis safuZveli romantikuli siyvaruli unda iyos. faqtobrivad amerikuli
sazogadoeba ganadidebs romantiuli siyvarulis cnebas. (ruJmonti, 1939-1990w.w.
lumani, 1986w.). is aris amerikuli popularuli simRerebis, filmebisa Tu satele­
vizio Souebis mTavari Tema. mTeli industria (saqorwino Jurnalebi Tu paemnebi­
sTvis saWiro momsaxureba da TaflobisTvisTvis gankuTvnili sas­tumroebi) mas
emsaxureba.
romantiuli siyvarulisadmi amerikuli kulturis midgomas Tavisi upirate­
soba aqvs. is aZlevs saSualebas axalgazrda wyvilebs, SeigrZnon damoukideblobis
gemo da CaeSvan siyvarulis morevSi ise, rom amiT ar gamoiwvion daZabuloba, eW­
vianoba da sxva tipis arasasurveli damokidebuleba ojaxis sxva wevrebis mxri­

470
dan. amave dros, damoukideblad cxovreba saSualebas aZlevs Seyvarebul wyvils,
gaxdnen mxolod erTmaneTze damokidebuli. romantiuli siyvaruli bevrad ufro
sando motivia imisTvis, rom mxolod valdebulebebis grZnoba ki ara, urTierT­
mxardaWerac iswavlos.
romantiul siyvaruls, rogorc qorwinebis safuZvels, Tavisi limitic ga­
aCnia. is, garkveulwilad, kofliqtSi Sedis ojaxuri cxovrebis yoveldRiur
moT­xovnebTan. romantiuli siyvaruli ufro yvavis, roca igi aRmocenebulia mis­
teriaze, Sors yofnaze, gamoucnob situaciebze, xolo yoveldRiuri ojaxuri
cxovreba Sors aris misteriisgan. qorwineba ufro bizneskavSiria, partnioruli
urTierToba agebulia kompromisze, Sromis ganawilebaze, finansur garigebebsa
da komunikaciaze. romantiuli siyvarulis gandidebiT, Cveni sazogadoeba, Sesa­
Zloa, TviTonve uTxris Zirs im urTierTobas, ris agitaciasac cdilobs anu sta­
biluri, moTminebiT savse qorwineba, romlis erT-erTi mizani Svilebis yolaa.

gadawyvetileba _ rodis daqorwinde?

(an daqorwinde Tu ara saerTod)

zog sazogadoebas isic gansazRvruli aqvs, rodis unda daqorwindes adamiani.

indoeTis soflebSi daaxloebiT 40-50 aTasi bavSvi (maT Soris 7 wlamde asakis)
qorwindeba maisSi, savse mTvaris pirvel an meore dRes. marTalia, bavSvis qor­
wineba iuridiulad akrZalulia indoeTSi, magram zogi mSobeli mzad aris, daja­
rimdes an cixeSi Cajdes amis gamo, radgan miaCnia, rom es dro aris yvelaze xel­
sayreli Tavisi Svilis qorwinebisTvis. bavSvebis qorwineba induri ojaxebisTvis
orive mxridan mosaxerxebeli garigebaa. patarZlis ojaxi kmayofilia, radgan
misi gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavidan ixsnis Svilis aRzrdaze pasuxismgeblobas; siZis
ojaxic kmayofilia, radgan saCuqrad patarZlis mziTevs da rZals anu ufaso mo­
nas iRebs. (niu-iork Taimsi, 15 maisi, 1994w.). aSS-is sazogadoebaSi bavSvis qor­
wineba norma arasodes yofila. qorwinebis minimaluri asaki 16 welia mSoblebis
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi da 18 weli _ mSob­lebis Tanxmobis gareSec.
amerikelebi amjobineben, adreul asakSi ar daqorwindnen. ratomRac miiCneo­
da, rom winaT amerikelebi adreul asakSi qorwindebodnen, Tumca 1890 wlis mona­
cemebiT, pirveli qorwinebis saSualo asaki mamakacebSi 26 weli iyo, qalebSi ki _
22 weli. (angariSi mimdinare mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, 1993w.). mxolod omis Semdgom
periodSi, me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Semcirda qorwinebis asaki _ mamakacebi
saSualod 22 wlis asakSi da qalebi _ 20 wlis asakSi qorwindebodnen. mogvianebiT
qorwinebis asaki isev gaizarda. 1993 wels qorwinebis saSualo asaki mamakacebSi 26
weli, qalebSi ki _ 24 weli gaxda. me-19 saukunisgan gansxvavebiT, me-20 saukuneSi
wyvilebi TiTqmis erTnair asakSi qorwindebodnen, radgan isini erTmaneTs sko­
lebsa da kolejebSi xvdebodnen.
dRes aSS-Si pirveli qorwineba TiTqos modidan gadavida. 1988 wels qorwinebis
naxevarze meti xelaxali qorwineba iyo, romlis 14% maRali maCvenebelia 1970
welTan SedarebiT (deviti, 1992w.). xelaxa­li qorwinebis TiTqmis 40% ganqorwine­

471
buli wyvilisgan Sedgeba. maTgan 50%-Si erT-erTi mewyvile pirvelad qorwindeba,
xolo 11%-Si erT-erTi an orive mxare qvrivia.
ra Tqma unda, arian wyvilebi, romlebic saerTod ar qorwindebian: ver ipoves
cxovrebis partniori an amis survili ar gasCeniaT.

qorwinebis gareSe darCena

me-18 da me-19 saukuneebSi mamakacebisTvisac da qalebisTvisac qorwinebis ga­

reSe darCena Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, me-20 saukuneSi es situacia radikalurad
Seicvala da Sinabera qalisadmi gaCnda sibralulis grZnoba. 1957 wels, roca qor­
winebis done katastrofulad gaizarda, amerikelebis 80% miiCnevda, rom Sinabera
qali `avadaa~, `nevrotulia~ an `amoraluria~. dRes amerikelebis mxolod mcire
nawils aqvs aseTi negatiuri damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi. erT-erTi gamokiTx­
vis dros, adreul asakSi myof zrdas­rulTa mxolod erTma mesamedma Tqva: `sjobs
viqorwino, vid­re mTeli cxovreba marto viyo~. erTi meoTxedi am azrs ar daeTanx­
ma, xolo danarCenebis azri gaurkveveli darCa. (bumpasi, sviti da Cerlini, 1989w.).
sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebis cvlam 35 wlamde asakis qalebsa da mamakacebSi
sakmaod gazarda gauTxovrebisa da ucoloebis raodenoba. martoxela zrdas­
rulebis raodenoba aSS-Si amjerad 72.6 milions aRwevs, aqedan 42.3 milioni ara­
sodes daqorwinebula, xolo 23,6 milioni – marto cxovrebas amjobinebs. (angari­
Si mimdinare mosaxleobaze, 1993w.). aseTi tendencia SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos
socialur da ekonomikur faqtorebTan, rogoric aris: qorwinebis gadadeba, gan­
qorwinebis raodenobis gazrda, (marto­xelebis erTi meoTxedi ganqorwinebulia).
axalgazrdebis mSob­lebisgan damoukideb­lad cxovrebis SesaZlebloba qalebisT­
vis samsaxureob­rivi perspeqtivebis gazrda da sakredito politikis liberali­
zacia (qalebis finansuri damoukidebloba).
gansakuTrebiT maRalia gauTxovrebs Soris afro-amerikeli qalebis ra­
odenoba. aseTi qalebis raodenoba me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi dabadebul af­
roamerikel qalebs Soris 9%-ia, xolo me-20 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi dabadebul
afro-amerikel qalebSi _ 22%-mde gaizarda. (TeTrkanian qalebs Soris es monace­
mi 4%-dan 7%-mde gaizarda). TavisTavad cxadia, rom maCveneblis gazrdis mizezi
socialuria. afro-amerikel mamakacebSi adreuli sikvdilis da dapatimrebebis
maRali donis gamo, Savkanian qalebs gaTxovebis Sansebi mcire aqvT. Tanac, Savka­
niani mamakacebi SedarebiT dabalSemosavlianebi arian da TavianT tradiciulad
did ojaxebs ver arCenen. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, axalgazrda
afro-amerikeli qalebi gauTxovrad darCenas amjobineben. martoxelobis mizezi,
nawilobriv, kulturaSic devs. afroamerikel qalebs, sxva eTnikuri warmomav­
lobis qalebTan SedarebiT, qorwinebis gareSe Svilebis gaCenis naklebad rcxve­
niaT. amitom isini naklebad motivirebulni arian qorwinebisTvis.
TandaTan gaCnda qalebis kidev erTi jgufi, romelic qorwinebas mxolod
Svilebis gaCenisaTvis aucilebel faqtorad ar miiCnevs. am qalebs koleji aqvT
damTavrebuli da muSaoben. 1982-1992 wlebs Soris Sobadobis done qorwinebaSi
armyof iseT qalebs Soris, romlebic menejmentSi da maRal profesionalur sam­

472
saxurebSi muSaoben, TiTqmis samjer gaizarda. (sigali, 1995w.). aseTi qalebis jgu­
fis Seswavlis Semdeg judiT sigalama (1995w.) daaskvna, rom maT Soris iyvnen ise­
Tebic, romlebmac ver moZebnes Tavisi Sesaferisi saqmro, da iseTebic, romelTac
ar uZebniaT igi. maT ubralod ifiqres, rom ojaxis Seqmnis (Svilis yolis) dro
dadga da finansu­ri damoukideblobis imediT Seasrules kidec TavianTi gadaw­
yvetileba. rogorc Cans, dRes qalebi Svilis gaCenisTvis barierad finansur Sesa­
Zleblobas ufro ganixilaven, vidre qorwinebas.
zrdasruli adamianebis erTi nawili martoxela ubralod garemoebebis gamo
rCeba, xolo meore nawili, Segnebulad irCevs mas. isini, vinc martoxelobas irCevs,
damoukideblobas ufro met Rirebulebas aniWebs, vidre qorwinebas. Tumca, marto­
xe­lobis subkulturis gazrdis miuxedavad, martoxeloba ar niSnavs marto yofnas.

Tanacxovreba

1993 wlis monacemebiT 3.5 milioni wyvili, romelic ar iyo daqorwinebuli,

xuTjer aRemateba me-20 saukunis 50-iani wlebis monacemebs (angariSi mimdinare
mosaxleobaze, 1993w.). Tanacxovrebis institutma Tavi iCina da kidev ufro gai­
zarda me-20 saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi studentebs Soris, xolo Semdeg sxva seg­
mentebSic farTod gavrcelda. dRes Tanacxovrebas ewevian axalgazrdebic, Sua
xnis zrdasrulebic da moxucebic; qorwinebaSi arasodes myofnic, ganqorwine­
bulebic, qvrivebic, TeTrkanianebic da feradkanianebic, SeZlebulebic da Rari­
bebic. aSS-s mosaxleobis naxevari erTxel mainc Tanacxovrobda mewyvilesTan 30
wlamde asakSi an ufro gvian. garda amisa, qorwinebebis umetesobas win uZR­voda
Tanacxovrebis xangrZlivi periodi (noki, 1995w.). magram Tanacxovreba aRar miiC­
neva qorwinebis winaperiodad. man TandaTan Secvala qorwineba.
Tanacxovrebis faqtebis simravlis mizezi is aris, rom Seicvala sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis normebi. arcTu didi xnis win wyvili sqesobriv urTierTobas
ojaxis wevrebs an binis patrons umalav­da. dRes is moraluri imperativi, rom sqe­
sobriv urTierTobas an bavSvis gaCenas win qorwineba unda uZRodes, mniSvnelobas
kargavs. (bumasi, 1990w. tontono, 1989w.).
Tanacxovrobis SemTxvevebis gazrdili raodenoba ganqorwi­nebis da im prob­
lemebis erTgvari funqciuri adaptirebaa, ris winaSec dRes xSirad dgas qor­
winebaSi myofi col-qmari. sul ufro meti axalgazrda xdeba ojaxebis dangrevis
mowme, amitomac maTi gadawyvetilebaa, jer erTad cxovreba scadon da mere miscen
erTmaneTs kanonis winaSe piroba. 10-dan 8 axalgazrda wyvili swored amas asax­
elebs Tanacxovrebis mizezad. (bumpasi, 1990w.). bevri wyvilisTvis Tanacxovreba
marTlac qorwinebis preludia xdeba. Tumca statistika uCvenebs, rom mxolod
50% qorwindeba sabo­lood. maT Soris bolomde qorwinebaSi zustad imdenive
rCeba, ramdenic yovelgvari winaswari Tanacxovrebis gareSe daqorwinda. mkvle­
varebis daskvniT, aseTi wyvilebis ganqorwinebis mizezi is aris, rom zogi maTga­
nis damokidebuleba qorwinebisadmi Tavidanve aradamajerebelia. maT urCevniaT
iseTi urTierToba, romelic Tavisufalia yovelgvari pirobisgan. (buTi da jon­
soni, 1988w. bumpasi 1990w. bumpasi da sviti, 1989w., noki 1995w.).

473
 TanamcxovrebTa mxolod 10% rCeba bolomde erTad qorwinebis gareSe. aseTi
wyvilebisTvis Tanacxovreba qorwinebis grZelvadiani alternativaa anu ojaxebi
funqciebis Sesrulebis erT-erTi gzaa im socialur institutebSi CarTvis gare­
Se, rac qorwinebas akanonebs. qorwinebis deinstitutizaciis amgvar tendencia­
Si didi wvlili miuZRvis ganqorwinebis maRal risks da garTulebebs, rac e.w.
`nacval~ ojaxebs axlavs Tan (Cerlini da fursenbergi, 1994w.). aseT dauqorwinebel
wyvilebs xSirad Svilebic hyavT da TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdebian daqorwine­
buli wyvilisgan, Tu ar CavTvliT qorwinebis oficialur registracias. Tumca
mcire sxvaoba mainc aris: TanacxovrebaSi myofi wyvilebi daqorwinebulebisgan
gansxvavebiT, naklebad Tvlian Tavs bednierad, naklebad iReben Tavze urTier­
TobebTan dakavSirebul valdebulebebs, meti problemebi aqvT mSoblebTan da
sxv. (noki, 1995w.). Tanacxovrebas qorwinebasTan SedarebiT ar gaaCnia mtkice, Se­
Tanxmebuli normebi, formalizebuli kavSiri da axlo urTierTobebi, rac adami­
anSi movaleobis grZnobas aZlierebs.
Tanacxovrebis SemTxvevebis gazrdas garkveuli struqturuli cvlilebebic
mohyva. ojaxebs memkvidreobisa da naTesauri kavSirebis definiciebis Secvla
mouwiaT. xelisuflebam axali wesebi Seqmna, raTa daqorwinebul da Tanacxovre­
baSi myof wyvilebs Tanaswori uflebebi hqonodaT da araferi damuqreboda maT
keTildReobas. (ramsoi,1994w.). Tumca erTi kategoriis wyvils, romelic erTad
cxovrobs, jer kidev ar ayenebs Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi. eseni arian homoseqsu­
alebi. saxelmwifoebis da religiebis didi umravlesoba ar cnobs maT uflebebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi wyvilebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, stabiluri urTierTobe­
bi aqvT da SeuZliaT bavSvebic gazardon. dResdReobiT mxolod ramdeni­me qveya­
nas da TiTebze CamosaTvlel municipalitets (maT Soris amerikaSi) aqvs miRebuli
kanoni, romelic uflebas aZlevs homoseq­sualebs, daaregistriron TavianTi kav­
Siri da miiRon Sesaferisi mxardaWera.

gadawyvetileba ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb

aTi amerikelidan cxra erTxel mainc qorwindeba zrdasrulobaSi, magram

bevri maTgani ar aris bednieri qorwinebaSi yofnis dros. dRevandeli tendencia
aseTia: daqorwinebuli wyvilebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi erTmenTs Sordeba
(martini da bumpasi, 1989w.). aqedan 32% Sordeba qorwinebidan 5 wlisTavamde, 63%
– 10 wlisTavamde (janmrTelobis statistikis erovnuli centri, 1995w.). me-19 sauku­
nis Semdeg Semcirda iseTi qorwinebebis raodenoba, romelic meuRlis sikvdiliT
mTavrdeboda (daqvriveba), magram permanentulad izrdeba im qorwinebebis raode­
noba, romelic ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. ganqorwineba meoce saukunis 60-70-ian
wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda da meoce saukunis 80-ini wlebis daswyisSi piks miaRwia,
xolo Semdeg odnav daiklo (ix. sqema 11.2). ganqorwinebebis dRevandeli maCvene­
beli, sxva epoqebTan da sxva sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, aSS-Si SedarebiT maRa­
lia. es maCvenebeli bevrad naklebia, magaliTad, italiaSi, israelSi da iaponiaSi.
(vaiti, 1990w.).

474
 sqema 11.2 / aSS ganqorwinebis
donis maCvenebeli 1000 mac­xov­
rebelze, 1930-1994 w.w.
1930 wlidan 1980 wlamde peri­
odSi ganqorwi­ne­bis donem Ses­
amCnevad imata, Tumca bolo
de­ka­dis ganmavlobaSi cotaTi
Sem­cir­da.

wyaro: aSS janmrTelobisa da

momsaxurebis departamenti,
jan­m­r­Telobis statistikis
erov­nuli centri, aSS statis­
tikis centri.

ganqorwinebis maRali donis mizezi aSS-Si

amerikelebi ganqorwinebis mizezad xSirad asaxeleben alkoholizms, narkoma­

nias, urwmunobas, fizikur da emociur Zaladobas, genderul sakiTxebze SeuTanx­
meblobas, finansur problemebs, seqsualur daukmayofileblobas. Tumca mxolod
piradi mizezebi ar aris sakmarisi ganqorwinebis raodenobis maRal maCveneblis
asaxsnelad. mis asaxsnelad `gvWirdeba im socialuri institutebis cvlilebis
ganxilva, rac adamianis pirad gamocdilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli~ (vaiti 1990,
gv. 904).
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori kanonSi Setanili cvlilebaa. winaT ganqor­
winebas mxolod or SemTxvevaSi iZleodnen, Ralatis da Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi.
dRes ganqorwinebis miReba Zalian advilia, ar aris aucilebeli danaSaulebrivi
faqtis arseboba, sakmarisia dasaxeldes `SeuTavsebloba~ an `urTierTobebis gaw­
yveta~, rom safuZveli ganqorwinebisTvis ukve arsebobs. arc erT mxares damna­
Saved ar aRiareben da arc aravin daisjeba amisTvis. Znelia imis Tqma, aRniSnuli
kanonmdeblobis cvlileba ganqorwinebis donis amaRlebis mizezia Tu Sedegi. gan­
qorwinebebis gazrdam, faqtia, rom metad liberaluri kanonis arseboba moiTxova,
da libera­lurma kanonmac Tavis mxriv, gaadvila ganqorwinebis procesebi (fur­
stenbergi, 1993w.).
ganqorwinebis maCveneblze genderuli rolis cvlilebebmac iqonia garkveuli
gavlena. milionobiT qalma daiwyo muSaoba. ojaxis dedebi da colebi saxlSi did
dros aRar atareben. qalis tradiciulma rolma saxe icvala. qalebma finansuri
damoukideb­lobac moipoves. is faqti, rom qals samuSao aqvs, TavisTavad ganqor­
winebis mizezi ar aris; magram qals, romelsac samsaxuri aqvs, SeuZlia aRar iyos
qmarze damokidebuli da, Sesabamisad, Tavi aaridos ojaxur urTierTobebSi ar­
sebul problemebs. mizezisa da Sedegis dadgena am SemTxvevaSic Znelia (bumpasi,
1990w.). yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, damoukidebeli qalebisTvis bevrad advilia uiRb­
lo qorwinebidan Tavis daxsna. amasTan, qorwinebis maRali done aiZulebs qalebs,

475
eZebon samuSao, raTa moipovon finansuri damoukideb­loba da, erTgvarad, mzad
iyvnen ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli cxovrebisTvis.
genderuli urTierTobebis cvlileba kulturuli faqtorebiTac aris gamowveu­
li. Seicvala ojaxuri urTierTobebis Rirebu­lebebi, Tavganwirvis cneba Seicvala
TviTsrulyofis, avtonomiis, piradi bednierebisa da pirovnuli zrdis cnebebiT
(Cerlini, 1995w.). qorwineba gaxda ufro wyvilze orientirebuli, vidre _ bavSvze.
ramdenadac qorwineba siyvarulis meSveobiT pirovnebis piradi da fsiqologiuri
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs, imdenad naklebia socia­luri da kul­
turuli zewola `bavSvebis gulisTvis~ erTad darCenis aucileblobaze, miT umetes,
rom ojaxur konfliqtebSi xSirad bavSvebis arseboba saerTod aviwydebaT.
ganqorwinebis donis amaRlebis tendenciebi gasagebia, magram riT avxsniT
me-20 saukunis bolo dekadis ganmavlobaSi am maCveneb­lis klebas? frenk fusten­
bergi (1994w.) am maCveneblis klebas qorwinebebis raodenobis simcires anu qor­
winebis gadadebas (swavlis da karieris gamo) miawers, amis mizezs xedavs qorwine­
bamde fexmZimobis gadadebis, eris daberebis, Tanacxovrebis institutis gazrdis
maCveneblebSic.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Sedegi ki is aris, rom qorwinebis institutma gani­
cada deinstitucionalizacia. dRes qorwineba ufro piradi arCevanis sakiTxia,
vidre cxovrebiseuli movaleoba, romelsac ukan kanonmdebloba, dauwereli nor­
mebi da tradiciebi udgas. qorwineba gaxda `nebayoflobiTi kavSiri, romelic
wyvilis surviliT SeiZleba dairRves an SenarCundes~ (poponeo, 1990w. gv. 43).
ganqorwinebis done klebulobs cxovrebis kursis ganmavlobaSic. rasTan aris
es dakavSirebuli? bednier qorwinebasTan Tu sxva faqtorebTan? lin uaiti da
alan buTi (1991w.) kvlevis Sedegad askvnian, rom bednieri qorwineba qorwinebi­
dan pirvel ramdenime welSi fiqsirdeba. isini aRniSnaven, rom rac metxans grZel­
deba qorwineba, miT ufro metia barierebi, rac xels uSlis qorwinebis darRvevas
(Svilebi, sakuTreba, saerTo nacnob-megobrebi); naklebia mimzidveli alterna­
tivebi (ojaxis xelaxla Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT). arsebuli barierebi didad unda
gadawonos wyvilebSi uiRblo urTierTobebma, rom maT ganqorwineba gadawyviton.

vin ganqorwindeba yvelaze xSirad?

sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mixedviT, zogi tipis qorwineba ufro ganqor­

winebas eqvemdebareba (buTi da vaiti, 1980w. huberi da spitze 1980w. liki da pirsoni,
1991w. ioderi da nikolasi, 1980w.). ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli maRalia Semdeg kate­
goriebSi:

wyvili qalaqSi cxovrobs.

orive muSaobs, magram maTi Semosavali arc ise maRalia.
adre daqorwindnen.
didi xnis daqorwinebulebi ar arian.
qals egalitaruli (TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli) damokidebu­leba aqvs
Sromis ganawilebisadmi da kacs ki – ara.

476
 wyvili religiuri ar aris.
orive liberaluria.
orive pesimisturad uyurebs cxovrebas.
erT-erTis an orives mSoblebi ganqorwinebulebi arian.

TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, 20-30%-iT meti afro-amerikeli wyvili gan­

qorwindeba (janmrTelobis statistikis erovnuli centri, 1995w.), Tumca qor­
wineba feradkanianTa Soris procentulad odnav ufro metxans grZeldeba,
vidre TeTrkanianebSi. amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom Savkanianebi ar aforme­
ben ganqorwinebas daSorebisTanave da mere kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, xolo
TeTrkanianebi _ piriqiT. laTinoamerikuli da aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebSi
ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli sxvebTan SedarebiT, bevrad naklebia.
Svilianoba ganqorwinebebze sxvadasxvanair gavlenas axdens (vaiti da lilar­
di, 1991w.). ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia mozardebis mSoblebs Soris.
aseve maRalia ganqorwinebis done bavSvis gaCenamde; skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis
mSoblebis qorwineba ki SedarebiT stabiluria.
yvela zemoaRniSnuli faqtori, Tundac erTad aRebuli, aucilebeli piroba
rodia ganqorwinebisTvis. ubralod, maTi akumulacia ojaxuri urTierTobebis
dangrevis winapiroba xdeba. imuniteti arc erT socialur jgufs ar gaaCnia. maga­
liTad, kaTolikur eklesias mkacri sanqciebi aqvs ganqorwinebaze, magram ganqor­
winebis raodenoba kaTolikebSic imdenivea, rac sxva aRmsareblobis adamianebSi.
(bumpasi, martini da sviti).

ganqorwinebis Sedegebi

ganqorwineba negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebzec da mamakaceb­zec (voler­

Steini da keli 1980w.), _ ZiriTadad, socialur sferoSi. rogorc zemoT visau­
breT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebi Semosavali aqvT, ganqorwinebis
Semdeg ki bavSvze meurveobis ufleba swored qalebs eniWebaT. mamebis mxridan
bavSvis finansu­ri daxmareba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zalian mcirea da ar kmara bavSvis
aRzrdisTvis. Tanac, garTulebulia daxmarebis miRebis procesi. ganqorwinebis
Semdeg qalebs cxovrebis standartebis Secvla uxdebaT. mamakacebis cxovrebis
pirobebi ki, piriqiT, umjobesdeba (holdeni da smoki, 1991w.). procentulad, mama­
kacebi ufro xSirad qorwindebian xelaxla, vidre qalebi (Cerlini da fustenber­
gi, 1994w.) da amitom naklebi raodenobis qals aqvs am ekonomikuri mdgo­mareobis
gaumjobesebis meore Sansi.
ganqorwinebis Semdgomi zemoqmedeba kulturul faqtorsac moicavs. ma­
makacebi ganqorwinebis Semdegac inarCuneben TavianT pirdapir daniSnulebas
dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT. xolo qalebi, piriqiT, martoxela dedebad yalib­
debian. zog maTgans Sromis bazarze xelaxali (zogs saerTod pirvelad) Sesvla
uwevT, sadac maT mxo­lod dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos sTavazoben, radgan sxva
adgi­lebi Seda­rebiT axalgazrda da Tavisufal kadrebs ukavia. garda amisa, maT
gamudmebiT uwevT samsaxursa da saxls Soris sirbili.

477
 ganqorwineba niSnavs, rom wyvils cal-calke cxovreba surT, Tumca bavSvebs
ar undaT, rom maTi mSoblebi cal-calke cxovrobdnen. amitom bavSvebi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, tramvirebulebi rCebian. ganqorwinebidan pirveli ori weli maTT­
vis gansakuTrebiT kritikulia. am dros bevri sxvadasxva problema iCens Tavs –
depresia, cudi qceva, agresia, problemebi skolaSi (Cerlini, 1995w.). am gamovline­
bebiT gamowveul stress TavisTavad ganicdis is mSobelic, romelic qorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi bavSvis meurve xdeba (xSir SemTxvevaSi dedebi). rogorc aRvniSneT,
yvelaferTan erTad maT uwevT axali samsaxuris moZebna, sacxovrebeli adgilis
Secvla an mSob­lebis saxlSi dabruneba, xolo bavSvebs uwevT axal skolasTan da
axla megobrebTan Segueba.
bavSvebis umetesoba krizisis periodis gadalaxvis Semdeg norma­luri cxov­
rebis ritms ubrundeba, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi bavSvs didxans mihyveba mSob­lebis
ganqorwinebis Sedegad miRebuli tramva. judiT valerSteinma da joan lelim
saSualo klasis 60 ojaxis gamokvlevis Sedegad daaskvnes, rom 18 wlis asakis ax­
algazrdebSi, romelTa mSoblebi ganqorwindnen, bevrs uWirs partniorisTvis
pirobis micema da Tavs martosulad grZnobs (valerSteini da bleiksli, 1989w.).
sxva kvlevam aCvena, rom ganqorwinebuli ojaxebis vaJebi SedarebiT dabalanaz­
Raurebad samsaxurebSi ewyobian, vidre maTi mamebi. (biblarzi da rafteri, 1993w.).
zemoaRniSnulis mizezi ori ram SeiZleba iyos: stresuli bavSvoba an ganqor­
winebuli (martoxela mSoblis) ojaxis dabali Semosavali. ganqorwinebuli (mar­
toxela) ojaxebis Svilebi ufro xSirad rCebian umaRlesi ganaTlebis gare­Se, vid­
re ormSobliani ojaxis Svilebs. (Cerlini, 1995w.). amis mizezi SeiZleba isev imaSi
veZeboT, rom ojaxebs uwevT sxva sacxovrebel adgilebze gadasvla da amis gamo im
mxardaWeris dakargva, rac ama Tu im ojaxs gaaCnda ganqorwinebamde.
mravaljeradi ganqorwineba kidev ufro negatiur gavlenas axdens bavSvebze.
aseTi ojaxebis Svilebi naTesavTan urTierTobas xan wyveten, xanac aRadgenen.
isini urTierToben mamanacvalTan, dedinacvalTan, naxevardebTan da naxevar­
ZmebTan. aseTi urTierTobebi mxo­lod zrdis problemebis raodenobas.
marTalia, bavSvisTvis cudia mSoblebis ganqorwineba, magram maTTvis aranak­
leb cudia iseT ojaxSi cxovreba, sadac mSoblebi inarCuneben qorwinebas, magram
erTmaneTTan mudmivad daZabuli urTierToba aqvT. aseT garemoSi bavSvebi ufro
uaresad grZnoben Tavs. bavSvebi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva problemis wi­
naSe dgebian da Tanac sxvadasxva simZafriT. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebs
momavalSic eqnebaT problemebi; Cven unda vecadoT, rom maT es problemebi ava­
ridoT. (Cerlini, 1995w.)

Zaladoba ojaxSi

bavSvobidan moyolebuli gvaswavlian, rom ucxo adamians ar unda davelapara­

koT, radgan SeiZleba safrTxeSi aRmovCndeT, ojaxi ki usafrTxo adgilia. samwu­
xarod, xSirad piriqiT xdeba _ xSirad ojaxia Zaladobis kera da safrTxes swored

478
ojaxis wevrebi gviqmnian (gelesi, 1983w. linkolni da strausi, 1985w. stainmetsi da
strausi, 1974w.).
ojaxuri Zaladobis erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom adamianebi ojaxur urTi­
erTobaSi did emociebs deben. Sedegad, moxdeba emociebis eskalacia da patara
uTanxmoebebi did usiamovnebaSi gadaizrdeba.
meore mizezi _ ojaxSi Zalauflebis ganawilebaa. rogorc wesi, qmari ufro
didi da Zlieria colze, xolo orive mSobeli ufro didi da Zlieria, vidre maTi
Svili. ojaxis wevrebi xSirad fizikur agresiiT cdiloben ojaxuri urTierTo­
bebis gakontrolebas.
mesame mizezi kulturulia. amerikelebi xSirad amarTleben fizikur Za­
ladobas sportSi, kinosa da satelevizio programebSi. faqtia, rom Zaladoba
amerikelebisTvis ufro misaRebia, vidre bevri sxva sazogadoebisTvis. bevri
amerikeli dResac fiqrobs, rom normaluria, roca: Zmebi Cxuboben, qmari moT­
minebas kargavs da cols urtyams, mSoblebi Svils fizikurad sjian.
meoTxe mizezi _ `mkvidri~ ojaxebi izolirebulad cxovroben, iq momxdari
ojaxuri Zaladoba naklebad Cans da naklebad aris socialuri kontrolis sa­
gani. Tanac amerikelebis mier aRiarebuli piradi cxovrebis uflebis dacvis
kulturuli Rirebuleba ar aZlevs saSualebas xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs,
Caerion ojaxur cxovrebaSi.
dabolos, Zaladoba Rrma kvals tovebs Zaladobis msxverplze, ZiriTadad,
bavSvebsa da qalebze. ojaxuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva kul­
turasa da sxvadasxva dros.

bavSvze Zaladoba

aris Tu ara bavSvis „gawkepvla~ Zaladoba? _ Svedebi fiqroben, rom aris. Sve­
deTis mTavroba ukanonod miiCnevs mSoblebis mier bavSvis cemas. 1994 wlis gala­
pis gamokiTxvam ki aCvena, rom amerikelebis ori mesamedis azriT, „kargi gawkepv­
la~ xandaxan aucilebelicaa bavSvis disciplinirebisTvis. (galapi, yovelTviuri
gamokiTxva, 1994 wlis maisi, gv. 19). Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT amerikelebs
ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvT. imave gamo­­kiTxvis mixedviT, bevri maT­
gani, romelic sistematurad scemda bavSvs anu Zaladobda, aSS-is yvela StatSi
iyo miRebuli, Tumca am mxriv gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda samxreTi
Statebi (flini, 1994w.).
oponentebis azriT, bavSvis dasja ufro rbili formebiTac SeiZ­leba. gamo­
kiTxulTa didi nawili eTanxmeba azrs, rom bavSvis fizikuri dasja, rac iwvevs
silurjeebs, Tavis tramvebs, motexilobebs da damwvrobas, fizikur Zaladobad
unda CaiTvalos. adgili aqvs bavSvis `malul~ dasjasac, rac bavSvis mimarT udi­
er mopyrobaSi gamoixateba da rac dasjis kidev ufro dramatuli formaa. samwu­
xarod, xSiria bavSvisTvis uaris Tqma adekvatur kvebaze, Cacmaze, TavSesafarze,
samedicino daxmarebasa da yuradRebis miqcevaze. (grini, 1991w.). aSS janmrTelo­
bisa da humanuri momsaxurebis departamentis kvlevis Sedegad (1990w.) aRmoCnda,

479
rom 1989 wels sul mcire 1200 bavSvi (savaraudod, kidev ufro meti _ daaxloebiT,
5 000) swored Zaladobis da udieri mopyrobis Sedegad gardaicvala, xolo 160000
_ seriozulad dazaralda. imave periodSi daaxloebiT 2.4 milioni saCivari dai­
wera bavSis mimarT udier da Zaladobriv mopyrobaze, aqedan 918000 dadasturda.
1992 wels aseTi SemTxvevebis raodenoba wina dekadasTan SedarebiT gaormagda.
ar aris cnobili, am maCveneblis dramatuli zrda marTla bavSvebze Zalado­
bis zrdis Sedegia, Tu, ubralod, gaizarda policiaSi momCivanTa raodenoba. 1994
wlis galapis gamokiTxvis Sedegad yoveli Svididan erTma amerikelma aRiara, rom
is bavSvobaSi mSobels ucemia, gaujoxavs an seriozuli Zaladoba gamouyenebia mis
mimarT. cxra wliT adre Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi aseTi ram 50-dan mxolod erT­
ma aRiara. Zaladobis msxverplis aRiareba bevrad ufro sandoa, vidre mSoblis
aRiareba, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi msxver­plis aRiarebis sizusteSic SeiZleba eW­
vis Setana. magaliTad, Zaladobis SemTxvevebze bavSvebis gamokiTxvisas, xSirad
bevri ram aris damokidebuli kiTxvis formaze. bavSvebi xSirad imas amboben, rac
ufross unda, rom moisminos.
sociologebis, riCard gelisa da murei Strausis, mixedviT (1988w. geli 1995w.),
bavSvis tipuri moZalade aris axalgazrda martoxela mSobeli, romelic qorwine­
baSi imyofeboda 10 welze nak­lebi drois periodiT da Svili ki _ 18 wlamde asakSi
gauCnda. aseT adamians, rogorc wesi, finansuri problemebi aqvs, stresul mdgo­
mareobaSia (ganqorwinebiT an ojaxis wevris gardacvalebiT gamowveuli) da cota
megobari an naTesavi hyavs. xSirad aseTi mSoblebi TviTon iyvnen Tavis droze Za­
ladobis msxverplni an mowmeni.
ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli TineijerebSic bevria da maT mSoblebsac Za­
ladobis gamomwvevi iseTive mizezebi mohyavT, rogoric mcirewlovani bavSvebis
mSoblebs: bavSvebi jiutebi arian, stress iwveven da ar ujereben mSoblebs. unar­
SezRuduli bavSvebic xSirad xvdebian Zaladobis riskis jgufSi, radgan isi­
ni „gansxvavebulebi~ arian da maTi movla Zalian rTulia (amermani, lubecki, da
drusi, 1991w.).
is bavSvebi, romlebsac udierad eqcevian, xSirad gonebrivad CamorCebian Ta­
vis tolebs da depresiis an TviTmkvlelobis riskis jgufSi xvdebian. (niu-iork
Taimsi, Tebervali 18, 1991w. gv.11). bavSvobaSi isini gamoirCevian hiperaqtiurobiT,
agresiulobiT da ver sargebloben popularobiT TanatolebSi. rac Seexeba mo­
zar­debs da zrdas­rulebs, isini midrekilebi arian narkomaniisken da alkoholis
moxmarebisken da TviTon xdebian moZaladeebi.
zog sociologs miaCnia, rom bavSvebze Zaladobas maSin moeReba bolo, roca
saocialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba (pelesi, 1985w. 1995w.). igulisxmeba, im
ojaxebis gamovlena, romlebic aseTi riskfaqtoris winaSe dganan da maTTvis
saWiro daxmarebebis gaReba (momarageba, samedicino daxmareba, sabavSvo baRebiT
uzrunvel­yofa, mSoblebis urTierTmxardaWeris jgufebSi gaerTianeba, da sxv.).
kvlevebis Tanaxmad, adamianebi Zaladobas ukidures SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, ma­
Sin, roca aris fulis, codnisa da pativiscemis deficiti (vulfi, 1985w.). amJamad
yvela Stats gaaCnia kanoni, romelic eqimebisgan da maswavleblebisgan moiTxovs,

480
dauyovneb­liv ganacxadon policiaSi bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. amas­
Tan, sa­xelmwifo da kerZo socialuri daxmarebis momsaxurebis centrebi cdilo­
ben, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi problemebi (Strausi da gelesi, 1986w.).

meuRleze Zaladoba

aSS-Si aseve xSirad aqvs adgili Zaladobas an daSinebas Zaladobis SesaZlo

gamoyenebaze col-qmars Soris. maikl jonsoni (1995w.) ganasxvavebs ori tipis Za­
ladobas col-qmars Soris. pirveli xSiria da Tavs iCens spontanurad, roca col-
qmris kamaTi seriozul Zaladobis aqtSi gadadis. Zaladobis aseT tips „Cveu­
lebrivi col-qmruli Cxubi~ ewodeba da „kontrols ar eqvemdebareba~.
meore tipis Zaladobas, romelic naklebad gavrcelebuli, mag­ram bevrad ufro
seriozulia, adgili aqvs maSin, roca qmari cdilobs Zalis demonstrirebas da
amgvarad colze kontrolis dam­yarebas, miuxedavad imisa, damTmobia coli Tu ara.
aseT Zaladobas jonsoni „patriarqalur terorizms~ uwodebs, radgan mas fesvebi
patriarqalur tradiciebSi aqvs gamdgari. Sedegad, colebi mudmiv terorSi arian,
miuxedavad imisa, rom cemas, SesaZloa, adgili kviraSi mxolod erTxel hqondes.
aseTi Zaladobis Sedegebi didi xniT da bevrad Rrmad aisaxeba msxverplze.
erovnul doneze warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom daaxloebiT 1.4
milioni qali, anu yovel aTasSi ocdaaTi, ganicdida qmris mxridan Zaladobas
(gelesi da Strausi, 1990w.). tipuri moZalade qmari aris axalgazrda, qorwinebaSi
imyofeba ara umetes 10 wlisa, umuSevaria an ar aqvs mudmivi samuSao. mas unda,
rom iTamaSos ojaxis ufrosis da Semomtanis roli da amiT dominirebdes col-
Svilze, magram vinaidan saTanado finansuri da ekonomiuri resursebi ar gaaCnia,
amas fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT cdilobs.
zogi sociologi qmris mier colis cemas statusis SeuTavseb­lobis faqtors
ukavSirebs, rac niSnavs ufskruls mamakacis realur rolsa da im rols Soris,
rom hqondes ojaxSi. statusis SeuTavseblobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes nebismier
socialur fenaSi. kacs, romelsac universitetis diplomi aqvs da taqsis mZRolo­
ba uwevs, SesaZloa, statusis SeuTavsebloba awuxebdeT. igive SeiZleba daemarTos
mamakacs, romlis coli ufro mets gamoimuSavebs an bevrad ufro stabiluri sam­
saxuri aqvs. statusis gaurkvevlobasac SeiZleba mohyves Zaladoba. erT-erTi kvle­
vis Tanaxmad, im tipis moZalade kacebis raodenoba, romlebic Tavis partniorebs
scemen, TanamcxovrebTa Soris ufro metia, vidre oficialur qmrebs Soris. amis
SesaZlo mizezi is aris, rom am kategorias ver gaurkvevia ojaxuri statusi (eli­
si, 1989w.).
colze Zaladobis ZiriTadi mizezi mainc kulturaSia (okuni, 1986w.). sakuTari
Tavis dominirebis tradicia yovelTvis karnaxobda mamakacs, rom ojaxSi ufro­
si is unda iyos. da marTlac, dasavluri kultura tradiciulad swored imaze
miuTiTebda, rom qmrebi Zaladobas mimarTaven „colis adgilze dayenebis~ mizniT.
Ralatis gamo colis mkvlelobis SemTxvevebSi kanoni, rogorc wesi, mamakacis mxa­
rezea. ufro metic, xSirad sazogadoebisgan mamakacebi Seqebasac ki imsaxureben

481
aseTi saqcielisTvis. mamakacis portreti folklorSic da pornografiaSic qa­
lis mimarT dominirebas da agresias gamoxatavs.
bevri coli, romelsac qmari scems, qmarTan rCeba. aseTi qalebi (im qaleb­Tan
SedarebiT, romlebic ojaxidan midian an daxmarebas mimarTaven), SedarebiT axal­
gazrdebi arian, samuSao gamocdileba naklebad aqvT an umuSevrebi arian da mci­
rewlovani Svilebi hyavT (gelesi da Strausi, 1988w.). amdenad, maT ara gaaCniaT sak­
marisi finansuri resursebi da xandaxan survilic, rom damoukideblad icxovron.
moZalade qmrebi ZaladobasTan erTad SigadaSig sikeTesac iCenen da inanieben Ta­
vianT saqciels. amdenad, colebs rCebaT imedi, rom maTi problema mogvarebadia
(volkeri, 1979w.). Zaladobis msxverpl colebs xSirad rcxveniaT imis aRiareba,
rom maT scemen. zogi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs momxdarSi. mcire nawili egueba
kidec ase cxovrebas. xSirad colebi winaaRmdegobas uweven qmrebs Tavdasxmis
dros da cdiloben aRmofxvran Zaladoba (gelesi da Strausi, 1989w. gondolfi da
fiSeri 1991w.).
ojaxuri Zaladoba nacionaluri problema gaxda, rodesac 1995 wels cnobili
fexburTeli o.j. simpsoni Tavisi yofili colis ni­kolis mkvlelobisTvis gaa­
samarTles. simpsoni cols xSirad scemda da nikolic xSirad mimarTavda poli­
cias dasaxmareblad. prokurorebi amtkicebdnen, rom swored es iyo mkvle­lobis
mizezi, magram sasamarTlo ar daeTanxma aRniSnul mosazrebas. saqmis msvle­
lobisas gairkva, rom samarTladamcavebi, faqtobrivad, ar reagirebdnen simpso­
nis winaaRmdeg colis saCivrebze.
eqspertTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom ojaxuri Zaladobis Tavidan ac­
ilebis mizniT saWiroa, rogorc sanqciebi moZaladeebis winaaRmdeg, aseve TavSe­
safrebi da konsultaciebi Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis (lermani da kani, 1991). sam­
wuxarod, am rekomendaciis gaTvaliswineba jer kidev ar xdeba bevr dasaxlebaSi.

amerikuli ojaxis momavali

genderuli rolebis saxecvlileba, ganqorwinebis maRali done, Sereuli da

xelaxla Seqmnili ojaxebi, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis gazrda – yvela es fenomeni
erTdroulad daatyda Tavs amerikul ojaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebi
sakmaod tolerantulebi arian Tanacxovrobis institutis, ganqorwinebis, bavS­
vis aryolis mimarT, mkvlevarebi adgenen, rom amerikeli sazogadoeba upirate­
sobas mainc qorwinebaze, mSoblebsa da ojaxze tradiciul warmodgenas aniWebs.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, nostalgiurad ixsenebs `ra kargi iyo maSin~. magram prob­
lema is aris, rasac stefan kunCi ambobs: `Zveli ojaxuri Rirebulebebi aRar esa­
dageba TamaSis axal wesebs~ (1992w. gv. 277), Znelia cvalebad, socialur pirobebs
axali formebi daaxvedro maSin, roca warsuls mistiri.
ra unda gakeTdes? _ kuncs garkveuli SemoTavazebebi aqvs: Tu gvinda, rom
e.w. `nacvali~ ojaxi mtkice iyos, maSin unda daviviw­yoT `dangreul ojaxebze~ Seq­

482
mnili crurwmena da stereotipebi da aviTvisoT axali Rirebulebebi, raTa xeli
SevuwyoT am axal sistemas. unda SemoviRoT Sromis ganawilebis axali meTodebi,
magaliTad, e.w. mSoblisTvis gansazRvruli Svebulebebi (rogorc mcirewlovani,
aseve mozrdili bavSvebis mSoblisTvis), gavzardoT sabavSvo baRebis arCevani,
samuSao saaTebi moqnili gavxadoT baRis asakis bavSvze pasuxismgebeli mSob­
lisTvis. qmrebi unda Seelion Zvelebur midgomebs da mixvdnen, rom isini ar ari­
an Tavisufalni saojaxo movaleobebisgan. maTac unda daekisroT valdebuleba
Svilebis movlaze. ojaxis `piradi saqmis~ araswori koncefcia, rodesac proble­
mebs (ojaxis nagavs) xaliCis qveS `yrian da agroveben~, unda Seicvalos garedan
mo­suli daxmarebisa da axloblebis ufro didi wris mxardaWeris imediT. rogorc
individebs, aseve gadawyvetilebis mimReb struqturebs evalebaT aRiaron, rom
qorwineba ar aris erTaderTi kanonieri kavSiri da rom TanacxovrebaSi myofnic
analogiuri uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen.
dedvid elkqaindi (1994w.) axasiaTebs bolodroindel ojaxebis transformire­
bas; e.w mkvidri ojaxebi Tavisi yvela maxasiaTebliT (sajaro da piradi cxovreba,
saxli da samsaxuri, bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi) gadaiqca e.w `gamtar ojaxebad~,
romelsac SeuZlia miiRos sxvadasxva forma da bevrad ufro moqnilia, magram
bevrad ufro mgrZnobiarec garemosgan miyenebuli stresisadmi (ufro harmo­
niulia zrdasrulTaTvis, vidre bavSvebisTvis). elqaindi xedavs aseTi ojaxebis
e.w. `ener­giul ojaxebad~ gadaqcevis aucileblobas, romelic bavSvebsac da mSob­
lebsac sasicocxlo energias ma­tebs. mas mohyavs energiuli ojaxis oTxi damaxa­
siaTebeli niSani:

erTguli siyvaruli _ scdeba romantiuli siyvarulisa da kontraqtze

agebuli urTierTobebis cnebas da agebulia adamianebs Soris urTierT­
pativiscemis, Ria urTierTobebis da urTierTmxardaWeris survilze.
mSoblis WeSmariti siyvaruli da erTguleba Svilisadmi _ gulisxmobs
mSoblis rogorc calmxriv, aseve gaziarebul movaleobebs. es saSua­
lebas miscems mSoblebs `darCnen iseTebi, rogoric arian da ara iseTi,
rogoric hgoniaT rom unda iyvnen~ (gv. 214). orive mSobels unda mieces
saSualeba aiRon, magaliTad, erTwliani Svebuleba, raTa iyvnen bavSvTan.
buneb­rivia, mamebsac unda hqondeT bavSvTan urTierTobis saSualeba da
ar unda sWirdebodeT gamudmebiT imis mtkiceba, rom maTac SeuZliaT
Rirseuli mamobis gaweva.
mxardaWera samezoblos (axloblebis) mxridan _ sakmarisi araa imis aRqma,
rom sazogadoebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. saWiroa mcdeloba, rom
moxdes am gansxvavebebis integracia anu miznebis, miswrafebebis da pa­
suxismgeblobebis gaziareba ojaxebs Soris.
urTierTdamokidebuleba _ imis nacvlad, rom Tavi ojaxis damoukide­
bel wevrebad miviCnioT, Cven rogorc damoukidebelma wevrebma, unda
vaRiaroT urTierTdamokidebulebis aucileblobis arseboba.

483
kulturuli omi:
ojaxuri Rirebulebebi, bavSvis gaCena da aborti

ojaxis momavlis Taobaze debatebi Cvens qveyanaSi xSirad kulturebs So­

ris omSi gadaizrdeba xolme. mTavar oponentebad sazogadoebis konservatori
(xSir SemTxvevaSi fundamentalisti qristianebi) da liberaluri segmentebi
arian. jeims davidson hanteri (1991w.) aRwers am mxareebs orTodoqsuli frTisa
da (romelic ma­Ral moralur avtoritarizms qadagebs) da progresivizmis fr­
Tis TvaliT (romelic Tanamedrove cxovrebis farTod gavrcelebul midgomebze
agebs Sexedulebebs).
hanteris mixedviT, kulturuli konfliqti ar exeba imas, ra be­di elis ojaxs
TavisTavad, aramed imas, Tu risgan unda Sedgebodes ojaxi. konservatorebs undaT
SeinarCunon idealizebuli ojaxis forma. magaliTad, isini ganqorwinebis lib­
eralizaciis kanons da ganqorwinebis raodenobis matebas ganixilaven, rogorc
ojaxur mova­leobebze uaris Tqmis da dedis ojaxidan mowyvetis ganzrax mcdelo­
bas. prog­resuli frTis azriT, ojaxSi unda moxdes movaleobebis gaziareba da
ojaxis wevrebis individualobisTvis meti avtonomiis miniWeba. isini Tanaxmani
arian, aRiaron ojaxis iseTi tipebis arseboba, rogoric aris Tanacxovreba, mar­
toxela mSoblis ojaxi, homoseqsualebis kavSiri da sxv.
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis arseboba, Tavis mxriv, ufro gamokveTs ojaxis
Rirebulebebisadmi damokidebulebebSi arsebul garkveul problemebs. magali­
Tad, aris Tu ara feministis mxridan ojaxsa da samsaxurSi Tanasworobis moTxov­
na erTgvari Tavdasxma ojaxis institutze? _ konservatorebs miaCniaT, rom
aris; aris Tu ara homoseqsualebisTvis bavSvis ayvanis akrZalva Tavdasxma ojaxis
institutze? _ progresul frTas miaCnia, rom aris; aris Tu ara ojaxis mora­
lis qristianul RirebulebebTan gaigiveba eklesiis saxelmwifo saqmeebSi Care­
vis mcdeloba? aris Tu ara liberalebis mier ojaxis moralizebul struqturaze
uaris Tqma disciplinirebuli axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdaSi xelis SemSleli faq­
tori? rac ufro Rrmad viwyebT ojaxis Rirebulebebis gan­xilvas, miT ufro vuax­
lovdebiT or yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: bavSvis aRzrdasa da aborts.

bavSvis aRzrda

bavSvis aRzrdis meTodebis SerCeva xSirad aris uTanxmoebis sagani ojaxSi

(bartkovski da elisoni, 1995w.). konservatoruli ojaxis momxreebi fiqroben,
rom mSoblis valia, bavSvSi danergos pativiscema ufrosis mimarT. progresuli
ojaxis momxreebi ojaxur urTi­erTobebSi ufro demokratiul debulebebs icaven
da mouwodeben mSoblebs, bavSvis fsiqologiur saWiroebebs mixedon, raTa mis­
gan janmrTeli pirovneba aRzardon. isini ganixilaven ojaxs, rogorc dinamiur
erTeuls, romelic unda pasuxobdes socialur klimatSi momxdar cvlilebebs.
konservatorebi bavSvis religiuri principebiT aRzrdas qadageben, mamakacis
dominirebisken miuTiTeben da mSoblebis `magari~ xelis saWiroebas xedaven. pro­

484
g­resuli nawili ki mSoblebs Svilis aRzrdaSi aqtiur monawileobisken miuTiTebs
da maTi rolebis genderuli sxvaobebisgan gaTavisuflebis saWiroebas xedavs.
konservatorebisTvis bavSvis fizikuri dasja miRebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
isini ufrosisadmi upativcemlobas gamoiCenen. progresuli nawili ki, piriqiT,
ewinaaRmdegeba fizikur dasjas. maTTvis misaRebia iseTi disciplinaruli meTo­
debi, rogoric aris axsna-ganmarteba, pozitiuri zemoqmedeba, bavSvTan ufro
xSiri urTierToba.

debatebi abortis irgliv

randal teri (abortis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli erT-erTi organizaci­

is spikeri) _ aSS-ma uari unda Tqvas bavSvebis mokvlaze. ar mogcemT
uflebas, rom Cveni STamomavloba gaanadguroT.

fei votletoni (ojaxis dagegmarebis organizaciis prezidenti) – ar

mogcemT uflebas, qalis sxeuli qveynis instrumentad gamoiyenoT da
qali monad aqcioT.

rogorc zemoaRniSnuli gamonaTqvamebidan Cans, abortis irgvliv gamarTul

kamaTs Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi fundametur principebSi, imdenad, rom mim­
dinareobs gamudmebuli debatebi imis Sesaxeb Tu ras irCevs aSS. abortis mowi­
naaRmdegeTa gamosvlebi mniSvnelovan socialur moZraobad iqca (ixileT me-20
Tavi). es sakiTxi uSualo kavSirSia ojaxTan, reproduqciis uflebebTan, sqeso­
brivi cxovrebis limitirebasTan, qalis rolTan sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi, bavS­
vis aRzrdasTan, Svilad ayvanasTan, dabolos, cxovrebis warmomavlobasTanac ki.
abortis Tema uSualo kavSirSia individis avtonomiasa da movaleobebTan (han­
teri, 1991w.). e.w. sicocxlis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom dedas aqvs ufleba TviTon
miiRos gadawyvetileba gaaCinos Tu ara bavSvi, magram maSin, roca dedis tradici­
uli movaleobaa, daicvas Tavisi Svilebi, rogor daicavs maT, Tu ar SeuZlia da­
icvas sakuTari Tavi? e.w. arCevanis gakeTebis uflebis mimdevrebi fiqroben, rom
dedoba qalis erT-erTi rolia yvela sxva misTvis Sesafe­ris da damakmayofileb­
el rolebs Soris. aborti aZlevs qals uflebas Tavidan airidos arasasurveli
fexmZimoba da daugegmavi Svilis aRzrda. iZulebiTi dedoba arTmevs qals avto­
nomias, la­xavs mis reproduqciul da samuSao uflebebs.
dRes kanoni uflebas aZlevs qals, maleve Sewyvitos fexmZimoba. uzenaesi sa­
samarTlo meryeobs ori mimdinareobis moTxovnebs Soris da amitom mosalodne­
lia, rom momavalSi es kanoni Seicvalos. Tu es ase moxda, e.w. arCevanis gakeTebis
uflebis mimdevrebi gaaaqtiureben TavianT moZraobas, rogorc amas axla e.w. si­
cocxlis mimdevrebi akeTeben (rou v. veidi).
kulturuli konfliqti xSirad daZabulobamde midis da ma­xinj formas iRebs.
amis mizezi ki is aris, rom es sakiTxi xSirad politikur doneze ganixileba. mniS­
vnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom dRes arsebuli ori politikuri Zala aSS-is sazoga­

485
doebis or polarizebul impulss warmoadgens (hanteri, 1991w.), xolo amerikeli
moqalaqeebis umetesobas am or poluss Soris arsebuli adgili ukaviaT. `niusebis~
SemqmnelTa poziciisgan gansxvavebiT, ubralo amerikelTa pozicia ar aris iseTi
mkacri da mouqneli. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi uCvenebs, rom isini ar amboben uars
ojaxze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1950-iani wlebismagvari `mkvidri~ ojaxebis raode­
noba Semcirda. galapis 1991 wlis gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taobis
93%-isTvis (romlebic am droisTvis ukve 36 dan 47 wlisani arian) ojaxi `Zalian
mniSvnelovania~. aqedan 73%-s imedi aqvs, rom mas `ufro bednieri ojaxi eqneba~,
vidre maTi mSoblebs hqonda. sazogadoebis mTavari amocanaa, rogor Seuwyos
xeli axal ojaxur struqturebs arsebobaSi da rogor SeuTavson maT skolebisa
da samsaxurebis struqturuli mowyoba.

Sejameba

1. ojaxi socialuri organizaciis mniSvnelovani elementia da masTan dakav­

Sirebulia valdebulebebi: urTierTsiyvaruli, emociuri dacva, regularu­
li sqesobrivi kavSiri, sociali­zacia da socialuri statusis SenarCuneba.
2. ojaxuri struqtura gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kulturasa da epoqaSi. oja­xis
ori ZiriTadi aRiarebuli saxea: `mkvidri~ ojaxi, sadac qorwinebis kavSirebs
aniWeben upiratesobas da `gafarToebuli ojaxi~, sadac naTesaur kavSirebs
aniWeben upiratesobas. moculoba, partniorebis raodenoba da cxovrebis
adgili aseve gansazRvravs ojaxis sxvadasxva formas.
3. marTalia, tradiciuli, `mkvidri~ ojaxi jer kidev Rirebulia amerikul
sazogadoebaSi, magram am sazogadoebis mxolod naxevarze naklebi miesadage­
ba ojaxis am e.w. `ideals~. danarCenebidan zogi mxolod nawilobriv esadageba
da zogic sruliad gansxvavdeba maTgan. aratradiciuli ojaxebia: Sereuli
oja­xebi, martoxela mSoblis ojaxebi da ojaxebi, sadac bavSvs bebia da babua
zrdis. aseve adgili aqvs gvian qorwinebas, bavSvis gvian asakSi gaCenas da Se­
darebiT mcire rao­denobiT Svilebis gaCenas.
4. qorwinebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvelia, rogorc kulturu­
li, aseve ekonomikuri pirobebi. zogi sazogadoeba, rogorc wesi, garigebiT
qorwinebas amjobinebs, zogi siyvaruliT, zogic orive elements iyenebs qor­
winebis safuZvlad. zog sazogadoebas dadgenili norma aqvs imis Taobaze, Tu
rodis unda iqorwinos. zogi adamiani amjobinebs, rom saerTod ar daqor­
windes, is marto darCenas an Tanacxovrebas aniWebs upiratesobas.
5. cvlilebebma ganqorwinebis kanonSi, genderul rolebsa da kulturul Ri­
rebulebebSi gavlena moaxdina ganqorwinebis donis zrdaze aSS-Si. ganqor­
wineba xSirad seriozul problemas uqmnis bevr individs, magram maT Soris
ufro xSirad qalebs da bavSvebs, radgan maTi cxovrebis standartebi ganqor­
winebis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, qvemoT mieqaneba.
6. ojaxuri Zaladoba ojaxis wevrebze xangrZlivi drois ganmav­lobaSi tovebs
mZime kvals. ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli, ZiriTadad, bavSvebi da axalgaz­

486
 rda Raribi mSoblebi arian _ rogorc wesi, colebi, romelTac sakmarisi eko­
nomikuri Semosavali da samuSao gamocdileba ar gaaCniaT. ojaxuri Zalado­
bis safuZveli, SesaZloa, Zalauflebis gamovlineba an rame sxva kulturuli
mizezi iyos.
7. amerikuli ojaxi dRes gzajvaredinze dgas, iZens axal for­mebs, Tumca bev­
ri ukan ixedeba da nostalgiurad mistiris idealizebul `mkvidr~ ojaxebs.
ubralo adamianebic da gadawyvetilebis mimRebi struqturebic valdeb­
ulebi arian, mimdinare cvlilebebs brZnulad miudgnen da Sesabamisad Secva­
lon socia­luri pirobebi. kulturuli konfliqti konservatorebsa da pro­
gresul mimdi­nareobebs Soris swored am cvlilebebis gamoxmaurebaa.

imsjeleT

1. ra funqciebi aqvs ojaxs? Tqveni azriT, romelia maT Soris mniSvnelovani da

ratom?
2. aRwereT ramdenime magaliTi, sxvadasxva kulturaSi riT gansxvavdeba ojaxe­
bi erTmaneTisgan?
3. aRwereT Semdegi terminebis mniSvneloba: ojaxis patrilokaluri, matrilo­
kaluri da neolokaluri sistema; patrili­nu­ri, matrilinuri da ormxrivi
naTesauri xazi; ojaxis pat­riarqaluri, matriarqaluri da egalitaruli
sistema.
4. ra sociologiuri mizezebi dgas gadawyvetilebebis ukan, visze da rodis
unda daqorwinde?
5. ra sociologiuri mizezebi dgas ganqorwinebis donis zrdis ukan?
6. SeadareT Tanamedrove ojaxi tradiciuls.
7. isaubreT mizezebze, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna mkvidri ojaxis Tanamedrove al­
ternativebi: Tanacxovroba, uSvilo qorwineba, martoxela mSoblis ojaxi,
martoxeloba.
8. isaubreT mizezebze, ris Sedegadac momravlda Zaladobis da Tineijerebis
fexmZimobis SemTxvevebi. ra saerTo aqvT maT? romel jgufebSi gvxvdeba ase­
Ti SemTxvevebi?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. aRwereT Tqveni ojaxi, saidanac xarT warmoSobiT, romelic SeqmeniT (an Seqm­
niT) gamravlebis mizniT da, aRwereT aseve, gafarToebuli ojaxi.
2. mocemul TavSi aRniSnulia, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba, sadac matriar­
qati norma iqneboda. axseniT amis mizezi xuTi mTavari koncefciidan (socia­
luri struqtura, socialuri qmedeba, funqciuri integracia, Zalaufleba
da kultura) sul mcire samis aRweriT.
3. ganavrceT mocemuli Tavis analizi ojaxis momavlis Temaze, wina TavSi aRe­
rili xuTi mTavari koncefciis aRweriT.

487
4. siyvarulis safuZvelze partnioris SerCevis Tavisuflebam ufro stabi­
luri ver gaxada qorwineba. ra aris garigebiT qorwinebis da partnioris in­
dividualurad SerCevis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi?
5. ra gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove amerikuli ojaxuri cxovreba amerikul kul­
turaze zogadad an ra funqciuri datvirTva aqvs sxva socialur aspeqtebze?

sityvari

ormxrivi naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis aRiareba rogorc mamis, ise de­
dis mxridan.
Sereuli ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelsac qmnian adamianebi, vinc ukve iyvnen qor­
winebaSi da Svilebic hyavT. sxvagvarad maT `nacval~ ojaxs uwodeben.
Tanacxovreba _ ojaxi, sadac wyvili qorwinebis gareSe cxovrobs.
momuSave mSoblebis ojaxi _ ojaxi, sadac qmaric da colic muSa­obs da
orives aqvs winsvlis SesaZlebloba karieraSi.
egalitaruli Zalaufleba _ SemTxveva, roca Zalaufleba ojaxSi oriveze
(qalzec da kaczec) nawildeba.
endogamia _ wesi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs, Tavisive wris, tomis,
erovnebis, religiis, rasis, dasaxlebis an sxva socialu­ri jgufis warmomadge­
nelze iqorwinos.
egzogamia _ wesi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs, Tavisi jgufis gareT arse­
buli socialuri jgufis warmomadgenelze iqorwinos.
gafarToebuli ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva Taobis wyvilebi­
sgan da sxva naTesavebisgan. ojaxis birTvi sisxliT naTesavebisgan Sedgeba, xolo
maTi meuRleebi funqciurad marginalur da periferiul mdgomareobaSi arian.
ojaxi _ adamianebis jgufi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSire­bulni arian
qorwinebiT, SvilebiT, memkvidreobiT, Svilis ayvaniT, Svilis aRzrdasTan dakav­
Sirebuli valdebulebebiT.
warmoSobis ojaxi _ mkvidri ojaxi, romelSic Sedian ded-mama da da-Zma.
gamravlebis ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba col-qmrisgan da Svilebisgan.
qorwineba _ or an met individs Soris socialurad aRiarebuli kav­Siri, ro­
melic sqesobriv da ekonomiur urTierTobebebTan dakavSirebul valdebulebebs
moicavs.
matriarqati _ kanonzomiereba, romlis drosac ojaxSi Zalaufleba qalis
xelSia.
matrilinuri naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis dedis mxridan gadasvla.
matrilokaluri ojaxis sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qor­
winebis Semdeg wyvili colis ojaxSi an mis siaxloves rCeba.
monogamia _ qorwineba, roca qals an mamakacs mxolod erTi meuRle hyavs.

488
 ojaxis neolokaluri sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qorwinebis
Semdeg wyvili calke cxovrobs.
`mkvidri~ ojaxi _ ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba col-qmrisgan da maTi mcire­
wlovani Svilebisgan. sisxliT naTesavebi da zrdasruli Svilebi marginalur,
periferiul mdgomareobaSi arian.
patriarqati _ kanonzomiereba, romlis drosac ojaxSi Zalaufleba mamaka­
cis xelSia.
patrilinuri naTesauri xazi _ naTesauri xazis mamis mxridan gadasvla.
patrilokaluri ojaxis sistema _ ojaxis iseTi sistema, rodesac qor­
winebis Semdeg wyvili qmris ojaxSi an mis siaxloves rCeba.
poliandria _ qorwineba, roca qals ramdenime qmari hyavs.
poligamia _ qorwineba, roca qals an mamakacs ramdenime meuRle hyavs.
poliginia _qorwineba, roca mamakacs ramdenime coli hyavs.

489
490
 Tavi 12

ganaTleba

skolis socialuri funqcia

Zalaufleba, struqtura da winaaRmdegoba

. Zalaufleba da klasis struqtura
. winaaRmdegoba

vin ra ganaTlebas iRebs?

. ganaTlebis donis amaRleba
. saganmanaTleblo miRwevis variaciebi
. skolis mitoveba da gaunaTlebloba

ganaTlebis reforma
. desegregacia da sxva: rasa da skolebi aSS-Si
. dafinanseba, arCevani da angariSvaldebuleba
. ganaTleba, rogorc profesia

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi /adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
aziuri gakveTilebi amerikuli skolebisTvis
. kvlevis meTodebi:
skolebis kulturis Seswavla eTnografiis meSveobiT

491
492
 a merikuli ganaTlebis kritikosebi xSirad avleben paralels amerikel mos­
wavleebsa da maT aziel Tanatolebs Soris. magaliTad, iaponel moswavles
SeuZlia skola TxuTmeti wlis asakSi miatovos sakuTari survilisamebr, rac
TiTqmis ar xdeba. aSS-Si ki saSualo skolebis mitovebis maCvenebeli didi xania
SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca _ TeTrkaniani moswavleebis 20, Savkaniani moswavleebis
30 da laTino-amerikuli warmoSobis moswavleebis 50 procenti ar amTavrebs sa­
Sualo skolas (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1995 w). es maCvenebeli kidev
ufro mkveTrs xdis amerikel da aziel moswavleebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas.
iaponiaSi, taivansa da CineTSi moswavleebi ufro met saaTsa da dros atareben
saklaso oTaxebSi, vidre amerikeli moswavleebi. mecadineobis damTavrebisa da
skolis Senobidan gasvlis Semdeg amerikeli moswavleebi televizors uyureben
an naxevarganakveTian samsaxurebSi muSaoben, maTi azieli Tanatolebi ki klasga­
reSe saqmianobiT arian dakavebulebi an damatebiT mecadineoben.
aziel moswavleebs usicocxlo da daRvremili mozardebis stereotipi aqvT,
romlebic iZulebulebi arian yoveldRe daizepiron uzarmazari saswavlo masa­
la. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamocdebs warmatebiT abareben, maTi saskolo cxovreba
Zalian mosawyeni unda iyos _ fiqroben amerikelebi. es warmodgena mcdaria. re­
alurad, azieli moswavleebis umetesobas moswons skola da xalisiT swavlobs
(stivensoni, 1992w.). ratom? nawilobriv imitom, rom aziuri kultura Zalian did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs ganaTlebas da TiToeulma moswavlem icis, rom Tu TavauRe­
blad iSromebs, warmatebasac miaRwevs.
aSS-Si ki viTom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ganaTlebas, magram sinamdvileSi fuli
da ara swavlaa warmatebis yvelaze didi elementi (barberi, 1993w.). amerikelebi
aseve miiCneven, rom skolaSi miRweul warmatebas, ZiriTadad, konkretuli moswav­
lis gansakuTrebuli niWi ganapirobebs, xolo azielebi fiqroben, rom warmateba
gulmodgine muSaobis Sedegia. sxva faqtorebsac aqvs gavlena. magaliTad, aziur
qveynebSi TiToeuli klasisaTvis arsebobs standartuli saswavlo programa, ro­
melic savaldebuloa yvela moswavlisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom aziaSi ganaTlebis
miznebi erTiani da mkafioa, rac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba aSS-Si arsebuli situaci­
isgan, sadac saswavlo programa sxvadasxvanairia sxvadasxva saskolo sistemaSi
da xSirad skolebs Sorisac. es niSnavs imas, rom azieli maswavleblebi konkretul
klasSi erTsa da imave masalaze erTdoulad muSaoben. ase rom, maT SeuZliaT erT­
maneTs gauziaron gamocdileba da ideebi. es yvelaferi ki aziel axal­gazrdebs
sakuTari movaleobis ukeT SesrulebaSi exmareba.
am TavSi visaubrebT skolebze, rogorc ganaTlebis agentebze, romlebsac
umniSvnelovanesi roli ekisrebaT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis funqciuri inte­
graciisaTvis. sociologebisaTvis ganaTleba socializaciis struqturizebuli
formaa, romelSic konkretuli kulturis codna, unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi
formaluri gziT gadaecema erTi Taobidan meores. rasakvirvelia, swavlis pro­
cesi skolis gareTac mimdinareobs. adamianebi swavloben sakuTari ojaxebisa da
megobrebis magaliTebsa da gamocdilebaze. swavla ki grZeldeba formaluri ga­

493
naTlebis miRebis Semdegac. swavla mravali socialuri aqtivobisa da institutis
Semadgeneli nawilia. magaliTad, axali TanamSromeli swavlobs kompaniis wesebsa
da ganawesebs, axalbeda mSoblebi swavloben bavSvisTvis safenebis gamocvlas...
Tumca am TavSi Cven mxolod skolebze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas da agreTve ga­
naTlebis im aspeqtebze, romelTa gaZlierebasac cdilobs Tanamedrove sazoga­
doebebi organizebuli saskolo ganaTlebis meSveobiT. davinaxavT, rom skolebi
aswavlian konkretul saswavlo programebs _ magaliTad, inglisurs, algebras,
istorias da sxva akademiur sagnebs; agreTve faruli socializaciis programas
–gakevTilebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor uda moviqceT sazogadoebaSi, rogor mover­
goT ierarqias da sxva.
rogorc amerikel da aziel studentebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, ga­
naTleba konkretul sazogadoebaSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturis Rire­
bulebebTan. is faqti, rom aziuri kultura zogadad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
da afasebs ganaTlebasa da moswavleebis Sromas, mniSvnelovnad exmareba aziel
moswavleebs akademiuri warmatebis miRwevaSi. aSS-Si ki, gansxvavebiT aziisgan,
amerikuli kultura ufro metad afasebs materialur warmatebas da maRal akade­
miur moswrebas miawers niWs da ara Sromas, rac konkretuli akademiuri sagnebis
Seswavlis survils ukargavs moswavleebs. garda amisa, Cven vxedavT, rom azieli
administratorebis gavlena erTiani saxelmwifo saswavlo programis Camoyali­
bebisas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs imas, rac saklaso oTaxebSi xdeba.
Tavis dasawyisSi vimsjelebT saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqciebze.
Semdeg vimsjelebT, Tu rogor ireklavs skolebi Zalauflebis arsebul ganawile­
bas da rogor SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli Zalauflebis mqone pirTaTvis winaaRmde­
gobam skolebis ganviTarebas. Semdeg ganvixilavT ganaTlebis dones dRevandel
aSS-Si. amave TavSi ganxiluli iqneba skolebis reformirebis mcdelobebic; bo­
los ki mokled vimsjelebT ganaTlebaze, rogorc profesiaze.

skolis socialuri funqciebi

preindustriul sazogadoebebSi bavSvebis ganaTlebiT, ZiriTadad, ufrosebi

da Tanatolebi arian dakavebulebi. gogonebi uyureben qalebs, romlebic muSa­o­
ben baRebSi, trialeben samzareuloSi, alageben saxls da uvlian bavSvebs. biWebi
baZaven mamakacebs fermaSi muSaobisas, Tevzaobisas, nadirobisa da samuSao iara­
Rebis keTebisas. aseTi araformaluri dakvirvebebis dros bavSvebi iTviseben im
unar-Cvevebs, romlebic zrdasrulobisas gamoadgebaT. isini aseve iZenen saku­
Tari kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebs, Tundac moxu­
cebis mier moyolili zRaprebiTa da legendebiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom araformalur ganaTlebasac aqvs Tavisi wili, didi yu­
radReba mainc formalur ganaTlebas eqceva. formaluri ganaTleba, ZiriTadad,
specializebul dawesebulebebSi _ skolebSi mimdinareobs.

494
 skolebs akisria ori ZiriTadi fuqncia: gacxadebuli da faruli (mertoni,
1968w.). skolebis gacxadebuli funqciaa aswavlos moswavleebs konkretuli sa­
gnebi, magaliTad kiTxva, wera, ariTmetika da sxva akademiuri unar-Cvevebi. fa­
ruli funqciaa socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da damokidebulebis swavleba, ker­
Zod TviTdisciplina, sxvebTan TanamSromloba, gavleniani pirebis morCileba da
Tavdauzogavi muSaobis mniSvneloba miznis miRwevisaTvis.
sazogadoebebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes im mxrivadac, Tu romeli unar-Cvevaa
maTTvis dafaruli an gacxadebuli saswavlo programaSi. magaliTad, aziur qvey­
nebSi TanamSromloba ufro gamokveTilad iswavleba, vidre amerikul skolebSi.
skolebic SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes funqciebis Sesrulebis mxriv. skolam Sei­
Zleba ver uzrunvelyos moswavlisaTvis romelime konkretuli sagnis (magali­
Tad, inglisuris an maTematikis) swavleba, an ver SeZlos faruli unar-Cvevebis
Camoyalibeba. magaliTad, Tu cud moswavles yvelafris miuxedavad mainc gadai­
yvanen momdevno klasSi, is CaTvlis, rom warmateba yovelTvis ar aris damokide­
buli Sromaze. am magaliTidan Cans, rom swavlebis ori saxe erTmaneTTan mWidro
kavSirSia. skola, sadac moswavleebs ar aswavlian socialuri qcevis zog wess
(maga­liTad, sxvisi saubris yuradRebiT mosmenas, mSvidad metyvelebas), savarau­
dod, moswavleebs akademiur unar-Cvevebsac ver Seaswavlis.
swavlebis orive saxeoba, gacxadebulic da farulic, sasicocxlo rols Ta­
maSobs sazogadoebis funqciuri integraciis gamyarebasa da socialuri struq­
turis SenarCunebaSi. bavSvebs rom wera-kiTxvas ar aswavlidnen, maT Zalian
gauWirdebodaT arseboba da sabolood, adamianTa kulturac gadaSenebis gzas
daadgeboda. analogiurad, sazogadoeba damokidebulia yoveli Taobis axalgaz­
rdebze, romlebic amTavreben skolas da mzad arian moergon arsebul socialur
da profesiul struqturas.
skolebis Sefasebisas adamianebi ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze,
Tu ramdenad kargad asrulebs esa Tu is skola mis gamokveTil funqcias; ram­
denad kargi Sedegebi aqvT studentebs standartizebul testebSi da rogoria
am skolis moswavleebis Sefasebis Sedegi qveynis an msoflios sxva skolebis
mos­wavleebTan SedarebiT. skolebis faruli funqciebi naklebad fasobs. mSo­
blebi, maswavleblebi da sxvebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom urigo ar iqneba, Tu bavSvi
iswavlis TviTdisciplinas, Seignebs gulmodgine muSaobis mniSvnelobas da a.S.
magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom swavlebis es saxeobebi iSviaTad aris CarTuli
oficialur saswavlo programaSi, isini, ZiriTadad, yuradRebis miRma rCeba.
skolebis farul rols bavSvebis socializaciaSi faruli saswavlo programa
ewodeba (parsonsi, 1959w. jeksoni, 1968w.). faruli saswavlo programa SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc qcevebis dauwereli wesebis erToblioba, romelic bavSvebs
cxovrebisTvis amzadebs. bavSvebma sabavSvo baRebidanve unda iswavlon wynarad
yofna, mwkrivSi dgoma, dalodeba, impulsebis marTva, maswavleblis miTiTebebis
Sesruleba... amerikelebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba im azrs, rom faruli saswavlo
programa aucilebeli da sasurvelia. kvlevebma gamoavlina, rom amerikelTa
umetesoba sust disciplinas dRes skolebis yvelaze mwvave problemad miiCnevs
(elami, 1990w.). Tumca kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom faruli saswavlo programa

495
bavSvebs aswavlis ubralod Tvisebebs _ morCilebas, sakuTari Tavis kontrols
da sxv. rac aucilebelia ofisebSi an qarxnebSi muSaobisaTvis. sinamdvileSi, fa­
ruli saswavlo programa moswavleebisgan ayalibebs Tanamedrove industriuli
manqanis kbilanebs.
gacxadebuli da faruli funqciebis meSveobiT skolebi bevr momsaxurebasa
da sargebels awvdian sazogadoebas. skola imisaTvis arsebobs, rom SesaZlebloba
misces moswavleebs, daakmayofilon samuSao adgilis moTxovnebi, iyvnen moqa­
laqeebi da Seasrulon konkretuli funqciebi sakuTar ojaxebSi. am funqciuri
brZanebebis SesrulebisaTvis skolas sxvadasxva davalebis Sesruleba uwevs. am
davalebebis Sesrulebis xarisxi damokidebulia ara mxolod teqnikur SesaZle­
blobebsa da resursebze, aramed gavleniani interesTa jgufebis _ magaliTad,
mSoblebis, damsaqmeblebis, kanonmdeblebis, religiuri organizaciebisa da samo­
qalaqo jgufebis _ moTxovnebze.
skolis uamrav socialur funqcias Soris aris Semdegic:
saswavlo unar-Cvevebi _ skola uamravi unar-Cvevis gamomuSavebaSi ex­
mareba moswavleebs. unar-CvevebSi igulisxmeba rogorc zogadi (mag.
inglisuri ena, geometria), aseve praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi (mag. saaTis
cnoba). arsebobs mkacrad specifikuri da profesiuli unar-Cvevebic
(magaliTad, SeduReba, kompiuteruli programireba).
kulturis gadacema _ skola gadascems codnas im kulturis Sesaxeb, sa­
dac cxovrobs moswavle. am codnis gadacema xdeba uSualodac (magali­
Tad, erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis gacnobiT) da arapirdapirac
(konkretuli miRwevebis SeqebiTa da waxalisebiT). Tanamedrove aSS-Si
skolebisgan iTxoven, rom bavSvebs aswavlon ara mxolod `ZiriTadi~ anu
evropuli kultura, aramed aziuri, afrikuli da sxva kulturebis Se­
saxebac miawodon informacia.
kulturuli adaptaciis waxaliseba _ garda warsulis kulturuli cv­
ladebis gadacemisa, skolebisgan moelian, rom isini daexmarebian stu­
dentebs, Seeguon kulturul inovaciebs da monawileoba miiRon maTi
dasrulebis procesSi. magaliTad, skolebs mouwodeben, rom gaaumjobe­
son rasobrivi damokidebuleba specialuri saxelmZRvaneloebis saSua­
lebiT, romlebSic rasobrivi da eTnikuri umciresobebi dadebiTadaa
warmodgenili.
disciplinis gamkacreba _ skola aswavlis bavSvebs, isxdnen wynarad,
xeli aswion, roca SekiTxvis dasma surT, iTxovon nebarTva gareT gas­
vlis win da a.S. asakis matebasTan erTad aqcenti nel-nela gadadis ara
maswavleblis mier SemoRebul disciplinaze, aramed TviTdiscipli­
naze. TviT­disciplina gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saSualo donis
samuSaoebisaTvis, romlebic moiTxovs dasaqmebulisgan TviTmotiva­
cias da sakuTari saqmianobis organizebas. is naklebad mniSvnelovania
ruti­nuli xeliT samuSaosTvis (rogoricaa amkrebi xazi), sadac muSebis
qceva yovelTvis mkacrad kontroldeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi, xeliT sa­
muSaoebis mkveTrad SemcirebasTan erTad, ufro da ufro izrdeba TviT­

496
 disciplinis mniSvneloba. skolebSi mas ufro met yura­dRebas aqceven,
radgan, savaraudod, moswavleebi saSualo donis samsa­xurebSi daiwyeben
muSaobas.
jgufuri samuSaos waxaliseba _ ojaxur garemoSi bavSvebs SeiZleba ar
qondeT saSualeba, TanatolebTan erTad gainawilon samuSao an davale­
ba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es unar-Cveva mniSvnelovania samsaxurSi mu­
Saobisas, skolebisgan iTxoven, rom moswavleebs Seaswavlon efeqturi
da jgufuri muSaoba.
• eTikuri qcevis xelSewyoba _ miuxedavad imisa, rom moswavleebi xandaxan
eTikas, rogorc formalur sagans ise swavloben, magram xSirad isini
`arasworsa da swors~ Camoyalibebuli wesebis saxiT iReben. magaliTad,
moswavleebs aswavlian, rom gamocdebze ar unda icuRluton, ar unda ga­
daiweron an miiTvison sxvisi namuSevari, ar moityuon, ar iuxeSon Tana­
tolebTan Tu ufrosebTan, ar miisakuTron sxvisi nivTebi, ar daazianon
skolis sakuTreba da a.S.
niWis gamorCeva da miRwevebis dajildoeba _ skolebi gacilebiT mets
akeTeben, vidre ubralod swavlebaa –iyeneben niSnebsa da sxva ganmsaz­
Rvrel saSualebebs dajildoebuli studentebis amosacnobad, raTa
xeli Seuwyon maT winsvlas kolejSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad an kargi
samuSaos dasawyebad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikelebi miRwevas Tan­
dayolil unars miaweren, vidre sibejiTes da amitomac did mniSvnelobas
aniWeben niWieri moswavlis gamovlenas. aziuri skolebi xelmZRvanelo­
ben mosazrebiT, rom yvelas Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvs da gansxvaveba
miR­wevebSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad cdilobs TiTiToeuli
maTgani am SesaZleblobis gamovlenas. orive SemTxvevaSi skolebs mou­
wodeben, rom Seafason studentebi da gansazRvron isini, vinc yvelaze
ukeTesadaa momzadebuli samsaxurisTvis an swavlis Semdegi safe­
xurisTvis (ix. CanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).

globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

aziuri gakveTilebi amerikuli skolebisTvis

s amsaxuris Sovnis mizniT sul ufro saWiro xdeba kompiuteruli da sxva teqnikuri unar-
Cvevebis aTviseba. ganaTleba wamyvan rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove globaluri ekonomikis
konkurenciaSi. CineTSi, taivansa da koreaSi warmoebuli saqoneli mowonebiT sargeb­lobs mTel
msoflioSi, rasac xSirad xsnian im faqtiT, rom am qveynebSi TiTqmis yvela studenti warCinebu­
li swavliT gamoirCeva.
kvlevebis meSveobiT regularulad mtkicdeba, rom aziisa da evropis ramdenime qveynis
studentebs ufro didi warmateba aqvT kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi, vidre maT amerikel Tanato­
lebs (stivensoni, 1991w. resniki da nolani, 1995w.) (ix. grafiki). Cven ukve ganivixileT ramdenime
mizezi am faqtis asaxsnelad. erT-erTi iyo kulturuli molodini am qveynebSi, romelic gu­
lisxmobs, rom nebmismier students SeuZlia miaRwios warmatebas, Tu is gulmodgined iSromebs;
xolo meorea erovnuli saswavlo programa, romelic savaldebuloa yvela studentisaTvis.
rogorc davinaxeT, amerikuli kultura xazs usvams individis pirad SesaZleblobebs. Tanac,

497
uaxloes xanSi navaraudevi ar aris aSS-is ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla da erovnuli saswavlo
prog­ramis SemoReba.
cvlilebis misaRwevad, SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes mSoblebis, moswavleebisa da sazogadoebis
interesis gaRviveba da maTi yuradRebis miqceva aSS-is saganmanaTleblo sistemis naklovanebebi­
saken. rogorc wesi, amerikeli mSoblebi Tvlian, rom maTi Svilebis akademiuri moswreba kargia an
damakmayofilebeli. samjer metma amerikelma dedam, gansxvavebiT azieli dedebisagan, gamoTqva
kmayofileba maTi Svilebis muSaobis Sesaxeb skolaSi (stivensoni, 1995w.). ufro metic, amerikeli
moswavleebic amayoben sakuTari miRwevebiT. Cineli studentebisagan gansxvavebiT ufro meti
amerikeli studenti moTavsda bevr saganSi `saukeTesoTa Soris~ (stivensoni, 1992w.).
ris swavla SeuZliaT aSS-is skolebs maTi ufro warmatebuli azieli da evropeli kolegebi­
sagan? sul mcire ori ramis:

pirveli _ moswavleTa moswrebis mkafio, Tanmimdevruli umaRlesi standartis dad­

genis saWiroeba;
meore _ gamocdebma unda gamoavlinos, ramdenad aiTvises moswavleebma davaleba.
amgvari gamocdebisgan SeiZleba informaciis miReba imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad kar­
gad an ramdenad cudad asruleben skolebi dasaxul miznebs. qveynebis umetesobaSi
skolis damTavrebisas (savaraudod, 16 wlis asakSi), moswavleebs utardebaT mkacri
gamocda, romelic kargi maCvenebelia imisa ramdenad kargad funqcionirebs skolebi;

yvelam _ studentebma, maswavleblebma da sazogadoebam unda moviTxovoT meti sakuTari

ganaTlebis sistemisgan da ar unda davarwmunoT sakuTari Tavi, rom Cven `saukeTesoni~ varT.

aziur kulturaSi maswavleblebi da mSoblebi TiToeuli moswavlisagan moelian dauRalav

Sromas da warmatebas. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikelebs sjeraT, rom warmatebas ganapirobebs
gansxvaveba SesaZleblobebsa da unarSi (da ara gansxvaveba Sromasa da sibejiTeSi).

498
Zalaufleba, struqtura da winaaRmdegoba

ganaTlebis sxvadasxva socialuri funqcia bunebis saCuqari araa. isini arc

meqanizmebia, romlebsac skola iyenebs TiToeuli fuqciis Sesasruleb­lad.
skolebis miznebis gafarToebisa da maTi procedurebis Sesaxeb konfliqti
ar cxreba. saswavlo programa, standartebi, wesebi, sagamocdo procedurebi,
klasebis zoma, struqtura da, saerTod, saskolo ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebu­
li nebismieri sakiTxi mSoblebisa da saTemo jgufebis SeSfoTebis sagania. daZa­
buloba arsebobs moswavleebis miznebsa da survilebs da skolebis miznebsa da
survilebs Soris. magaliTad, moswavleebi SeiZleba saSinao davalebis an niSnebis
daweris winaaRmdeg gamovidnen, rasac skola aucileblad miiCnevs sakuTari fun­
qciis SesrulebisaTvis da warmatebis dajildoebisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
konkretuli procedurebi konkretul skolaSi SeiZleba arasaxarbielo mdgo­
mareobaSi agdebdes romelime klasis an eTnikuri warmomavlobis moswavleebs.
magaliTad, `SesaZleblobis~ dajildoeba diskriminacias uwevs im bavSvebs, rom­
lebic mSoblebma saTanadod ver moamzades skolisTvis.
skolebis sistemebi, sxva institutebis msgavsad, imgvaradaa organizebuli,
rom asaxavs socialuri Zalauflebis ganawilebas. skolis saswavlo programis Se­
muSavebaze gavlenas axdens kulturuli elita. aSS-s yvela skolas TiTqmis erTi
da igive mizani aqvs, magram es miznebi sxvadasxvanairad aisaxeba sxvadasxva warmo­
mavlobisa da rasis moswavleze. magaliTad, skolebis umetesobis mizania, aswav­
los moswavleebs standartuli inglisuri ena, rac ufro iolia saSualo fenis
moswavleebisaTvis, romelTa ojaxebic inglisurad saubroben da ufro Zneli im
bavSvebisTvis, romlebic arainglisurenovan ojaxebSi gaizardnen.
rodesac moswavleebi iseT skolebSi xvdebian, sadac miznebi da procedure­
bi TavisTavad ki ar Camoyalibda, aramed sxvebis xeliT imarTeba, maTi reaqcia
SeiZleba gamoixatos sxvadasxva socialuri moqmedebiT _ iqneba es gaazrebuli
Tu qvecnobieri. maT SeiZleba scadon am sistemasTan Segueba an ebrZolon mas an,
ubralod, xeli Caiqnion da Tavi mianebon swavlas. reaqciis es sami tipi Seesabam­
eba sam strategias, romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven Zlevamosil organizaciebSi
problemebis gaCenisas. es strategiebi aRwera albert hirSmanma (1970w.). adamia­
nebma SeiZleba gamoiCinon erTguleba da Seecadon, daemorCilon arsebul wesebsa
da procedurebs; maT SeiZleba xma aimaRlon da protesti gamoTqvan arsebul siste­
masTan dakavSirebiT, wamovidnen _ Tavi Seikavon emociebisgan an saerTod dato­
von iqauroba. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs Zalauflebas Soris,
klasobriv struqturas da winaaRmdegobas skolis sistemebis damkvidrebuli Ri­
rebulebebisa da praqtikis mimarT.

499
Zalaufleba da klasis struqtura

sociologTa nawili miiCnevs, rom skolebi aris saagentoebi, romelTa meS­

veobiTac kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi gavlenis mqoneni inarCuneben arsebul
socialur struqturas da socialur-klasobrivi Zalauflebis damokidebule­
bebs. skolebi amas akeTeben nawilobriv imiT, rom isini aswavlian moswavleebs
enas, simboloebs, Rirebulebebsa da kapitalizmis safuZvlebs da gamoricxaven
sxva nebismier ideologias (efli, 1979w. 1982w.). kapitalizms amyarebs is faqtic,
rom skolebi garkveulwilad kapitalisturi samuSao adgilebis `anareklia~ da
Sesabamisad amzadebs moswavleebs, raTa momavalSi isinic kargad moergon kapi­
talisturi ekonomikis sistemas. gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, biurokratiuli
korporaciebis msgavsad, skolebi avtoritatulebi arian struqturis mxriv.
skolebSi xeli ewyo­ba moswavleTa iseTi Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas, rogoricaa
usityvo morCileba da Sromismoyvareoba, rasac Zalian afaseben kapitalisturi
sawarmoebi (boulzi da gintisi, 1976w.).
sociologebi, romlebic swavloben skolebis rols kapitalis­turi Zalau­
flebis struqturis SenaCunebaSi, amtikeben, rom sko­lebi erTi da imave socia­
luri rolisTvis rodi axdenen yvelas socializacias. sxvadasxva socialuri
warmomavlobis moswavleebi sxvadasxvanairad socializdebian. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, skolebi, aswavlian sxvadasxva `status kulturas~ (maqs veberis cne­
ba) _ aswavlian im konkretul kulturas, romelic tipiuria konkretuli socia­
luri statusisTvis. magaliTad, sxvadasxva klasSi sxvadasxva sakiTxi unda gani­
xilon, romlebic asaxavs socialur-klasobriv gansxvavebebs. aseTi gansxvavebebi
vlindeba axalgazrdebis mier Tavisufali drois Taviseburad gatarebaSi, gar­
TobaSi da a.S. yvela am gansxvavebebs Sedegad moyveba is, rom saSualo fenis mos­
wavle ufro moergeba sazogadoebaSi maRali statusis mdgomareobebs. maT eco­
dinebaT, rogor unda imetyvelon, rogor moiqcnen ama Tu im situaciaSi da, garda
amisa, eqnebaT marTalia araxelSesaxebi, magram mniSvnelovani ram _ warmomavloba
saSualo fenis ojaxidan. maTgan gansxvavebiT, araprivilegirebuli moswavleebi,
romlebic gamoirCevian metyvelebiT, manerebiTa da warsuli gamocdilebiT so­
cializebulebi iqnebian ise, rom moergon `cisfersayeloiani~ muSebis statuss.
amgvarad, skola warmatebis miRwevaSi exmareba moswavleTa konkretul nawils
da ara yvelas. maT SeiZleba xeli SeuSalon moswavleTa ganviTareba-ganaTlebas,
maga­liTad, maSin, rodesac moswavlis mSobliuri ena ar aris inglisuri da amitom
is `ar aris~ Wkviani, radganac gamarTulad ver metyvelebs inglisurad.

winaaRmdegoba

dabali fenis ojaxebidan gamosul moswavleebs an maT, romlebic rasobrivi

an eTnikuri niSniT gansxvavdebian maswavleblebisgan, SeiZleba ucxod moeCvenoT
saswavlo programa da saganamanaTleblo gavleniani wreebis mier Tavs moxveuli
saSualo fenis `skolis kultura~. aseTma moswavleebma SeiZleba winaaRmdegobis

500
gaweva scadon _ uaryon skolis Rirebulebebi da procedurebi. rogorc zemoT
vnaxeT, winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba gamoixatos protestis niSnad xmis amaRlebiT an
wamosvliT. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba gamoiRos dadebiTi Sedegebi, vTqvaT, ma­
Sin, rodesac mSoblebi da moswavleebi erTiandebian gadatvirTuli klasebis an
SezRuduli saswavlo programis winaaRmdeg. magram ufro xSirad winaaRmdegoba
ukuSedegiT mTavrdeba da mowinaaRmdege moswavleebs naklebi Sansi uCndebaT
cxovrebaSi, vidre im SemTxvevaSi eqnebodaT, Tu daemorCilebodnen skolis wesebs
da warmatebis mopovebas Seecdebodnen.
moswavleebma SeiZleba maSin aimaRlon xma da gamoTqvan protesti, rodesac
fiqroben, rom skolis wesebi da procedurebi maT winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. wi­
naaRmdegoba aris socialuri procesi, romlis drosac moswavleebis nawili (ro­
gorc wesi isini, romlebic ar gamoirCevian akademiuri moswrebiT) uars acxadebs,
moaxmaros, sakuTari gonebrivi da fizikuri potenciali saskoli saqmianobebs,
amis nacvlad ki erTveba arasaskolo saqmianobebSi, rogorebicaa quCis bandeb­
Tan urTierToba, samsaxuris Sovna, video-TamaSebi an televizoris yureba. amave
dros, isini xSirad arian im subkulturis nawili, romlisTvisac arafers niSnavs
skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebi da warmatebuli moswavleebi. amgvari moswavleebi
ebrZvian sistemas, romelSic Tavad uWirT sakuTari Rirsebis SenarCuneba anu esaa
sistema, romelic maT `warumateblebad~ miiCnevs. skolis Rirebulebebis da we­
sebis winaaRmdeg amxedreba an skolisTvis Tavis danebeba, winaaRmdegobis konkre­
tuli aqtia.
Tumca, saboloo jamSi, winaaRmdegobis idnividualuri SemTxvevebi xels uw­
yobs gavlenian jgufebs, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis arsebuli eTnikuri da kla­
sobrivi struqturebi. magaliTad, rodesac Savkaniani moswavle gadawyvets, ar
iswavlos kargad, radgan warmateba `TeTrebisTvisaa~, es aris gamoxatuli winaaR­
mdegoba ganaTlebis im sistemisadmi, romelSic warmateba `TeTrebis~ xvedria; mag­
ram es reaqcia aseve amyarebs arsebul mdgomareobas im mxriv, rom Savkanianebs
ufro dabalanzRaurebadi samsaxurebi, dabali Semosavali da naklebi SesaZle­
blobebi aqvT cxovrebaSi. Tu muSaTa klasidan gamosuli moswavle gadawyvets,
Tavi daanebos skolas da xeliT samuSaos mihyos xeli, raTa Tavi ukeT igrZnos im
TanatolebTan, romlebic ar Tvlian, rom skolaSi warumatebloba dasagmobia,
is Tavs marTlac igrZnobs kargad, magram ara didi xniT. dRevandel ekonomikaSi
aseTi adamianebi ganwirulebi arian dabali xelfasebisTvis, umuSevrobisa da so­
cialuri mobilobis (karieruli miRwevebis) dabali SansisTvis.
orive es SemTxveva `usityvo protestia~ _ anu winaaRmdegoba, romelic
ar iRebs organizebuli protestis formas. Tumca, xandaxan moswavleebi awyo­
ben organizebul protests maTi skolis sistemis mikerZoebis gamo. magaliTad,
Savkanianma moswavleebma moiTxoves, hqonodaT meti SesaZlebloba, gascnobodnen
Savkaniani avtorebis publikaciebs; agreTve moiTxoves, ufro meti yuradRebis
daTmoba Savkaniani moswavleebis warmatebebisaTvis saskolo programaSi. sxva
moswavleebma moiTxoves ufro meti maswavlebeli, romlebic imave rasis, eTniku­
robisa da socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, romlisac moswavleebi.
amgvari gamoxatuli protesti mihyveba koleqtiuri moqmedebisa da socialuri

501
moZraobis saerTo logikas (ix. Tavi 20). Tumca, am nawilSi Cven yuradRebas ga­
vamaxvilebT usityvo, nakleborganizebul winaaRmdegobaze.
skolebSi usityvo winaaRmdegobis klasikuri sociologiuri axsna ekuTvnis
pol uiliss (1977w.), romelmac safuZvlianad Seiswavla saSualo skolis biWebi
qalaqSi, romelsac Tavad hamerTauns uwodebda. skolaSi, romelSic rogorc sa­
Sualo fenis, aseve dabali fenis ojaxebis bavSvebi swavlobdnen, sxva skolebis
msgavsad, saSualo fenis ojaxebis bavSvebi ufro warmatebulebi iyvnen da xSirad
imsaxurebdnen Seqebas maswavleblebis mxridan.
muSaTa klasis ojaxebidan wamosulma biWebis nawilma Seqmna sakuTari kultura,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda da uaryofda skolis kulturas. uilisma, romelic did
dros atarebda `ymawvilebTan~ (ase uwodebdnen isini sakuTar Tavs) da esaubreboda
skolis maTeul aRqmaze, daaskvna, rom amgvari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba skoli­
sadmi gamomdinareobda maTi mamebis `maRaziis kulturidan~, romlebic, ZiriTadad,
metalze muSaobdnen. mamebis msgavsad, `ymawvilebi~ afasebdnen fizikur siZlieres,
agresias, uxeS iumorsa da upiratesobas qalebTan SedarebiT. skolaSi `ymawvilebi~
arRvevdnen wesebs, uxeSobdnen gakveTilebis dros da ar emorCilebodnen maswav­
leblebis avtoritets. isini saSualo fenebidan gamosul moswavleebs `yuris
xvrels~ uwodebdnen, raTa xazi gaesvaT maTi usityvo morCilebisaTvis. `ymawvile­
bi~ sakuTar Tavs adarebdnen `yuris xvrelebs~ da miaCndaT, rom isini sustebi da
pasiurebi iyvnen. aqedan gamomdinare, kontrkultura saSualebas aZlevda `ymawvi­
lebs~ yuradReba ar mieqciaT skolis aradamakmayofilebeli SefasebisaTvis da Se­
eqmnaT Zlieri, uxeSi, seqsualuri da mamakacuri biWebis imiji.
Tumca, samwuxarod, swored amgvari saqcieli gamoiwvevda maT warumateblo­
bas skolaSi da gaxdeboda imis sawindari, rom isini skolas miatovebdnen da, ma­
mebis msgavsad, sadme fizikuri samuSaos monaxavdnen an sulac umuSevrebi dar­
Cebodnen. amgvarad, maTi aRqma, rom skola aris saSualo fenisTvis gankuTvnili
dawesebuleba, romelic ar afasebs muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebs, axdenil wi­
naswarmetyvelebad iqca (mertoni, 1963w.). skolis gamocdilebam aswavla `ymawvi­
lebs~, rom isini iyvnen muSaTa klasis wevrebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad,
skola imisTvis iyo, rom maTTvis aRmavali socialuri mobilobisken gaexsna gza.
duglas folim (1990w.) texasis Statis `CrdiloeTis qalaqis~ saSualo skolis
moswavleebis Seswavlisas eTnikuri kuTxiT ganavrco uilisis analizi. uilisis
msgavsad, folimac aRmoaCina antiskolis kultura Rarib moswavleebs Soris, gan­
sakuTrebiT es exeba meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikelebs. meqsikelebi grZnobdnen
(da arcTu usafuZvlod) skolis mikerZoebul damokidebulebas maT winaaRdeg
da amitom ganaviTares `maCo-kontrkultura~. ai, ras ambobs erT-erTi meqsikuri
warmoSobis moswavle:

skola is adgilia, sadac yvela fiqrobs, rom debili xar da yvela grin­
go gjobia. maT yovelTvis aqvT Sansi, arasdros ar iqcevian cudad. sul
meqsikelebi exvevian SarSi. amitom TandaTanobiT swyidnebaT da mere
ukve aRarc anaRvlebT, vin ras ifiqrebs maTze. ubralod Tavs anebeben
yvelafers (foli, 1990w. gv. 85).

502
 folim aRmoaCina, rom meqsikeli moswavleebis aRqma namdvi­lad Seesabameboda
simarTles. maswavleblebTan saubrisas da gak­veTilebze dakvirvebisas, foli ga­
daeyara mikerZoebis ramdenime SemTxvevas. erT-erTma maswavlebelma folisTan
saubarSi ganacxada:

araferi cudis Tqma ar minda, magram es laTini bavSvebi cxovelebze

erTi safexuriT maRla dganan, roca saqme swavlas exeba. zogi ise nela
swavlobs, rom saerTod verafers iTvisebs. am bavSvebs ufro is gamos­
diT, rac xeliT keTdeba. saskolo programaSi profesiul gadamzadebas
ufro meti yuradReba unda davuTmoT laTinebisTvis. maTi umetesoba
verasdros SeZlebs akademiuri programis daZlevas (gv. 104).

gakveTilis msvlelobisas folim gaigona, Tu rogor mimarTa maswavlebel­

ma klasSi mjdom meqsikuri warmoSobis moswavleebs: `Tqven ra ggoniaT, rom gak­
veTilebi saxelmwifo daxmarebis programis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia?~
meore dRes imave maswavlebelma daamata: `zogi TqvenTagani ise nela iTvisebs, rom
skolaSi dros tyuilad kargavs. mindvrebSi unda gaxvideT da iq rame sasargeblo
saqme gaakeToT... sxva moswavleebi damWirdeba Tqvens Casanacvleblad~ (gv. 106).
am damokidebulebis gamo moswavleebi acdendnen gakveTilebs, arRvevdnen
skolis qcevisa da Cacmis wesebs da regularulad ewinaaRmdegebodnen skolis
moTxovnebs, sanam im asakamde ar mividnen, rom skolisTvis Tavi daenebebinaT.
isini icdidnen, rodis SeZlebdnen srulganakveTiani samuSaos dawyebas, rogorc
`namdvil mamakacebs~ SeeferebodaT, gansxvavebiT `dedikos biWebisgan~, romleb­
sac saSinao davalebis wera moswondaT (foli, 1990w.). amgvarad, uilsis mier Ses­
wavlili biWebis msgavsad, `CrdiloeTis qalaqelma~ meqsikuri warmoSobis moswav­
leebma maT mier ganxorcielebuli socialuri moqmedebis Sedegad akademiuri da
profesiuli marcxi ganicades da amiT xeli Seuwyves `CrdiloeTis qalaqSi~ arse­
buli klasobrivi struqturis kidev erTi TaobiT SenarCunebas (ix. CanarTi kvle­
vis meTodebi).

kvlevis meTodebi

skolebis kulturis Seswavla eTnografiis meSveobiT

d uglas e. folis naSromi `kapitalisturi kulturis Seswavla: teias Suaguli~ (1990w.) asa­
xavs rogorc TviTon avtori uwodebs `eTnografiul realizms~. wigni efuZneba farTo­
masStabian kvlevas. foli kvlevas 16 Tvis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda 1973 da 1974 wlebSi. garda
amisa, is 1977, 1985, 1986 da 1987 wlebis zafxulSi eqvs kviras atarebda patara qalaqSi, romelsac
Tavad `CrdiloeTis qalaqs~ uwodebda. foli am qalaqSi SabaT-kviraobiTac xSirad Cadioda.
saerTo jamSi, `CrdiloeTis qalaqis~ Seswavla 14 weliwads grZeldeboda.
eTnografiuli kvlevis Casatareblad anu kulturuli portretis Sesaqmenlad, folim
gamoiyena meTodi, romelsac monawile damkvirvebeli ewodeba. radganac mas, upirveles yovlisa,
saSualo skolebis moswavleebis qceva ainteresebda, folim imiT daiwyo, rom skolebis sabWoebs

503
sTxova nebarTva, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi daswreboda gakveTilebs da sxva saskolo RonisZie­
bebs. Tumca is ar yofila pasiuri damkvirvebeli, romelic kuTxeSi wynarad dgas da SeniSvnebs
iwers. rogorc monawile damkvirvebeli, foli aqtiurad erTveboda saskolo RonisZiebebSi. man
daiwyo muSaoba skolis kalaTburTis gundTan. foli eswreboda yvela TamaSs, dahyveboda gunds
qalaqgareT gamarTul TamaSebzec da xSirad avtobusiTac mgzavrobda gundis wevrebTan erTad.
foli studentur wveulebebzec dadioda. skolaSi aTvalierebda saklaso oTaxebsa da deref­
nebs, samxrobda studentebTan erTad, TamaSobda ping-pongs sportul darbazSi da esaubreboda
maswavleblebs. folis kvlevaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa sagzao SemTxvevam, romlis drosac
misi mikroavtobusi mwyobridan gamovda: folim da masTan erTad myofma moswavleebma SeakeTes
manqana. SekeTebis procesSi folis saSualeba mieca, dahkvirveboda moswavleebis araformalur
qcevas. moswavleebis ndobis mopovebis mizniT, mas ecva yoveldRiuri tanisamosi da pirveli sami
Tvis ganmavlobaSi skolaSi arafers iniSnavda. SeniSvnebs mxolod saRamos, saxlSi misvlis Sem­
deg iwerda (mogvianebiT man farulad daiwyo SeniSvnebis Cawera). droTa ganmavlobaSi is sakmaod
gaSinaurda skolaSi. moswavleebi mas `dok~-s uwodebdnen. zogi stundenti daumegobrda folis
da xSirad mimarTavda piradi rCevis sakiTxavad an wignis saTxovnelad. miuxedavad imisa, rom is
bolomde mainc ar miiRes skolaSi (es gansakuTrebiT exeba maswavlebelTa nawilsa da administra­
torebs, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom foli farulad iyo movlinebuli sxva misiisTvis), man mainc
moaxerxa uzarmazari moculobis informaciis Sekreba. ai ras wers igi:

Cveni saubris manera megobruli da gaxsnili iyo. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi dapirispi­

rebac ki xdeboda. rac ufro metad vxdebodiT Temis da adamia­nebis biografiis
nawili, miT ufro gviadvildeboda maTTan _ rogorc megobrebTan da kolegeb­
Tan da ara respodentebTan urTierToba. rac ufro xSirad vesaubrebodiT ada­
mianebs Camwerisa da furclebis gareSe, ufro gaxsnilebi xdebodnen isini. Cven
TandaTanobiT pasiuri monawile-damkvirveblebi gavxdiT da naklebad vsvamdiT
SekiTxvebs. saqme imiT dasrulda, rom sakmaod aqtiurad CarTulebi aRmovCndiT
Temis cxovrebasa da gacxovelebul diskusiebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Cems
urTierTobas axalgazrdebTan. rasakvirvelia, mTlad ymawvili ar gavmxdarvar,
magram CrdiloeTis qalaqis axlgazrdoba gasaocrad gulwrfeli da Ria aR­
moCnda sakuTar Tavis, qalaqisa da skolis Sesaxeb saubrebSi (gv. 215).

rodesac Sesrulebuli samuSaos wardgenis dro dadga, folim gadawyvita, gamoe­yenebina

`axali Jurnalistikis~ teqnika, rogorc amas mwerlebi tom vulfi da norman mileri akeTebdnen.
isini imiT gansxvavdebodnen Zveli yaidis Jurnalistebisagan, rom Txrobidan ar gamoricxavd­
nen sakuTar gamocdilebas da ambavs subieqturad yvebodnen. Sesabamisad, folim gadawyvita,
gadmoeca ambavi sasaubro, araoficialuri eniT ise, rom ar daemala sakuTari Sexeduleba. man
aseve gadawyvita, mkiTxvelisaTvis gaemxila ramdenime istoria piradi gamocdilebidan. magali­
Tad, man Seadara saSualo skolaSi swavlisas miRebuli sakuTari gamocdileba misi dakvirvebis
obieqtebis gamocdilebas.
Tavisi Tavdapirveli kvlevis gasamyareblad, foli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi period­
ulad agrZelebda `CrdiloeTis qalaqis~ Seswavlas, ramac SesaZlebloba misca, Seemowmebina
Tavdapirveli Sedegebis siswore da daedgina, Tu ramdenad icvleboda mdgomareoba drois gas­
vlasTan erTad. folis TqmiT, amgvari Semowmeba mniSvnelovani iyo, radganac Sedegad man daad­
gina, rom pirveladi daskvnebi mxolod STabeWdilebebs ar eyrdnoboda.

504
 folim sakuTari Sromis Sedegebs Tavi mouyara da gamosca wignad. sakuTar da sxva mkvle­
varTa codnaze dayrdnobiT axsna, Tu rogor ganviTarda `CrdiloeTis qalaqSi~ mcxovrebi sx­
vadasxva jgufis kultura da rogor aisaxa es moswavleebze. am wignSi foli werda:

es aris.... ambavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seiswavles am axalgazrdebma materia­

listuri kultura, rac dakavSirebulia konkurenciasTan, individualizmTan da
TanasworuflebianobasTan. skola aris is kulturuli instituti, sadac axal­
gazrdebi asruleben TavianT momaval rolebs (gv. xv).

wlebis ganmavlobaSi am daskvnas amyarebda folis yoveldRiuri monawileoba kvlevis obi­

eqtebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

vin ra ganaTlebas iRebs?

sxvadasxva adamianis mier miRebuli ganaTlebis moculoba erTi da igive araa.

maSinac ki, rodesac moswavleebi Tanabar wlebs atareben skolebSi, maT mier miRe­
buli ganaTlebis xarisxi ar aris identuri. skolebi mudmivad awarmoeben gadarCe­
vas, romlis drosac xdeba moswavleebis dajgufeba SesaZleblobebis, miRwevebis,
miznebisa da sxva kriteriumebis mixedviT. aseT SemTxvevaSi moswavleebi sxvadasxva
saxisa da xarisxis ganaTlebas iReben. ramdenad paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganaTleba warmatebuli socialuri mobilobis mTavar saSu­
alebad iTvleba, rogorc uilisisa da folis kvlevebidan davinaxeT sabolood is
arsebuli socialuri struqturis SenarCunebas emsaxureba.
am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxiluli erT-erTi sakiTxi pirdapir ukavSirdeba mom­
devnos: amerikelebis umravlesobas swams, rom skolebSi bavSvebis warmateba-waru­
mateblobas Tandayolili SesaZleblobebi ganapirobebs. amerikelebisgan gansxvave­
biT, sxva kulturebi (magaliTad, aziuri kultura), gacilebiT did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs dauRalav Sromas. amerikuli skolebis organizeba asaxavs eris ganwyo­
bas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom zogi moswavle ufro niWieri da Wkviania meores­
Tan SedarebiT da es gansxvaveba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs moswavlis akademiur
warmatebaSi. rogorc davinaxavT, es idea mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvraSic ki,
Tu romeli moswavle ra saxis ganaTlebas iRebs.

ganaTlebis donis amaRleba

saSualo amerikelis ganaTlebis done mniSvnelovnad gaizarda XX saukuneSi.

dRes orjer meti amerikeli amTavrebs saSualo skolas, vidre 1960 wels, rode­
sac mxolod 41%-ma daamTavra saSualo skolis oTxi klasi (aSS-s mosaxleobis
aRweris biuro, 1994w. gv. 157-158). am tendenciam mniSvneloba Seucvala saSualo

505
skolis diploms. adre es diplomi gamoarCevda adamians, rogorc kargi gana­
Tlebis mqones, magram dRes is aucilebeli pirobaa yvelaze dabali donis samsa­
xurebisTvisac ki.
igive cvlilebebi ganicada kolejis xarisxmac. 1890 wels mosaxleobis mxo­lod
3% flobda bakalavris diploms, dRes es maCvenebeli 20%-ia. yovel wels daax­
loebiT 20 milioni amerikeli iRebs bakalavris xarisxs humanitarul an sabune­
bismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, rac aucilebelia saSualo klasis samsaxurebisTvis.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis iuristoba da eqimoba ar saWiroebdnen maincdamainc
bakalavris xarisxs. me-20 saukuneSi es ori profesia iyo pirveli, romlisTvisac
aucilebeli gaxda jer bakalavris, xolo Semdeg magistris xarisxi. ganaTlebis
sul ufro maRali done gaxda aucilebeli piroba inJinrebis, meddebis, kolejis
maswavleblebis, socialuri muSakebisa da biblioTekarebisTvis. jer kidev 1920
wels mTel aSS-Si mxolod 615 adamians mieniWa doqtoris wodeba. dRes ki yovelw­
liurad 40000 amerikels aniWeben imave wodebas.
arsebobs am cvlilebebis ori axsna. pirveli _ mecnieruli da teqnikuri
codnis bumi me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi, ras imas niSnavda, rom ganaTlebul
specia­lists ufro meti informaciis gamoyeneba SeeZlo da amisTvis ufro meti
unar-Cveva qonda. ganvixiloT Tanamedrove medicinis teqnikuri da rTuli dargi,
vTqvaT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisis medicinasTan SedarebiT, rodesac mkurnalobis
mxolod ramdenime efeqturi meTodi arsebobda da diagnostikac xSirad eqimis
intuiciaze iyo damokidebuli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis gafarToebis meore mizezi
aris kredencializmi anu moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians unda gaaCndes
diplomi an xarisxi im Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad an samuSaos Sesasruleblad,
romlisTvisac warsulSi mcire ganaTlebac kmaroda. magaliTad, dRes damsaqme­
blebi bakalavris xarisxs iTxoven mdivnis, klerkis da gayidvebis menejeris asis­
tentis movaleobis SesrulebisTvis maSin, rodesac ramdenime aTeuli wlis win es
saWiro ar iyo.
kradencializmma gamoiwvia is, rom rac erT dros warmatebad iTvleboda _
anu saSualo skolis diplomi, dRes ukve aRar aris sakmarisi profesiuli karie­
risTvis, Tu amas ar daemata, sul mcire, bakalavris xarisxi. sociologebis nawili
Tvlis, rom kredencializms mniSvneloba aqvs im samu­SaoebisTvisac ki, romlebic
manamde udiplomo kadrebis mier sruldeboda. dRes sawyisi samsaxurebi, ZiriTa­
dad, momsaxurebis sferoSia Tavmoyrili, rac akademiur unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
dRes qarxnis Cveulebriv muSasac ki SeiZleba dasWirdes kompiuterTan muSaoba.
garda amisa, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamia­nebi xSirad icvlian sacxovrebel
adgils da toveben mSobliur qalaqebs. amitom damsaqmeblisaTvis aucilebelia
meti informaciis mopoveba potenciur TanamSromelze, romelic misTvis sruli­
ad ucxoa. saSualo skolis diplomi gulisxmobs imas, rom misi mflobeli sando
da gonieri adamiania. amgvarad, funqciuri integraciidan gamomdinare, saSualo
skolis diplomis moTxovna sawyisi samuSaoebisTvisac ki, esadageba Tanamedrove
maRalteqnologiuri sazogadoebis da moZravi mosaxleobis saWiroebebs.

506
 is mecnierebi, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben Zalauflebebs Soris kav­
Sirebze, acxadeben, rom ar SeiZleba mxolod amaSi mdgomareobdes saqmis arsi.
isini aRniSnaven, rom kredencialebis moTxovna erT-erTi meqanizmia arsebuli so­
cialur-klasobrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebisTvis (kolinzi, 1979w.). amgvarad,
kredencialebis moTxovnis zrda dasaqmebis bazarze anu tendencia, romelic
`mcocavi kredencializmis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, Caketili wris nawilia, romelic
Raribebs da eTnikur umciresobebs azaralebs. ar aqvs mniSvneloba ramdenad cdi­
loben isini mSoblebze ukeTesi ganaTlebis miRebas _ maTTvis sasurveli samsa­
xurebi xSirad xelmiuwvdomelia.
`sasurveli samsaxurebi~ imaTTvisaa, romlebsac, sul mcire, bakalavris
xarisxi aqvT. 1992 wels kolejis kursdamTavrebulis wliuri saSualo gamo­
muSaveba 32629 dolars Seadgenda, saSualo skolis kursdamTavrebulisa _ 18737.
muSis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Sedareba aris 1421000 da 21000, rac 600000-ian
gansxvavebas qmnis (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994w.) (ix. sqema 12.1). eli­
turi skolis mier miniWebuli xarisxi kidev ufro didi Semosavlis sawindaria.
1970-ian wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom elituri skolebis
kursdamTavre­bulebis 15% moeloda 85%-iT met Semosavals, vidre isini, rom­
lebsac damTavrebuli ar hqondaT koleji (koulmani da reinvoteri, 1978w.). Se­
darebiT axali kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom elitur skolebSi swavleba jer kidev
kargi investiciaa. konkretuli specialobebis arCeva (magaliTad, biznesis
admi­nistrireba, ekonomika da inJineria) maRal SemosavlebTanaa dakavSirebuli
(kominski, 1990w.). garda amisa, kolejis xarisxis mqone muSebma SeZles ukeT gam­
klavebodnen 1979-1989 wlebis ekonomikur stagnacias aSS-Si, rodesac mamakacebis
saSualo gamomuSavebuli Tanxa daeca (acksi da danzigeri, 1993w.).

profesori

doqtori

magistranti

bakalavri

asocirebuli

koleji, xarisxis gareSe

saSualo skoladamTavrebuli

arasruli saSualo skola

sqema 12.1 / saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 18 da zeda asakis mqone pirebis mier gana­
Tlebis donis mixedviT, 1992w.
scade xarisxis miReba. rogorc es grafiki gviCvenebs, maRali donis ganaT­leba maRali Semo­
savlis sawindaria.

wyaro: aSS aRweris monacemebi, 1994 w. `kargi ganaTleba maRali xelfasis sawindaria~.

507
saganmanaTleblo miRwevis variaciebi

ganaTlebis saSulo donis awevam aSS-is mTel mosaxleobaze iqonia gavlena.

saskolo ganaTlebis dabal doneebze TiTqmis waiSala gansxvaveba rasebsa da
klasebs Soris. dRes TeTrkanian da Savkanian moswavleebs Tanabari Sansebi aqvT
saSualo skolis dasamTavreblad. magaliTad, 1960 wels, es Sansebi mxolod nax­
evari iyo SavkanianebisTvis. Tumca Savkanianebs dResac naxevarjer naklebi Sansi
aqvT kolejis dasamTavreblad, vidre TeTrkanian studentebs (aSS-is mosaxleo­
bis aRweris biuro 1995w.).
zogadad, SesaZleblobebi ganaTlebis mxriv araproporciuladaa ganawilebu­
li da misiT, ZiriTadad, is moswavleebi sargebloben, romelTa mSoblebsac aseTive
Sesa­Zlebloba hqondaT (houti, rafteri da beli, 1993w.). ganaTlebuli saSualo da
maRali fenebis ojaxebis Svilebs, savaraudod, ufro meti Sansi aqvT, miiRon ga­
naTleba ukeTes skolebSi. ukeTes ganaTlebas iReben TeTrkaniani amerikelebis
Svilebic (romlebic Savkanian da laTinoamerikuli warmoSobis amerikelebze ufro
ganaTlebulebi arian). saboloo jamSi, naprali kargi da cudi ganaTlebis mqoneebs
Soris mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis gafarToebis Semdeg ivseba. magaliTad, gafar­
ToebasTan erTad kolejebSi imatebs carieli adgilebis raodenoba da iq swavlis
saSualeba eZlevaT im bavSvebsac, romelTa mSoblebsac arasodes uswavliaT kolej­
Si. aSS-Si ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebma mkveTrad imata 1960-70-ian wlebSi. Tumca,
federaluri dafinansebis Semcirebis gamo dRes situacia sxvagvaria.
aSS-is ganaTlebis sistema efuZneba mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac Tandayo­
lili SesaZleblobebis, miRweuli warmatebebisa da piradi miznebis kombinacia
gansazRvravs, Tu ra ganaTlebas miiRebs konkretuli adamiani. realurad arse­
bobs sxva faqtorebic, romlebic aseve did rols TamaSoben. Tu ra ganaTlebas
iRebs adamiani, ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu ramdenad did yuradRebas aqceven ga­
naTlebas mis ojaxSi da ra resursebi arsebobs misTvis. mniSvnelovania rasa, eT­
nikuroba da fena, skolebis dafinanseba da maTi Sida politikac.

mSoblebi da kulturuli kapitali

bavSvebis akademiuri moswreba ufro maRalia, Tu maTi mSoblebi yuradRebas

aqceven maTi swavlis process. aziuri warmoSobis emigranti moswavleebis skola­
Si warmatebis erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebuli mizezi aris swored maTi
mSoblebis daintereseba sakuTari Svilebis swavlis xarisxiT. aseve interesebidan
Svilebis swavliT saSualo da maRali fenis amerikelebic. ufro metic, finansuri
da e.w. kulturuli kapitali mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs _ rac ufro did­
ia finansuri resursebi, miT ufro didia kulturuli kapitali (burdie, 1984w.
1993). kulturuli kapitali Sedgeba iseTi upiratesobebisgan, rogoricaa stan­
dartuli inglisuris kargad codna, mxatvruli literaturis gacnoba, Semoq­

508
medebiTi niWis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. SeZlebuli mSoblebi mondomebulebi
arian, rom maTma Svilebma karg skolebSi iaron. saSualo da maRali fenebis mSo­
blebis Svilebis ganaTlebaSi monawileobis aqtivoba mravali kvleviTacaa dadas­
turebuli (bordiu da paseroni, 1991w.). magaliTad, anet lerum (1989w.) aRmoaCina,
rom maRali da saSualo fenis mSoblebi regularulad ukiT­xaven Svilebs wignebs,
yiduloben SemecnebiT saTamaSoebs, iCenen saklaso oTaxSi daxmarebis iniciati­
vas, Tvalyurs adevneben saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas da yuradRebiT akvird­
ebian progress. rodesac problemebi Cndeba, am kategoriis mSoblebi monawileo­
bas iReben maT gadaWraSi. dabali fenis mSoblebis umetesoba ki arc erT zemoT
CamoTvlil zomas ar mimarTavs. maT ufro xSirad Zalian cota ram ician sakuTari
Svilebis akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb, askvnian, rom `maswavleblebma Tavisi
saqme ician~.
klasebTan dakavSirebuli gansxvaveba ar aris gamowveuli maincdamainc mu­
SaTa klasis mSoblebis mier Svilebis ganaTlebiT arasakmarisi dainteresebiT.
Tumca, arsebobs mTeli rigi socialuri faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs maT
TavSekavebas. erT-erTi faqtorTagania akademiuri arakompetenturobis grZno­
ba. muSaTa klasis mSoblebis umetesobas mxolod saSualo ganaTleba aqvs, xolo
bevr maTgans damTavrebulic ar aqvs saSualo skola. isini miiCneven, rom ar arian
sakmarisad kvalificiurebi, raTa CaerTon sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaSi. zog
maTgans eSinia kidevac, rom misi Careva ufro uaryofiTad aisaxeba bavSvze. erT-
erTma momuSave dedam lerus ganucxada:

xom iciT, Zalian bevrma ramem, risi gakeTebac misTvis SemiZlia, Sei­
Zleba imedebi gaucros mas an daabnios... an raRac amdagvari. axla
ariTmetikas sxva sistemiT aswavlian... bevr sxva ramesac aswavlian.
imis magivrad, rom ramdenime saaTi movandomo maT garCevas, raTa dar­
wmunebuli viyo, raze vlaparakob (icinis nervulad), gadavwvite es am­
bavi skolas mivando (leru, 1989w. gv. 109).

kidev erTi faqtori, rac ganapirobebs muSaTa klasis mSoblebis gancalke­

vebas maTi Svilebis ganaTlebisgan, aris mSoblebis dabali socialuri statusiT
gamowveuli pasiuroba. `maswavleblebi maSineben~, _ Tqva erT-erTma dedam,
romelsac mxolod saSualo ganaTleba hqonda, _ `yovelTvis ase iyo. CemTvis
isini sadRac zemoT arian _ caSi, RmerTis da eqimebis gverdiT~ (leru, 1989w. gv.
112). maRali da saSualo fenis mSoblebi ki sakuTar Tavs maswavleblebis Tana­
fardebad miiCneven. amitom, Tu raime ainteresebT sakuTari Svilebis Sesaxeb,
yovelTvis uyoymanod ukavSirdebian maswavleblebs da xandaxan akritikeben
kidec maT.
maRali da saSualo fenebis ojaxebSi arsebobs kavSiri saxlsa da samsaxurs So­
ris, rac ar gvxvdeba muSaTa klasis ojaxebSi. maRali da saSualo fenis mSoblebs
`ofisi saxlSi moaqvT~, rac gamoixateba ara mxolod dokumentebiTa da kompiute­

509
ris diskebiT, aramed kolegebiTa da klientebiT, romlebsac xSirad epatiJebian
Sin sadilad an vaxSmad. mSoblebis es kategoria miiCnevs, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis
ganaTleba `samsaxuria~, romelic aseve unda iyos maTi saSinao cxovrebis nawili.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom isini Tavs maswavleblebad aRiqvamen saxlSi, maTTvis
bunebrivia, Caerion sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebis procesSi. es wamoudgenelia
muSaTa klasis ojaxebis SemTxvevaSi _ maTTvis skola da saxli mkveTradaa erTma­
neTisgan gamijnuli, iseve rogorc saxli da samsaxuri.
ojaxis kulturuli kapitalis mniSvneloba bavSvebis akademiuri warmatebis­
Tvis dadasturebulia mravali kvleviT, romelTa mizani iyo bavSvebis progresis
Sefaseba sazafxulo ardadegebis periodSi (heinsi, 1978w.). saskolo wlis ganmav­
lobaSi, sxvadasxva socialuri da rasobrivi warmomavlobis mqone bavSvebi erTi
da imave tempebiT daaxloebiT erTnair progress aRweven. Tumca, zafxulSi is
bavSvebi, romelTa ojaxebsac ar aqvT wignebi an inteleqtis sxva stimulatorebi,
gacilebiT CamorCebian privilegirebuli ojaxebis Svilebs. Tu Raribi bavSvebi
gadian specialur sazafxulo programebs, maTi progresi ukve SesamCnevi xdeba.
mkvlevarebis umetesoba eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom mSoble­bis monawil­
eoba ganaTlebaSi exmareba bavSvebs, warmatebas miaR­wion skolaSi (klarki 1983w.
1990w.koulmani, 1987w. koulmani da hoferi, 1987w. epStaini, 1986w. 1987w. riCi,
1986w.). Tumca, muSaTa klasis mSoblebis aqtiurobis gazrdac ki, savaraudod,
ver aRmofxvris gansxvavebebs kulturul kapitals Soris, romelic SeZlebuli
ojaxebis bavSvebs SesamCnev upiratesobas aniWebs.

trekingi da testireba

aSS-s skolebi efuZneba Tanabari saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis ideas,

Tumca maTi organizeba mihyveba SesamCnev gansxvavebas individualur Sesa­Zleb­
lobebs Soris. bevri kritikosis mosazrebiT, Tanabar SesaZleblobebs skolebSi
Zirs uTxris trekingis sistema, rac niSnavs moswavleebis dajgufebas maTi Sesa­
Zleblobebisa da interesebis mixedviT. trekingi, Cveulebriv, xorcieldeba in­
teleqtis testis (IQ) Sedegebze dayrdnobiT da ar aRiarebs akademiur warmatebas
(menSi da menSi, 1991w.). moswavleebi swavlis dawyebis adreul etapzeve iyofian
dabal, saSualo da maRal kategoriebad. am praqtikis mowinaaRmdegeebi irw­
munebian, rom mdidari TeTrkaniani ojaxis Svilebi Tavidanve xvdebian umaRles
kategoriaSi, xolo dabali Semosavlis mqone TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani da laTinuri
warmoSobis ojaxebis bavSvebi dabal kategoriebSi xvdebian.
ZiriTadi gasamarTlebeli argumenti trekingisaTvis aris is, rom moswavlee­
bi ukeT swavloben iseT garemoSi, sadac sxvebsac igive SesaZleblobebi an igive
problemebi aqvT. Tumca, gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom erTgvarovani garemo
momgebiania moswavleebisaTvis mxolod ierarqiis umaRles safexurze (gemorani
da nistrandi, 1990w. robinsoni, 1990w.). es iRbliani umciresoba ufro met sargeb­
els iRebs mastimulirebeli garemosgan, sadac ukeTesi da ufro saintereso mas­
wavleblebi aswavlian dabal klasebs. Tumca is, rasac am kategoriis studentebi

510
iReben, ver wonis im danakliss, romelsac bevri umcrosklaseli ganicdis, rodesac
maT e.w. `neli moswavleebis~ gverdiT svamen naklebad rTuli programebis gasav­
lelad. amis Sedegia is, rom trekingi aravisTvis ar aris calmxrivad sasargeblo
(glazeri, 1990w.). magram is ise farTodaa gamoyenebuli, rom aSS-s TiTqmis yvela
sajaro skolis moswavleebi xdebian misi msxverpli ganaTlebis romelime etapze
mainc (ganaTlebis erovnuli asociacia, 1990w.). sociologebi amis mizezs eZeben.
erTi pasuxi exeba Zalauflebisa da misi urTierTobebis safuZvlebs. saSualo
da maRali fenis mSoblebi, romlebsac warmatebuli Svilebi hyavT, iwoneben tre­
kings, radgan Tvlian, rom es aris saukeTeso saSualeba mastimulirebeli garemos
uzrunvelsayofad, rac xels Seuwyobs maT kolejisTvis mzadebas. iqidan gamom­
dinare, rom mSoblebs Soris araTanabradaa ganawilebuli gavlena ganaTlebis
mxriv, maswavleblebi, direqtorebi da skolebis sabWoebi iZulebulebi arian, us­
minon maT. maTi survilebis ugulebelyofas SeiZleba skolisTvis mZime Sedegebi
mohyves _ anu mSob­lebma TavianTi Svilebi kerZo skolebSi gadaiyvanon da saja­
ro skolebic mxolod Raribebisa da umciresobebis ojaxebidan gamosul bavSvebs
darCebaT. es ara mxolod gamoiwvevs socialur-klasobriv segregacias, aramed
sajaro skolebs daukargavs saSualo klasis mSoblebis mxardaWeras, romlebsac,
Cveulebriv, ufro meti resursi aqvT skolebis dasaxmareblad. maTi statusidan
gamomdinare, maRali saSualo fenis mSoblebi upiratesobas aniWeben trekings.
ganaTlebis administratorebic, Tavis mxriv, cdiloben gamoiyenon sakuTari
gavlena trekingis mxardasaWerad. isini miiCneven, rom maRali SesaZleblobebis
mqone moswavleebiT dakompleqtebul klasebSi swavleba ufro saxalisoa da xSir­
ad saukeTeso da `ufros~ maswavleblebs jildos saxiT amgvar klasebs aZleven
xolme. yvela am faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegad, trekingi kvlav ZalaSia, miuxe­
davad imisa, rom kritikosebi eWvqveS ayeneben mis Rirebulebas (slevini, 1990w.).
cxadia, trekingi ar aris identuri aSS-is mTel teritoriaze. zog skolaSi
maRali kategoriis klasebi eqskluziuria maSin, rodesac sxva skolebSi ufro
inkluziuria da xSirad Riaa saSualo da saSualoze dabali fenis moswavleebis­
Tvis, romlebsac potenciali gaaCniaT. Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor moq­
medebs trekingis sistema. is yvelaze kargad muSaobs, anu qmnis met SesaZleb­
lobas da exmareba met students, roca kategoriebs Soris aris mobiloba. am
sistemebSi studentebi Tavsuflad inacvleben erTi kategoriidan meoreSi imis
mixedviT, imatebs Tu iklebs maTi akademiuri moswreba. amgvar sistemebSi ara mxo­
lod maRalia warmateba, aramed imdenad mcirea gansxvavebebi kategoriebs Soris,
rom dabali kategoriis moswavle Zalian ar CamorCeba maRal kategoriaSi moxve­
dril Tanatols (gamorani, 1992w.). trekingi ufro kargad muSaobs, rodesac is
efuZneba moswavleebis individualur miRwevebs, anu imas, rac Seiswavles, da ara
inteleqtis testis maCveneblebs.
inteleqtis testi Tavdapirvelad sazRvravs imas, Tu romel kategorias See­
sabameba moswavle, xolo Semdeg emsaxureba imis gansazRvras, aqvs Tu ara moswav­
les kolejSi swavlis gagrZelebis potenciali. bevr qveyanaSi kolejSi misaRebad
gamocdebis Cabarebaa saWiro. es gamocdebi Cveulebriv afaseben studentis mier
standartuli saswavlo programis codnas, romelic saerToa saSualo skolebis

511
yvela moswavlisaTvis. Tumca, aSS-Si ar aris aseTi saerTo standarti skolebis
warmatebis gasazomad. imis magivrad, rom gavzomoT studentebis realuri codna,
Cven veyrdnobiT `inteleqtis~ testebs, romlebidanac yvelaze cnobilia SAT-i
(scholastic aptitutde test). am testebze dayrdnoba asaxavs ara mxolod erTiani saskolo
programis deficits, aramed im mniSvnelobasac, rasac amerikelebi SesaZleblo­
bebs Soris sxvaobas aniWeben.
SAT-i zomavs akademiur potencials da Semdgomi swavlisTvis mzadyofnas, Tum­
ca, misi oponentebi amtkiceben, rom testis Sedegebi uSualo kavSirSia mos­wavlis
ojaxis SemosavalTan: rac ufro dabalia ojaxis Semosavali, miT ufro dabalia
SAT-is saSualo qula (ix. sqema 12.2). Savkanianebi da sxva eTnikuri umciresobis
warmomadgenlebi ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre TeTrkanianebi, xolo qalebs
mamakacebze cudi Sedegi aqvT (manzo, 1994w.) (ix. sqema 12.3). rogorc Cans, SAT-is
`inteleqti~ imgvaradaa ganawilebuli, rom is asaxavs sazogadobaSi simdidrisa
da Zalauflebis ganawilebas.

sqema 12.2 / ojaxis Semosavali da SAT-is qulebi, 1994w.

vertikaluri xazi: saSualo qulebi: saSualo qulebi maTematikaSi, saSualo qulebi ver­
balur nawilSi ras zomavs SAT-i realurad? Tu maRali qulebi Seesabameba maRal Semo­
savals, niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom mdidari studentebi ufro Wkvianebi arian, vidre Rari­
bebi? Tu es maTi, rogorc jgufis, ganaTlebasa da gamocdilebas unda mivaweroT?

wyaro: kolejis damamTavrebeli kursis stundetebis Sesaxeb erovnuli angariSi. 1994w. ga­
naTlebis testirebis samsaxuri 1995w.

ganmanaTleblebi SeSfoTebulebi arian bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi SAT-is

qulebis gauaresebiT. yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli 1960-iani wlebis bolos da
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dafiqsirda _ 940, romelic 1982 wels 893-mde da­
varda. 1994 wlisTvis maCvenebelma kvlav aiwia 902-mde. Sedegebis gauaresebas ori
axsna aqvs. pir­veli dakavSirebulia kolejSi swavlis SesaZleblobebis gazrdiT
1960 wlis Semdeg da kvlav SemcirebiT 1980-ian wlebSi. meore mizezis Tanaxmad,
dabali maCvenebeli gamowveulia aSS-is skolebSi swavlebis xarisxis gauarese­
biT. ganaTlebis testirebis samsaxuri (ETS) romelic aqveynebs SAT-s ambobs, rom
mis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi ufro pirvel mizezs adasturebs. Sesabamisad, 1994

512
wlis Semdeg maT Secvales qulebis dajamebis sistema. axla moswavleebis Sedegebi
ricxobrivad ufro maRalia. magaliTad, adre Tu romelime moswavles verbalur
nawilSi qonda 500 qula, axla es qula 560-s udris. ETS amiT imedovnebda, rom sa­
Sualo ricxobriv qulas Seusabamebda testis zogad maCvenebels, rac bolo dros
aRar xdeboda, radgan testis Cabarebis mosurneTa uzarmazarma armiam saSualo
maCveneblis qvemoT daweva gamoiwvia. dajamebis axalma sistemam azrTa sxvadasx­
vaoba gamoiwvia. zogi miiCnevs, rom am sakiTxis garSemo wamoWrili uTanxmoebis
gadasawyvetad saWiroa erTiani erovnuli standartis SemoReba, romelic yvela
skolisTvis savaldebulo iqneba da testebic Seafasebs konkretuli sagnis swav­
lis dones. Tumca, saxelmwifo standartis SemuSavebis yvela mcdeloba mZafr
politikur winaaRmdegobas gadaawyda.

sqema 12.3 / rasa da SAT-is qulebi, cväilebebi procentul maCveneblebSi 1976 wlidan.
raze migvaniSnebs SAT-is qulebSi rasobrivi gansxvaveba? umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi,
savaraudod, naklebs gamoimuSaveben da maTi Svilebic TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT cud sko­
lebSi swavloben. xom ar vakvirdebiT kidev erT kavSirs ganaTlebas, Semosavalsa da SAT-is
qulebs Soris? yuradReba miaqcieT, rom 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda Savkaniani moswavleebis qulebi, rac, albaT, gafarToebuli saganmanaTleblo
da ekonomiuri SesaZleblobebiT aixsneba.

wyaro: ketlin kenedi manzo `SAT-is qulebi agrZelebs amJamindeli tendenciis SenarCune­
bas~, SavkanianTa sakiTxi saSualo ganaTlebaSi 11. #14 (1994 wlis 4 seqtemberi):11.

skolis mitoveba da
gaunaTlebloba
arakvalificiuri samsaxurebic ki dRes saSualo ganaTlebis diploms iTxovs.
miuxedavad amisa, yovel wels milionobiT amerikeli moswavle anebebs Tavs swavlas

513
da ar amTavrebs saSualo skolas. swavlis mitovebis mizezebi mravalia: identifi­
kaciis nakleboba mrCevlebTan da maswavleblebTan, gamoucdeli maswavleblebi,
romlebic ar cdiloben, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcion sust moswavleebs
da swavlisaken `Semoabrunon~; aseve, mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebisa da Rireb­
ulebebis nakleboba, romlebic xels uwyobs moswavles, darCes skolaSi; pasiuri
mSoblebi da uazro wesebis mqone skolis mkacri biurokratia (d. mani, 1986w. ren­
doni da metiusi, 1989w.).
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadasturda, rom eTnikuri umciresobis war­
momadgeneli moswavleebi ufro xSirad anebeben swavlas Tavs, vidre sxvebi. adre
Zalian bevri Savkaniani tovebda skolas swavlis damTavrebamde, dRes maTi ricxvi
SedarebiT Semcirda (amJamad daaxloebiT 30% anebebs swavlas Tavs), mag­ram, miuxe­
davad amisa, Savkaniani moswavleebis mier swavlis Sewyvetis maCvenebeli mainc
aRemateba TeTrkanianebis imave maCvenebels (daaxloebiT 20%). skolis mitovebis
maCvenebeli laTinoamerikelebs Soris skandalis mizezi gaxda aSS-Si (50 %) (aSS-
is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro). es maCvenebeli aseve maRalia im moswavleebis So­
ris, romlebic erT-erT mSobelTan izrdebodnen (mSoblebi daSorebulebi iyvnen,
an romelime gardacvlili iyo). mokled rom vTqvaT, socialurad, akademiurad da
ekonomiurad araprivilegirebul moswavleebs ufro aqvT perspeqtiva, swavla naad­
revad Sewyviton (ekstromi da sxvebi, 1986w. natrielo, palasi da makdili, 1986w.).
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, saskolo aqtivobebSi monawileobis miRe­bis Sewyveta da
skolis mitoveba, skolebis mimarT gamoxatuli wi­naaRmdegobis ukiduresi for­
maa. uilisisa da folis mier Seswavlili bevri axalgazrda mxolod imitom Cerde­
boda skolebSi, rom asaki ar uwyobda xels, mietovebinaT swavla. am kategoriis
ba­vSvebis ojaxebis Seswavlam naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu rogor yalibdeba skolebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli damokidebuleba. ted okeim da filip kusakma (1995w.)
Seiswavles 12 TeTrkaniani SuadasavleTeli ojaxi. maT aRmoaCines, rom skolebis
mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ojaxebSi erTi Taobidan meores gadaecemoda.
bavSvebis mSoblebi arad agdebdnen skolasa da ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas, Tavis
droze maTac ukiduresad negatiuri mogonebebi akavSirebdaT skolebTan.

`me ver vewyobodi skolis xelmZRvanelobas da maswavleblebs da arc

gakveTilebze yofna mexaliseboda... sadRac davikarge TiTqos da amas
emateboda gauTavebeli sayvedurebi direqtorisgan, maswavleblebis­
gan, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom Saris Tavi viyavi~ (gv. 255).

okei da kuziki ase axasiaTebdnen mSoblebis am kategorias:

maT ar exalisebodaT skolaSi siaruli, iq Tavs cudad grZnobdnen,

moswavleebi dascinodnen, sagnebi mosawyenad eCvenebodaT, maswavleb­
lebs ar uyvardaT. Sesabamisad, arc amaT uyvardaT maswavleblebi. maT
akldaT motivacia, mcdeloba da interesi da xSirad vardebodnen xi­
faTSi. maTi mogonebebidan irkveva, rom xSirad acdendnen skolas, Cxu­

514
 bobdnen, cudad swavlobdnen an saerTod ar swavlobdnen, ar emorCile­
bodnen brZanebebs, sabolood ki Tavisi nebiT anebebdnen skolas Tavs
an direqcia agdebda maT. maT axasiaTebdaT indiferentizmi swavlis
mimarT da arad agdebdnen dapirebul jildoebs. ufro metic, ojaxebSi
_ gansakuTrebiT es exeba umcros Taobas _ isini ismendnen mSoblebis
ambebs usamarTlobaze. `skola aris cudi gamocdileba~ _ es iyo ojax­
uri istoriis nawili, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda (gv. 256).

es mSoblebi Svilebs skolaSi misvlisTanave tvirTavdnen uar­yofiTi emociiT

da, Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi skolaSi adreuli etapidanve iwyeboda (ensmingeri
da slusariki, 1992w.).
skolis mitovebis SemTxvevebis umetesoba profesiul an araakademiur kate­
goriebze modis. bevri, vinc wyvets swavlas, Tanaklaselebze ufrosia, radgan
erTxel an metjer mouwia erTsa da imave klasSi swavla. bevris ojaxs bevri prob­
lema awuxebs _ siRaribe, narkotikebi da alkoholi, umuSevroba, nasamarTleoba
da sxv. ojaxurma problemebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios akademiur moswrebaze.
martoxela mSoblebs savaraudod ar eqnebaT saSualeba, rom investireba moax­
dinon sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaSi. sacxovrebeli adgilis xSiri cvlac, rac
aseve dakavSirebulia ojaxur problemebTan, savaraudod bavSvebis mier saskolo
ganaTlebis Sewyvetas gamoiwvevs (astoni da maklanahani, 1991w.).
sociologebi fiqroben, rom problemis daZleva ramdenime gziT SeiZleba.
mSob­lebma meti interesi unda gamoiCinon Svilebis ganaTlebisadmi da xSirad gaa­
kontrolon maTi Sedegebi swavlaSi. sociologebi axseneben programe­bsac, rom­
lebic miznad isaxavs potenciuri `skolis mimtoveblebis~ gamovlenas disciplin­
aze, dabal niSnebsa da aradamakmayofilebel daswrebaze dakvirvebiT. arsebobs
meore kategoriis programebic, romlebic gamiznulia mousvenari da problema­
turi mozardebis skolaSi dasakaveblad. es programebi fulad waxa­lisebasac ki
moicavs saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi (ekstromi da sxvebi, 1986w.).
erTi mizezi, ris gamoc ganmanaTleblebi da sazogadoebis wevrebi SeSfoTe­
bulebi arian skolebis mitovebis monacemebiT, aris is, rom ramdenimewliani
ganaTlebiT moswavleebi savaraudod ver aiTviseben sazogadoebaSi damkvi­
drebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebs. am unar-Cvevebidan yvelaze umTavresia, al­
baT, wera-kiTxvis codna. funqcionaluri ganaTleba moiTxovs ufro mets, vid­re
ubralod wera-kiTxvis codnaa _ anu is moiTxovs wera-kiTxvis unar-Cvevas ise, rom
adamianma SeZlos yoveldRiuri davalebebis Sesruleba, magaliTad, waikiTxos da
gaigos wamalze miTiTebuli instruqcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si, romelic
yovelwliurad uamrav emigrants iRebs, es problema yovelTvis arsebobda (grau­
berdi, 1990w.), is dRes ufro da ufro mwvavdeba. mozrdilebSi wera-kiTxvis cod­
nis Sesaxeb erovnuli gamokiTxvis 1993 wels gamoqveynebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,
gamoikveTa wera-kiTxvis codnis xuTi ZiriTadi done (1 done yvelaze dabalia). am
Sedegebis Tanaxmad, amerikeli mozrdilebis 20 %-is wera-kiTxvis unari pirvel
dones Seesabameba (kirSi da sxvebi, 1993w.). es imas niSnavs, rom maT SeuZliaT mx­
olod damatebiTi davalebebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa specialur formaze Sexve­

515
dris adgilisa da drois amocnoba. gamokiTxulTagan 40 milions anu or mesameds
damTavrebuli ar hqonda saSualo skola; gamokiTxulTa 25%-is, anu 50 milionis
codna Seesabameboda meore dones anu maT SeeZloT martivi rukis wakiTxva, mar­
tivi formis Sevseba da teqstSi konkretuli informaciis migneba (kirSi da sxvebi,
1993w.). iqidan gamomdinare, rom Tanamedrove Sromis bazari dasaqmebis mosurnee­
bisgan ZiriTad ganaTlebas moiTxovs, gasakviri araa, rom wera-kiTxvis ucodin­
arobis maCvenebeli saerTo SeSfoTebis sagnad iqca. rogorc Cans, skolebi ver
asruleben ZiriTad funqcias, radgan maTi moswavleebis umravlesobas kiTxvis
unar-Cvevac ki ara aqvs gamomuSavebuli.
skolebis uunaroba moswavleebisaTvis wera-kiTxvis swavlebasTan dakavSire­
biT kamaTis sagania. deivid hokinsi (1990w.) amtikcebs, rom skolaSi aswavlian
mxo­lod asoebis cnobas, marTlwerasa da gramatikas, magram skola ar aRZravs mo­
tivacias moswavleebSi, radgan ar sTavazobs maT mdidar da maTTvis saintereso
sakiTxav masalas. rodesac moswavleebs avaleben mxolod gakveTilebis daswav­
las, maT ekargebaT interesi, waikiTxon klasgareSe literatura.

ganaTlebis reforma

aSS-Si skolebi karga xania iqcnen socialuri reformis instrumentad. miiC­

neven, rom skolebis funqciaa, xeli Seuwyos emigrantebis asimilacias, waaxa­lisos
zneobrivi Rirebulebebi da socialuri mobiloba. cxadia, qveynis mier ufaso
sajaro swavleba SemoRebul iqna demokratiul procesebSi monawileobis misa­
Rebad moqalaqeebis momzadebis mizniT. skolebSi uamravi reforma xorcieldeba:
marTl­weris wesebis gamartiveba (es reforma ekuTvnis noe uebsterids), skola­
Si cemis aRkveTa, swavlebis profesiad damkvidrebis mcdeloba, maswavleblebis
xelfasebis momateba, dazepirebis aRkveTa, sqesobrivi ganaTlebis SemoReba, ra­
sobrivi segregaciis dasruleba da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis damkvidreba.
amgvari reformebi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu raze iyvnen isini orientirebulebi _
pedagogiur teqnikis gaumjobesebasa Tu skolebis socialur organizebaze, _
ufro masStaburi socialuri moZraobis produqti iyo (berube, 1994w.). magali­
Tad, skolebSi rasobrivi segregaciis aRkveTis mcdeloba adamianis uflebebis
dacvis Sesaxeb moZraobis nawili iyo.
dRes farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, aSS-is skolebi ise ar fun­
qcionireben rogorc saWiroa. maCveneblebi, romlis mixedviTac amerikeli mo­
swavleebi CamorCebian sxva qveynebSi mcxovreb Tanatolebs, badebs SiSs, rom aSS-
s mrewveloba veRar iqneba konkurentunariani msoflio bazarze. aSS-is skolebs
imis gamoc akritikeben, rom ver aswavlian ZiriTads, arc disciplina uvargaT
da, garda amisa, ver uzrunvelyofen Tanabar SesaZleblobebs yvela moswavlis­
Tvis. warsulSi ganxorcielebul ramdenime reformas (rogoricaa dadebiTi dis­
kriminacia da saswavlo programis gadasinjva) mwvave reaqcia mohyva. ganaTlebis
garSemo atexili aJiotaJi miuTiTebs mis did mniSvnelobaze da agreTve imaze, Tu

516
ramdenad bevrs elian amerikelebi sakuTari ganaTlebis sistemisgan. gamomdinare
im faqtidan, rom ganaTleba exeba bavSvebs, es sakiTxi ojaxsa da zneobasac ukav­
Sirdeba. amas emateba isic, rom skolebis Senaxva Zviri jdeba da, ZiriTadad, ga­
dasaxadebisgan miRebuli TanxebiT finansdeba, amitom skolebi xSirad xdeba maTi
samizne, romlebic samTavrobo biujetis Semcirebas iTxoven. debatebi, Tu ra da
rogor unda iswavlon bavSvebma, jer kidev mimdinareobs.
1993 wels, Gallup Poll-ma (elami, rouzi da gelapi, 1993w.), daadastura, rom
maTi respondentebis 47%-ma kiTxvaze: SeefasebinaT adgilobrivi sajaro skola,
Sefasebad `5~ an `4~ mianiWa. gasaocaria, rom saxelmwifo sajaro skolebis Se­
fasebisas respondentTa mxolod 19%-ma misca maT igive Sefaseba. Tumca, rodesac
res­pondentebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT skolebi, sadac maTi ufrosi Svilebi da­
diodnen, 72%-ma `5~ da `4~ Sefaseba daafiqsira. es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro meti
adamiani icnobs skolebs, miT ufro maRalia maT mier skolebis Sefaseba. es ten­
dencia iZleva daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas imis Taobazec, rom `ndobis krizisi~
sajaro skolebSi media fenomenis saxiT arsebobs, anu yvelam `icis~, rom is arse­
bobs, magram arsebobs rogorc abstraqtuli ram. miuxedavad gadasaxadebis mimarT
sajaro protestisa, gamokiTxulTa zustad 90% fiqrobda, rom `ufro meti Tanxa
unda ixarjebodes sajaro skolebis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad Rarib Statebsa
da TemebSi~, xolo 68%-ma survili gamoTqva, gadaexada ufro maRali gadasaxadi
qalaqSi mdebare skolebis gamosworebis mizniT (elami, rouzi da gelapi, 1993w.).

desegregacia da sxva: rasa da skolebi aSS-Si

aSS-is ganaTlebis sistemaSi gatarebuli yvelaze didi refoma, albaT, exeba

im mcdelobas, romelic mimarTuli iyo sajaro skolebis desegregaciisken, Savka­
niani amerikelebis warmatebisken da rasobrivi integraciisken. es mcdeloba dai­
wyo 1954 wels uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT, romelic
exeboda saqes `brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~. gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad,
rasobriv safuZvelze segregirebuli skolebi arakonstituciurad gamocxadda.
am saqmeSi mosarCele iyo xuTi wlis Savkaniani gogona linda brauni, romelsac
mezoblad mdebare TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolisaTvis gverdi unda aevlo da mo­
SorebiT mdebare skolamde misuliyo. brauni topekaSi, kanzasis StatSi cxov­
robda. sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom aseTi segregirebuli ganaTleba calsaxad
araTanasworuflebiani iyo. braunis saqmemde sajaro skolebis umravlesoba seg­
regirebuli iyo, rasac kanoni umagrebda zurgs, xolo SavkanianebisTvis gankuT­
vnili skolebi xarisxiT gacilebiT CamorCeboda TeTrkanianebisTvis gankuTvnil
skolebs. Savkanianebis skolebSi xSirad ar arsebobda Sida wyalgyvanilobis siste­
ma da cxeli wyali, aswavlidnen moZvelebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT, maswavleblebs
cotas uxdidnen, ar arsebobda proeqtorebi.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis dawyebasTan
erTad, yuradRebis centrSi moeqca ganaTlebis araTanabari SesaZleblobebi

517
SavkanianebisTvis. realurad, Savkaniani ganmanaTlebelis buker T. vaSingtonis
(1856 _ 1915w.) moRvaweobisa da SavkanianTa saswavleblebis daarsebis (fiskis
universiteti (1866w.), hovardis universiteti (1967w.), tugalos koleji (1869w.)
da taskegis instituti (1881w.) Semdeg mimdinareobs debatebi imasTan dakavSire­
biT, Tu sad ufro kargad swavloben Savkanianebi _ calke Tu TeTrkanianebTan
erTad. magram 1950 wlisaTvis gaizarda SeSfoTeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom seg­
regirebul skolebSi Savkanian bavSvebs cudad emsaxurebodnen. TeTrkaniani mx­
ardamWerebis meSveobiT amerikelebma sarCeli Seitanes sasamarTloSi. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gaxda saqme _ `brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~.
desegregaciis procesi kidev ufro daCqarda 1964 wels samoqalaqo ufle­
bebis Sesaxeb kanonis damtkicebis Semdeg; 1965 wels ki amoqmedda federaluri
programa, romelic miznad isaxavda federaluri sajaro skolebis daxmarebas.
amasTan, federauli dafinansebis miRebis winapiroba iyo rasobrivi integra­
cia (tiuberi, 1990w.). 1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad,
socio­logebis jgufi jeims koulmenis monawileobiT (1966w.), Seudga aSS-is sa­
jaro skolebSi arse­buli uTanasworobis Seswavlas. koulmanma aRmoaCina, rom
arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa skolebs Soris
erT mos­wavleze daxarjuli Tanxis, Senobis siZvelis, biblioTekis, saxelmZR­
vaneloebis rao­denobis, maswavleblebis daxasiaTebisa da klasebis zomebis mxriv,
mniSvnelovnad ar aisaxeboda swavlaze. am mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo moswavlis so­
cialuri garemo _ gansakuTrebiT ojaxis wevrebisa da Tanatolebis damokide­
buleba da qceva _ rac ganapirobebda konkretuli bavSvis warmatebas an waru­
mateblobas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, skolebs naklebad SeeZloT, moexdinaT
bavSvis SesaZleblobebis kompensireba, rodesac maT ar SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT
mniSvnelovani SemecnebiTi unar-Cvevebi (kiTxva, wera, angariSi, mosmena da me­
tyveleba, problemebis gadaWra) saklaso oTaxis gareT (klarki, 1990w.).
mas Semdeg, koulmanis daskvnis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom socialurad ukeTes
mdgomareobaSi myofi bavSvebi, savaraudod, ufro warmatebulebi iyvnen skolaSi,
sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom yvela bavSvi unda sargeblobdes uflebiT swavlobdes
skolaSi, sadac SedarebiT ganawilebulia `ukeTes~ mdgomareobaSi myofi da maTgan
gansxvavebuli bavSvebi. radganac `ukeTesi~, `upiratesi~ mdgomareoba Seesaba­meba
rasas, am interpretaciam safuZveli Cauyara bavSvebis gadanawilebas skolebis
sistemaSi, umTavresad basingis (ganxilulia qvemoT) meSveobiT. TviTon koul­
mani didi xnis ganmavlobSi ebrZoda amgvar gadawyvetilebas. koulmanis angariSma
safuZveli Cauyara kompensirebul ganaTlebas, gamdidrebul programas, romelic
exmareboda Savkanian moswavleebs, dasweodnen privilegirebul studentebs.
koulmanis angariSis gamoqveynebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg kristofer jen­
ksma da misma kolegebma erTi nabijiT daxvewes koulmenis diagnozi gamokvlevaSi
`uTanasworoba~ (1972w.). jenksma aRmoaCina, rom swored saklaso oTaxis gareT ar­
sebuli socialuri uTanasworoba ganapirobebda uTanasworobas saklaso oTaxSi;
amtkicebda, rom skolebs arafris gakeTeba SeeZloT am mxriv, isini ver moaxdend­
nen saswauls. skolebis reformireba ver Secvlida Zalebisa da privilegiebis
ganawilebas, rac yovelTvis iyo amerikuli socialuri wyobis nawili. jenksis

518
azriT, amis gamosasworeblad uTanasworobaze ieriSi unda mietanaT pirdapir,
ekonomikuri zomebiT da ara skolebis reformirebiT.
erTi saSualeba skolebis sistemaSi uTanasworobis gamosasworeblad aris
dasaxlebis diskriminaciuli formiT gamowveuli rasobrivi disbalansis sapir­
ispiro moqmedeba _ basingi. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis basingis wyalobiT
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda segregiacia skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT qveynis samxreTiT.
misi efeqturobisa da amerikelebis umetesobis mier integraciis mxar­daWeris
miuxedavad, basingi arasodes yovila popularuli (formizano, 1991w.). basingis
oponentebi Relaven sakuTari Svilebis usafrTxoebaze, ar moswonT, rodesac
bavSvebi dros avtobusebiT mgzavrobaSi kargaven, imis nacvlad, rom saSinao dava­
leba akeTon saxlSi an klasgareSe saqmianobas mihyon xeli da sinanuls gamoTq­
vamen samezoblo skolebis gauqmebis gamo (armori, 1989w.). basingis dawuneba ar
niSnavs rasizms (SavkanianTa nawilic ewinaaRmdegeba mas); iyo dro, rodesac bas­
ingis oponentoba gamoiwvia Sidarasobrivma konfliqtebma, romelic integracias
mohyva Sedegad (olzaki, Senanhani da uesti, 1994w.).
rodesac basingi savaldebulo xdeba, mSobelTa nawils sakuTari Svilebi saja­
ro skolebidan gamohyavs da an kerZo skolebSi gzavnis, an mTeli ojaxi metwilad
TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionSi gadadis sacxovreblad. aseT adgilSi, Sesa­
bamisad, basingic ar aris saWiro. TeTrkaniani ojaxebis samezobloebidan gasvlis
process (ojaxebisa, romlebic basingsa da rasobrivi integraciis sxva formebs
gaurbian), TeTrkanianTa gadineba ewodeba. es fenomeni ara mxolod uTxris Zirs
disegregacias, aramed amcirebs gadasaxadebisgan miRebul dafinansebas, radgan
teritorias saSualo fenis TeTrkanianTa ojaxebi toveben. zog adgilas, sadac
basingi savaldebulod gamocxadda, TeTrkanianTa gadinebis done SeSfoTebis
sagnad iqca (armori, 1989w. toiberi, 1990w.). magaliTad, virjiniis Statis qalaq
norfolkSi federalurma sasamarTlom gamosca basingis SeCerebis brZaneba,
raTa SeeCerebina TeTrkanianTa ojaxebis gadineba samezoblodan (armori, 1991w.).
Tumca, samxreTis zog qalaqSi mainc dafiqsirda TeTrkanianebis gadineba, miuxe­
davad imisa, rom am adgilebSi basingi arasdros yofila gamoyenebuli rasobrivi
integraciis saSualebad. amgvar SemTxvevebSi TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier gadadg­
muli nabiji mxolod integrirebuli ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg protestis forma
iyo. martivma rasizmma SeiZleba motivacia misces TeTrebis gadinebas. integri­
rebuli skolebi, savaraudod, safrTxes Seuqmnian maTi Svilebis ganaTlebas da
maT sakuTar socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas maSin, rodesac gaizarda
konkurencia samsaxurebisTvis (mikelsoni da rei, 1994w.).
skolebSi Tanabari SesaZleblobis Sesaqmnelad meore mcdeloba aris dadeb­
iTi diskriminacia anu diskriminaciisA aRmofxvris meqanizmi SavkanianebisTvis
konkurentuli Sansebis gazrdiT.
GganaTlebaSi dadebiT diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze gaxmau­
rebuli sakiTxia Caricxva kolejebsa da universitetSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dadebiTi diskriminacia xSiradaa miCneuli warsulis danaSaulebis gamosworebis
mcdelobad (gansakuTrebiT es exeba afroamerikelebis monobas da xangrliv dis­
kriminacias), is ufro dRes arsebuli uTanasworobis aRmofxvriskenaa mimar­

519
Tuli, romelic saTaves Tanamedrove diskriminaciis formebisgan iRebs. ufro
metic, dadebiTi diskriminaciis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom dRes Savkanianebs
`arasamarTlianad~ aqvT miniWebuli upiratesobebi. yofili moswavleebis,
sportsmenebis, gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli studnetebisa da zogadad
SeZlebuli TeTrkanianebis Svilebs umciresobebamde didi xniT adre iRebdnen
kolejSi (ridi, 1995w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadebiTi diskriminacia xels uwyobs Savkanianebis prog­
ress, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba maT Sorisac aRiniSneba. nawili fiqrobs, rom Savkaniani
studentebi met warmatebas aRweven iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arian TeTrkanianebi
da sadac maT miRwevebsa da warmatebebs marTla afaseben (traubi, 1994w.). bevri
TeTrkaniani (da araSavkaniani eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi, ufro
metad azielebi) Riad daupirispirdnen konservatorebis mier wamowyebul dadeb­
iTi diskriminaciis process. miuxedavad SiSisa, rom Savkaniani studentebi daum­
saxureblad miiTviseben TeTrkanianebisTvis gankuTvnil adgilebs kolejebSi,
rasobrivi segregacia mainc moqmedebs. es gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi aRiniSneba
(efelbomi, 1991w.), Tumca, seleqciuri kolejebi xSirad ver pouloben afro-
amerikeli an laTinoamerikeli studentebis sakmaris raodenobas, romlebmac
warmatebiT daasrules saSualo skola, raTa Caricxon am jgufSi. amgvari kole­
jebi xSirad amartiveben miRebis kriteriumebs umciresobebisTvis. amisa­Tvis iy­
eneben damatebiT programebs da imedi aqvT, rom arc studentebi daakleben cdas
warmatebis misaRwevad. rasakvirvelia, arseboben iseTi Savkaniani da laTino-
amerikuli warmoSobis studentebi, romlebic warmatebas dadebiTi diskrimina­
ciis gareSec miaRwevdnen. kritikosebi miiCneven, rom dadebiTi diskriminacia mx­
olod Crdils ayenebs maT niWierebasa da miRwevebs.

dafinanseba, arCevani da angariSvaldebuleba

aSS-is sajaro skolebi umTavresad gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli TanxebiT fi­

nansdeba. zog saskolo olqSi gadasaxadebi Zalian didia. me-20 saukunis bolo
wlebSi ramdenjerme gaakeTes ganacxadi skolebis dafinansebis reformasTan
dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es SemoTavazeba exeba skolebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas, TiTqmis Seuqcevadad gulisxmobs gadasaxadebis Semcirebasac.
`skolebis arCevanis~ programa, romelsac yvelaze xSirad icaven, aris vauCerebis
sistema. am gegmis mixedviT, TiToeuli bavSvs mocemul saskolo olqSi an StatSi
mianiWeben vauCers, romelic utoldeba konkretul Tanxas, rac saWiroa saskolo
ganaTlebis misaRebad da bavSvs an mis mSoblebs SeeZlebaT, airCion sajaro, kerZo,
religiuri an sekularuli skola. am gegmas mxars uWeren religiuri skolebis mos­
wavleebi da maTi mSoblebi, radgan amgvari skolebi, konstituciis Tanaxmad, ar
finansdeba saxelmwifo saxsrebiT. vauCerebis gegmas mxars uWeren konservatore­
bic, romlebsac moswonT ganaTlebaze `saxelmwifo monopoliis~ ganadgurebis
idea da fiqroben, rom vauCerebi saSualebas aZlevs `momxmarebels~, `iyidos~ sa­
surveli ganaTleba `Tavisufal bazarze~. vauCerebis sistemis oponentebi, Tavis

520
mxriv, mraval problemaze miuTiTeben: vauCerebi TiTqmis arasdros eyofa kerZo
skolebSi swavlis gadasaxads; ar arsebobs kerZo skolebis sakmarisi raodenobac;
SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos arCeul skolamde transportirebis xarjebi; kerZo
skolam SeiZleba uari gamoucxados miRebaze Rarib moswavleebs, umciresobebs,
unarSezRudulebs an maT, vinc kargad ver flobs inglisurs (korvini da dianda,
1993w.). vauCerebis sistemis SemoReba, _ amtkiceben oponentebi, _ kidev ufro
gaaZlierebs skolebis stratifikacias, radgan saukeTeso da yvelaze SeZlebuli
moswavleebi gadavlen sajarodan kerZo skolebSi, xolo sajaro skolebi darCeba
mosaxleobis yvelaze daucvel fenas (astini, 1992w.).
skolebis dafinansebis reformirebisaTvis kidev erTi SemoTavazebaa priva­
tizacia, romelic gulisxmobs skolebis funqciis gadaqcevas biznesad an gare
organizaciad. zogadad, privatizacia ufro ekonomikuri iqneba anu SesaZlebeli
iqneba ukeTesi ganaTlebis miReba nakleb fasad. miuxedavad imisa, rom zog TemSi
ukve scades privatizacia, am programam ver gaamarTla. 1989 wels bostonis uni­
versitetma Tavis Tavze aiRo masaCusetsis Statis qalaq CelsiSi arsebuli prob­
lemuri sajaro skolis marTva. jerjerobiT SeimCneva mxolod mokrZalebuli
progresi daswrebis, gamocdebis Sedegebis, mitovebis maCveneblisa da umaRlesi
ganaTlebis maCveneblebis mxriv (ganaTlebis daijesti, 1993w.). Tumca, baltimo­
ris sajaro skolis gamocdileba sruliad gansxvavebulia. 1992 wels cxra sajaro
skolis mmarTveloba gadaeca komerciul firmas saxelwodebiT Education Alterna-
tives, Inc. (EAI). EAI amtkicebda, rom is SeZlebda, gaeumjobesebina moswavleebis aka­
demiuri moswreba, magram es ase ar moxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom EAI-is mier mar­
Tuli skolebi sufTa da mowesrigebul SenobebSi iyo ganTavsebuli, moswavleebis
moswrebis xarisxi ar gazrdila maSin, rodesac kompaniam ramdenime milioni do­
lariT meti daxarja, vidre sajaro skolebma (uelSi, 1995w.).
skolebis reformis kidev erTi aspeqti exeba moTxovnas skolebis ukeTesi
funqcionirebisa da angariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb. vauCerebis gegma angariSval­
debulebis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi mcdelobaa: ukmayofilo mSoblebs SeuZliaT
Svilebi sxva sajaro an kerZo skolaSi gadaiyvanon. angariSvaldebulebis gaum­
jobesebas xels uwyobs saxlSi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobac. Cveulebriv,
kvals mivyavarT Sedegebamde anu im saboloo Sedegamde, rasac ganaTlebis sistema
iZleva. oponentebi, romlebic xazs usvamen angariSvaldebulebis mniSvnelobas,
amtkiceben, rom saskolo sistema ufro xSirad zrunavs zomebze da garegnul mxa­
reze, magaliTad: skolis Senobaze, klasebis zomaze, maswavleblebis raodeno­
basa da maTi xelfasis odenobaze, aseve TiToeul moswavleze gaRebul danaxar­
jebze. maTi mtkicebiT, ufro mniSvnelovani unda iyos, Tu ra Seiswavles bavSvebma
skolaSi gatarebuli erTi dRis, erTi semestris an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
amgvari midgoma ganaTlebisadmi Sedegebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis (OBE)
saxe­liTaa cnobili. am midgomis ZiriTadi koncefciis Tanaxmad, upirveles yov­
lisa, skolebma mtkiced unda gansazRvron, ra aswavlon bavSvebs. yvela moswavlem
unda miaRwios dasaxul mizans da maTi winsvlac swored am miznebis SesrulebiT
unda iyos ganpirobebuli (uitmeri, 1993w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom es yvelaferi
Teo­riulad gonivrulad JRers da bevr StatSi mzad arian mis misaRebad, es mid­

521
goma mZafri kritikis saganicaa. Tavdapirveli kritika exeboda mosazrebas, rom
OBE ukan daswevda klasSi ufro gonier da karg moswavleebs, romlebic iZuleb­
ulebi gaxdebodnen, emuSavaT konkretul Temaze manam, sanam yvela moswavle ar
aiTvisebda mas. aseve amtkicebdnen, rom maswavleblebi orientacias aiRebdnen
gamocdebze da moswavleebs miawvdidnen mxolod `swor pasuxebs~, rac Seafer­
xebda sagnis Zirfesvianad Seswavlis process. ufro mZafri azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gamoiwvia Sinaarsis sakiTxma: konkretulad ra miznebs unda miaRwion moswavlee­
bma? iq, sadac es midgoma dainerga, aRmoCnda, rom skolebis xelmZRvanelobam
konkre­tuli amocanebi ki ar dausaxa moswavleebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kiTxvis
unari, rom SesaZlebeli iyos sagazeTo statiis gageba, aramed iseTi zogadi amo­
canebi, rogoricaa `dadebiTi socialuri, emociuri da fizikuri mdgomareobis
gamomxatveli qceva~; an, magaliTad, `yvela studentma unda moipovos codna da
eziaros sxvadasxva kulturasa da cxovrebis stils~ (mano, 1995w.). amgvari bun­
dovani miznebiTa da amocanebiT Zalze gaWirdeba imis gageba, SeZles Tu ara mo­
swavleebma am amocanebis Sesruleba. ufro metic, am miznebis nawili gamoricxavs
erTmaneTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri ganmanaTlebeli jer kidev uWers mxars
am midgomas, saWiroa konkretuli miznebis dasaxva, raTa angariSvaldebuleba rea­
lobad iqces.

ganaTleba, rogorc profesia

ganaTlebis reformirebisas erT-erTi problemaa aSS-Si maswavleblebis

SedarebiT dabali anazRaureba da maTi dabali statusi. am faqts istoriuli
safuZvlebi aqvs, kerZod is, rom dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi maswavleblebad
ZiriTadad qalebi muSaobdnen. xSirad maswavleblebad muSaobdnen gauTxovari qa­
lebi, romelTa Semosavali imdenad mwiri iyo, rom iZulebulebi iyvnen im saxlebs
Sehfarebodnen, sadac aswavlidnen. dabalanazRaurebis forma mas Semdegac darCa
ZalaSi, rac metma gaTxovilma qalma daiwyo swavleba, radganac mosalodneli iyo,
rom maT materialurad meuRleebi daexmarebodnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes skolebSi aswavlian rogorc mamakacebi, aseve
qalebi, anazRaureba mainc dabalia. es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvavea maTema­
tikisa da sabunebismetyvelo dargebSi, radgan am dargebis kargi specialistebi
gacilebiT maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebs Souloben kerZo biznesSi. dabali
xelfasebis gamo bevri niWieri specialisti uars ambobs skolaSi muSaobaze. iqi­
dan gamomdinare, rom xelfasebis raodenoba gadasaxadebzea damokidebuli, da
mosaxleoba yovelTvis winaaRmdegi iqneba gadasaxedebis matebisa, savaraudod,
es mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba.
swavlebis profesiad gadaqcevisken mimarTul mcdelobebs xangrZlivi is­
toria aqvs. yvela mcdelobas ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs: maswavleblebis socia­
luri da ekonomikuri statusisa da swavlebis gaumjobeseba. jerjerobiT amgvar
mcdelobebs mxolod Sereuli warmatebebi aqvs. jer kidev mimdinareobs brZola
skolis maswavleblisTvis minimaluri standartis dadgenis, Sefasebis proce­

522
durebis gaumjobesebisa da SesaZleblobebis gazrdis Taobaze. magaliTad, wode­
ba `ufrosi maswavlebeli~, rac maRal anazRaurebasac gulisxmobs, gamoiyeneba
gamoCenili maswavleblebis dasajildoeblad. maswavleblebis momzadebis mcde­
lobebi xSirad ar amarTlebs, radgan isini zrdian Sesaswavli kursebis raodeno­
bas da yuradRebis miRma toveben Sesaswavl sagnebs. alternatiuli mosazrebis
mixedviT (romelic jer ar aris gaziarebuli), maswavlebelma jer unda moipovos
xarisxi mis mier arCeul saganSi, airCios ganaTlebis kursi universitetSi, rac
dagvirgvindeba magistris xarisxiT ganaTlebaSi. Sedegad ganaTlebis profesia
sxva profesiebs miuxlovdeba. kritikosTa nawili miiCnevs, rom profesionaliza­
ciis amgvari mcdeloba ufro met sargebels `maswavlebel ganmanaTleblebs~ anu
ganaTlebis profesorebs moutans, vidre maswavleblebs an moswavleebs (larebi,
1992w). profesionalizaciisken mimarTuli mcdelobebi xSirad uyuradRebod
tovebs saklaso oTaxebSi gamoCenil kreatiulobas an Sesaswavli sagnis codnas.
isini ufro mimarTulia kvlevebze orientirebuli `mecnierebis~ _ pedagogikis
Sesaqmnelad. cxadia, profesionali maswavleblebis saWiroeba dgas. maswavleb­
lebs sWirdebaT treningebi, rogorc ganaTlebaSi aseve im sagnebSi, romlebsac
aswavlian. isini imsaxureben mxardaWeras, rac ZiriTadi komponentia ganaTlebis
nebismier sistemaSi. amJamad sazogadoeba mets moiTxovs maswavleblebisgan,
moCvenebiT Tanadgomas uwevs maT da xSirad ar imetebs Seqebas maT mier gaweuli
SromisTvis.

Sejameba

1. ganaTleba aris socializaciis struqturuli forma, romlis meSveobiT

konkretuli kulturuli codna, unar-Cvevebi da Rirebulebebi formalu­
rad gadaecema erTi Taobidan meores. skolebs akisriaT ori ZiriTadi fun­
qcia: gacxadebuli da faruli. gacxadebuli funqciaa iseTi konkretuli
sakiTxebis swavleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kiTxva, wera da ariTmetika.
faruli funqciaa socialuri unar-Cvevebisa da damokidebulebebis (magali­
Tad, TviTdisciplinisa da morCilebis) swavleba. skolebis farul funqcias
`farul saswavlo programasac~ uwodeben.
2. skolebs mouwodeben, rom bevri socialuri funqcia itvirTos. maT Soris
swavlebis unar-Cvevebi, gadmocemis kultura, kulturuli adaptaciis waxa­
liseba, eTikuri qcevis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba, talantebis amorCeva, dis­
ciplina, jgufuri samuSaos waxaliseba da miRwevebis dajildoeba.
3. skolebis sistema, iseve rogorc sxva institutebi, imgvaradaa organizebuli,
rom asaxavs sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebas. magaliTad, gavleniani
kulturuli wreebi adgenen skolebis saswavlo programebs. saSualo fenis
studentebi upiratesobiT sargebloben dabali fenis studentebTan Sedar­
ebiT, radgan maTi kultura da gamocdileba ufro axlosaa skolis kultur­
asTan. umciresobis warmomadgeneli studentebisaTvis an maTTvis, romle­
bic arainglisurenovani ojaxebidan arian, SeiZleba skolis garemo rTuli
aRmoCndes.

523
4. studentebma SeiZleba garkveuli qcevebiT uaryon skolis Rirebulebebi
da procedurebi. winaaRmdegobam SeiZleba ukuSedegi gamoiRos, radgan is
skolis damarcxebas da misi funqcionirebis naadrev Sewyvetas niSnavs. da­
bali fenis studentebis mier skolebis mimarT gamoxatuli winaaRmdegoba
xels uwyobs sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturebis SenarCunebas.
5. me-20 saukuneSi mkveTrad gaizarda ganaTlebis moculoba, romelsac amerike­
lebi iReben. yovel wels milion amerikelze meti iRebs bakalavris xarisxs.
sul ufro matulobs iseTi samsaxurebis raodenoba, romlebisTvisac aucile­
belia xarisxi. samuSaoebis sul ufro mzardi ricxvi iTxovs umaRlesi do­
nis ganaTlebas da praqtikas, romelsac `kredencialebs~ uwodeben. kolejis
kursdamTavrebulis wliuri Semosavali TiTqmis orjer aRemateba skolis
kursdamTavrebulisas.
6. ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. am Sesa­
ZleblobebiT, ZiriTadad, privilegirebuli ojaxis Svilebi sargebloben.
upi­ratesobiT sargebloben im mSoblebis Svilebic, romlebic saTanadod
zrunaven Svilebis ganaTlebaze da amisTvis Sesabamisi kulturuli kapi­
talic moepovebaT.
7. `trekingi~ aris studentebis maTi SesaZleblobisa da interesebis mixedviT
dajgufebis praqtika. trekingis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom amgvari dayofa
efuZneba socialur klass da verc erTma gamokvlevam ver daadastura, rom
bavSvebi ufro ukeT iTviseben, Tu Tanabari SesaZleblobebis TanatolebTan
erTad swavloben. trekingis sistema yvelaze ukeT iq muSaobs, sadac xdeba
mobiloba danayofebs Soris da mxedvelobaSi miiReba studentis konkretu­
li warmatebebi da ara inteleqtis testSi aRebuli qulebi.
8. skolebis damamTavrebeli klasebis moswavleebis daaxloebiT 20% ar am­
Tavrebs skolas. amgvari studentebis umetesoba, Cveulebriv, adreuli
wle­­bidanve ver ewyoba skolas da maTi ojaxebic datvirTulia `uaryofiTi
kulturuli kapitaliT~. im studentebs, romlebic mxolod ramdenime wels
swavlobdnen skolebSi, rogorc wesi, uWirT wera-kiTxva. rogorc Cans, fun­
qciuri ganaTleba problematuri xdeba aSS-Si.
9. skolebis reformirebis ramdenime mcdeloba iyo aSS-Si. yvelaze did miR­
wevad, albaT, skolebis disegregacia iTvleba, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebiT saqmis _ `brauni
ganaTlebis sabWos gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg~ (1954w.) _ ganxilvisas. am
gadawyvetilebiT rasobriv safuZvelze segregirebuli skolebi arakonsti­
tuciurad gamocxadda. manamde TeTrkanianTa skolebs upiratesoba hqondaT
SavkanianTa skolebTan SedarebiT. skolebSi rasobrivi balansis miRwevis
erT-erTi meTodia basingi (sxvadasxva rasis moswavleebis avtobusiT trans­
portireba erTi adgilidan meoreze), rasac mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba
mohyva. pozitiurma diskriminaciam, romelic gulisxmobs umciresobebis
warmomadgeneli studentebisaTvis SeRavaTebis dawesebas kolejebSi Cari­
cxvisas, xeli Seuwyo SavkanianTa progress, magram es reforma mainc iwvevs
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas.

524
10. kidev erTi reforma gulisxmobs skolebis privatizacias an skolebis mar­
Tvis Cabarebas kerZo saagentoebis an kompaniebisTvis da agreTve skolebis
arCevans, rac gamoixateba, magaliTad, vauCerebis sistemis gamoyenebaSi.
privatizacias sxvadasxva Sedegi mohyva. vauCerebis sistema, rac gulisxmobs
biujetis Tanxebis gadanawilebas kerZo da religiur skolebSi, garkveul­
wilad problematuria da bolomde danergili ar aris.
11. moZraobam, romelic mimarTulia angariSgebisken ganaTlebaSi, safuZveli
Cauyara e.w. Sedegze dafuZnebul ganaTlebas. am midgomis mixedviT, bavSvebs
unda daesaxoT konkretuli gegma, romlis warmatebiT Sesrulebac maT winsv­
las ganapirobebs. am midgomasac mravali mowinaaRmdege hyavs.
12. ganaTlebis profesionalizaciis mcdelobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, Tumca
miuxadavad am sakiTxis mniSvnelobisa, nebismier saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
amerikel maswavleblebs sxvebTan SedarebiT dabali statusi da xelfasi aqvT.
am situaciis gamosworebis gzad moiazreba maswavlebelTa daxelovnebisaken
mimarTuli reformebi.

imsjeleT

1. ra aris skolebis socialuri funqcia? moiyvaneT ramdenime magaliTi.

2. rogor asaxavs ganaTlebis sistema sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis struqtu­
ras? ra aris studentTa winaaRmdegobis Sedegebi?
3. aSS-Si aiwia ganaTlebis donem. Tumca, paralelurad gaizarda funqciuri
uwignuroba. axseniT es paradoqsi.
4. rogor gavlenas axdens kulturuli kapitali da trekingi umaRlesi gana­
Tlebis ganawilebaze?
5. aRwereT is mcdelobebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs rasobrivi Tanasworo­
bis miRwevas ganaTlebis SesaZleblobis mxriv. aseve ganixileT miRweuli
warmatebebi da warumateblobebi.
6. ganixileT reformebis mimdinare SemoTavazebebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi vauCerebis, privatizaciis, angariSvaldebulebisa da profesion­
alizmis CaTvliT.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. Tqveni azriT, romelze amaxvilebs yuradRebas dRes aSS-is saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi: muSebisa da sxva profesiebis mqone adamianebis momzadebaze,
romelTa unar-Cvevebi saWiroa sazogadoebisaTvis Tu TiToeuli studenti­
saTvis sakuTari potencialisa da miswrafebebis gamosavlenad SesaZleblobis
micemaze? CamoTvaleT TiToeuli miznis naklovanebebi da Rirsebebi.
2. rogor ganixilavT socialuri klasis gavlenas ganaTlebis SesaZleblobeb­
ze, instruqciebze an studentebis warmatebaze?

525
3. mkveTrad gaizarda amerikelebis mier skolaSi gatarebuli wlebis raode­
noba. ramdenadaa es saWiro ganaTlebisaTvis axali funqciuri moTxovnebis
dasakmayofileblad da ramde­nad miewereba es kredencializms?
4. dRevandeli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi ufro socia­lur cvlilebebs
uwyobs xels Tu arsebuli kulturis SenarCunebas, roca mas erTi Taobidan
meores gadascems?
5. Tqveni azriT, ra aris ganaTlebis sistemis yvelaze mniSv­ne­lovani miznebi?
ra reformebi Seuwyobda xels ganaTlebis amerikul sistemas am miznebis miR­
wevaSi?

sityvari

dadebiTi diskriminacia _ diskriminaciis dasaZlevi konkretuli zomebi, rac

gamoixateba umciresobebisaTvis konkurenciis gawevis SesaZleblobebis
gazrdaSi.
kompensaciuri ganaTleba _ programebi, romlebic saSualebas aZ­levs studen­
tebs, ufro Tanabar pirobebSi gauwios kon­kurencia upiratesobis mqone stu­
dentebs.z
kredencializmi _ moTxovna, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians unda ga­aCndes diplo­
mi an xarisxi Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad an samuSaos Sesasruleblad.
kulturuli kapitali _ upiratesoba, romelic gamoixateba wignebisadmi da
inteleqtualuri saTamaSoebisaknen miswrafebaSi, agreTve gansakuTrebu­
li niWis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaSi, rac skolaSi warmatebis miRwevis
sawindaria.
ganaTleba _ kulturis, unar-Cvevebis, codnisa da gamocdilebis formaluri da
sistematuri saSualeba erTi Taobidan meoreze gadasacemad
faruli saswavlo programa _ qcevis dauwereli kodeqsi, romelic skolebSi
iswavleba da amzadebs bavSvebs akademiuri da socialuri warmatebisaTvis
gare samyaroSi.
faruli funqcia _ skolebis funqcia, aswavlon bavSvebs socialuri unar-Cveve­
bi da damokidebulebebi,
gacxadebuli funqcia _ skolebis funqcia, Seaswavlon axalgazrdebs akademi­
uri unar-Cvevebi, rogoricaa wera da kiTxva.
Sedegze dafuZnebuli ganaTleba _ saganmanaTleblo reformis koncefcia, rom­
lis mixedviT TiToeul moswavles unda daesaxos konkretuli miznebi da misi
warmateba ganisazRvros am miznebis miRwevis unaris mixedviT.
trekingi moswavleebis dajgufeba maTi SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis mixed­
viT
TeTrebis gadineba _ TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier samezobloebis datoveba basin­
gisa da rasobrivi integraciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT .

526
 Tavi 13

religia

religiis definicia
religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi
. kultura: religiuri rwmenebi da simboloebi
. socialuri qmedeba: religiuri praqtika da gamocdileba
. socialuri struqtura: religiuri Temi
. religia da funqciuri integracia
. Zalaufleba religiur TemebSi

religiuri institutebis tipebi

. eklesiebi da seqtebi . kultebi

religiuri inovaciebi
. mormonTa mimdevrobis Camoyalibeba . gaerTianebuli eklesia

religia da socialuri cvlileba

. modernizaciis religiuri fesvebi
. religiuri reaqcia sekularizaciaze . fundamentalizmi

religia amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi dRes

. kaTolikeebi . protestantebi . ebraelebi

religiuri da kulturuli omebi

CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: mrevlis maCveneblis dadgena;
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
religia amerikis sajaro skolebSi

527
528
 i s izidavs milionobiT adamians; mis mxardaWeras SeuZlia da­amxos xelisuf­
lebebi; mis sityvas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos saxelmwifo da saerTaSo­
riso politikaze; is bestseleris avtoria; mTel msoflioSi milionobiT bavSvs
arqmeven mis saxels pativiscemis niSnad. misi saxelia ioane-pavle II _ kaToli­
kuri eklesiis sulieri lideri da mraval kaTolikur qveyanaSi yvelaze gavleni­
ani adamiani. 1994 wels swored misi Carevis Sedegad Seicvala angariSi kairoSi
gamarTul gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze, romelic mosaxleobis Temas eZ­
Rvneboda. dokumentis pirvel versiaSi naTqvami iyo, rom aborti yvela qalis
uflebaa. papis miTiTebiT, konferenciaze mivlinebuli vatikanis warmomadgen­
lebma laTino-amerikelebisa da abortis mowinaaRmdege muslimuri qveynebis war­
momadgenlebTan erTad Secvales es dokumenti da masSi Caiwera: `araviTar Se­­m­Tx­
vevaSi ar unda iyos miCneuli ojaxis dagegmarebis gzad~ (Time, 1994 wlis 26
dekemberi/1995 wlis 2 ianvari).
ralf rids, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis qristianuli koaliciis direq­
tors marTalia romis papisnairi avtoriteti da gavlena ar gaaCnia, magram mainc
sakmarisi Zalaufleba aqvs. qristianuli koaliciis mizania `religiuri ufle­
bebis~ gamyareba (ZiriTadad, skolebSi) locvebiT da abortis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebiT. ridis jgufis damsaxurebaa 1994 wels warmomadgenelTa palataSi
respublikelebis mier 32 adgilis mopoveba. am mxardaWeris sanacvlod ridi da
misi jgufi kongresis daxmarebas iRebs sakuTari memarjvene saqmianobebisaTvis.
1996 wels gamarTuli saprezidento arCevnebisas respublikelTa kandidatebs
nabijic ar gadaudgamT ridTan konsultaciis gareSe da maTi winasaarCevno kampa­
nia, Zi­riTadad, ridis samoqmedo gegmaze iyo morgebuli. qristianuli koa­liciis
samizne skolebis sabWoebicaa. ridis azriT, `amerikis momavali komfortul ofis­
Si msxdomebze ar aris damokidebuli. amerikis momavals skolebis mmarTvelebi
ganapirobeben~ (Time, 1995 wlis 15 maisi, gv. 31). konservatori qristianebi, rom­
lebic qristianuli koaliciis wevrebi ar arian, ar erevian religiis saqmianoba­
Si, magram maT SeZles, ise waremarTaT sakuTari saqme, rom amerikuli politikis
centrSi aRmoCeniliyvnen.
religiis gavlena sxva qveynebSic SeimCneva. Crdilo afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleT­
Si, indoeTsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis zog regionSi, ebrael, muslim da induist
fundamentalistTa seqtebi cdiloben sakuTari rwmena adamianebs Tavze moaxvion,
rasac xelisuflebaze aqtiuri zewoliT xSirad warmatebiT axerxeben kidec.
am magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom dRes religia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
mTels msoflioSi dawyebuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis Seqmnidan, damTavre­
buli politikaze gavleniT. amave dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom religia dRes
msoflioSi arsebuli mravali socialuri institutidan erT-erTia. milionobiT
adamiani ar eqceva religiis gavlenis qveS da arc mis politikaze gavlenas aqcevs
yuradRebas. arsebobs uamravi agnostikosi da aTeisti, romlebic antipaTiurad
arian ganwyobilebi religiis mimarT. arcTu ise didi xnis win gavrcelebuli lo­
zungi _ `RmerTi mokvda~ _ TiTqos religiis dasasrulis dasawyisi iyo. bevri

529
adamiani fiqrobda, rom mecnieruli codna da racionaluri azrovneba ubralod
amoZirkvavda religias. ase ar moxda, magram religia Seicvala axali azrovnebiT.
misi dakninebis sanacvlod, warimarTa procesi, romelsac sociologi stiven uor­
neri (1993w.) `religiuri adapturobis~ aRmavlobas uwodebs. es imas gulisxmobs,
rom religiuri mravalferovnebisagan Seqmnili safrTxis sapasuxod, zogma re­
ligiurma liderma ufro aqtiurad daiwyo sakuTari religiuri mrwamsis gacxade­
ba, axali wevrebis mozidva da politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba sakuTari
religiuri miznebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. amgvar mcdelobebs xSirad uweven
winaaRmdegobas sxva religiuri da arareligiuri liderebi, romlebic saxelm­
wifosa da eklesiis erTmaneTisgan mkacri gamijvnisaken mouwodeben adamianebs.
amgvarad, Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiis sociologiis Seswavlisas Cven vikv­
levT damokidebulebasac religiasa da saero cxovrebas Soris.

religiis definicia

saientologia samyaros saidumlobebisagan Sedgeba [msaxiobi jon travolta

(Time, 1991 wlis maisi)].
saientologia, darwmunebuli var, yvelaze Seubralebeli, teroristuli (am
sityvis klasikuri gagebiT), yvelaze mZime da Semosavliani kultia, romelic ki
qveyanas odesme unaxavs [viki aznarani, saientologiis yofili lideri (Time 1991
wlis 6 maisi)]
ra aris saientologia? saientologiis eklesia 1950-iani wlebis bolos Camoay­
aliba samecniero fantastikis Janris yofilma mweralma l. ron habardma (uilso­
ni, 1990w.). organizaciis mizania, ga­aTavisuflos adamianebi mtkivneuli emociuri
da fizikuri ganc­debisagan da mwuxareba da apaTia enTuziazmiTa da mxiarulebiT
Seucvalos. am miznis misaRwevad saWiroa, rom organizaciis wevrebma monawileo­
ba miiRon gonivrulad dagegmil da gansazRvrul kursebis ciklSi (swored aqedan
modis saxeli _ saientologia). mxolod im adamianebis mcire ricxvi, romlebsac
SeuZliaT daasrulon es kursebi, rasac xSirad wlebi da aTeulobiT aTasi do­
lari sWirdeba, aRweven srul harmonias samyarosTan da sakuTari iRblis baton-
patronebi xdebian.
patara jgufidan saientologia mravalmilioniani biujetis mqo­­ne orga­
nizaciad gadaiqca, romelsac 700 centri aqvs msoflios 65 qveyanaSi da 6.5 mil­
ion wevrs aerTianebs (Los Angeles Times, 24 ivnisi, 1990 w. Time 1991 wlis 6 maisi).
Tumca, bevrs eWvi Seaqvs am ricxvebis sisworeSi (enciklopedia britanika, 1994
w.). saientologia daarsebis dRidanve iwvevda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas. mraval
fsiqiatrsa da sociologs is ararealurad da gamogonilad miaCnia (beinbriji
da starki, 1980w.). Jurnalistebma bevri Seusabamoba da tyuili aRmoaCines misi
damfuZneblis, habardis biografiaSi. organizaciis winaaRmdeg aRiZra mravali
sasamarTlo saqme mowinaaRmdegeebis daSinebis, Tavisi wevrebis eqspluataciisa
da maTTvis aTiaTasobiT dolaris waglejis braldebiT. organizaciis umaRlesi

530
xelmZRvanelebic ki ramdenime wels ixdidnen sasjels im federalur samsaxureb­
Si SeWrisa da gaZarcvisaTvis, romlebic maT saqmes iZiebda.
aris Tu ara saientologia religia? pasuxi Zalin did interess iwvevs: is mniS­
vnelovania bevri mSoblisaTvis, romelTac surT, rom sasamarTlo daexmaros maT
im bavSvebis `Wkuaze moyvanaSi~, romlebic, mSoblebis azriT, eklesiam ideologi­
urad daamuSava (tvini gamourecxa). pasuxi mniSvnelovania im adamianebisTvisac,
romlebic fiqroben, rom maT saientologiam dauziana emociuri janmrTeloba,
gauniava danazogi an gaakotra maTi ojaxebi. pasuxi ainteresebT saqmosnebsac,
romlebmac saqme daiWires saientologiasTan dakavSirebul adamianebTan. pasuxi
mniSvnelovania eklesiis im wevrebisaTvis, romlebsac surT sazogadoebis aRi­
areba da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba maT mier gaRebuli wvlilis sanacvlod.
erTi sityviT, pasuxi kiTxvaze: `aris Tu ara saientologia religia~ _ udavod
mniSvnelovania mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
eklesiia konstituciuri ZaliT gamijnulia saxelmwifosagan, amitom aSS-is
mTavroba, rogorc wesi, ar ereva Sida religiur sakiTxebSi, magram iqidan gamom­
dinare, rom religiuri organizaciebi gaTavisuflebulebi arian gadasaxadebisa­
gan, mTavrobam unda gadawyvitos, SeiZleba Tu ara ama Tu im jgufisaTvis religiis
statusis miniWeba. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri uflebamosilia, uari ganucxa­
dos gadasaxadebis gadaxdisgan gaTavisuflebaze nebismier TviT-aRiarebul re­
ligiur organizacias, romelic xels uwyobs calkeuli pirebis gamdidrebas, fa­
rulad monawileobs politikur procesebSi da arc danaSaulis Cadenas erideba.
aseve, samsaxurs SeuZlia moiTxovos, rom ekelesias hqondes mrwamsi, oficialuri
doqtrinis forma da RvTismsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgili, sistematurad
atarebdes krebebs da aRavlendes RvTismsaxurebas. (podusi, 1996w.). Sida Semo­
savlebis samsaxuri 1960-iani wlebidan ebrZvis saientologiur eklesias. Tavda­
pirvelad maT daadgines, rom Tanxa, romelsac eklesias konsultaciebisaTvis
uxdidnen (am Tanxas saientologistebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben maTi re­
ligiisaTvis), realurad iyo anazRaureba miwodebuli momsaxurebisaTvis, rac
ar eqvemdebareboda gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebas. es gadawyvetileba 1989
wels miiRo uzenaesma sasamarTlom. Tumca, 1993 wels Sida Semosavlebis samsax­
uri sruliad sawinaaRmdegod moiqca, rodesac saientologistTa eklesiasTan
gauxmaurebeli SeTanxmeba dado. am samsaxuris meryevi pozicia adasturebs, rom
sazogadoebis bevri nawilisTvis mniSvnelovania, Tu sad gadis zRvari religiur
da komerciul organizacias Soris, (podusi, 1996w.). magaliTad, espaneTSi mTav­
robam qveynidan gaaZeva saientologistebi, avstraliis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ki
organizacia oficialurad aRiara religiad (uilsoni, 1990w.).
rogorc es magaliTi adasturebs, religis definicia ukiduresad rTuli
saqmea. aucilebelia Tu ara, rom religia aRiarebdes zebunebriv qmnilebas? es
Tu asea, maSin diskvalificirdeba Cinuri konfucianeloba, romelic cxovrebis
marTebuli gzis swavlebaa. aucilebelia Tu ara, rom religia aRiarebdes erT
uzenaes qmnilebas an RmerTs? am SemTxvevaSi, religiis statusi unda CamoerTvas
induizms, romelic mraval RmerTs aRiarebs. sakmarisia Tu ara `xsnis~ elementi
imisaTvis, rom jgufi religiad aRiaron? am SemTxvevaSi religiebis CamonaTvals

531
unda gamoakldes EST da sxva fsiqoTerapiuli jgufebi adamianis potencialis
moZraobidan. realurad, religiis arc erTi definicia ar aris yvela religiis­
Tvis damakmayofilebeli da misaRebi.
religiis sociologiuri ganmarteba yuradRebas amaxvilebs sam ZiriTad ele­
mentze, romelzec saubrobs sociologiis yvelaze gavleniani damaarsebeli emil
durkhaimi (1912-1965w.w.). pirveli elementia rwmena. rogorc meoTxe TavSi davi­
naxeT, rwmena aris kulturis ZiriTadi elementi. bevri religiuri adamianisaTvis,
RmerTis an uzenaesi qmnilebis rwmena yvelaze mniSvnelovania. meore _ religia
ar aris ubralod is, risic adamianebs swamT, aramed isic, Tu ras akeTeben es ada­
mianebi. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri sociologiuri definicia yuradRebas amaxvi­
lebs socialuri praqtikis arsebobaze, rac aris socialuri moqmedebis mkacrad
organizebuli forma. am moqmedebebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia ritualebi,
magaliTad, Tayvaniscemis ceremoniebi. religia aseve gavlenas axdens socialur
moqmedebaze, roca miTiTebas aZlevs morwmuneebs, gadadgan konkretuli nabi­
jebi an Tavi Seikavon, SeizRudon raRacisgan. magaliTad, Seasrulon aTi mcneba
an daicvan oqros wesebi. mesame, religiis gansazRvrebisas, sociologiebi svamen
kiTxvas: gaCnda Tu ara mrevli? `religia, _ amboben isini, _ unda aerTianebdes
adamianebs socialur struqturaSi da awesrigebdes urTierTobas zneobisadmi
erTgulebisa da kargi an cudi saqcielis standartebis mixedviT.

religiis sociologiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi

upirveles yovlisa, religia kulturis sakiTxia, magram gamomdinare iqidan,

rom is gavrcelebuli da didi gavlenis mqone socialuri institutia, religia
SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semdegi ZiriTadi koncefciebis mxrivac: moqmedeba, struq­
tura, funqcia da Zalaufleba.

kultura: religiuri rwmenebi da simboloebi

meoTxe Tavis Seswavlisas gavigeT, rom sakraluri rwmenebi da simboloebi

kulturis umniSvnelovanesi elementebia. reliigis centraluri nawilia rwmena­
Ta da simboloTa sistema. rwmena kulturuli mtkicebulebaa, romlis dajerebac
ar saWiroebs empiriul safuZvels. afrikaSi mcxovrebi pigmeebis mbutis toms
sjera, rom tye, romelSic isini cxovroben zebunebrivi arsebaa. tye maTTvis per­
sonificirdeba dedasTan da mamasTan, sicocxlis momcemTan da, xSirad, sikvdi­
lis mizezTan. maTi rwmena magaliTia animizmisa an rwmenisa, rom dedamiwis zurgze
(tyes, xes, cxovels, mTas an mdinares) yvelafers aqvs suli. zog religiaSi adami­
anebs sje­raT winaprebis sulebisa. amis magaliTia sintoizmi, romlis 38 milioni
mimdevridan umetesoba iaponelia.

532
 religiur rwmenas Teizmi ewodeba. Teizmis mixedviT, swored Zlevamosili
zebunebrivi arsebebi monawileoben dedamiwaze ganviTarebul movlenebSi. mono­
Teistebs anu 1.8 miliard qristians, 17 milion ebraelsa da 950 milion muslims
(enciklopedia britanika, 1992w.) swamT erTi zebunebrivi Zalisa _ RmerTisa, iah­
vesi an alahisa. maTgan gansxvavebiT, poliTeistebs, ramdenime RvTaebisa swamT.
dRes 720 milion induss (romelTa umetesoba indoeTSi cxovrobs) aqvs bevri mci­
re da xuTi mTavari RmerTis panTeoni, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, brahmanis ufro
maRali da wminda principis gamovlinebaa.
sxva regionebSi rwmenebi Tavmoyrilia ufro zebunebrivi Zalis, vidre zebune­
brivi qmnilebis irgvliv. magaliTad, polinezielebs swamT Zalisa, romelsac ma­
nas uwodeben. maTi rwmeniT, mas SeuZlia Casaxldes adamianebsa da sagnebSi. qariS­
xals gadarCenil kanoeze an fermerze, romelic yovel wels uxv mosavals iRebs
polinezielebi amboben, rom isini manas floben. religiuri rwmenis amgvari tipi
ufro preindustriuli qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
emil durkhaimi iyo pirveli sociologi, romelmac scada adamianis religiu­
ri rwmenis axsna. durkhaimma (1912-1965w.w.) gansazRvra, rom `sakraluri~ da `miwi­
eri~ religiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. `sakralurSi~ is gulisxmobda yvelafer
imas, rac calke dgas yoveldRiuri yofisagan da iwvevs SiSsa da mokrZalebas. `mi­
wieri~ ki aris yvelaferi rutinuli da Cveulebrivi. Cveulebriv, xalxi mia­wers
rames `sakralur~ Tvisebebs, xolo religia, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs socialur
erTobas da qmnis moralur da eTnikur erTsulovnebas. durkhaimis mixedviT,
religiis definiciis umniSvnelovanesi elementia is, rasac sazogadoeba `sakra­
lurs~ uwodebs.
durkhaimma pirvelad avstralieli aborigenebis gamokvleva daiwyo. misi az­
riT, avstraliel aborigenebs yvelaze martivi sazogadoebrivi wyoba hqondaT
da, aqedan gamomdinare, religiac martivi unda hqonodaT. abo­rigenTa religiis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia totemi: sagani (an cxoveli, mcenare), romelic
klanis simboloa da klani sakralurad miiCnevs. durkhaimi dainteresda klanisa
da sakraluris ormxrivi simbolizmiT. is amtkicebda, rom totemis TayvaniscemiT
aborigenebi gamoxatavdnen sakuTari klanis mimarT mowiwebas. durkhaimma daaskv­
na, rom religiuri rwmeneba momdinareobs adamianebis gamocdilebidan socialur
ZalebTan dakavSirebiT _ ZalebTan, romlebic gavlenas axdenen maT cxovrebaze.
magaliTad, RvTaebrivi qmnilebis rwmenebi momdi­nareobs im faqtidan, rom Cven im
kulturis nawilebi varT, romelic Cven gareSe arsebobs da ar aris Seqmnili Cven
mier. `Cven vlaparakobT enaze, romelic Cven ar Segviqmnia,~ _ werda durkhaimi, _
`vxmarobT iaraRebsa da xelsawyoebs, romelic Cven ar gagvikeTebia, vicavT ufle­
bebs, romlebic Cven ar dagviwesebia... codnis saganZuri Taobidan Taobas bune­
brivad gadaecema~ (durkhaimi, 1912-1965w.w. gv. 212). Cvenc garegani wyaroebis mier
varT Seqmnilni _ wyaroebisa, romlebsac ver vakontrolebT da, Sesabamisad, is
Cvens mowiwebasa da SiSs iwvevs. igive ideaa samyaros Semqmneli RmerTis rwmenac.
dRes amerikaSi religiaze metad garkveuli ZiriTadi rwmenebi mZlavrobs (The
Gallop Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis ianvari, 1995 wlis Tebervali). amerikelTa daax­

533
loebiT 96%-s swams RmerTis, 90 procenti aRiarebs samoTxis arsebobas da 73 %-s
swams jojoxeTis arsebobisa. amerikelTa ori mesamedi aRiarebs eSmakis arsebo­
bas da 72%-s swams, rom angelozebi arseboben. magistraturisa da doqtorantu­
ris kursdamTavrebulebi, liberaluri ideologiuri midreki­lebe­bisa da maRali
Semosavlis mqoneni ufro skeptikurad arian ganwyobilebi am fenomenebis mimarT.
savaraudod, xandazmulebs ufro sjeraT eSmakis an jojo­xeTisa, vidre axalgaz­
rdebs. angelozebisa da saswaulebisa mamakacebze xSirad qalebs swamT (Sesaba­
misad 78,65% da 86 da 71%).
garda RmerTebisa, sulebisa an zebunebrivi Zalebisa, religiebis umetesoba
aerTianebs moralur principebs. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris marTebuli da ra _
ara, ra aris kargi da ra _ cudi, ar aris mxolod abstraqtuli idea. es aris garkve­
uli SemoTavazeba, arCevani, Tu rogor unda moiqce. religiis mimdevrebma am prin­
cipebis mixedviT unda warmarTon yoveldRiuri cxovreba (gelneri, 1972w.). zog
nonTeistur religiebSi (anu religiebSi, romlebic ar aRiarebs RmerTs an RvTae­
bas), zneobrivi principebi yvelaze mniSvelovania. magaliTad, budistebi nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWeben budas morCilebas, samagierod cdiloben daicvan is suli­
eri da eTikuri principebi, romelic budam daawesa `oTx keTilSobil WeSmarite­
baSi~. sxva religiebi, romlebic aseve amaxvileben yuradRebas zneobrivi miznebis
miRwevaze, aris konfucianeloba da taoizmi. orive maTgani CineTidan gavrcelda.
uklebliv yvela religia, gamoixateba simboloebiT an iseTi sagnebiT, romleb­
sac damatebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. araferi ar aris TavisTavad simboluri. adami­
anebi Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu ra aris simboluri mniSvneloba da Semdeg aniWeben am
mniSvnelobas sityvebs, moqmedebebs, sagnebs. magaliTad, qristianuli zia­rebis
ceremonia Sedgeba simboluri moqmedebebisagan (Rvinisa da puris miReba, ro­
melic saidumlo serobas aRniSnavs) da simboloebisagan (puri da Rvino ganasax­
ierebs qristes xorcsa da sisxls). durkhaimi amtkicebs, rom amgvari reli­giuri
simboloebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs e.w. `koleqtiur reprezentacias: komuni­
kacias didi socialuri organizaciebidan calkeul pirovnebebamde~. amgvarad,
ziarebis ceremoniaSi gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva simboloebi metyveleben yvela im
adamianis saxe­liT, romlebic iziareben qristianul sarwmunoebas (wina Taobebis
CaTvliT) da monawileoben ziarebaSi.

socialuri qmedeba:
religiuri praqtika da gamocdileba

religiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi socialuri moqmedebis formebia. so­

ciologebi xSirad xmaroben termins `ritualuri praqtika~ an `religiuri praq­
tika~, raTa aRniSnon is moqmedebebi, romlebic sistematurad xorcieldeba sx­
vadasxva wesis dacviT. amgvarma praqtikam SesaZlebelia daakmayofilos adamianis
reli­giuri saWiroebani, garda amisa, maT SeuZliaT Camoayalibon religiuri
sazogadoebebi _ daaxloebiT imgvari, rogoric kaTolikeebis Tavyrilobaa wmin­
da ziarebis aRniSvnis mizniT.

534
 religia socialuri moqmedebaa im kuTxiTac, rom morwmuneebi gamoxataven Ta­
vianT rwmenas da gadascemen mas sxvebs, eZieben zebunebriv gzas, pativs miageben
RvTaebebs. religiuri praqtika sxvadasxva formisaa. SeiZleba iyos gaziarebuli,
savaldebulo an arCeviTi, mkacrad struqturizebuli an SemoqmedebiTi. musika,
cekva, locva, meditacia, nadimi da marxva im moqmedebebis mcire CamonaTvalia,
romelic religiis saxeliT sruldeba.
zogi religia SeiZleba daiyos ritualebad an im standartul moq­medebebad,
romlebic sruldeba ceremoniebis an sxva mniSvnelovani SemTxvevebis dros.
rituali aris simboloTa mniSvnelobis gamoxatva da am mniSvnelobis gaZliere­
ba monawileTaTvis. qristianobaSi naTlobisas wyliT ganwmendis rituali an
iudaizmSi Toras kiTxva miznad isaxavs Rrma sulieri mniSvnelobis gadmocemas
da monawileebisaTvis religiuri erTobis grZnobis gaRvivebas (duglasi, 1970w.
glukmani, 1962w. erneri, 1970w.). ritualebi SeiZleba iyos sekularuli, magram am
SemTxvevaSi, mas naklebi siwminde miewereba. magaliTad, mosamarTlis darbazSi
Semosvlisas, fexze wamodgomis rituali nergavs kanonisadmi pativiscemasa da
morCilebas.
religia moicavs araritualur moqmedebebsac. es moqmedebebi gulisxmobs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamosayeneb moralur miTiTebebsa da akrZalvebs. ebrae­
lebs nabrZanebi aqvT miiRon mxolod maTi reliigis mier nebadarTuli sakvebi.
qristianebi `ise unda moeqcnen sxvebs, rogorc maT surT, rom sxvebi moeqc­
nen~. muslimebs ekrZalebaT sxva muslimebisaTvis gasesxebul fulze procentis
moTxovna. zogi qristianuli mimdevrobis wevrebs evalebaT bevri Svilis gaCena,
raTa gazardon qristianTa ricxvi. sxva mimdevrobebi ki, piriqiT, iwoneben ubi­
woebas, radgan fiqroben, rom sqesobrivi cxovrebisgan Tavis Sekaveba adamianebs
RvTaebriv siwmindeebTan aaxloebs. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom re­
ligia xels uwyobs rogorc socialuri moqmedebebis, aseve rwmena-Sexedulebebis
organizebas.
is, vinc amtkicebs, rom ama Tu im religiis mimdevaria, xSirad ar icavs am reli­
giisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela rituals. yvela qristiani ar dadis eklesiebSi da
vinc dadis, yvela rodi iRebs ziarebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelTa 60 %-is
azriT, religias `Zalian mniSvnelovani~ adgili ukavia maT cxovrebaSi, mxolod
30%-ma ganacxada, rom eswreba RvTismsaxurebas kviraSi erTxel mainc (ix. sqema
13.1). kiTxvaze _ daeswrnen Tu ara isini RvTismsaxurebas eklesiaSi an sinagogaSi
gasul kviras _ gamokiTxulTa 38%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca (Gallop Poll monthly,
1995 wlis Tebervali). Tumca, arsebobs varaudi, rom es pasuxebi simarTles ar See­
sabameba da maCvenebeli gadaWarbebulia. monacemTa ramdenime sxvadasxva wyaros
gamoyenebiT (ix. kvlevis meTodebis yuTi), erT-erTma kvlevam aRmoaCina, rom pro­
testantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris eklesiaSi siarulis maCvenebeli sinamdvileSi
gamokiTxulTa pasuxebiT miRebuli Sedegis mxolod naxevars Seesabameba (hadavei,
marleri da Cavesi, 1993w.). ufro metic, religiuri mimdevrobebis ricxvi, romelic
gamokiTxvebis mixedviT izrdeba, realurad mc­ir­deba. maga­liTad, im amerikelTa
raodenobis mixedviT, romlebic amtkiceben, rom episkopalianelebi arian, am mim­
dinareobis wevrebis ricxvi 1967-90 wlebSi 13%-iT unda gazrdiliyo maSin, roca

535
realurad 28%-iT Semcirda. mkvlevarebi am gansxvavebas miaweren respondentTa
survils, warmoCindnen rogorc socialuri normisa da wesis damcvelebi (eklesi­
uroba sasurveli Tvisebaa).

sqema 13.1 angariSi religiur msaxurebaze daswrebis Sesaxeb, 1967 -1994w.w. ga­
suli sami dekadis ganmavlobaSi im amerikelTa ricxvi, romlebic kviraSi erTxel mainc es­
wrebodnen RvTismsaxurebas 40 %-dan 30 %-mde Semcirda, xolo maTi ricxvi, vinc `iSviaTad~
an `arasodes~ eswrebian msaxurebas 11 %-dan 40 %-mde gaizarda.

wyaro: erovnuli sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis centris mier Catarebuli kvlevebi. `ameri­
ka: morwmuneTa qveyana~. The American Enterprise, 1990 wlis noeber-dekemberi, gv. 97; Gallup
Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis Tebervali.

cxrili 13.1
religiuri moqmedebebisa da rwmenebis Sedareba sxvadasxva
kulturul jgufebs Soris, 1981-1983w.w.
qveyana eklesiaSi religiuri Tavs miiCneven swamT swamT swamT
yovelTviurad gaerTianebebi religiurebad RmerTis sicocxlisa eSmakis
mosiaruleebi sikvdilis
Semdeg

aSS 59.4 53.7 81.3 95.6 70.5 65.9

britaneTi 22.9 20.9 53.0 72.5 46.5 30.3
safrangeTi 16.5 3.8 48.3 59.0 35.0 16.1
germania 33.9 11.9 53.5 68.2 36.0 16.1
italia 48.1 5.7 80.2 82.2 46.4 28.2
meqsika 74.6 17.0 74.3 97.0 64.2 51.3
norvegia 13.9 8.8 43.4 67.6 40.9 27.0

wyaro: robert a. kempbeli da jeims e. kertisi `religiuroba sazogadoebebSi: qveynis masSta­

biT alternatiuli gamokiTxvebis analizi~. religiuri mecnierebebis Jurnali, #3 (1994w.) gv.
221

536
 RvTismsaxurebas regularulad yvelaze xSirad kaTolikeebi eswrebian. Sem­
deg modian protestantebi da Semdeg ebraelebi (Imerging Trends, 1987 wlis noem­
ber-dekemberi). es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva mniSvnelo­
bidan, romelsac sxvadasxva religiis mimdevrebi msaxurebaze daswrebas aniWeben.
danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT, amerikelebi sakmaod religiurebi aRmoCndnen
(ix. cxrili 13.1. gaiTvaliswineT, rom cxrili respodentebis mier mowodebul mo­
nacemebs eyrdnoba).
garda ritualuri moqmedebebisa, religias axasiaTebs Zlieri emociebi, rom­
lebic zrdis misi mimdevrebis ricxvs da aZlierebs maT rwmenas (starki da beinbri­
ji, 1985w.). zog SemTxvevaSi religiuri gancda gulisxmobs zebunebrivi qmnilebis
an Zalis mTeli sisavsiT SegrZnebas. am process SeiZleba Tan axldes sulieri gan­
wmendis grZnoba. e.w `xelaxla dabadebis~ gancda, rac Tan axlavs fundamentalur
qristianad moqcevas, xSirad swored aseT grZnobas iwvevs (tiptoni, 1982w.). zogi
muslimuri jgufi mimarTavs ritualur cekvebsa da yvirils, riTac cdilobs
cnobierebis Secvlas. sxva religiebis mimdevrebi imave mdomareobis misaRwevad
narkotikul saSualebebsac iyeneben. religiuri gancda SeiZleba RvTaebriv Za­
lasTan kontaqtis damyarebasac gulisxmobdes. adamianma SeiZleba ganacxados,
rom miaRwia RvTaebriv netarebas. am gancdasTan miaxloebulia sxva adamianebTan
erTobis grZnoba (gansakuTrebiT, imave religiuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan)
an Zlieri kavSiri bunebasTan. rogorc ritualebi, aseve maTi wyalobiT miRebuli
gancdebi ganpirobebulia religiuri simboloebiTa da rwmeniT.

kvlevis meTodebi

mrevlis maCveneblis dadgena

k irk hadaveis da mis kolegebs (1993w.) eWvi gauCndaT, rom respodentebis pasuxebis mixed­
viT dadgenili eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa maCvenebeli araswori iyo. bolos da bolos, yve­
las unda, rom sxvebis TvalSi ukeTesi gamoCndes. da Tu kulturuli normebis mixedviT, eklesi­
aSi siaruli sasurvelia, gasagebia, rom kiTxvaze _ ramdenad xSirad dadis is eklesiaSi,
adamianma araswori pasuxi gasces. es ar niSnavs imas, rom respondentma moatyua interviuerebi.
es, ubralod, adamianebis kargi zraxvebidan momdinareobs da `sasurvels~ asaxavs. maS, rogor
unda miiRon mkvlevarebma monacemebi, romlebic sinamdviles Seesabameba?
hadaveim da misma kolegebma Seamowmes eklesiaSi siarulis sixSire or sxva­dasxva jgufSi:
ohaios Statis protestantebSi da aSS-Si kaTolikeTa arCeul eparqiebSi. mkvlevarebma ori sxva­
dasxva meTodi gamoiyenes kvlevis Catarebisas. protestantebis SemTxvevaSi maT Seagroves sami
sxvadasxva monacemi: (1) sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa ricxvi satelefono gamokiTxvis meS­
veobiT (2) eklesiaSi siarulis maCvenebeli aseve satelefono gamokiTxvis meSveobiT da (3) ekl­
esiaSi siarulis realuri maCvenebeli qveyanaSi mcxovreb yvela protestants Soris. SemTxvevi­
Ti wesiT SerCeuli 602 respondentis satelefono gamokiTxvis Sedegad mecnierebma daadgines,
rom protestantebis ricxvi 66565-ia da maTgan mxolod 36% iyo eklesiaSi gasuli Svidi dRis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg, mecnierebma daadgines protestanuli eklesiebis ricxvi qveynis masSta­

537
biT da mrevlis ricxovnobis savaraudo maCvenebeli daadgines eklesiebidan an msaxurebis dros
eklesiebis win mdgomi manqanebis ricxvis mixedviT. Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom 13.080 protesanti­
dan eklesiaSi dadioda mxolod 19.6%, romelic odnav metia im gamokvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli
maCvenebelis naxevarze, romelic respondentebis pasuxebs eyrdnoboda.
igive mdgomareoba aRmoCnda kaTolikeebTanac. 1990 wels mTeli qveynis mas­S­tabiT Catare­
bul gamokiTxvaze dayrdnobiT, mecnierebma gamoiangariSes kaTolikeTa ricxvi (mxolod zr­
dasrulebis) TiToeul eparqiaSi (amaSi maT daexmara gamokiTxvaSi gamoyenebuli regionaluri
kodebi. rogorc wesi, eparqia ramdenime regions aerTianebs). Semdeg, mecnierebma eparqiebidan
moipoves eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa ricxvi _ kerZod, im adamianebis ricxvi, romelic Semodgo­
mis erT konkretul SabaT-kviras daeswro RvTismsaxurebas. mecnierebma miRebuli maCvenebeli
Seadares satelefono gamokiTxvisas miRebul cifrs da aRmoaCines, rom maSin, rodesac kaTo­
likeTa 51%-ma ganacxada, TiTqos eklesiaSi iyo gasul kviras, realurad maTi ricxvi mxolod 28
% iyo _ wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, naxevarze odnav meti.
kaTolikebi ufro xSirad amboben, rom eklesiaSi dadian, vidre protestantebi. maTi naTq­
vamic ufro xSirad Seesabameba simarTles. Tumca, orive jgufis SemTxvevaSi zogadi Sedegi erT­
nairi iyo: orive jgufis warmomadgenlebi aWarbeben, rodesac maT ekiTxebian eklesiaSi siaru­
lis sixSiris Sesaxeb. am gamokvlevam daadastura, rom sociologebi sifrTxiliT unda moekidon
normatuli qmedebis Sesaxeb mopo­vebul iseT monacemebs, romlebic mxolod respondentebis pa­
suxebzea damokidebuli. mkvlevarebma amgvari saxis kiTxvarebis Sedegebi sxva saSualebebiTac
unda gadaamowmon.

socialuri struqtura: religiuri Temi

religiis erT-erTi yvelaze umTavresi Tvisebaa moraluri Temis (mrevlis)

Seqmna (emil durkhaimi). mrevli Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebsac aqvT saer­
To rwmena, simboloebi, praqtika da gamocdileba. ramdenime mrevli, Tavis mxriv,
erTiandeba ufro did socialur mTlianobad. mrevlis arseboba iseTi mniS­
vnelovania religiis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis, rom misi ararseboba serio­
zul problemad miiCneva. Tanamedroveobis mravali sasuliero piri SeSfoTebas
gamoTqvams mzardi satelevizio evangelizmis gamo, maTi azriT, religiuri ga­
dacemebi xels uwyobs religiis ganviTarebas mrevlis gareSe. aseTma gadacemebma
SeiZleba mayurebels imis STabeWdileba Seuqmnas, rom isini eklesiaSi arian da
pirispir ucqeren sasuliero pirs, sinamdvileSi ki saxlebSi sxedan da ucxoebi
arian rogorc erTmaneTisaTvis, aseve im eklesiisaTvis, saidanac mimdinareobs
gadacema. maT SuZliaT martivad, televizoris CarTviTa da gamorTviT daukav­
Sirdnen sakuTar religias an gawyviton kavSiri masTan.
mrevli ar aris mxolod im adamianTa erToba, romlebsac saerTo rwme­na da rit­
ualebi aerTianebT. maT aqvT organizebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi Zlieri social­
uri struqtura. dRes SeerTebul StatebSi bevr religiur jgufs, magaliTad,
gaerTianebul meTodistTa eklesias, aqvs formaluri religiuri organizaciebi,
romlebic qmnis erovnul struqturas. kaTolikur eklesias serTaSoriso struq­
tura aqvs. esaa mRvdlebis, episkoposebisa da kardinalebis sistema, romelsac

538
romis papi xelmZRvanelobs. religiuri jgufebis socialuri struqtura Sedgeba
sxvadasxva saxis organizaciebisagan, rogoricaa centraluri ofisebi, sasulie­ro
seminariebi, gamomcemlobebi, romlebic locvansa da religiur wignebs beWdaven,
ziarebisTvis saWiro puris da mgalobelTa Sesamoselis sadistribucio kompanie­
bi, axalgazrduli banakebi da saerTaSoriso misiebi. religiur jgufebs aqvT
garkveuli struqtura adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiTac. mag­
aliTad, adamianebi, rogor wesi, imave religiis warmomadgenlebze qorwin­debian.
qristian mlocvelTa jgufebi sxvadasxva sawarmoebsa da korporaciebSi xels uwy­
oben rogorc Sesabamisi biznesis, aseve religiis ganviTarebas.
mrevlis wevrTa ricxvi damokidebulia sazogadoebis tipze. mcirericxovan
tomebSi religia vrceldeba TiToeul wevrze da cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. oja­
xuri da politikuri problemebis gadaWrisas adamianebi daxmarebisaTvis uxmoben
winaparTa sulebs. maT ekiTxebian rCevebs avadmyofis gankurnebisaTvis, Tesvisa
da mosavlis aRebisas. religiuri mrevli da sazogadoeba erTi da igivea (kalhauni,
1980w. evans-pritCardi, 1965w. fortesi, 1969w.). ufro did da kompleqsur sazoga­
doebebSi religia SedarebiT izolirebulia _ ojaxur sakiTxebTan dakavSire­
biT adamianebma SeiZleba rCevisaTvis sasuliero pirs miakiTxon, magram rode­
sac saqme janmrTelobas exeba, eqimTan midian sakonsultaciod; aseve, bankirs
akiT­xaven, rodesac investirebasTan dakavSirebiT sWirdebaT rCeva. ufro metic,
ufro mravalricxovan sazogadoebebSi SeiZleba ramdenime religia arsebobdes
da TiToeul maTgans hqondes sakuTari eklesiebi, skolebi, saqvelmoq­medo dawe­
sebulebebi da a.S.

religia da funqciuri integracia

did da kompleqsur sazogadoebebSic ki religia xels uwyobs funqciur in­

tegracias ara marto mrevlSi, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebaSi. religiuri Tana­
monawileoba erTmaneTTan ramdenime gziT akavSirebs sazogadoebis wevrebs.
pirvel rigSi, is xels uwyobs moraluri standartebisadmi damyolobas da maT
gaziarebas. misi meSveobiT xdeba adamianebs Soris mniSvnelovani socialuri kav­
Siris damyareba. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesia mniSvnelovnad daexma­
ra imigrantebs axal qveyanasTan adaptaciis procesSi (grili, 1972w.). eklesiebi,
romlebic emigrantebis samSobloSi arsebuli eklesiebis modelebia, uadvileben
maT cxovrebis axal stilze gadasvlas. meore rigSi, religiebi akavSirebs adgi­
lobriv Temebs rogorc adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, aseve ga­
ziarebuli ritualebis meSveobiT. dabolos, rodesac sekularuli socialuri
institutebisadmi pativiscema religiuri rwmenebisa da praqtikis nawili xdeba,
religia xels uwyobs dadgenili socialuri wesrigis legitimacias.
religiuri institutebis mier funqciuri integraciisaTvis xelSewyobis
xarisxi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxvaa. zog qveyanaSi sazogadoebis TiTq­
mis yvela wevri erTi da imave religiuri aRmsareblobisaa. magaliTad, safran­
geTsa da irlandiaSi kaTolicizmi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli religiaa. sxva

539
qveynebSi ki, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi, ramdenime sxvadasxva
religia gverdigverd arsebobs. aseve gansxvavebulia religiurobis xarisxic.
SeerTebul StatebSi gamovlinda saeklesio msaxurebaze daswrebis erT-erTi
yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli (ix. sqema 13.1). zog qveyanaSi (mag., irani da didi bri­
taneTi) xelisufleba oficialurad uWers mxars erT romelime religias. sxva
qveynebSi ki, romelTa ricxvSicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, eklesia da saxelmwifo
oficialuradaa gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan.
religiis mier dadgenili socialuri wesrigis legitimaciis erT-erTi saSua­
lebaa gabatonebuli socialuri wyobis sanqcireba. gai svensonma (1974w.) Seiswavla
ormocdaaTi aradasavluri sazogadoeba. durkhaimis msgavsad, man gamoTqva mo­
sazreba, rom sazogadoebebi sakuTar Tavs religiaSi warmoaCenen. magaliTad, is
sazogadoeba, sadac uxucesebs mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT, Tayvans scemda wina­
prebs, xolo im sazogadoebaSi, sadac simdidre araTanabrad iyo ganawilebuli, re­
ligia xels uwyobda amgvari gansxvavebebis arsebobas Raribebsa da mdid­rebs Soris.
Cvens sazogadoebaSi sasuliero pirebi, romlebic adamianebs mouwodeben, srulad
gamoavlinon sakuTari potenciali, emorCilebian amerikul Rirebulebebs, rac
gamoixateba ambiciurobasa da individualuri SesaZleblobebis gamo­yenebaSi.
dadgenili socialuri wesrigis religiuri legitimacia SeiZleba gamoxatuli
iyos formiT, romelsac sociologi robert bela (1970w.) erovnul an samoqalaqo
religias uwodebs. samoqalaqo religia aris eris, misi istoriis, Rirebulebebisa
da institutebis dakavSireba uflis wyalobasTan. samoqalaqo religiis kvlevam
dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebSi aCvena, rom bavSvebis 85%-s swamda, rom `amerika
dedamiwaze specialuri miznisaTvis gaCnda~, `amerikelebi rCeuli eria da maTi
warmateba RvTis mier maTi sikargisaTvis movlenili saCuqaria~ (Smidti, 1980w.).
mozrdilebis umetesobas sjera, rom Cvens qveyanas `RvTis kalTa mfarvelobs~ da
mTavrobis umaRlesi legitimacia RmerTisganaa naboZebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
amerikis konstitucia gasagebad krZalavs `raime saxis kavSirs saxelmwifosa da re­
ligias Soris~, samoqalaqo religia gulisxmobs `zogad kurTxevas uflisagan~ _
RmerTisadmi Semweobis TxovniT iwyeba kongresis sxdomebi, politikuri partiebis
konvenciebi, ficis dadebis ceremoniebi, politikuri xasiaTis moxsenebebi yvela
prezidentis sainauguracio mimarTvis CaTvliT (garda erTisa _ jorj vaSingto­
nis meored arCevisas warmoTqmuli sityva mxolod ori abzaci iyo).
samoqalaqo religia qmnis kavSirs sakralursa da sekularuls Soris. am pro­
cesSi is adamianebs uRvivebs sazogado sargebelze zrunvisa da movlis grZnobas
(bela da hamondi, 1980w. koulmani, 1983w.). samoqalaqo religia SeiZleba iyos ro­
gorc konservatuli, aseve liberaluri xasiaTisa da SeuZlia yuradReba gaamaxvi­
los rogorc arCevanis Tavisuflebaze, aseve erTmaneTis mimarT valdebulebasa
da movaleobaze (vulsnou, 1988w.).
zogjer religiuri erTobis idea ufro radikaluri miznebis misaRwevadac
gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi franciskanelma berebma mTeli piradi
sakuTreba saerTo sargeblobad gamoacxades. maTi amgvari saqcieli msoflios
miuTiTebda, Tu ras niSnavda WeSmaritad qristianuli cxovreba. aman ki xeli
Seuwyo saeklesio ierarqiebs Soris konfliqtis gaRvivebas. msgavsi SemTx­veva

540
moxda Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebis masStabiT SeSfoTebulma laTino-amerikelma mRvdlebma safuZve­
li Cauyares Tavisuflebis Teologias. gaWirvebulebisa da usaxlkaroebis dax­
marebisa da zrunvis mizniT, am adamianebma daaarses e.w. `eklesiuri Temebi~ anu
da­saxlebebi, sadac adreuli qristianebis msgavsad, qadagebdnen erTian brZolas
Cagvris winaaRmdeg (gutieresi, 1973w. 1983w. pena, 1994w.). Tavisuflebis Teolo­
giam aRmasvlis mwvervals 1960-70-ian wlebSi miaRwia. Tumca misi gavlena bolo
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Se­sustda garkveuli mizezebis gamo, kerZod: memarjvene
politikosebis gaZlierebis, laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi protestantuli evan­
gelizmis popularobis zrdisa da romis kaTolikuri eklesiis arademokratiul
institutebTan konfliqtis gamo (smiTi, 1994w.). romis papma pirdapir miuTiTa
mRvdlebs, yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT sulier sakiTxebze da SeSvebodnen poli­
tikas. Tavisuflebis Teologias kidev hqonda aRmavlobis Sansi, mis liderebs
rom war­modgena SeecvalaT politikisa da samoqmedo gegmis Sesaxeb da erTbaSad
ar moendomebinaT socialuri da politikuri fonis Secvla (levini, 1993w.).

Zalaufleba religiur TemebSi

rogorc samoqalaqo religiisa da Tavisuflebis Teologiis magaliTebi

gviCvenebs, religiuri rwmena zogjer xels uwyobs Zalauflebis gadanawilebis
procesSi adamianis monawileobas an am procesis xelSewyobas samoqalaqo reli­
giis meSveobiT. swored am mizans emsaxureboda Tavisuflebis Teologia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri religia prioritets aniWebs Tanasworobas (an
sul mcire erTobas) morwmuneebs Soris, amave dros, ufro met Zalauflebas ani­
Webs konkretul wevrebs. sazogadod, ganasxvaveben religiuri jgufis or rols:
winamZRolis roli, romelic eniWeba zog wevrs, magaliTad mRvdels da mimdevre­
bi anu jgufis danarCeni wevrebi.
mRvdlebma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrules Tanamedrove religiebis gansaz­
Rvrasa da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi. rogorc sociologi pier
burdie (1991w.) ambobs, religiur liderebs SeswevT Zala moaxdinon religiuri
Temebis mobilizeba da gamoyon isini sakraluri miwierisagan. mravali religiis
istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc brZola sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Zalau­
flebis mosapoveblad. burdies mixedviT, yvela religiuri sxeulisTvis gadam­
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs misi lideris Zalauflebas da, agreTve, imasTan dakav­
Sirebul brZolebs, Tu rogor unda ganisazRvros mocemuli religia da moewyos
religiuri cxovreba.
mRvdlis avtoritetis damkvidreba xSirad gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mrev­
lis gansazRvraSi, radgan romelime mRvdels an rabins SeuZlia mocemul eklesias
an sinagogas mianiWos gansakuTrebuli identoba. msoflioSi arsebul mraval re­
ligiaSi mxo­lod mRvdlebs SeeZloT sakraluri teqstebis interpretireba, imi­
tom, rom mxolod maT icodnen kiTxva.

541
 garda amisa, religiis funqciebma an sxvadasxva religiam SesaZlebelia kon­
kurencia gauwios erTmaneTs gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mopovebis gamo. TiToeul
eklesias Tavisi mrevli hyavs da sxvadasxva eklesias erTsa da imave sazogadoe­
baSi xSirad uwevs erTmaneTTan brZola am sazogadoebis ufro didi nawilis
`dapatronebis~ mizniT. religiebis mier erovnuli da saerTaSoriso saeklesio
biurokratiis ganviTarebis procesis kvaldakval eklesia xSirad xdeba morw­
muneebs Soris brZolis instrumenti. magaliTad, unda miiRos Tu ara qristian­
ulma eklesiam homoseqsualebi da neba darTos Tu ara maT, iqadagon kidec? 1992
wels baptistTa samxreTulma gaerTianebam gadawyvita, rom ar iqneboda marTe­
buli homoseqsuali wevrebis miReba da amitom Tavisi rigebidan garicxa Crdi­
loeT karolinas ori kongregacia, romlebic ar daemorCilnen am gadawyvetile­
bas. sazogadoebebis zrdasTan erTad, romelTa wevrebi sxvadasxva religiebis
mimdevrebi arian (iseve rogorc arareligiurebic), qiSpisa da konfliqtis saba­
bic mravldeba. magaliTad, ebraelebi da sxva araqristiani adamianebi SeerTebul
StatebSi protests gamoTqvamen da amboben, rom qristianebi iyeneben sakuTar
Zalauflebas da religiur simboloebze uamrav fuls xarjaven (magaliTad, saSo­
bao dekoreciebi) an xels uwyoben religiuri praqtikis damkvidrebas (rogoricaa
qristianuli locvebi skolebSi).

religiuri institutebis tipebi

religiuri Temebis umravlesoba organizebulia institu­tebad anu rolebis,

statusebis, jgufebisa da Rirebulebebis SedarebiT myar sistemebad. religi­
uri institutebis formebi damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa zoma,
doqtrina, wevroba, warmomavloba da sazogadoebis danarCen nawilTan urTier­
Toba. amgvari faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, sociologebi ganasxvaveben eklesias, seq­
tas da kults, rogorc religiuri institutebis sam ZiriTad formas.

eklesiebi da seqtebi

sociologi ernest troelSi (1931w.) acxadebda, rom religiuri institutebi

an eklesiebi iyofa eklesiebad da seqtebad. 13.2 cxrilSi CamoTvlilia eklesiebi­
sa da seqtebis ramdenime Tviseba da maxasiaTeblebi. amave dros, aucilebeli ar
aris, rom mocemuli religiuri jgufi 100%-iT Seesabamebodes eklesiis an seqti­
saTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela niSan-Tvisebas. es aRwerilobebi idealuri, koncep­
tualuri instrumentebi ufroa, romlebic realobis gasazomad da Seda­rebebis
gasakeTeblad ixmareba (ix. Tavi 1).

542
 cxrili 13.2
eklesia da seqta

maxasiaTeblebi eklesia seqta

zoma didi patara

damokidebuleba sxva tolerantuli uaryofs, ambobs, rom
religiur jgufebTan WeSmariteba masSia.
simdidre gavrcobili SezRuduli
religiuri SezRuduli kongregaciuli gavrcobili kongregaciuli
msaxurebebi monawileoba, formaluri, xazs monawileoba, sponta­nuri,
usvams inteleqts. emociuri datvirTva
samRvdeloeba specializebuli, araspecializebuli,
profesionalebi arasakmarisi momzadeba,
drois arasruli ganakveTi
doqtrina uZvelesi nawerebis liberal­ nawerebis sityvasityviTi
uri interpretacia, yuradRe­ interpretacia yuradRebas
bas amaxvilebs am samyaroze. amaxvilebs im samyaroze.
wevroba dabadebidan an ritualuri moqcevis saSualebiT mrev­
monawileobis Sedegad li ganagdebs uRirsebs.
wevrebis socialuri ZiriTadad, saSualo klasi ZiriTadad, dabali klasi
klasi
damokidebuleba misdevs gabatonebul uaryofs gabatonebul
sekularul kulturasa da socialuri kulturul standartebs,
samyarosTan organizaciebs. iTxovs bibliuri normebisa
da standartebisadmi mkacr
morCilebas.

wyaro: adaptirebulia liston poupiis wignidan `Millhand and Preachers: gastoniis samec­
niero kvleva (ielis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1942w.)

troelSi gansazRvravs seqtas, rogorc patara, eqskluziur jgufs _ adamia­

nebs romlebic sulieri ganwmendisaken miiswrafvian. seqtis wevrebi, rogorc
wesi, nebayoflobiT erTiandebian seqtaSi, sadac srulad kontroldeba maTi
cxovreba. troelSma aRmoaCina, rom seqta, Cveulebriv, xasiaTdeba asketizmiT _
wevrebi misdeven ubralo da mkacr cxovrebis stils. seqtebis umetesoba ZiriTa­
dad dakave­bulia sakuTari religiuri doqtrinebiT. isini sakuTar Tavs, rogorc
rCeulTa jgufs ise ganixilaven. xSirad es faqtori zRudavs seqtantebs, aqtiu­
rad CaerTon seqtis `gareTa~ cxovrebaSi, radgan miiCneven, rom danarCeni sam­yaro
biwieri, codvili da korumpirebulia.
rogorc troelSi ambobs, rodesac seqta izrdeba, mas emateba eklesiis kompo­
nenti. eklesia aris didi, konservatuli da universaluri dawesebuleba. misi zrda
damokidebulia im adamianebis ricxvze, romlebic am eklesiis wevrebad ibadebian
da ara im adamianebze, romlebic Semdeg moiqcevian eklesiisaken. eklesia, seqtis­
gan gansxvavebiT, tolerantobas iCens sxva religiuri jgufebis mimarT. misi zo­
mis gamo, eklesia xSirad iZens garkveul socialur da politikur Zalauflebas
da axerxebs kidec mis SenarCunebas. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad eklesia ergeba
Zlevamosili jgufebisa da dominanti institutebis gancxadebebs da amgvarad

543
uWers mxars sazogadoebis status kvos. inglisis eklesia, espaneTis kaTolikuri
eklesia da iranSi gabatonebuli Siizmi axlos dgas am idealur tipTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom troelSis aRweriloba namdvilad faseulia eklesiisa da
seqtis gansazRvrisas, zogi sociologi Tvlis, rom es modeli damabnevelia da ar
iZleva realuri religiuri institutebis klasifikaciis saSualebas. cxadia, arse­
bobs iseTi eklesiebica da seqtebic, romlebsac miesadagebaT troelSis mier Camo­
yalibebuli yvela maxasiaTebeli, magram amave dros arsebobs eklesiebi, seqtisaT­
vis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT da, piriqiT, seqtebi, eklesiis maxasia­TeblebiT.
am faqtoris gamo bevri sociologi amjobinebs religiuri institutebis dayofas
mxolod erTi ganzomilebis mixedviT: institutis mier misi socialuri garemos
miReba an uaryofa (jonsoni, 1063w. starki da beinbriji, 1985w.). am SemTxvevaSi erT
mxares dgas socialur garemosTan gaigivebuli eklesia, xolo meore mxares _ se­
qta, romelsac mudmivad daZabuli urTierToba aqvs farTo sazogadoebasTan. re­
ligiuri jgufebis umetesoba am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi dgas.
am models upiratesoba im mxriv aqvs, rom is xazs usvams organizaciis dina­
miurobas garemosTan daZabulobis Semcirebis an eskalaciis procesSi. magali­
Tad, rodesac seqta moipovebs stabilurobasa da pativiscemas, is iwyebs ufro
harmoniul Tanacxovrebas sazogadoebasTan da TandaTan emsgavseba eklesias.

kultebi

starkisa da beinbrijis (1985w.) ganmartebiT seqta aris gandgomili instituti,

romelic yalibdeba disidentebis mier _ disidentebi toveben eklesias da amtki­
ceben, rom rwmena ufro wmindaa da samarTliani. protestantebi, romlebic gamo­
eyvnen anglikanur eklesias da sakuTari mrevli Seqmnes, seqtis erT-erTi magali­
Tia. arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac religiuri institutebi, romlebsac daZabuli
urTierToba aqvT sakuTar garemosTan, qmnian sruliad axal religiur rwmenas da
mimdevrobas. amgvar institutebs ar aqvT raime kavSiri arsebul religiur orga­
noebTan imave sazogadoebaSi. starki da beinbriji amgvar inovaciur institutebs
kultebs uwodeben. adreul etapze qristianobac kultad miiCneoda da saerTo­
dac, msoflios yvela didi religia Tavdapirvelad kultebis saxiT arsebobda.
starki da beinbriki kultebs sam kategoriad yofen imis mixedviT, Tu ramde­
nad mWidrod arian isini organizebulni. auditoriul kultebs praqtikulad ar
gaaCniaT oficialuri organizacia. misi wevrebi sakulto doqtrinas radioTi,
wignebis, Jurnalebis an gazeTebis saSualebiT iReben. momxmarebelTa kultebis
SemTxvevaSi, religiuri liderebi maT mimdevrebs konkretul servisebs sTavazo­
ben. miuxedavad imisa, rom liderebi kargad arian organizebulni, klientebi
ar arian kongregaciis wevrebi. momxmarebelTa kultis magaliTad xSirad mohy­
avT saientologebi, radgan aq saqme gvaqvs organizebul qselTan, sadac wevrebi
garkveul fasad aswavlian sakulto doqtrinas klientTa jgufebs. momxmarebel­
Ta zogi kulti gadaiqceva xolme sakulto moZraobad, rodesac maTi rigebi izr­
deba da ufro mWidrod organizebuli xdeba. Tu mzardi moZraoba inovaciuri da

544
arastandartulia, man SeiZleba warmoSvas opozicia mocemul socialuri garemo­
Si da, Sesabamisad, `kultis~ iarliysac uaryofiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. ase moxda
mama sun mung munis unificirebuli eklesiis SemTxvevaSi. mis mimdevrebs `munebs~
uwodebdnen. isini aqtiurad eweodnen propagandas quCebSi da cdilobdnen adamia­
nebis gadmobirebas. winaaRmdegobis pasuxad, kultis liderebi, rogorc wesi,
cdiloben SeamWidrovon organizaciuli struqturebi, ufro mkafiod ganasxvaon
`Sinauri~ da `gareuli~ da ufro mkacrad moiTxovon erTguleba. kultebi, rom­
lebic nebas rTaven sakuTar wevrebs, icxovron Cveulebrivi cxovrebis wesiT, nak­
leb winaaRmdegobas xvdebian, vidre is kultebi, romlebic sakuTari wevrebisagan
Cveuli saqmianobis mitovebas moiTxoven imisaTvis, rom am kultis srulfasovan
wevrebad Camoyalibdnen.
sakiTxi imisa, aris Tu ara mocemuli religiuri jgufi eklesia, seqta Tu
kulti, damokidebulia Zalauflebisa da avtoritetis ganawilebaze. iseve, ro­
gorc saientologiis SemTxvevaSi, is rac kultia erTi adamianisaTvis, meorisaT­
vis religiaa. garda amisa, TandaTan mzard kultebsa da seqtebs eklesiebad Camo­
yalibebis Sansi aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi ama Tu im seqtis _ kultis wevrebi SeiZleba
imedgacruebulebi darCnen, radgan, maTi azriT, religia ufro `sayoveldRiuro~
da naklebad `sakraluria~.

religiuri inovaciebi

xSirad vfiqrobT, rom religia aris SedarebiT konservatuli Zala, romelic

amyarebs status kvos. magram religia yovelTvis ar aris `konservatuli~. relig­
iuri inovacia xdeba maSin, rodesac jgufebi qmnian axal religias an cvlian ar­
sebul religias ise, rom is ukeT moergos adamianTa saWiroebebs. magaliTis­Tvis
aviRoT islami. misma liderebma mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitanes religiaSi,
rodesac daiwyes masobrivi sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyeneba msoflios
masStabiT morwmuneTaTvis xmis misawvdenad. saerTaSoriso komunikaciis qselis
gamoyenebam Secvala religia ise, rom amis Sesaxeb liderebs winaswar ar hqondaT
gaTvlili; kerZod, cnobili liderebis (magaliTad, aiaTola homeinis) gavlena
gaZlierda Sor manZilzec ki, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia konkretul qveynebSi
adgilobrivi religiuri liderebis dajabvna.
zog religiur inovacias Sedegad moaqvs axali religiuri moZraobis an ekle­
siis daarseba. magaliTad, me-16 saukuneSi mRvdlebma da sxva liderebma romauli
kaTolikuri eklesiis wamowyebuli reforma imiT daasrules, rom axali denomi­
nacia Camoayalibes, rogorc protestantuli reformaciis nawili. qvemoT gan­
vixilavT religiuri inovaciis SedarebiT gviandel Sedegebs: mormonebsa da uni­
ficirebul eklesias.

545
mormonTa mimdevrobis Camoyalibeba
1830 wels, niu-iorkSi, vinme jozef smiTma, misi TqmiT, xilvebis Sedegad daa­
arsa ukanaskneli dReebis wmindanTa ieso qristes eklesia, romelic mormonizmis
saxeliTacaa cnobili. smiTs jer kidev axalgazrdobaSi hqonda pirveli xilva. Ta­
namedrove qristianuli seqtebis raodenobiT dabneulma smiTma RmerTs SesTxo­
va, mieTiTebina misTvis, romelic maTgani iyo WeSmariti. is aRwers, Tu ra gadaxda
Tavs tyeSi, sadac RmerTs swori gzis Cvenebas evedreboda:

myisierad mTlianad damipyro raRaca Zalam, romelmac gamaognebeli

gavlena moaxdina Cemze _ ena ise dameba, rom laparaki veRar SevZeli.
irgvliv sibnele Camowva da im wuTas momeCvena, TiTqos dasaRupad vi­
yavi ganwiruli... am didi mRelvarebis wuTebSi, zustad Cems zemoT da­
vinaxe mzis sicxoveleze ufro Zlieri sinaTlis sveti, romelic nel-
nela Cemze gadmovida (citirebulia martiSi, 1985w. gv. 199)

sinaTlis svetidan gadmovida ori adamiani, romlebmac smiTs Tvali mosWres

Tavisi sikaSkaSiT. erTma maTganma meores `sayvareli Ze~ uwoda da smiTs ubrZana
yuri daegdo misTvis. smiTma hkiTxa mas, Tu romeli seqta iyo WeSmariti. pasuxad
miiRo, rom yvela seqta korumpirebuli da araswori iyo.
smiTs uTxres, rom es eSmakisagan movlenili xilva iyo, romelic amgvarad
cdilobda qristianuli rwmenis Sesustebas. meoreni eubnebodnen, rom es iyo
halucinacia, rac gonebriv CamorCenilobaze miuTiTebda. Tumca, smiTma es xilva
RmerTis niSnad CaTvala. mogvianebiT smiTi amtkicebda, rom meore xilvac hqon­
da. am SemTxvevaSi uflis macnem mas gaumxila oqros firfitebze dawerili wminda
werilis adgilsamyofeli. smiTma ipovna es firfitebi, Targmna maTze dawerili
teqstebi da gamoaqveyna mormonTa wignis saxelwodebiT. cota xnis Semdeg man Ta­
visi ori Zma da sami sxva axalgazrda mormonTa rwmenis pirvel mimdevrebad ga­
moacxada. ase Caeyara safuZveli axal religias.
bevri axali religia ibadeba arsebuli religiebis mimarT portestis gamo­
xatvis Sedegad, magram maTi umetesoba maleve wyvets arsebobas. magram mormoniz­
mis SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris. es mimdevroba amerikis istoriaSi yvelaze popularuli
gaxda (starki, 1984w.). 1840 wlisaTvis, maSin rodesac mxolod 10 weli iyo gasuli,
rac smiTma da misma xuTma mimdevarma Tavi pirvel mormonebad gamoacxades, mor­
monTa ricxvma daaxloebiT 300.000 miaRwia. kidev 10 wlis Semdeg ki maTi ricxvi
gaormagda, miuxedavad imisa, rom mormonebma araerTi meTauri gamoicvales da
aqtiuri devnisa da Seviwroebis gamo xSirad uxdebodaT didi velisa da kldovani
mTebis gaswvriv gadaadgileba. 1950 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi mormonTa ricxvi ukve
1 milioni iyo, xolo 1990 wlisaTvis 129 qveyanaSi mormonTa ricxvma 7.5 milions
mia­Rwia. mormonizms aqvs Zlieri misioneruli elementi, romelic koncentri­
rebulia axali wevrebis moqcevaze. yovel wels daaxloebiT 300.000 axali wevri
emateba mormonebs, rac xels uwyobs rogorc maTi ricxvis zrdas, aseve am reli­
giis geografiul gafarToebas (marti, 1991w.).

546
gaerTianebuli eklesia

jozef smiTis msgavsad, sun mung monma xilvis Sedegad daijera, rom rCeuli
iyo. muns ieso qriste gamoecxada da uTxra, rom man ver ganaxorciela sakuTari
misia ­_ ver gaaumjobesa kacobrioba da axla muns unda daesrulebina misi saqme.
momdevno ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, munma Camoayaliba Tavisi swavleba ko­
reuli konfucianelobis, budizmis, taoizmisa da Samanizmis elementebis gamo­
yenebiT. misi swavleba efuZneba qristianobis araorTodoqsul elementebsac,
romlebic warmoiSva protestanti misionerebisa da koreuli kulturis Sexve­
dris Sedegad (qrisaidsi, 1001). unificirebuli eklesiis doqtrinis mixedviT
iesom gaaRo samoTxis karebi, magram jvarcmam xeli SeuSala mas, Camoeyalibebi­
na WeSmariti ojaxi da gza gaexsna zeciuri samefosaken. am davalebis Sesruleba
meore mesias daekisra, romelic unda mosuliyo iseT adgilas, sadac mravali re­
ligiis mimdevrebi da politikuri jgufebi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. doqtrinis
mixedviT aseTi adgili iyo korea.
meore mesias (anu advents) _ san mung muns RmerTis kurTxeviT unda mieRwia
sami ramisaTvis: pirovnuli srulyofisaTvis, SeWmariti ojaxisaTvis da idealuri
sazogadoebisaTvis. gamomdinare iqidan, rom is mesia iyo, munma miaRwia pirovnul
srulyofas. is daqorwinda, ris Sedegadac qveyanas moevlinen umanko bavSvebi da
amiT meore kurTxevac Sesrulda. am kurTxevis SesrulebisaTvis munma unifici­
rebuli eklesiis wevrebic daaqorwina da amiT Seqmna wminda ojaxi (swored es dgas
unificirebuli eklesiis mimdevrebis masobrivi qorwinebebis ukan). idealuri
sazogadoebis an zeciuri samefos damkvidrebisTvis saWiroa bneli Zalebis gan­
devna. muni didi xania ambobs, rom komunizmi, aris satanuri elementi dedamiwaze,
romelic unda ganadgurdes. orad gayofil koreaSi (komunisturi CrdiloeT ko­
rea da kapitalisturi samxreT korea), sadac uamravi religiis mimdevrebi cxov­
roben, munis moZRvrebam araerTi adamiani gaaerTiana. gasul wlebSi munma maRali
donis politikuri kavSirebiTa da ekonomikuri investiciebis meSveobiT srulad
gamoiyena komunisturi reJimis damxoba ruseTSi da kapitalizmis aRmavloba Ci­
neTSi (qlifordi, 1990w.). politikur cxovrebaSi amgvari monawileoba ar gansx­
vavdeba papis an zemoT ganxilul qristianuli koaliciis saqmianobisagan. isini
aseve asaxaven koreisaTvis tradiciul religiuri da politikuri Temebis urTi­
erTkavSirs. magaliTad, konfucianeloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebul saimpera­
toro dinastiasTan, xolo koreeli qristianebi asocirdebodnen antiiaponur
nacionalizmTan.
unificirebuli eklesiis doqtrina sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda, Tumca, kore­
ulma fesvebma dakarga relevanturoba sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis. amgvar SemTxve­
vebSi inovacia grZeldeboda. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesia adaptirda
da moergo amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel individualuri gamomsaxvelobas
(parsonil, 1989w.). interaqciis teqnika, moraluri praqtika da socialuri Cveule­
bebi religiaSi saTaves iRebs amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli emociebis seku­

547
laruli kulturidan. amave dros, unificirebul eklesias unda daemkvidrebina
mkveTri sazRvrebi sekularul amerikul sazogadoebasTan, raTa daecva sakuTari
rwmenis siwminde. es iyo taqtika, romlis saWiroeba koreaSi ar arsebobda.

religia da socialuri cvlileba

garda imisa, rom religiur institutebi da rwmena Tavad ganicdis cvlilebas,

isini aseve reagireben maT garSemo arsebuli sazogadoebebis cvlilebaze. maga­
liTad, protestantuli reformacia mxolod nawilobriv epasuxeboda kaToli­
kuri eklesiis Sida ganxeTqilebas. es iyo pasuxi ufro farTo xasiaTis socialur
cvlilebebzec, kerZod: feodaluri sameurneo sazogadoebebis qalaqebad ga­daq­
ceva, Zalauflebis feodaluri organizebis dasusteba samxedro da reli­giuri
xazebis gaswvriv, axali saSualo fenis ganviTareba. Tavis mxriv, reformaciasac
uzarmazari gavlena hqonda Tanamedrove sazogadoebebze. man Camoagdo mefeebi,
gaaRviva erovnulobis grZnoba, rodesac saqme exeboda erovnuli identobebisa
da konkretuli religiuri rwmenebis dakavSirebas da gza gauxsna monastrebSi
Tavmoyril simdidres. swored reformaciis dros gamoigona gutenbergma sabeW­
di danadgari da dabeWda msoflioSi pirveli biblia. uamrav Cveulebriv adamians,
romlebic ar iyvnen sasuliero pirebi, saSualeba miecaT, SeeZinaT ga­sageb enaze
dabeWdili biblia. rodesac adamianebi swavlobdnen kiTxvas, rogorc wesi, es pro­
cesi iSviaTad Cerdeboda ubralod `kiTxvis SeswavliT~: wignierebis gavrcelebas
Tavisi politikuri da socialuri datvirTva hqonda. reformaciis yvelaze didi
monapovari, albaT mainc adamianebis azrovnebis Secvla iyo _ maT racionalurad
daiwyes fiqri ekonomikuri sakiTxebis garSemo.

modernizaciis religiuri fesvebi

wignSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ (1904-1958w.w.) maqs veberi

amtikcebda, rom protestantuli reformebis nawilma samuSaosa da investirebis
mimarT axali damokidebulebis CamoyalibebiT xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove kapita­
lizmisaTvis safuZvlis Cayras. analizis Sedegad man daaskvna, rom kapitalizmi
aRmocenda qristianul evropaSi da ara aziasa da afrikaSi. veberma aseve daad­
gina, rom gamdidrebisaken midrekileba protestantebs metad hqondaT, vidre
kaTolikeebs. is dainteresda, Tu riT SeiZleboda axsniliyo es formebi. am kiTx­
vaze pasuxis gasacemad man siRrmiseulad Seiswavla protestantuli rwmena, gan­
sakuTrebiT ki jon kalvinisa (1509-1564w.w.) da misi mimdevrebis doqtrina.
kalvinisturi doqtrinis safuZvels warmoadgens bedisweris koncefcia
anu rwmena imisa, rom adamianis bedi _ sikvdilis Semdgom cxoneba Tu wawymeda

548
_ dabadebisTanavea gansazRvruli. saukuno cxovreba, rogorc kalvini ambobs,
damokidebulia RvTis mowyalebaze da ara adamianis damsaxurebaze. arc erT ada­
mians, sasuliero pirebis CaTvliT, ar SeeZlo uflis gegmebis Secvla da TiToeul
adamianTan dakavSirebiT misi Canafiqris gamocnoba. kalvinistebis amgvarma rwme­
nam izolaciaSi moaqcia Tavad kalvinistebi. maTTvis sakuTari momavali burusiT
iyo moculi. am rwmenis mravali mimdevari cdilobda warmateba moepovebina da
amiT daedasturebina, rom RmerTis rCeuli iyo. warmatebis mopoveba ki gulisx­
mobda dauRalav Sromas, sakuTari Tavis uaryofas, kargad gaTvlil investiciebs
momavali sargeblisaTvis _ anu garkveulwilad miwier asketizms. kalvinistebis
rwmena da doqtrina gamoixateba iseT gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa `dazogili peni
gamomuSavebuli penia~, `zarmaci eSmakis kerZi gaxdeba~ da a.S. amgvar gamoTqmebs
veberi protestantul eTikas uwodebs.
veberis azriT, am eTikam gaaZliera kapitalisturi suli, radgan is Sedgeboda
iseTi ideebisa da damokidebulebebisagan, romlebmac waaxalisa kerZo saqmiano­
bebis wamowyeba. sul mcire, man waaxalisa kerZo mwarmoeblebi, (rogorc amas aris­
tokratebi akeTebdnen) mogebuli Tanxa fufunebis sagnebze ki ar gaeflangaT,
aramed sxva saSualebebSi daebandebinaT. kalvinistebi motivirebulebi iyvnen
amgvari piradi msxverplis gasaRebad, radgan, maTi rwmeniT, materialuri keTil­
dReobis uaryofa iyo gza saqmiani warmatebisaken, rac, Tavis mxriv, RmerTis mow­
yalebas adasturebda.
veberis Teoriam imis Sesaxeb, rom protestantulma Rirebulebebma safuZveli
Cauyara kapitalizmsa da ekonomikis moderniza­cias, pirvelive dRidan azrTa sx­
vadasxvaoba gamoiwvia (marSali, 1982w.). zogi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom veberis
mier aRwerili cvlilebebi ar Semoifargleboda mxolod protestantebiT da is
kaTolikeebsac Seexo. sxvebis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia relig­
iuri cvlilebebi da ara piriqiT. da mainc, veberis Teoria imis SesaniSnavi maga­
liTia, Tu rogor kveTs erTmaneTs religia da sekularuli samyaro. qristiano­
bis ganwmendis mizniT religiuri rwmenebis Secvlis procesma xeli Seuwyo iseTi
Zalebis amoZravebas, romlebsac ekonomikuri sistemis Secvlis potenciali hqon­
daT. amgvarad, veberi Seecada daemtkicebina, rom religiuri reforma da sazoga­
doebis sekularuli sferoebis cvlileba SeiZleba erTmaneTis paralelurad gan­
xorcieldes.

religiuri reaqcia sekularizaciaze

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis sekularizacia protestantuli reformaciis

moulodneli gverdiTi movlena iyo. sazogadoeba ufro miwieri sakiTxebiTa da
problemebiT dainteresda, vidre sulieriT (nordi, 1995w.). sekularizacia ram­de­
nime mizezis gamo xdeba:

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kapitalizmis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca

biz­nesis sakiTxebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kalvinistebi motivirebulebi

549
 iyvnen Teologiuri moZRvrebebiT, wminda efeqti moaxdina religiur da
aralegiur aqtivobebs Soris zRvaris gavlebam.
reformaciam gamoiwvia is, rom azrovneba ufro racionaluri gaxda.
modernizacias Tan mohyva mecnierebis Seqmna da ganviTareba, ramac Ta­
vis mxriv, gamoiwvia is, rom samyaros Semecnebis umTavresi instrumenti
gaxda sistematuri dakvirveba. rodesac adamianebs mecnierebis rwmena
uCndebaT da amas racionalurad xsnian, zebunebriv movlenebis Sesa­
Zlebloba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT Sesustdes.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi ufro heterogenurebi arian tradiciul
sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT ara marto rasobrivi da eTnikuri, aramed
religiuri mravalferovnebis mxrivac. arsebobs uamravi religia. Se­
sabamisad, Znelia airCio erTi maTgani, romelic absolutur WeSmarite­
bas emsaxureba. am siZnelidan gamomdinare ki religiis avtoriteti Sei­
Zleba kidev ufro dasustdes.
Tanamedrove cxovreba teqnologiuri miRwevebi da swrafi tempi yo­
velTvis ar aris sulierebasTan SeTavsebadi. angelozebi mudmivad rom
gvesaubrebodnen _ ambobs sociologi piter bergesi (1979w.) _ Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovreba jer TandaTadnobiT Seneldeboda da mere saer­
Tod Sewydeboda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis gadarCenisa da ganviTa­
rebis mizniT aucilebelia, sekularuli sakiTxebs jerovani yuradReba
daeTmos.

me-18 saukunidan moyolebuli dRemde bevri mecnieri da moazrovne miiCnevs,

rom Seubralebeli sekularizacia TandaTan mouRebs bolos religias. marqsi
miiCnevda, rom rodesac socializmis Sedegad sazogadoeba ufro mecnierulad
dagegmili xdeba, religias ukve aRar aqvs funqcia. durkhaimi da veberi ase Sors
ar wasulan, magram miiCnevdnen, rom sekularuli Sexedulebebi da interesebi
male imdenad dominanturi gaxdeba, rom sulieri sazrunavisaTvis Zalze mcire
adgili darCeba.
Znelia pasuxis gacema imaze, Tu rogorebi arian sazogadoebebi _ sekulireb­
uli Tu religiurebi. bevri sazogadoeba orive maTganis maxasiaTeblebs atarebs.
sekularizacia gulisxmobs religiuri institutebis uSualo kontrolisagan
socialuri cxovrebis ufro meti aspeqtis Camocilebas. amis magaliTia sajaro
skolebis Seqmna _ ar aris aucilebeli, rom am skolaSi mosiarule da momuSave
yvela adamians swamdes RmerTisa da eklesiaSic dadiodes. religiuri liderebis
umetesoba aRar amtkicebs, rom avtoritetulni arian mecnierebasTan dakavSire­
bul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas, gansxvavebiT im sasuliero pirebisgan, romle­
bic mZvinvared ewinaaRmdegebodnen galileo galileis mtkicebas dedamiwis mzis
garSemo brunvis Sesaxeb. Tumca, religiur liderebs bolomde ar daukargavT av­
toriteti zneobriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
sekularizaciaze religiuri reaqcia iyo sekularizaciisa da religiuri av­
toritetebis gamijvna _ eklesiisa da saxelmwifos, religiisa da mecnierebis
gancalkeveba. cxadia, ufro marTebuli iqneba, Tu sekularizacias SevxedavT ara

550
rogorc dakninebul religias, aramed rogorc religiuri avtoritetis garkveul
Sesustebas (Cavesi, 1994w.). arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac eklesiebi efeqturad
Tanaarsebobda sekularul sazogadoebebTan da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
mis cxovrebaSi. Tu religiuri organizacia metismetad sekularizebuli gaxda
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, SeiZleba misi adgili romelime axalma da ufro aqti­
urma religiam daikavos. amrigad, yovelTvis arsebobs balansi sekularizaciasa
da religiis gaaqtiurebas Soris (bekfordi, 1989w.). dabolos, is, rom adamianebi
ar gansazRvraven socialuri cxovrebis bevr aspeqts religiuri an sulieri kuT­
xiT, ar niSnavs imas, rom isini naklebad afaseben sakuTari cxovrebis religiur
da sulier nawils. dRes eklesiebs aRar aqvT imxela gavlena, rogoric Sua sau­
kuneebSi, magram im epoqaSi adamianebi ufro simpaTiiT iyvnen ganwyobilni reli­
giis mimarT vidre axla. romelime rwmenis aRmsarebloba dRes ufro metad pirad
arCevans efuZneba vidre konkretuli religiuri jgufis Tandayolil wevrobas
(domerati, 1995w.).

fundamentalizmi

yvela religiuri instituti an lideri rodi iziarebs SromiT dayofas zemoT

aRweril sekularul institutebs Soris. bevri adamiani aRiarebs rogorc re­
ligiis prioritetulobas. `fundamentalizmi~, religiuri moZraobis erT-erTi
tipi miznad isaxavs, daamkvidros an aRadginos cxovrebis wminda gza, romelic
efuZneba im religiur pricipebs an swavlebas, romelic, am moZraobis mimdevrebis
azriT, safrTxis winaSea. `fundamentalur~ elementebs Sorisaa: centraluri
WeSmariti doqtirna, mociquli an macne (WeSmaritebis ganmsaxierebeli an WeS­
maritebis gamxmianebeli), sxvebisagan gamijnuli mrevli da imis myari codna, Tu
ra aris boroti (frikenbergi, 1994w.). fundamentalizmi maSin warmoiSoba, rode­
sac xdeba dapirispireba moqiSpe religiis mimdevrebTan an arareligiur pirebT­
an. fundamenatlistTa moZraoba iwyeba Tanamedrove, pluralur, sekularul
sazogadoebebSi, sadac tradiciuli Temebi Canacvlebulia an am problemis winaSe
dgas. rogorc erT-erTi mecnieri ambobs:
[is] aris gza qaosTan, identobis, mniSvnelobisa da usafrTxo struqturis
dakargvasTan gamklavebisa, romelic ganapiroba swrafma socialurma da politi­
kurma formebma, sekularizmma, mecnierulma kulturam da ekonomikurma ganviTa­
rebam (roiteri, 1992w.)
gasuli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi fundamentalizmma gavlena iqonia
msoflios umetes qveyanaze. qvemoT yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT fundamentaliz­
mis aRorZinebis oTx ZiriTad epizodze. es aris islamuri da ebrauli fundamenta­
lizmi Sua aRmosavleTSi, hinuri fundamentalizmi indoeTSi da qristianuli
fundamentalizmi SeerTebul StatebSi.

551
islamuri fundamentalizmi

iranis Sahma Tavisi qveyana axal, Tanamedrove epoqaSi Seiyvana navTobis saba­
doebisa da amerikelTa samxedro mxardaWeris meSveobiT. Tumca, modernizaciam
sargebeli iranelTa mxolod mcirericxovan jgufs moutana. es gaxldaT mcire
elituri jgufi, romelic mzad aRmoCnda dasavluri ideebisa da cxovrebis wesis
misaRebad. iranelTa umravlesobas ki samuSao ar gaaCnda da gamudmebiT idevne­
boda saidumlo policiis mier. mravali maTgani meCeTebSi Seikriba da Sahis ga­
dayeneba dagegma, raTa qveyana dabruneboda WeSmarit islams, romelsac jer ar
Sexeboda dasavleTi. mTeli msoflios gasaocrad, iranis Sahma xeli moawera ga­
dadgomis moTxovnas fundamentalistebisa da maTi lideris _ aiaTola ruhola
homeinis sasargeblod (abrahamiani, 1985w.)
iranis revoluciam gamoZaxili pova mTel muslimur samyaroSi. dRes, muslimi
fundamen­ta­listebi aqtiuroben da Zalas ikreben iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa: eg­
vipte, alJiri, erayi, nigeria, cen­tra­luri afrika, Razas seqtori da dasavleTis
sanapiro israelSi. am moZraobebs aerTianebT aqcenti religiur zneobaze; aseve,
ZiriTadi muslimuri swavlebebisaken dabrunebis survili da politikuri moq­
medebis saWiroeba, romelic daamkvidrebs Teokratiul saxelmwifos. am moZrao­
bis gavlenis srulad gagebis mizniT, Tvali gadavavloT islamis istorias.
islams safuZveli Cveni welTaRricxvis me-7 saukuneSi Cae­yara, rodesac ala­
his angelozi moevlina vaWar muhameds. muhamedis daarsebul religias bevri
saerTo aqvs iudaizmTan, qristianobasTan da sxva adreul tradiciebTan. ZiriTa­
di gansxvavebaa yurani _ islamuri wminda wigni, sadac muhamedma alahis mcnebebi
Caiwera. muslimebi yurans alahis swavlebis gamoxatulebad aRiqvamen, romelic
ar eqvemdebareba arc interpretacias da arc gadaTargmnas.
islamSi, qristianobis msgavsad, bevri adgilobrivi variacia arsebobs. Tum­
ca, yvela muslimi iziarebs saerTo tradiciebs da swams, rom `arra ars RmerTi
Tvinier alahisa da muhamedia mociquli misi~. dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela muslimi
loculobs dadgenili intervalebiT, Semosavlis nawils swiravs saqvelmoqmedo
miznebisaTvis, ramadanis TveSi mTel dRes marxulobs da Tu SesaZlebelia, si­
cocxleSi erTxel mainc miemgzavreba saudis arabeTSi wminda qalaqis _ meqis _
mosalocad (haji).
islami misioneruli religiaa, romelic orientirebulia sxva adamianebis
islamze moqcevaze mTeli msoflios masStabiT. gafarToebis survilma da reli­
giis dacvis movaleobam warmoSva jihadis tradicia, rac wminda oms niSnavs yve­
las winaaRmdeg, vinc islams emuqreba. muslimebs swamT, rom vinc urjuloTa wi­
naaRmdeg omSi daiRupa, wamebulia. pirvel msoflio omamde muslimebi marTavdnen
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis umetes nawils da mTel aRmosavleT teritorias Cine­
Tamde, magram islamis warsulis dideba daCrdila bolodroindelma movlenebma,
kerZod, evropeli koloniistebis mier muslimTa dapyrobam, ramac iZulebuli
gaxada isini, eRiarebinaT israelis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. garda amisa, isr­
aelma, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da dasavleTis mxardaWeriT, ramdenjerme
daamarcxa muslimuri qveynebi. islamuri fundamentalizmi aris garkveuli mcd­

552
eloba, `win aRudgnen istorias~ (hangeri, 1990w. gv. 60). bevri mgznebare muslimi
mouTmenlad elodeba im dRes, rodesac dasavluri kultura daemorCileba islams
(Sirli, 1995w.).
sxva faqtorebi, romlebic aseve ganapirobebs islamuri fundamentalizmis
aRmavlobas, aris sasowarkveTa, siRatake, imedgacrueba, romelic Tan axlavs
muslimur sazogadoebebSi religiuri avtoritetis defragmentacias, rwmenis
ganwmendis saWiroeba da fundamentalistTa jgufebisaTvis mfarvelebis gamo­
Cena (aseTia iranisa da saudis arabeTis mTavroba (piskatori, 1994w.). magram islam
fundamentalistTa moZraoba ar aris monoliTuri. bevr qveyanaSi, magaliTad,
egvipteSi, alJirSi, eraysa da palestinuri gavlenis qveS myof sxva raionebSi
sxvadasxva fundamentalistTa jgufi erTmaneTs gavlenisa da Zalauflebis mo­
sapoveblad ebrZvis. am metoqeobis Sedegi aris is, rom ideologia kidev ufro
gamZafrda da radikaluri gaxda. is fundamentalistTa sxvadasxva jgufs uki­
duresobisa da agresiuli moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs.
yvelaze TvalnaTeli ganxeTqilebaa sunitebsa da Siitebis ganxeTqileba. am
SuRls safuZveli jer kidev me-7 saukuneSi Caeyara, rodesac ori jgufis warmo­
madgenlebi erTmaneTs ZalauflebisaTvis ecilebodnen. arabTa liderebis umete­
soba erayis, egviptisa da alJiris CaTvliT sunitebs miekuTvnebian. isini sakuTar
Tavs namdvil muslimebad miiCneven da meCeTisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis momxreni
arian. maTgan gansxvavebiT, Siitebs politikisa da religiis Serwymis xangrZlivi
gamocdileba aqvT. swored maT daamxes Sahis xelisufleba da irani Teokratiul
saxelmwifod gadaaqcies. fundamentalistTa TiToeuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi
irwmunebian, rom mxolod maT esmiT sworad maTi rwmenis `WeSmariti~ safuZvlebi,
rac sxva jgufTan xSiri konfliqtis mizezi xdeba.
muslimi fundamentalistebi dRes msoflios politikis centrSi arian. iranis
garda isini mraval sxva qveyanaSi moeqcnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi an mTavrobaSi
mainc. magaliTad, sudanSi gavrcelebuli islamis tipi istoriulad SedarebiT
mokrZalebulobiT gamoirCeva. es, nawilobriv, ganpirobebulia elituri sasulie­
ro pirebis anu `molebis~ susti tradiciiT, romelic mZlavria iranSi. sudanur-
islamuri fundamentalizmi, romelic ufro politikuri instrumentia, miznad
isaxavs eTnikurad mravalferovani mosaxleobis gaerTianebas (viorsti, 1995w.).
fundamentalistebi mravali qveynis sekularul xelisuflebas emuqrebian. mag­
aliTad, alJirSi, sekularuli elementebi jer kidev xelisuflebisa da samxedro
Zalebis mier kontroldeba, magram muslimi fundamentalistebi marTaven saTemo
cxovrebas skolebSi, saavadmyofoebsa da meCeTebSi (Sirli, 1995w.). msgavsi situa­
ciaa TurqeTSic, sadac fundamentalistebis gaerTianeba qveynis yvelaze Zli­
e­ri partiaa, rasac sxva qveynebi religiur mikerZoebad miiCneven. evrokavSirSi
TurqeTis wevrobaze SesaZlo vetos pasuxad, TurqeTis premier-ministrma ga­
nacxada: `Tu Cveni evropeli megobrebi SeewinaaRmdegebian TurqeTis gawevriane­
bas im motiviT, rom Cven sxva religiis aRmsareblebi varT, amiT isini qristianul
klubs Seqmnian da xels Seuwyoben msoflio ganxeTqilebas~ (New York Times, 1995
wlis 2 marti, gv. 1).

553
 muslimma fundamentalistebma ieriSi adamianis uflebebis dasavlur cne­
bazec miitanes. 1989 wels gamoqveynebulma salman ruSdis romanma `satanuri
leqsebi~ muslimebis sayovelTao mrisxaneba gamoiwvia, radgan maT miiCnies, rom
es nawarmoebi Seuracxyofda maT religias. aiaTola homeinim ganacxada, rom is,
vinc moklavda salman ruSdis an misi wignis gamomcemlebs, samoTxeSi moxvdeboda.
ruSdi iZulebuli gaxda, mimaluliyo. misi italieli da iaponeli mTargmnelebi ki
Tavdasxmis msxverplni gaxdnen (erTi maTgani sasikvdilod daWres). gadaido misi
wignis gamoqveynebac, radgan aravis undoda, es sicocxlis fasad dajdomoda.

induisturi fundamentalizmi
salman ruSdim ori religiis fundamentalistTa risxva gamoiwvia. 1995 wels
gamoqveynebulma misma romanma `muris ukanaskneli amooxvra~ ganarisxa induist
fundamentalistTa memarjvene partia, radganac nawarmoebSi TvalSisacemi iro­
niiT iyo gaSarJebuli maTi lideri basaheb k. Tekerei. sakuTari Zalauflebisa da
gavlenis wyalobiT Tekereim moaxerxa am wignis akrZalva bombeiSi, xolo indoeTis
xelisufleba aiZula, mieRo gadawyvetileba qveyanaSi misi importis akrZalvis
Taobaze. bedis ironiiT, Tekerei SeewinaaRmdega imave ruSdis `satanuri leqsebis~
akrZalvas indoeTSi (mas Semdeg, rac wigni aikrZala ramdenime muslimur qveyana­
Si), im motiviT, rom indoeTi Tavisufali qveyanaa da muslimebi amas unda Seeguon
(New York Times, 1995 wlis 2 dekemberi, gv. a4).
indoeTma gansakuTrebulad mwvaved ganicada religiuri fundamentaliz­
mi. funtamentalistebi mravalad arian ara marto indusitTa umravlesobaSi,
aramed muslimTa da sikhis umciresobaSic ki. induisturi fundamentalizmi
dakavSire­bulia nacionalistur ideebTan, romlis mixedviTac saWiroa qveynis
`gawmenda~ ucxo elementebisagan, gansakuTrebiT, ki muslimebisagan. induistma
nacionalis­tebma Camoayalibes forumi im dros, rodesac indoeTSi separatis­
tuli tendenciebisa da erovnuli identurobis ideebi erTmaneTs upirispird­
eba (varSni, 1993w.).
religiuri sxvadasxvaobebi xSirad xdeba Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvris mizezi.
induisTa pacifisti lideri mahatma gandi induistma fanatikosma mokla, viTomc­
da promuslimobis gamo. premier-ministri indira gandi sakuTarma sikhi mcvelebma
mokles, riTac religiaTaSorisi dapirispireba gamoiwvies mTeli qveynis masSta­
biT. indira gandis ori vaJic religiuri fanatikosebis msxverplni gaxd­nen. aseT
Zaladobas aTasobiT indoelis sicocxle Seewira.
induizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi religiaa, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, warmoSva uam­
ravi damoukidebeli da xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTis gamomricxavi religiuri rw­
mena, praqtika, gamocdileba da organizacia (klostermaieri, 1989w.). gansxvavebiT
sxva religiuri tradiciebisagan, induizmis warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba romelime
istoriul pirovnebas an wigns (embri, 1994w.). ZiriTadi induisturi xelnawerebi
sociopolitikuri, eTikuri da sulieri gzamkvlevia, sadac RmerTebis, mefeebis,
gmirebisa da Cveulebrivi mokvdavebis Tavgadasavlebia moTxrobili. induistebi
Tayvans scemen mTel panTeons da ara erT romelime RmerTs. induisturi religiis
qvakuTxedia dharmis koncefcia anu qcevis kodeqsi sxvadasxva kastis warmomad­

554
genlebisaTvis sxvadasxva situaciaSi da cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze. induistebs
swamT, rom TiToeul adamians, TiToeul suliersa TiToeul moqmedebas sakuTari
adgili aqvs kosmiur wesrigSi. Tu es wesrigi dairRva, daisadgurebs qaosi (madani,
1989w. mahmudi, 1989w.).
induisturi fundamentalizmi axlad aRmocenebuli ar aris, magram amJamad aR­
mavlobas ganicdis. britaneTisagan indoeTis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba (me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi) eyrdnoba indoeTis warsuli didebis ideas da imis rwmenas,
rom muslimebma da Semdeg britanelebma gaanadgures brwyinvale memkvidreoba da
mxolod dharmas aRdgeniT moxdeba indoeTis xelaxali aRzeveba. Tumca am moZ­
raobis liderebi _ gandi, neru da kongresis partiis sxva wevrebi, emxrobodnen
sekularuli, demokratiuli saxelmwifos ideas, sxvadasxva religiis warmomad­
genlebi mSvidobianad icxovrebdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT. Tavis erT-erT yvelaze
cnobil gancxadebaSi gandi ambobs: `me var induisti, sakhi, muslimi da qristiani~
(citirebulia mahmudis naSromSi. 1989w. gv. 340).
bedis ironiiT, indoeTis damoukideblobas Sedegad Zaladoba da dapirisp­
ireba mohyva (maliki da vajpei, 1989w). umciresobebi, romlebsac induri kanonmde­
bloba icavs, sargebloben indoeTis aRmavlobiT. es ki induistTa mzard ukmayo­
filebas iwvevs. dRes induisturi fundamentalizmi mravali formiT arsebobs.
esaa: taZrebSi mrevlis ricxvis zrda, religiuri simboloebisa da ritualebis ga­
mococxleba, organizaciebi, romlebic ibrZvian meCeTebad gadakeTebuli induis­
turi taZrebis dasabruneblad, yofili induistebisa da axlandeli qristianebis
an musulmanebis dabrunebis mcdeloba, dabali kastebisaTvis daxmarebis mizniT
wamowyebuli pozitiuri diskriminaciis programebis winaaRmdeg demonstracie­
bi, induisturi nacionaluri partiis gamarjveba arCevnebSi da im saparlamento
jgufis aRdgena (raStria saiamsevak sangi an RSS), romelic, farTo sazogadoe­
bis azriT, damnaSavea gandis mkvlelobaSi. RSS-i iyenebs axalgazrda mimdevrebis
mTel armias, raTa indoel axalgazrdebSi gaavrcelon da danergon sufTa indusi
eris idea (embri, 1994w.).
induisti fundamentalistebi aviTareben azrs, rom induis­tebma bevri wame­
ba gadaitanes arainduistebisagan. arabTa da bri­tanelTa reJimis pirobebSi in­
dusebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iCagrebodnen. dRes pakistansa da bangladeSSi
mcxovreb indusebs kanonis ZaliT CamorTmeuli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. Sri-
lankaze induistebi gadarCenisaTvis ibrZvian budisti umravlesobis winaaRmdeg.
amave dros, indoeTSi mcxovrebi bevri indusi miiCnevs, rom mTavroba xels uw­yobs
umciresobebs, magaliTad, nebas rTavs muslimebs, gamoiyenon sakuTari wesebi
(magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi). indoeTis dasavleTisaken orientirebu­
li saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebic ki iziareben indusi nacionalistebis mo­
wodebebs (embri, 1994w. maliki da vajpei, 1989w.).

ebrauli fundamentalizmi

gazeTebSi didi asoebiT ibeWdeboda: `rabini moklulia~. kidev ufro Sokis

momgvreli iyo is faqti, rom icxak rabini, israelis popularuli premier-minist­

555
ri mokluli iqna 1995 wlis noemberSi ara arabis xeliT, aramed misive Tanamema­
mulis mier, romelic radikaluri religiur dajgufebis wevri iyo. ram miiyvana
ebrauli fundamentalizmi am wertilamde?
iudaizmSi didi xania arsebobs elementebi, romelTa mixedviTac saWiroa
sekularuli samyarosagan gamijvna da tradiciebiT cxovreba. haredinebad wode­
buli ebraelebi modernizaciisadmi protests imiT gamoxataven, rom ewinaaRmde­
gebian asimilacias. ebraelTa es kategoria atarebs tradiciul Sav samoss wminda
miwidan ebraelebis gamodevnis glovis gamosaxatavad. isini skolebSi (ieSivebSi)
swavloben mxolod Toras da Talmuds (wminda wigni da misi komentarebi) da mis­
deven mkacrad dadgenil ritualebsa da Cveulebebs. am orTodoqsi ebraelebisa­
Tvis israeli, rogorc saxelmwifo, ubralod, ar arsebobs, radgan mas ar marTavs
rwmena. isini ar laparakoben ivriTulad, radgan miaCniaT, rom wminda ena ar unda
wabilwon yoveldRiuri gamoyenebiT. ebraelTa es jgufi ar gamoirCeva aqtiuro­
biT. isini miiCneven, rom ToraSi mocemulia `msoflios mowyobis~ gza, magram ver
xedaven sakuTar rols am `mowyobaSi~ (hailmani, 1994w.).
ultraorTodoqsi ebraelebi politikurad gaaqturdnen. es fundamentalis­
tebi icaven tradiciebsa da ritualebs, magram agresiuli meTodebiT cdiloben
daicvan cxovrebis maTeuli wesi, vidre msoflio maT Secvlis (kapeli, 1994w.).
am aqtivistebma daaarses dasaxlebebi okupirebul teritoriaze, romelic isr­
aelma arabebs waarTva 1973 wlis omis Sedegad. maTTvis ZirZveli ebrauli miwebis
dabruneba bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis asrulebas niSnavs. mravali ebraeli
fundamentalistisaTvis yvelaze did safrTxes is adamianebi ki ar warmoadgenen,
romlebic radikalurad gansxvavdebian maTgan, aramed is ebraelebi, romlebic
moergnen Tanamedrove samyaros. samuel hailmani (1994w.) ase aRwers am safrTxes:

is, rac sruliad gansxvavebulia, warmoudgenlad borotia; magram isi­

ni, vinc Sualedur pozicias ikaveben da fiqroben, rom amgvarad Sesa­
Zlebelia kavSiris SenarCuneba WeSmarit iudaizmTan, warmoudgenel
safrTxes uqmnian cxovrebis orTodoqsul wess. ZiriTadi Rirebulebe­
bidan gadaxra saSualo klasidan sxveb­ze vrceldeba. aqedan gamomdi­
nare, fundamentalistebis brZola mimarTulia upirveles yovlisa im
ebraelebis winaaRmdeg, romelic axleburad axdenen rwmenisa da reli­
giis interpretacias. fundamentalistebisaTvis kompromisi yvelaze
didi safrTxea (gv. 183).

premier-ministri rabini arabebisaTvis teritoriebis dabru­nebis samSvidobo

molaparakebebSi monawileobda, rac, fundamentalistebis azriT, safrTxes uqm­
nida ebraeli xalxis momavals. mkvlelobamde ramdenime TviT adre fundamenta­
listebma mTeli qveynis masStabiT moawyves manifestaciebi da saprotesto gamos­
vlebi, sadac rabins moRalates, mkvlelsa da nacists uwodebdnen (U.S. News and
World Report, 1995 wlis 20 noemberi). zogma rabinma kidev ufro gaamwvava situacia
imiT, rom citireba mohyavda iudaisturi kanonebidan, romelTa mixedviTac rabi­
nis sikvdili da­saSvebi iyo. rabinis mkvleli, rogorc Cans, am gavlenis qveS moeq­

556
ca. is universitetSi swavlobda, misi maswavleblebi da sxva studentebi aqtiurad
iyvnen Cabmuli am moZraobaSi. rabinis sikvdilis Semdeg garkveuli xnis ganmav­
lobaSi eqstremistTa ritorika odnav Cacxra. rabinis Semcvlelma, Simon peres­
ma piroba dado, rom gaagrZelebda mSvidobisaTvis brZolas. Tumca, samSvidobo
procesi mniSvnelovnad Seferxda rogorc ebraeli, aseve muslimi fundamentalis­
tebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad.

qristianuli fundamentalizmi

sxva religiuri tradiciebis msgavsad, qristianobac Seicavs fundamenta­

listur komponentebs, magram maTi simwvave kulturebis mixedviT icvleba. zog
qveyanaSi (magaliTad, italiasa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi) fundamental­
izmi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes kaTolicizms, xolo sxva qveynebSi _ protes­
tantizms. yvela qristianuli fundamentalizmi, ganurCevlad misi warmoSo­
bisa, mimarTulia erTi miznisaken: gardaqmnas qaosuri, arastabiluri, zneobriv
gaurkvevlobaSi myofi sazogadoeba RvTis moSiSad. fundamentalistebs sjeraT,
rom sxva aRmsareblobis adamianebis qristianul sarwmunoebaze moqceviT ara
marto sakuTar sulebs Svelian, aramed ers aTavisufleben codvebisagan. swamT,
rom dedamiwa gayofilia or _keTil da borot Zalad da maT ician, vin aris mteri,
amitom ar apireben kompromisze wasvlas. umetesad, momavlis gza gadis warsuli
tradiciebis aRdgenaze (amermani, 1994w.), amis saSualebas ki, rogorc qristianu­
li koaliciis SemTxvevaSi vnaxeT, politika iZleva.
qristianuli fundamentalizms gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa amerikaSi
(marsdeni, 1990w.). misi Camoyalibeba ganapiroba qveyanaSi arsebulma socia­lurma
pirobebma da ideebma, kerZod: sazogadoebaSi destabilizaciis gamomwvevma gare­
ganma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa mzardi eTnikuri mravalferovneba, migracia,
gaucxoeba da gamaerTianebelma Sida faqtorebma, Teologiuri momzadebis, mkac­
ri normebis, Zlieri ideologiis, organizebulobisa da misioneruli miswrafebis
CaTvliT (vuTnou da lousoni, 1994w.). gasuli ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi, ameri­
kulma fundamentalizmma cvlilebebi ganicada da soflebidan da patara samxre­
Tuli qalaqebidan metropoliebSi gadainacvla. fundamentalistebs aerTianebs
sxvadasxva organizaciebi sasuliero seminariebis, specialuri profilis wignis
maRaziebisa da qristianuli skolebis CaTvliT.
fundamentalistebi miiCneven, rom biblia umaRlesi avtoritetia sulier
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT da masSi gadmocemuli ambebi WeSmaritebaa. es midgo­
ma bibliuri ucodvelobis doqtrinis saxeliTaa cnobili. fundamentalistTa
umetesoba ar aRiarebs evolucias da miiCnevs, rom adamiani RvTisagan Seiqmna.
bavSvebis dacva boroti Zalisagan fundamentalizmis mniSvnelovani nawilia
(bartkovski da elisoni, 1995w. lineSi, 1993w.). qristianuli fundamentalizmis
gaaqtiurebis erTi mizezi gaxlavT is, rom misi warmomadgenlebi homoseqsual­
izmis damkvidrebas, gaxSirebul ganqorwinebebsa da martoxela dedebis mzard
ricxvs maTTvis Zvirfasi socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi safrTxed aRiqvamen. es
faqtori maT akavSirebs konservatorebTan (romlebic ar arian fundamentalisti

557
qristianebis moZraobis wevrebi) da ganasxvavebs zeda saSualo klasis mravali
warmoadgenlisagan, romelTa Sexeduleba 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi ufro libe­
raluri gaxda.
fundamentalistTa jgufebis mzardma politikurma aqtivobam safuZveli
Cauyara axal qristianul memarjveneobas. fundamentalistebis politikaSi Carevas
mravalma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli (himelStaini, 1990w. vuTnou, 1983w. 1988w.). erT-
erTi faqtori iyo evangelisti jimi karteris prezidentad arCeva, ramac xeli
Seuwyo sazogadoebis mier evangelisturi eklesiis aRiarebas. meore impulsi iyo
farTo konservatiuli moZraobis aRmoceneba da axali socialuri sakiTxebis
wamoWra, rogoricaa: abortis ufleba, Tanabaruflebianobis darRveva (Equal Rights
Amendment), feminizmis gaZliereba, homoseqsualistebis uflebebi, narkotikebis
moxmareba, skolebSi locvebis akrZalva da pornografia. ucabedad mniSvnelovani
politikuri sakiTxebi dawyvilebuli aRmoCnda moralur sakiTxebTan. prezi­
denti ronald reigani aqtiurad uWerda mxars axali memarjveneebis moZraobas,
Tumca, mxolod garkveul sakiTxebSi. mesame mizezi iyo fundamentalistebis mier
masStaburi infrastruqturis ganviTareba _ uSvelebeli `super-eklesiebis~,
komunikaciebis farTo qselis, Tanxebis moZiebis uaxlesi meTodebis, lobirebisa
da eleqtronuli propagandis CaTvliT. am yvelaferma SesaZlebeli gaxada poli­
tikuri konservatorebisa da religiuri tradicionalistebis mobilizeba.

religia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dRes

Zlevamosilebisa da gavlenis miuxedavad, qristianuli fundamentalizmi ar
aris mTeli amerikis religia. gansxvavebiT im sazogadoebebisagan, sadac erTi
religiaa dominanti, SeerTebuli Statebi xasiaTdeba religiuri pluralizmiT
(ix. sqema 13.2), rac imas niSnavs, rom amerikelebs arCevanis farTo saSualeba aqvT
religiebis TvalsazrisiT _ dawyebuli kaTolicizmiT, damTavrebuli rastafa­
rianobiT.
sqema13.2 / religiuri aRm­
sarebloba amerikelebSi
amerikelebis didi umravle­
uari Tqva 2,3 % soba Tavs qristianad Tvlis,
romelTa Soris yvelaze
arareligiurebi 8,2 %
bevri protestania. 8 pro­
ebraelebi
1,8 % centze odnav meti Tavs arc
qristiani 86.2% erT religias ar akuTvnebs.
sxvebi 3,3 %
muslimebi
0.5 %
wyaro: bari a. kosmini da
budistebi seimur p. laCmani, `religi­
unitarianelebi uri TviT-identifikacia~
induistebi citirebulia kenet b. be­
Sereuli
delTan `amerikuli da kana­
duri eklesiebis 1995 wlis
wigni (abingdonis gamomcem­
loba, neSvili, tenesis Sta­
ti, 1995).

558
 amerikelTa umetesoba acxadebs, rom farTo religiuri orientaciisaa. Tum­
ca, bevri maTgani ar irCevs erT romelime konkretul mimdevrobas. amerikelebis
nawili dadis iseT eklesiebSi, romlebic ar ekuTvnis romelime aRmsareblobas.
arian adamianebi, romlebic misdeven religiis `pirad~ formas, rasac sociolo­
gi tomas lukmani (1967w.) uxilav religias uwodebs. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi
aRiqvamen religias, rogorc subieqturs, pirad gamocdilebas da ara rogorc
jgufur doqtrinas. gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom uxilavi religia farTodaa
gavrcelebuli. maga­liTad, minesotas StatSi mcxovreb qristianebze dakvirvebis
Sedegad dadginda, rom gamokiTxulTa or mesamedi miiCnevda, rom `SesaZlebelia
darCe qristianad, ise rom uaryo saeklesio swavlebebis nawili~ (Citisteri da
marti, 1983w. gv.79). es adamianebi, rogorc wesi, ar arian tradiciuli eklesiebisa
da kongregaciebis wevrebi. maTTvis rwmena, Tayvaniscema da sulieri cxovreba
intimuri sakiTxebia (harti, 1987w.). es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT akliaT rwmena.
TiTqmis naxe­vars sjera, rom arsebobs sicocxle gardacvalebis Semdeg, xolo
or mexuTeds swams bibliis sityva-sityviTi interpretaciisa (grili, 1989w.). uxi­
lavi religiis arseboba xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom ambobs amerikelTa mxolod 30
%, rom saeklesio msa­xurebas eswreba, maSin rodesac mTeli 96% aRiarebs, rom maT
RmerTis swamT (Gallup Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis Tebervali). es xalxi xazs ufro metad
religiur rwmenas usvams, vidre religiurad cxovrebas. zogi Teologi SeSfoTe­
bas gamoTqvams uxilavi religiis gavrcelebis gamo, radgan, maTi azriT, uxilavi
religia xels Seuwyobs im erTianobis SegrZnebis dakargvas, rasac eklesia iZleva.
bevri saubrobs SeerTebul StatebSi religiis cvlilebis Sesaxeb. 1960-ian
wlebSi adamianebi kiTxulobdnen: `RmerTi mokvda?~, es ki mas Semdeg moxda, rac
cnobilma Teologma harvi koqsma am Temisadmi miZRvnili wigni gamoaqveyna, ro­
melic bestselerad iqca. 1970-ian wlebSi, SesamCnevad gaZlierda fundamenta­
listTa da evangelisturi moZraobebi. Tumca, Cven gadaWarbebiT ar unda avRniS­
noT religiis cvlilebis masStabi. gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli
religiis Temisadmi miZRvnili ZiriTadi Sromebis Seswavlis Sedegad, sociolog­
ma endriu m. grilma arcTu ise bevri cvlileba aRmoaCina. piriqiT, stabiluroba
ufro TvalSi sacemi iyo dRes, iseve rogorc warsulSi amerikelebi ufro re­
ligiurebi arian, vidre evropelebi (romelTa daaxloebiT mesamedi ambobs, rom
maT religia ar aqvT). ufro metic, religiuri rwmenebi da praqtika ar Secvlila
meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan dRemde (am dros Segrovda pirveli monaceme­
bi). amerikelebis umravlesobas kvlav swams RmerTis da sjera iesos RvTiurobisa
(Tu isini qristianebi arian) da saiqio cxovrebisa (ix. cxrili 13.3). miuxedavad
imisa, rom qristianebis mcire ricxvs sjera bibliisa, umetesoba acxadebs, rom
isini biblias yoveldRiurad kiTxuloben da Sesabamis codnasac avlenen. isini
acxadeben, rom daeswrnen saeklesio RvTismsaxurebas gasuli Svidi dRis ganmav­
lobaSi. swored aseTive suraTi iyo 1939 welsac (The Gallup Poll Monthly, 1995 wlis
Tebervali).

559
 c x r i l i 13.3
religiuri rwmenebi

procentebi
wlebi
dadebiTi pasuxi

a. gjeraT Tu ara RmerTis an universaluri Zalis arsebobis?

1944 97 %
1954 96 %
1967 97 %
1981 95 %
1994 96 %
b. gjeraT Tu ara, rom ieso qriste marTlac cxovrobda da marTlac RmerTi iyo,
da ara ubralod lideri muhamedisa da budas msgavsad?

1952 77 %
1965 75 %
1983 76 %
g. gjeraT Tu ara, rom arsebobs sicocxle sikvdilis Semdeg?
1944 76 %
1952 77 %
1965 75 %
1975 76 %
1985 74 %
d. gjeraT Tu ara, rom arsebobs samoTxe, sadac is adamianebi moxvdebian, romleb­
mac kargad ganvles cxovreba?
1952 72 %
1965 68 %
1980 71 %
1994 90 %
e. gjeraT Tu ara jojoxeTis arsebobis?
1952 58 %
1965 54 %
1980 53 %
1994 73 %

wyaro: endriu m. grili. religiuri cvlilebebi amerikaSi (harvardis universitetis gamom­

cemloba, kembriji, masaCusetsi, 1989w.). gv. 14, cxrili2.1; The Gallup Pull Monthlym 1995
wlis ianvari da Tebervali.

cxadia, religia amerikaSi mTlianad statikuri ar aris. rwmenebma da ritua­

lebma met-naklebi stabiluroba SeinarCuna, magram religiuri Temebis orga­
nizacia, maTi formebi da damokidebuleba farTo sazogadoebasTan, mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala. religiuri aRmsarebloba dinamikuri procesia. erTi mimdevrobis mier
wevrebis dakargva niSnavs meore mimdinareobis Zalebis mokrebas. dRes erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, sociolog robert vuTnous (1988w.) azriT,
denominacionalizmis sayovelTao dakninebaa. dRes ukve sakmaodaa Sesustebuli
konkurencia protestantul mimdinareobebs Soris, protestanti da kaTolike
liderebi ufro mWidrod TanamSromloben, xolo sazRvari mimdi­nareobebs Soris

560
Zalian mkveTri aRaraa. magram eklesiebis wevrebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli monaceme­
bi bevrs arafers gveubneba imaze, Tu ras grZnoben da ras fiqroben TiToeul re­
ligiur jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi. amis gasagebad ufro detalurad unda
davakvirdeT ZiriTad religiebSi mimdinare movlenebs.

kaTolikeebi

im kaTolikeTa umetesobas, romelTac vicnob axasiaTebs oficia­luri,

instituciuri eklesiis siyvaruli, romelsac Tan axlavs qronikuli
antipaTia da uTanxmoeba (b.g. harisoni, 1994w. gv. 42).

barbara harisonis es citata naTlad adasturebs dRes im eklesiis mdgo­

mareobas, romelsac amerikelTa 26% akuTvnebs sakuTar Tavs (kozminis da lax­
mani, 1995w.). kaTolikurma eklesiam gasuli dekadebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime re­
forma ganaxorciela, Tumca misi pozicia ucvleli darCa garkveul swavlebebTan
dakavSirebiT, romelsac am eklesiis mravali mimdevari Znelad emorCileba.
vatikanis meore sabWom (Seikriba 1962 da 1965 wlebs Soris) gaauqma laTinuri
mesa da paraskevobiT xorciT marxva; neba darTo saero kaTolikeebs, mieRoT zia­
reba da SeesrulebinaT administraciuli da liturgikuli movaleobebi, rom­
lebic aqamde mxolod sasuliero pirebis prerogativa iyo; gansazRvra arakaTo­
likeebi ara rogorc eretikosebi, aramed rogorc daSorebuli Zmebi da debi da
dagmo antisemitizmi. es reformebi Sedegad mohyva brZolas, sadac erT mxares
surda, rom sasuliero pirebs darCenodaT Zalaufleba, meore nawil ki miiCnevda,
rom saero pirebisaTvis meti uflebebi unda mieniWebinaT (ebau, 1991w.).
reformebma STambeWdavi gavlena iqonia. kaTolicizmi ufro personalizire­
buli gaxda da adamianebma Tavadve daiwyes moraluri da sulieri sakiTxebis
gadawyveta. magaliTad, gamokiTxuli axalgazrda mamakacebisa da qalebis oTx
mexuTedze meti ar eTanxmeba swavlebas Casaxvis kontrolis, qorwinebamdeli sqe­
sobrivi kavSiris, ganqorwinebis, xelaxla daqorwinebis Sesaxeb, bevri maTgani
eWvqveS ayenebs doqtrinas papis yovlisSemZleobasTan dakavSirebiTac, Tumca
myar kaTolikeebad rCebian, roca saubari exeba sicocxles, sikvdilsa da RmerTs.
isini amboben, rom bolomde darCebian am eklesiis wevrebad, Tumca eqnebaT saku­
Tari Sexedulebebi (grili, 1990w.). erT-erTma homoseqsualma ase Camoayaliba sa­
kuTari azri: `ratom unda davtovo eklesia? es daanawevrebs mrevls... moraluri
rCevebis sakiTxavad jer Cems katasTan waval da mere kardinalTan. me ukve aRar
mainteresebs arc kardinali da aRarc papi, magram ar maqvs mizezi, davtovo ekle­
sia~ (citirebulia b. g. harisonTan, 1994w. gv. 55). bevrisaTvis, `kaTolikoba~ kul­
turuli an eTnikuri identobis tolfasia.
amgvarma winaaRmdegobebma kontrreaqcia gamoiwvia maRal saek­lesio pirebs
Soris (segersi, 1990w.). zogi maTgani Seecada, reagireba moexdina maTi mrevlis
wevrebis mowodebaze `eklesiis liberalizaciasa da gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSire­
biT~, romelic gulisxmobda, magaliTad, ganqorwinebul kaTolikeTaA da kaTo­

561
like homoseqsualistebis mxardamWeri jgufebis Camoyalibebas. Tumca, iyvnen
iseTebic (ZiriTadad, romSi), romlebic cvlilebebis Senelebas cdilobdnen da
iTxovdnen tradiciuli Rirebulebebis mxardaWeras. papi ioane-pavle mkac­rad
SeewinaaRmdega eklesiis liberalizaciisa da politizirebis tendencias. 1993
wlis oqtomberSi papma ganacxada, rom kontracefcia, xelovnuri ganayofiereba,
homoseqsualizmi, masturbacia, qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi kavSiri, aborti da
qorwinebis Ralati `moralurad miuRebeli~ codvebia da ZiriTadi swavlebebisad­
mi daumorCilebloba daisjeba eklesiidan gankveTiT (b. g. harisoni, 1994w.). aseTi
winaaRmdegobebisa da amJamindeli socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, amerikeli
kaTolikeebi ramdenime problemis winaSe aRmoCndnen, kerZod: mRvdlebis naklebo­
ba, eklesiaSi monazvnebis rolTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili azrTa sxvadasxvaoba,
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis da swavlebis momxre kaTolikeebis dapirispireba da
maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris _ kaTolikuri eklesiis li­beralurad ganwyobil
nawilsa da konservatiul vatikanelebs Soris urTierTobis gauareseba.
am brZolebis miuxedavad, kaTolikeTa ricxvi mainc aRemateba protestan­
tebis raodenobas amerikaSi, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia laTinuri warmoma­
vlobis emigrantebis didi raodenobiT. amave dros, SedarebiT mcirea gansxvaveba
kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris klasis, ganaTlebis donis, Semosavlebisa
da politikuri damokidebulebis mxriv. orive jgufi Tanabrad izrdeboda da
orive maTganis warmomadgenlebi erTnairad ewinaaRmdegebian abortis uflebis
miniWebas.

protestantebi

Taobebis ganmavlobaSi meTodistebi, presbiterianelebi, episkopalianebi da

kongregaciuli eklesiebi amerikuli Temebis ganuyofeli nawilia. es mimdinareo­
bebi, romlebic ZiriTadad TeTrkanian mosaxleobaSia gavrcelebuli, mimdevrebis
simravlis miuxedavad, kriziss ganicdis. 1965 wlidan maTi wevrebis ricxvi 20-dan
40%-mde Semcirda. am aRmsareblobis ojaxebSi dabadebuli xuTi amerike­lidan
erTi tovebs `mSobliur~ eklesias (grinli, 1989w.). amave dros, evangelisturi
moZraoba protestantul eklesiebSi mimdevarTa sarekordo raodenobas izidavs.
samxreTis baptistTa konvenciaSi, romelic fundamentalizmiTa da konservati­
ulobiT xasiaTdeba, wevrTa raodenoba 20%-iT gaizarda, adventistebSi _ 36 %-
iT, xolo `RmerTis asambleaSi~ _ 62%-iT.
kaTolikuri eklesiis msgavsad, protestantuli eklesiebi ZiriTad rols Ta­
maSobs mrevlis socialuri servisebiT uzrunvelyofisas. aq igulisxmeba sakon­
sultacio programebi, saqvelmoqmedo samzareuloebi, usaxlkaroTa TavSesaf­
rebi da msgavsi dawesebulebebi. fundamentalizmisaken midrekili kongregaciebi
izidaven axal wevrebs. bevri konservatori qristiani, romelic SeSfoTebulia
sekularuli organizaciebis swavlebebiT, aqtiuradaa CarTuli sxva­dasxvagvar
moZraobaSi. aseTia, magaliTad, `saSinao skolebi~ (hanteri, 1991w.).

562
evangelistebi

evangelisturi moZraoba iziarebs sam gansxvavebul rwmenas:

1) biblia aris RmerTis sityvis yvelaze sando wyaro, 2) maradiuli xsna miiR­
weva mxolod ieso qristes aRiarebiT, romelmac adamianebis codvebi gamoisyida
da 3) `yvelaze didi sikeTe, rac erTma adamianma SeiZleba meores gaukeTos, aris is,
rom mouTxros sulis xsnis Sesaxeb, rogorc es saxarebaSi weria~ (marsdeni, 1990w.
gv. 23). evangelistebi wminda Teologiuri kuTxiT gansxvavdebian protestantebi­
sagan. maTi ZiriTadi amocanaa, yvelas gaagebinon `kargi ambavi~ _ anu sulieri
xsnis SesaZlebloba da ar gamoirCevian konservatulobiT. bevri amerikeli evan­
gelisti memarcxene orientaciisaa im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rac socialur
samarTlianobas exeba, Tumca, amave dros, arian konservatorebi da fundamenta­
listebic. istoriulad, evangelistebi ar gamoirCevian ganaTlebis maRali doniT.
Tumca, dRes, sul ufro meti evangelisti ikavebs maRalanazRaurebad da presti­
Jul Tanamdebobebs (Smalcbaueri, 1993w.).

televangelizmi

televangelizmi _ anu satelevizio teqnologiis gamoyeneba saxarebiseuli

Temebis `gasayidad~ (rasac, Cveulebrv, Tan axlavs pirdapiri eTeriT qristianu­
li miznebisaTvis Tanxebis moZiebisaken mimarTuli propaganda) _ gansakuTrebiT
amerikuli da ZiriTadad protestantuli versiaa evangelisturi praqtikisa
(himelStaini, 1990w.). is gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac
federalurma komunikaciebis komisiam gamoacxada, rom mauwyeblebs SeeZloT,
sazogadoebrivi servisebis nacvlad, religiuri organizaciebisaTvis saeTero
dro mieyidaT. ZiriTadma denominaciebma, romlebic eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen
televiziis rols religiaSi da arc saeTero drois yidvisaTvis saWiro Tanxa
gaaCndaT, Tavi Seikaves, gansxvavebiT evangelistebisagan, romlebmac male dai­
pyres satelevizio sivrce (hadeni, 1993w.).
televangelizmis gavlenam piks 1980-ian wlebSi miaRwia. am dro­isaTvis sami
erovnuli qseli 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi pirdapir eTer­Si uSvebda religiur prog­
ramebs da gamomdinare iqidan, rom 60 milioni adamiani kviraSi erTxel mainc uyu­
rebda am gadacemebs, televiziebis Semosavalma 2 miliard dolars miaRwia (peki,
1993w.). kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom am programebis auditoria religiurad
da socialurad Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan (vuTnou, 1990w.). evange­
listebi aqtiurad iRvwian axali wevrebis mosaZieblad da rwmenis gansamtkiceb­
lad. miuxedavad imisa, rom tele-mrevlis umetesoba samxreTeli iyo, sami tele­
mayureblidan mxolod erTi cxovrobda Statebis samxreT nawilSi. mayureblebis
umetesoba TeTrkaniani protestanti iyo, magram xuTidan erTi _ Savkaniani, rac,
daaxloebiT, kaTolikeebis msgavsi proporciaa. telemayureblebis umetesobis
msgavad, es adamianebi SdarebiT xandazmulebi da naklebad ganaTlebulebi iyvnen
danarCen amerikelebTan SedarebiT da mravali maTgani fiqrobda, rom cxovre­

563
bas CamorCa. religiuri gadacemebis mayurebelTa umravlesobam ganacxada, rom
`SeSfoTe­bulebi iyvnen amerikaSi stan­dartebis swrafi cvlilebiT~ (gv. 97).
1980-iani wlebis bolos, mas Semdeg, rac seriozuli didi skandali agorda
ramdenime mrevlSi, amgvari programebis audienciis ricxvi sagrZnoblad Semcir­
da. teleaudienciis daknineba eklesiaSi mosiaruleTa ricxvis zrdam da axali
sakomunikacio saSualebebis (mag., saerTaSoriso qselis) gamoCenamac ganapiroba.
Tumca, teleeangelizmi bolomde ar gauCinarebula da axlaxan sakabelo da adgi­
lobrivi telesadgurebis zrdis tendenciamac Seuwyo xeli mis aRmavlobas (had­
eni, 1993w.).

ebraelebi
ebraelebi amerikelebis, rogorc eris Camoyalibebis periodidan Seadgenen
misi religiuri cxovrebis nawils. zogadad, SeerTebul StatebSi ebraelebs ufro
iolad SeeZloT Tavis damkvidreba, vidre evropis qveynebSi, sadac erovnuli
identoba efuZneba gavrcelebuli eTnikuri jgufis wevrobasa da saxelmwifo re­
ligiis mimdevrobas (lipseti, 1990w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom ebraelebi amerikeli
mosaxle­o­bis mxolod 2%-s Seadgenen, isini didi xania ganixilebian sam ZiriTad
religiur jgufs Soris protestantebTan da kaTolikeebTan erTad. sxva qvey­
nebTan SedarebiT ebraelebs yvelaze metad amerikaSi miuwvdebaT xeli ekonomi­
kur, socialur da politikur SesaZleblobebze, rac, saTaves sul mcire 1960-iani
wlebidan iRebs. Tumca, gasul wlebSi SesamCnevad moimata antisemiturma moZrao­
bebma, sinagogebis darbevis faqtebma. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT mwvavea ebrae­
lebsa da muslim afro-amerikelebs Soris.
qristianobis msgavsad, amerikuli iudaizmi mTel rig mimdinareobebad iyo­
fa, romelTa Soris tradiciulad iTvleba orTodoqsuli iudaizmi. orTodoq­
suli sinagogebis mrevlis mravali wevris winapari urbanuli getoebis an evro­
puli sof­lebis mkvidri iyo. maTi STamomavlebi jer kidev idiSze laparakoben.
reformi­rebuli iudaizmi yvelaze asimilirebuli da liberaluri Stoa. misi
wevrebi saSualo an maRal klass miekuTvnebian, romelTa winaprebi jer kidev 1930
wlebSi hitleris xelisuflebis mosvlamde gaiqcnen germaniidan. konservatuli
iudaizmi am or jgufs Soris Sualedur pozicias ikavebs. misi wevrebi arian aR­
mosavleTevropeli ebraelebi. isini ufro asimilirdnen amerikul kulturaSi
da ganaTlebis maRali doniTac gamoirCevian orTodoqs ebraelebTan SedarebiT,
magram, ZiriTadad, tradiciul religias misdeven refomirebuli ebraelebisgan
gansxvavebiT (lipseti, 1990w.). unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs mkacri sazRvari
jgufebs Soris. ebraelebi xandaxan sinagogas im motiviT irCeven, rom moswonT
iqauri rabini an `kongregaciis grZnoba~ _ swored ise, rogorc amas mravali
qristiani akeTebs moZRvris arCevisas.
miuxedavad religiuri da socioekonomikuri gansxvavebebisa, yvela ebraeli
iziarebs saerTo tkivils (gleizeri, 1990w.). erT-erTi maTgania holokostis
xsovna, romlis drosac 6 milionze meti evropeli ebraeli daiRupa nacistur sa­
koncentracio banakebSi. ebraelebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom maTi, rogorc eris

564
gadarCena RvTis saswaulia. rogorc amerikaSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT momx­
dari antisemitizmis faqtebi mxolod aZlierebs am rwmenas.
ganmeorebiT holokostis SiSs Tan erTvis israelis gadarCenis SiSi. miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom ar arian religiurebi, ebraelebis umetesoba `siaxloves~ grZnobs
israelis mimarT, maT uxariaT misi gamarjvebebi da ganicdian damarcxebas. maT,
agreTve, fuladi wvlili SeaqvT israelis winsvlaSi da aqtiurad lobireben
proebraul politikosebs SeerTebul StatebSi. 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma SedarebiT liberalurma mTavrobam da ebraul-
arabuli urTierTobis gamosworebam imedi Causaxa amerikel ebraelebs, romle­
bic moralurad gaanadgura 1995 wels momxdarma premier-ministr icxak rabinis
mkvlelobam.
mesame faqtori, rac adardebT amerikel ebraelebs aris iudaizmisa da
ebraelebis gadarCena SeerTebul StatebSi. mocemul konteqstSi `gadarCena~ ar
niSnavs mxolod fizikur gadarCenas. is kulturul identobasac exeba. 10 ebraeli
axalgazrdidan 9 universitetSi swavlobs da iTvisebs universalur Rirebule­
bebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis erovnuli identobis ganviTarebas. ebraelebs
Soris qorwinebis procentuli maCvenebeli 50-ia, xolo Sobadobis maCvenebeli
dabalia. imis gamo, rom ebraelebi qristian umravlesobas Soris cxovroben da
maTi reli­gia ar qadagebs sxva religiis mimdevrebis moqcevas (meuRleebisac ki),
arsebobs safrTxe, rom momavalSi maTi kulturul-eTnikuri memkvidreoba Sei­
Zleba saerTod gaqres. Tumca, bolo wlebSi amerikel ebraelTa Soris gamococx­
leba Sei­niSneba religiur ritualebTan, simboloebTan da ebrauli socialuri
jgufebis aqtivobasTan dakavSirebiT.

religiuri da kulturuli omebi

meTerTmete TavSi, Cven davinaxeT, rogor iyofa amerikelebis azri garkveul

ojaxur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rac efuZneba sazogadoebis konservatul da
liberalur elementebs. konservatuli mxare qristiani fundamentalistebis,
orTodoqsi ebraelebisa da mkacri kaTolikeebis aramyari koaliciisagan Sedge­
ba, romlebsac aerTianebT brZola maTi progresuli TanamoZmeebis winaaRmdeg
amerikis sekularul kulturaze kontrolis mosapoveblad (hanteri, 1991w.). ro­
gorc erT-erTma orTodoqsma rabinma Tqva:

gulaxdilad rom vTqva, kargi iqneboda, cal-calke gvemoqmeda, ise,

rogorc yovelTvis viqceodiT xolme. magram, Tu erTad vimuSavebT,
zogjer SeiZleba met efeqtsac mivaRwioT... Cven, tradiciuli ebraele­
bi, vafasebT qristiani sasuliero pirebis nebismier dadebiT mcdelo­
bas zneobrivi standartebis dasacavad (hanteri, 1991w. gv. 17).

albaT yvelaze didi protesti mainc abortTanaa dakavSirebuli. konserva­

torebi ewinaaRmdegebian aborts sakuTari rwmenidan gamomdinare, romlis mixed­

565
viTac adamiani Casaxvis dRidan iwyebs sicocxles da es sicocxle xeSeuxebelia.
Tanac, arsebobs bibliuri brZaneba _ `iyaviT nayofierni da gamravldiT~. reli­
gia ara marto ganapirobebs damokidebulebebs, aramed xels uwyobs ginekolo­
giur klinikebTan saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebas, agreTve mobilizacias
uwevs arCevanis momxre politikosebisadmi mimarTul protestsac. am sferoSi
qristiani memarjveneebi gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iCenen.
meore faqtori, rac amerikaSi sxvadasxva religias ganasxvavebs, saskolo
ganaTlebaa (ix. danarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi). religiuri konserva­
torebi ewinaaRmdegebian sajaro skolebis sekularizaciis mraval aspeqts. isini
aprotesteben skolebSi locvebis akrZalvas, agreTve evoluciisa da sqesobriv
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sagnebis swavlebas. protestis niSnad maT Svilebi sa­
jaro skolebidan gamoiyvanes da maTi ganaTleba saxlis pirobebSi gadawyvites.
kvlevebma daadastura, rom im bavSvebis ricxvi, romlebic saxlSi iRebdnen gana­
Tlebas 1970-ian wlebSi 15000 iyo. am ricxvma 1990-ian wlebSi 700000-s miaRwia, xolo
1990-iani wlebis Semdeg, savaraudod, gaormagda. am bavSvebis umetesoba konser­
vatul qristianul ojaxSi izrdeba (hanteri, 1991w.). amave dros, SesamCnevad gaiz­
arda religiuri skolebis ricxvi, gansakuTrebiT evangelistur sazogadoebaSi.
religiuri jgufebi xels uwyoben maTTvis misaRebi politikuri liderebis arCe­
vas da saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebas. magaliTad, bedfordSi (niu-iorki)
qristianulma koaliciam moaxerxa 400 mxardamWeris Segroveba saprotesto Sexve­
draze. es gamosvla saolqo skolaSi okultizmis waxalisebis winaaRmdeg moewyo.
Tumca, policiis ufros inspeqtors eWvi gauCnda, rom yvela maTgani ar iyo im
olqis mcxovrebeli da Semdeg Sexvedraze mosTxova maT, warmoedginaT piradobis
damadasturebeli mowmoba, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneboda sacxovrebeli adgili.
rogorc gamoirkva, daaxloebiT 900 damswredan mxolod xuTma gamoxata simpaTia
konservatuli ideebisadmi (New York Times, 1995 wlis noemberi, gv. 5).
sxva sakiTxebi, romlebic aerTianebs religiur konservatorebs religiuri
da sekularuli progresuli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg, aris feminizmi, danaSau­
li, homoseqsualizmi, Sidsi e.i. nebmismieri is socialuri problema, romelic
ukavSirdeba zneobas an arRvevs bibliur Rirebulebebs. albaT, yvelaze didi
gansjis sagania ojaxuri cxovreba. hanteri aRniSnavs, rom am qveyanaSi gansxvaveba
sxva­dasxva rwmenebs Soris naklebad mkafioa, vidre gansxvavebebi erTi da imave
rwmenis orTodoqsul da progresul nawils Soris. maSin, rodesac progresuli
nawili cdilobs, moergos sekularul sazogadoebas da moZebnos socialuri
problemebis gadaWris sekularuli gzebi, konservatuli ganStoeba kategori­
ulad ikavebs Tavs amisagan. hanteri aRwers erTmaneTis moqiSpe moralur Sexe­
dulebebs da ambobs, rom es dakavSirebulia kulturul keTildReobasTan, Tum­
ca, mecnierTa garkveuli nawili fiqrobs, rom es ase araa. ori protestantuli
seminariis _ progresulisa da konservatulis _ Seswavlis Sedegad, karolma
da marlerma (1995w.) daadgines, rom es ori dawesebuleba ar iziarebda arc erT
saerTo Sexe­dulebas, rac iwvevda `gaugebrobas da daZabulobas im or kulturas
Soris, romelic aRvivebda `kulturul SuRls~ (gv. 19).

566
 sociologia da sajaro debatebi

religia amerikis sajaro skolebSi

a merikis sajaro skolebi sekularulobiT gamoirCeva. skolebSi akrZalulia ara marto

locva saklaso oTaxebSi, aramed saswavlo programebSi gadakvriTac ki ar moixsenieba
religiuri ideebi Tu koncefciebi an Tanamedrove movlenebis religiuri ganmartebebi. ro­
gorc uoren nordi aRniSnavs (1995w.) `ganmanaTleblebi miiCneven, rom religia ar Seesabameba
yvelafer imas, rac WeSmaritia da mniSvnelovani~ (gv. 1). arsebobs amis ramdenime axsna, kerZod:
pirvel damatebaSi aRniSnuli SezRudvebi, zogadad civilizaciis sekularizacia, religiis ad­
gilis damkvidreba adamianebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da naklebi interesi religiis mimarT,
rasac bevri inteleqtuali daufaravad gamoxatavs. da mainc, amerikelebis didi umravlesoba
aRiarebs, rom RmerTis swamT, xolo religiuri ideebi CarTulia sazogadoebrvi sakiTxebis
garSemo mimdinare debatebSi. ibadeba kiTxva: unda Sevides Tu ara religia skolebis saswavlo
programebSi?

debatebi

is adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian sajaro skolebSi religiis Setanas, upirveles

yovlisa, eyrdnobian amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis pirvel damatebas, sadac
miTiTebulia, rom saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba, daakanonos an akrZalos nebismieri religia da
masTan dakavSirebuli praqtika. maTi azriT, es niSnavs imas, rom mizanSewonili ar aris sajaro
dawesebulebebis gamoyeneba religiuri swavlebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es swavleba
romelime jgufis popularizacias eweva. magaliTad, samyaros Seqmnis qristianuli ganmarteba
SeiZleba upativcemlobad iqnes miCneuli sxva religiebis mimarT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas saklaso
oTaxebSi bibliis kiTxvisa da locvis Sesaxeb. xelisuflebis mier mowonebuli nebmismieri loc­
va, savarauodod, Seuracxyofas miayenebs sxva religiebs. garda imisa, rom arakonstituciuria,
skolebSi religiis SemoReba ewinaaRmdegeba amerikeli eris pluralizms, romelic ver Tanmx­
deba religiuri rwmenebis Sesaxeb.
isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom religia unda iswavlebodes skolebSi, arian fundamentaliste­
bi, romlebsac surT skolebis saswavlo programebi religias dauqvemdebaron da is adamianebi,
romlebsac miaCniaT, rom samyaros sruli Semecneba SeuZlebelia religiuri ideebis codnis
gareSe. bolos da bolos, religia mravali kulturuli gavlenis wyaroa. is safuZvlad udevs
zneobriv Rirebulebebsac, inteleqtualur ideebsa da artistul STagonebasac. religiis
ga­reSe swavleba imas niSnavs, rom Cven unda uarvyoT rwmenaTa Zlieri sistemebi. sekularuli
codna xSirad mtruladaa ganwobili religiis mimarT. samarTliania Tu ara religiis amoReba
skolebis programebidan? ufro metic, maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo krZalavs skolebSi reli­
giuri praqtikis damkvidrebas, is ar uSlis xels religiis swavlebas skolebSi. nebismier SemTx­
vevaSi, saxelmwifo religiurobas amJRavnebs sxva aspeqtebSi. amis magaliTia lozungi _ `Cven
gvwams RmerTis~ da a.S.

567
 analizi

am Temaze warmoqmnili azrTa sxvadasxvaobis ukeT gageba SesaZleblia, Tu am sakiTxs koncep­

tualuri kuTxidan ganvixilavT. upirveles yovlisa, es debatebi naTladaa dakavSirebuli kul­
turasTan. skolebis mizania axalgazrdebisTvis kulturis gadacema, Tumca, maT ekrZalebaT,
gadascen moswavleebs kulturis yvelaze ufro gavleniani aspeqti _ religia. Cven vafasebT
racionalizms, rogorc codnis mopovebis safuZvels. amave dros migvaCnia, rom racionalizmi
ewinaaRmdegeba religias Cvens kulturaSi. vSiSobT, ar SeuracxvyoT adamianebi, rodesac gan­
vixilavT raime religiur ideas.
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba dakavSirebulia ZalauflebasTanac. skolebs aqvT gavlena bavSvebze
da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebazec. qristianuli koaliciis wevrma, kris rilma daadastura Za­
lauflebis gageba, rodesac ieriSi miitana wamyvan Tanamdebobaze. Zalaufleba gamomcemlebis
xelSicaa, romlebic adgenen saxelmZRvaneloebs da wyveten, ra unda iqnes maTSi Setanili da ra
_ amoRebuli. samagistro skolebsac aqvT gavlena da Zalaufleba, radgan isini amzadeben mas­
wavleblebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, adgenen saswavlo programebs. sasamarTloebi ki wyveten, ra
unda iswavlebodes skolebSi religiasTan dakavSirebiT da ra _ ara. yvelafer amis ukan dgas
ideis Zalaufleba – mkacri gamijvna pirad rwmenasa da codnas Soris.
rodesac socialur kurikulums an saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarss ganvixilavT, TamaSSi erTveba
socialuri struqtura. wignebi ise iwereba, rom maTSi religia ganxiluli ar aris, arc testebi
Seicavs SekiTxvebs religiis Sesaxeb. mokled rom vTqvaT, ganaTlebis sistema uaryofs religiis
swavlebas. religiis programaSi Setana gauWirdeboda nebismier maswavlebels, ma­Sinac ki, Tu
mas amis gakeTebas aravin dauSlida.
Tu maswavlebeli cdilobs, rom religia mcire doziT mainc Seitanos saswavlo programaSi,
man winaswari zomebi unda miiRos. saWiroa, Tavadac Rrmad Seiswavlos religia da dasaxos gzebi,
Tu rogor SeiZleba religiuri sakiTxebis ise CarTva programaSi, rom is miukerZoebeli darCes
ssvadasxva religiebTan dakavSirebiT. meore mxriv, Tu religiis swavleba doqtrinis dones miu­
axlovda, is SezRudavs moswavleebisa da, savaraudod, maTi mSoblebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.
mikerZoebis problemis gadawyveta moiTxovs imis gamokvlevas, Tu ramdenad funqciurad er­
Tiandeba es sakiTxi ufro farTo sistemaSi. arsebobs funqciuri urTi­erT­damokidebuleba imis
mixedviT, Tu rogor ganvixilavT sakuTar rwmenas, religiur Sexedulebebs da imas, Tu ris gamox­
atva SegviZlia Tavisuflad sajaro dawesebulebebSi. Tu migvaCnia, rom rwmenis sakiTxebi ufro
intuitiuri da ara racionaluri xasiaTisaa, maSin, savaraudod, vifiqrebT, rom am sakiTxebis
swavleba skolebSi namdvilad gaWirdeba. am mosazrebis SecvlisaTvis religiuri ideebi, mec­
nieruli ideebis msgavsad, unda ganvixiloT empiriuli codnis nawilad. Tumca, religiasa da
mecnierebas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba SeuZlebels xdis religiis empiriul codnad ganxil­
vas. institucionalur doneze monawileobs funqcionaluri integraciac. maswavleblebisaT­
vis Znelia religiis swavleba, radgan maTTvis aravis uswavlebia, rogor gadascen moswavleebs
es `sagani~. maT religia arc moswavleobis periodSi uswavliaT. am SemTxvevaSi garkveul rols
TamaSobs samomxmareblo bazaric: gamomcemlebi wignebSi weren mxolod ganma­naTleblebisTvis
sasurvel teqstebs. Tu masala wignebiT ar aris mowodebuli, maswavleblebisaTvis gacilebiT
sarisko da Zneli iqneba maTi swavleba.

568
 Sejameba

1. religiis sociologiuri ganmarteba yuradRebas amaxvilebs sam ZiriTad

elementze. es elementebia: rwmena, socialuri praqtika da moraluri Temi
(mrevli). durkhaimi ganmartavs religias, rogorc im rwmenebisa da praqtikis
sistemas, romelic dakavSirebulia sakralur movlenebTan, sagnebTan da ada­
mianebs erT mrevlSi aerTianebs.
2. sxvadasxva religiis gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebis miuxedavad, yvela maT­
gans aqvs saerTo elementebi. magaliTad, religiuri rwmenebi da simboloebi
(kulturis elementebi); ritualebi da ceremoniebi (socialuri moqmedebis
formebi) da mrevli (socialuri struqturis forma). religia SeiZleba mxars
uWerdes an ewinaaRmdegebodes arsebul socialur wyobas, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, is an xels uwyobs funqcionalur integracias, an piriqiT _ ewinaaRm­
degeba mas.
3. sociologebi ganasxvaveben religiuri institutebis sam sxvadasxva tips:
eklesias, seqtas da kults. eklesia aris didi, konservatorul-religiuri
dawesebuleba, romelic harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs farTo sazogadoebas­
Tan erTad. misgan gansxvavebiT, seqta mcirericxovani adamianebis erTobaa.
seqtis wevrebi miiswrafian sulieri srulyofisaken da uaryofen farTo
sazogadoebas. seqtebis formireba xdeba maSin, rodesac jgufi wyvets kav­
Sirs eklesiasTan da amtkicebs, rom maTi rwmena ufro wmindaa da WeSmariti.
kulti waagavs seqtas, magram warmoSobis sxva forma aqvs. kulti gadmoRebu­
lia sxva kulturisagan an safuZveli eyreba maSin, rodesac adamianebi qmnian
sruliad gansxvavebul religiur rwmenas da praqtikas.
4. religia yovelTvis ar aris konservatuli Zala sazogadoebaSi. religiuri
inovaciebi warmoiqmneba arsebuli religiis cvlilebiT, raTa is ukeT moer­
gos sazogadoebis saWiroebas. mormonebisa da unificianelebis eklesia re­
ligiuri inovaciis magaliTia.
5. religia ara marto Signidan icvleba, aramed pasuxobs socialur cvlile­
bebsac. magaliTad, protestantuli reformacia nawi­lobrivi masStaburi
socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad moxda. Tavis mxriv, religiur cvlilebebs
SeuZlia safuZveli Cauyaros socialur cvlilebebs. maqs veberi fiqrobda,
rom Tanamedrove kapitalizmi saTaves iRebs protestantuli reformaciis
garkveuli ideebidan. gansakuTrebiT, kalvinisturi koncefciidan, romlis
mixedviTac, bediswera xels uwyobs dauRalav muSaobas da ekonomikur inves­
ticiebs warmatebis mopovebis mizniT, rac RmerTis wyalobis maniSnebelia.
6. modernizacias Tan mohyva sekularizaciis procesi, romelic gulisxmobs
ufro miwieri (da ara sulieri) sakiTxebiT dainteresebas. magram sekula­
rizaciam ver aRmofxvra religia. mravali eklesia moergo sekularul sam­
yaros.
7. sekularizaciisadmi reaqcia gamoixateba fundamentalizmis gaZliereba­
Si, rac imas niSnavs, rom fundamentalistTa religiuri jgufebi uaryofen
sekularul sakiTxebs da cdiloben wminda religiuri rwmenebis aRorZinebas.

569
 xSirad isini am miznis misaRwevad politikur xerxebsac mimarTaven. funda­
mentalistebi arseboben msoflios TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad religiaSi isla­
mis, induizmis, iudaizmisa da qristianobis CaTvliT.
8. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, religiuri rwmenebi da praqtika
met-naklebi stabilurobiT gamoirCeva amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. Tumca,
religiurma organizaciebma garkveuli restruqturizacia ganicades. bolo
xanebSi kaTolikuri eklesia SesamCnevad gaZlierda da meti damoukidebloba
moipova. rac Seexeba protestantul eklesiebs, isini kargaven wevrebs, xolo
evangelisturi mimdinareoba, piriqiT, aqtiurad iZens maT. mesame da meoTxe
Taobis amerikeli ebraelebisaTvis, religiuroba did rols TamaSobs eTni­
kuri identobis SenarCunebisaTvis. amave dros, bevri ambobs, rom religiis
Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs.

imsjeleT

1. ra aris religiis sami ZiriTadi elementi?

2. ra gansxvaveba arsebobs eklesiebs, seqtebsa da kultebs Soris? moiyvaneT
magaliTebi.
3. rogor uwyobs xels religia socialur cvlilebebs?
4. ra igulisxmeba religiur pluralizmSi da raSi gamoixateba is?
5. SeajameT amerikul eklesiebSi arsebuli ZiriTadi tendenciebi.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. gamoiyeneT xuTi ZiriTadi koncefcia _ socialuri struqtura, socialuri

moqmedeba, funqcionaluri integracia, Zalaufleba da kultura _ da aR­
wereT, rogor muSaobs Tqveni religia an TqvenTvis nacnobi romelime re­
ligia, rogorc socialuri instituti.
2. am TavSi aRwerilia, rogor ganapirobebs religia socialur cvlilebebs. am
da sxva Tavidan Seswavlili masalis gamoyenebiT, CamoayalibeT is SesaZlo
socialuri cvlilebebi, romelic SeiZleba ganapirobos religiam.
3. am Tavis mixedviT, amerikelebi evropelebze religiurebi arian. Camoayali­
beT ramdenime SesaZlo axsna kulturisa da socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb
arsebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT, romelsac flobT evropisa da amerikis
Sesaxeb.
4. am da wina TavebSi Seswavlil masalaze dayrdnobiT, CamoayalibeT ameriku­
li eklesiebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi. gaxdebian Tu ara fundamentalistebi
ZiriTadi jgufi? rogor Secvlis es maT? kidev Semcirdeba Tu ara ZiriTadi
eklesiebi wevrebis ricxvi?

570
 sityvari

animizmi _ idea imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela nivTsa da sagans suli aqvs.
eklesia _ troelSis mixedviT, farTomasStabiani, konservatiuli, universa­
luri religiuri dawesebuleba, romelic ar uyenebs bevr moTxovnas sakuTar
wevrebs da Tanaarsebobs farTo sazogadoebasTan erTad.
samoqalaqo religia _ belas termini, romlis mixedviTac ers istoria, Rireb­
ulebebi da dawesebuelebebi RvTis wyalobis Sedegad eZleva.
kulti _ strakisa da beinbrijis mixedviT, religiuri jgufi, romelsac daZabu­
li urTierToba aqvs garemomcvel kulturasTan da ar gaaCnia aranairi kav­
Siri manamde arsebul religiasTan an farTo sazogadoebasTan.
evangelistebi _ qristianebi, romlebic upirveles saqmed miiCneven wminda weri­
lis swavlebas.
fundamentalizmi _ Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom religiuri swavlebebi da prin­
cipebi aRar arsebobs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da saWiroa maTi aRdgena
da sazogadoebis religiur sawyisebze dabruneba.
uxilavi religia _ Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac religia subieqturia.
mrevli _ adamianebis jgufi, romelic iziarebs religiur rwmenebsa da simbo­
loebs.
religia _ durkhaimis mixedviT, rwmenebisa da praqtikis sistema, romelic aer­
Tianebs adamianebs jgufebad.
religiuri inovacia _ axali religiebis daarsebis an arsebulis Secvlis mc­
deloba adamianebis saWiroebebis ukeT dakmayofilebis mizniT
rituali _ moqmedebebis standartuli sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba konkretu­
li ceremoniebis an sxva SemTxvevebis dros.
seqta _ troelSis ganmartebis mixedviT, mcirericxovani jgufi, romelic mkacr
moTxovnebs uyenebs sakuTar wevrebs da imijneba farTo sazogadoebisagan.
starkisa da beinbrijis mixedviT _ damkvidrebuli religiisagan gamoyofis
Sedegad Seqmnili religiuri jgufi.
sekularizacia _ procesi, romlis drosac, adamianebi da maTi socialuri in­
stitutebi ufro interesdebian miwieri sakiTxebiT, vidre sulieriT. seku­
larizacias xSirad ukavSireben modernizacias.
Teizmi _ idea imis Sesaxeb, rom zebunebrivi Zalebi monawileoben dedamiwaze mim­
dinare movlenebsa da procesebSi.
totemi _ sagani, mcenare an cxoveli, romelsac Tayvans scemen, rogorc sazoga­
doebis an sxva konkretuli jgufis mistikur winapars.

571
572
 Tavi 14

janmrTeloba da jandacva

daavadebis socialuri formebi

. Tanamedrove qronikuli daavadebebi
.struqturuli uTanasworoba da daavadebebi
. infeqciuri daavadebebi Sidsis epoqaSi

jandacvis industria
. medikalizacia: daavadebebis xelaxali gansazRvreba
. eqimTa statusis amaRleba . jandacva, rogorc biznesi

aSS-is jandacvis sistemaSi arsebuli problemebi

. araTanabari xelmisawvdomoba . mzardi fasebi
. janmrTelobis dazRvevis krizisi

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
rogori reaqcia unda hqondes mTavrobas Sidsze?

573
574
 m
eToTxmete saukuneSi bubonurma Wirma anu `Savma sikvdilma~ evropis mo­
saxleobis didi nawili imsxverpla. daavadebam, romelic, ZiriTadad, daa­
vadebulebTan da momakvdavebTan fizikuri kontaqtiTa da maT mier xvelebisas da
daceminebisas haerSi gamoyofili baqteriebiT elvis uswrafesad gavrcelda,
milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. zog qalaqSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxe­
varze meti daiRupa. fiqroben, rom am avadmyofobas evropis mosaxleobis daax­
loebiT mesamedi Seewira. sabavSvo TamaSi `Ring-around-the-rosy~, romlis drosac
leqss warmoTqvamen, am daavadebis Soreuli gamoZaxilia: wiTeli wylulis garSemo
Semovlebuli muqi wre daavadebis momaswavebeli niSani iyo, TaigulebiT savse
jibe ki micvalebulisaTvis mitanil yvavilebs niSnavda. Tai­gulebi Sveloda sxe­
ulis xrwnisagan warmoSobili sunis gaqarwylebasac _ epidemiis gamo xalxi erT­
maneTis miyolebiT ixoceboda da xSirad maT damarxvasac ver asw­rebdnen. fraza:
`yvela daeca~ sikvdils niSnavs.
Sua saukuneebSi aRniSnuli daavadeba idumalebiT iyo moculi. ramdenime sau­
kune gavida, sanam daadgendnen, rom mas baqteria iw­vevda, romelsac virTxebi da
rwyilebi avrcelebdnen. samedicino mecnierebam daiwyo gadamdebi daavadebebis
bunebis Seswavla. XVIII-XIX saukuneebis aRmoCenebma daadastura, rom daavadeba
SeiZleba baqteriiT yofiliyo gamowveuli da misi aRkveTa vaqcinaciiT moxer­x­
deboda. amis Semdeg bevri baqteriuli daavadeba naklebad sa­SiSi gaxda. eqimebma
daiwyes daavadebebis TandaTanobiT `dapyroba~ _ Cutyvavila, cofi, tuberku­
lozi, poliomieliti, wiTura ukve aRar iTvleboda momakvdinebel daavadebebad.
yvelam daijera, rom infeqciuri daavadebebis epidemiebi warsuls Cabarda.
magram dRes, `Savi sikvdilidan~ 600 wlis Semdeg, is kvlav dabrunda _ am­
jerad Sidsis (SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi) sa­xiT. Tumca, Sidsi erTia
im infeqciuri daavadebebis epidemiebidan, romlebic gasul wlebSi xalxs umow­
yalod anadgurebda. aqve unda davasaxeloT ebolis hemoragiuli (sisxlmdeni)
cxe­leba, romelmac 1995 wels uecari gavrcelebis Sedegad asobiT adamiani Sei­
wira. tuberkulozi TiTqos 1960-ian wlebSi aRmoifxvra warmatebuli medikamen­
tozuri mkurnalobis Sedegad, magram kvlav saSiSia. man mxolod 1993 wels 2.7
milioni adamiani Seiwira (pati, 1994). ratom brundeba infeqciuri daavadebebi?
am kiTxvam mravali amerikeli daafiqra mas Semdeg, rac gamovida bestseleri sa­
xelwodebiT `cxeli zona~ (prestoni, 1994). wignis gamosvlas 1996 wels am wignis
mixedviT gadaRebuli filmi `afeTqeba~ mohyva, sadac mTavar rols dastin hof­
mani asrulebs.
Tumca, es kiTxva albaT, sxvagvarad unda davsvaT: `ratom vuSvebT infeqciuri
daavadebebis dabrunebas?~ _ daavadeba xom ara marto samedicino, aramed so­
cialuri problemacaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daavadebis Tavidan acile­
ba vaqcinaciiT an misi gankurneba xelmisawvdomi medikamentebiT xerxdeba, Tumca
sakuTar janmrTelobas xSirad Cven TviTon ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. magaliTad,
vaqcinaciis programebis dafinanseba Semcirda, radgan zogi daavadebis TiTqmis
bolomde aRmofxvram maTi safrTxis aRq­ma Segvinela. mkurnaloba SeiZleba ar
iyos xelmisawvdomi maTTvis, vinc saavadmyofoebisa da eqimebisagan moSorebiT


`vardi wreSi~

575
cxovrobs; maT, vinc ver cnoben seriozuli daavadebis simptomebs, SesaZlebelia
saWirod ar CaTvalon mkurnaloba, an SeiZleba sulac fuli an dazR­veva ar hqon­
deT mkurnalobis xarjebis dasafaravad.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori, ramac infeqciuri daavadebebis dabruneba
gamoiwvia, albaT, am daavadebebis mecnieruli kvlevis mniSvnelobis ugulebe­
lyofaa. dRes infeqciur daavadebebTan SedarebiT meti yuradReba e.w. `civili­
zaciis daavadebebs~ eTmoba, kerZod _ gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebsa da sim­
sivneebs (gareti, 1994). es daavadebebi amerikelebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT ki maTi
SeZlebuli nawilisaTvis) yvelaze xSirad xdeba sikvdilis mizezi. amis gamo am
daavadebebis kvlevisaTvis milionobiT dolari ixar­jeba. simsivnuri da gul-
sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi prestiJul sfe­rod iTvleba samedicino mecnierul
kvlevebSi uamravi fu­li ixarjeba sakvlev laboratioriebsa da eqimebze. infeqci­
uri daavadebebi ki, piriqiT, naklebad prestiJul sferod iTvleba, rac nawilo­
briv imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom es daavadebebi ZiriTadad siRatakesa da cud
sacxovrebel pirobebs ukavSirdeba. infeqciuri daavadebebis kvelva xSirad ar
moiTxovs bioqimiur mecnierul meTodebs. is ufro daavadebis gavrcelebis mize­
zebs, masTan dakav­Sirebul qcevebsa da riskis jgufebs ikvlevs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom es gamokvlevebi mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi jandacvi­saTvis, am sfero­
Si momuSave epidemiologistebsa da sazogadoebrivi jandacvis specialis­tebs
mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi uwevT gamokvlevebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi Tanxis
mo­poveba. daavadebulebi ki xmamaRla iTxoven gankurnebas, maSin rodesac preven­
ciis saSualebebs SedarebiT cota adamiani Tu iyenebs droulad.
yovel wels axal-axali `Savi Wiri~ Cndeba. maTi umetesobis SeCereba xerxdeba
_ daavadeba kvdeba droebiT mainc, an karantiniT izRudeba. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
romelime maTgani gavrceldes da iseve gaanadguros xalxi, rogorc es Sua sauku­
neebis evropaSi moxda? es kiTxva aris rogorc samedicino, ise socialuri. Sid­
sis gamokvlevasa da prevenciisaTvis federaluri Tanxebis miRebisTvis brZolam
daadastura, rom es Zalauflebis sakiTxia. es ase­ve exeba socialur moqmedebasac,
radgan Cveni qcevis SecvliT _ magaliTad, Sidsis SemTxvevaSi prezervativebis
gamoyenebiT, SemTx­veviTi seqsisa da intravenuri narkotikebis moxmarebis Sez­
RudviT _ SesaZlebelia daavadebis gavrcelebis SeCereba. xalxs aseve SeuZlia
gavlena moaxdinos sazogadoebis cnobierebis Secvlaze, an aiZulos mTavroba,
rom man ufro efeqturi zomebi miiRos. xalxis warmateba nawilobriv damokide­
bulia kulturaze ara mxo­lod imitom, rom mecnieruli codna sazogadoebis
nawi­lia, ara­med imitomac, rom kulturuli Rirebulebebi da uaryofiTi ganwy­
oba ganapirobebs adamianebis reaqcias infeqciur daavadebebze. maga­liTad, imis
nacvlad, rom Sidsis winaaRmdeg brZola daewyoT, bevr­ma amerikelma es daavadeba
mxolod `geebis problemad~ miiCnia da protesti gamoTqva im saprevencio prog­
ramebis dawyebis gamo, romlebsac daavadebis gavrcelebis SeCereba SeeZlo. ro­
gorc am Tavis bolo nawilSi davinaxavT, janmrTelobis sociologia socia­luri
struqturis sakiTxia _ esa Tu is daavadeba mdidrebsa da Rarbebze sxvadasxva­
nairad aisaxeba. SeZlebuli adamianebi Zalian iSviaTad kvdebian bavSvobis asakSi
bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebiT, an ukurnebeli qronikuli daa­

576
vadebebiTa Tu sawarmoo tramvebiT. isini ufro xandazmuli asakisaTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli daavadebebiT iRupebian. socialuri struqtura ganapirobebs infeqci­
uri daavadebebis gavrcelebis gzebsac _ daavadeba ufro swrafad vrceldeba
mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, emuqreba Tu ara aSS-s axali
Savi Wiri, sociologiis sakiTxicaa.
am Tavis pirvel nawilSi ganvixilavT daavadebis socialur nimuSDs. davina­
xavT, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebam misTvis damaxasiaTebel
fizikur uZlurebas da ramdenad gansx­vavebulad axdens gavlenas es uZlureba
sxvadasxva socialur jgufze. Semdeg ganvixilavT miviwyebuli infeqciuri daa­
vadebebis dabrunebas, romlis erT-erTi magaliTia Sidsi. aseve vna­xavT, Tu ro­
gor monawileobs socialuri faqtorebi da mikrobebi am sa­gan­gaSo fenomenis gan­
viTarebaSi. Semdeg mimovixilavT jandacvis industrias aSS-Si da im cvlilebebs,
romelic am sistemam gasul wlebSi ganicada. bolos ki, SevexebiT aSS-is jandac­
vis sistemis problemebs: araTanabar xelmisawvdomobas, mzard fasebsa da jan­
mrTelobis dazRvevis kriziss.

daavadebis socialuri formebi

Tanamedrove qronikuli daavadebebi

aSS-Si 1900 wels sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi gaxldaT filtvebis anTeba,

gripi da tuberkulozi. dRes mwvave infeqciuri daavadebebi iSviaTad mTavrdeba
letalurad, samagierod meti adamiani kvdeba iseTi qronikuli daavadebis Sede­
gad, rogoricaa gul-sisxl­ZarRvTa daavadebebi da kibo (ix. sqema 14.1). cvli­lebis
umTavresi mizezi aris is, rom axla gvaqvs antibiotikebi da infeqciuri daavade­
bebis gankurnebisTvis saWiro sxva medikamentebi. garda amisa, sacxovrebeli
standartebi da sazogadoebrivi jandac­va mniSv­nelovnad ga­­um­­jobesda. ufro me­
ti ada­miani miirT­mevs jan­­saR sakvebs, svams SedarebiT suf­Ta wyalsa da rZes,
cxovrobs iseT garemoSi, romelic met-naklebad Ta­­vi­su­falia mwerebis, vir­T­xe­
bis da daavadebebis sxva gadamtanebisgan. zemoTaRniSnuli faq­to­­­rebi Ti­­Toeul
Cven­gans mwva­ve infeqciebisa­gan icavs. ase rom, adamianebs axla ukve SeuZlia did­
xans ic­ocx­lon da `gana­viTaron~ e.w. `civilizaciis qro­ni­kuli da­­avadebebi~ (anu
is daavadebebi, romlebic ganviTarebul qveynebSi dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove
cxovrebasTan). magaliTad, varjiSis nakleboba da marilebiTa da cximebiT mdi­
dari sakvebis miReba ukavSir­deba gul-sisxlZarRvTa da­avadebebis ganviTarebas.
amis msgavsad, Tanamedrove kvebis formebi da kancerogenebis (kibos gamomwvevi
nivTierebebis) maRali Semcvelobis sakvebis xangrZlivad miReba avTvisebiani sim­
sivnis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba. aqedan gamomdi­nare, keTildReobas SesaZlebelia
hqondes rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi fizikuri Sedegebi.
ra moxdeba, Tu es daavadebebi Zalian Semcirdeba an saerTod aRmoifxvreba?
ra moxdeba, Tu industriul samyaroSi mcxov­rebi adamianebi Tavs daanebeben Tam­

577
baqos, miiReben ufro jansaR sakvebs, regularulad ivarjiSeben da moeridebian
kancerogenul nivTierebebs? rasakvirvelia, amis miuxedavad sikvdili mainc iar­
sebebs. magram stenfordis universitetis samedicino skolis profesoris jeims f.
fraisis azriT (1983), TiToeuli adamiani ufro didxans icocxlebs, iqneba ufro
aqtiuri da, savaraudod, ar gaitanjeba avadmyofobisagan sicocxlis ukanasknel
wlebSi. profesori am process avadobis daTrgunvas uwodebs (avadoba niSnavs mo­
saxleobaSi daavadebis SemTxvevebis maCvenebels). avadobis daTrgunvis meSveobiT
moxerxdeboda daavadebebis Tavidan acileba sococxlis bolomde.

gulis daavadebebi sqema 14.1 / SerTebul StatebSi

sikvdilis umTavresi mizezebi 1900
kibo da 1992 wlebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1900-iani
sisxlZarRvTa wlebidan moyolebuli samedicino
daavadebebi miRwevebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira
pnevmoniiTa da sxva infeqciuri daa­
ubeduri SemTxvevebi vadebebiT gamowveuli sikvdiliano­
ba, gulis daavadebebiTa da kibo­
filtvebis sneulebebi Ti gamowveulma sikvdilianobis
pnevmonia maCvenebelma mniSvnelovnad imata.
gripi
wyaro: sicocxlis statistikis
diabeti erovnuli ofisi, aSS-is sicocxlis
statistika, tomi pirveli (aSS-is
TviTmkvleloba mTavrobis gamomcemloba, vaSing­
RviZlis qronikuli tonis olqi, 1954), gv. 170, da aSS-
daavadeba da cirozi is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro,
axalSobilTa
sikvdilianobis statistika, 1900-
daavadebebi
1904 (aSS-is mTavrobis gamomcemlo­
nefriti
ba, vaSingtonis olqi, 1906); janmr­
Telobis statistikis erovnuli
tuberkulozi
centri, aSS-is sococxlis statis­
gastriti tika, sicocxlis statistikis yo­
difteria
velTviuri angariSi, 1991 wlis 12
ivnisi.
mudmivi cxeleba

Sidsi

yvela mizeziT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis

procentuli maCvenebeli

ramdenad savaraudoa, rom avadobis daTrgunva am saukuneSi moxdeba? pasuxi

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT qronikuli daavadebebis gamomwvevi
faqtorebis Semcirebas. zog SemTxvevaSi adamianebs SeuZliaT Seamciron es faq­
torebi Tundac imiT, rom Tavi daanebon Tambaqos, xSirad ivarjiSon, miiRon nak­
lebi alkoholi da cximebisa da marilebis naklebi Semcvelobis sakvebi. Tumca,
garemos dabinZurebis Semcireba ufro koleqtiuri saqmea. manqanebisa da qarxnebis

578
gamonabolqvi, toqsikuri narCenebi da birTvuli reaqtorebi Zalian xSirad ki­
bos sxvadasxva formas iwvevs. dRevandeli bevri samuSao adgilic janmrTelobis
riskTanaa dakavSirebuli da adamians aiZulebs, xangrZlivi kontaqti hqondes sx­
vadasxva kancerogenul nivTierebasTan. garemos dabinZurebisa da simsivneebis ga­
momwvevi toqsinebis kontroli moiTxovs, sazogadoeba mkacrad miudges biznesis
yvela saxes, romlebic ver akmayofilebs usafrTxoebis minimalur standartebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, avadobis daTrgunva, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
socialur politikaze.

struqturuli uTanasworoba da daavadebebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela fenisa da mdgomareobis adamiani xdeba avad, mTel
msoflioSi mainc siRatakea ufro metada cud janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli.
siRatake niSnavs im faqtorebis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas, romlebic safrTxes
uqmnis janmrTelobas. magaliTad: araadekvaturi an arajansaRi sakvebi, arasai­
medo, usufTao da cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, stresi da Zaladoba, rac Tavis
mxriv iwvevs sxeulis dazianebebsa da daavadebebs. Ratak adamians xeli ar miuw­
vdeba mSobiarobamdel mkurnalobasa da gamokvleveb­ze da verc msubuq daavade­
bebs aqcevs saTanado yuradRebas, rasac SeiZleba daavadebis garTuleba da le­
taluri Sedegi mohyves. siRatakis damTrgunvelma Zalam SesaZlebelia adamians
TviTgamanadgurebeli moqmedebisaken ubiZgos. aseTia, magaliTad, alkoholizmi,
Tambaqosa da narkotikuli nivTierebebis moxmareba da sicocxlis safrTxeSi Cag­
debis sxva formebi, romlebic organizmis imunur sistemas asustebs da spobs daa­
vadebebisa da infeqciebis mimarT adamianis mdgradobas.
daavadeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios araadekvaturma kvebamac. erT-erTi bolo­
droindeli kvlevis mixedviT, 5.5 milioni amerikeli bavSvi mSieria mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi (piari, 1991), rac udavod SemaSfoTebelia. 1960-70-ian wlebSi aSS-
Si SimSilobis dasaZlevi prog­ramebis ganxorcieleba daiwyo (brauni, 1987). sam­
wuxarod, 1981 wels federalurma mTavrobam amgvari programebis dafinanseba
Sewyvita. garda amisa, 1980-ian wlebSi gamwvavebulma umuSevrobam bevri adamiani
daxmarebis ga­reSe datova, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda moTxovna saqvelmoq­
medo samzareuloebze. axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblis zrda ramdenime
Statsa da urbanul adgilebSi dakavSirebuli iyo arajansaR kvebasTan (brauni,
1987). zog, ufro Rarib qveyanaSi, SimSili kidev ufro mwvave problemaa, radgan
adamianTa didi nawili araadekvaturad ikvebeba an SimSilobs.
radgan avadmyofoba garkveulwilad siRatakes ukavSirdeba, gasakviri ar unda
iyos, rom umuSevroba Zalian cudad moqmedebs janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
mTel msoflioSi mimofantuli 500 milioni adamianisaTvis, romlebmac dakarges
samsaxuri (an arc arasodes hqoniaT), umuSevroba niSnavs aucilebeli pirobebis
gareSe cxovrebas. Rarib qveynebSi samedicino daxmareba dasaqmebu­lebisTvisac
ki SeiZleba ar iyos iolad xelmisawvdomi, xolo Semosavlis armqoneTaTvis, is
ubralod ocnebaa. ufro metic, bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs daxmarebis progra­­me­

579
bi, SeRavaTebi unarSezRudulebisaTvis, an umuSevari adamianebisaTvis. aseTi qvey­
nebi ekonomikur kriziss ganicdis, ris Sedegadac mkveTrad matulobs umuSevro­
bis maCvenebeli (ase moxda 1980-ian wlebSi laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi), rac, Tavis
mxriv, damangrevel zegavlenas axdens erovnul jandacvaze (masgrouvi, 1987).
janmrTelobaze umuSevrobis gavlena scildeba mxolod Semosavlis dakarg­
viT gamowveul problemas. aSS-Sic ki, sadac muSis kompensacia da sxva programebi
mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs adamianebs da xSirad ojaxis or wevrs mainc aqvs
samuSao da Sesabamisi anazRaureba, umuSevroba mainc Zirs uTxris janmrTelobas.
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda (breneri, 1987), rom gulis daa­
vadebaTa zrda umuSevrobis zrdis pirdapirproporciulia, Tumca, aman azr­Ta
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. umuSevrobas aseve mosdevs xolme iseTi proplemebic,
rogoricaa depresia, alkoholisa da trankvilizatorebis miREeba (kesleri, hauzi
da terneri, 1987). es xSiria maSinac ki, rodesac samuSaos dakargva ar aris mou­
lodneli da mas garkveuli winapiroba uZRvis win. magram cxadia, rom SegviZlia
umuSevrobis statistika mosaxleobis janrmTelobis mdgomareobis indikato­
rad, xolo umuSevrobis donis daqveiTeba _ janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaum­
jobesebis maCvenebelad miviCnioT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS ufro mets xarjavs jandacvaze, vid­re yvela sxva
qveyana, amerikelebi msoflioSi yvelaze janmrTeli eri mainc araa. amis erT-erTi
umTavresi mizezia siRatakis maC­venebeli. swored siRaribis gamoa, rom zogi daa­
vadebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia Savkanian da laTinuri warmoSobis amerike­
lebSi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, ufro Raribebi arian TeTrkanianebTan Seda­rebiT.
sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am problemas. axalSo­
bilTa sikvdilianobis zogadi maCvenebeli TiTqos Semcirda, magram zog regionSi,
piriqiT, ufro gai­zarda, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac mTavrobam Sekveca orsulobis,
samSobiaro da profilaqtikuri samedicino momsaxurebis dafinanseba. aSS-Si 1
wlamde axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli 1000 sul mosaxleze 7,9%-ia.
igive maCvenebeli iaponiasa da fineTSi 4,4-s Seadgens, SvedeTSi ki _ 4,8-s (sazoga­
doebrivi jandacvis amerikuli Jurnali, 1995). es maCvenebeli gansakuTrebiT maRa­
lia im qveynebSi, sadac didi raodenobis Raribi mosaxleobaa Tavmoyrili.
industriul qveynebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba zo­gadad ufro maRa­
lia. aseT qveynebSi, magaliTad, islandiaSi, no­r­vegiaSi, SvedeTSi, SveicariaSi,
niderlandebsa da iaponiaSi (uilkinsoni, 1990) Semosavali Tanabradaa ganawile­
buli. gasakviri ar aris, rom rodesac mosaxleoba jansaRad da kargad ikvebeba da
samedicino servisebzec miuwvdeba xeli, isini ufro janmrTelebi arian da did­
xansac cocxloben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, RaribebisaTvis siRatake da avadmyofoba
paraleluri mdgomareobaa. rac ufro Raribia adamiani, miT ufro didia Sansi,
rom daavaddeba da rac ufro cudia misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, savaraudod,
miT naklebi Semosavali eqneba. ufro metic, aSS-Si mcxovrebi Raribebi avaddebian
arajansaR kvebasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT (gadamdebi daavadebebi), Tum­
ca, SeiZleba daemarToT iseTi daavadebebic, romelic `SeZlebulebs axasiaTebT~
(magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi da kibo). am paradoqsis axsna imiT

580
SeiZleba, rom ARaribebis sakvebi ufro mariliani da cximiania, isini ufro metad
ganicdian dabiZurebis zemoqmedebas da gacilebiT didi stresis qveS cxovroben.
kavSiri siRatakesa da cud janmrTelobas Soris mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba.
arsebobs mWidro kavSiri iseT maCveneblebs Soris, rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, qvey­
nis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze da, meore mxriv, axalSobilTa
sikvdilianoba da sicocxlis xangrZlivoba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi axalSo­
bilTa sikvdilianobis saSualo maCvenebeli 1000 axalSobilze 10-s udris, ufro
dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi ki _ 96-s. amis msgavsad, ganviTarebul qveynebSi
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba saSualod utoldeba samocdaToTxmet wels, xolo da­
balganviTarebul qveynebSi _ ormocdacxras (mosaxleobis biuro, 1994).
daavadebebis formebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba gan­
viTarebuli qveynebis formebisagan. dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi infeqciuri,
parazituli da respiraciuli (sasunTqi gzebis) daavadebebi sikvdilis SemTx­
vevebis 40%-ze mets iwvevs, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli industriul qveynebSi
mxolod 10%-ia. Rarib regionebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia kuW-nawlavis daavade­
bebi, romelic mowamluli sakvebis, wylisa da niadagis Sedegad fekaluri gziT
vrceldeba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis mxolod 3%-s miuwvdeba xeli
sufTa wyalze. iq aseve gavrcelebulia malaria da Sistosomiazisi. es daavadebe­
bi msoflios mosaxleobis meoTxeds ainficirebs. malaria koRoebis saSualebiT
vrceldeba. is dRes msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daavadebaa _ yoveldRi­
urad 300-dan 500 milionamde adamiani avaddeba malariiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi Tavidan acileba iafi medikamentebis regularuli miRebiT savsebiT SesaZle­
belia (kondraCaini da trigi, 1995).
Sistosomiazisi, romlis gadamtanic lokokinas parazitia, qronikulad as­
nebovnebs 200 milionamde adamians. es daavadebebi avadmyofebs energiasa da Zalas
aclis da aZabunebs.
bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana biujetis did nawils samedicino skolebis da­
arsebasa da stacionaruli kompleqsebis agebaSi xarjavs. Tumca, mosaxleobis mx­
olod 10-15%-s (ZiriTadad elitis warmomadgenlebs) Tu uumjobesdeba pirobebi
da samedicino servisebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eZleva. ukiduresad Zviri
teq­nologiebiT aRWurvili resursebis ZiriTadi nawili qronikuli daavadebebis
mkurnalobas xmardeba (reanimaciis ganyofilebebi, xelovnuri sunTqvis siste­
mebi, sxeulis skanerebi). mosaxeleobis janrmTe­lobis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad
gaumjobesdeboda parazitebisa da infeqciis gamavrcelebeli sxva saASualebebis
mospobis, siRatakis daZlevisa da dabinZurebuli wylis gasufTaveba-gafil­
tvris farTomasStabiani kampaniebis Sedegad. radgan am pirobebis umetesobis ga­
mosworeba SedarebiT naklebi TanxiT SeiZleba, maTi Sedegebis Tavidan acilebac
Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli.
dRes msoflios mosaxleobis oTx mexuTeds jandacvis arc erTi mudmivi prog­
rama ar emsaxureba. 67 yvelaze Raribi qveynis jandacvis samsaxurebi (CineTis
gamoklebiT) jandacvisTvis ufro naklebs xarjavs, vidre ganviTarebuli qveynebi
mxolod trankvilizatorebisTvis. ufro metic, mdidari qveynebi (ZiriTadad,
avstralia, kanada, germania, didi britaneTi da aSS) sxvadasxva ganviTarebuli

581
qveynidan uamrav kvalificiur eqims izidavs samuSaod. miuxedavad imisa, rom eqi­
mis momzadeba rvajer ufro Zviri Rirs, vidre damxmare samidicino personalis
momzadeba, naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs am process.
imisaTvis, rom janmrTelobis gaumjobesebas globaluri da masob­rivi xasiaTi
mieces, saWiroa arsebuli jandacvis strategiebis safuZvliani transformireba
(mahleri, 1980, 1981).

genderi da janmrTeloba

amerikaSi, iseve rogorc msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, samedicino sferoSi

ZiriTadad mamakacebi muSaoben. es nawilobriv xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom amJRavnebs
samedicino kvlevebi mikerZoebas mamakacebisadmi. samedicino gamokvlevebisas
ara marto ignorirebulia iseTi qaluri daavadebebi, rogoricaa osteoporozi da
mkerdis kibo, aramed maSinac ki, rodesac saqme orive sqesisTvis dama­xasiaTebel
daavadebebs exeba (magaliTad, gulis daavadebebsa da alkoholizms), isini um­
Tavresad mamakacebis magaliTzea ganxiluli. magaliTad, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
daavadebebis Sesaxeb Catarebul or yvelaze did da msoflio masStabis kvlevaSi
arc erT qals ar miuRia monawileoba, maSin roca aTasobiT mamakaci monawileobda
(doiali, 1995). Sidsis Sesaxeb kvlevebis umetesobac mxolod mamakacebze ganxor­
cielda, miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadad axalgazrda qalebs Soris aRiniSneba
daavadebis gavrcelebis tendencia da misi gadacema da Sedegebi mdedrobiT re­
produqciul sistemaze gansxvavebulad moqmedebs (doiali, 1995).
mamakacTa mikerZoebuloba Tavs iCens xolme mamakacebisa da qalebis mkurna­
lobis sakiTxebisadmi midgomaSic _ xSirad xdeba qalebis saWiro organoebis
xelaRebiT `ugulebelyofa~. bolo dromde qalebs, romlebsac ar hqondaT Ses­
abamisi gamocdileba da ganaTleba alternatiuli saSualebebis mxriv, xSi­rad
urCevdnen, mTlianad moekveTaT ZuZu an amoeRoT saSvilosno. xolo rodesac
mkurnaloba an procedura exeba rogorc qals, aseve mamakacs (maga­liTad Casaxvis
kontroli), pasuxismgebloba ratomRac yovel­Tvis qalebs ekisrebaT. bevri qali
aprotestebs mamakaci mkurnali eqimebis midgomas fexmZimobisadmi, ara rogorc
normaluri mdgomareobisadmi, aramed rogorc daavadebisadmi.
sainteresoa, rom qorwineba, romelic pozitiur gavlenas axdens mamakacTa
janmrTelobaze, problemas iwvevs qalebSi (doali, 1995). es nawilobriv dakav­
Sirebulia fexmZimobisa da mSobiarobis Tanmdev riskebTan, romlebmac sauku­
neebis ganmavlobaSi mravali qalis sicocxle Seiwira. mZime orsulobisa da mSo­
biarobis garTulebis SemTxvevebi dResac xSiria ganviTarebad qveynebSi. meore
mxriv, qals, romelsac ar SeuZlia bavSvis gaCena, SesaZlebelia sulieri mdgo­
mareoba daumZimdes, miT umetes maSin, Tu is iseT kulturul garemoSi cxovrobs,
romelic qals ZiriTadad dedobiT afasebs. msgavs sazogadoebebSi kacebs Seu­
ZliaT gaSordnen kidec uSvilo colebs da umweo mdgomareobaSi datovon isini.
indoeTSi arsebobs qmrebis mier colebis dawvis uamravi SemTxveva, romelsac qm­
rebi `samzareuloSi momxdar ubedur SemTxvevad~ asaReben da, Sedegad, kanonic
Tvals xuWavs (doiali, 1995). gaTxovil qalebs moZalade qmrebisganac emuqrebaT

582
safrTxe. aSS-Si xuTi qalidan erTi mainc qmris an partnioris Zaladobis msxver­
pli xdeba(doiali, 1995).
1960-iani wlebis bolosaTvis qalTa moZraobam SeZlo sazogadoebis yuradRe­
ba qalTa janmrTelobis problemebsa da maTi gadaWris, msubuqad rom vTqvaT,
aradamakmayofilebel saSualebebze gaemaxvilebina. am SemTxvevaSi qvakuTxedis
funqcia itvirTa bostonis qalTa janmrTelobis koleqtivis mier gamocemulma
wignma `Cveni sxeuli, Cven~. es popularuli wigni miznad isaxavda, qalebisaTvis
miewodebina janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi informacia da amiT maT­
Tvis saSualeba mieca Tavad ezrunaT sakuTar janmrTelobaze. Sedegad miRe­buli
cvlilebis erT-erTi niSani gaxldaT qali eqimebis ricxvis zrda. 1990-iani wlebis
SuaxanebisaTvis eqimebis 40%-s qalebi Seadgendnen. es maCvenebeli dRiTidRe iz­
rdeba (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994, gv. 191).

saSiSi produqtebi

bedis ironiaa, magram bevrma qalma amjobina axlad mopovebuli Tavisuflebis

borotad gamoyeneba im TvalsazrisiT, rom daiwyes avadmyofobebisa da sikvdilis
gamomwvevi nivTierebebis moxmareba. erT-erTi aseTi nivTierebaa nikotini. mamak­
acebs Soris mwevelTa ricxvi mcirdeba janmrTelobis mizezebis gamo, qalebSi ki
piriqiT _ izrdeba. miuxedavad jandacvis samsaxurebis yvela donis oficialuri
pirebis araerTgzis gafrTxilebisa, yovel wels axlagazrdebis mniSvnelovani
raodenoba iwyebs Tambaqos mowevas, romlis Sedegebic savalaloa. nikotinTan da­
kavSirebuli daavadebebi (kerZod, filtvis kibo, emfizema da gulis daavadebebi)
yovelwliurad 350000 amerikels klavs da sikvdilianobis saerTo mizezebis 20
%-s Seadgens (amerikis samedicino sazogadoeba, 1993; aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris
biuro, 1994).
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi Tambaqos moxmarebas iwyeben, aris is,
rom sigareti dRes yvelaze farTod reklamirebuli produqtia. yovel wels
Tambaqos mwarmoebeli kompaniebi mxolod aSS-Si 4 miliard dolarze mets xarja­
ven TavianTi produqtis reklamirebisaTvis (daavadebaTa kontrolis centrebi,
1995). aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT kompaniebs, rom­
lebic uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjaven produqtis popularizaciis mizniT, miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom misi saSiSi zegavlena yvelasTvis kargad aris cnobili.
gasul wlebSi Tambaqos moxmarebis mowinaaRmdegeni Seecadnen garkveuli
zomebis miRebas. Tambaqos mavneblobis Sesaxeb publikaciebis gamoqveynebis
paralelurad, maT warmatebiT daiwyes im kanonebis lobireba, romlebic mowevas
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi zRudavda da krZalavda Tambaqos miyidvas
arasrulwlovanebisaTvis. garda amisa, ganxorcielda sasamarTlo saqmeebis seria
Tambaqos mwarmoeblebis winaaRmdeg im moTxovniT, rom maT unda aenazRaurebinaT
sakuTari produqtis mavne zegavleniT miyenebuli ziani, swored ise, rogorc wu­
niani avtomobilebisa da arasaimedo medikamentebis mwarmoeblebs moeTxovebo­
daT kompensaciis gadaxda dazaralebulebisaTvis (jerjerobiT, Tambaqos mwar­
moebeli kompaniebi warmatebiT igeben amgvar saqmeebs).

583
 miuxedavad imisa, rom Tambaqos mwarmoebelma kompaniebma reagi­rebis ga­reSe ar
datoves maTi produqciis mimarT gamoTqmuli kritika (kerZod imiT, rom wamoiwyes
`mwevelTa uflebebis~ dam­c­veli kampania), mwevelebis ricxvi aSS-Si TandaTan mcir­
deba. es upiratesad mamakacebs exeba. qalebi ki, nawilobriv im mosazrebis gamo,
rom nikotini xels uwyobs sigamxdres, kvlav agrZeleben Tambaqos moxmarebas.
sigareti ar aris is erTaderTi mavne produqti, romelic farTodaa rekla­
mirebuli da damangrevlad moqmedebs janmrTelobaze. ara marto aSS-Si, aramed
mis farglebs gareTac aTasobiT qali iyenebda `dalkon Sildis~ Casaxvis sawi­
naaRmdego saSualebas, sanam 1980-iani wlebis bolos misi mwarmoeblis winaaRmdeg
Catarebulma warmatebulma sasamarTlo procesma ar daadastura am produqtis
mavne zemoqmedeba da, Sesabamisad, xeli Seuwyo misi warmoebis Se­wyvetas. unda vax­
senoT silikonis implantantic, romelsac aqtiurad iyenebdnen qalebi 1970-80-ian
wlebSi. am SemTxvevaSic mwarmoeblebma isargebles imiT, rom amerikuli kultura
qalebis silamazes did mniSvnelobas aniWebs da am produqtis gamoSveba daiwyes.
uamravi qali wamoego maxes da silikoni SeiZina, Tumca, mogvianebiT aRmoaCines,
rom maTi janmrTelobis mdgo­mareoba sagrZnoblad gauaresda.

infeqciuri daavadebebi Sidsis epoqaSi

fiqrobdnen, rom sazogadoebis janmrTelobis umTavresi riski _ infeqciu­ri

daavadebebi, karga xania warsuls Cabarda. 1967 wels aSS-is mTavarma qirurgma ga­
nacxada, rom dro iyo daviwyebas mis­cemoda literatura infeqciuri daavadebebis
Sesaxeb da amis nacvlad eqimebs urCevda, xeli moekidaT qronikuli daavadebebis
SeswavlisaTvis (magaliTad, gulis daavadebebi da kibo) (CQ Researcher, 1995 wlis
ivnisi). Tumca, axlo warsulSi aSS-sa da mTel danarCen msoflioSi SeiniSneba in­
feqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSi tendencia.
zog SemTxvevaSi es daavadebebi cnobil tipebs miekuTvneba (maga­liTad, tu­
berkulozi da Savi Wiri), magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs sru­
liad axal da aqamde ucnob daavadebeb­Tan. magaliTad, 1976 wels 182 adamians, rom­
lebic filadelfiaSi amerikel legionerTa Sekrebas eswrebodnen, aRmoaCndaT
pnevmoniis axali, medicinisaTvis ucnobi tipi. mogvianebiT gamoirkva, rom daa­
vadeba, romelsac `legionerTa daavadeba~ uwodes, Sekrebis darbazis saventila­
cio sistemiT gavrcelda. 1979 wels aRmoCenili iqna toqsikuri Sokis sindromis
pirveli simptomebi. es daavadeba dakavSirebuli iyo Sewovis maRali unaris mqone
tamponebis gamoyenebasTan. aRmoCnda, rom es tamponebi toqsinebis gamomyofi
stafilokokuri baqteriebis gavrcelebisaTvis SesaniSnav niadags qmnida. 1981
wels homoseqsual mamakacTa Soris gamovlinda Sidsis pirveli SemTxvevebi. aSS-
Si infeqciuri daavadebebis afeTqebis sxva SemTxvevebi exeba laimis daavadebas,
romelic daavadebuli mwerebis meSveobiT vrceldeba da mravlobiTi simptomebi
axasi­a­Tebs. aseve, hantavirusi, mwvave gripismagvari daavadeba, romelic Tagvebs
gadaaqvT. 1993 wels e. kolis infeqciam wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleT sana­
piroze imsxverpla oTxi bavSvi da daasnebovna 500-ze meti adamiani, romlebmac

584
mowamluli xorci Wames. centralur afrikaSi gavrcelda tropikuli cxelebis
epidemia _ e.w. sisxlmdeni ebolas cxeleba, dasavleT afrikas gadauara lasas
cxelebam, egviptes _ riftis dablobis cxelebam (es adgilebi cxel zonebad ga­
mocxadda). indoeTi moicva pnevmoniuri Wiris epidemiam, xolo ramdenime qveyana
_ qoleram da malariam.
TiTqmis yvela epidemia ukavSirdeba adamianTa socialuri wyo­bis cvlilebas
an moSlas. teqnologiurma cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo zogi maTganis aRmocene­
bas _ dawyebuli saventilacio sistemiT gavrcelebuli `legionerTa daavade­
bidan~ da damTavrebuli tamponebis xelovnuri boWkoebiT, romelic SesaniSnavi
niadagi gamodga toqsikuri Sokis ganviTarebisaTvis. daavadebebis gavrcelebas
sacxovrebeli pirobebis cvlilebamac Seuwyo xeli: tyian adgilebSi aSenebuli
xis saxlebi ukavSirdeba laimis daavadebis gavrcelebas, xolo urbanizaciam, sao­
marma moqmedebebma, migraciam da kaSxalebis mSeneblobam xeli Seuwyo tropikuli
daavadebebis afeTqebas.
savaraudod, Sidsi mTels msoflioSi afrikidan gavrcelda, ra­sac Taname­
drove satransporto sistemebma Seuwyo xeli. Sidsis gavrcelebis pirveli simpto­
mebi kinSasas (zairi) da mombasas (kenia) damakavSirebeli trasis gaswvriv dafiq­
sirda. Semdeg satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebisa da meZavebis meSveobiT daavadeba
gzatkecilidan centralur afrikaSi gavrcelda (gareti, 1994), xolo Sidsis vi­
rusiT daavadebulebis sahaero transportiT mgzavrobis Sedegad virusi afriki­
dan evropasa da amerikaSi gavrcelda. sahaero transportis roli daavadebebis
gavrcelebaSi gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia, radgan nebmismierma dasnebovne­
bulma pirma SeiZleba daavadeba aTasi kilometris moSorebiT gaavrcelos sul
raRac ramdenime saaTisa da dRis ganmavlobaSi.
amgvarma faqtebma da bolo wlebSi infeqciuri daavadebebis afeTqebis Sem­
Txvevebis mzardma ricxvma ganapiroba is, rom mTeli msoflios sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis samsaxurebma gadawyvites, infeqciuri daavadebebis gakontroleba
ecadaT (CQ Researcher, 1995 wlis 9 ivnisi). infeqciuri daavadebebis afeTqebebis
lokalizaciisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba amgvari afeTqebebis droul
gamovlenas. garda amisa, farTomasStabiani epidemiebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
saWiroa gadamdebi daavadebebis kvlevis dafinanseba, rac bolo wlebSi mniS­
vnelovnad Semcirda `daavadebebis damarcxebis~ xaverdovani iluziis Sedegad.
agreTve, saWiroa iseTi profilaqtikuri zomebis miReba, rogoricaa vaqcinacia.
samwuxarod, iseTi umniSvnelovanesi dawesebulebis dafinansebis Semcireba, ro­
goricaa daavadebebisa da prevenciis centrebi, cxadyofs, rom amgvari zomebis
miReba aSS-Si axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar aris.
zogi mecnieris mosazrebiT (romlebic swavloben amJamindeli daavadebebis
epidemiebis kavSirs adamianTa saqmianobasTan), daavadebebis gavrceleba garemos
cvlilebebis Sedegad xdeba. mosaxleobis ricxobrivi zrda epidemiebis afeTqe­
bebis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi faqtoria _ daavadebebis zrda `dedamiwis Su­
risZiebaa~ adamianTa mier ekosistemis daundoblad ganadgurebis gamo (prestoni,
1994). am mosazrebiT, axladgaCenili infeqciebi garkveuli imunuri reaqciaa mo­
saxleobis zrdasa da bunebrivi samyaros ganadgurebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom es

585
mosazreba azrTa sxvadasxvaobebs iwvevs, erTi ram faqtia _ adamianebis moqmede­
ba (da ara marto virusebi da baqteriebi) mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs infeqciur
epidemiebs da amitom yvelam erTad unda vcadoT maTi damarcxeba.

Sidsi

Sidss iwvevs adamianis imunodeficitis virusi (aiv), romelic anadgurebs or­

ganizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqciebsa da kibos. Sidsi saSualebas aZlevs sxva
daavadebebsa da infeqciebs, gaanadguros organizmi, romelsac ver icavs aucile­
beli jansaRi imunuri sistema. virusi vrceldeba sisxliT, spermiT da vaginal­
uri sekreciiT, agreTve dasnebovnebuli dedis mier Cvilis ZuZuTi kvebiT _ e.i.
SesaZlebelia dasnebovneba daavadebul adamianTan sqesobrivi kavSirisas, aseve
daavadebulis mier naxmari Spricis gamoyenebis, inficirebuli sisxlis gadasx­
misa da daavadebuli dedis saSvilosnoSi yofnis Sedegad.
rodesac virusi adamianis organizmSi aRwevs, SesaZlebelia ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi pasiur mdgomareobaSi iyos. am dros virusis matarebelma SeiZleba
daavadeba uneburad gadasdos sxvas. aravin icis, rogor xdeba virusis TandaTano­
biT gaaqtiureba, magram am momentis dadgomisTanave imunuri sistema iwyebs da­
sustebas da adamiani xdeba daucveli im `oportunistuli daavadebebisagan~,
romlebic angrevs organizms da sabolood sikvdiliT sruldeba. SidsiT daavade­
bulebs yvelaze xSirad emarTebaT herpesi, kriptokoki da salmonela. aseve xSirad
emarTebaT pnevmonia, meningiti, kibos iSviaTi forma, e.w. pigmenturi qseroderma,
da tuberkulozi, romelic kvlav epidemiad iqca, ZiriTadad iqidan gamomdinare,
rom Sidsis wyalobiT mas kvlav mieca mWidrod dasaxlebul qalaqebSi ganviTa­
rebisa da gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba. tuberkulozis gavrceleba ganpirobebulia
mkurnalobaCatarebuli pacientebis araefeqturi monitoringiTa da mkurnalo­
bisSemdgomi dakvirvebis naklebobiTac, rac gansakuTrebiT Rarib mosaxleobas
exeba. Zalian saSiSia tuberkulozis rezistentuli forma (plati, 1994).
aSS-Si daaxloebiT 2 milioni adamiania inficirebuli aiv-iT _ yovelwliurad
vlindeba daavadebis 45000 axali SemTxveva. aq mTeli msoflios masStabiT viru­
sis matareblebis 10% modis (vulfi, 1996). inficirebulTa daaxloebiT 50%-s sa­
varaudod ganuviTardeba daavadeba da daiRupeba momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
Tormeti wlis Semdeg ki mxolod 34% iqneba cocxali (gormani, 1996). iqedan ga­
momdinare, rom Sidsi axal daavadebad iTvleba, cnobili araa, inficirebulTa
15 %-dan, romelebsac ar aReniSnebaT mdgo­mareobis gauareseba inficirebidan 10
wlis Semdegac ki, daiRupebian Tu ara am daavade­biT uaxloes momavalSi. 1996 wels
kalaTburTis varskvlavis mejik jonsonis moedanze dabrunebam, romelic 4 weli
iyo aiv-is matarebeli, daadastura, rom daavadebis miuxedavad SesaZleblia si­
cocxlis gaxangrZliveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom SidsTan sabrZolvelad axali me­
dikamentebi da mkurnalobis meTodebi muSavdeba da eqimebma garkveul warmatebas
miaRwies aseTi daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi, Soreuli perspeqtiva mainc araa ime­

586
dis momtani. im 300000 adamianidan, romlebsac 1993 wlis seqtembris Tvis monace­
mebiT aReniSnebodaT daavadeba, jerjerobiT arc erTi ar gamojanmrTelebula.
aiv-i SeiZleba SemaSfoTebeli siswrafiT gavrceldes mosaxleobaSi. san-
franciskoSi mcxovreb homoseqsual mamakacebSi, romlebsac manamdec hqondaT
sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi esa Tu is daavadeba, SidsiT dasnebovnebis maCvenebe­
li rva weliwadSi 4-dan 75%-mde gaizarda (vinkelStaini, 1987). ra ganapirobebs
Sidsis virusis aseTi tempiT gavrcelebas? sociolog piter birmanis azriT, am
kiTxvis pasuxi socialur struqturaSi unda veZeboT. arajansaRi wesiT mcxovreb
adamianebs Soris mWidro kavSiri viruss swrafad gavrcelebis saSualebas aZlevs.
aSS-Si mWidro, sarisko qceva SeiniSneba or populaciaSi: homoseqsual mamakaceb­
sa da narkotikebis intravenurad momxmareblebSi, ramac aiv infeqciis swrafad
gavrceleba gamoiwvia.
socio-struqturuli cvladebis gavlena naTelia sxvadasxva socialuri for­
mebiTac, romlebic Sidsis gavrcelebas sxva qveynebSi ganapirobebs. magaliTad,
Sidsis virusi swrafad gavrcelda aRmosavleT da centralur afrikaSi. malavi­
Si, romelic mesame adgilzea SidsiT daavadebis maCveneblis mxriv, mosaxleobis
mesamedi aiv-dadebiTia, xolo tanzaniis zog qalaqSi mozrdilTa 40 procentia
inficirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, virusi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva
sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris sqesobrivi kavSiriT vrceldeba. erT-erTma kvl­
evam aRmoaCina, rom aRmosavleT da centralur afrikaSi inficire­bulTa 80%-ma
virusi heteroseqsualuri kavSiris Sedegad miiRo, xolo 10%-ma _ dabinZure­
buli sisxlis gadasxmiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom daavadebulTa mxolod 10 % das­
nebovnda daucveli homoseqsualuri kavSirisa da saziaro Spricis gamo­yenebis
Sedegad, rac yvelaze xSirad xdeba daavadebis gavrcelebis mizezi aSS-Si (engeli
da raideri, 1988).
is, Tu rogor vrceldeba Sidsismagvari gadamdebi daavadebebi, gansazRvravs,
romeli qceva iTvleba saxifaTod ama Tu im daavadebasTan mimarTebaSi. socio­
logia daavadebis gadadebas im mizniT swavlobs, rom dainaxos, ra wvlili Seaqvs
socialur faqtorebs daavadebis gavrcelebaSi. amgvari kvlevebi imiTacaa kargi,
rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gavaanalizoT, Tu romeli socia­luri qceva
saWiroebs modifikacias, raTa daavadebis gavrcelebis riski da SemTxvevebi Sem­
cirdes. birmani (1992) amtkicebs, rom Sidsis gavrcelebis tempis gansazRvris
mizniT, saWiroa yuradReba gavamaxviloT im faqtze, rom daavadeba adamianidan
adamianze da jgufidan jgufze dabinZurebuli organizmis siTxis meSveobiT
gadadis. birmani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom swored adamianis qceva _ da ara misi
sqesi, rasa, asaki an seqsualuri orientacia _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu vis emuqreba
SidsiT inficirebis riski:

intravenuri narkomanebi saziaro Sprics rom ar xmarobdnen, maT Sidsi

ar daemuqreboda. narkomanoba ar aris aiv-is risk-faqtori. aseve, ma­
makacebs, romlebic ar cvlian siTxeebs seqsis dros, ar emuqrebaT ai­v-
i. am SemTxvevaSi homoseqsualizmi ki araa saxifaTo adamianisTvis, ara­
med siTxis gacvla (birmani, 1992)

587
 Sidsi erTi jgufidan meoreze umTavresad daucveli sqesobrivi kavSiris
gziT vrceldeba. geebi mkacrad gansazRvruli jgufia, maSin rodesac biseqsual
mama­kacebs kavSiri aqvT rogorc mamaka­cebTan, aseve qalebTanac da, aqedan gamom­
dinare, isini erTi sqesidan meoreSi Sidsis gavrcelebis xidis funqcias asrule­
ben. rac ufro meti iqneba amgvari `xidi~, miT swrafad gavrceldeba virusi.
intravenuri narkomanebi gacilebiT meti `xidiT~ ukavSirde­bian sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebs. narkotikebis mdedrobiTi sqesis momxmareblebi, romlebsac stabi­
luri partniorebi hyavT narkomani mamakacebis saxiT, SeiZleba prostituciasac
misdevdnen, raTa sakmarisi fuli gamoimuSaon narkotikebis mosapoveblad. hete­
roseqsuali da aranarkomani mamakacebi, romlebic amgvari qalebis momsaxurebiT
sargebloben, sakuTar Tavs safrTxeSi agdeben. analogiurad, heteroseqsual
narkoman mamakacebs bevri aranarkomani partniori hyavT, Tanac cnobilia, rom am
kategoriis mamakacebi iSviaTad iyeneben prezervativebs. gasakviri ar aris, rom
heterosqesobrivi gziT inficirebuli qalebis 62% swored intravenur narkoman
mamakacebTan daucveli seqsis Sedegad daavadda (kvlevaTa erovnuli sabWo, 1990).
Sidsis safrTxem amerikis socialuri suraTi Secvala. man cvlilebebi gamoi­
wvia seqsualur qcevaSic da 1960-70-iani wlebis seqsualuri revolucia Seanela.
es yvelaze naTlad geebis maga­liTiT dasturdeba _ isini axla ukve cdiloben,
rom ramdenime partnioriT Semoifarglon da Tavi aaridon iseT qcevas, rogori­
caa analuri seqsi (romelic xels uwyobs sisxlSi Sidsis gavrcelebas swori naw­
lavis midamoSi arsebuli naxeTqebidan) (fridmani, 1987). aseve moimata prezerva­
tivebis moxmarebis maCvenebelma, xolo rekreaciuli medikamentebis gamoyeneba,
piriqiT _ Semcirda (sigeli, 1989).
miuxedavad imisa, rom SidsTan brZolis yvelaze efeqtur gzad ama Tu im
qmedebis SezRudva iTvleba, bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba am zomebs garkveuli
`zneobrivi~ mosazrebebidan gamomdi­nare. magaliTad, programebi, romlebic sa­
Sualebas aZlevs intravenur narkomanebs, saerTo Spricis nacvlad gamoiyenon
steriluri Spricebi, mZafr winaaRmdegobas awydeba im adamianebis mxridan, rom­
lebic fiqroben, rom es gaaiolebs narkotikebis moxmarebas da kidev ufro gaz­
rdis narkomanebis ricxvs. sajaro skolebSi prezervativebis darigebasa da seq­
sis Sesaxeb arsebuli litera­turis Setanas mkacrad aprotesteben isini, vinc
fiqrobs, rom usafrTxo seqsis erTaderTi forma TavSekaveba unda iyos. sqesob­
rivi Tanacxovrebis sakiTxebSi gaTviTcnobiereba mxolod waaxalisebs axalgaz­
rdebis seqsualur moTxovnilebebs.
SidsiT daavadebulebi da maTi damcvelebi epidemiis dawyebis droidan amt­
kiceben, rom federaluri mTavrobis mier Sidsis kvle­visa da prevenciisaTvis
gamoyofili Tanxebi araproporciulia im safrTxisa, romelsac es daavadeba
uqmnis sazogadoebas. aseTma araadekvaturma reaqciam, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo
homoseqsualebisa da intravenuri narkomanebis winaaRmdeg winaswari uaryofiTi
ganwyobis Camoyalibebas. manam, sanam Sidsi farTo sazogadoebas ar daemuqra, is
mxolod garkveuli jgufebis daavadebad iyo miCneuli da, aqedan gamomdinare,
aravin zrunavda daavadebasTan brZolis strategiis SemuSavebaze.

588
 Sidsis krizisze Senelebuli reaqcia imis erT-erTi mizezia, rom dRes mi­li­
onze meti amerikeli aiv-dadebiTia. am ricxvis SemaSfoTebeli siswrafiT zrda
badebs SiSs, gauZlebs Tu ara qveynis isedac gadatvirTuli jandacvis sistema 2000
wlisaTvis mosalodnel inficirebulTa raodenobas. SidsiT daavadebuli adamia­
nebi saWiroeben gansakuTrebul zrunvasa da mkurnalobas. amis safasuris gadaxda
ki pacientebis umravlesobas ar SeuZlia. mxolod 1990 wels 8.5 miliardi aSS do­
lari daixarja Sidsze aSS-Si. savaraudod, epidemiis gavrcelebasTan erTad es
Tanxa kidev ufro gaizrdeba (makadoni, 1990). amJamad dadgenilia, rom SidsiT daa­
vadebuli erTi pacientis mkurnaloba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT
100000 aSS dolari jdeba (helinger, 1993) (ix. sociologia da sajaro debatebi).
aSS-Si SidsTan dakavSirebuli krizisis dawyebis dRidan daiwyo homoseqsu­
alebis aqtiuri moZraoba im xarvezebis aRmofxvris mizniT, romlebic dakavSire­
buli iyo Sidsis mkurnalobasa da prevenciasTan. magaliTad, san-franciskoSi
moxaliseTa ramdenime organizaciam daiwyo SidsiT daavadebulebisaTvis infor­
maciis miwodeba da samedicino dawesebulebebSi mimarTvebis, saSinao pirobebSi
daxmarebisa da stacionaruli movlis uzrunvelyofa (arno, 1986). aman uzarmazari
daxmareba gauwia SidsiT daavadebulebs da sajaro dawesebulebebsac Seumsubuqa
tvirTi (magaliTad, is pacientebi, romlebic sakuTar saxlSi iReben daxmarebas,
ar saWiroeben hospitalizacias). msgavsi RonisZiebebi wamoiwyes narkotikebis
momxmareblebma da specializebulma samkurnalo dawesebulebebma, magram maTi
mcdeloba ar gamodga iseTi nayofieri, rogorc es homoseqsualTa mxardamWeri
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi moxda (fridmani da sxvebi, 1987).
miuxedavad oficialuri pirebis araadekvaturi reaqciisa da kvelevisaTvis
gamoyofili mcire Tanxebisa, SidsiT daavadebulebis sicocxlis saSualo xan­
grZlivoba bolo wlebSi ramdenadme gaizarda. iqmneba axali medikamentebi da
teq­nologiebi, AZT-s gamoyenebam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira aiv-dadebiTebSi Sidsis
ganviTarebis procesi. Tumca, amgvari warmatebebi da inovaciebi, maTi Rirebule­
bidan gamomdinare, xSirad ar aris xelmisawvdomi aiv-dadebiTi da SidsiT daa­
vadebuli bevri adamianisTvis. samedicino dazRveviT uzrunvelyofili daavade­
bulebi ki kargaven Sanss, rodesac dauZlurebulebs muSaoba aRar SeuZliaT.
mkvlevarebi muSaoben vaqcinaze, romelic SeaCerebs aiv-is Sidsad ganviTare­
bas. zogi eqsperti amtkicebs, rom vaqcinis SemuSaveba uaxloes 15 weliwadSi mox­
deba, rac Zalian mokle periodia mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, magram mTel sauku­
nes udris im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic ukve avad arian.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

rogori reaqcia unda hqondes mTavrobas Sidsze?

i m amerikelTa Soris, romlebic ver iReben samedicino momsaxurebas, bevri SidsiT daa­
vadebulicaa. Sidsis epidemiis sawyis etapzeve bevri eqimi, medda da jandacvis sistemis
sxva TanamSromeli inficirebis SiSis gamo uars ambobda SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis
mkurnalobaze. pacientebi SeiZleba gakotrdnen kidec mkurnalobis ganmavlobaSi. TiTqmis arc
erTi sadazRvevo kompania ar faravs Sidsis mkurnalobis safasurs Tavisi sadazRvevo polise­

589
biT. igive mdgomareobaa aiv-is mqoneTa SemTxvevaSic. SidsiT daavadebuli is pacientebic ki, rom­
lebsac aqvT samedicino dazR­veva, TandaTan kargaven mas, radgan rodesac dauZlurebulebi mu­
Saobas wyveten, maTi polisebis moqmedebac wydeba (denielsi, 1995).

SidsiT daavadebuli adamiani...

SeiZleba gakotrdes kidec mkurnalobis periodSi

debatebi

Sidsis epidemiam ramdenime rTulad gadasaWreli sakiTxis winaSe daaye­na aSS-is xelisufle­
ba. erT-erTi maTgani gaxldaT jandacvis sistemis reformis aucilebloba. am SemTxvevaSi yur­
adRebas amaxvileben im faqt­ze, rom SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnaloba ukiduresad
did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli da Tu ar arsebobs Sesabamisi dazRveva, maSin es xarjebi mTli­
anad federalur da Statebis xelisuflebas awveba. 1995 wels SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis
mkurnaloba, savaraudod, 15 miliard aSS dolars miaRwevs. meore dilema mdgomareobs preven­
ciis efeqturi gzebis moZiebaSi. jandacvis seqtoris oficialuri pirebis mier SemoTavazebul
ideas sqesobrivi ganaTlebis SemoRebis, prezervativebis darigebisa da steriluri nemsebis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb mkacrad SeewinaaRmdegnen is adamianebi, romelTa kulturuli Rirebule­
bebi uaryofs seqsis Sesaxeb ganaTlebas, homoseqsualizmsa da narkotikebis moxmarebas. kul­
turaTa Soris amgvarma dapirispirebam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa Sidsis prevenciisaTvis saWiro
zomebis gatareba.

analizi

Sidsis gavrcelebis SesaCereblad saWiro iqneboda gadasaxadebis saxiT biujetSi Sesuli

Tanxis gamoyeneba Semdegi miznebisaTvis: a) ganaTleba usafrTxo seqsis Sesaxeb (homoseqsua­
luri urTierTobebis CaTvliT) b) steriluri Spricebis xelmisawvdomoba narkomanTaTvis da g)
prezervativebis darigeba maRali klasebis moswavleTa Soris. es zomebi unda mieRoT manamde,
sanam Sidsi epidemiis masStabebs miiRebda. magram im adamiane­bis mkacri winaaRmdegobis gamo,
romelTa kulturuli Rirebuleba gmobs seqsis Sesaxeb ganaTlebas, homoseqsualizmsa da nar­
kotikebis moxmarebas, amgvari zomebis miReba ar moxerxda da, aqedan gamomdinare, kulturaTa
Soris dapirispirebam Seaferxa (da kvlavac aferxebs) Sidsis efeqturi prevencia.
SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebis damcvelebi mobiliziaciis Sedegad Seecadnen mxardaWe­
ris mopovebas da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwies (magaliTad, moipoves dafinanseba kvlevebis
Casatareblad da axali medikamentebis SesamuSaveblad). am jgufebma moaxerxes gaerTianeba
koleqtiuri zomebis misaRebad, ris Sedegadac cdilobdnen sazogadoebis yuradReba SidsTan
dakavSirebul problemebze gaemaxvilebinaT. yvelaze aqtiuri jgufi ACT-UP-is saxeliTaa cno­
bili. maT Teatralizebuli warmodgenebisa da speqtaklebis meSveobiT SeZles sazogadoebisa
da sajaro moxeleebis yuradRebis mipyroba da koncentracia SidsTan dakavSirebul sakiTxeb­
ze. Sidsis aqtivistebma SeZles mxardaWeris mopoveba im sajaro moxeleebisTvisac, romlebic
moiTxovdnen samecniero kvlevebis dafinansebis gazrdas, prevenciis ukeTesi gzebis moZiebasa
da SidsiT daavadebuli pacientebisTvis daxmarebis gazrdas.

590
 rogorc ukve davinaxeT, Sidsis gavrceleba socialuri struqturis sakiTxia. daavadeba
gavrcelda ZiriTadad sqesobrivi gziT da narkotikebis intravenur momxmareblebs Soris
saerTo nemsis xmarebiT. am faqtorma ganapiroba is, rom SidsiT daavadebulebi or kategoriad
gaiyo: isini, vinc sakuTari gaufrTxileblobiT dasnebovnda (socialurad stigmatizebulebi)
da egreT wodebuli `umanko msxverplni~, romlebic sisxlis gadasxmis Sedegad daavadnen. am
faqtma kidev ufro daamZima pirveli kategoriis mdgomareoba, radgan meore kategoriaSi myofi
ada­mianebi (magaliTad, CogburTis varskvlavi artur eSi, plakatebze gamosaxuli biWuna rian
uaiTi) gansakuTrebul efeqts axdenen sazogadobaze. Sidsis socialur-struqturulma mde­
bareobam, anu misma Tavmoyram sazogadoebis konkretul jgufebSi, xeli Seuwyo farTo sazoga­
doebis mier problemis ignorirebas, xolo kidev ufro daamZima pacientebis mdgomareoba. Sidsi
moiazreboda gansxvavebul daavadebad, romelic ar emuqreboda farTo sazogadoebas da mxolod
konkretul socialur jgufebSi vrceldeboda. Tumca, meore mxriv, am midgomam xeli Seuwyo am
jgufebs, gaerTianebuliyvnen da garkveuli zomebi mieRoT daavadebis winaaRmdeg.
SidsTan dakavSirebulma sakiTxebma winaaRmdegobebi gamoiwvia jandacvis sistemis funqci­
uri integraciis procesSi. amerikelebis umetesobis janrmTelobaze (saubaria maTze, vinc ar
aris xandazmuli an Raribi) zrunavs kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi. aiv-dadebiTi nebismieri piri,
romelsac hqonda dazRveva, magram garkveuli mizezebis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina sam­
saxuri, veRarasodes CaerTveba sadazRvevo sqemaSi, radgan nebismieri sadazRvevo kompania uars
ganacxadebs, daazRvios is piri, romelsac aiv-i aReniSneboda. sxva qveynebis jandacvis siste­
mebSi samsaxuris dakargva ar iqneboda dazRvevis dakargvis tolfasi.
dRes aSS jandacvaze gacilebiT met fuls xarjavs, vidre nebismieri sxva qveyana. magram
konkretulad ra zomebi unda miiRos xelisuflebam SidsiT daavadebul pacientebTan dakav­
SirebiT? rogorc ukve davinaxeT, problemis nawili mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu mTavrobam
ar mimarTa saprevencio saSualebebs, mas gacilebiT meti safasuris gadaxda mouwevs daavade­
bulebis samkurnalod.

jandacvis industria

aSS-is jandacvis industria uzarmazaria da kidev ufro swrafad izrdeba. am

uSvelebel sawarmos 5 milionze meti TanamSromeli hyavs: eqimebi, meddebi, teqni­
kuri personali, mkurnalebi, farmakologebi da sxvebi. 1993 wels jandacvaze dax­
arjulma Tanxebma qveynis Sida produqciis 14.6% Seadgina, xolo 1998 wlisaTvis
mosalodnelia am maCveneblis 17.3%-mde mateba (stiurli, 1994). gamoangariSebu­
lia, rom 2030 wlisaTvis, rodesac demografiuli aRmavlobis dros dabadebulebis
anu `beibibumerebis~ Taoba ukve xandazmuli iqneba, qveynis Sida produqciis 26 %
daixarjeba samedicino momsaxurebasa da mowyobilobebze (morganTau da hageri,
1992). amitomac, 1993 wels jandacvis reforma klintonis administraciam prio­
ritetad miiCnia da respublikelebis umravlesobis mier daigegma 1995 wlis biu­
jetSi Medicare-isa da Medicaid-is Tanxebis Semcireba. Tu gvainteresebs, rogor
miaRwia jandacvis industriam am masStabs da formas, saWiroa SeviswavloT is
sakiTxebi, romelTa wyalobiT uamravi piradi socialuri problema miCNEN neul iqna
samedicino momsaxurebis obieqtad.

591
medikalizacia: daavadebis xelaxali gansazRvreba

jandacvis industriis ganviTarebasa da eqimis profesiis pres­tiJis amaRle­

bas, rasac or momdevno qveTavSi ganvixilavT, Tan sdevs im garemoebebis zrda,
romlebic, xalxis azriT, eqimebis kompetencias miekuTvneba. arcTu ise Soreul
warsulSi bavSvebi saxlSi ibadebodnen da moxucebulebic ojaxis wevrebisa da me­
gobrebis garemocvaSi kvdebodnen. dRes sxva mdgomareobaa. ada­mianebi ibadebian
da kvdebian kaSkaSa Suqis qveS da ZviradRirebuli manqana-da­nadgarebis gverdiT.
Zvelad isini, vinc gatacebuli iyvnen azartuli TamaSebiT, an iRebdnen didi ra­
odenobis alkoholsa da narkotikebs, codvilebad iTvlebodnen. dRes sekularu­
li sazogadoeba amgvar qcevas daavadebad miiCnevs. is mdgomareobebi, romlebic
warsulSi bunebrivad aRiqmeboda (magaliTad: simelote, naoWebi, simsuqne, akne,
patara zomis mkerdi, seqsisadmi dabali interesi, SeSfoTeba, uZiloba, unayofoba,
dabereba, hiperaqtiuroba bavSvebSi), dRes samedicino Carevas saWiroebs (konradi,
1992; zola, 1972). antisocialuri qmedebac ki dRes samedicino problemad miiCneva.
kanonis yovelgvari darRveva, dawyebuli maRaziebis qurdobiT da damTavrebuli
seriuli mkvlelobiT, `avadmyofobad~ iTvleba. piradi problemebis samedicino
sfe­roSi gadatanis tendencias medikalizacia ewodeba.
medikalizaciam saSualeba misca eqimebs, Caerion sxvis pirad cxovrebaSi.
dRes eqimebs ufleba aqvT, dawvrilebiT gaigon pacientis cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb
_ ras Wamen, ewevian Tu ara, ramdenad xSirad svamen da varjiSoben, ramden saaTs
atareben samsa­xurSi, da ra aris maTi cxovrebis ZiriTadi stresebi. Tanamedrove
eqimebis daniSnuleba xSirad erTnairia: `ar mowioT, miiReT naklebcximovani
sakvebi an daiwyeT varjiSi~. eqimebma SeiZleba mTeli sazogadoebis socialuri
Tvisebebis Secvlac scadon _ magaliTad, daaweson SezRudva mowevaze.
medikalizaciis meore niSani aris samedicino argumentebis moSvelieba im
miznebisaTvis, romelic SesaZloa pirdapir arc ukavSirdebodes daavadebis
mkurnalobas (zola, 1972). magaliTad, xmamaRali rokmusikis mosmena azianebs sme­
nas da cud gavlenas axdens bavSvebis gonebriv ganviTarebaze. garemos dabinZure­
ba dagmobilia ara mxolod imitom, rom is anadgurebs mcenareebsa da cxovlebs,
aramed imitomac, rom is iwvevs kibos ramdenime sxvada­sxva formas. samedicino
ritorikis yvelaze didi gavlena sareklamo industriis meSveobiT igrZno­
ba, romelmac SeiZleba reklamireba gauwios janrmTelobisaTvis sasargeblo
produqcias, dawyebuli msubuqboWkovani marcvleuliT da damTavrebuli ucximo
orcxobilebiTa da `msubuqi~ ludiT.
medikalizaciis procesi aseve gulisxmobs socialuri sakiT­xebis xelax­
la gansazRvrasa da braleulobis dakisrebas sxva faqtorebze. magaliTad,
usaxlkaroebis `sulierad daavadebulebad~ monaTvla, axdens yuradRebis modu­
nebas iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa umuSevrobis maRali maCveneblisa da sacxovre­
beli adgilebis naklebobis roli usaxlkaroTa raodenobis zrdaSi (snou da sxve­
bi, 1986). zogi devianturi qcevis (magaliTad, alkoholizmi da nar­kotikebisadmi
damokidebuleba) gaTvaliswinebis miuxedavad, yvela daavadeba aRZravs Tana­
grZnobas, rac warmoSobs socialuri kontrolis problemas (konradi, 1992).

592
magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara, romelime kompaniaSi periodulad Catarebuli nar­
koSemowmeba miviCnioT TanamSromelTa uflebebis darRvevad, maSinac ki, Tu am
gamokvlevis mizania maTi janmrTelobis dacva? adamianebis cxovrebaSi medikali­
zaciis gafarToebis Sedegad amgvari kiTxvebi sul ufro xSirad ipyrobs sazoga­
doebis yuradRebas.
socialuri moqmedebis meSveobiT medikalizaciis oponentebi Seecadnen ada­
mianuri qcevis zogi aspeqtis `gamoxsnas~ organizebuli medicinis kompetenci­
idan (foqsi, 1977). magaliTad, qalebi xSirad Civian, rom bunebrivi cxovrebiseu­
li procesebis medikalizacia im donezea ayvanili, rom eqimebi xSirad srulad
akontroleben maT cxovrebas (gerardi, 1992). amgvari jgufebi iTxoven iseTi
procesebis demedikalizacias, rogoricaa mSobiaroba. ami­saTvis maT daaweses
specialuri centrebi, sadac qalebs SeuZliaT, imSobiaron Sinaur atmosferoSi
da maqsimalurad aicilon Tavidan samedicino Careva (xSirad maT mSobiarobas
mxo­lod bebiaqali es­w­reba). analogiurad, pacientTa uflebebis damcvelebs
miaC­niaT, rom ukanasknel stadiaSi myof ukurnebeli seniT daavadebulebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, mSvidad ganutevon suli sakuTar saxlebSi, Tu, rasakvirvelia,
es maTi survilicaa. demedikalizaciis sxva mcdelobebia aseve e.w. TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis Seqmna. adamia­nebi, romlebsac iseTi problemebi awuxebT, rogoricaa
simsuqne, azartuli TamaSebi an ojaxuri problemebi _ ayalibeben jgufebs da
cdiloben, erTmaneTs daexmaron samedicino personalis gareSec. Tumca, am mcde­
lobebma mxolod umniSvnelo zegavlena iqonia demedikalizaciis procesze.
zogadad, amerikuli sazogadoeba miiCnevs, rom samedicino Careva aucilebelia
adamianis saqmianobis Zalian bevr aspeqtSi.

eqimTa statusis amaRleba

dRes eqimebs imdenad myari pozicia ukaviaT sazogadoebaSi, Znelia davije­

roT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar yofila. amerikis istoriaSi iyo periodi, rodesac
eqimi Tavisi socialuri poziciiTa da SemosavaliT odnav maRla idga muSaze. ma­
galiTad, kolonialuri epoqis amerikaSi nebismier pirs SeeZlo gamxdariyo eqimi
_ mas sakuTari TavisTvis ubralod unda ewodebina eqimi. im dros ar arsebobda
arc samedicino skolebi da arc samedicino sazogadoebebi, romlebic gascem­dnen
licenzias. zogjer sasuliero pirebi cdilobdnen, sakuTari mrevlisaTvis sa­
medicino daxmareba gaewiaT garkveul donemde mainc. im periodis dokumetebSi
SemorCenilia cnobebi eqimis Sesaxeb, romelic wamlebTan erTad `CaiT, SaqriT,
zeTisxiliT, yurZniT, qiSmiSiTa da qliaviT~ vaWrobda. amave dokumentebSi mox­
senebulia qalbatoni, romelic `eqimic iyo da yavasac amzadebda~ (citirebulia
staris wignSi. 1982. gv. 39).
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si samedicino skolebi daarsda da medi­cina srul­
fasovan saqmianobad iqca (Tumca am droisaTvis profesiad jer kidev ar iwode­
boda) (konradi da snai­deri, 1980). es cvlileba ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela eqimi
ganaTlebas samedicino skolebSi iRebda. umetesoba xelobas eqimebis SegirdobiT

593
eufleboda. ufro metic, garda im adamianebisa, romlebic sakuTar Tavs eqimebs
uwodebdnen, iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic viwro profiliT `muSaobdnen~, magali­
Tad, akeTebdnen abortebs, iRebdnen mSobiareebs, saxsrebidan amovardnil Zvle­
bs svamdedn da kurnavdnen kibos (stari, 1982). erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc es
adamianebi iolad poulobdnen klientebs, iyo samedicino mecnierebis martivi
buneba. im droisaTvis ar arsebobda anesTeziis efeqturi saSualebebi. aseve ar
iyo cnobili, rom baqteriebs mravali daavadebis gamowveva SeeZloT. im eqimebsac
ki, romlebsac samedicino skolebSi mieRoT ganaTleba, cota rame Tu gaegebo­
daT daavadebebis Sesaxeb. amitom kvalificiuri eqimebis mcdelobas, daemkvidre­
binaT Tavi im eqimebs Soris, romlebic mcenareuli narevebiTa da eleqsirebiT
vaWrobdnen, umniSvnelo Sedegebi hqonda.
1920-ian wlebSi mecnierulma progresma, romelsac Tan daerTo amerikuli sa­
medicino asociaciis daarseba (AMA, eqimTa ZiriTadi profesiuli organizacia),
saSualeba misca eqimebs, upiratesoba moepovebinaT TviTaRiarebul eqimbaSebze
(barou, 1971; larsoni, 1977; stari, 1982). mkurnalobis tradiciul gzebTan Se­
darebiT mecnieruli medicinis upiratesobam samedicino ganaTlebis miReba eqi­
mad gaxdomis winapirobad aqcia. am dros medicina ukve ganisazRvreboda, rogorc
srulfasovani profesia. axali kanonebiT dawesda licenzirebis moTxovna da sa­
medicino sfero mkacrad dauqvemdebares sakanonmdeblo monopolias (konradi
da Snaideri, 1980; fridsoni, 1970). AMA-m aseve moaxdina zewola kanonmdeblebze,
romelic SeuzRudavad iyideboda. manamde iseTi nivTierebebi, rogoricaa opiumi,
kokaini da sxva maTi msgavsi, Tavisuflad iyideboda, axla ki eqimis recepti iyo
saWiro maT SesaZenad (stari, 1982). amave dros, eqimebma SeinarCunes ufleba, dae­
wesebinaT momsaxurebis individua­luri tarifebi. manamde, mecxremete saukunis
Sua wlebamde, zog StatSi moqmedebda SezRudva im Tanxaze, romelic eqims SeeZlo
honoraris saxiT moeTxova. anazRaurebis dawesebisa da sxva servisebis ganxor­
cielebis avtonomia profesiuli statusis mniSvnelovani nawilia. male, pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg, eqimis profesia ufro prestiJuli gaxda da es tendencia
jer kidev SeiniSneba.
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs eqimTa gavlenas da profesiis
prestiJs Tanamedrove jandacvis sistemaSi, aris is, rom mxolod eqimebs Seu­
ZliaT diagnozis dasma, daniSnulebis micema, mkurnalobis progresis Sefaseba
da pacientTaTvis informaciis miwodeba. mZimed daavadebuli adamianebi xSir Sem­
TxvevaSi ar floben srul informacias sakuTari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, radgan
maTi mkurnali eqimebi fiqroben, rom avadmyofebs ar eyofaT ganaTlebis done an
gamocdileba, adekvaturad Seafason miwodebuli informacia, Tanac, sakuTari
mdgomareobis simZimis gamo isini xSirad sxvanairad aRiqvamen maTTvis miwode­
bul nebismier informacias. amis gamo bevri pacienti eqimebis mimarT bavSvurad
mim­ndobi xdeba. bolo dros zogma pacientma uari Tqva amgvar damokidebulebaze.
maTi gancxadebiT, yvelas aqvs ufleba, zustad icodes sakuTari janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba da monawileoba miiRos masze zrunvis procesSi. magram eqimebis
gadawyvetileba kvlav uzenaesia. yvelaze did problemas axla ara pacientebi,

594
aramed is sadazRvevo kompaniebi da damxmare organizaciebi qmnian, romlebic sa­
medicino momsaxurebis safasurs ixdian.
eqimebma jandacvis sistemaSi myari pozicia samedicino praqtikaSi socia­
lizaciis xangrZlivi periodis Semdeg daimkvidres. samedicino saswavleblis
studentebi, internebi da rezidentebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTviseben pro­
fesiis zneobriv principebs. erT-erTi principi gulisxmobs avadmyofebisadmi
Tavdadebasa da erTgulebas. Tumca, iseTi principebic arsebobs, romlebic didi
mniSvnelobas aniWeben profesiuli prestiJis SenarCunebas (magaliTad, dauSvebe­
lia kolega eqimis kritika sxvebis TandaswrebiT) da im faqtis miRebas, rom eqimis
profesia moiTxovs farTo avtonomias. iqidan gamomdinare, rom es profesia miC­
neulia Zalian rTul profesiad, bevri fiqrobs, rom mxolod gamorCeuli niWiT
dajildoebulebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen eqimebi. amitom, bevr axalgazrda eqims euf­
leba aRmatebulobis grZnoba da qedmaRlebi xdebian, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo
profesiul siamayesTan (fridsoni, 1970).
maRali socialuri statusi, rasac Tan erTvis sxvis janmrTe­lobaze zrunva,
ganapirobebs im faqts, rom bevri eqimi iTxovs Zalian maRal anazRaurebas. dRes
amerikeli eqimebis xelfasi gaci­lebiT maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi momuSave
maTi kolegebisa _ iseTi qveynebis CaTvliT, sadac jandacvis sistema uaRresad
ganviTarebulia (magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebi). es faqtori mniSv­nelovnad
ukavSirdeba imas, rom jandacva aSS-Si biznesis msgav­sadaa organizebuli.

jandacva, rogorc biznesi

samedicino momsaxureba erT dros SedarebiT martivi saqme iyo. eqimebi sa­
kuTar ofisebSi mkurnalobdnen pacientebs an saxlSi midiodnen maTTan da sak­
maod mokrZalebul gasamrjelos iRebdnen. dRes samedicino momsaxureba Zalian
Secvlilia: eqimi viwro profilis specialistia da ara zogadi profilis eqimi;
misi ofisi savsea ZviradRirebuli mowyobilobiT; maRali klasis klinikebsa da
stacionarebSi pacients araerTi ZviradRirebuli testis gavla Tu analizis
gakeTeba uwevs; imata fasebmac. xSirad avadmyofebs ar SeuZliaT gadaixadon
mkurnalobisaTvis saWiro Tanxa da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da saxelmwifo
daxmarebis imedad rCebian. samedicino momsaxurebis mzardma fasebma ramdenime
cvlileba gamoiwvia amerikis jandacvis sistemaSi _ kerZo sadazRvevo kompanieb­
ma da saxelmwifom _ anu maT, vinc ixdis mkurnalobis sazRaurs, finansuri an­
gariSgeba samedicino dawesebulebebs daakisres (goldmiti, 1984).
safuZvliani cvlilebebis niSnebi yvelgan TvalsaCinoa (burki da jeini, 1991).
magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebma wamoiwyes marTuli programebis ganxor­
cieleba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom maT ufleba aqvT, ganixilon polisis mflo­
belis stacionaruli mkurnaloba, rogorc mis dawyebamde, aseve procesSic. Tu
sadazRvevo kompa­nia gadawyvets, rom romelime procedura ar aris aucilebeli,
mas SeuZlia uari ganacxados anazRaurebaze. damsaqmeblebs, romlebic ixdian
TanamSromlebis dazRvevis Tanxas, aseve SeuZliaT polisis mflobelebis arCe­

595
vanze gavlenis moxdena. magaliTad, zogi maTgani agrovebs monacemebs sxvadasxva
saavadmyofos mier dawesebuli mkurnalobis safasuris Sesaxeb im mizniT, rom
gansazRvron ZviradRirebuli samedicino dawesebulebebi da sakuTar TanamSrom­
lebs aukrZalon maTi gamoyeneba. meoreni sTxoven TanamSromlebs, gaigon sxva eqi­
mis azric, Tu erTi eqimi Tvlis, rom saWiroa qirurgiuli Careva (leierli, 1984;
laiTi, 1988).
federaluri mTavrobac zRudavs jandacvis or ZiriTad programas _ Medicare-
s (gankuTvnilia xandazmulebisaTvis) da Medicaid-s (gankuTvnilia RaribebisaT­
vis). am programebSi CarTvis kriteriumebi mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda. programa,
romelSic erT dros CarTuli iyo qveynis Raribi mosaxleobis 70%, 1983 wlisaTvis
ukve 43, xolo 1990 wlisaTvis mxolod 38%-s uzrunvelyofda Tavisi momsaxure­
biT (momxmarebelTa angariSi, 1990; devidi da roulendi, 1983). ojaxebi, sadac ori
mSobelia, rogorc wesi, ar daiSvebian programaSi, xolo martoxelebs im SemTx­
vevaSi SeuZliaT masSi CarTva, Tu isini unarSezRudulebi an xandazmulebi arian.
garda Medicaid-Si monawileTa SezRudvisa, biujetis Semcirebam saavadmyofoebisa
da eqimebisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxebis SezRudvac gamoiwvia (kerni da uindhemi,
1986). es imas niSnavs, rom am programaSi monawile dabali Semosavlis mqone bevrma
adamianma saWiro Tanxis anazRaurebaze uari miiRo. Sedegad moxda is, rom gadax­
dis uunaro pacientebiT gadaiWeda is samedicino dawese­bulebebi, sadac ufasod
emsaxurebian avadmyofebs. 1995 wels kongresis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gatanili
proeqtebi SemcirebiT daemuqra Medicaid-isa da Medicare-is dafinansebas.
meore SemzRudavi zoma aris potenciuri dafinansebis sistema (PPS) _ sta­
cionarebis axleburi kompensacia Medicare-is pacientebis mkurnalobisaTvis. ma­
namde arsebuli meqanizmiT, saavadmyofo warudgenda Medicare-s angariSs, xolo
es ukanaskneli am angariSis mixedviT unazRaurebda mas momsaxurebis Rirebule­
bas. potenciuri dafinansebis sistemis mixedviT, Medicare-i stacionarebs konkre­
tuli procedurebisaTvis uxdis fiqsirebul Tanxas (magaliTad, naRvlis buStis
amokveTa, kaTeterizacia, apendeqtomia). am sitemis analizma daadastura, rom is
aSkarad amcirebs Medicare-is danaxarjebs (raseli da meningi, 1989). Tumca, isic
naTelia, rom am sistemis amoqmedebis Semdeg saavadmyofoebi zogjer adre weren
pacinetebs _ Medicare-i maT mainc uxdis TiToeul proceduraze gansazRvrul
Tanxas imis miuxedavad, pacienti ramden xans mkurnalobs stacnionarSi _ 3 dRes
Tu 10 dRes. Zveli sistemis mixedviT, stacionarebis anazRaureba pirdapirpro­
porciuli iyo maT mier miwodebuli servisebisa.
PPS-is da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier warmoebuli Ziri­Tadi progra­
mebis pasuxad, zogma saavadmyofom Secvala Sidaganawesi. pirvel rigSi, maT gamo­
Zebnes ramdenime gza da Seamcires stacionaruli mkurnalobis xangrZlivoba. dRes
yvela ZiriTadi analizi da dokumenti pacientis saavadmyofoSi miRebamde keT­
deba. pacientebs, romlebsac garkveuli saxis operacia unda CautardeT, xSirad
operaciamde ramdenime saaTiT adre awvenen saavadmyofoSi. garda amisa, stacio­
narebSi gamoyofilia specialuri oTaxebi, sadac wvanan is pacientebi, romlebsac
esaWiroebaT stacionarSi yofna, mag­ram ara sruli servisiT uzrunvelyofa.

596
 fasebTan dakavSirebulma problemebma xeli Seuwyo jandacvis axali formebis
warmoqmnas. erT-erT aseTi formaa janmrTelobis SenarCunebis organizacia
(HMO), romelic yovelwliuri fiqsirebuli Senatanis fasad samedicino momsa­
xurebiT uzrunvelyofs mis wevrebs. gamomdinare iqidan, rom Tu mis wevrebs Zvi­
radRirebuli momsaxureba dasWirdaT, organizacia msxvil Tanxas izaralebs,
amitom is yuradRebas Tavidanve amaxvilebs ZiriTadad saprevencio zomeb­ze da
exmareba adamianebs janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi. meore po­pularuli axali for­
maa arCeuli samedicino organizacia (PPO), ro­melic eqimTa jgufebisagan Sedgeba
da adamianebis konkretul jgufs (magaliTad, romelime sawarmos an kompaniis
yvela TanamSromels) konkretul servisebs sTavazobs. amgvari organizacia momx­
mareblebs emsaxureba fasdaklebiT, eqimebs ki pacientebis stabiluri raodeno­
biT uzrunvelyofs. PPO garkveul Tavisuflebasac aniWebs momxmarebels _ mas
SeuZlia mimarTos sxva eqims, mag­ram valdebulia, gadaixados gansxvaveba fasSi.
analogiurad, im eqimebs, romlebic emsaxurebian organizaciis klientebs, SeuZ­
liaT sxva pacientebsac moemsaxuron. amgvari organizacia sxvadasxva formiTa da
zomiT SeiZleba funqcionirebdes. maTi damfuZneblebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc
eqimebi, aseve damsaqmeblebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi an is saavadmyofoebi, rom­
lebsac surT gazardon momsaxurebis sfero.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jandacvis sferoSi momxdar amgvar cvlilebebs mra­
vali momxre hyavs, gamoCndnen kritikosebic. janmrTelobis SenarCunebis orga­
nizaciis wevrebs zogjer uars eubnebian saWiro mkurnalobaze, medikamentebis
gamoweraze, adgilze mosvlasa an momvlelis momsaxurebaze (spraginsi, 1995).
amgvari organizaciebi xSirad xdeba kritikis obieqti, radgan isini ar anazRau­
reben sakuTari klientebis gadaudebeli mkurnalobis xarjebs, rac iZulebuls
xdis avadmyofebs, sakuTari jibidan gadaixadon amgvari mkurnalobisTvis saWiro
sakmaod msxvili Tanxa (piari, 1995). saavadmyofoebi iZulebulebi arian, iyvnen
konkurentunaria­nebi da rac SeiZleba meti gadamxdeli pacienti miizidon. fi­
nansuri stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT zogma saavadmyofom Sewyvita maT­
Tvis finansurad araxelsayreli saqmianoba. saubedurod, es imas niSnavs, rom
Raribi pacientebisaTvis saavadmyofoebis karebi daixura, gansakuTrebiT iseTi
servisebisaTvis, rogoricaa travmis mkurnaloba (bernsi, 1990).
dRes samedicino momsaxureba xelSi aiRo im organizaciebma, romlebic fi­
nansur mogebaze muSaoben. es korporaciebi kidev ufro did jgufad erTiandebian,
romelsac `samedicino industriis kompleqsi~ ewodeba (laiTi, 1986; relmani, 1990).
am organizacias seriozuli gavlena aqvs jandacvaze. rogorc erT-erTi
mkvle­vari aRniSnavs:

`radgan jandacva momgebiani xdeba korporaciuli kapital­da­ban­

debisaTvis, jandacvis servisebi ise aRiqmeba, rogorc saqoneli _
produqti, romelic unda iyido da gayido bazarze avtomobilebis,
qudebis, rkinis an navTobis msgavsad. ra ufro momgebiania _ danad­

597
 garebis gamoSveba Tu konkretuli servisiT uzrunvelyofa, damokide­
bulia imaze, Tu romeli ukeT gaiyideba~ (leviti, 1986, gv. 483).

saavadmyofoebi ar aris erTaderTi momgebiani dawesebulebebi jandacvis

sferoSi (stoeci da kargeri, 1991). bolo xans momgebian dawesebulebad iTvle­
ba samedicino laboratoriebi, Tirkmlis dializis centrebi da kompiuteruli
tomografiis centrebi. eqi­mebic sul ufro xSirad uyureben sakuTar profesias
samewarmeo kuTxidan. isini msxvil Tanxebs xarjaven samedicino aRWruvilobis
SesaZenad, radgan Semdgom klientebisaTvis ZviradRirebuli analizebis SeTava­
zeba SeZlon. saavadmyofoebis msgavsad, eqimTa jgufebi ayalibeben qalTa janmr­
Telobisa da pediatriul centrebs da sxva profilis klinikebs. mZafri konkuren­
ciis pirobebSi damoukidebel eqimebs Zalian gauWirdebaT konkurencia gauwion
amgvar dawesebulebebs.

aSS-is jandacvis sistemaSi

arsebuli problemebi

amerikuli jandacvis sistemam dRevandel masStabebs ramdenime sxvadasxva

jgufis interesTa konfliqtisa da konkurenciis Sedegad miaRwia. pacientebs yov­
elTvis surT, rom umaRlesi xarisxis momsaxureba miiRon; amave dros, eqi­mebsa da
sxva specialistebs undaT, pacientebi maRali xarisxis momsaxurebiT uzrunvel­
yon, amaSi maRali anazRaureba miiRon da Tan statusi aimaRlon; saavadmyofoebsa
da sxva samedicino dawesebulebebs surT, gamoiyenon arsebuli maRali xarisxis
ZviradRirebuli manqana-danadgarebi, xolo federalur da Statebis mTavrobas
gamudmebiT mouwodeben dafaron samedicino momsa­xurebis safasuri. sami mxaris
urTierTgamomricxavi moTxovnebis wyalobiT, jandacva ukiduresad gaZvirda,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, 1990-ian wlebSi reformis aucilebloba warmoSva.
jandacvis reformirebisaTvis saWiro nebismieri saRi rekomendacia unda
efuZnebodes im faqtis gaazrebas, rom jandacva aSS-Si funqciurad integrire­
buli sistemaa (marmori, 1994). misi Semadgeneli nawilebi mWidro urTierTkav­
SirSia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, urTierTdamokidebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi
maTganis Secvla sxva komponentebSic avtomaturad gamoiwvevs cvlilebebs. uni­
versitetebTan arsebuli wamyvani saavadmyofoebi ara mxolod uzurn­velyofs
maRali klasis samedicino momsaxurebas, amave dros, im saganmanaTleblo siste­
mis nawilebicaa, romelic xels uwyobs axalgazrda eqimebis daxelovnebas da daz­
Rvevis armqone im pacientebis momsaxurebas, romlebic gadaudebeli daxmarebis
ganyofilebebs mimarTaven. aseTi saavadmyofoebis dafinansebis Semcireba gamoiw­
vevs ara mxolod axalgazrda eqimebis ricxvis Semcirebas, aramed xelmokle pa­
cientebsac daazaralebs, romlebsac sxvadasxva ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad dau­
yovnebliv sWirdebaT samedicino daxmareba. garda amisa, es faqti zians mia­yenebs
specializebul programebsac, rogoricaa kibos sxvadasxva formis mkurnaloba da

598
Cvil bavSvTa movlis maRali teqnologiebi _ anu yvelafer imas, riTic ganTqmu­
lia amgvari saavadmyofoebi. analogiurad, is, Tu rogor vixdiT jandacvis saz­
Raurs _ pirdapir, rogorc momxmareblebi, sadazRvevo kompaniis meSveobiT Tu
gadasaxadebis saxiT _ moqmedebs samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxze. es faqto­
ri gavlenas axdens imazec ki, Tu ra saxis samedicino gamokvleva iqneba saWiro,
radgan, rogorc aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva daavade­
baa gavrcelebuli da kvlevebic mxolod samecniero interesebsa da keTili nebis
gamovlenaze ki ar aris damokidebuli, aramed xelmisawvdom dafinansebaze. yvela
qveynisTvis saWiroa, rom mis mosaxleobas xeli miuwvdebodes samedicino momsa­
xurebaze, magram sxvadasxva qveyana gansxvavebul midgomas iyenebs am saWiroebis
dasakmayofileblad. zogan, maga­liTad, kanadaSi, moqmedebs erovnuli sadazRve­
vo sistema, did britaneTSi _ samTavrobo erovnuli sadazRvevo sistema. aSS-s ar
gaaCnia efeqturad koordinirebuli funqciurad integrirebuli sistema, rac sa­
medicino momsaxurebis fasebis mkveT­ri zrdis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqto­
ria. xSirad amboben, rom aSS-is jandacva msoflioSi saukeTesoa da, Sesabamisad,
amerika lideria samedicino mecnierebaSi. amerikuli jandacvis sistemis ZiriTa­
di problema socialur organizebaSi mdgomareobs: bevr moqalaqes ar miuwvdeba
xeli am SesaniSnav momsaxurebaze.
Tanamedrove amerikuli jandacvis sistema sami ZiriTadi problemis winaSe
dgas: 1) samedicino momsaxurebis Tanabari xelmi­sawvdomoba, 2) jandacvis mTliani
Rirebuleba da 3) misi dafinansebis mzardi tendencia momgebiani, Semosavalze
orientirebuli sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili prob­
lema mxolod amerikul sistemas axasiaTebs, radgan sxva ganviTarebul qveynebs
es problemebi ar gaaCniaT.

araTanabari xelmisawvdomoba

amerikis jandacvis sistema sam kategorias emsaxureba: 1) SeZlebuli da kar­

gi sadazRvevo polisebis mqone mosaxleoba (maRali klasis warmomadgenlebi,
xandazmulebi, romlebic sargebloben Medicare-is wevrobiT, da saSualo klasis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofilni arian `kargi~ samsaxurebiT msx­
vil kompaniebSi); 2) Raribebi, romlebic sargebloben mTavrobis mier dafinanse­
buli Medicaid-iT da 3) 39.7 milioni moqalaqe, romlebsac arc dazRveva gaaCniaT
da arc imdeni Semosavali, rom sakuTari mkurnalobis xarjebi dafaron (aSS-is
mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1994b). mokled rom vTqvaT, samedicino momsaxurebi­
sadmi xelmi­sawvdomoba aSS-Si metad araTanabaria, radgan is efuZneba gadaxdis
SesaZleblobebs.
mravali faqti adasturebs, rom dazRvevis armqoneni arasaxarbielo pozi­ciaSi
imyofebian jandacvis sistemaSi. magaliTad, erT-erTma kvlevam daadastura, rom
dazRveuli amerikelebi 90%-iT met stacionarul mkurnalobas gadian, vid­re isi­
ni, visac dazRveva ar gaaCniaT. amis mizezi ar gaxlavT is, rom dazRveulebs ufro

599
xSirad emarTebaT is daavadebebi, romlebic stacionarul mkurnalobas saWiroe­
bs (devisi da roulendi, 1983). rodesac dauzRveveli moqalaqeebi seriozulad
avaddebian, maT mxolod imedi rCebaT, rom eqimebi da saxelmwifo dawesebulebe­
bi zurgs ar Seaqceven. am adamianebs xSirad sakuTari janmrTelobis Semowmebis
saSualebac ar gaaCniaT, ris Sedegadac daavadeba Tavs garTulebis Semdeg iCens
xolme an maSin, roca Zalian dagvianebulia mkurnaloba.

mzardi fasebi
jandacvis sul ufro mzardi Rirebuleba kidev ufro auaresebs araTanabar
xelmisawvdomobas (ueidi, 1995). garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, jandacvis sistema
sakuTari warmatebis msxverpli gaxda. misma filosofiam, romelic gulisxmobs
daavadebebis gankurnebis heroikul mcdelobas nebismier fasad, xeli Seuwyo
ZviradRirebuli, maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da danergvas, magaliTad,
organoTa transplantacias, gulis rTul operaciebs. am ope­raciebis danergv­
asTan erTad mkveTrad izrdeba maTze moTxovna, radgan yvelas surs, gamoiyenos
medicinis yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevebi da saukeTeso Sedegebi miiRos. amis
Sedegad izrdeba sicocxlis gadarCenis Sansi, magram katastrofulad izrdeba
misi Rirebuleba.
Rirebulebis zrdas ganapirobebs Tanamedrove aparaturac, romelTa asa­
muSaveblad da maTi meSveobiT operaciebis Casatareb­lad saWiroa ZviradRirebu­
li da kvalificiuri specialistebi. aSS-Si eqimTa mzardi raodenoba kidev ufro
uwyobs xels fasebis zrdas. axalgazrda eqimebi pacientebis mozidvis mizniT,
klientebs uaxles teqnologiebsa da mkurnalobis axal meTodebs sTavazoben. maT­
ze ufros Taobas imaves gakeTeba uwevs konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad,
amitomac qveynis jandacvis sistemis xarjebi dRiTidRe izrdeba.
profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis xarjebi kidev erTi dilemaa, radgan
dRes uamrav eqims uwevs pasuxis gacema cudad Cavlil mkurnalobaze. 1990 wels
amerikeli eqimebis mier profesiuli dazRvevis Senatanis saxiT gadaxdilma Tan­
xam 4.5 milioni dolari Seadgina. am damatebiT Tanxas yvela dazRveuli eqimi ix­
dis, rac pacientebzec aisaxeba. pasuxisgebaSi micemis SiSiT eqimebi sul ufro
xSirad iyeneben e.w. `TavdacviT samedicino praqtikas~. isini guldasmiT ikvleven
pacientebs da regularulad iReben konsultaciebs viwro specialistebisagan,
raTa Semdeg maT gaufrTxileb­lobaSi aravin dasdos brali. amerikis mTeli sa­
medicino sazogadoebis amgvari samedicino praqtika weliwadSi 12-14 miliardi
dolari jdeba (marSali, 1994).
morigi faqtori gaxlavT amerikuli sazogadoebis dabereba: rogorc wesi,
xandazmulebi ufro xSirad saWiroeben samedicino momsaxurebas, vidre axalgaz­
rdebi. 1940 da 1990 wlebSi, mosaxleobis xandazmuli nawili TiTqmis gaormagda
_ misma maCvenebelma 7-dan 12%-mde imata. es tendencia kidev ufro SesamCnevi
gaxdeba `beibibumerebis~ Taobis daberebasTan erTad. 2030 wlisaTvis amerikelTa
25 % xandazmuli iqneba, rac cudis momaswavebelia jandacvis sistemis xarjebis
TvalsazrisiT.

600
 dabolos, milionobiT amerikelma, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT jan­mrTe­lobis daz­
Rveva, SeiZleba ara mxolod ver SeZlos gankurneba, aramed mZime tvirTi daakis­
ros gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs, saavadmyofoebsa da sxva pacientebs. 1988 wels
stacionaruli mkurnalobis gaunaRdebelma angariSebma 8 miliardi dolari
Seadgina (momxmarebelTa angariSi, 1990b). saavadmyofoebi da eqimebi, romlebic
dauzRvevel pacientebs mkurnaloben, iZulebulni arian, gazardon mkurnalobis
safasuri dazRveuli pacientebisTvis da amgvarad Seavson danaklisi. magaliTad,
niu-jersiSi stacionarSi mkurnalobis safasurs emateba mTliani Tanxis 13%,
romelsac Semdeg gadaxdisuunaro pacientebis mkurnalobisas iyeneben. amis Sede­
gad samedicino momsaxurebis Tanxebi izrdeba, masTan erTad izrdeba sadazRvevo
Senatani da kidev ufro meti adamiani rCeba jandacvis miRma.

janmrTelobis dazRvevis krizisi

mzardma fasebma aSS-Si janmrTelobis dazRvevis krizisi gamoiwvia. rac ufro

zemoT miiwevs samedicino dazRvevis xarjebi (dRes es maCvenebeli 10-dan 25%-
mde meryeobs), miT ufro matulobs im amerikelTa ricxvi, romlebic an dazRvevis
gareSe cxovroben, an SezRuduli pirobebis mqone sadazRvevo polisebs iZenen.
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi arian umuSevrebi, TviTda­saqmebulebi da nex­
evar ganakveTze momuSaveni, romlebsac TviTon uxdebaT mTeli Senatanis gadax­
da. es sistema moqmedebs im adamianebzec, romlebic mcire kompaniebSi muSaoben
da Tvidan Tvemde Zlivs gaaqvT Tavi. didi firmebic ki zaraldebian samedicino
dazRvevis RirebulebiT. 1984 wels msxvili korporaciebis 37%-ma SeiZina daz­
Rveva TanamSromlebisaTvis, oTxi wlis Semdeg ki es maCvenebeli 24%-mde daeca
(momxmarebelTa angariSi, 1990b). dRes ukve bevri firma sTxovs TanamSromlebs
gainawilon sadazRvevo Senatanis Rirebuleba, rac gansakuTrebiT rTulia maT­
Tvis, visac dabali anazRaureba aqvs. rogorc ukve vTqviT, 40 milioni amerikeli,
anu mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15% dazRvevis gareSe cxovrobs. es maCvenebeli sa­
varaudod moimatebs 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, radgan kongress gadawyveti­
li aqvs, Seamciros Medicaid-iT mosargebleTa raodenoba.
bevr adamians sjera, rom kargi dazRveva aqvs, magram, ver acnobierebs, rogori
daucvelia seriozuli daavadebebis winaSe. swored am dauc­velobiT sargebloben
sadazRvevo kompaniebi. samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi safasuris pasuxad, sadaz­
Rvevo kompaniebi uars acxadeben im pirebis dazRvevaze, romlebsac janrmTelobis
mdgomareoba garTulebuli aqvT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi romelime dazRveuli
avad gaxda, kompaniebs SeuZliaT orjer gazardon Senatanis safasuri (momxmare­
belTa angariSi, 1990 b). es taqtika saSualebas aZlevs sadazRvevo kompaniebs, bevri
janmrTeli klienti moizidon, magram amave dros igi dilemis winaSe ayenebs daa­
vadebulebs, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT Tavi gaitanon dazRvevis gareSe, da iZule­
bulni xdebian sxva sadazRvevo kompanias mimarTon. yvelaze uaresi aris is, rom
sadazRvevo kompaniebs SeuZliaT, uari ganucxadon am kate­goriis klients sadaz­
Rvevo polisis ganaxlebaze da yovelgvari daxmarebis gareSe datovon.

601
 miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulSi es mxolod calkeuli pirebisa da mcire­
ricxovani jgufebis problema iyo, dRes mdgomareoba Seicva­la. mravalricxovani
jgufis wevroba ukve aRaraa usafrTxoebis garanti. magaliTad, kaliforniaSi
mcxovrebma erT-erTma qalbatonma aRmoaCina, rom misi sadazRvevo Senatani 16000
dolari gamxdariyo (arada sxva kolegebTan erTad SeiZina sadazRvevo polisi)
mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva, rom mis 8 wlis gogonas mxolod cali Tirkmeli hqonda
da isic defeqturi. rogorc dazRvevis erT-erTi eqsperti ambobs, `dRes aSS-Si
aravinaa dazRveuli amgvari moulodnelobisagan~ (danielsi, citirebulia kola­
taSi, 1992, gv. a1). aseTi problemebi iarsebebs manam, sanam amerikelebis umetesoba
kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebze iqneba damokidebuli.

Sejameba

1. miuxedavad mniSvnelovani warmatebebisa, infeqciuri daavadebebi kvlav

gaaqtiurda. am saukuneSi sikvdilis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi qronikuli
moSlilobebia (magaliTad, gulis daavadebebi da kibo). antibiotikebisa da
vaqcinaciis SemoRebam bevri infeqciuri daavadeba daamarcxa (magaliTad,
pnevmonia da gripi), romlebic kacobriobas did safrTxes uqmnida warsul­
Si. qronikul daavadebebs `civilizaciis daavadebebsac~ uwodeben, radgan
maTi gamomwvevi faqtorebi Tanamedrove cxovrebas ukavSirdeba (magaliTad,
cxovrebis mjdomare wesi, cximebiTa da mariliT mdidari sakvebi, dabali
donis kancero­genebis zemoqmedeba). am uaryofiTi faqtorebis SemcirebiT
aSS-Si moxerxdeboda daavadebaTa ricxvis Semcireba da adamianebi mxolod
sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi Tu iavadebdnen.
2. mTel msoflioSi siRatake janmrTelobis aradamakmayofile­bel mdgomareo­
bas ukavSirdeba. siRatake gulisxmobs sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo faqtorebis
zemoqmedebas. aseTi faqtorebia: SimSili, arakeTilsaimedo sacxovreblebi,
samedicino servisebze SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba. ganviTarebad qvey­
nebSi daavadebaTa formebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ganviTarebuli qvey­
nis formebisagan. ganviTarebad qyveynebSi sikvdilis SemTxvevebis naxevars
infeqciuri, parazituli da respiraciuli (sasunTqi gzebis) daavadebebi
iwvevs. msoflios mosaxleobis oTx mexuTeds ar miuwvdeba xeli samedicino
servisebze.
3. mamakacebisadmi mikerZoeba, romelic samedicino profesiaSi SeiniSneba,
nawilobriv xsnis im faqts, Tu ratom xdeba qalebis janmrTelobis zogi
problemis ugulebelyofa. qalebis janmrTelobas safrTxe fexmZimobisa da
mSobiarobis drosac emuqreba. isini aseve SeiZleba gaxdnen meuRleebis Za­
ladobis msxverplnic. qalTa moZraoba Seecada, gaeumjobesebina jandacvis
pirobebi qalebisaTvis, risi erT-erTi niSanicaa qali-eqimebis ricxvis zrda.
4. zogi mwarmoebeli uSvebs janmrTelobisTvis ukiduresad saSiS produqcias.
aseTia, magaliTad, sigareti. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebisaTvis cno­
bilia nikotinis saSiSi zegavlenis Sesaxeb, bevri adamiani kvlav agrZelebs

602
 mis moxmarebas, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sigareti dRes
yvelaze farTod reklamirebuli produqtia. bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba sigare­
tis mowevis SezRudvis mcdelobebi.
5. bolo wlebSi mTel msoflioSi infeqciuri daavadebebis SemaSfoTebeli
afeTqebebi SeiniSneba. zog SemTxvevaSi es exeba cnobil infeqciebs, magali­
Tad tuberkulozs, magram zogjer saqme gvaqvs sruliad axal infeqciebTan.
aseTebia, magaliTad, `legionerTa daavadeba~, toqsikuri Sokis sindromi,
laimis daavadeba, hantavirusi, e. kolis infeqcia, tropikuli cxeleba _
ebola da Sidsi. am daavadebebis afeTqebebi dakavSirebulia socialuri wyo­
bis cvlilebasa da moSlasTan. sahaero mgzav­roba infeqciuri daavadebebis
gavrcelebis axali gzaa. misi saSualebiT mxolod erT daavadebul adamians
SeuZlia aTasobiT milis iqiT gaavrcelos infeqcia sul raRac ramdenime
saaT­Si an dReSi. saWiroa infeqciuri daavadebebisa da prevenciis Sesa­xeb
kvle­vebis gaaqtiureba.
6. Sidsis gaCenas ramdenime socialuri Sedegi mohyva. am SemTxvevaSi igulisx­
meba sqesobrivi qcevis cvlileba. mniSvnelovania isic, rom ukve Riad mimdi­
nareobs msjeloba sqesobriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
7. aSS-is jandacvis industria uzarmazaria da jer kidev izrdeba. mis gafarToe­
bas ganapirobebs eqimTa statusis amaRleba. samedicino profesiis prestiJis
amaRlebis gverdiTi movlenaa amerikuli sazogadoebis medikalizacia. mra­
vali qmedeba, romelic warsulSi sasuliero pirebis, ojaxis wevrebisa da sa­
samarTloebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda, axla samedicino kuTxiT ganixileba.
amave dros samedicino servisebma korporizaciis procesi gadaitana. finan­
surma zewolam bevri hospitali aiZula, gaeuqmebina iseTi aramomgebiani ser­
visebi, rogoricaa Raribebze zrunva.
8. aSS-is jandacvis sistema sam RerZze dgas: erTi gankuTvnilia SeZlebulTaT­
vis da dazRvevis mqoneTaTvis, meore maTgani exeba Medicaid-Si monawile Rari­
bebs, xolo mesame _ im 40 mili­on adamians, romlebsac dazRveva saerTod ar
gaaCniaT. aqedan gamomdinare, jandacvis sistema sTavazobs maRali xarisxis
samedicino momsaxurebas maT, visac gadaxda SeuZlia, xolo saerTod uars
eubneba maT, visac mkurnalobisTvis saWiro fulze xeli ar miuwvdeba.
9. jandacvis Rirebuleba mkveTrad izrdeba Semdegi faqtorebis gamo: 1) maRal
teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli mkurnaloba da maRalkvalificiuri eqimebis
simravle; 2) samedicino profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRvevis mudmivad
mzardi Rirebuleba; 3) amerikis mosaxleobis sibere da is faqti, rom xan­
dazmulebs ufro meti samedicino problema awuxebT; 4) milionobiT ojaxi,
romelsac ar gaaCnia dazRveva samedicino xarjebis dasafarad, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis dazRveuli pacientebis mkurnalobis safasurs.
10. samedicino dazRveva kidev ufro ZviradRirebuli xdeba rogorc calkeu­
li pirebis, aseve biznesisaTvis. magram is adamianebic ki, romlebsac ker­
Zo dazRveva aqvT, misi dakargvis riskis qveS imyofebian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mZimed daavaddebian an polisebi ar ganuaxldebaT. seriozulad daavadebuli

603
 ada­mianebi, romlebic kargaven dazRvevas, rogorc wesi, veRar iReben mas,
radganac sadazRvevo polisebis umetesoba ar faravs `sadazRvevo polisis
ZalaSi Sesvlamde arsebul mdgomareobebs~.

imsjeleT

1. ra gansxvavebaa daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da cudad yofnas Soris? moiyvaneT

magaliTebi.
2. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs erTi mxriv, siRaribesa da jan­mrTelobas, xolo
meore mxriv _ jandacvas Soris?
3. ram ganapiroba SimSilobis SemTxvevebis zrda?
4. rogor miiRo Sidsma epidemiis forma aSS-Si?
5. rogor gaizarda eqimebis socialuri statusi droTa ganmavlobaSi?
6. daasaxeleT eqimebis maRali statusis rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi
Sedegebi.
7. ra gzebiT SeiZleba moxdes samedicino momsaxurebis maRali Rirebulebis
Semcireba?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. SeimuSaveT ramdenime rekomendacia socialuri politikisa­Tvis, romlis

mizania Seamciros siRaribis gavlena janmrTelobasa da jandacvaze.
2. amoirCieT erTi romelime mTavari problema _ magaliTad, SimSili, nikotini
an Sidsi _ da gaaanalizeT es problema xuTidan erT-erTi koncefciis mixed­
viT (socialuri struqtura, socialuri moqmedeba, funqciuri integrecia,
Zalaufleba da kultura).
3. SeimuSaveT rekomendacia socialuri politikisaTvis, romelic mimarTuli
iqneba SimSilis, nikotinis moxmarebisa da Sidsis SemTxvevebis Semcirebisaken.
4. gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazreba aSS-is jandacvis sistemaze: ra sa­xis midgoma
Seamcirebs xarjebs? aamaRlebs samedicino momsa­xurebis xarisxs, yvelasT­
vis xelmisawvdoms gaxdis mkurnalobas? daasabuTeT TiToeuli mosazreba.
5. rogor Seicvala jandacva profesionalizaciis Sedegad? SegiZliaT Tu ara,
warmoidginoT sxva Sedegi?

sityvari

Sidsi _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi, momakvdinebeli daavadeba, romelic

gamowveulia aiv-iT da gadaicema organizmis dabinZurebul siTxeebTan kon­
taqtiT.
avadobis daTrgunva _ hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac adamianebi icxovreben
ufro didxans aqtiuri cxovrebiT da sicocxlis bolo wlebamde ar SeawuxebT
janmrTelobis gauareseba.

604
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis organizacia (HMO) _ jandacvis organizacia,
romelic sakuTari wevrebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs samedicino momsaxurebas
yovelwliuri dadgenili gadasaxadis safuZvelze.
medikalizacia _ piradi problemebis samedicino WrilSi ganxilvis tendencia.
avadoba _ daavadebis xdomilebaTa maCvenebeli mosaxleobaSi.
sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli _ mosaxleobis ama Tu im nawilSi sikvdilianobis
SedarebiTi sixSire.
amorCeuli samedicino organizacia (PPO) _ eqimTa jgufi, romelic fasdakle­
biT sTavazobs konkretul servisebs pacientTa garkveul jgufebs, magali­
Tad, erTi kompaniis TanamSromlebs.

605
606
 nawili V

socialuri cvlilebebi
da globalizacia

607
608
 Tavi 15

samuSao, organizaciebi
da ekonomika

kapitalizmi: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

ekonomikuri sistema
. kapitalizmis definicia
. Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTareba
. mTavrobis roli kapitalistur sistemebSi
. socializmi: kapitalizmis alternativa?
. komunizmidan kapitalizmSi gadasvla aRmosavleT evropaSi

biznes-institutebi aSS-Si
. korporaciuli amerika . vin akontrolebs korporaciebs?
. multinacionalTa globaluri Zalaufleba . mcire biznesebi

Sroma aSS-Si
. Sromis mniSvneloba . Zalaufleba samsaxurSi
. Sromis formebis cvlileba . Sromis bazari
. saxelfaso uTanasworobebi . umuSevrobis problema
. profesionalizacia . produqtiuloba da avtomatizacia

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi: konkurencia
axal globalur ekonomikaSi

609
610
 m anhetenis SuagulSi aRmarTuli rokfeleris centri _ de­koratiuli xe­
lovnebis Sedevri, 1930 wels aSenda _ maSin, rodesac bevri fuli aravis
hqonda milionerTa STamomavlebis gar­da. erT-erTi aseTi iyo rokfeleric. cen­
traluri Senobis win dgas berZnuli miTologiis titanis, warmoudgeneli nebis­
yofisa da siZlieris simbolos _ promeTes qandakeba. dekeberSi uzarmazari sa­
Sobao naZvis xis win Sekrebili turistebidan, romlebic yinulis arenaze
mosriale mociguraveebsac adevneben Tvals, azrad aravis mouva is, rom es kom­
pleqsi viRacas ekuTvnis. maTTvis, rokfe­leris centri ubralod arsebobs.
swored amave mizeziT, 1989 wels bevri amerikeli gaocebuli dar­­Ca, roca
Seityo, rom Mitsubishi Estatme-ma, iaponiaSi TiTqmis yvelaze didma kerZo sa­
kuTrebis developerulma kompaniam, rokfeleris centris sakontrolo wili
Seisyida. uecrad yvelas gaaxsenda, rom rokfeleris centri mTeli amerikis sa­
kuTreba rodia Tavisuflebis qandakebis msgavsad, aramed is ekonomikuri siste­
mis nawilia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri sistema aris im socialuri
institutebis qseli, romelic saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze Cvens ZiriTad sazoga­
doebrv moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. iseTi kompleqsi, rogoricaa rokfeleris cen­
tri, investiciaa. rokfeleris memkvidreebma Senoba im mizniT aages, rom masSi
bina daedo uamrav biznesmens, romelTac sakuTari saqmis Sesasruleb­lad far­
Tobi esaWiroebodaT. Tavis mxriv, klientebs, romlebic yiduloben am centrSi
ganTavsebuli kompaniebis mier warmoebul produqts, sakuTari wvlili SeaqvT im
mesakuTreebis mogebaSi, romlebic yovelTviurad farTis qiras iReben. ekonomi­
kuri sistemis mudmivad moZravi uxilavi meqanizmis gareSe arc rokfeleris cent­
ri iarsebebda, arc niu-iorki da arc TviT aSS.
XX saukuneSi Cveni ekonomika gascda qselis sazRvrebs, romelic akavSirebs
erTsa da imave sazogadoebaSi mwarmoeblebs da momxmareblebs. Tanamedrove
amerikuli biznesi mTel msoflioSi funqcionirebs da im globaluri ekonimikis
nawilia, romelic faravs niu-iorksa da parizs, kairosa da niu-delis, tokiosa
da honkongs. amerikis ekonomikuri sistema am qselis yvelaze didi komponentia,
Tumca bolo dros is ukve aRar aris ukonkurento lideri. bolo ramdenime aT­
wleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflio bazarze sxvadasxva produqtis gayidvaSi aSS-is
wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, xolo aziuri da aRmosavleTevropuli qveynebis
wili gai­zarda. avtomanqanebisa da foladis industria ar aris erTaderTi sfero,
raSic amerikam saerTaSoriso bazarze Tavisi wili daTmo. maRalteqono­lo­giuri
produqciis _ kompiuterebis, samedicino aRWurvilobis, eleqtro instru­
mentebisa da sate­lekomunikacio mowyobilobebis amerikeli mwarmoeblebi cdi­
loben, gauZlon sxva qveynebis saxiT momravlebul konkurentebs.
aSS-is magaliTi cxadyofs, rom qveynis adgili saerTaSoriso bazarze yovel­
Tvis mudmivi ar aris. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi drois mokle monakveTSic ki
SeiZleba moxdes. amis meore kargi magaliTia iaponia. 1986-1991 wlebSi iaponiaSi
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis bumis gamo es qveyana warmatebis TvalsaCino nimuSad mi­
iCneoda. sxvadasxva iaponuri kompania sakuTari produqciiT zedized ipyrobda

611
saerTaSoriso bazars. mravali amerikeli upiratesobas swored am produqcias
aniWebda sakuTar qveyanaSi warmoebulTan SedarebiT. iaponeli ekonomistebis ga­
moTvliT, iaponiis mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba 2000
wlisaTvis gadaaswrebda amerikis imave maCvenebls, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is
mosaxleoba orjer aRemateba iaponiisas. magram aseTi ukidure­sad optimisturi
prognozi arasodes gamarTlebula. sesxis aRebisa da xSiri investiciebis fonze,
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis brWyviala buSti moulodenlad gaskda. gauyidavi saqon­
liT gadaivso maRazi­ebis sawyobebi, ramac 10000-ze meti iaponuri kompaniis ga­
kotreba gamoiwvia (asahi Simbuni, 1994). ienis Rirebuleba msoflio savaluto ba­
zarze mkveTrad daeca. micubiSim finansebis gasazrdelad rokfeleris centric
ki gamoitana gasayidad.
bedis es uecari Semobruneba adasturebs, Tu ramdenadaa damokidebuli Ta­
namedrove saxelmwifos ekonomika ara mxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed mis far­
glebs gareT arsebul momxmareb­lebsa da investorebze. TiToeuli saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri keTildReobisTvis mniSvnelovania msoflios ekonomikur siste­
maSi bizneswamowyebebis warmateba. mzardi tendenciis mixedviT, dRes TiToeuli
qveynis ekonomikuri aRmasvla an daRmasvla nawilobriv saerTaSoriso bazris
cvlilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. qveynis valutis, produqciisa da uZravi qonebis
saerTaSoriso Rirebuleba SeiZleba Zalian swrafad icvlebodes. ganvixiloT
ucxouri investiciebi aSS-Si. sxva qveynis moqalaqeebis mier aSS-Si biznesis
wamowyebis mizniT daxarjulma Tanxam 1988-1990 wlebSi 70 miliard dolars mi­
aRwia; 1991-1992 wlebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 20 miliardi dolari iyo, magram
1995 wlis dasawyisSi kvlav 50 miliardamde avida (fahim-naderi da zeili, 1995).
aseTi SesamCnevi cvalebadoba SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikuri arastabilurobiTac
gamoixatos. erovnuli ekonomikis gafaToebisa da SemWidroebis talRebi, ro­
gorc wesi, globaluri biznesis uzarmazari, erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli kompo­
nentebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
naSromis es Tavi dRevandeli msoflios ekonomikuri mowyobis ZiriTadi for­
mis _ kapitalizmis ganxilviT iwyeba. aq SeviswavliT, ra aris kapitalizmi, rogor
ganviTarda is da gavecnobiT mis ZiriTadad alternativas _ socializms. Semdeg
ganvixilavT amerikis ZiriTad biznesorganizaciebs, dawyebuli giganturi korpo­
raciebiT da damTavrebuli saojaxo tipis maRaziebiT. es Temebi imdenad farToa
da imdenad mniSvnelovania sociologiisaTvis, rom maTi ganxilvisas araerTxel
gadaveyrebiT sociologiis xuT ZiriTad konceficas _ socialur stuqturas,
socialur moqmedebas, funqciur integracias, Zalauflebasa da kulturas. am
komponentebis mniSvnelobaze Tu vimsjelebT, maSin funqciuri integracia maT­
gan yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan bazari aris funqciurad integrirebuli
sistemebis mTlianoba, romelic garkveulwilad umarTavia da ar eqvemdebareba
romelime calkeuli piris kontrols (Tumca, calkeulma ekonomikurma moqmede­
bebma SeiZleba seriozuli gavlena iqonios masze). Zalauflebas floben korpo­
raciebi da sxvadasxva ekonomikuri dawesebulebebic. mmarTvelebis mier miReb­
ulma gadawyvetilebam SesaZlebelia didi gavlena iqonios ara mxolod calkeul
pirebze, aramed qveynebze da regionebzec ki.

612
kapitalizmi: Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri sistema

erovnuli samauwyeblo kompaniis (NBC) aTasobiT TanamSro­meli rokfeleris

centrSi mdebare kompaniis Stab-binaSi muSaobs. isini yoveldRe adgenen finansur
angariSebs, dgamen satelevizio Souebs da SehyavT monacemebi kompiuterul
bazeb­Si. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini CarTulni arian mxolod saqmianobaSi
im milionobiT saqmianobidan, romelic qmnis amerikis kapitalizms. kapitalizmi
ekonomikuri sistemis mowyobis ara erTaderTi, magram yvelaze gavrcelebuli
formaa. kapitalizmis ideologia imdenadaa fesvgadgmuli amerikul kulturaSi,
rom misi nebismieri alternativa arabunebrivad gveCveneba.

kapitalizmis definicia

kapitalisturi sistemis zusti forma ar arsebobs, magram mis yvela formas

oTxi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli aqvs:

1. warmoebis saSualebebis kerZo sakuTreba;

2. daintereseba da mogebis motivacia, rogorc ZiriTadi ekonomikuri wama­
xalisebeli faqtorebi;
3. Sromis, nedleulisa da produqciis konkurentuli bazari;
4. sawarmoo dawesebulebebis dafuZnebisa da gafarToebis mizniT ganxor­
cielebuli mravaljeradi investiciebi, rasac kapitalis dagroveba ewo­
deba.

kapitalizmis idealuri forma am oTxi komponentisagan Sedgeba.

am maxasiaTeblebidan pirveli, albaT, yvelaze iolia gasagebad. namdvil kapi­
talistur sistemaSi warmoebis yvela materialuri saSualeba _ dawyebuli saso­
flo miwebiT, damTavrebuli navTobis gadamamuSavebeli da burTuliani kalmebis
mwarmoebeli qarxnebiT _ calkeuli pirebis an korporaciebis da ara saxelmwifos
sakuTrebaa. warmoebis yvela saSualeba kapitalis anu meti qonebis mosapoveblad
dabandebuli simdidris formaa, romelic saqonlis warmoebiT an momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofiT aRwevs mizans. kapitalisturi ideologiis mixedviT, kapitalis
kerZo sakuTreba xelSuexebeli uflebaa. kapitalistur sistemaSi Zalaufleba
ekuTvnis kapitalis mesakuTreebs da ara im muSebs, romelTac am sawarmoo pro­
cesSi uSualo monawileobiT kapitalis warmoqmna-dagrovebaSi SeaqvT wvlili.
kapitalizmis meore ganmsazRvreli Tviseba exeba adamianebis ekonomikur ar­
Cevans. kapitalistur sistemaSi es arCevani efuZneba dainteresebas. momxmare­
blebi im produqts da momsaxurebas iReben, romelic surT (arCevani am SemTx­
vevaSi SeiZleba SezRuduli iyos mxolod maTi gadaxdis unariT); muSebi sakuTari

613
surviliT irCeven samsaxurebs (arCevani izRudeba maTi gamocdilebiT, profe­
siuli momzadebiTa da ganaTlebiT); mwarmoeblebi irCeven im produqcias da momsa­
xurebas, romlis gayidvis survilic aqvT (isini izRudebian mxolod sainvesticio
TanxiT, nedleuliT, momxmarebelTa interesiT da mogebis gamomuSavebis unariT).
miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelive zemoTqmuli SeiZleba egoistur ekonomikur ar­
Cevanad mogeCvenoT, am gadawyvetilebebis saerTo Sedegi sakmaod momgebiania
mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis. swored am koncefcias dauWira mxari adam smiTma
sakuTar naSromSi `saxelmwifoTa simdidre~ (1776/1976). am naSromSi man Taname­
drove kapitalizmis ideologia ganaviTara (ix. Tavi 1). smiTis mixedviT, TviT­
dainteresebiT motivirebuli ekonomikuri arCevani ganapirobebs im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebas, romelic damokidebulia momxmareblis survilze, rac,
Tavis mxriv, iwvevs sazogadoebis qonebis Sesabamis zrdas. amgvarad, milionobiT
adamianis arCevani, romelic efuZneba maT interessa da motivacias, ganapirobebs
ekonomikis funqciur integracias.
cxadia, mwarmoebelTaTvis gadamwyveti motivaciaa mogebis maq­simalurad
gazrda da, Sesabamisad, qonebis dagroveba da avtoritetis amaRleba. rogor
SeiZleba, rom amgvarma, erTi SexedviT egoisturma motivma, sargebeli moutanos
mTel sazogadoebas? saqme imaSia, rom mwarmoeblebi mudmivad cdiloben, axali
produqcia momxmarebelTa survilis gaTvaliswinebiT gamouSvan da amave dros
moiZion axali meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba produqciis
Rirebulebis Semcireba (dabali fasi niSnavs, rom produqcia didi raodenobiT
gaiyideba da, Sesabamisad, mwarmoebeli ukeTes mogebas naxavs TiToeul gayidul
erTeulze), ris Sedegadac xdeba resursebis efeqturi gamoyeneba da momxmare­
beli iRebs sasurvel saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sasurvel fasad. aqedan gamomdi­
nare, mogebuli rCeba yvela, sawarmos CaTvliT.
magram ra moxdeba, Tu mwarmoeblebi mogebis gazrdis mizniT TavianTi produq­
ciis Zalian Zvirad gayidvas moindomeben? am situaciaSi mxsnelad gvevlineba kapi­
talisturi ekonomikis konkurentuli bazari. Tu konkretuli kompania zedmetad
maRal fass daadebs sakuTar produqcias, momxmareblebi, ubralod, aRar iyidian
mas da sanacvlod sxva kompaniis mier warmoebul msgavs produqts SeiZenen. igive
principi moqmedebs Sromisa da sxva resursebis bazrebzec. Tu mwarmoebeli mis­
aRebze dabal xelfass gadauxdis TanamSromlebs, misi saukeTeso muSebi sxvagan
moZebnian samsaxurs, rac produqciis xarisxis dacemasa da, Sesabamisad, zarals
gamoiwvevs. saboloo jamSi, kompania an gazrdis xelfasebs, an iZulebuli gax­
deba, Sewyvitos saqmianoba. asea Tu ise, Sedegi yovelTvis erTnairia _ sazoga­
doeba sargebels iRebs imiT, rom produqcias Sesabamisi fasi adevs, momuSaveebs
Sesabamisi anazRaureba aqvT, resursebi efeqturad gamoiyeneba da kapitalistic
`normalur~ mogebas naxulobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia WeSmariti kapitaliz­
mis modeli. sinamdvileSi ki giganturma korporaciebma SeiZleba arasamarTliani
brZola gaaCaRon mcire biznesebis winaaRmdeg an dabali xelfasebi daaweson im
muSaxelisaTvis, romlebic iolad ver ipovian sxva samuSaos.
konkurentuli bazari kidev erT Sedegs iwvevs kapitalistur sistemaSi. ker­
Zod _ mwarmoeblebi motivirebulebi arian, mogebis nawili biznesis gasaumjobe­

614
seblad daabandon. maqs veberis azriT, kapitalizmi niSnavs `warmoebas mxolod da
mxolod mogebis gazrds mizniT~ (1904/1958). kapitalistebs ar SeuZliaT, gulxel­
dakrefilebi isxdnen da datkbnen mogebiTa da kargi cxovrebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi
maTi konkurentebi isargebleben da SeiZleba imdenic ki moaxerxon, rom gancxromas
micemuli biznesmenebi bazars CamoaSoron. amitom kapitalistebi sakuTari mogebis
nawils warmoebis meTodebis gaumjobesebaSi xarjaven da amiT inarCuneben (da xSir
SemTxvevaSi zrdian) konkurenciis gawevis unars. naSromSi `protestantuli eTika
da kapitalizmis suli~ veberi amtkicebda, rom religiuri Rirebulebebis Secvlam,
rac dakavSirebulia protestantul reformaciasTan, xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove
kapitalizmisTvis saWiro komponentebis aRmocenebas (ix. Tavi 1). qristianebs mou­
wodebdnen, rom Tavi aeridebinaT fufunebis nivTebis cdunebisa­Tvis, CaecvaT sa­
dad da ubralod, emuSavaT guldasmiT da mieRwiaT warmatebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTareba

miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes kapitalizmi bunebriv movlenad gveC­veneba, is yo­

velTvis rodi arsebobda. am sistemam damkvidreba da ekonomikaSi gabatoneba mxo­
lod XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo. es is droa, rodesac
britaneTis indust­riuli revoluciis magaliTs germaniam, safrangeTma da aSS-
mac mibaZa. manamde yvela sazogadoebaSi qonebis dagrovebis ZiriTadi wyaro da
umTavresi saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedeba iyo.
industriuli revoluciis sawindaria mkveTrad gaumjobesebuli warmoe­
bis meTodebi, rac pirvelad soflis meurneobaSi damkvidrda. am SemTxvevaSi
sakvebis Sovnas gacilebiT cota adamiani sWirdeboda da amitomac bevrs mieca sa­
Sualeba, qalaqebSi gadabargebuliyo da sawarmoebSi eSova samsaxuri. warmoebis
nayo­fiereba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac mwarmoeblebma Sromis spe­
cializacia da danawevreba iswavles. axla ukve mxolod erTi xelosani ki aRar as­
rulebda mTlian samuSaos, aramed procesi ramdenime etapad iyo dayofiliyo da
TiToeul etaps axorcielebda is adamiani, romelmac icoda, Tu rogor gaekeTe­
bina konkretuli saqme maqsimalurad efeqturad. samuSaos dayofasTan erTad
procesic ufro gamartivda, rac imas niSnavs, rom gaCnda kvalificiuri muSaxe­
lis deficiti, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba manqana-danadgarebis ganviTarebis
moTxovna garkveuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad. specialur manqana-danadgarebSi
Cadebuli ToToeuli investicia saSualebas aZlevda mewarmes, imave raodenobis
muSaxeliT ukeTesi xarisxis saqoneli ewarmoebina. amis Sedegad, muSebis nawilma
samuSao dakarga, magram sazogadoebis qoneba gaizarda.
industriuli kapitalizmis unarma, gaezarda erovnuli kapitali, moralu­
rad gaamarTla am sistemis arseboba. manam, sanam kapitalizmis aRmasvla daiwye­
boda, mogebis motivacia adamianis sixarbesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kapitalizmis
periodSi ki mogebis motivacia moiazreba, rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeb­
lo ram. socialurma Teoretikosma bernard de mandevilma Seajama es axleburi
xedva da ganacxada, rom zogi `manki~ SeiZleba `sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo~

615
iyos. misi mosazreba efuZneba zneobas _ sargeblis Zebna da gamdidreba SeiZleba
egoisturi saqcielia, magram am gziT adamians sargebeli moaqvs ara marto saku­
Tari TavisaTvis, aramed sazogadoe­bisavisac. Tanac amas SeiZleba sruliad gauc­
nobiereblad akeTebdes (diumoni, 1977; hirSmani, 1977).
Tanamedrove kapitalizmma ara mxolod Secvala warmoeba, aramed mniS­
vnelovnad gaafarTova misi ganawileba. Tuki aqamde vaWroba ZiriTadad erT
konkretul teritoriaze mimdinareobda, radgan Sor manZilze saqonlis gadatana
rTuli da sarisko saqme iyo, kapitalizmma xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
baz­rebis gaerTianebas gzebisa da rkinigzis mSeneblobiT, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
gamoiwvia savaWro urTierToebebis gafarToeba da daregulireba. bazari gafar­
Tovda iqamde, sadamdec SesaZlebeli iyo sazRvao xomaldebis mimosvla. daiwyo
nedleulis Semotana miyruebuli soflebidan industriul adgilebSi, xolo
warmoebuli saqoneli mTel msoflioSi poulobda momxmarebels. rogorc karl
marqsi da fridrix engelsi aRniSnavdnen, `mTel dedamiwaze produqciis bazris
mudmivad gafarToebis saWiroeba sdevnis burJuazias. is yvelgan ibudebs, mkvi­
drdeba da amyarebs kavSirebs~ (marqsi da engelsi, 1848/1976, gv. 451). kapitalizmis
gavrcoba industriuli revoluciidan iwyeba da jer kidev grZeldeba. kapital­
izmi iyo evropelebis mier mTeli danarCeni msoflios kolonizaciis mcde­lobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, gansakuTrebiT XIX-XX saukuneebSi. magaliTad, bri­
taneTma indoeTis dapyrobis Semdeg mTlianad amoZirkva adgilobrivi safeiqro
industria da indoelebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, britanuli tansacmeli SeeZinaT.

kapitalizmis globalizacia

1940-iani wlebis bolodan 1960-iani wlebis CaTvliT aSS erTpirovnuli lideri

iyo kapitalistur samyaroSi _ is yvelaze met saqonels yidda sazRvargareT da
mis teritoriazec yvelaze meti saxelmwifo cdilobda investiciebis ganxor­
cielebas. Tumca, 1970-iani wlebidan globalurma bazarma cvlilebebi ganicada. es
Tavi swored cvlilebis erTi STambeWdavi magaliTiT daviwyeT, kerZod, iaponuri
korporaciis mier rokfeleris centris SeZeniT. es faqti axali globaluri eko­
nomikis niSania _ amerikam daTmo lideroba da intensiur konkurenciaSi CaerTo.
mis seriozul konkurentebad Camoyalibda ara marto iaponia, aramed sxva aziuri
qveynebic, magaliTad, korea da taivani. mravali evropuli qveya­nac konkurentu­
nariani gaxda. upirveles yovlisa, es germanias Seexeba, romelmac meore msoflio
omSi damarcxebis Semdeg kvlav aRidgina ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. erT-erTma
kvle­vam, romelic 15 wamyvan industriul qveyanas exeboda, daadgina, rom 1970-ian
wlebSi aSS-s ekava saerTaSoriso bazris udidesi wvlili, Tumca 1980-iani wlebis
dasasrulisken man TiTqmis yvela sferoSi daTmo poziciebi (garda aviaciisa da
qaRaldis produqciisa). danarCenma qveynebma TxuTmeti wamyvani dargidan xuTSi
gadaaswres aSS-s (sabanko saqme, qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoeba, eleqtrodanad­
garebi da eleqtronika, rkina da foladi, metalebi rkinis Semcvelobis gareSe)
(franko, 1989).

616
 nebismier qveyanaSi ucxouri konkurencia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs (ix.
GCanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi). 1980-ian wlebSi aSS-m marcxi
ganicada ara mxolod sagareo vaWrobis wilis gazrdaSi, aramed ucxouri warmoe­
bis saqonlis upiratesobis SemcirebaSic. magaliTad, 1987 wlisaTvis amerikaSi
avtomobilebis 26%, sainJinro da samecniero instrumentebis 31% da radioebisa
da televizorebis 60% importirebuli iyo (aSS-s mosaxleobis aRweris biuro,
1990g). 1993 wels importire­buli saqonlis Rirebuleba 139 miliardiT aRemate­
boda eqsportis Rirebulebas, rac vaWrobis seriozul deficitze miuTiTebs (ix.
sqema 15.1). amave dros, ekonomikuri bazris mud­miv­ma globali­zaciam e.w. `saSinao~
ekonomikaSic gamoiwvia axali Sedegebi. Znelia vilaparakoT mxolod aSS-is, bri­
taneTis, germaniis an iaponiis ekonomikaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini erTmane­
Tisagan sazRvrebiTaa gamijnuli. moviyvanT harvardis yofili profesoris, edu­
ard raixis sityvebs:

savaWro balansi mlrd. dolari

sqema15.1 / saerTaSoriso vaWrobis cvalebadi balansi, 1969-1993 wlebi.

aSS-is savaWro balansi _ gansxvaveba importisa da eqsportis Rirebulebas Soris _
bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad dairRva saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gafar­
ToebasTan erTad. 1969 wels aSS-s mokrZalebuli mateba hqonda vaWrobaSi, magram 1993
wlisaTvis vaWrobis deficitma 139 miliardi dolari Seadgina, maSin, roca iaponiaSi mo­
geba 121 miliardi dolari iyo, germaniaSi ki _ 32 miliardi dolari.

wyaro: msoflio bankis msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995. 1995, cxrili 13.

617
 rodesac amerikeli yidulobs pontiak le mans jene­ral motorsisagan,
is Zalauneburad xdeba saerTaSo­riso transaqciis monawile. mis mier
gadaxdili 20000 dolaridan daaxloebiT 5600 samxreT koreaSi midis
awyobisaTvis, 3500 dolari _ iaponiaSi specialuri komponentebisaT­
vis (mag. motori da eleqtromowyobi­loba), 1500 dolari _ dasavleT
germaniaSi stilisa da dizainisaTvis, 800 dolari _ taivanSi, singa­
pursa da iaponiaSi wvrili nawilebisaTvis, 500 dolari _ britaneTSi
reklamisaTvis da daaxloebiT 100 dolari _ irlandiasa da barbados­
Si monacemTa damuSavebisaTvis. Tanxis danarCeni anu 8000 dolarze nak­
lebi _ nawildeba detroits (strategiisaTvis), niu-iorks (advokatebi
da bankirebi), vaSingtons (lobistebi), danarCen amerikas (sadazRvevo
kompaniebi da jandacvis organizaciebi) da jeneral motorsis aqcio­
nerebs Soris, romelTa didi nawili aSS-Si cxovrobs, magram sxva qvey­
nis moqalaqea. pontiakis amayma mflobelma, rasakvirvelia, araferi
icis imis Sesaxeb, Tu mis mier gadaxdili Tan­xis ramxela nawili gada­
vida okeanis gaRma. amas jene­ral motorsi agvarebs Tavisi globaluri
qselis wyalobiT (raixi, 1991, gv. 113).

amerikuli kompaniebi ukve aRar arian `erovnuli Cempionebi~. 1950-ian wleb­

Si msxvili amerikuli kompaniebis keTildReoba mTlianad amerikis saSinao eko­
nomikas niSnavda. es kompaniebi ZiriTadad amerikel muSebs qiraobdnen, amerikel
aqcionerebs uxdiden dividendebs da awarmoebdnen produqcias amerikeli
momxmareblisa­Tvis. magram TandaTanobiT daiwyo maTi qonebis sazRvargareT `ga­
dineba~. `amerika foladiviTaa~ _ ambobda US Steel-is moto, rac garkveulwilad
marTalicaa. dRes warmoebis mzard globali­zaciasTan erTad Cven ukve aRar
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom warmatebuli `amerikuli~ kompaniebi amerikis warmatebul
Sida ekonomikas niSnavs. im fulis didi nawili, romelsac amerikuli kompaniebi
xarjaven, sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebis jibeSi midis. magaliTad, 1990 wels, IBM-is
TanamSromelTa 40%-s ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi Seadgendnen da es maCvenebeli
jer kidev izrdeboda. Whirlpool-is, kidev erTi `amerikuli~ kompaniis TanamSrom­
lebi ZiriTadad ucxoelebi arian, iseve rogorc Seagate Technology-is SemTxvevaSi
(es kompania kaliforniaSi dafuZnda da msoflio lideria kompiuterebis myari
diskebis warmoebaSi). rogorc erovnuli salaros xelmZRvaneli ambobs, `erovnu­
li salaro ar aris amerikuli korporacia. is aris msoflio korporacia, romlis
Stab-bina aSS-Si mdebareobs~ (citirebulia epStainis naSromSi, 1990-1991).
axali, globaluri korporaciis meore magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Sveica­
ruli kompania nestle, romelic Tavisi 36 milion dolariani kapitaliT sakvebis
mwarmoebeli yvelaze didi kompaniaa msoflioSi. kompania Tavisi gayidvebis 98 %-ze
mets Sveicariis farglebs gareT awarmoebs. nestle namdvilad multinacionaluri
kompaniaa, ara mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom is Tavis saqmianobas msoflios xuT
kontinentze awarmoebs, aramed misi korporaciuli kulturidan gamomdinarec:

618
 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kompaniis mTavari aRmasrulebeli ofi­ceri
germaneli iyo da aTi generaluri menejeridanac xuTi ar gaxldaT Svei­
carieli. iaponiaSi Sinauri cxovelebis sakvebis gayidvas amerikeli
edga saTaveSi, avstraliaSi yavis gayidvebs indoeli xelmZRvanelobda,
xolo safrangeTSi iogurtis ga­yidvebs _ Sotlandielisa da wynari
okeanis auzSi arsebul nestles menejeri sxvadasxva erovnebisaa. nes­
tle imdenad mizanmimarTulad cdilobs adgilobriv pirobebTan adap­
tacias, rom man spilos Zvlis sanapiroze qarxanac ki gaxsna, romelic
miwis Txilis Cirs awarmoebs (berneti da kavanagi, 1994).

msgavsi korporaciebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs msoflio korporaciebad

moiazreben, mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben ocdameerTe saukunis ekonomikaSi.

globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

konkurencia axal globalur ekonomikaSi

a SS-is brZolas axal, globalur ekonomikur ierarqiaSi mniSvnelovani adgilis SenarCu­

nebisaTvis, araerTgvarovani Sedegebi moaqvs misi moqalaqeebisaTvis. amerikuli kom­
paniebis mier saerTaSoriso bazris dakargvam gamoiwvia samuSao adgilebis Semcireba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, ganapirobebs Semosavlisa da saxelmwifo qonebis klebas. linda stirnsis (1992) azriT, aSS-
is manufaqturuli industriis dakninebam pirdapiri an arapirdapiri ziani miayena amerikelTa
umravlesobas. amis erTi Sedegi iyo qar­xnebSi xelfasebis Semcireba, rasac Tan daerTo samsa­
xurebis dakargva. 1980 da 1989 wlebs Soris amerikis ekonomikam dakarga sul mcire milioni manu­
faqturuli samuSao adgili, xolo qarxnis muSis saaTobrivi anazRaureba 8.5 procentiT Semcir­
da. dRes qarxnis muSa iaponiaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi, germaniasa da did britaneTSi ufro mets
gamoimuSavebs, vidre maTi amerikeli kolega (prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 1991).
muSebi, romlebic kargaven samuSaos manufaqturul seqtorSi, xSirad cdiloben axali samsa­
xuris povnas momsaxurebis sferoSi. Tumca, momsaxurebis seqtorSi maRalanazRaurebadi samu­
Sao adgilis arseboba jansaRi manufaqturuli safuZvlis gareSe faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia
(igulisxmeba komunikaciebi, kvleva da ganviTareba, transportireba, dazRveva, iuridiuli mom­
saxureba, reklama, buRalteria, finansebi da a.S.). xelmisawvdomia mxolod dabalanazRaurebadi
samsaxurebi _ gamyidvelebi, oficiantebi, sakvebis damamzadeblebi, molareebi, damlageblebi
da sanitaruli muSakebi, meddis damxmareebi da saavadmyofos meTvalyureni (stirnsi, 1992).
maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis Semcirebis pirobebSi gasakviri araa, rom amerikelebis
cxovrebis standartebi daqveiTda. es cvlilebebi SesamCnevia, rogorc qveynis masStabiT, aseve
sxva qveynebTan Sedare­biTac (pomisi da sxvebi, 1992). erT sul mosaxleze qonebis maCveneblis
mixedviT aSS mecxre adgils ikavebs skandinaviis oTxi qveynis, germaniis, islandiis, Sveicariisa
da iaponiis Semdeg (ekonomikuri kooperaciisa da ganviTarebis organizacia, 1990). cxadia, glo­
balur ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurenciis unaris daqveiTeba did gavlenas axdens TiToeuli
adamianis cxovrebaze.

619
 rac kidev uaresia, amerikelebis bedi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli msxvili saerTaSor­
iso korporaciebis mmarTvelebis gadawyvetilebaze. globaluri korporaciebi afuZneben biz­
ness erT romelime qveyanaSi, magram rogorc ki maTi finansuri sargebeli moiTxovs, kapitals
dauyovneb­liv gadaisvrian sxva qveyanaSi. amis Sedegad msoflios maRalganviTarebul qveynebs,
aSS-is CaTvliT, ekonomikuri arastabilurobis igive safrTxe emuqrebaT, rac didi xania azara­
lebs mesame rigis qveynebs.
msxvil multinacionalur korporaciebs aqvs unari, upiratesoba moipovos samuSao Zali­
sa da sxva resursebis Rirebulebis mxriv; Tumca, am unars amcirebs maTi motivacia, darCnen
erT konkretul adgilas, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis samuSaos dakargvis safrTxes kvalificiuri
muSaxelis­Tvisac ki.
globalur bazarze amerikis poziciis gamyarebisa da amerikelebis samsaxuriT uzrunvel­
yofis garantiis amaRlebisaTvis saWiroa ame­rikuli kompaniebis mier Sida produqciaSi inves­
ticiebis moculobis gazrda. es gulisxmobs ara mxolod axali manqana-danadgarebis SeZenas,
aramed ganaTlebaSi, profesiul gadamzadebaSi, transportsa da sxva jansaRi Sida ekonomiki­
saTvis saWiro samTavrobo programebSi saxelmwifo investiciebis mxardaWeras. Tumca, mravali
biznes-lideri upiratesobas aniWebs samxedro seqtoris mxardaWeras, rac miznad isaxavs stabi­
luri saerTaSoriso garemos SenarCunebas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs globaluri vaWro­
bisa da investiciebis ayvavebas (ferkiusoni da rojersi, 1986) da ganapirobebs Sida ekonomi­
kuri bazisis Sesustebas.
sociologebis nawili miiCnevs, rom Sida investiciebis mxar­daWeris mizniT, aSS-s esaWiroeba
erovnuli industriuli politika, rac SemuSavebuli aqvT mis ZiriTad konkurentebs (stirnsi,
1992). magaliTad, germaniasa da iaponiaSi mTavroba da biznesseqtori aqtiurad TanamSromlobs
da erTad ibrZvis erovnuli ekonomikis gasaZliereblad. mTavroba mizanmimarTulad uwyobs
xels qveynis keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sferoebis ganviTarebas. magaliTad, 1950-ian
wlebSi iaponiis mTavrobam imiT Seuwyo xeli konkurentunariani kompiuteruli industriis
ganviTarebas, rom daawesa damcavi tarifebi da kvotebi, daafinansa kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
proeqtebi da finansurad daexmara kompaniebs. Sedegad 1970 wlisaTvis iaponiis wili msoflio
kompiuterul bazarze 60%-iT gaizarda (stirnsi, 1992).
linda stirnsis (1992) azriT, amerikis industriulma politikam unda gaaerTianos sami ram:
upirveles yovlisa, man mxari unda dauWiros zrdis maRali potencialis mqone axali sferoebis
ganivTarebas (mag., biogenetika an robotebi). amis gakeTeba mTavrobas SeuZlia maRali kvalifi­
kaciis mqone muSaxelis uzurnvelyofiT, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb proeqtebis SemuSave­
biT da agreTve dabali saprocento ganakveTiani xangrZlivi sesxebiT. amis Semdeg saxelmwifo
industriulma politikam unda xeli Seuwyos im moZvelebuli industriebis modernizacias,
romlebsac jer kidev moepovebaT imis potenciali, rom konkurencia gaswion saerTaSoriso ba­
zarze (magaliTad, foladis warmoeba). amisaTvis saWiroa importis SezRudva ucxouri firmebi­
saTvis, raTa adgilobriv kompaniebs mieces manqana-danadgarebis SeZenisa da investiciebis
mozidvis saSualeba. da mesame _ erovnulma industriulma politikam xeli unda Seuwyos im
sferoebis gauqmebas, romlebsac zrdis potenciali aRar gaaCniaT. amisaTvis saxelmwifos Seu­
Zlia dasaqmebulebs gadamzadebis programebi SesTavazos, xolo Sesabamis kompaniebs xeli Se­
uSalos da ar gaaflangvinos dro da fuli amao investiciebis ZebnaSi. stirnsis azriT, mxolod
amgvaradaa SesaZlebeli, rom aSS-m kvlav aRidginos ekonomikuri siZliere axal saerTaSoriso
ekonomikaSi.

620
mTavrobis roli kapitalistur sistemebSi

adam smiTi albaT verasdros warmoidgenda, rom kapitalizmi ase gavrcelde­

boda msoflioSi da dRevandel saxes miiRebda. is aseve ver warmoidgenda, rom
ama Tu im qveynis xelisufleba am doneze Caereoda ekonomikaSi, rogorc es dRes
xdeba. ekonomikis smiTiseuli gageba ZiriTadad funqciuri iyo. is fiqrobda, rom
yvela im piris ekonomikuri moqmedeba, romlebsac ufleba aqvT, gaakeTon arCev­
ani, gaerTiandeboda saerTo ekonomikuri sistemis sakeTildReod. misi rwmeniT,
sa­xelmwifom neitraluri politika unda airCios da arCevanis pirispir datovos
binzesi, dasaqmebulebi da momxmareblebi. smiTis mosazrebiT, konkurencia Tavi­
si dajildoebisa da dasjis meqanizmebiT aamuSavebda mTel sistemas. saxelmwifos
erTaderTi movaleobaa, iTamaSos `xelisSemwyobis~ roli, anu uzrunvelyos mwar­
moeblebi da momxmareblebi Sesabamisi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT (magaliTad,
fuliT, gzebiT, samoqalaqo sasamarTloebiT da a.S), rac saSualebas miscems maT,
ganaxorcielon ekonomikuri transaqciebi.
ekonomikis sxva Teoretikosebi ki amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo ufro metad
ekonomikur sistemebSi unda CaerTos, radgan ekonomikis idealuri integracia av­
tomaturi da bunebrivi procesi ar aris. am mosazrebas bevri iziarebs. `xelisSem­
wyobis~ funqcia saxelmwifos erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi funqciaa, romelsac is
Tanamedrove kapitalistur sistemebSi asrulebs. misi meore rolia `damxmares~
roli, anu saxelmwifo unda daexmaros sxvadasxva socialur jgufs _ Raribebs,
umuSevrebs da unarSezRudulebs da arc dabalfasiani importis Semodinebis
safrTxis winaSe mdgari konkretuli industriebi datovos uyuradRebod. sain­
teresoa, rom saxelmwifo zogjer exmareba erT jgufs meores winaaR­mdeg brZola­
Si. amave dros Tanamedrove kapitalistur sistemebSi mTavrobebi asruleben `regu­
latorebis~ funqciasac. isini icaven biznesebs usamarTlo konkurenciisagan,
momxmareblebs _ potenciurad saziano produqtisagan, umciresobebs _ usamarT­
lo diskriminaciisagan da a.S. mTavrobebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yvelaze
msxvili `momxmareblebic~ arian xolme. samTavrobo kontraqtebi xnagrZlivi da
warmatebuli biznesis sawindaria, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas aZlevs korpora­
ciebsa da kompaniebs, ganaxorcielon farTo masStabis kvlevebi da izrunon ganvi­
Tarebaze. Sedegad ki Cndeba axali gamogonebebi da inergeba siaxleebi, rac momge­
biania sazogadoebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tanamedrove kompiuteruli industriis
ganviTarebas, personaluri kompiuterebisa da programuli uzrunvelyofis far­
To arCevanis CaTvliT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli iseTma msxvilma samTavrobo
saagentoebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, IRS-i (burnhemi, 1983).
dRes aSS-Si mTavroba ZiriTad da aucilebel rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi. is
aris orive erTad _ regulatoric da momxmarebelic. samTavrobo saagentoebis
gareSe, romlebic mudmivad akontroleben Tavisufal mewarmeTa saqmianobas,
TaRliToba, usamarTlo fasebi, saSiSi produqtebi da garemos dabinZureba gac­
ilebiT ufro gavrcelebuli iqneboda, vidre dRes aris. aseve umniSvnelovanesia
saxelmwifos, rogorc ZiriTadi momxmareblis roli. saxelmwifo yovelwliurad
miliardobiT dolars xarjavs biujetidan amerikuli kompaniebisa da korpora­

621
ciebis mier warmoebuli momsaxurebisa da saqonlis SesaZenad. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mier maRalteqnologiuri saqonlis SeZena, radgan
amiT xeli ewyoba inovaciebis danergvasa da ganviTarebas.

socializmi: kapitalizmis alternativa?

kapitalizmis alternativa _ socializmi, konkurenciasTan SedarebiT upi­

ratesobas socialur TanamSromlobas aniWebs da sazogadoebis saWiroebas ufro
maRla ayenebs, vidre SeZlebuli socialuri klasisas. socializmis misaRwevad
yvelaze gavrcelebuli midgomebi gulisxmobs warmoebis saSualebebis kontrols
an sakuTrebas mTlianad sazogadoebis an muSaTa Temebis mier.

socialistebis mier kapitalizmis kritika

socializmis koncefcia XIX saukuneSi ganviTarda im adamianebis mier, rom­

lebic mkacrad akritikebdnen kapitalizms. kapitalizmis ideam industriuli
revoluciis periodSi bevrze Sokismomgvreli efeqti moaxdina. adrindeli nax­
Sirze momuSave qarxnebi gamo­nabolqviT ukiduresad abinZurebdnen garemos. axla
teq­nologiurma progresma aTasobiT muSa samuSaos gareSe datova. mTeli mogeba
qar­xnebis mflobelebis jibeebSi midioda da ara im muSebisa, romlebic realu­
rad qmnidnen produqcias. mdidari kapitalistebisa da qarxnebSi mZime samuSaos
Semsruleblebis Semosavali Zalze gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan (es gansxvaveba
dRemde arsebobs). mflobelebi xSirad cdilobnen, xeli SeeSalaT muSaTa Tavyri­
lobisaTvis, radgan safuZvlianad SiSobdnen, rom aseTi Tavyrilobebi SromiTi ka­
vSirebis daarsebis safuZveli gaxdeboda (rac araerTxel moxda kidec). ise Canda,
rom sixarbem daCrdila zneoba da saerTo sargeblis survili _ mwarmoeblebi mud­
mivad amcirebdnen xelfasebs, zrdidnen samuSao dRis xangrZlivobas da umowyalod
iyenebdnen dedamiwis amowurvad resursebs, mxolod imisTvis, rom ufro da ufro
meti sargebeli enaxaT. kritikosebma daiwyes gamosvlebi `moraluri ekonomikis~
moTxovniT (tomsoni, 1968). maT surdaT sistema, sadac ar iarsebebda ara mxolod
kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mankierebebi (magaliTad, arasrulwlovanTa
Sroma, saSiSi samuSao pirobebi, dabali xelfasebi da grZeli samuSao dRe), aramed,
SenarCundeboda tradiciuli saTemo cxovreba, romelsac kapitalizmi nel-nela
anadgurebda. swored am situaciaSi Camoyalibda socializmi.
adreuli socialistebi iyvnen qristianebi, romelTa religiuri mrwamsi gmob­
da kapitalistebis gaumaZRrobasa da sixarbes. maT Soris iyvnen qarxnebis ricxvis
zrdis gamo umuSevrad darCenili xelosnebi. garda amisa, socialistebis rigebSi
mravalad iyvnen utopistebi, romlebic idealuri sazogadoebis Seqmnaze ocne­
bobdnen. kapitalizmis adrindel kritikosebs Soris karl marqsi yvelaze gavle­
niani gaxldaT. is arc kapitalizmis moraluri kritikosi iyo da arc utopisti
_ marqsi iyo mecnieri, romelic cdilobda, empiriulad ganeviTarebina Teoria,
romelic ekonomikas socialur organizaciasTan daakavSirebda.

622
 rogorc pirveli da meSvide Tavebis Seswavlisas vnaxeT, marqsi yuradRebas
amaxvilebda kapitalistebis mier muSaTa klasis eqspluataciaze. is amtkicebda,
rom amgvari Zaladoba kapitalizmis Seuqcevadi Sedegia da ara kapitalis­tebis
zneobis deficiti. kapitalistebis mogeba efuZneba muSaxels da ara im saqonlis
Rirebulebas, romelsac isini uSveben. muSebis xelfasebis mateba gamoiwvevs mo­
gebis Semcirebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, kapitalistebs bazris mitovebis survil­
ic ki SeiZleba gauCndeT. Tumca, mTavari mainc ucvlelad rCeba: muSebs, romleb­
sac dabali xelfasebi aqvT, ar SeuZliaT im produqciis SeZena, romelsac Tavad
amzadeben qarxnebSi. Tu konkretul saqonelze moTxovna daecema, kapitalistebi
muSebs samsaxuridan daiTxoven, magram es mxolod gaauaresebs mdgomareobas,
radgan am saqonelze moTxovna kidev ufro daecema _ arc umuSevrebs aqvT SeZe­
nis saSualeba. Tu kapitalizmi ar daingra da moiSala amgvari krizisebis dros,
marqsis azriT, muSebi etapobrivad Seicnoben saerTo interess da gaer­Tiandebian
kapitalisturi reJimis dasamxobad.
marqsis ramdenime prognozi gamarTlda, ramdenime _ ara. man sworad iwinas­
warmetyvela is krizisi, romelic amerikam 1930-ian wlebSi ganicada `didi depre­
siis~ saxiT. marqsma isic ki iwinaswarmetyvela, rom kapitalistebi xandaxan omis
safrTxis winaSec dadgebodnen, rodesac mzardi produqciis gasaRebis problema
Seiqmneboda. is, rac marqsma ver gansazRvra, iyo mTavrobis monawi­leoba ekonomi­
kur procesebSi _ swored is, ramac ixsna amerika ganmeorebiTi `didi depresiisa­
gan~ (Tumca, mcire krizisebi periodulad mainc xdeba msoflioSi; valerStaini,
1984). marqsi aseve Secda, rodesac ganacxada, rom kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
muSebi iseT siRatakeSi Cavardebodnen, rom gaerTiandebodnen da gadatriale­
bas moawyobdnen. gasuli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanamed­rove kapitalistur qvey­
nebSi muSebis mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda, Tumca mainc ar moxerxda
maTsa da kapitalistebs Soris arsebuli napralis amovseba. magram savaraudod,
cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobeseba nawilobriv kapitalstebis mier ganviTa­
rebad qveynebSi muSebis eqspluataciis Sedegicaa (roqsborou, 1990). albaT, amiT
aixsneba is faqti, rom socialisturi revoluci­ebi, romlebic aqamde momxdara
msoflioSi, kapitalistur qveynebSi ki ar moxda, aramed kapitalisturi ganviTa­
rebis gardamaval etapze myof ganviTarebad qveynebSi.

eqsperimentebi socializmSi

socialistebi ara mxolod akritikebdnen kapitalizms, aramed Seecadnen kidec

mis Secvlas. aSS-Si maTi mcdeloba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo kapitalistebisaT­
vis ufro meti socialuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaken. swored maTi mcd­
elobis Sedegad SemoiRes kanoni minimaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb, dawesda umuSev­
robis dazRveva. dasavleT evropaSi socialistebma kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
reformebi gaatares _ muSebs ufro saimedo dacva Seuqmnes, meti SeRavaTebis
mopoveba SeZles socialurad daucveli fenisaTvis, xolo maTi mondomebiT jan­
dacva ufaso gaxda an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Zalze dabali fasi daedo. am qvey­
nebma SeinarCunes kapitalizmis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, magram irwmunebian, rom maTi

623
qveynis sistemebs aSS-sTan SedarebiT gacilebiT sufTa socialuri sindisi aqvT.
amis Sedegad dasavleT evropis qveynebs xSirad uwodeben dasavlur demokratias.
danarCen msoflioSi, kerZod _ ruseTSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTsa da kubaSi,
socialistebi Seecadnen, revoluciuri gzebiT CaenacvlebinaT kapitalizmi. maT
uaryves kerZo sakuTreba, konkurentuli bazari da mogebis motivacia. zogadad,
socialisturi reformebi ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre revoluciuri so­
cializmi. am faqts davadasturebT dasavleT evropis qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli
socialisturi reformebisa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi momxdari socialisturi
revoluciis ganxilvisas. meCvidmete TavSi ki, romelic globalur uTanasworo­
bas exeba, vnaxavT, rogor muSaobs socializmi mesame rigis qveynebSi.

socialisturi reforma. dasavleT evropis demokratiuli qveynebis eko­

nomikuri sistemebi socialuri reformis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, am saxelmwifoe­
bSi sxvadasxva yaidis socialistebi (rogorc marqsistebi, aseve aramarqsistebi)
uerTdebian SromiT kavSirebsa da sxva jgufebs, raTa arCevnebis gziT Zalaufle­
ba moipovon. yvelaze warmatebuli socialisturi partia skandinaviaSia. garda
amisa, socialistebi avstriaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTsa da es­
paneTSic sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi liderobdnen, xolo rac Se­
exeba italias, maT iq Zalaufleba gaiyves.
dasavleT evropis socializmi gansxvavdeba marqsis mier nawinaswarmetyvele­
bi socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemisagan _ dasavleTevropuli socializmi ar
aRiarebs warmoebis yvela saSualebis saxelmwifo kuTvnilebas. SvedeTSi socia­
listuri mTavrobebi aregulireben industrias, magram ar dapatronebian mas. saf­
rangeTSi socialistebi moiTxoven ZiriTadi industriebidan mxolod zogis ga­
dacemas saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. dasavleT evropis socia­listuri sistemebis
umetesoba ar gulisxmobs centralur doneze imis dagegmarebas, Tu ra unda iqnes
warmoebuli, vin unda awarmoos da rogor unda ganawildes warmoebuli produq­
cia. amis nacvlad, am sistemebSi arsebobs mZafri konkurencia calkeul pirebsa
da kompaniebs Soris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofisas. amgvarad,
dasavleT evropis demokratiulma socialisturma sa­xelmwifoebma kapitalizmis
ganadgurebis nacvlad mTavrobebi gamoiyenes mis asalagmad da muSebis keTil­
dReobis dasacavad.
dasavleTevropuli socializmis zogma aspeqtma sxvebze kargad imuSava. maga­
liTad, saxelmwifos mier ZiriTadi industriebis misakuTrebam (am process na­
cionalizacia ewodeba) sxvadasxva Sedegi gamoiRo _ saxelmwifo kuTvnilebaSi
gadacemulma zogma biz­nesma gaagrZela warmatebiT saqmianoba, magram rig Sem­
TxvevebSi es ase ar momxdara. nacionalizaciis procesi warmatebuli gamodga
komunaluri momsaxurebisa da satransporto industriis SemTxvevaSi, magram
sapirispiro Sedegi aCvena warmoebis industriis SemTxvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT bev­
ri problema iCens xolme Tavs, rodesac xdeba gakotrebuli kompaniis naciona­
lizacia TanamSromlebisaTvis samuSaoebis SenarCunebis mizniT. demokratiuli
qveynebis socialistTa mcdeloba, ezrunaT kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli muSebis
keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad, kidev ufro warmatebuli da myari SedegiT

624
dagvirgvinda. amgvari mcdelobebis Sedegad SemoiRes umuSevarTa daxmareba,
gaumjobesda jandacvis sistema da ARaribTa daxmarebis mizniT Seqmnili prog­
ramebi. am mcdelobebis Sedegad gaumjobesda zogadi samuSao pirobebic, magali­
Tad, gaizarda minimaluri xelfasis odenoba da gaumjobesda usafrTxoebis stan­
dartebi samuSao adgilebze. keTildReobis SenarCunebisaken mimarTuli aseTi
nabijebi am qveynebs sulac ar daujdaT aRmasvlisa da warmatebis fasad. magali­
Tad, SvedeTSi, sadac 1945 wlidan ZiriTadad socialistebi lideroben, aSS-sTan
SedarebiT cxovrebis gacilebiT ukeTesi standartebia. axlo warsulSi italiasa
da safrangeTSi socialisti prezidentebis mosvlis Semdeg, ekonomikurma zrdam
ufro maRal maCvenebels miaRwia, vidre aSS-Si (Tumca socialistebis mmarTvelo­
ba qveyanaSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis garanti ar aris). dabolos, dasavleT ev­
ropis qveynebSi gatarebulma socialisturma reformebma xeli Seuwyo mosaxleo­
baSi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebas (inglharti, 1990).
socialisturi revolucia. meoce saukuneSi socialisturi revolu­ciebi
da komunisturi saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mox­
da, kerZod, _ ruseTsa da aRmosavleT evropis e.w. `satelituri~ qveynebidan Ci­
neTSi, kubaSi, vietnamsa da sxva mesame rigis qveynebSi. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
yofili sabWoTa kavSiri iyo pirveli qveyana, sadac warmatebiT ganxorcielda so­
cialisturi revolucia da yvelaze didxans gaZ­lo komunisturma reJimma, Cvenc
mis magaliTs gamoviyenebT.
ruseTSi socialisturi revolucia 1917 wlis oqtomberSi moxda. maSin Zalau­
fleba bolSevikebma Caigdes xelSi. bolSevikebma, gansakuTrebiT leninis Semcv­
lelis, ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis dros, Seqmnes diqtatoruli centraluri
mTavroba, sadac komunisturi partiis wevrebi absolutur umravlesobaSi arian.
es yvelaferi sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeboda marqsis proletariatis diqtatis kon­
cefcias, romlis mixedviT, am diqtats unda amoeZirkva kapitalizmis mankierebebi
da gza gaekvala komunizmisaken, sadac saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT gauCinardebo­
da, radgan is, ubralod, saWiro aRar iqneboda. komunizmisaken gardamaval etaps
socializmi uwodes.
socialisturi principebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebis yvela saSua­
leba saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi gadavida. ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, bazris
monawileebis nacvlad, dagegmarebis mTavari sabWo iRebda. wliuri da xuTwliani
gegmebis meSveobiT, moskovSi arsebuli komitetis wevrebi sazRvravdnen ra saxi­
sa da raodenobis saqoneli unda gamoeSva sawarmos da rogor unda ganawilebu­
liyo warmoebuli produqcia. Semdeg ministrebi adgilobriv doneze awesebdnen
kvotebs TiToeuli sabWoTa fabrikisa da sxva sawarmoebisaTvis. iq momuSave uamrav
muSas ki xelfass saxelmwifo uxdida. amgvarad, damgegmavebi imedovnebdnen, rom
SeZlebdnen warmoebisa da ganawilebis imgvari sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic
ufro samarTliani da xarjTaRricxvis TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqturi iyo, vidre
kapitalisturi sistema.
problemebma dasawyisSive iCina Tavi. glexebi winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen saxel­
mwifo miwebis koleqtiur damuSavebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, ssrk-s problemebi
Seeqmna mosaxleobis `gamokvebisas~. industriis ganviTarebisas sayofacxovre­

625
bo moxmarebis saqonel­Tan SedarebiT samxedro sferos eniWeboda upiratesoba.
moxmarebis sagnebi, dawyebuli tualetis qaRaldiT da damTavrebuli avtomo­
bilebiTa da televizorebiT, dabali xarisxiTa da mudmivi deficitiT gamoirCe­
oda (aslundi, 1989). adamianebi saaTobiT idgnen rigebSi kbilis pastis an sapnis
SesaZenad. am dros xSirad vrceldeboda Wori, rom raRacas _ Zalian saWirosa
da maRali xarisxisas _ wuTi-wuTze miitanden ama da am maRaziaSi. xalxi maSinve
im maRaziisken garboda da amis gamo TanamSromlebs xSirad uwevdaT samsaxuris
gacdena (Smelevi da popovi, 1989).
garda amisa, centralur doneze dagegmarebul sabWoTa ekonomikas mniS­
vnelovnad aferxebda biurokratia da korufcia, romelsac aZlierebda komunis­
turi partiis wevrebisagan Semdgari mcirericxovani jgufis diqtatura. mwarmoeb­
lebs ar gaaCndaT motivacia, ewarmoebinaT maRali xarisxis produqcia Sesabamis
fasad. mTavrobis kuTvnilebaSi myofi sabWoTa sawarmoebi ar eqvemdebareboda mi­
wodebisa da saWiroebis kanonzomierebas, rogorc es kapitalizmis pirobebSi xde­
boda. Tu romelime sawarmos xarjebi Semosavalze meti aRmoCndeboda, saxelmwifo
am sawarmos subsidiebs gamouyofda. is, rac erTnairad moeTxoveboda yvela sab­
WoTa mewarmes, iyo warmoebis amocanebis Sesruleba. saxelmwifo pasu­xismgebeli
iyo nedleulis momaragebaze da dasrulebuli produqciis SeZenaze, ris Sedega­
dac mza produqcia saxelmwifos kuTvnil maRaziebs miewodeboda. mmarTvelebis
kariera damokidebuli iyo ara im adamianebze, romlebic yidulobdnen maT mier
warmoebul produqcias, aramed imaze, Tu rogor asiamovnebdnen isini maRalCino­
san biurokratebs. amgvarad, produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da efeqturi
warmoebis motivacia TiTqmis ar arsebobda, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa warmoeba or-
samjer met resurss moixmarda erTi da imave raodenobis produqtis warmoebi­
saTvis, vidre amerikuli kapitalisturi warmoeba (agnabegiani, 1988).
sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meore problema gaxldaT mwarmoeb­
lebisa da mommarageblebis koordinacia. warmoidgineT, rom erTi adamiania pa­
suxismgebeli yvela sawarmos saWiro raodenobis nedleuliT uzrunvelyofaze.
amitom gasakviri araa, rom nedleulis nakleboba da dagvianebiT miwodeba sab­
WoTa kavSirSi normad iTvleboda. mwarmoeblebs xSirad uwevdaT nedleulis
defi­citis Sevseba uxarisxo alternativiT. centralur doneze dagegmarebam,
romelsac Sedegad ukeTesi ekonomikuri integracia unda mohyoloda, vidre kapi­
talizmis pirobebSi, sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo: kerZod, disfunqciu­
ri warmoebisa da ganawilebis sistema, sadac ekonomikis sxvadasxva nawili sustad
iyo dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis sistemaSi Tavi iCina garkveulma problemebma,
ramac krizisis xasiaTi miiRo. komunisturi partiis generalurma mdivanma, mixeil
gorbaCovma safuZveli Cauyara `gardaqmnis~ (perestroikis) kampanias, romelic
miznad isaxavda ekonomikis komunistur sistemaSi kapitalisturi elementebis
TandaTanobiT danergvas (zaslavskaia, 1990). magram `gardaqmniT~ gaTvaliswineb­
uli reformebi Zalian umniSvnelo da Tanac dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. 1988 wlisa­
Tvis sabWoTa ekonomikis mdgomareobam gauaresebisaken aiRo gezi da, sabolood,
1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiri ramdenime sxvadasxva saxelmwifod daiSala, romlebmac

626
Seqmnes `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba~, dagmes komunizmi da kursi
kapitalizmisaken aiRes. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi banakis mravalma qve­
yanamac sakuTari problemis gadaWris gzad kapitalizmi airCia.

komunizmidan kapitalizmSi gadasvla

aRmosavleT evropaSi

kapitalizmisaken gadasvlis procesi erTnairi tempiT ar war­marTula aR­

mosavleT evropis yvela qveyanaSi (beilisi, 1994). es pro­cesi yvelaze Cqari tem­
piT CexeTis respublikaSi ganxorcielda, Semdeg _ ungreTsa da poloneTSi, xolo
yvelaze nela _ iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa albaneTi da bulgareTi. ruseTSi,
rome­lic yvelaze didi postsabWouri qveyanaa, es procesi saSualo tempiT mimdi­
nareobs. zogadad, swrafi transformaciisaTvis iseTi qveynebi aRmoCndnen mzad,
romlebsac kargad ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri sistema hqondaT.
im qveynebSic ki, romlebSic sazogadoeba kapitalistur principebs miesalme­
boda, cvlileba erT RameSi ar momxdara. SedarebiT iolia mcire zomis sacxobis
gaxsna, magram Zalian Znelia kerZo investorebis moZebna, magaliTad, foladis
mwarmoebeli qarxnebisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxerxda amgvari investoris mo­
Zebna, misi upirvelesi moTxovna iqneba muSaxelis Semcireba xarjebis Semcirebis
mizniT, rasac adre, Cveulebriv, samoqalaqo ukmayofileba mohyveboda xolme Tan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zog postsabWour qveyanaSi arCevnebis gziT xelisuf­
lebis saTaveSi yofili komunisti liderebi movidnen, es imas ar niSnavs, rom es
qveynebi isev komunizmisaken Setrialda. yofili komunistebi axla sakuTar Tavs
social-demokratebs uwodeben da kapitalizmis SedarebiT rbili formisaTvis
ibrZvian. es mimzidvelad JRers gansakuTrebiT im amomrCevlebisaTvis, romleb­
mac mtkivneulad gadaitanes socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi. warmate­
buli transformaciac ki mZime aRmoCnda Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis, radgan am
procesebs, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs umuSevrobis maRali done da fasebis zrda.
komunizmidan kapitalizmSi swraf gadasvlas Tan axlavs funqciuri integra­
ciis seriozuli problemebi (burevio da lukasi, 1992; kovaCi da tardosi, 1992).
aSS-Si da sxva kapitalistur qveynebSi sxvadasxva socialuri institutebi erTad
muSaoben kapitalizmis asamoqmedeblad. aq arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic aregu­
lirebs sakuTrebas, sapensio fondebs, saprocento ganakveTebs. aseve, arsebobs
finansuri bazari, sadac vaWroben kompaniebis aqciebiTa da fasiani qaRaldebiT,
xolo samTavrobo samsaxurebi yuradRebas aqceven vaWrobis patiosnebas. ameri­
kaSi moqmedebs bankebis uzarmazari qselic, romelic mewarmeebs sesxebis aRebis
saSualebas aZlevs, amave dros saqme kontroldeba mTeli rigi samTavrobo saa­
gentoebis mier. Tanamedrove korporaciebi swored amgvar kapitalistur insti­
tutebze arian damokidebulebi, romlebic dasavleTSi aswleulebis manZilze
viTardeboda, aRmosavleT evropa ki maT ganviTarebas erT dekadaSi cdilobs da
gasakviri arcaa, rom problemebs awydeba.

627
 am problemebs Soris maregulirebeli institutis ararsebobas pirveli adgili
ukavia mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelma biznesmeneb­
ma SeiZleba ukmayofileba gamoTqvan samTavrobo maregulirebeli samsaxurebis
mimarT, erTi ram faqtia, rom kapitalisturi sistema maTzea damokidebuli. maga­
liTad, fasiani qaRaldebisa da savaluto komisiis gareSe TaRliToba albaT
gavrcelebuli saqmianoba iqneboda saqmian wreebSi da investorebi sakuTar fuls
aravis andobdnen, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seamcirebda sawarmoebisa da kompaniebisaTvis
xelmisawvdom resur­sebs. analogiurad, profesiuli usafrTxoebisa da jandacvis
ad­ministracia Tvalyurs adevnebs, rom kapitalistebma ar moindomon sawarmoe­
bis Senaxvis Tanxebis Semcireba TanamSromlebis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
riskis fasad, xolo garemos dacvis samsaxuri akontrolebs maT saqmianobas gare­
mos dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebis kuTxiT. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi arc
erTi msgavsi maregulirebeli samsaxuri ar arsebobs kerZo saqmosnebisaTvis, rac
ukiduresad arTulebs moqmedi kapitalisturi sistemis Camoyalibebas.
kidev erTi problema, rac seriozulad abrkolebs aRmosavleT evropis qvey­
nebis kapitalistur sistemaSi gadasvlas, aris danaSaulis maRali maCvenebeli,
rac umTavresad Tavisufal bazarTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. ungreTSi 1989-90
wlebSi qonebasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebebis ricxvma 69%-iT moimata. polo­
neTSic igive dafiqsirda. danaSaulis maCveneblis zrda imiTacaa ganpirobebuli,
rom gardamaval periodSi jer isev damkvidrebis procesSia axali socialuri da
ekonomikuri sistemis wesebi da samarTaldamcav organoebsac xSirad ar hyof­
niT resursi da SesaZlebloba axali kanonebis gasatareblad. (lotspaixi, 1995).
yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia organizebuli danaSaulis qselis Camoyalibeba, romlis
mizania, biznesmenebs regularulad gamosZalos e.w. `dacvis anazRaureba~.
danaSaulis gavrcelebam xeli Seuwyo axali klasis aRmocenebas aRmosavleT
evropaSi. gaCndnen mdidari adamianebi, romlebic fufunebaSi cxovroben, yidu­
loben ZviradRirebul, importirebul saqonels maSin, rodesac maTi Tanamemamu­
leebis didi nawili gadarCenisaTvis ibrZvis. magaliTad, moskovSi, rols-roisis
warmomadgnelobis gaxsnidan ramdenime saaTSi, erTma mamakacma manqana 262000
dolarad SeiZina da Tanxa naRdi fuliT gadaixada. bevria iseTic, romlebic
5000 dolarad yiduloben xelovnuri bewvis qurqebs, `kartieris~ majis saaTSi
6000 dolars ixdian da atareben 250000 dolarad Rirebul briliantis beWdebs
(popovski da sxvebi, 1994). e.w. `axali rusebis~ ase TvalSisacemi fufuneba gaRi­
zianebisa da guliswyromis sababi xdeba qveyanaSi, sadac mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80
procenti siRaribis zRvarze an mis miRma cxovrobs.
kidev erTi faqtori, rac aRmosavleT evropelebis ukmayofilebas iwvevs,
aris maTi kulturuli normebis swrafi cvlileba. rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniS­
neT, sociologiis fuZemdebeli emil durkhaimi amtkicebda (1893/1985, 1897/1951),
rom kulturis funqciaa sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofa wesebisa da SezRudvebis
sistemiTa da SesaZlo molodinebiT. mZafri socialuri cvlilebebis dros, rode­
sac es kulturuli elementebi safrTxis winaSe dgeba, adamianebi xSirad kargaven
socialur pasuxismgeblobas da ar ician, vin arian da saiT miemarTebian. es mdgo­

628
mareoba anomiis saxeliTaa cnobili da umetes SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis donis zrdasa
da masobriv ukmayofilebas ukavSirdeba. aRmosavleT evropaSi Catarebulma erT-
erTma kvlevam daadastura, rom iqauri mosaxleoba Tavs zustad ise grZnobs, ro­
gorc amas durkhaimis anomiis Teoria aRwers (artsi, hermkensi da van viti, 1885).

biznes-institutebi aSS-Si

im struqturuli principebis analizis garda, romlis garSemoc ekonomikaa

organizebuli (magaliTad: saxelmwifo sakuTreba kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg,
konkurentuli bazari centralur doneze dagegmarebis winaaRmdeg) sociologia
Seiswavlis im sxva­dasxva institutsac, sadac xorcieldeba ekonomikuri moqmede­
ba. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba profesiuli kavSirebi, savaWro pala­tebi, savalu­
to birJebi, saxelmwifo samsaxurebi da mravali sxva tipis organizacia. aSS-Si
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri institutebi biznessawarmoebia, erTi mxriv,
giganturi korporaciebisa da, meore mxriv, wvrili sawarmoebis CaTvliT.

korporaciuli amerika
rodesac korporaciul amerikaze vsaubrobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ZiriTadad
msxvili korporaciebi, Tumca maTSi mravali mcire biznesicaa gaerTianebuli. kor­
poraciul amerikaSi mcire­ricxovani giganturi kompaniebi ganageben ekonomikas.
zogi maTgani erT sferoSia Tavmoyrili _ magaliTad, awarmoeben navTobs, folads
an avtomobilebs. Tumca, arsebobs mravalprofiliani kor_poraciebic, romlebic
sxvadasxva profilis mcire kompaniebisagan Sedgeba. magaliTad, giganturi kor­po­
racia Nabisco lideria Tambaqos, sakonditro nawarmisa da gaziani sasmelebis war­
moebaSi da dakavebulia uZrav qonebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobiTac.
korporaciis ganmasxvavebli niSani misi instituciuri struqturaa. korpora­
cia (sityvasit­y­viT niSnavs `Seqmnil sxeuls~) aris organizacia, romelic kanoni­
Taa dafuZnebuli da miniWebuli aqvs sakuTari Zalaufleba da valdebuleba. yvela
korporacias, calkeuli pirebis msgavsad, SeuZlia daeuflos qonebas, wardges
sasamarTlos winaSe mosarCelis an mopasuxis ampluaSi, gaaformos satendero
xelSekrulebebi (den-koeni, 1986). korporaciaSi, rogorc wesi, gamijnulia mflo­
beloba da marTva. korporacia misi aqcionerebis sakuTrebaa. mis aqciebs SeiZleba
flobdes aTasobiT an milionobiT adamiani da sxva korporaciebi. aqcionerebi
cdiloben, moizidon investiciebi mogebis miRebis mizniT. maT ar ainteresebT kor­
poraciis marTva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqcioneri ar aris kmayofili korporaciis
menejmentiT, is amjobinebs, gayidos aqciebi, nacvlad imisa, rom scados korpora­
ciis menejmentis stilis Secvla. korporacias marTaven menejerebi, anu asobiT an
aTasobiT adamiani, romlebsac sxva TanamSromlebis zedamxed­veloba evalebaT.
Sida menejmentisa da farTomasStabiani kapitalizaciis warma­tebulma meTo­
dologiam zrdis SesaniSnavi saSualeba misca korporaciebs. Ford Motor Compa-

629
ny-s mogebam 1994 wels 5.3 miliardi dolari Seadgina. korporaciam am wels 130
miliardi dolaris produqcia gayida da misi uZravi qoneba 219 miliard dolars
gautolda (Fortune, 1995 wlis 15 aprili). korporaciis warmateba SeiZleba ganapi­
robos axali produqciis Seqmnam, warmoebis procesis gaumjobesebam an efeqtur­
ma marketingma. am warmatebis miRweva sxva kompaniebis yidvis xarjzecaa SesaZle­
beli. amgvarad, korporaciebi warmatebas aRwevs ara mxolod sakuTari funqciis
SesrulebiT ekonomikaSi, aramed maT xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebiTac.
am ukanasknelis magaliTia sxva kompaniebisa da firmebis aTviseba, romlis dro­
sac aTvisebul kompanias ukve aRar sWirdeba menejeri. amerikas amgvari mtruli
miTvisebebis mZlavrma talRam 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi gadauara. magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT Nabisco-s (firma, romelic ZiriTadad sakveb produqtebs
awarmoebda) mierTeba R.J. Raynolds Tobbaco-s mier. swored amgvari konfliqtebi
da ZalauflebisaTvis brZola daedo safuZvlad wigns `barbarosebi karibWes­
Tan~, romlis mixedviT Semdeg filmic gadaiRes. amgvari farTomasStabiani gaer­
Tianebebis Sedegad, rogorc wesi, moge­bulebi rCebian generaluri menejerebi,
iuristebi da finansistebi, da ara is kvalificiuri muSaxeli, romelic uSualod
warmoebis procesSia CarTuli.
amerikuli korporaciebis Zalauflebis kontrastma Cveuleb­riv moqalaqeeb­
Tan dakavSirebiT safuZveli Cauyara e.w. `asimetriuli sazogadoebis~ formire­
bas, sadac msxvili korporaciebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba rigiTi
moqalaqeebis Zalauflebas (termini `asimetriuli sazogadoeba~ ekuTvnis socio­
log jeims koulmens (1982, 1990). msxvil korporaciebs SeuZliaT, marTon uzarma­
zari resursi _ gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre es ubralo moqalaqes warmoudgenia.
amave dros korporaciebis miRwevebi aRemateba ubralo adamianebis miRwevebs da
rodesac adamiani msxvil korporacias upirispirdeba, rogorc wesi, es ukanaskne­
li uzarmazari upiratesobiT sargeblobs. upiratesoba aSkarad igrZnoba sawar­
moo travmebis da profesiuli daavadebebis SemTxvevaSic, rogoricaa magaliTad,
toq­sikur garemoSi muSaobis Sedegad kiboTi daavadebis SemTxvevebi. gigantur
korporacias SeuZlia, wlobiT gawelos janmrTelobis dazianebis gamo sasamarT­
loSi aRZruli sarCeli, radgan icis, rom mosarCele am xnis ganmavlobaSi SeiZle­
ba gardaicvalos an ubralod saxsrebi aRar eyos brZolis gasagrZeleblad (kal­
hauni da hileri, 1988). miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebis mravalricxovan jgufs
SeuZlia garkveuli gavlena moaxdinos korporaciebze, xSirad arc amgvari mcd­
elobaa sakmarisi am miznis misaRwevad (hatauei, 1993).

vin akontrolebs korporaciebs?

korporaciebis umaRlesi donis mmarTveli jgufis damaxasi­a­Teblebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. kapitalizmis adreul wlebSi, korporaciebs, ZiriTa­
dad, damfuZneblebi an maTi Svilebi marTavdnen (es dResac arsebobs samxreT
koreisa da iaponiis axlad Camoyalibebul korporaciebSi). adreuli periodis
menejerebis didi umravlesoba gamomgonelebi an mewarmeebi iyvnen, romlebsac

630
xSirad for­maluri ganaTleba ar qondaT miRebuli. maT Tavidan daiwyes saqme da
TandaTanobiT gaafarToes biznesi. Semdeg damfuZneblebi nel-nela Secvales da­
qiravebulma menejerebma, romlebic xSirad warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli pirebi iyvnen
(Tu saqme sawarmos exeboda da praqtikuli gamocdileba hqondaT produqciis war­
moebis saqmeSi). dRes, korporaciebis aRmasrule­bel menejerebs iuridiuli, biznes
monawileobs korporaciis sabWos wevri
im sabWoebis raodenoba, sadac agreTve

Manhattan
American

Central
Viscose

Chase

Alcoa
Corp.

Penn
54

34
16

9
American

Detroil Corp.
Express

National
25

United States
16

Lines

15
Bancorp.
Western
Standard

28
Brands

Continental
17

Con

Gillette
27

24
Morgan
J.P.
59

Gulf
Oil
General Motors

11
Life of N.Y.
Mutual
41

Hancock
Mutual
John

20
Continental

Metropolitan
Oil
22

Life

40
Ethyl
8

AT&T
Kennecott

37
Capper
National
Melton

Corp.

22
34

Industries

Polaroid
UV

2
Mansville
Johns -

21
Boston Corp.

USM

15

Newmont
Koppers
National

Procter &

Mining
Gamble
First

32

19

23

16

sqema 15.2 / General Motors-isa da sxva firmebis saerTo direqtorebi.

General Motors-is direqtorTa sabWos wevrebi sxva amerikul korporaciebSic asruleben
igive movaleobas. kvlevis ganxorcielebis wels GM-is direqtorTa sabWos wevrebi 29 sxva
korporaciis direqtorTa sabWos SemadgenlobaSic iyvnen. zemoxsenebuli kompaniebis sab­
Wos wevrebic, Sesabamisad, sxva kompaniebis sabWos wevrebic arian. sxva kompaniebis raode­
noba ovalur wreebSia miTiTebuli.

wyaro: bet minci da maikl Svarci `saerTo direqtorebi da interesTa jgufebis warmoqmna~.
amerikuli sociologiuri mimoxilva 46 (1981 wlis dekemberi, gv. 857).

631
an finansuri ganaTleba aqvT. maTi umravlesoba biznesis administrirebis magis­
tria (harvardis, stenfordis an romelime elituri saswavleblis kursdamTavre­
bulebi) an Sesabamisi xarisxi aqvs. umaRlesi donis aRmasruleblebi dRes ukve iS­
viaTad iwyeben karieras dabali safexurebidan. mZime industriis SemTxvevaSic ki,
isini Tavs ukeT grZnoben kompiuterebTan, vidre manqana-danadgarebTan.
Teoriulad, korporaciebis umaRlesi donis menejerebi pasu­xismgeblebi arian
direqtorTa sabWos wevrebis winaSe, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, aqcionerebis mimarT
akisriaT pasuxismgebloba. direqtorTa sabWos umetesoba Tormeti an TxuT­meti
wevrisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris arian kompaniis ufrosi aRmasruleblebi, ga­
moCenili biznesmenebi sxva kompaniebidan da sazogado moRvaweebi. sabWos evaleba,
daicvas aqcionerTa da, garkveuli doziT, sazogadoebis interesebi, rasac isini,
rogorc wesi, kompaniis saqmianobis legitimurobis monitoringiT axorcieleben.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad sabWoebma mflobelebis interesebi unda
daicvas, praqtikaSi xSirad ase ar xdeba. umaRlesi donis menejerebi xSirad sabWos
wevrebad iseT adamianebs irCeven, romlebic iSviaTad uweven winaaRmdegobas me­­nej­
ments, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac arsebobs krizisis safrTxe (hermani, 1981).
sociologTa garkveuli jgufi amtkicebs, rom umaRlesi donis menejerebi,
sabWos wevrebi da msxvili aqcionerebi qmnian `kapitalistur elitas~ an `korpo­
raciul klass~ (milsi, 1951; homhofi, 1993). amave sociologebis azriT, am adamia­
nebis umetesobas msgavsi biografia (isini umetes SemTxvevaSi arian elituri biz­
nes-saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi), interesebi da
manerebi aqvT. isini korporaciul amerikas gadajaWvuli direqtorobis siste­
miT marTaven. es sistema Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romlebic ramdenime msxvili
korporaciis direqtorebi arian (hausCaildi, 1993; minci da Svarci, 1986). sqema
15.2 gviCvenebs General Motors-isa da ramdenime msxvili kompaniis gadajaWvul di­
reqtorobas. am mosazrebis erT-erTi mxardamWeris, maikl asimis (1980) mixedviT,
es qseli solidarobis grZnobiTa da saerTo mizniT akavSirebs sxvadasxva korpo­
raciebis mflobelebsa da menejerebs. saerTo mizani ki kapitalis gazrdaSi mdgo­
mareobs. asimis rwmeniT, kapitalisturi elitis dasaxuli miznebis warmatebiT
miRwevas swored maTi koleqtiuri Zalaufleba ganapirobebs.
sxva sociologebi acxadeben, rom gadajaWvuli elitis koncefcia gadaWarbe­
bulia. korporaciebis umaRlesi donis mmarTvelebi xSirad ar iziareben saerTo
mosazrebas. eduard hermanma (1981), romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
swavlobda umaRlesi donis korporaciul menejerebsa da korporaciuli sabWoe­
bis wevrebs, aRmoaCina, rom am ori jgufis wevrebs xSirad sxvadasxva interesebi
amoZravebT da amitom ar uWeren mxars saerTo politikis gatarebas. magaliTad,
romelime kompaniis sabWos wevri SeiZleba iyos im bankis warmomadgeneli, romelic
zemoxsenebul kompanias sesxs aZlevs. amitom, banki, romelic zedmetadaa dain­
teresebuli kompaniis finansuri stabilurobiT, mxars ar uWers im sarisko wina­
dadebebs, romelic marTebulad miaCniaT menejerebs. aqedan gamomdinare, arse­
bobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac direqtorebi da menejerebi ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs,
rac asustebs gadajaWvuli elitis gavlenas. am mosazrebas iziarebs neil flig­
Staini (fligStaini, 1990, 1995; fligStaini da brantli, 1992). misi mtkicebiT, ga­

632
reSe pirebis ZalTa urTierToba naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre is urTierToba,
romelic firmis SigniTaa Camoyalibebuli (maga­liTad, urTierToba kor­poraciis
sxvadasxva danayofebs Soris an korporaciuli ierarqiis sxvadasxva doneebs So­
ris). fligStaini agreTve acxadebs, rom firmebisTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovania
konkurencia bazris dasakaveblad, vidre is Zalaufleba, romelic gadajaWvul
elitas gaaCnia.
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs Tanamedrove
korporaciebis liderebi, maTi gavlena mainc uzarma­zaria. calkeuli kompaniebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, korporaciuli aRamsruleblis mier miRebulma gadawyvetilebam
SeiZleba aTasobiT adamianis cxovrebaze iqonios gavlena. swored isini wyveten
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qimiurad saSiSi nivTierebebis gamoyeneba fabrikebSi
an kompaniis usafrTxoebisaTvis gamiznuli biujetis sidide. Sua da dabali do­
nis menejerebi iSviaTad bedaven, amgvar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT umaRlesi do­
nis menejerebs SeewinaaRmdegon, radgan Tvlian, rom SeiZleba sakuTar karieras
safrTxe Seuqmnan (jakali, 1988). amgvarad, korporaciuli menejerebi Seadgenen
ukiduresad mZlavr jgufs, romlebsac gavlena aqvT rogorc kompaniis SigniT,
aseve mis gareTac.

multinacionalTa globaluri Zalaufleba

msxvili, Zlevamosili kompaniebis gavlena xSirad scildeba im qveynebs, sadac

maTi saTao ofisebia ganlagebuli. dRes amerikis umsxvilesi kompaniebi multi­
nacionaluri korporaciebia, romlebic mraval qveyanaSi filialebis meSveobiT
awarmoeben sakuTar saqmes. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom multinacionalurma kom­
paniebma metismeti Zalaufleba igdes xelT. bevri saxelmwifos mTavrobas ar Ses­
wevs maTi daregulirebis unari. navTobis didi kompaniebisa (magaliTad, Exxon-is)
da avtomobilebis qarxnebis (mag. General Motors-i) wliuri Semosavali bevrad aRe­
mateba im qveynebis Sida saerTo produqciis Rerebulebas, sadac isini muSaoben.
cxadia, am korporaciebs sakuTari finansuri resursebi mcirericxovani erebiT
manipulaciis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu multinacionalur korporacias
surs, rom Tavi aaridos gadasaxadebis gadaxdas im qveyanaSi, sadac gadasaxadebi
maRalia, mas SeuZlia ubralod gadaitanos sakuTari mogeba im qveynebSi, sadac
amgvari gadasaxadebi dabalia, Tanac amas kanonis darRvevis gareSe, sakuTari da­
nayofis gayidvis gziT moaxerxebs.
multinacionalur korporaciebs SeuZliaT, aseve mniSvne­lo­vani gavlena
moaxdinon ganviTarebadi qveynebis politikur da socialur institutebze.
magaliTad, rodesac multinacionaluri korporacia mkvidrdeba ganviTarebad
qveyanaSi, is mogebis gazrdis mizniT iyenebs sakuTar gavlenas, raTa am qveyanaSi
SenarCundes dabali gadasaxadebi da xelfasebi (Ceis-dani, 1975), ris Sedegadac
Semosavlis ganawileba ufro araTanabari xdeba, xolo ekonomikuri ganviTareba
ferxdeba (bornSieri da glamer-kao, 1979; bornSieri da hobi, 1981). garda amisa,
ganviTarebad qveynebSi moqmed multinacionalur korporaciebs SeuZliaT qrTa­

633
mis aRebiT da sxva arakanonieri gzebiTac miaRwion dasaxul mizans. isini zog Sem­
TxvevaSi arakeTilganwyobili mTavrobis Camogdebasac ki axerxeben. amgvari faqtis
yvelaze gaxmaurebuli SemTxveva 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls moxda, rodesac ITT
(amerikis saerTaSoriso satelefono da satelegrafo korporacia) milioni do­­la­
ri daxarja Ciles socialisti prezidentis, salvador aliendes CamogdebisaTvis.
amgvari faqtebis gaxmaurebis Sedegad zogma multinacionalurma korporaciam
SeimuSava strategia, romlis mixedviTac maT maspinZeli qveynis politikaSi Care­
vis done SezRudes (gaeros saerTaSoriso korporaciebis komisia, 1978).
bevri kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amgvari TviTSezRudvebi sakmarisi ar aris.
dRes aRmocenebis procesSia axali ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mqone struqtura,
romelic atarebs qveynebis politikur Zalauflebas. (barneti da kavanagi, 1994a).
iseTi kompaniebi rogoricaa, GM, IBM, Pepsico, General Electric, Pfizer, Shell, Volkswagen,
Exxon da albaT asamde sxva saerTaSoriso korporacia, gavlenas axdenen im qvey­
nebis warmatebaze, gadaxdis balanssa da politikur Zalaze, sadac sakuTar saq­
mianobas awarmoeben. am kompaniebidan TiToeuli gacilebiT mdidaria, vidre ram­
denime qveyana erTad. iqi­dan gamomdinare, rom es kompaniebi uzarmazar bizness
awarmoeben, sadac uamravi adamiania dasaqmebuli, mTavrobebi sul ufro metad
damokidebulebi xdebian maTze, raTa SeinarCunon sakuTari qveynis ekonomikuri
sijansaRe. magaliTad, Tu am kompaniebs raime SezRudvas dauweseben, aman SeiZleba
maspinZeli qveynisaTvis savalalo Sedegi gamoiRos _ savsebiT mosalodnelia, am
kompaniebma arasasurveli SezRudvis Tavidan asacileblad sakuTari saqmianoba
sxva qveyanaSi gadaitanon. aseTi moqmedeba msxvili korporaciebis mier finan­suri
mogebis gazrdis mizniT sakuTari Zalauflebis gamoye­nebis axali meqanizmia. kor­
poraciebis zrdasa da gaZlierebasTan erTad saxelmwifos Zalaufleba ufro da
ufro sustdeba, rasac Sedegad mohyveba is, rom ubralo moqalaqeebi, romlebic
veRar axdnen zegavlenas politikaze, kargaven kontrolsa da Zalauflebas. es faq­
tori kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis kiTxvas, Tu vin akontrolebs korporaciebs.

mcire biznesebi

aSS-is ekonomikas msxvil korporaciebTan erTad uamravi mcire biznesic

Seadgens (mcire korporaciebSi 100 an naklebi adamiania dasaqmebuli). realurad,
amerikaSi dasaqmebulTa naxevarze meti swored mcire biznesSi muSaobs (aSS-is mo­
saxleobis aRweris biuro, 1995b). mcire biznesis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT
benzogasamarTi sadgurebi, samSeneblo kompaniebi, uZravi qonebis saagentoebi da
specializebuli produqtis mcire sawarmoebi.
rTulia, zogadad imsjelo im adamianebze, romlebic mcire biz­ness uZRvebian.
erTi ram naTelia _ isini gansxvavdebian korporaciis xelmZRvaneli aRmasruleb­
lebisagan. erTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom mcire biznesis menejerebi xSirad mesa­
kuTreebic Tavad arian, meore gansxvavebad ki SeiZleba is davasaxeloT, rom maT
prestiJuli biznes-skolebi ar daumTavrebiaT. am mcire tipis biznesis mflobel-
menejerebs sxvadasxva warmomavloba da biografia aqvT. bevri maTgani qalia da

634
eTnikur umciresobas miekuTvneba. multimilionerebic rom gaxdnen, es ada­mia­­ne­
bi verasodes SeaRweven korporaciuli elitis socialur wreSi da albaT vera­
sodes moxvdebian im kurortebze, sadac es ukanasknelni atareben Svebulebebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom didi da mcire biznesebi gansxvavdeba maTi mflobelebis
ganaTlebisa da finansuri resursebis mixedviT, biznesis am or tips msgavsi prob­
lemebi aqvs. kapitalis nakleboba mcire biznesis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, gan­
sakuTrebiT saqmianobis dasawyisSi. rogorc wesi, yvela banki Tavs ikavebs ucnobi
da gamoucdeli klientisaTvis sesxis gacemaze, amitom biznesmenebs sawyis etapze
xSirad uwevT sakuTari danazogis gamoyeneba an saWiro Tanxis sesxeba ojaxis
wevrebisagan. meore problema gaxlavT bazris cvalebadobisgan daucveloba
(markuaseni da teitci, 1985). es problema sezonuri xasiaTisaa, rac, Tavis mxriv,
biznesis cvalebadobis Sedegia an adgilobriv biznes-garemoSi momxdar cvlile­
bebs ukavSirdeba (magaliTad, rodesac ubani sustdeba da adamianebi sxvagan gada­
dian sacxovreblad).
miuxedavad am problemebisa, yovel wels asi aTasobiT mcire biznesi iwyeba.
patara restornebi, maRaziebi da ofisebi mowmobs, amerikelebisaTvis ramdenad
faseulia damoukidebloba. mcire biznesmenebs moswonT, roca sakuTari Tavis
ufrosebi TviTon arian. iqidan gamomdinare, rom amerikelebs muxlCauxrelad
muSaobac uyvarT, isini xSirad kviraSi 40 saaTze mets Sromoben.
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgari wvril biznesmenTa
nawili, xSir SemTxvevaSi axlad Camosuli emigrantebi arian. magaliTad, niu-iork­
Si Catarebulma aRweram aCvena, rom restornebis 60% emigrantebs ukuTvnoda (al­
drixi da osteri, 1986). mcire biznesis wamowyebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faq­
toria diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebis survili. umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
xSirad ganicdian diskriminacias ekonomikaSi. es gansakuTrebiT maT exeba, visi
kultura da enac gansxvavdeba amerikelTa ZiriTadi masis kulturisa da enisagan.
zogi amgvari mewarmisaTvis mcire biznesis warmoeba ufro mimzidvelia (miuxe­
davad masTan dakavSirebuli riskebisa), vidre dabali xelfasi sxvis samsaxurSi.
Tumca, am mosazrebas ar iziareben aSS-is Savkaniani moqalaqeebi, romlebisTvi­
sac TviT-dasaqmeba araperspeqtiuli gzaa aRmavlobisaken. bevr afro-amerikels
sjera, rom sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba ufro metadaa dakavSirebuli diskrimi­
naciasTan, vidre sxvis samsaxurSi yofna (tangi, 1995). umciresobaTa jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sakuTar bizness aniWeben upiratesobas, im qveynebi­
dan arian, sadac TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvi sakmaod didia. ase rom, samewarmeo
wamowyebebs maTi kultura ganapirobebs (iuengerti, 1995). bevri maTgani Tavissave
raionSi iwyebs saqmis warmoebas, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebis momsaxurebebi da
produqcia xSirad sargeblobs popularobiT. Tu biznesis dawyebis mosurne mra­
valwevriani ojaxidanaa, es kidev erTi wamaxali­sebeli faqtoria misTvis, radgan
ojaxis wevrebi xSirad dabali anazRaurebis fasad an saerTod usasyidlod monaw­
ileoben biznesis warmarTvaSi.
mcire biznesi yovel wels Cndeba, magram maTi umravlesoba maleve wyvets
arsebobas. 50% muSaobas ori wlis ganmavlobaSi amTavrebs, darCenilis 75% _ 5

635
wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo 90% _ 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi (aldrixi da osteri, 1986).
azieli umciresobebis jgufebis biznesis Seswavlam daadastura, rom yvelaze
warmatebiT is saqme midioda, romelsac kargi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi edgnen
saTaveSi da imavdroulad maT Sesabamisi finansuri SesaZleblobebic hqondaT
(beitsi, 1994).
amerikuli ekonomikisaTvis mcire biznesi Zalian mniSvnelovania. miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom swored msxvil korporaciebze modis arsebuli samuSao adgilebis
didi raodenoba, mcire biznesebi mainc bevr axal samuSao adgils qmnis (birCi,
1987). realurad yovel­wliurad axali samuSao adgilebis ori mesamedi im firmeb­
ze modis, romlebSic dasaqmebuli adamianebis raodenoba oc TanamSromels ar
aRemateba. samsaxurebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvT sazogadoe­bis­Tvis. bolos da
bolos swored maTi meSveobiT gvaqvs Semosavali, rac ganapirobebs Cvens integra­
cias ekonomikur sistemaSi.

samuSao aSS-Si

yovel dilas vdgebi da mivdivar. amas meqanikurad vakeTeb. iseTi

grZnoba maqvs, TiTqos manqana viyo (uil robisoni, avtobusis mZRoli.
citirebulia terkelSi, 1972. gv 210).

samsaxuri _ es aris adgili, sadac Cveni mowifuli cxovrebis did nawils va­
tarebT. es aris adgili, romelic ara mxolod Cveni Semosavlis wyaroa, aramed qm­
nis Cveni identobis SegrZnebisa da daniSnulebis mniSvnelovan nawils. Znelad Tu
moiZebneba ufro didi jildo, vidre azriani, saxaliso samuSao, xolo stresul
da mosabezrebel samuSos SeuZlia cxovrebac `gagvifuWos~.
cxadia, rom muSaoba socialuri moqmedebis erT-erTi formaa, radganac
is mimarTulia sxva adamianebis moqmedebisaken da koordinebulia maTTan. Ta­
visTavad samuSao, karl marqsis azriT, mxo­lod adamianebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTe­
beli (1867/1976). frinvelebi aSeneben budeebs, futkrebi amzadeben Tafls, Tumca
arc erTi maTgani ar `muSaobs~. maT ar aqvT gegma, romelsac mizanmimarTulad
asruleben da Sesrulebis procesSi iTvaliswineben sxvebis saWiroebebsa da moq­
medebebs.

Sromis mniSvneloba

Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania amerikelebisaTvis samsaxuri da muSaoba, kargad

Cans kiTxvidan, romelsac nebismieri amerikeli svams nacnobTan Sexvedrisas: `ras
saqmianob?~ am kiTxvaSi igulisxmeba ara is, Tu ra aris misi hobi, an rogor atarebs
Tavisufal dros, aramed is, Tu ra aris misi profesia, sad muSaobs. samsaxuri aris
Cveni Tavisa da sxvebis definiciis erT-erTi saSualeba. Tu TviTmfrinavSi Tqvens

636
gverdiT mjdomi ucxo adamiani getyviT, rom fulis saSovnelad quCaSi Cxubobs,
Tqven masze gansxvavebuli STabeWdileba dagrCebaT, vidre im adamianze, romelic
getyviT, rom fsiqiatria da klinikaSi muSaobs. yvela profesiis adamianis Sesa­xeb,
iqneba es qarxnis muSa, medda, fizkulturis maswavlebeli, parikmaxeri, avtomeqa­
nikosi Tu mRvdeli _ Cven garkveuli warmodgena da molodinebi gviya­libdeba.
amave dros, rodesac virCevT raime profesias, vcdilobT Cveni moqmedeba da qceva
SevusabamoT sakuTar warmodgenas imaze, Tu rogor unda iqceodes am profesiis
adamiani.
amerikelebis umetesobas aqvs sakuTari mosazreba gansakuT­rebiT im profe­
siebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi moiTxovs
formalur ganaTlebas. maTematikosebi, biologebi, iuristebi da Jurnali­
stebi yvelaze kmayofilebi arian TavianTi arCevaniT. maTi 80-90% ambobs, rom
axali Sansi rom mieces, isev imave profesias airCevda _ gansxvavebiT `cisfersa­
yeloianebisagan~, romelTa mxolod 24 % Tvlis ase (toski, 1984).
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom `TeTrsayeloianebic~ kmayofilebi arian TavianTi sa­
muSaoTi, radgan maTi samsaxurebi SedarebiT maRalanazRaurebadi da prestiJu­
lia, rac udavod mniSvnelovania, magram es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, ris
gamoc adamianma kmayofileba unda gamoTqvas sakuTar samuSaosTan dakavSirebiT.
arsebobs sxva mizezebic: daintereseba samsaxuriT, imis SegrZneba, rom isini ra­
Rac faseuls akeTeben da wvlili SeaqvT sazogadoebis keTildReobaSi, agreTve,
kompetenturobis ganviTareba, ojaxis daxmarebis siamovneba, rac, maTi azriT,
yvela zrdasruli adamianis movaleobaa, kolegebTan yofnis bedniereba...
samwuxarod, yvela samsaxuri ar badebs amgvari kmayofilebis grZnobas. qa­
rxnebsa da fabrikebSi samuSaoTa umetesoba mosa­wyeni, uperspeqtivo da dabala­
nazRaurebadia. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos manualuri samuSao erTazrovnad
samarcxvinoa. bevri gawafuli da profesionali xelosani, romelsac Semoqmedeb­
iTi win­svlis saSualeba aqvs, amayobs Tavisi profesiiT. ukmayofilebas ZiriTa­
dad is muSebi gamoTqvamen, romelTac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave samu­
Saos Sesruleba uwevT, Tanac rac SeiZleba swrafi tempiT, da Tvals ver adevneben
srul samuSao process dasawyisidan dasasrulamde. aseTi muSebi xSirad gaucxoe­
bulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari samuSao garemodan da xandaxan sazogadoebisganac
ki. maTTvis samsaxuri mxolod gamomuSavebis, fulis Sovnis saSualebaa. swored
es gaxda profkavSirebis mier `cisfersayeloianTa~ xelfasebis gazrdis daJineb­
uli moTxovnis mizezi _ rodesac muSebi rwmundebian, rom yvela siamovneba sam­
saxuris gareT unda eZebon, am siamovnebisaTvis saWiro Tanxis mopoveba maTTvis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani xdeba.
maSinac ki, rodesac esa Tu is adamiani ar aris kmayofili sakuTari samsaxu­
riT, is sakuTari identobis did nawils samsaxuris meSveobiT iqmnis. yvelasaTvis
mniSvnelovania, daijeros, rom nayofierad muSaobs. swored amitom, samsaxuris
dakargvas, ekonomikuri sargeblis dakargvis garda, sxva Sedegebic mosdevs. es
faqti seriozul dartymas ayenebs nebismier adamians: is wydeba TanamSromlebis
qsels, rac bevrisTvis Zalian seriozuli socialuri sayrdenia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samsaxurebis SenarCuneba amerikelebis umetesobisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelo­

637
bisaa, aSS-is ekonomikuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom aqcenti keTdeba ara sain­
tereso samsaxurebis Seqmnaze rac SeiZleba meti adamianisa­Tvis, aramed kapitalis
dagrovebaze, ris Sedegadac mudmivad xdeba samuSao adgilebis gauqmeba axali te­
qnologiebis SemoRebis, korporaciebis restruqturizaciisa da saerTaSo­riso
konkurenciis gamo (mogvianebiT ufro detalurad ganvixilavT umuSevrobis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs). ase rom, arsebobs umuSevrad darCenis didi riski rogorc
`cisfersayeloianebis~, aseve maRali donis menejerebisTvisac, rac SemaSfoTe­
belia nebismieri maTganisTvis.
karl marqsi amtkicebda, rom samuSaoTi ukmayofileba da umuSevroba dama­
xasiaTebelia kapitalizmisaTvis, radgan am sistemaSi organizacia da warmoebis
menejmenti gamijnulia dRiuri Sromisagan. `cisfersayeloianebs~ samuSao pro­
cesze kontrolis aranairi meqanizmi ar gaaCniaT _ maTi samuSao ar aris organi­
zebuli socialurad unificirebuli sistemiT da maTi Sroma mxolod kapitali­
stebis mogebis gazrdas emsaxureba. marqsisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom aseTi muSebi
kapitalistur sistemaSi Tavs gaucxoebulad, damcirebulad igrZnobdnen, radgan
maT, moepyrobodnen rogorc erT detals da ara rogorc kvalificiur muSas, ro­
melic Rirebul da dasafasebel samuSaos asrulebs.

Zalaufleba samsaxurSi

yvela Tanamedrove sistemaSi muSaobis koordinacia xorciel­deba menejerebis

mier kontrolis meSveobiT, romlebic cdiloben, ufro da ufro gazardon saku­
Tari Zalaufleba (simpsoni, 1985). konkretul situaciaSi kontrolis simkacre
damokidebulia organizaciis zomaze (edvardsi, 1979). mcire firmebSi kontroli
xdeba pirispir urTierTobiT, rogorc wesi, kompaniis mflobelis an ramdenime
maRali donis menejeris mier. kontrolis amgvari tipi, romelsac martiv kon­
trols uwodeben, SeiZleba iyos pirobiTic da mkacric. TanamSromlebi sakuTari
gadawyvetilebisamebr eWvqveS ayeneben menejeris survils an ar emorCilebian mas.
organizaciis zrdasTan erTad mxolod martivi kontroliT fons gasvla SeuZle­
beli xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobs TanamSromelTa konkretuli raodenobis limiti,
romelsac uSualod akontrolebs menejeri. Tu moxda am limitis gadaWarbeba,
SeiZleba es muSebis gaerTianebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT mier zogi gadaw­
yvetilebisadmi daumorCileblobis winapiroba gaxdes.
didi organizaciebis moTxovnebisa da saWiroebebis gaTva­liswinebiT Sei­
muSaves kontrolis ori axali stili, romelic Tavidanve Cadebulia samu­Saos
struqturaSi. erTi maTgania teqnikuri kontroli anu kontroli, romelsac sa­
fuZv­lad udevs samuSaos teqnikuri organizeba. amis yvelaze naTeli magali­
Tia amwyobi xazi, romelTan momuSaveebsac moeTxovebaT samuSaos Sesruleba
garkveuli tempiT garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, avtomobilis
asawyob xazze muSebma TavianTi samuSao swrafad da sworad unda Seasrulon, raTa
Semdeg avtomanqana sxva jgufs gadascen sxva nawilis dasamontaJeblad. miuxe­
davad imisa, rom teqnikuri kontroli ZiriTadad `cisfersayeloianebTan~ aris

638
dakavSirebuli, saofise saqmianobis avtomatizaciis procesma kontrolis es
tipi `TeTrsayeloianebTanac~ daamkvidra. magaliTad, kompiuterebTan momuSave
TanamSromelTa Sromis nayofiereba Se­iZleba uSualod gakontroldes menejeris
mier, romelic sTxovs TanamSromlebs, rom ufro swrafad imuSaon. saofise gare­
moSi kontrolis ufro relevanturi formaa biurokratiuli kontroli. am SemTx­
vevaSi kontrols axorcielebs ierarqiuli sistema, romelic jildoebs awesebs
samuSaos Sesrulebis donis mixedviT. Tanam­Sromlebi cdiloben, ufro nayofie­
rad imuSaon, raTa daimsaxuron iseTi privilegiebi, rogoricaa specialurad
maTTvis gamoyofili adgili manqanebis dasayenebel adgilas, sadilobis ufleba
aRmasruleblebisaTvis gankuTvnil sasadiloSi da a.S. kontrolis sakiTxs kidev
erTxel mivubrundebiT samuSao teqonologiebis ganxilvisas.

Sromis formebis cvlileba

gasul saukuneSi samoqalaqo samuSao Zalis Semadgenloba mkveT­rad Seicvala.
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli amerikel mamakacTa is nawili, romelic dasaqme­
bulia an aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos, 83%-dan 75%-mde Semcirda, rac umTavresad
gamowveulia im faqtiT, rom ufro meti mamakaci xangrZlivi periodis ganmav­lobaSi
rCeba kolejSi da pensiaze adre gadis. Sedegad amave periodSi mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda samuSao ZalaSi qalebis proporcia. qalebis raodenobis mkveT­ri mateba
ganapiroba iman, rom qalebi srulganakveTiani diasaxlisebidan srulganakveTian
dasaqmebulebad gadaiqcnen. 1960-ian wlebSi amerikel qalTa mxo­lod mesamedze
odnav meti (38%) iyo dasaqmebuli saxlis gareT, xolo amJamad momuSave qalebis
procentulma maCvenebelma 58-s miaRwia. dRes is qalebic ki, romlebsac Sin eqvsi
wlis da ufro patara Svilebi hyavT, TiTqmis Tanabrad mona­wileoben samuSao pro­
cesSi (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1995b). socialuri struqturis es gan­
sxvavebebi zemoqmedebas axdens qorwinebaze, ojaxze, Sobadobis maCvenebelsa da
socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebze (ix. Tavebi 11 da 12).
XX saukuneSi samuSao ZalaSi qalebis wilis zrdis faqti pirvelad meore
msoflio omis dros dafiqsirda, rodesac qalebs daekisraT ekonomikis gadarCe­
nis misia, radgan mamakacebi am dros iaraRiT xelSi ibrZodnen. omis dasrulebis
Semdeg bevri qali iZulebuli gaxda, mietovebina samuSao. amis Semdeg, 1960-ian
da 1970-ian wlebSi, gaCnda ufro myari da stabiluri tendencia. mTeli rigi so­
cialuri cvlilebebis Sedegad (magaliTad: ganqorwinebebis ricxvis zrda, Casa­
xvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis danergva, feministuri moZraobis aRmavloba da
ojaxebSi Semosavlis meore wyaros saWiroeba gamwvavebul inflaciasTan gasam­
klaveblad) gacilebiT meti qali cdilobda samuSaos povnas. dasaqmebuli qalebis
ricxvis zrda aseve gamoiwvia samuSao formis kidev erTma mniSvnelovanma cvli­
lebamac _ mniSvnelovnad gaizarda momsaxurebaze orientirebuli samsaxurebi,
romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom `TeTrsayeloianTa~ samuSaos ganekuTvneba, Se­
darebiT dabalanazRaurebadia. tradiciulad, amgvari samuSaoebis umetesobas
qalebi asruleben da maT matebasTan erTad, Sesabamisad gaizarda qalebisaTvis
dasaqmebis SesaZlebloba.

639
 yvelaze nakleb moTxovnadi yvelaze moTxovnadi
samsaxurebis prognozi samsaxurebis prognozi
savaraudo ekonomikuri zrda cvlilebis procentuli maCvenebeli

1 26
2 27
3 28
4 29
5 30
6 31
7 32
8 33
9 34
10 35
11 36
12 37
13 38
14 39
15 40
16 41
17 42
18 43
19 44
20 45
21 46
22 47
23 48
24 49
25 50

sqema 15.3 / 2005 wlisaTvis mosalodneli mzardi da klebadi samuSaoebi.

samuSao adgilis Semcireba da ma­teba farTo teqnologiur da socialur formebs asa­xavs.
XX saukuneSi avtomatizebuli danadgarebis ganviTareba xels Seuwyobs mravali tipis sa­
muSaos gaqrobas ocdameerTe saukuneSi. analogiurad, meoce sa­ukunis Sua periodSi dawye­
buli demografiis tendenciebi xels Seuwyobs SesaZleblobebis zrdas im adamianebisaTvis,
romlebic mouvlian moxucebul `beibi bumerebs~ ocdameerTe sauku­neSi.

wyaro: New York Times, 1995 wlis 3 seqtmberi, 1995, gv. 9.

1. rkinigzis meisreebi
2. kavSirgabmulobis kompaniebis xelosnebi
3. periferiuli eletronuli monacemebis damuSavebis opratorebi
4. cnobaTa biuros operatorebi
5. telefonis operatorebi
6. satelefono danadgarebis ostati da SemkeTeblebi
7. gazonebis Semsworebeli portatuli manqanebis operatorebi
8. kompiuteris operatorebi
9. fexsacmlis sakeravi manqanebis operatorebi

640
10. mRebavebi
11. bavSvis momvlelebi
12. ganmacalkevebeli manqanebis operatorebi
13. sawvavze momuSave manqanebis amwyobebi da operatorebi
14. damlageblebi da mwmendavebi (saxlSi)
15. damxvev Carxze momuSave
16. tansacmlis industriaSi samkervalo manqanis operatorebi
17. salaros aparatisa da gamomTvleli manqanebis operatorebi
18. stambis muSebi
19. naxati filmebis gadamRebebi
20. monacemTa Semyvanebi beWdviT saqmeSi
21. satelefono da sakabelo televiziebis xazebis montaJistebi
22. mWreli manqana-danadgarebis muSebi da montaJistebi
23. mesaaTeebi
24. mxerxavebi da samxerxaos operatorebi
25. SemfuTavi manqanis operatorebi
26. samedicino profilis damxmareebi (saxlSi)
27. momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSaveebi
28. piradi momvleli
29. kompiuteruli inJinrebi da mecnierebi
30. sistemis analitikosebi
31. fizikuri da kreatiurli Terapiis asistentebi
32. Terapevtebi
33. iuristis TanaSemweebi
34. eleqtrodamnomravi sistemis TanamSromlebi
35. okupaciuri Terapiis damxmareebi
36. specialuri ganaTlebis maswavleblebi
37. kerZo deteqtivebi
38. bavSvis momvlelebi saxlSi gamoZaxebiT
39. samogzauro agentebi
40. rentgenis teqnikosebi
41. meddis samuSaos Semsruleblebi
42. samedicino Canawerebis muSa
43. saoperacio kvlevis analitikosi
44. okupaciuri Terapevtebi
45. metros operatorebi
46. sasamarTlos mdivnebi
47. eleqtroencefalogramis specialistebi
48. sabavSvo baRis maswavleblebi
49. manikuris specialistebi
50. prodiuserebi, reJisorebi, msaxiobebi da a.S.

momsaxurebis sferos gafarToebis paralelurad mkveTrad Semcirda sof­lis

meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli da manufaqturuli samuSao adgilebis ricxvi. sami­
waTmoqmedo saqmis daknineba ZiriTadad gamoiwvia meqanizaciis procesma, romlic
wyalobiTac fermerebma miwis ufro didi nakveTebis damuSaveba SeZles. manufaq­
turuli samuSao ki teqnologiuri inovaciebis Sedegad dakninda. teqnologiur
inovaciaSi igulisxmeba kompiuterebi da industriuli robotebi. amgvari samu­
Saoebis Semcireba aseve ganpirobebulia globaluri ekonomikis tendenciebiTac.
magaliTad, SesaZlebelia, rom sawarmo gadavides im qveyanaSi, sadac ufro iafi
muSaxelia. am cvlilebebis Sedegad uamravi amerikeli muSa darCa samsaxuris ga­

641
reSe. bevri maTgani daTanxmda wina samuSaoze naklebanazRaurebad samuSaos,
nawili ki saerTod umuSevari darCa.
soflis meurneobisa da manufaqturuli samuSaoebis Semcireba, rogorc Cans,
aSS-Si XXI saukuneSic gagrZeldeba. sqema 15.3 asaxavs im samuSaoebs, romlebic 2005
wlisaTvis mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba. grafikze aseve asaxulia is samuSaoebi, rom­
lebic aRmavlobas ganicdis (Sromis statistikis biuro, 1995). mosalodnelia, rom
yvelaze didi moTxovnileba im samuSaoebze iqneba, romlebic dakavSirebulia sa­
Sinao pirobebSi adamianebis movlasTan (gansakuTrebiT samedicino movlasTan),
rac imis maniSnebelia, rom `beibibumerebis~ Taoba berdeba da sapensio asaks uax­
lovdeba. es tendencia miuTiTebs imazec, rom adamianebis sicocxlis xangrZlivo­
bam moimata. popularulebi iqnebian maRalteqnologiuri samuSaos specialiste­
bic, kerZod, kompiuteruli inJinrebi da sistemis analitikosebi. Tanac amgvari
samu­Saoebi yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadTa Soris aRmoCndeba. momsaxurebis sferos
zogi samuSao ki (rogoricaa, Sinamomvlelebi da manikuris specialistebi), romelTa
ricxvis gazrda aseve mosalodnelia, SedarebiT dabal­anazRaurebadi iqneba.

Sromis bazari

socialur struqturas, romelic dakavebulia adamianuri momsaxurebis yidva-

gayidviT, Sromis bazari ewodeba (reskini da rosi, 1990). Sromis bazris SesaZle­
blobebi ganisazRvreba muSebis doniT, xelmisawvdomi samuSaoebiTa da im preten­
dentebis raodenobiT, romlebic konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs am samuSaoebis
mopovebisaTvis. magaliTad, meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi kompiuterebi far­
To xmarebaSi Semovida, ramac kompiuteruli programistebis poziciebis ricxvi
sagrZnoblad gazarda. radgan am samuSaoebis Sesruleba profesionalizmis maRal
dones moiTxovda, anazRaureba sakmaod maRali iyo. Tumca, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
am samuSaoebis ricxvis Semcirebaa navaraudevi, radgan programirebis procesi
dRiTi dRe avotomatizebuli xdeba (gebrieli, 1995). programistebs gauZneldebaT
samuSaos Sovna, xolo isini, vinc moaxerxeben amas, iZulebulebi iqnebian, mzardi
konkurenciis gamo SedarebiT dabal anazRaurebas daTanxmdnen. programistebis
nawils, albaT, mouwevs alternatiul SemoTavazebasac daTanxm­des ganaTlebis Se­
sabamisi samuSao adgilebis ararsebobis gamo, (ma­galiTad, pica ataros).
erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofil da maRalanazRaurebad samsaxu­rebs, xolo, meore
mxriv, arastabilur da dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebs Soris gansxvavebebi mij­
navs kapitalistur ekonimi­kaSi arsebul or sxvadasxva Sromis bazars: pirveladsa
da meo­rads. pirveladia Sromis bazari, sadac profesionalebi saqmdebian msxvil,
warmatebul da stabilur kompaniebSi, sadac TanamSromlebs aqvT janmrTelobis
dazRveva da sapensio sqema, SedarebiT kargi Semosavali da garkveul doneze uz­
runvelyofili samsaxurebi. isini, visac upiratesoba aqvT ganaTlebis, gamoc­
dilebisa da so­cio-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mxriv, rogorc wesi, ufro xSirad
pirvelad Sromis bazarze Souloben samsaxurebs.

642
 meoradi Sromis bazari ufro mcire da naklebad stabiluria pirvelad Sro­
mis bazarTan SedarebiT. aq muSebi dasaqmebulebi arian iseT mcire biznesebSi,
rogorebicaa yvavilebis an alkoholis maRaziebi, romelTa umetesobac mxolod
mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi uZlebs konkurencias. meorad bazarze xelmisawv­
domi samsaxurebi xSirad arasrulganakveTiani an sezonuria, xelfasebi dabalia,
xSirad xdeba Statebis Semcireba, gansakuTrebiT finanuri krizisis dros; iSvia­
Tia janmrTelobis dazRveva da sxva sargeblebi. am bazarze arsebuli samuSaoebis
umetesoba uperspeqtivoa da iSviaTad iZleva iseTi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebis
saSualebas, romelic dasaqmebuls xels Seuwyobs karieris ganviTarebaSi.
korporaciebis Semcirebasa da restruqturizaciis gamo xSirad samuSaos kar­
gavs bevri is adamiani, romelic fiqrobda, rom stabiluri da uzurnvelyofili
samsaxuri hqonda. kadrebis Semcireba Cveulebrivi movlenaa iseT msxvil kor­
poraciebSi, rogorebicaa AT&T da IBM, sadac adre samuSao TiTqmis sicocxlis
bolomde garantirebulad iTvleboda. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, rom amgvar kom­
paniebSi momuSave adamianebi muSaobis ganmavlobaSi damatebiT sargebelsa da
SeRavaTebs iReben da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg umuSevrobis daxmarebac ekuTvniT,
gansxvavebiT meoradi Sromis bazarze dasaqmebuli adamianebisagan, romlebic
xSir SemTxvevaSi Zlivs axerxeben arsebobas srulganakveTiani samuSaoebis pi­
robebSic ki. magaliTad, martoxela mSobeli, romelic erT bavSvs zrdis, iRebs
minimalur federalur xelfass 4,25 dolaris odenobiT saaTSi, kviraSi 40 saaTs
muSaobs yovelgvari Svebulebis gareSe da mainc ver axerxebs, ascdes siRatakis
zRvars (10.030 dolari wliuri Semosavali) (quigli, 1995)
minimaluri xelfasis gazrdis saWiroeba mwvave debatebis sag­-nad iqca aSS-Si.
sazogadoebis nawili amtkicebs, rom srul ganakveTze momuSave adamianebi, rom­
lebic iseT warmatebul qveyanaSi cxovroben, rogoric amerikaa, unda axerxebdnen
siRatakis zRvars zemoT cxovrebas. isini aRniSnaven, rom inflaciis donis mate­
basTan erTad mniSvnelovnad sustdeba minimalur xelfasze momuSave adamianebis
finansuri mdgomareoba (ix. cxrili 15.1). 1960-70-ian wlebSi minimalur xelfasze
momuSave adamians samsuliani ojaxis Senaxvac ki SeeZlo, Tanac siRatakis zRvarze
odnav zemoT. dRes ki srul ganakveTsa da minimalur xelfasze momuSave adamians
4000 dolariT meti sWirdeba samsuliani ojaxis ise Sesa­naxad, rom siRatakeSi ar
uxdebodes cxovreba. sazogadoebis meore nawili ki Tvlis, rom minimaluri xel­
fasebis momatebas ramdenime arasasurveli gverdiTi movlena mohyveba. upirveles
yovlisa, es gamoiwvevs imas, rom meoradi Sromis bazris mwarmoeblebi Sewyveten
sakuTari produqciis aSS-Si warmoebas da sxva qveyanaSi gaagrZeleben saqmiano­
bas iafi muSaxelis moZiebis mizniT. Tumca, vfiqrobT, es arc ise myari argumen­
tia. dRes Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoe­
bic ki ar SeiZleba gadavitanoT sxva qveyanaSi. amerikuli samzareulos TefSebs
meqsikeli ver garecxavs da ver tansacmels gawmenden sxva qveynis qimiuri wmendis
punqtebSi. Cveni azriT, minimaluri xelfasis gazrda safrTxes ki ar Seuqmnis dam­
saqmeblebs, aramed xels Seuwyobs imis Sesrulebas, rasac prezidentma franklin
ruzveltma `patiosani samuSao dRis samarTliani anazRaureba~ uwoda.

643
 c x r i l i 15.1
minimaluri xelfasis Rirebuleba 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg

minimaluri xelfasis Rirebuleba mkveTrad daeca gasuli 30 wlis gan­

mavlobaSi. 1960-ian wlebSi srul ganakveTsa da minimalur xelfasze mo­
muSave adamians SeeZlo siRatakis zRvars zemoT erCina samsuliani ojaxi,
magram 1990-iani wlebisaTvis minimaluri xelfasi am Tanxis sam meoTxeds
odnav Tu aRemateboda, romelic sa­Wiro iyo siRatakis zRvaris dasaZl­
evad samsuliani ojaxisaTvis.

periodi dolari
siRatakis zRvaris
procentuli
maCvenebeli
samsuliani ojaxi
1960 $ 5.65 104,7 %
1970 5.54 102,6
1980 4,52 83,9
1992 4,25 78,8


wyaro: jeims k. glasmani, `minimaluri xelfasis momateba ar aris gamosavali~
(The Washington Post, 1995 wlis aprili, gv. 23).

meorad Sromis bazarze mravali adamiani TavauReblad Sromobs federalur

minimalur xelfasze gacilebiT naklebi xelfasisa­Tvis. es SeiZleba ganpirobebu­
li iyos ori faqtoriT: erTi is, rom damsaqmebeli SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes mini­
maluri xelfasebis Sesaxeb kanoniT daSvebul gamonakliss an ugulebelyofdes
sa­xelmwifo moTxovnebs (Sileri, 1994). amis magaliTia is adamianebi (umetesad
emigrantebi), romlebic niu-iorkSi, san-franciskosa da los-anjelesSi mTavro­
bis xelSewyobiT Seqmnil dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi dauRalavad muSaoben.
maTi anazRaureba imdenad mcirea, rom zogi maTgani, visac swrafad muSaoba ar
SeuZlia, xSirad saaTSi erT dolarze naklebsac ki gamoimuSavebs xolme (li, 1995;
udski, 1994), Tumca, verc yvelaze swrafi da gawafuli muSis anazRaureba miva
axlos minimalur xelfasTan. amgvari tipis samuSao metismetad damqancvelia.
muSebs moeTxovebaT, kviraSi 60 saaTze metxans Tavwaxrilebi isxdnen dazgebTan
da rac SeiZleba swrafad keron (ocdaaT inCian xazs mxolod sami wa­mi unda moan­
domon). TormetsaaTiani samuSao dRe kviraSi Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi iSviaToba
ar aris am industriaSi. samuSao oTaxebis umetesoba cudad niavdeba da amitom
muSebi iZulebulebi arian, cxvir-piri daifaron, raTa haerSi datrialebuli mt­
vris nawilakebi ar CaisunTqon. zamTrobiT oTaxebi Sesabamisad ar Tbeba, xolo
zafxulSi sicxisagan sunTqva Wirs. bavSvebi xSirad Sromoben mSob­lebis gverdiT
_ amagreben Zafebs, akereben Rilebs an iarliyebs warweriT `damzadebulia ameri­
kaSi ~. aravin iRebs gasamrjelos damatebiTi saaTebisaTvis, sadazRvevo poliss
an Svebulebas. korporaciul samyaroSi popularuli Sesvenebis Sesaxeb aq arc ki
smeniaT. dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan kontraqtori aq erT mza ze­
datanSi 1.80 dolars ixdis (hedeni, 1993).

644
 SeuZlebelia aseTi dabali xelfasebis gamarTleba imiT, rom mwarmoeblebi­
saTvis dabali mogebis zRvaria dawesebuli. imave zedatans, romlis damzadeba
mxo­lod 1.80 dolari Rirs, brendis mwarmoebeli mewarme maRazias 16 dolarad mih­
yidis, xolo maRazia, albaT, 32 dolarad gayidis. kabas, romlis damzadeba amgvar
samkervaloebSi mxolod 6 dolari jdeba, biTumad movaWre 50 dolarad yidulobs
da sabolood maRaziaSi 100 dolarad iyideba. cxadia, rom mogebis zRvari sru­
liad akmayofilebs im adamianebs, romlebic sawarmos piramidis wverSi arian moq­
ceulebi. maSin, riT aixsneba im adamianebis ukiduresad dabali anazRaureba, rom­
lebic realurad qmnian am mogebas?
pasuxi manufaqturuli procesis struqturaSi unda veZeboT. iseT mwarmoeb­
lebs, romlebsac sakuTari safirmo niSani aqvT (magaliTad: Esprit, Guess da Levi
Strauss), an saerTod ar hyavT mkeravi TanamSromlebi, an Tu hyavT, Zalian cota.
amis sanacvlod isini samkervalo kompaniebis momsaxurebiT sargebloben. sam­
kervalo kompaniebi ki aSS-Si 50000-ze metia. swored es konkurnecia ganapirobebs
momsa­xurebis ukiduresad dabal safasurs. biznesSi darCenis erTaderT Sansad
TiToeul samkervalo kompanias klientisaTvis rac SeiZleba dabali fasis SeTava­
zeba miaCnia. qalaqebi savsea emigrantebiT, romlebic nebismier fasad hkideben
xels samuSaos. swored amitom isini samkervaloebSi iseTi anazRaurebis fasad mu­
Saoben, romelsac amerikaSi dabadebuli moqalaqe zedac ar Sexedavda (fu, 1994).
samTavrobo saagentobs ar hyofniT adamianuri resursi, ga­moiZion federa­
luri Statebis Sromis kanonis yvela darRvevis faqti, romlebic ki qalaqebSi mde­
bare patara saxelosnoebSi xdeba. Sedegad uamravi aseTi kanondarRveva dausjeli
rCeba. meoradi Sromis bazris yvelaze dabali segmentis mdgomareobis gamos­
worebis mizniT, saWiroa moqmedi Sromis kanonmdeblobis zedmiwevniT gatareba.

saxelfaso uTanasworobebi

rogorc minimaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb msjelobidan gamoirkva, Cvens sazoga­

doebaSi naklebad kvalificiuri muSaxelis xelfasi TandaTan mcirdeba. gasuli
15 wlis ganmavlobaSi am kategoriis muSaxelis realuri xelfasis Rirebuleba
(anu, is rasac realurad iyidian daricxuli xelfasiT) 14 procentiT Semcirda
(borxasi, 1995). es ramdenime faqtoriTaa gamowveuli: pirveli gaxlavT Sromi­
Ti kavSirebis dasusteba mas Semdeg, rac aramalfuWebadi produqciis warmoe­
bam ZiriTadad evropaSi gadainacvla. meore faqtori ki dabalfasiani importia,
romelic mkacr konkurencias uwevs adgilobriv kompaniebSi momuSave amerike­
li muSebis warmoebul produqcias. amas daumateT arakvalificiuri emigranti
muSaxelis nakadi, romlebic nebismieri xelfasiT arin kmayofilebi. aqedan gamom­
dinare, Sedegic logikuria (borxasi, 1995; braueri da hikoki, 1995).
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvalificiuri amerikeli muSaxeli ukeT axerxebs Semo­
savlis SenarCunebas, vidre naklebad kvalificiuri, maT nawils mainc Zlivs ga­
aqvs Tavi inflaciis pirobebSi. aSS-is ekonomika ki aRmavlobas ganicdis da ufro
met simdidres warmoSobs. maS vin mdidrdeba am eqspansiis xarjze?

645
 maT Soris, vinc yvelaze met sargebels naxulobs, arian msxvili korpora­
ciebis mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebi. ocdaxuTma yvelaze maRalanazRau­
rebadma amerikelma aRmasrulebelma oficerma erTad xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
1.5 miliardi dolari gamoimuSava aqciebis warmatebuli yidva-gayidvis Sedegad
(hardi, 1995). Walt Disney Company-s Tavmjdomarem, maikl aiznerma am periodSi 235
milioni dolari gamoimuSava. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi giganturi Semosavali
amerikaSi xSiri ar aris, is mainc miuTiTebs amerikuli biznesis zogad tenden­
ciebze. mTavari aRamsrulebeli oficrebis Semosavali swrafad izrdeba, maSin
roca danarCeni amerikelebis Semosavlis maCvenebeli stabiluria. sqemaze15.4-
Si asaxulia mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebis saSualo saxelfaso paketi qar­
xnis muSis, dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblis, inJinrisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTlis xelfasTan SedarebiT. rogorc sqemidan Cans, maT Soris gansxvaveba
TiTqmis gaormagda gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (bleri, 1994). dRes erTi mTavari
aRmasrulebeli oficris mier gamomuSavebuli wliuri xelfasi TiTqmis 2 milion
dolars utoldeba, rac daaxloebiT samjer an oTxjer aRemateba misi iaponeli
kolegis Semosavals, xolo 120-jer _ saSualo amerikeli qarxnis muSisas.

umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli oficeri

uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle

inJineri
dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebeli

qarxnis muSa

sqema 15.4 / aSS-is umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli ofic­rebisa da amerikeli muSebis sxvada­

sxva tipis saxelfaso pake­tebis Sedareba, 1983-1992 ww.

1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gansxvaveba umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli oficrebisa da Cveulebri­

vi dasaqmebulebis saxelfaso paketebs Soris ukve Zalian didi iyo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTlis xelfasic ki ver Seedreboda imas, rasac msxvili korporaciis mmarTveli
iRebda. aTi wlis Semdeg es gansxvaveba TiTqmis gaormagda.

646
 xelfasebs Soris amxela gansxvavebis erT-erTi mizezia amerikul korpora­
ciebs Soris arsebuli konkurencia mTavari aRmasruleblis gadabirebis Tval­
sazrisiT da, gamomdinare im Rirebulebidan, rasac amerikeli xalxi konkurencias
da pirad miRwevebs aniWebs, isini ufro eguebian am uTanasworobas sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT (inglharti, 1990). realurad, ekonomikuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqtSi
amerikelebma Seqmnes is sistema, romelsac ekonomistebi robert franki da filip
kuki (1995) moixsenieben sityvebiT: `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls rCeba~. es saxel­
wodeba gulisxmobs, rom mogebis umetesi nawili adamianTa mcire ricxvs Soris
nawildeba. isini mxolod sakuTari wvlilis gamo ar Rebuloben amxela Semosavals.
rogorc franki da kuki amboben, `erTia, rodesac vambobT, rom adamiani, romelic
10 procentiT mets Sromobs, an 10 procentiT ufro niWeria, 10 procentiT meti
Semosavali unda hqondes, magram sxvaa, rodesac vambobT, rom 10-procentianma
gansxvavebam xelfasSi 10.000 procentiani sxvaoba unda mogvces~ (gv.17).
sistema _ `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls rCeba~ _ xels uwyobs flangvas, radgan
warmatebis SenarCunebis mizniT sulac araa saWiro amxela xelfasebi. es faqtori
iwvvs dabali anazRaurebis mqone adamianebis ganawyenebasac, romlebic fiqro­
ben, rom xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba ukve kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magali­
Tad, aSS-Si mTavari aRmasrulebeli oficrebis xelfasebis zrdis paralelurad
ubralo moqalaqeebi Tavs finansurad daucvelad grZnoben, rac, maTi azriT,
korporaciebis kadrebis SemcirebiTa da organizaciebis `xarjTefeqturobis~
(streamlining) tendenciebidan momdinareobs. aRmasruleblebis xelfasebi ki mainc
izrdeba kadrebis Semcirebis miuxedavad, radgan maT Semosavals ganapirobebs
kompaniis aqciebis Rirebuleba, rac kidev ufro imatebs restruqturizaciis
Sedegad. `amgvarad, aRmasruleblebis xelfasis zrda da ubralo muSebis Semosav­
lebis kleba erTi da imave faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli, kerZod: finansuri bazris
mxridan Seubralebeli zewola aqciebis fasebis gazrdis mizniT~ (bleri, 1994).

umuSevrobis problema

kapitalistur ekonomikaSi umuSevrobis garkveuli done `da­saSvebadaa~ miC­

neuli, radgan Tavisufali ekonomikis pirobebSi warmatebuli firmebis gver­
diT yovelTvis arsebobs warumatebeli, arapopularuli firmebi, ris Sede­
gadac xelmisawvdomi samu­Sao adgilebis raodenoba yovelTvis ar Seesabameba
xelmisawvdomi muSaxelis kvalifikacias. es Seusabamoba badebs e.w. struqturul
umuSevrobas, radgan is dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri sistemis struqturas da
baz­ris cvalebadobasTan. struqturuli umuSevrobis warmoqmnas teqnologiuri
cvli­lebebic uwyobs xels. maga­liTad, avtomobilis gamogonebam mniSvnelovnad
Seaferxa im saqonlisa da servisebis warmoeba, rac cxenSesabmel transportTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. saboloo jamSi ki es produqcia samudamod gaqra bazridan.
amitom bevri muSa (vercxlismWedlebi, vagonebis mkeTeb­lebi da sxv.) iZulebuli
gaxda, xeloba mietovebina. Tu isini ver SeiZendnen axal saWiro unar-Cvevebs an
ar daTanxmebodnen Sesaba­misi kvalifikaciis arqonis gamo SeTavazebul dabal
anazRaurebas, SeiZleba sakmaod didi xani yofiliyvnen umuSevrad. umuSevroba

647
imatebs maSin, rodesac romelime firma, arasaTanado menejmentis an uxarisxo
produqciis gamo, ver uZlebs konkurencias. Tu amgvari firmebi daixureba, maTi
TanamSromlebi umuSevrad darCebian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu imave teritoriaze moq­
med sxva konkurent firmebs ar dasWirdeba maTi unar-Cvevebi. amave dros, korpo­
raciebis Serwymam an biznesis reorganizebis sxva formebmac SeiZleba samuSaos
gareSe datovos bevri muSa.
struqturuli umuSevrobis garda, kapitalistur sistemaSi arsebobs e.w.
cikluri umuSevroba, romelmac SeiZleba saSiS zRvars miaRwios, Tu saTanado
zomebi ar iqna miRebuli. rodesac produqcia gacilebiT aRemateba moTxovnas,
kompaniebi da korporaciebi muSebis raodenobas amcireben.
aSS-Si droebiTi umuSevroba sakmaod gavrcelebulia, Tumca misi xdomilebis
maCvenebeli regionidan regionSi icvleba. statistikis mixedviT, samidan ori
amerikeli cxovrebis romelime etapze samuSaos kargavs (qeiTsi, greifi, hage­
ni, 1990). 1991 wels, ekonomikuri stagnaciis periodSi, xuTidan erTi amerikeli
umuSevari iyo (pomisi da sxvebi, 1992). bevrma maTganma maleve iSova samsaxuri, mag­
ram Zalian bevrma xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi sakuTar Tavze iwvnia ekonomi­
kuri uunaroba, sakuTari Tavisadmi upativcemuloba da piradi Seuracxyofa.
oficialuri statistika iSviaTad asaxavs umuSevrobis realur suraTs,
radgan is exeba mxolod im adamianebs, romlebic aqtiurad eZeben srulganakve­
Tian samsaxurebs da ar moicavs maT, vinc naxevarganakveTian samuSaos eZebs an sabo­
lood Caiqnia xeli samsaxuris Sovnaze. magaliTad, 1991 wels sul mcire 1 mili­
onma amerikelma mianeba Tavi samsaxuris Zebnas, ufro meti ki iZulebuli gaxda,
adre gasuliyo pensiaSi. amave dros bevrma axalgazrdam Seikava Tavi samsaxuris
moZebnaze, radgan icoda SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac es
monacemebi daemateba 8.6 milion umuSevars, romelic aqtiurad eZebs samsaxurs,
SegveZleba sruli suraTis miReba umuSevrobis donis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, Segvi­
Zlia am ricxvs davumatoT naxevar ganakveTze momuSave 5.9 milioni amerikeli
muSac, romlebsac survili hqondaT eSovaT srulganakveTiani samuSao.
umuSevrobis msxverpli yvelaze xSirad socialurad daucveli mosaxleoba
xdeba _ swored isini, visac ar Seswevs Zala, gaumklav­des finansur kriziss. eko­
nomikuri stagnaciis periodSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli dabali fenis axlgazr­
debs Soris, romlebmac skolas Tavi mianebes, sagangaSod maRalia ­_ 25%(kasarda
da apoldi, 1990). umuSevroba aseve emuqreba saSualo fenas da SeZlebulebsac ki.
magaliTad, korporaciebis gaerTianebis talRis dros 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma aR­
masrulebelma dakarga samsaxuri. analogiurad, rodesac 1980-90-ian wlebSi kom­
piuterulma industriam daRmasvla iwyo, bevri maRalanazRaurebadi inJineri da
sxva specialisti samsaxuris gareSe darCa. Tanac maT sxva samsaxuris swrafad pov­
nis Zalian mcire perspeqtiva aqvT. 1990-ian wlebSi imata korporaciebSi kadrebis
Semcirebisa da restruqturi­zaciis SemTxvevebma, rogorc samu­Sao adgilebis
Semcirebis xarjze mogebis matebis saSualebam.
is, Tu rogor axerxeben adamianebi umuSevrobasTan gamklavebas, mniSvne­
lovnadaa damokidebuli maTTvis xelmisawvdom socialur da instituciur dax­
marebaze. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ojaxisa da megobrebis daxmareba, romlebic

648
xels uwyoben umuSevar adamians, SeinarCunos TviTrwmena da sakuTari pirovnebi­
sadmi pativiscema. es aseve gulisxmobs finansur daxmarebas, rogoricaa umuSev­
robis daxmareba da im saagentoebis momsaxureba, romlebic exmarebian umuSevrebs
samuSaosa da binis ZebnaSi. daxmarebis bevri formis arsebobis fonze xangrZlivi
umuSevroba SedarebiT asatani xdeba.

profesionalizacia

profesionalizaciam bevri profesiis transformacia moaxdina. rogorc me­

ToTxmete TavSi ganvixileT, samedicino sfero erT-erTi pioneri iyo am sakiTxSi.
profesionalizaciis process Tan axlavs msxvili, formaluri organizaciebis
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTad damsaqmeblebad Camoyalibeba. msxvil kom­
paniebsa da organizaciebSi ZiriTadi forma gulisxmobs profesionalebisa (mene­
jerebis CaTvliT) da ubralo muSebis gamijvnas. profesionalebi iReben gadaw­
yvetilebebs da gascemen miTiTebebs. miTiTebebis Sesruleba ki muSebs evalebaT
(ix. Tavi 3). yvela profesionali ar aris SeZlebuli, magram Semosavlis, uzrun­
velyofisa da avtonomiis mxriv, maT ierarqiaSi minimalur xelfasze momuSave
muSebis sapirispiro pozicia ukaviaT.
profesia ganisazRvreba rogorc im samuSaoTa kategoriebi, romlebSic ga­
wevrianeba SeuZliaT mxolod xangrZlivi forma_luri ganaTlebis Sedegad mi­
Rebuli specializebuli codniTa da unar-CvevebiT gamorCeul pirebs. iqidan
ga­momdinare, rom profesiul jgufebs SeswevT unari, SezRudon maT rigebSi Sems­
vlelTa raodenoba, maT gakrvuli Zalaufleba aqvT (eboti, 1993). profesionalTa
Sefaseba xorcieldeba sxva profesionalebis mier (oRond ara `autsaiderebis~).
yvelaze Zveli da pativsacemi profesiebia iuristisa da eqimis profesiebi. Teo­
logia, romelic zog qveyanaSi yvelaze elitur profesiad iTvleba, aSS-Si nak­
lebi popularobiT sargeblobs, rac albaT imiTaa gamowveuli, rom am qveyanaSi ar
arsebobs saxelmwifo religia.
profesiebis wevroba damokidebulia garkveul ganaTlebaze. amitom wevrTa
ricxvi SezRudulia. Sesabamisad, profesionalebi xSirad sargebloben kargi Se­
mosavliT. zogi profesionali TviTdasaqmebulia _ anu muSaobs marto an part­
niorTan erTad. mis saqmianobas menejeris an ufrosis nacvlad, eTikis kodeqsi da
kargi reputaciis mopovebis survili akontrolebs. Tumca, profesionalTa didi
umravlesoba msxvil korporaciebSi muSaobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar kom­
paniebSi momuSave profesionalebs mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aqvT Cveulebriv
muSebTan SedarebiT, isini mainc eqvemdebarebian biurokratiul kontrols
(fridsoni, 1985; poueli, 1985). zogadad, unda aRiniSnos, rom profesionalebi ewi­
naaRmdegebian sxvebis mier (ara maTive profesiis adamianebis mier) maTi saqmiano­
bis gakontrolebis mcdelobas. magaliTad, eqi­mebi amtkiceben, rom mxolod sxva
eqims aqvs ufleba, gansajos maTi momsaxurebis xarisxi.
amJamad araprofesionaluri samuSaoTi dakavebuli adamianebi profesiul
organizaciad Camoyalibebas cdiloben. zogma mniSvnelovan warmatebasac miaRwia

649
am saqmeSi (magaliTad, dantistebi, buRaltrebi). qalur samuSaoebs Zalian gau­
WirdaT profesiebis statusis mopoveba. iqidan gamomdinare, rom profesionale­
bi sar­gebloben avtoritetiT, maRali SemosavliTa da avtonomiiT, es sti­muls
aZlevs sxvadasxva saqmianobis jgufebs, moipovon profesionalis statusi, ris
Semdegac kidev saWiroa garkveuli warmatebebi am sferoSi SesaRwevad. Tu kri­
teriumebi ar aris sakmarisad mkacri, maSin xdeba wevrebis rigebis gadavseba, rac
asustebs profesionalis statusis damkvidrebis process (fridsoni, 1985).

produqtiuloba da avtomatizacia

produqtiuloba gulisxmobs Sromis, miwis, manqana-danadgarebis an warmoebis

sxva saSualebebis raodenobasa da moculobas, romelic saWiroa gansazRvruli
Sedegis misaRwevad. magaliTad, erTma akrma miwam SesaZleblia mogvces xuTi an aTi
tona soios marcvali, rac damokidebulia fermeris unar-Cvevebze, sasuqis raode­
nobaze, miwis xarisxze da a.S. sociologebs ZiriTadad Sromis produqtiuloba
ainteresebT: kerZod, adamianuri Sromis ra raodenobaa saWiro konkretuli Sede­
gis misaRwevad. rac ufro xarisxiani da ukeTesia meTodologia da teqnologia,
miT efeqturia samuSaos organizeba da miT ufro karg Sedegs iZleva mcdeloba.
industriuli revoluciis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri da eko­
nomikuri tendencia gulisxmobs Sromis nayofierebis mudmiv zrdas. swored Sro­
mis mzardi nayofiereba ganapirobebs aSS-Si cxovrebis maRal standartebs. 1950-
60-ian wlebSi amerikaSi Sromis nayofierebis yovelwliurma zrdam saSualod 3
procents miaRwia, rac momdevno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaormagda. es ten­
dencia rom gagrZelebuliyo, amerikelTa yoveli momdevno Taoba wina TaobasTan
SedarebiT orjer ufro nayofierad imuSavebda, rac maT Semosavlebzec aisaxe­
boda (Public Agenda Foundation, 1990). problema isaa, rom nayofierebis zrdis aseTi
tempis SenarCuneba ver moxerxda. 1973 wels arabeTis navTobis embargos Sedegad,
amerikaSi Sromis nayofierebis zrdis tempi ise daeca, rom misi gamosworeba SeuZ­
lebeli gaxda. dResdReobiT misi maCvenebeli maqsimum erTi procentia. bevris
mosazrebiT, Sromis nayofierebis mxardaWera erTaderTi gamosavalia qveynis
ekonomikuri problemebis mosagvareblad, rac xels Seuwyobs mis mier im poziciis
dabrunebas, rac saukunis ganmavlobaSi ekava.
im saSualebebs, romlebis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia Sromis nayofierebis
maRali donis miRweva, Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegebic axlavs. Sromis damzogavi man­
qana-danadgarebis SemoReba da masTan erTad samuSao adgilis reorganizeba (rac
avtomatizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili), muSebs sakuTari wvlilis daufaseblobisa
da kontrolis kargvis SegrZnebas uCens. Tavdapirvelad muSebi SeiZleba moxa­
rulebic ki iyvnen iseTi teqnologiuri instrumentebis danergviT, rogoricaa
kompiuterizebuli mowyobiloba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini savaraudod
gariyulad igrZnoben Tavs daprogramebis procesidan, ris Sedegadac maT SeiZleba
SeelaxoT pativmoyvareoba da gaucxoebis grZnoba ganuviTardeT (hovardi, 1985).

650
 gaucxoebis grZnoba da kontrolis kargvis SegrZneba mxolod dabalanazRau­
rebad muSaxels rodi axasiaTebs. es grZnoba nacnobia ganaTlebuli, maRalanazRa­
urebadi samsaxurebis mqone specialis­tebisTvisac. magaliTad, robert ho­vardma
(1985) gamoikvlia korporaciebis kempusebi silikonis dablobze, sadac maRal­
kvalificiur kompiuterul teqnikosebs SeeZloT ufasod esargeblaT sportuli
darbazebiT, jansaRi kvebis obieqtebiTa da sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT. aseTi
SeRavaTebi erTi SexedviT mimzidvelia, magram sinamdvileSi es menejerebis mier
maTi Zalauflebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi formaa, romelic miznad isaxavs Tanam­
Sromlebis motivaciis amaRlebas. amave dros, menejerebma SeiZleba isargeblon
muSebis ganwyobiT da xeli Seuwyon maTi wvlilis gazrdas. Tavis naSromSi ho­
vardi mogviTxrobs muSebis Sesaxeb, romlebisganac moelian ara marto sakuTari
movaleobis pirnaTlad Sesrulebas, aramed Rimilsac imis dasturad, rom isini
sakuTari saqmiT kmayofilebi da bednierebi arian.
amgvari fsiqologiuri kontroli SesaZloa Tanamedrove samsaxurebis mniS­
vnelovani nawili gaxdes (hoSildi, 1983). hoSildi amas `axal Tamam samsaxurs~
uwodebs oldos haqslis amave saxelwodebis romanis mixedviT, sadac aRwerilia
ocdamexuTe saukunis sazogadoebis koSmari. am sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo imde­
nad akontrolebs adamianebis cxovrebas, rom dakargulia individua­lizmisa da
SemoqmedebiTobis yovelgvari gamovlineba da adamianebi moCvenebiT bednierebi
arian, radgan maRali teqnologiebisagan iReben siamovnebas.

Sejameba

1. ekonomika aris socialuri instituti, romlis mizania sa­qonlisa da servi­

sis warmoeba-ganawileba. dRes kapitalizmi ekonomikis organizebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli da mniSvnelovani formaa. wminda kapitalistur sistemaSi
warmoebis yvela saSualeba kerZo sakuTrebaSia, muSebi da momxmareb_lebi
akeTeben arCevans sakuTari dainteresebis safuZvelze, mwarmoeblebs amoZ­
ravebT finansuri sargeblis motivi, konkurencia TiTqmis yvela bazarze ar­
sebobs da biznesis mesakuTreebi regularulad axorcieleben investiciebs
kapitalis mogrovebis mizniT.
2. Tanamedrove kapitalizmi globaluri masStabebiT moqmedebs, rasac misi
fuZemdeblebi verc ki warmoidgendnen. dRes kapitalisturi korporaciebi
ara mxolod yiduloben da yidian sazRvargareT, aramed iq samewarmeo saqmi­
anobasac misdeven. farTomasStabiani warmoeba im qveynebSi xorcieldeba,
sadac xelfasebi dabalia, magram es korporaciebi niWier TanamSromlebs
msoflios yvela kuTxeSi pouloben.
3. saxelmwifo aqtiuradaa CarTuli Tanamedrove kapitalistur sistemaSi. aSS-
Si es tendencia ufro metad `didi depresiis~ periodidan gamoikveTa. gavle­
niani komersanti jon meinard keinsi ambobda, rom saxelmwifos programebi
saWiroa ekonomikis dasabalanseblad umuSevrobidan inflaciamde.

651
4. ekonomikis meore wyoba, kapitalizmis alternativa _ socializmi _ XIX sau­
kuneSi warmoiSva. socializmi gulisxmobs sajaro sakuTrebas da, sul mcire,
warmoebis zogi saSualebis kontrols. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo
sakuTreba da ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze dawesebuli centralizebuli
kontroli gverdigverd Tanaarsebobda. amgvari centrali­ze­buli dageg­
mareba ukiduresad rTulia da mravali problemis sawindaria.
5. mravali amerikuli korporacia multinacionaluria, anu moqmedebs bevr sx­
vadasxva qveyanaSi. multinacionaluri kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maspinZe­
li qveynebis rogorc socialur, aseve politikur cxovrebaze. amgvari kor­
poraciebis aqcionerebs ar SeuZliaT akontrolon sawarmoebis politika da,
aqedan gamomdinare, korporaciebisa da maspinZeli qveynebis bedi korpora­
ciebis menejerebis xelTaa.
6. miuxedavad imisa, rom msxvil kompaniebs wamyvani adgili uWiravT aSS-Si, mci­
re biznesebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, radgan isini asaqmeben uamrav
adamian da qmnian axal samu­Sao adgilebs. sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo dRes
aSS-Si gansakuTrebiT bevri emigranti ixibleba sakuTari biznesis ideiT.
nawilobriv imis gamo, rom ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi dafinanseba an imarTebian
arakvalificiuri adamianebis mier, mcire biznesebi, rogorc wesi, maleve
wyveten arsebobas.
7. samuSao fasdeba ara mxolod anazRaurebiT, aramed identurobis im Seg­
rZnebiT, rasac is xalxs aniWebs. dRes `TeTrsayeloiani~ muSebi upirateso­
biT sargebloben `cisfersaye­loianebTan~ SedarebiT. sakuTari samsaxuriT,
ZiriTadad garkveuli profesiisa da Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone adamiane­
bi arian kmayofilni. yvela, vinc sxvebis mieraa dasaqmebuli, eqvemdebareba
garkveul kontrols an koordinacias. `cisfersayeloiani~ muSebi eqvemde­
barebian teqnikur moTxovnebs, xolo `TeTrsayeloianebi~ _ aramonetarul
waxalisebas, romelic biurokratiuli sistemis nawilia.
8. Tanamedrove amerikaSi gamokveTilia ori tendencia: 1) qalebis momravleba
samuSao ZalaSi da 2) fermeruli da soflis meurneobis daknineba, rasac Tan
axlavs momsaxurebis sfe­ros zrda dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis CaT­
vliT. bevri qali da umciresobaTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi muSaoben meo­
rad Sromis bazarze, rac gulisxmobs dabal xelfasebs da naxevarganakveTian
samsaxurebs dawinaurebis perspeqtivis gareSe. ukeTesi samsaxurebi pirve­
lad Sromis bazarze akademiuri ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis mqoneTaTvisaa
Semonaxuli. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bolo dros ganaTlebasa da wodebebs
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, arakvalificiuri muSaxeli, romlebic ver Soulo­
ben samsaxurebs soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, iZulebulebi arian, moiZon sa­
muSao meorad Sromis bazarze. ierarqiis umaRles safexurs ikavebs samedici­
no da iuridiuli profesiebi, romlebic yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadia, amave
dros yvelaze prestiJuli da Tanac farTo avtonomiis saSualebas iZleva.
umuSevroba, ZiriTadad, meorad Sromis bazars axasiaTebs, magram 1990-ian
wlebSi is pirveladi Sromis bazris bevr kvalificiur muSasac Seexo.

652
9. Sromis nayofiereba (romelic saaTobrivad izomeba) gai­zarda avtomatiza­
ciis Sedegad, rac gulisxmobs samsaxurebSi manqana-danadgarebis SemoRe­
bas da agreTve masTan dakav­Sirebul reorganizacias. Tumca, avtomatizacia
xSirad iwvevs ukmayofilebis SegrZnebas da naklebad sainteresos xdis sa­
muSao process.

imsjeleT

1. ra aris kapitalizmis oTxi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli?

2. axseniT kapitalizmisa da socializmis warmoSobis mizezebi da gansakuTrebiT
gaamaxvileT yuradReba am epoqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur ganviTa­
rebaze.
3. CamoTvaleT aSS-Si korporaciuli cxovrebis zogi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
aspeqtebi.
4. ratom moiTxovs korporaciebisa da Tanamedrove kapitalizmis Seswavla
globalur perspeqtivas?
5. gansazRvreT ramdenime faqtori, romlebic gavlenas axdenen samuSaosgan
miRebul kmayofilebis grZnobaze.
6. rogor Seicvala samuSao aSS-Si gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. ekonomistTa nawili amtkicebs, rom dasavlur samyaroSi kapi­talizmma Sei­

Zleba Sewyvitos arseboba. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom kapitalizmis dominantoba
adasturebs mis gamZleobas socialuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad. Camoayali­
beT da daa­sabuTeT Tqveni xedva.
2. rogor fiqrobT, rogori gavlena eqneboda marqss (didi Tu mcire), mas rom
150 wliT adre ecxovra? rogor fiqrobT, axsnida Tu ara is boloxans momx­
dar socialur da ekonomikur cvlilebebs yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aR­
mosavleT evropaSi?
3. ramdenad unda Caerios saxelmwifo ekonomikur cxovrebaSi? vin dazaralde­
ba yvelaze metad, Tu saxelmwifo Sewyvets an naklebad Seasrulebs masze da­
kisrebul romelime movaleobas (xelSemwyobi, damxmare, regulatori, momx­
marebeli)?
4. moamzadeT moxseneba biznesis skolebis ufroskurselTaTvis, romelic Se­
exeba aSS-Si korporaciuli aspeqtis gaumjobesebas. SeimuSaveT konkretuli
strategiebi da daasabuTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
5. CamoayalibeT im programis ZiriTadi miznebi da amocanebi, romelic miznad
isaxavs aSS-Si samuSaos gaumjobesebas. daakonkreteT, Tu ras gulismobT `gaum­
jobesebaSi~ da aseve daakonkreteT Tqveni strategia. vis eqneboda SesaZleb­
loba, sisruleSi moeyvana Tqveni gegma an xeli SeeSala misTvis? yvelaze me­tad
muSaTa romeli jgufi isargeblebda amiT? vis gamotovebdiT am gegmidan?

653
 sityvari

avtomatizacia _ muSaxelis manqana-danadgarebiT Canacvleba da samuSao adgi­

lis Sesabamisi reorganizeba.
kapitali _ qoneba, romelic gamoyenebulia ufro meti qonebis dagrovebis mizniT
_ magaliTad, qarxana, romelic aris investicia saqonlis warmoebisaTvis.
kapitalizmi _ ekonomikuri sistema, romelic efuZneba warmoebis saSualebebis
kerZo sakuTrebas, TviTdainteresebas da mogebis motivs, rogorc umTavres
ekonomikur stimuls; Sromis bazarze konkurencias, nedleuls da produq­
cias, ganmeorebiT investiciebs kaptalis dagrovebis mizniT.
komunizmi _ marqsis Teoriis mixedviT, WeSmaritad uklaso sazogadoebis sta­
dia, romelSic saWiro aRar iqneba totalitaruli kontroli saxelmwifos
mxridan.
korporacia _ kanoniT Seqmnili organizacia, romlis arseboba, Zalaufleba da
ufleba-valdebuleba ar aris damokidebuli mis mflobelebze, menejerebsa
da TanamSromlebze.
ekonomikuri sistema _ socialuri instituti, romelic asrulebs sazogadoe­
baSi saqonlis warmoebisa da misi da momsaxurebis ganawilebis funqcias.
Tanadireqtoroba _ im adamianTa qseli, romlebic ori an meti korporaciis di­
reqtorTa sabWos wevrebi arian .
Sromis bazari _ socialuri struqtura, romelic monawileobs momsaxurebisa
da unar-Cvevebis yidva-gayidvaSi. Sromis bazris SesaZleblobebi ganisaz­
Rvreba vakansiebisa da maTi dakavebis mosurneTa raodenobiT.
multinacionaluri korporacia _ msxvili da, Cveulebriv, Zalian mraval­
ferovani korporacia, romelic Tavis saqmianobas mraval qveyanaSi awarmo­
ebs filialebisa da warmomadgenlobebis meSveobiT.
pirveladi Sromis bazari _ Sromis bazari, sadac adamianebi xdebian stabiluri,
warmatebuli da Cveulebriv msxvili kompaniebis TanamSromlebi, romlebic
maT uzrunvelyofen mudmivi samu­SaoTi, janmrTelobis dazRveviT, sapensio
sqemiTa da Seda­rebiT ukeTesi anazRaurebiT.
produqtiuloba _ Sedegi, romelic SromiTma da sxva resursma SeiZleba war­
moSvas.
profesiebi _ samuSaoTa kategoriebi, romlebSic gawevrianeba SeuZliaT mxo­
lod im pirebs, romlebsac aqvT xangrZlivi forma­luri ganaTlebis Sedegad
miRebuli specializebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi.
meoradi Sromis bazari _ Sromis bazris mcire, SedarebiT arastabiluri seqto­
ri arastabiluri, dabalanazRaurebadi da uperspeqtivo samsaxurebiT.
socializmi _ kapitalizmis individualuri konkurenciis Canacvlebis mcdelo­
ba socialuri TanamSromlobis zogi formiT, sadac sazogadoebis interese­
bi da saWiroebebi SeZle­bulTa sargebelze win dgas. socializmis misaRwevad
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSualebaa Temebis an muSebis sakuTreba an kon­t­ro­
li warmoebis saSualebebze.

654
 Tavi 16

saxelmwifo da politika

brZola ZalaulflebisaTvis
. legaloba da mmarTveloba
. Zalauflebis socialuri struqtura

saxelmwifo
. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis aRzeveba
. erebi da nacionalizmi
. Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo

demokratia
. monawileoba amerikul demokratiaSi
. gadasvla demokratiaSi

omi: politikis saxesxvaoba

. Tanamedrove omi

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi: omi bosniaSi

655
656
 1 995 wlis 19 aprils daaxloebiT dilis cxra saaTze oklahomaSi, sadgomze
mdgari daqiravebuli mikroavtobusidan gamo­vardnili cecxlovani burTi
alfred f. miureis saxelobis federalur SenobaSi Sevarda da 169 adamiani imsx­
verpla, romelTa Soris 19 mcirewlovani bavSvi iyo.
amerikelTa umravlesobam, samTavrobo pirebis CaTvliT, daaskvna, rom es mus­
limani eqstremistebis Cadenili iyo iseve, rogorc 1993 wels ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxma niu-iorkis msoflio savaWro centrze. bevri amerikelisaTvis niu-ior­
ki is qalaqia, sadac yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes, magram qveynis SuagulSi mdebare
oklahoma samoTxed iTvleba stabilurobisa da simSvidis gamo. Tu am qalaqzec gabe­
des Tavdasxma, maSin gamodis, rom arc erTi qalaqi ar aris dazRveuli. amerikele­
bi SiSma Seipyro, rodesac gairkva, rom dabombva ucxoelma teroris­tebma ki ara,
amerikis moqalaqeebma _ patriotul/samxedro dajgufebam gana­xorciela. rogor
SeeZloT amerikelebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs patriotebad miiCnevdnen, aefeTqe­
binaT samTavrobo Senoba da moeklaT asobiT Tanamoqalaqe?
patriotuli moZraoba, romelic mediis yuradRebis miRma darCa, gansa­
kuTrebiT 1990-ian wlebSi gaZlierda. es gaZliereba SesamCnevia socialuri
struqturis cvli­lebebis meSveobiT. am moZraobaSi, ZiriTadad, muSaTa klasis
warmomadgeneli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi iyvnen CarTulni. isini moRvaweobdnen
arizonasa da montanaSi, sadac madneulisa da TiTbris mompovebeli industriebi
daRmasvlas ganicdida, aseve miCigansa da niu-hempSirSi, sadac qarxnebi dai­xura
warmoebis meqsikasa da mesame rigis qveynebSi gatanis gamo da kaliforniaSi. civi
omis dasrulebasTan erTad dasrulda sahaero xomaldebis warmoebac (kuperi,
1995w.). samsaxurdakarguli muSebi mitovebulad grZnobdnen xelisuflebisgan
Tavs, romelic am dros dakavebuli iyo saerTaSoriso savaWro garigebebiT, gare­
mos dacvis problemebiT, urbanuli umciresobebiT, aseve homoseqsualTa da qal­
Ta uflebebiT.
patriotulma moZraobam ganaviTara ideologia, romelic mo­u­wodebda `nam­
dvil ame­rikelebs~ federaluri mTavroba sakuTar mtrad CaeTvala. e.w. patri­
otebisaTvis globalizaciis safrTxem Secvala wlebis win civi omis globaluri
komunisturi safrTxe _ federaluri mTavroba gaerosTan erTad mzad iyo damor­
Cileboda `axal msoflio wesrigs~; federaluri kanonmdebloba (gansakuTrebiT,
kontroli iaraRis Sesaxeb) im SeTqmulebis nawili iyo, romlis meSveobiTac
amerikelebs arTmevdnen uflebas, Tavi daecvaT tiraniisagan. yovelive amis gaT­
valiswinebiT, TviTmarqvia `patriotebisaTvis~ TviT amerikuli cxovrebis wesis
momavali idga safrTxis qveS. imis nacvlad, rom SabaT-kvira nadirobasa da Tevza­
obaSi gaetarebinaT, moZraobis wevrebi eswrebodnen saidumlo samxedro wvrTnebs
da gankiTxvis dRisaTvis emzadebodnen.
oklahomaSi ganxorcielebuli teraqti, nawilobriv, gaxldaT pasuxi mTav­
robis yvela moqmedebaze, romelic xels uwyobda amgvari SiSis gaRvivebas. 1992
wels gamoZiebis federalur biurosa da alkoholis, Tambaqosa da cecxlsasroli
iaraRis biurosTan Setakebisas daiRupnen TeTrkaniani supermasistis meuRle

657
da vaJi­Svili, ramac isini moZraobis pirvel msxverplad aqcia. amas mohyva erTi
wlis Semdeg daviTianelTa Stabbinis alyaSi moqceva vakoSi, arizonas StatSi. Se­
takeba kultis 78 wevris daRupviT dasrulda. daRupulTa Soris iyvnen bavSvebic.
`vako _ ganacxada erT-erTma gadarCenilma, _ aris gamosaRviZebeli mowodeba im
adamia­nebisaTvis, romlebmac, SesaZloa, pirvelad igrZnes, rom sakuTari mTavro­
ba maTsave sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs~ (Taimsi, 1995 wlis 1 maisi, gv. 4). ukanaskneli
wveTi aRmoCnda bradi bilis gardacvaleba 1994 wels, romelic cecxlsasroli
iaraRis yidva-gayidvas xelmZRvanelobda, amas daerTo akrZalva sabrZolo iara­
Rze. `patriotebi~ iaraRs TavsuflebasTan aigivebdnen da, Sesabamisad, iaraRis
kont­roli calsaxad miiCnies ganiaraRebad da danebebad.
amerikis politikis konspiraciulobisa da apokalifsurobis Sesaxeb Tval­
sazriss amyarebda Worebi Savi vertmfrenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ranCoebis Tavze
dafrinavdnen; aseve mTavrobis oponentebisaTvis sakoncentracio banakebis mom­
zadebis, amerikul miwaze ucxo qveynebis policiis Zalebis momzadebis, yofil
jariskacebze saidumlod mimontaJebuli mikrofonebisa da kiqsis burRuleulis
yuTebze datanili rukebis Sesaxebac ki.
SeiZleba es yvelaferi ararealurad moCandes, magram `patriotTa~ moZraobis
ideologia da moqmedebebi amerikul kulturas efuZneba. Zlieri xelisuflebis
opozicia amerikis istoriis ganmeorebiTi Temaa. amerikelebis umetesobas, Tomas
jefersonis CaTvliT, yofelTvis sjeroda, rom mTavroba, romelic naklebad mar­
Tavs, saukeTeso mmarTvelia (citirebulia lifsetis naSromSi, 1995w.). 19 aprili
ara mxolod oklahomaSi momxdari dabombvis ori wlisTavia, aramed leqsingtonis
brZolis dRec, romelic revoluciuri omis dawyebad miiCneva. moqalaqee­bisTvis
iaraRis tarebis ufleba, romelic gamyarebulia konstituciis meore Seswore­
biT, swored revoluciuri epoqidan momdinareobs _ maSin miiCnevdnen, rom `Sei­
araRebuli moqalaqeebi saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garantiaa~. adgilobrivi Sei­
araRebebi didi xania Caanacvla erovnulma dacvam (Tumca ara patriotTaTvis),
magram antisaxelisuflo ganwyobas fesvebi ufro Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli. 1960-ian
wlebSi vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma moZraobam federaluri mTavroba
`nomer pirvel mtrad~ Seracxa (efelbomi, 1995w.).
patriotTa moZraoba mxolod ukanaskneli Tavia imisa, rasac istorikosi ri­
Card hofstadteri `amerikuli politikis paranoidul stils~ uwodebda (citire­
bulia efelbomis naSromSi, 1995w.). konspiraciuli Teoriebi Cveni kulturis
nawilia. amerikis problemebSi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva jgufi adanaSaulebda
masonebs, kaTolikeebs, ebraelebs, saerTaSoriso bankirebs, mormonebs da bava­
riel iluminatebsac ki. 1950-ian wlebSi senatorma jozef makkartim mTeli ameri­
kis moxibvla SeZlo `komunisturi gadmonaSTebis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kampa­
niiT, romelic aTasobiT amerikels samsaxurisa da reputaciis dakargvis fasad
daujda. ufro metic, samoqalaqo omis dasasrulidan moyolebuli, Savkaniani
amerikelebis damcvelebma ramdenime Setakebis provocireba moaxdines TeTrka­
niani amerikelebis mxridan. patriotTa moZraoba pirdapir Tu arapirdapir izi­
arebs iseTi jgufebis rasobriv da antisemitur Tvalsazrisebs, rogoricaa kuk­­
luqs-klani, TeTrkanian amerikelTa sabWoebi da neonacisturi ariuli eri.

658
 patriotuli moZraoba gamorCeulad `Tanamedrovea~. faqsebi, videofirebi da
iseTi internetgverdebi, rogoricaa `Cybehate~, saSualebas aZlevs mas swrafad,
iafad da xSirad anonimurad gaavrcelos da miiRos sxvadasxva informacia
(ianovski, 1995w.). Tavdapirvelad organizacia Zalian patara iyo, magram is male
gafarTovda da SeimuSava TviTnakeTi bombebis damzadebis saxelmZRvaneloebi da
videomasalebi. Tanamedrve teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT `patriotebma~ gverdi
auares tradiciul formebs da Seqmnes `qseli lideris gareSe~, sadac iseve uki­
duresad Znelia SeRweva, rogorc Cadenil danaSaulebebSi organizaciis wevrebis
dadanaSauleba. iyvenen Tu ara oklahomas teraqtSi msjavrdebuli adamianebi
romelime konkretuli jgufis wevrebi? paxuxis gacema Znelia. radio da satele­
vizio ToqSouebi izidavs erTi da imave mosazrebis mqone adamianebs, romlebsac
telewamyvanis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba ukve faqtad miaCniaT, xolo ramdenime
aTeuli telemayureblis an radiomsmenelis zari _ sazogadoebriv azrad.
oklahomas teraqti uSualod im adamianebis winaaRmdeg rodi iyo mimarTuli,
romlebic mas emsxverplnen. es iyo politikuri aqti, romelic miznad isaxavda,
adamianebisaTvis Seexsenebina, ra moxda vakoSi (rasac teroristebi saxelmwifos
mier Cadenil teroristul aqtad miiCnevdnen), Caenerga maTTvis daucvelobis
grZnoba da Seesustebina mosaxleobis ndoba mTavrobis mimarT; aseve, Tundac
sul mokle xniT SeeryiaT ZalTa balansi aSS-Si. teraqtma garkveulwilad miaR­
wia kidec mizans. patriotTa warmomadgenlebma ar daayovnes da sajarod dagmes
oklahomis teraqti da aseve dabejiTebiT aRniSnes, rom es iyo mTavrobis gegmis
nawili, romelic miznad isaxavs maT diskreditacias. Tumca, teraqtamde ameriku­
li masmedia `patriotebs~ seriozulad ar aRiqvamda da maT giJebsa da radikalebs
uwodebda. oklahomas teraqtma kidev erTxel gausva xazi gaucxoebis tendenciasa
da amerikul sazogadoebaSi axali, antisamTavrobo subkulturis aRmocenebas.
garda amisa, am faqtma politikur rukaze miuCina adgili `patriotebs~.
es Tavi Zalauflebis sxvadasxva tipisa da aSS-Si Zalauflebis struqturis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebis mimoxilviT iwyeba. Semdeg SevecdebiT, gavyveT
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis kvals, gavaanalizoT nacionalizmis
kulturuli fenomeni da ganvixiloT Tanamedrove sayovelTao keTildReobis
mqone saxelmwifoebi. mesame nawilSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT socialur moq­
medebaze, im struqturul da kulturul faqtorebze, romlebic gavlenas axdens
demokratiul procesebSi monawileobaze da, agreTve, sxva qveynebSi demokrati­
aze gadasvlaze.

brZola ZalauflebisaTvis

politika aris procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi ixveWen, iyeneben da kar­

gaven Zalauflebas. TiTqmis yvela socialuri urTierToba moicavs politikur
elements: mSoblebi cdiloben gavlenis SenarCunebas Svilebze, maswavleblebi
_ moswavleebis damorCilebas; colebi da qmrebi iyeneben sakuTar Zalauflebas

659
erTmaneTis mimarT, biznesmenebi ki _ daqiravebuli muSebis mimarT... misi masSta­
bi aris is faqtori, ris gamoc Zalaufleba imdenad mniSvnelovani ramaa, rom is
ZiriTad sociologiur koncefciad miiCneva, Tumca am TavSi Cven SevexebiT poli­
tikas misi viwro mniSvnelobiT anu ganvixilavT mas imdenad, ramdenadac politika
ukavSirdeba Zalauflebis specializebul institutebs.
rodesac vlaparakobT politikis Zalauflebaze, Cveulebriv, vgulisxmobT
Zalauflebas, romelsac SeuZlia akontrolos adamianebis qceva da gamocdileba
maSinac ki, rodesac es ukanasknelni am kontrols ewinaaRmdegebian (veberi, 1922-
1968w.w.). politika aseve gulisxmobs TiToeuli adamianis Zalauflebis zrdis
mcdelobas anu koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT miznis miRwevas (magaliTad, produqciis
warmoeba an caTambjenis aSeneba) socialuri oganizaciis meSveobiT (parsonsi,
1960w.). aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo iyenebs Zalauflebas ara mxo­lod maSin,
rodesac policiis an jaris meSveobiT aiZulebs adamianebs Caidinon garkveuli
qmedebebi, aramed maSinac, rodesac beWdavs fulis kupiurebs, rac xalxs biznesis
warmoebas uadvilebs.

legaloba da mmarTveloba

legaloba mniSvnelovani sakiTxia Zalauflebis Seswavlis procesSi. lega­

loba gulisxmobs im dones, ra donemdec Zalaufleba qmediTunarianad da kano­
nieradaa AaRiarebuli ara mxolod im adamianebis mier, vis xelSicaa Zalaufleba,
ara­med imaT mierac, vinc mas emorCileba. magaliTad, kongresis Zalaufleba,
miiRos kanonebi, kanonieradaa miCneuli farTo sazogadoebisTvis, romelic ar
cnobs SeiaraRebuli jgufis Zalauflebis legalobas bankis Zarcvisas. socio­
logiebi kanonier Zalauflebas xSirad mmarTve­lobas uwodeben. mmarTveloba
uflebis sakiTxia da idealur SemTxvevaSi is ar unda iyos gamyarebuli iZulebiTi
Zalauflebis an Zalis mier. Zalaufleba iTvleba arakanonierad, Tu is mxolod da
mxolod iZulebas efuZneba.
Tumca, politikuri sistemebis umetesoba damyarebulia rogorc mmarTvelo­
bis, aseve Zaldatanebis gamoyenebaze. magaliTad, aSS-Si mmarTvelobis gamyarebis
mizniT, garkveuli doziT gamoiyeneba Zala maSin, rodesac, vTqvaT, policia aja­
rimebs mZRols manqanis gadaWarbebuli siCqariT marTvis gamo, an rodesac alko­
holis, Tambaqosa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis biuros TanamSromlebi Sedian kerZo
sakuTrebaSi arakanonieri iaraRis amoRebis mizniT. mTavrobebic ki, romlebsac
ubralo moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT ganuzomeli Zalaufleba aqvT, sargebloben
qveSevrdomebis TanxmobiT mainc. Zalaufleba, romelic mxolod da mxolod Zal­
datanebas efuZneba, Cveulebriv, arastabiluri da araefeqturia, radgan aseT
SemTxvevaSi is efuZneba SiSs da ara TanamSromlobas. amgvari reJimebi sazogadoe­
baSi TandaTanobiT aucileblad gaaRvivebs winaaRmdegobas, rac aseTi mTavro­
bis gadagdebiT mTavrdeba xolme. magaliTad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mTavroba
daeca mas Semdeg, rac mis moqalaqeebs gauqra komunisturi ideologiis rwmena
da win aRudga mTavrobas, romelic amtkicebda, rom xalxis interesebis dasaca­

660
vad ibrZoda. `patriotuli moZraobis~ zogi wevri aSS-is mTavrobas sabWoTa ka­
vSiris mTavrobas adarebda da amtkicebda, rom aSS-is mTavroba gadasaxadebis
Segrovebisas iyenebs Zalismer meTodebs; aiZulebs mSoblebs, saxlSi ganaTlebis
miRebis nacvlad bavSvebi skolebSi miabaron; xels uwyobs rasobriv integracias;
cdilobs qalebis uflebebis dacvas da sxva mravali saSualebiT ereva TiToeuli
adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi.
rogor gansazRvraven sociologebi aris Tu ara mTavroba legaluri? am kiTx­
vaze pasuxis gacemisas maTi nawili kriteriumad miiCnevs mosaxleobaSi opoziciis
naklebobas: Tu xalxi mTavrobis mimarT protests sajarod ar gamoxatavs, maSasa­
dame is miiCnevs, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli reJimi zomierad legitimuria (lipseti,
1981w.). Tumca, mosaxleobam SeiZleba dakargos rwmena sakuTari xelisuflebis
mimarT, magram araferi moimoqmedos, radgan naklebad aqvs raimes Secvlis imedi
an ubralod eSinia imisa, rac SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves mTavrobis Secvlis mcde­
lobas. ufro mtkice mosazreba legalurad miiCnevs mTavrobas, romelic dadebi­
Tad fasdeba mosaxleobis mier (habermasi, 1975w.). zogi fiqrobs, rom politikuri
sistema legaluria mxolod im SemTxvvaSi, Tu mis wevrebs aqvT sakmarisi Zalau­
fleba maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (ardenti, 1965w. ho­
nigi, 1995w.). meore nawili ki amtkicebs, rom legaloba moiTxovs Zalauflebis
gamoyenebas xalxis interesebis SeZlebisdagvarad maqsimalurad dacvis mizniT
(konoli, 1984w.).
amerikelebis azriT, demokratia aris politikuri sistemis erTaderTi tipi,
romelsac xalxi nebayoflobiT uWers mxars, mag­ram es mTlad ase ar aris. araerTi
qveynis mosaxleoba kargad grZnobs Tavs monarqebis mmarTvelobis qveS. keTil­
mosurne diqtats SeiZleba farTod dauWiron mxari gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi,
romlebmac mZime koloniuri uReli da qaosi gadaitanes, rac ukve garkveul le­
galobas niSnavs. bevrma adamianma SeiZleba mTavrobis saqmianobaSi monawileobas
Zlieri mTavroba arCios, Tu am ukanasknels SeuZlia daamyaros mSvidoba da qveya­
na warmatebuli gaxados. am SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT mcire Zalaa saWiro imisaTvis,
rom mosaxleoba mTavrobis mokavSire gaxdes.
maqs veberi gamoyofs legaluri Zalauflebis an mmarTvelobis sam tips:
tradiciuls, qarizmatulsa da kanonier/racionalurs. istoriulad tradiciuli
mmarTveloba yvelaze gavrcelebulia. is saTaves iRebs Zveli rwmenebidan da praq­
tikidan, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tanam­
debobebisagan Sedgeba. mizezi, ris gamoc adamianebi mmarTvelobis amgvar formas
iReben, mis xangrZliv tradiciaSi mdgomareobs. zog qveyanaSi tradiciuli mmarT­
veloba sakraluradaa miCneuli da politikuri liderebi religiuri liderebis
funqciasac asruleben. sakraluri wesrigis SenarCunebis pasuxismgeblobam Sesa­
Zlebelia SezRudos tradiciuli mmarTvelobis Tavisufali gamoyeneba.
qarizmatul mmarTvelobas safuZvlad udevs rwmena, rom liderebs gansa­
kuTrebuli piradi Tvisebebi aqvT, romlebic pativiscemasa da erTgulebas im­
saxurebs. ar arsebobs obieqturi saSualeba, romelic gansazRvravda, namdvilad
arian Tu ara liderebi dajildoebuli gansakuTrebuli unariT. gansazRvrebis
mixedviT, qarizma misi mflobelis mzeraSi igrZnoba. qarizmatuli mmarTveloba

661
arastabiluria, radgan is mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli lideris personalur Tvise­
bebTan da aqedan gamomdinare, Znelia misi Semcvlelebis moZebna. qarizmatuli
liderebis magaliTad uaxlesi istoriidan SeiZleba moviyvanoT indoeTis da­
moukideblobisaTvis mSvidobiani brZolis lideris _ mahaTma gandis, aseve, aSS-
is Savkaniani liderebis _ martin luTer kingisa da malkom iqsis magaliTebi.
kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveloba efuZneba arsebuli sa­marT­lebrivi
normebis kanonierebis rwmenas. am SemTxvevaSi Zala­ufleba miniWiebuli aqvs sxva­
dasxva samTavrobo samsaxurebsa da konkretul Tanamdebobebs da ara xelisuf­
lebs. is aseve SezRudulia `oficialuri saqmianobiT~ da kanons emorCileba.
magaliTad, aSS-is prezidenti ver aukrZalavs amerikel wyvils or bavSvze metis
gaCenas, radgan misi kanonieri/racionaluri Zalaufleba konstituciis Tanax­
mad am sferoze ar vrceldeba. kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveloba saSualebas
aZlevs saxelmwifo moxeleebs, gamoiyenon Zalaufleba mxolod konkretul viTa­
rebaSi da mocemul donemde. isini moqmedeben mxolod `racionaluri~ sistemis
farglebSi, romelsac gansazRvravs wesebi da regulaciebi.
lideroba xSirad miiCneva mmarTvelobis mxolod erT formad, Tumca, praq­
tikulad, SesaZlebelia erTmaneTs ori an sami forma Seerwyas. magaliTad,
nelson mandela iyo kanonieri/racionaluri mmarTveli, radgan is sakuTarma
qveyanam prezidentad airCia. amave dros is iyo tradiciuli mmarTveli misi poli­
tikuri Tanamdebobidan gamomdinare da qarizmatuli lideri mravali samxreT
afrikelisaTvis.

Zalauflebis socialuri struqtura

Zalaufleba ar aris Tanabrad an SemTxveviT ganawilebuli adamianebs So­

ris _ mas ierarqiuli socialuri struqtura aqvs. misi bunebidan gamomdinare,
adamianTa gakveul nawils sxvebze meti Zalaufleba aqvs, Tumca zogi sistema
Zalauflebis sxvebze ganawilebiT gamoirCeva. dRes aSS-is msgavs Tanamedrove
kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis struqturis Sesaxeb sami ZiriTa­di
sociologiuri mosazreba dominirebs. marqsistebi amtkiceben, rom Zalaufle­
bis yvelaze mniSvnelovan formebs kapitalistTa klasi akontrolebs; elitis
mxar­damWeri Teoretikosebis azriT, Sedare­biT mcire jgufi iyenebs imaze met Za­
lauflebas, vidre ekuTvnis, Tumca mainc arsebobs am jgufSi gawevrianebis gzebi,
ZiriTadad ekonomikuri berketebis xelSi Cagdebis meSveobiT; pluralistebi ki
amboben, rom mravali sxvadasxva jgufi ibrZvis ZalauflebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad
abalansebs erTmaneTs.

marqsizmi da klasobrivi struqtura

karl marqsi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc yuradReba miaqcia Zalauflebis

ekonomikur safuZvels. marqsis azriT, is adamianebi, visac warmoebis saSuale­

662
bebi ekuTvnis, sazogadoebis danarCen nawils ekonomikuri dominantobis meS­
veobiT akontroleben. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebaSi miwa warmoebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa da amitom mis mflobelebs yvelaze meti Zalaufleba
aqvT. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi es imas niSnavda, rom mmarTvel klass feodalebi
Seadgendnen. Tumca, Zalauflebis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa sxvebis mxardaWerac.
magaliTad, feodalebs sWirdebodaT samxedro aparati _ Sesabamisad aRWurvili
raindebi. raindebma sakuTari funqciisa da rolis wyalobiT (maT feodalebis
dacva evalebodaT), TviTonac sakmarisi Zalaufleba moipoves. aseve didi mniS­
vneloba hqonda kaTolikur eklesiasac. kaTolikuri eklesiis meSveobiT kanon­
deboda da myardeboda feodalebis Zalaufleba da mmarTveloba. garda amisa,
mRvdlebi da berebi mraval samsaxurs uwevdnen feodalebs _ isini xSirad as­
rulebdnen weriT samuSaoebs wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mTavrebisaTvis. ufro me­
tic, eklesiebma SeZles mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba da zog SemTxvevaSi Ses­
wevdaT ZQAala winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT feodalebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi industriis ganviTarebis paralelurad Za­
lauflebam TandaTanobiT gadainacvla feodalebidan industrialistebis anu
burJuebisaken. mowinave industrialistebi uSualod ar marTavdnen mTavrobas.
saxelmwifo moxeleTa didi umravlesoba Zveli arsitokratuli ojaxidan iyo,
romlebic ganswavlulebi iyvnen samarTalSi, diplomatiasa da sxva sferoebSi.
Tumca, marqsistuli analizis mixedviT, maT SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT sakuTari Za­
laufleba mxolod imitom, rom isini kapitalisturi elitis interesebs emsaxure­
bodnen. rodesac amerikelma muSebma kavSirebis Camoyalibeba daiwyes, mTavrobam
mxari dauWira ara maT, aramed msxvil bizness. radgan kapitalistur sazogadoe­
baSi burJuazia warmoebis saSualebebs akontrolebs, is warmarTavs ara mxolod
ekonomikur saqmianobas, aramed im institutebis muSaobasac, romlebic gavlenas
axdens qveynis moralur da inteleqtur cxovrebaze iurisprudenciis, mTavro­
bis, xelovnebis, literaturis, mecnierebisa da filosofiis CaTvliT.
amerikuli sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturis gaanalizebisas marq­
sistebi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmiT aRniSnaven giganturi korporaciebis mier
mTavrobis kontrolis unaris dones (raiTi, 1986w.). magaliTad, federalurma
mTavrobam gakotrebisagan ixsna lokhidisa da kraisleris giganturi korpora­
ciebi _ is Tavdebad daudga maT da sesxis aRebis SesaZlebloba misca. reiganisa
da buSis prezidentobis dros gadasaxadebis Semcirebam mniSvnelovani SeRavaTi
gauwia msxvil korporaciebsa da mdidar mosaxleobas da ara saSualo da dabal
fenebs. xolo klintonis administracia CrdiloeT amerikis savaWro SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze biznesmenebis (da ara muSebis) mxares dadga.
marqsi amtkicebda, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi muSebi gaacno­bi­erebdnen, rom
isini eqspluatirebuli arian, gaerTiandebian, da­amxoben kapitalistur elitas
da daamkvidreben uklaso sazogadoebas. Tanamedrove marqsistebis azriT, gan­
viTarebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi muSebis `mosyidvis~ fasad axerxeben
revoluciebis Tavidan acilebas _ sakredito baraTebisa da xelfasebis meSveo­
biT mTavrobebi iolad imoneben maT.

663
elitis Zalaufleba

mravali sociologi, romelic eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli, eWvqveS ayenebs marq­
sis Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri struqtura Zalauflebis um­
Tavresi wyaroa da momavalSi SesaZlebelia uklaso sazogadoebis arseboba. socio­
logebis es kategoria sxvagvarad xsnis uTanasworobis arsebobas da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs viwro elitis da ara mTlianad kapitalistTa klasis Zalauflebaze.
ori italieli mecnieri, vilfredo pareto (1848-1923w.) da gaetano moska (1858-
1941w.), amtkicebda, rom ZalTa araTanabari ganawileba nebismieri socialuri wyo­
bilebis Tanmdevia da SeuZleblad miiCnevdnen uklaso sazogadoebis arsebobas.
paretosa da moskas mixedviT, Zalis araTanabari gadanawileba pirdapiraa dakav­
Sirebuli sazogadoebaSi niWis araTanabar ganawilebasTan. maTi azriT, nebismier
sazogadoebaSi moiZebneba ufro Wkviani iuristi, ufro gawafuli qurdi an samefo
ojaxis ufro gavleniani wevri. mecnierebi miiCnevdnen, rom yvelaze sasurvelia
sazogadoebis iseTi struqtura, sadac yvela wevri sruliad Tanaswori ki ar aris,
aramed, ubralod, yvela niWier adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, adgili daimkvidros
elitis rigebSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe germaneli sociologi robert
miqelsic gardauval movlenad miiCnevda klasobrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas.
is ambobda, rom nebismier organizaciaSi Zalaufleba liderTa mci­rericxovani
jgufis xelSia moqceuli. organizaciis zrdasTan erTad, oligarqiis (mci­reTa
mmarTveloba) tendencia sul ufro myari xdeba (meihiu, 1978w. miqelsi 1915-1949w.
w.). liderebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli niWiT gamoirCevian administrirebasa
da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobaSi, TandaTanobiT ikaveben ZiriTad poziciebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi liderebs uRrmavdebaT dakavebuli poziciebis SenarCunebis
survili. mmarTvelTa mcire jgufi ufro konservatuli xdeba, eZebs mtrebTan
kompromisis gzebs, cdilobs, Tavidan aicilos riskebi da qmnis barierebs opo­
nentebisaTvis anu mimarTavs yvela im zomas, romelic gamiznulia sakuTari md­
gomareobis dacvisa da qonebis dagrovebisaken. miqeslsis mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac, did organizaciebSi Zalaufleba mcire jgufis xelSia, oligarqiis
rkinis kanoniTaa cnobili.
amerikeli sociologi s. raiT milsi (1959w.) aRwers, Tu rogor xdeba elita
izolirebuli da Caketili. misi azriT, amerikuli Zalauflebrivi elita sam­
xedro maRalCinosnebis, saxelmwifo moxeleebisa da biznesis aRmasruleblebisa­
gan Sedeba. es koalicia marTavs aSS-s da iRebs mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis
umetesobas _ gansakuTrebiT, omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb. Zalauflebrivi elita
mxars uWers kapitalistur klass da samagierod sargeblobs am ukanasknelis mxar­
daWeriTac, Tumca, elitaruli wre mcirericxovania. zog SemTxvevaSi, kompromi­
sis miRwevis mizniT, is iRebs iseT gadawyetilebebs, romlebic uSualod ar Sedis
kapitalistTa interesebSi (magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT aSS-is mTavrobis
mier SromiTi gaerTianebebis legalizaciis faqti).
sociologTa erTma jgufma Seagrova garkveuli informacia amerikis eli­
turi jgufis Sesaxeb (domhofi, 1978w. 1983w. 1993w. usimi, 1984w.). gamoirkva, rom

664
amerikis mosaxleobis 1%-is naxevari marTavs qveynis simdidris daaxloebiT 25
%-s. am adamianebs wamyvani Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT mTavrobasa da biznes­seqtorSi.
`mmarTveli klasis~ wevrebi ganaTlebas erTsa da imave skolebSi iReben, arian
erTi da imave klubisa da samoqalaqo asociaciis wevrebi, xSiria maT Soris qor­
winebebic, rac sakmaod Caketil wres qmnis. milsi amtkicebs, rom Zalauflebrivi
elitis sxvadasxva ganStoeba _ ekonomikuri, samTavrobo da samxedro _ erTma­
neTzea gadajaWvuli. civi omis ganmavlobaSi kongresis gadawyvetilebiT yovel­
wliurad miliardobiT dolari ixarjeboda samxedro miznebisaTvis. 1991 wels
mTavrobam SeiaraRebaze 82 miliardi dolari daxarja (strengoldi, 1996w.). sam­
xedro miznebisTvis biujetis daaxloebiT 20% ixarjeba. Cndeba kiTxva: ratom vx­
arjavT amdens samxedro miznebisaTvis? pasuxi aseTia: nawilobriv erovnuli Tav­
dacvisaTvis, nawilobriv, ki imitom, rom sam­xedro kontraqtebis Sedegad mravali
samuSao adgili iqmneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, exmareba mosaxleobas. erT-erTi faq­
tori isicaa, rom am sferoSi bevri seriozuli mimwodebeli mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs kampaniebSi da, garda amisa, isini xSirad asaqmeben yofil saxelmwifo
moxeleebs. dResac ki, rodesac samxedro prokurmentis biujeti Semcirebulia
(1995 wels is 55 miliard dolars Seadgenda), saxelmwifo agrZelebs samxedro in­
dustriis daxmarebas _ magaliTad, imiT, rom ar ewinaaRmdegeba gaerTianebebs,
rac antitrastuli kanonmdeblobis darRvevas uwyobs xels. mailsis azriT, sami­
ve seqtori _ ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro _ dainteresebulia `mili­
taristuli kapitalizmis~ ganviTarebiT.

pluralizmi da interesTa konfliqti

miuxedavad imisa, rom pluralisturi mosazrebis mxardamWeri sociologebi

aRiareben, rom elita ufro Zlevamosilia, vidre araorganizebuli masebi, maT mia­
CniaT, rom SeuZlebelia, erTi viwro wre marTavdes mTel aSS-s. es mecnierebi amt­
kiceben rom, socialuri Zalaufleba gafantulia sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebs
Soris. aseTebia, magaliTad, navTobis industria da qvanaxSiris warmoeba, saav­
tomobilo qarxnebi da garemos damcvelebi, kavSirebi da biznes asociaciebi, na­
vigacia da sahaero Zalebi, General Motors-i da Ford-i. yvela es jgufi warmatebiT
akontrolebs resursebs da gavlenas axdens politikur gadawyvetilebebze, ma­
gram arc erTi maTgani ar aris erTpirovnuli lideri. ZiriTadad, yvelaze meti
rac TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia gaakeTos, aris is, rom isini xels uSlian garkveu­
li programebis ganxorcielebis _ programebis, romlebic maT interesebs ewi­
naaRmdegeba (dali, 1961w. 1989w. keleri, 1963w. maklenani, 1995w.). aqedan gamomdi­
nare, sazogadoebis problema SeiZleba iyos ara pluralizmis nakleboba, aramed
piri­qiT _ siWarbe. erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege jgufebis fonze, romlebic gamud­
mebiT cdiloben win aRudgen maTTvis araxelsayrel programebs, SeuZlebeli xde­
ba ZiriTadi ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebis gadaWra (sarou, 1980w.) _
ferx­deba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi an kanonmdebloba ivseba imdeni kom­
promisebiT, rom is araviTar Sedegs ar iZleva.

665
 interesTa konfliqti ar zRudavs elituri wreebis SesaZleblobebs. magali­
Tad, sociologma arnold rouzma (1967w.) daaskvna, rom sagareo saqmeebs ganagebs
adamianTa mcirericxovani jgufi e.w. Zalauflebrivi elita, magram federaluri
mTavrobis gaZlierebam da sxvadasxva jgufis Camoyalibebam (magaliTad, garemos
damcvelebi, qalTa uflebebis lobistebi, pensionrebi) daasus­ta msxvili bizne­
sis Zalaufleba. rouzis mosazrebiT, amerikaSi ara erTi Zlieri struqturaa da
saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miReba swored am jgufebs
Soris vaWrobiT xdeba (pluralistTa Sexeduleba). Tumca, Zalauflebis mqone
aseT struqturebs (rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, saxelmwifo saagentoebi,
kanonmdeblebi, biznesmenebi da sxva) ufro xSirad marTavs oligarqia (Zalauf­
lebrivi elitis Teoria). mokled rom vTqvaT, aSS-is Zalauflebis mqone struq­
turebi mravali elituri jgufisagan Sedgeba.

saxelmwifo

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mkveTri ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa im kompleqsuri

institutebisa da organizaciebis arseboba, romlebic iyeneben Zalauflebas.
igulisxmeba sasamarTloebi, policiis ganyofilebebi, maregulirebeli saagen­
toebi, aRamasrulebeli Tanamdebobebi (prezidentis, gubernatoris) da samxedro
organizaciebi. yvela specializebuli instituti da organizacia qmn­i­s saxelm­
wifos. saxelmwifos aqvs legitimuri Zalis gamoyenebis monopolia konkretul
teritoriaze. adamianebs, romlebic cdiloben maT xelT arsebuli Zalis gamo­
yenebas am konkretuli teritoriis farglebs gareT, kriminalebs, teroristebsa
da revolucionerebs uwodeben.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom saxelmwifos cneba ar igivdeba xelisuflebis cne­
basTan. saxelmwifo aris yvela specializebuli oranizaciisa da institutis er­
Toblioba, romelsac aqvs Zala konkretul geografiul arealSi, xolo xelisu­
fleba aris arCeviTi an araarCeviTi oficialuri pirebis erToblioba, romlebic
warmarTaven saxelmwifos kurss drois romelime periodSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen saxelmwifos erTgulni maSinac ki, rodesac isini uk­
mayofiloebi arian amJamindeli mTavrobiT.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis aRzeveba

kacobriobis istoriaSi saxelmwifoebi (Tanamedrove gagebiT) ufro xSirad ar

arsebobda. tomebi an sxva ufro mcire jgufebi qmnidnen socialur erTeuls, sadac
naTesaoba qmnida socialuri wesrigis safuZvels. Zalaufleba, Cveulebriv, kon­
centrirebuli iyo uxucesebis an ojaxis ufrosebis xelSi da ara organizaciebSi.
piradi da oficialuri Zalaufleba erTi da igive iyo.

666
 saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba im gansxvavebis damkvidrebas, ro­
melic arsebobs oficialur moxeelebs, rogorc kerZo pirebsa da imave ofi­
cialur pirebs, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofebs Soris. es
procesi TandaTanobiT daiwyo jer beladebis, Semdeg ki mefeebis institutebis
CamoyalibebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi mefobis cneba gaimijna am titulis mqone
adamianisagan (glukmani, 1965w. kantorovici, 1957w. mani, 1993w.). am faqtis dadasa­
turebaa gamoTqma `mefe mokvda! gaumarjos mefes!~ e.i. imis miuxedavad, rom mefe
gardaicvala, am Tanamdebobas sxva adamiani daikavebs.
me-16 da me-19 saukuneebs Soris evropis saxelmwifoebi mniSvnelovnad gaiz­
arda da gaZlierda, rac orma umTavresma faqtorma ganapiroba: pirveli gaxlavT
gafarToeba da politikuri teritoriebis gaerTianeba, xolo meore _ saerTa­
Soriso vaWrobis ganviTareba. Tavis mxriv, moxda am ori faqtoris Tanxvedra im
drois ZiriTad politikur tendenciebTan. aseTi tendenciebi iyo: samTavroe­
bis gaerTianeba memkvidreobisa da samefo ojaxebs Soris qorwinebebis Sedegad;
satransporto saSualebebis gaumjobeseba, dapyrobiTi omebi, samxreT da Crdi­
loeT amerikis, afrikisa da aziis kolonizacia. did da xSirad sxvadasxva re­
gionSi ganfenil teritoriebze kontrolis SenarCunebis mizniT, mTavrebs uwev­
daT gadasaxadebis daweseba, gzebis gayvana da mravalricxovani jaris Sekreba.
jars evaleboda zavebis dadeba, gzebisa da zRvebis kontroli da mSvidobis dacva
samSoblos teritoriaze (andersoni, 1974w. holi, 1985w. mani, 1993w.).
miznebisTvis rom mieRwiaT, evropuli saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelebma ganavi­
Tares axali samTavrobo institutebi, romlebic or umTavres princips eyrdno­
bodnen: (1) saxelmwifo movaleobebisa da piradi cxovrebis mkacri gamijvna da (2)
oficialur moxeleTa qcevis maregulirebeli oficialuri wesebi. magaliTad,
saxelmwifo Tanamdebebobis pirebs ekrZalebodaT im informaciiT sargebloba,
romelTanac maTi saxelmwifoebrivi rolis saSualebiT miuwvdebodaT xeli. maSin­
del `saxelmwifo msaxurTa~ axal klass axla biurokratiad movixseniebT (veberi,
1922-1968w.w.). biurokratia aris organizaciuli struqtura, romelsac axasiaTebs
Sromis specializacia da dayofa, Tanamdebobrivi ierarqia, mkafiod Camoyalibe­
buli wesebi da regulaciebi, miukerZoebloba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis proces­
Si da dajildoeba da dawinaureba individualuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze (ix. Tavi
3). biurokratia nebismieri Tanamedrove saxelmwifos muSaobis ZiriTadi nawilia.
zog qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki, komunistur qveynebSi) garda imisa, rom sa­
xelmwifo funqciebs asrulebs, saxelmwifo biurokratia akontrolebs industri­
as da ekonomikas. marqsistul reJimSi mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargebs saxelmwifo
flobs (anu, marTavs xalxis sasargeblod). kapitalistur qveynebSi saxelmwifos
aqvs sakuTari roli ekonomikaSi, magram zogadad ekonomikas marTavs kerZo bi­
urokratia, romelic msxvili korporaciebiTaa warmodgenili (harbesoni, 1994w.
msoflio banki, 1995w.). biurokratia gavrcelda mesame rigis naklebad ganviTa­
rebul qveynebSic (tomasi da meieri, 1984w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame rigis
qveynebSi Zalauflebis ganawilebisas jer kidev didia piradi kavSirebisa da urT­
ierTobis roli, piradi wesebisagan Tavisufali biurokratia farTodaa gavrcele­
buli im qveynebSic ki, sadac xSiria reJimis cvli­lebebi. aseT qveynebSi TiToeuli

667
gadatrialeba gamarTlebulia wina xelisuflebis korumpirebulobis mizeziT.
is, rac igulisxmeba korufciaSi, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
imaze, Tu ramdenad xerxdeba saxelmwifoebriobis koncefciis dacva da sajaro da
kerZo sferoebis gamijvna.

erebi da nacionalizmi

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebisa da saxelmwifo biurokratiis aRmasvla dakav­

Sirebulia erebisa da nacionalizmis aRmocenebasTan (andersoni, 1991w. geline­
ri, 1983w.). eri gulisxmobs kulturul kavSirebs, romelic warmoSobs saerTo
identobis grZnobas adamianTa jgufebSi, romlebsac ukaviaT konkretuli geo­
grafiuli teritoria (an cdiloben mis dakavebas). saxelmwifo aris socialuri
struqtura, xolo eri aris kulturuli fenomeni. SesaZlebelia, es ori cneba
erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes.
adamianebi yovelTvis cxovrobdnen jgufebad. TiToeul jgufSi maT aer­
TianebT saerTo ena da rwmenebi _ mokled rom vTqvaT _ saerTo kultura. `xal­
xis~ idea uZvelesia. Tumca, adamianebis mier erT `xalxad~ aRqmis faqti yovelT­
vis ar gulisxmobs maT mier konkretuli teritoriis flobas an damoukidebel
mmarTvelobas. sxvadasxva xalxebi erTad cxovrobda wminda miwaze, romelsac
jer egviptelebi marTavdnen, Semdeg _ babilonelebi, xolo I saukuneSi (qristes
dros) _ romis imperia. Tanamedrove epoqaSi Sua aRmosavleTi mudmivi politi­
kuri da samxedro brZolis veladaa qceuli, sadac mimdinareobs brZola terito­
riisaTvis im xalxebs Soris, romlebic Tavs calke erad miiCneven.
nacionalizmi aris rwmena imisa, rom adamianebi, romlebic iziareben saerTo
kulturul identobas, unda iyvnen politikurad avtonomiuri. nacionalizmi Za­
lauflebasa da kulturas Soris urTierTobis organizebis mkveTrad Tanamedrove
formaa (kalhauni, 1995w. gelineri, 1983w. grinfildi, 1992w.). ganvixiloT safrange­
Tis magaliTi. es qveyana mravali adamianis azriT, gaerTianebuli da tradiciebis
mimdevari qveyanaa. am qveyanaSi Zalian bevri adamiani 1850-ian wlebamde ar lapara­
kobda frangulad da ar miiCnevda Tavs frangad (veberi, 1976w.). saukunebiis gan­
mavlobaSi burgundias, bretons, languidossa da provanss sakuTari mmarTvelebi
hyavdaT, hqondaT adgilobrivi tradiciebi, ena an dialeqti. TandaTanobiT, poli­
tikuri sazRvrebis gamyarebasTan erTad gaumjobesda gadaadgilebis saSualebebi
da moxda mTavrobis centralizacia, ris Sedegadac Semcirda gansxvavebebi adgil­
obriv doneze (Tumca sruliad ar gauCinarebula). iseTma institutebma, rogore­
bicaa sajaro skolebi, xeli Seuwyo erovnuli identobis ganviTarebas. safran­
geTi gaxda eri-saxelmwifo. zogjer axlac xdeba Rirebulebebis gamo konfliqti,
magaliTad, saxreT-dasavleT mTianeTSi mcxovreb bernazelebsa da parizelebs
Soris. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom frangebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, maT
zustad ician, rom iyo frangi, ar niSnavs, iyo germaneli an ingliseli.
erovneba ar aris `boZebuli~ _ is socialuri konstruqtia (kalhauni, 1994w.
prJevorski, 1995). erovnuli identobis konstruirebisa da saxelmwifoebrio­

668
bis damtkicebis mizniT, nacionalistebi iyeneben miTebs saerTo winaprebis,
mCagvrelTa winaaRmdeg brZolisa da gmirobis, warsulis diadi kulturuli miR­
wevebis Sesaxeb. erovnuli identoba aranakleb realuri an bunebrivia, vidre, mag­
aliTad, komunizmi an kaTolicizmi, an is identobebi, romlebic nawilobriv is­
toriuli da socialuri garemoebebisa da piradi arCevanis Sedegebia.
nacionalizmi xazs usvams qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebs, xolo mxars uWers
kulturul erTobas da damyolobas qveynebs Soris. garkveul donemde adamia­nebi
sxva identobebze win erovnul identobas ayeneben. gansakuTrebiT omis dros erTi
erovnebis adamianebi xazs usvamen msgavsebas imave erovnebis sxva adamianebTan da
maT gansxvavebas mtrebisagan (aleqsanderi da smiTi; 1993w.). nacionalizmi xSirad
iseT piradul sakiTxebsac exeba, rogoricaa Svilosnoba (uotkinsi, 1992w.). me-
18 saukuneSi Sobadobis forma xasiaTdeboda cvalebadobiT adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT. me-19 da me-20 saukuneebSi erovnulobis identobis gaZlierebasTan er­
Tad, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gansxvavebebi erebs Soris, xolo Sobadobis forme­
bi erebs SigniT sul ufro da ufro msgavsi xdeboda.
iseT qveynebSi, sadac saxelmwifo sazRvari xelovnuradaa gavlebuli da ara
xangrZlivi istoriuli procesebis Sedegad dawesebuli, nacionalizmma SeiZleba
Ziri gamouTxaros saxelmwifos. magaliTad, afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi evro­
pelebma koloniuri teritoriebi tomebis sazRvrebisa da adgilobrivi idento­
bebis mixedviT daaweses, (vulfi, 1982w.) rac sxvadasxva toms Soris Semdgomi kon­
fliqtebis safuZveli gaxda. magaliTad, tutsisa da hutus tomebs Soris 1990-ian
wlebSi mimdinare genociduri Setakebebi nawilobriv imis brali iyo, rom es ori
xalxi daiyo ruandisa da burundis moqalaqeebaDd. sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosav­
leT evropaSi komunizmis ideis ngrevam cxadi gaxada, rom komunisturi saxelm­
wifoebi mravali sxvadasxva erovnebis adamians marTavda. sabWoTa kavSiris daS­
lis Semdeg rusebi, ukrainelebi, qarTvelebi da sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom isini
sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
separatistuli (rogoricaa xorvatiuli an ukrainuli nacionalizmi) da
gamaerTianebeli moZraobebi (rogoricaa pan-slavuri) erTi medlis ori sxvadas­
xva mxa­rea. aRmosavleT evropaSi erebis danawevrebis procesis paralelurad saf­
rangeTi, germania, espaneTi da sxva evropuli qveynebi qmnian evrokavSirs. evropis
gaerTianebis moZraoba efuZneba im mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac kulturuli
makavSirebeli faqtorebi da saerTo istoriuli gamocdileba ganasxvavebs ev­
ropas danarCeni msofliosagan (ufro metad, vidre kulturuli faqtorebi da
istoriuli gamocdileba ganasxvavebs safrangeTs didi britaneTis an niderlan­
debisagan). am moZraobis mizania evropis gaerTianeba politikuri, ekonomikuri
da saganmanaTleblo TanamSromlobis Sedegad, romelic xels Seuwyobs `evropis
gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebis~ Camoyalibebas. evropelebs ukve aRar sWirdebaT
pasporti erTi qveynidan meoreSi wasasvlelad. mimdinareobs muSaoba saerTo fu­
lis erTeulis SemoRebazec.
zemoT xsenebul moZraobas safrTxes uqmnian erovnuli moZraobebi da evro­
pis SigniT regionuli avtonomiis moTxovnebi. magaliTad, bevr Sotlandiels
surs, rom Sotlandia evrokavSirSi ara didi britaneTis nawilad, aramed calke,

669
damoukidebeli qveynis statusiT Sevides. zog SemTxvevaSi erovnuli moZraobis
dasruleba mSvidobiani gziTac xerxdeba. ase moxda, magaliTad, Cexoslovakiis Ce­
xeTisa da slovakeTis respublikebad dayofis SemTxvevaSi. yvela danarCen SemTx­
vevaSi nacionalizmma Sedegad moitana sisxlismRvreli konfliqtebi. yvelaze cno­
bilia dapirispirebebi serbebs, bosnielebs, xorvatebsa da yofil iugoslaviaSi
mcxovreb sxvadasxva jgufs Soris (ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).
gaerTianebul evropas emuqreba meore problemac. msoflios araevropuli
nawilidan evropaSi Sesuli emigrantebis saxiT indoelebi, pakistanelebi da ia­
maikelebi britaneTisaken miiswrafvian, alJirelebi da dasavleTafrikelebi _
safrangeTisaken; indonezielebs holandiaSi surT cxovreba; germaniaSi bevri
poloneli, espaneli, Turqi da evropis sxva Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebi sax­
loben. imisagan damoukideblad, Raribi da ucodinaria Tu Rrmad ganswavluli
da saerTaSoriso korporaciis TanamSromeli, axali emigrantebis Camosvlaze
sxvadasxva qveyenaSi sxvadasxvagvari reaqcia aqvT. magaliTad, germaniaSi xSiria
emigrantebis dasaxlebebze bandebis Tavdasxmis faqti, rasac nacizmis gamoRvi­
Zebad miiCneven.
yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ibrZvis saerTaSoriso bazarze stabiluri
kursis SesanarCuneblad, multinacionalur korporaciebze garkveuli kontro­
lis mosapoveblad da farTomasStabiani migraciisa da Sida `tomobrivi~ dayofis
problemis mosagvareblad (kalhauni, 1994w.). globalur politikur arenaze eri-
saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba da Zalaufleba mudmivad icvleba. nacionalizmi
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos rogorc erTobasa da TanamSromlobas, aseve dayo­
fasa da konfliqts.

Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo

aSS-sa da sxva SedarebiT mdidar, industriul da demokratiul qveynebSi (ro­

goricaa kanada, axali zelandia, avstralia da dasavleT evropis qveynebis umete­
soba), me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli saxelmwifos roli mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda. saxelmwifo, romelic Tavdapirvelad dakavebuli iyo mxolod iseTi
sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa satransporto qselis gafarToeba da sakomunikacio sis­
temebis gaumjobeseba, axla aqtiurad cdilobs iseTi sferoebis ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa ganaTleba, jandacva, dasaxleba, socialuri uzrunvelyofa da samuS­
ao pirobebi. saxelmwifos, romelic iRebs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari mosaxleo­
bis keTildReobaze, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo ewodeba.
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba me-20 saukunis um­
Tavresi socilogiuri da politikuri fenomenia (flora da haidenhaimeri, 1981w.
prJevors­ki, 1985w.). rogorc sociologma teda skocpolma (1992w.) daadastura,
amerikuli forma unikaluria. evropaSi socialuri sargeblebis miniWebas me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi politikosebisa da centraluri mTavrobis biurokratebis
iniciativiT Caeyara safuZveli. es umTavres miznad isaxavda stabiluri samuSao
Zalis SenarCunebas. saxelmwifo daxmareba ojaxebs mamakaci-marCenlebis meSveo­

670
biT miewodeboda. amis paralelurad Semdeg moxda muSaTa klasis politizireba
da SromiTi partiebi dasavleTevropuli demokratiis mniSvnelovani nawili
gaxda. aSS-Si socialuri programebis inicireba, umTavresad, profesionali da
arapolitikosi qalebis jgufebis mier moxda. sazogadoebriv cxovrebas mow­
yvetili amerikeli qalebi, romlebsac 1920 wlamde xmis micemis uflebac ki ar
hqondaT, sakuTar Tavs `sazogadoebis diasaxlisebs~ uwodebdnen da cdilobdnen,
ar dak­mayofilebuliyvnen mxolod Sin jdomiT. qalebma ara mxolod umTavresi
roli iTamaSes keTildReobis pirveli polisebis SemuSavebaSi, aramed isini da
maTi Svilebi iyvnen samuSao adgilebze SemoRebuli sapensio da damcavi regula­
ciebis pirveli mosargebleebi.
aSS, rogorc sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo, mkveTrad gaizarda prezi­
dent franklin ruzveltis `axali garigebiT~ (New Deal). 1930 wels dawyebuli far­
TomasStabiani saxelmwifo programebi miznad isaxavda didi depresiiT gamowveul
ekonomikur problemebTan da gaWirvebasTan gamklavebas. sxva qveynebmac daaxloe­
biT imave dros daiwyes saxelmwifo mTavrobis rolis gazrda. yvelaze gavleniani
Teoretikosi, romelic mxars uWerda mTavrobis rolis gazrdas, iyo ingliseli eko­
nomisti jon meinard kinezi. rogorc meTxuTmete TavSi ganvixileT, kinezis Teoria
gulisxmobda mTavrobis socialuri programebis zrdas Raribebisa da umuSevrebis
daxmarebis mizniT, aseve mSvidobianobis dros samxedro sferos (magaliTad, gamokv­
levebi Tavdacvis dargSi) da samTavrobo samuSao Zalis ganviTarebas, rac, Tavis
mxriv, gulisxmobda saxelmwifo biurokratiis mniSvnelovan zrdas.
sayovelTao keTildReobis Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi Rarib mosaxleobas
awvdian koleqtiur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, rasac es mosaxleoba sxvagvarad
verasodes SeiZenda misi siZviridan gamomdinare. koleqtiuri saqonlisa da mom­
saxurebis magaliTebad SeiZleba moviyvanoT erovnuli Tavdacva, sufTa haeri da
wyali, sazogadoebrivi transporti da iseTi momsaxureba, romelic uzurnvel­
yofilia samTavrobo saregulacio samsaxurebis mier (magaliTad, sakvebisa da
medikamentebis administracia da samoqalaqo uflebebis komisia). garda amisa,
sayovelTao keTildReobis Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi aqtiurad monawileoben
ekonomikis marTvaSi. monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis meSveobiT es saxelm­
wifoebi cdiloben, Seamciron umuSevrobisa da inflaciis cikluroba, rac kapi­
talizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
sociologTa nawilis azriT, mTavrobebi am pasuxismgeblobas iReben, raTa
kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel problemebze kontrSeteva ganaxorcielon _
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT `kapitalizmi daicvan sakuTari Tavisagan saSvelad~
(o’konori, 1973w. ofe, 1984w. 1985w.). kapitalisturi sistema yovelTvis uqmnis
problemebs maT, vinc konkursSi marcxdeba. arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi Cavard­
nili adamianebi gaWirvebam SeiZleba aiZulos, eWvqveS daayenon arsebuli sistemis
legaloba. arsebuli struqturebis SenarCunebis mizniT, mTavroba iZulebulia,
Se­moiRos socialuri programebi, rac SeiZleba saSualo fenis gadasaxadebis ga­
damxdelTa mxridan protestis safuZvlad iqces, Tuki aseTi programebi socia­luri
gadasaxadebis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. aqedan gamomdinare, sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifoebis funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad balansis dacvacaa saWiro.

671
 gasul wlebSi mTavrobis gazrdil rolTan dakavSirebiT kritikam imata. ro­
nald reigani orjer airCies prezidentad, radgan is amomrCevlebs federaluri
mTavrobis saregulacio da socialuri programebis Semcirebas hpirdeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom reiganis administraciam Seamcira im programebis ricxvi,
romelic axdenda msxvili biznesis regulacias, mTavrobis saerTo zoma da Rire­
buleba ar Semcirebula.
mTavrobis mier gaweuli xarjebi `uflebis programebiTac~ (entitlement programs)
gagrZelda. es programebi exmareboda konkretul jgufebs, magaliTad, veter­
anebs, xandazmulebsa da Raribebs. magram es programebi (Medicare-is da Medicaid-is
CaTvliT) sul ufro Zvirdeboda da axla ukve federaluri mTavrobis danaxar­
jis udides nawils Seadgens. klintonis administracia xelisuflebis saTaveSi im
pirobiT movida, rom Secvlida keTildReobis sistemas da xels Seuwyobda axali
samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. isini aseve apirebdnen jandacvis seqtoris reorga­
nizebas da Medicare-is da Medicaid-is, aseve sxva porgramebis xarjebis Semcirebas.
Tumca, demokratebisa da respublikelebis dapirispirebam, aseve konkre­tuli in­
teresTa jgufebis lobirebam, SeaCera reformis ganxorcieleba. 1994 wels kon­
gresSi moxvedrilTagan umetesoba respublikuri partiidan iyo, romlebmac ga­
naxlebuli ZalebiT Seuties samTavrobo dana­xarjebs. am e.w. `respublikelebis
revoluciis~Tavdapirveli Sedegi is iyo, rom federaluri mTavrobis biujetis
Sesaxeb molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida.
ZiriTadi sakiTxia `uflebebis~ `kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebad~ gardaqmna
(elStaini, 1995w.). im dros, rodesac konstitucia daiwera, `uflebebi~ ZiriTadad
gulisxmobda tiraniisagan Tavisuflebas da imunitets mTavrobis Carevis winaaR­
mdeg. amave dros ufleba gulisxmobda pasuixmgeblobas: adamianebs evalebodaT
`Tavis sakuTarze~ zrunva. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi `ufleba~ gadaiqca `ka­
noniT miniWebul uflebad~; aseTia: ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, pensiaze gasvlis
Semdeg socialuri uzurnvelyofis miRebis ufleba, kulturulad `gansxvavebu­
lad~ yofnis ufleba. magram kanoniT miniWebuli ufleba moiTxovs mTavrobis gaz­
rdil rols, gazrdil gadasaxadebs, regulaciebs da a.S.
amerikelTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba maRal gadasaxadebs da mTavrobis did
xarjebs, Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili mxars uWers biu­
jetis Semcirebas, maT surT, rom Semcirdes mxolod im programebis biujeti, rom­
liTac sxvebi sargebloben. Zalauflebis mqone jgufebi mxars uWeren ZiriTadi
programebis umetesobas da damarcxebiT emuqrebian arCeul oficialur pirebs,
Tu `maT~ programebs safrTxe daemuqreba. magaliTad, pensionerTa amerikuli
asociacia (AARP) ar ewinaaRmdegeba saganmanaTleblo programebis biujetis
Semcirebas, magram protests gamoTqvams, rodesac saqme exeba Medicaid-is an so­
cialuri uzrunvelyofis sekvestrirebas. amerikis samedicino asociacia apro­
testebs samedicino samecniero gamokvlevebis biujetis Semcirebas, magram ar
ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro skolebis biujetis Sekvecas. am yvelafris ukan dgas is,
rom amerikelTa umravlesobam gaiTavisa sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
ZiriTadi idea da molodini imisa, rom saxelmwifom sakuTari mosaxleoba uamravi
sxvadasxva servisiT unda uzrunvelyos.

672
 globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

omi bosniaSi

y ofil iugoslaviaSi gaCaRebuli sastiki omi moicavs adgilobriv eTnikur konfliqtebs,

teritoriebisa da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas. miuxedavad amisa, es samoqalaqo omi glo­
baluri Zalebis moqmedebis nayofia. am procesebSi CarTulia evropa, aSS, ruseTi da gaero, ro­
melic saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas warmoadgens. iugoslaviaSi mimdinare globaluri moZraobis
ukeT gasagebad saWiroa gavecnoT am konfliqtis warmoSobis istorias.
iugoslavebis saxeliT cnobili eri evropisa da aziis gasayarze dasaxlda. saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi am regions erTmaneTs ecilebodnen berZnebi, bizantielebi, otomanebisa da avs­
tria-ungreTis imperiebi, nacistebi da ukve gviandel periodSi _ komunistebi. yofili iugo­
slaviis mosaxleobas slavebi Seadgendnen. TviTon sityva `iugoslavia~ `panslavurs, saerTo
slavurs~ niSnavs. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi mosaxleoba daiyo ramde­nime eTnikur jgufad:
serbebad, romelTa umravlesobas marTlmadideblebi Seadgens, kaTolike xorvatebad, muslim
bosni­elebad (anu slavebis is jgufi, romelmac muslimanoba miiRo me-15 saukuneSi otonamebis
batonobis dros, mogvianebiT ki, komunistebis dros, Tavi damoukidebel `erad~ gamoacxada),
makedo­nielebad, albanelebad da sxva mcire jgufebad.
iugoslaviis Camoyalibeba miznad isaxavda gareSe ZalebTan gamklavebas da aseve, nawilob­
riv, zemoT dasaxelebul eTnikur jgufebs Soris SuRlis gaRvivebis Tavidan acilebas. meore
msoflio omis dasrulebidan 1990 wlamde, iugoslaviis federacia 6 respublikas aerTianeb­
da. eqvsives marTavda sakuTari komunisturi partia marSal ioseb titos xelmZRvanelobiT.
TiToeuli respublikis saxelwodeba warmodgeboda im eTnikuri jgufisagan, romelic domi­
nantobda konkretul respublikaSi. magram am respublikebs Soris sazRvrebi ise gadioda, rom
erTis farglebSi sxva eTnikuri jgufic eqceoda. amgvari dayofa separatistuli moZraobis Ta­
vidan acilebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. titos rkinis reJimi nacionalur moZraobebs mkacrad akon­
trolebda. am politikam gaamarTla kidec: miuxedavad meore msoflio omis sisastikesTan da­
kavSirebuli mogonebebisa, xorvatiaSi mcxovrebi xarvatebisa da serbebis Sereuli qorwinebis
maCvenebelma mkveTrad moimata _ 1980-iani wlebisaTvis yoveli sami ojaxidan erTi xorvatul-
serbiuli iyo (mensfildi da snaideri, 1995w.).
iosip tito 1980 wels gardaicvala. misi Secvla verc erTma politikurma liderma ver moa­
xerxa da amitom iugoslavebma Seqnes ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebisagan dakom­
pletqebuli erovnuli sabWo, romlis prezidentoba, rotaciis mixedviT, ekisreboda TiToeul
wevrs erTi wlis vadiT. realurad, sabWos muSaoba iugoslaviis teritoriuli erTianobis
SenarCunebis nacvlad, teritoriebisa da resursebisaTvis brZolisaken iyo mimarTuli. es ten­
dencia gansakuTrebiT gaamyara serbiis komunisturi partiis liderma, slobodan miloSeviCma.
misi Stab-bina iugoslaviis Zvel dedaqalaq belgradSi iyo ganTavsebuli, saidanac miloSeviCi
akontrolebda federalur mTavrobas da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, iugoslaviis armiasac.
1989-1990 wlebSi antikomunisturi revoluciebis gariJraJze, ro­mel­mac mTeli aRmosavle­
Ti evropa moicva, iugoslaviam daSla daiwyo. 1991 wlis ivnisSi damoukidebloba gamoacxades
sloveniisa da xorvatiis respublikebma, rasac Sedegada mohyva SeiraRebuli konfliqti am res­
publikebsa da iugoslaviis armias (romelic ZiriTadad serbebiT iyo dakomp­leqtebuli) Soris,
magram dapirispireba TandaTanobiT Cacxra. Semdeg, imave wlis oqtomberSi, bosnia-hercego­
vinamac gamoacxada damoukidebloba. yofili iugoslaviis Semadgenel yvela respublikas So­

673
ris bosnia yvelaze multikulturuli iyo. am regionSi bosnielebi, serbebi da xorvatebi, qris­
tianebi da muslimanebi mezoblad cxovrobdnen. bosniis dedaqalaqi saraevo regionSi yvelaze
kosmopolitur qalaqad iTvleboda. magram, rogorc ki bosniam damoukidebloba gamoacxada,
serbebma mis teritoriaze jari Caayenes, raTa serbebiT dasaxlebul nawilebze TavianTi Za­
laufleba ganemtkicebinaT. SeiaraRebulma nawilebma gaanadgures an gaasaxles adgilobrivi
bosnieli serbebi. analogiurad, xorvatebmac miitanes ieriSi adgilebze, romlebsac kanonier
xorvatiul teritoriebad miiCnevdnen.
bosniis oTxwliani omis dros daixoca aTi aTasobiT adamiani da milionobiT ltolvilma da­
tova qveyana. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela mxare iCenda sisastikes, `eTnikuri wmendis~ ZiriTadi
msxverpli bosnieli musli­manebi iyvnen. maT xocavdnen da Semdeg saerTo saflavebSi mar­xavdnen,
zogs sakoncentracio banakebSi gzavnidnen, saidanac mxolod mcire nawilma Tu SeZlo dabrune­
ba, asaxlebdnen sakuTari saxlebidan, xolo qalebs sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis Tvalwin aupati­
urebdnen da Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen.
am saSinelebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, avtoritaruli xelisuflebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, Zvelma SuRlma iCina Tavi da nawilebad daSala iugoslavia. meore Tval­
sazrisiT, titos reJimis Secvlis mcdelobis kraxma da efeqturi centraluri mmarTvelobis
SenarCunebis mcdelobam gamoiwvia kulturuli jgufebis mobilizeba avtonomiis mosapoveblad
(pJevorski, 1995w.). ufro metic, politikuri liderebi (maTi umetesoba yofili komunisti iyo),
romlebic cdilobdnen, SeenarCunebinaT an gaezardaT sakuTari Zalaufleba, xels uwyobdnen
nacionalisturi talRebis momZlavrebas sakuTari politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. sxva si­
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, eTnikuri konfliqti ar iyo mizezi bosniis omisa, isini ufro politkuri
miznebis miRwevis saSualebebs warmoadgenda.
ram gamoiwvia sxva qveynebis Careva? erTi iyo humanuri mizezi _ msof­liom ar unda dauS­
vas genocidis faqtebi (ise, rogorc es nacistur germaniaSi holokostis dros moxda). imave
humanurma zraxvebma imoqmeda somaliSi, ruandaSi, irlandiasa da haitize. amgvar situaciebSi,
xSi­rad xsnis umTavresi wyaroa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (magaliTad, eqimebi sazRvrebs
gareSe). kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc sxva qveynebi amgvar situaciaSi erevian, aris is, rom ad­
gilobriv omebs Tan mosdevs mravali uaryofiTi Sedegi. yofili iugoslaviis omma safrTxis
winaSe daayena evropis erToba, radgan germanelebi xorvatebs uWerdnen mxars, frangebi ki _
serbebs. CrdiloeT af­rikis yofil evropul koloniebSi TandaTan ufro Zlierdeba muslimuri
fundamenta­lizmi; garda amisa, evropaSic imata emigranti muslimebis ricxvma, rac, SesaZlebe­
lia, amcirebs bosnieli muslimebis mimarT TanagrZnobas. ufro metic, adgilobrivi konfliqte­
bi aRar aris Semofargluli mxolod konkretuli qveyniT an regioniT. aSS-ma msoflio savaWro
centris dabombvis Sedegad sakuTar Tavze iwvnia, rom terorizmi _ `sustTa yvelaze Zlevamo­
sili iaraRi~ _ ar cnobs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. terorizmis winaSe yvela qveyana daucvelia
da, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela maTgani dainteresebulia msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebaiT. am
`truizmma~ axali mniSvneloba SeiZina civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi.
bosniaSi Tavisi jarebi gagzavna aSS-ma ohaios StatSi, deitonis maxloblad xelmowerili
zavis gasamyareblad. magram es mcdeloba, msgavsad somalisa da haitis magaliTebisa, saboloo
ar aris. jer-jerobiT verc aSS-ma, verc evrokavSirma da gaerom ver moaxerxes, SeemuSavebinaT
erTiani da efeqturi strategia msoflioSi wesrigis dasamyareblad. bosniis omi ar aris am ti­
pis ukanaskneli konfliqti.

674
demokratia

demokratiis anu xalxis mmarTvelobis idea, Zalian Zvelia da saTaves Zvel sa­
berZneTSi iRebs. TviTon sityva warmodgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan: demos, rac
xalxs niSnavs da kratos, rac mmarTvelobas, xelisuflebas niSnavs. demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi mmarTveloba efuZneba xalxis Tanxmobas, sxva sityvebiT rom vTq­
vaT, xalxis uflebas, marTos an, sul mcire, airCios mTavroba. demokratia awe­
sebs naTlad Camoyalibebul wesebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTebis ufleba aqvT
saxelmwifo moxeleebs. am sistemis yvela wevri unda daemorCilos iseT princi­
pebs, rogoricaa Ria arCevnebi, erTi adamiani_erTi xma, umravlesobis mier mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis qmediToba. umciresobas ki aqvs protestis gamoxatvis
ufleba. kanoni uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo uflebebs sityvisa da presis Tavisu­
flebebis CaTvliT, agreTve usafuZvlo gaCxrekisa da dapatimrebisagan dacvas.
demokratia ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul, usityvo erTgulebas xalxisagan. im Sem­
TxvevaSi, Tu Tanamdebobis pirebma gadaaWarbes sakuTar uflebamosilebas, xalxs
ufleba aqvs da aris kidec valdebuli, xma aimaRlos da Tanamdeboba daatovebi­
nos amgvar pirebs.
demokratiis sapirispiro cnebaa totalitarizmi. totalitarizmis piro­
bebSi mTavroba cdilobs, gaakontrolos moqalaqeTa cxovreba da maTi fiqre­
bic ki. totalitarul sistemaSi ar daiSveba SewinaaRmdegeba, xolo kulturuli
ins­titutebi (dawyebuli skolebiT da damTavrebuli xelovnebiT) gabatonebuli
ideologiis gansamtkiceblad gamoiyeneba. presa mTavrobis marjvena xelia. mTav­
robis cenzuras eqvemdebareba televizia, wignebi, filmebi, Jurnalebi da pira­
di korespondenciac ki. mTavroba cdilobs, gaakontrolos moqalaqeebis piradi
mimowera da informaciis gacvla-gamocvla rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve mis ga­
reTac (Tumca es procesi Tanamedrove teqonologiebis gamo sakmaod Znelia). Za­
laufleba aqvs mxolod erT mmarTvel partias, romelic saxelmwifosTanaa gai­
givebuli. mmarTveli elita irCevs sakuTari saqmis gamgrZeleblebs. saxelmwifo
moxeleebi da biurokratebi pasuxismgeblebi arian partiisa da misi lideris da
ara xalxis winaSe. sakanonmdeblo struqturebs (Tuki amgvari ram saerTod arse­
bobs) ar gaaCniaT politikis SemuSavebis funqcia _ isini, ubralod, amtkiceben
ukve miRebul gadawyvetilebebs. moqalaqeebs SeiZleba nebismier dros daakavon
da aukrZalon ojaxTan an advokatTan kontaqti; daapatimron gasamarTlebis ga­
reSe; miayenon fizikuri Seuracxyofa da awamon, an `gaqroba~ aiZulon. adamianebi
SeiZleba daajildovon mezoblebis, megobrebis da ojaxis wevrebis dasmenisa da
jaSuSobisaTvis da amiT Seqmnan masobrivi undobloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebrivi movlenaa qveynebis dayofa demokratiul
da totalitarul saxelmwifoebad, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs uzado demokra­
tia an sruli totalitarizmi. magaliTad, amerikis istoriis vrcel periodSi
Savkanianebs, qalebs da aborigen amerikelebs ar hqondaT xmis micemis ufleba, rac
imas niSnavs, rom sistema ar iyo mTlianad demokratiuli. dResac ki moqalaqeTa
garkveul kategorias (magaliTad, mdidrebs, msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvane­

675
lebsa da gavlenian organizaciebs) ufro meti gavlena aqvs politikur sistemaSi,
vidre sxvebs. magaliTad, CineTis totalitarul saxelmwifoSi imarTeba arCev­
nebi da moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT, monawileoba miiRon Sida saqmeebSi, oRond im
pirobiT, Tu isini partiul xazs ar gadauxveven. totalitari liderebis umete­
sobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom `arsebobs maTi Zalauflebis raRac zRvari, rom­
lis iqiTac maT aRar daemorCielebian~ (mori, 1978w. gv.18). maga­liTad, liderebs,
romlebic mudmivad afarToeben sakuTari Zalauflebisa da gavlenis areals sa­
kuTari keTildReobis moxveWis mizniT, sabolood gadayeneba emuqrebaT.

monawileoba amerikul demokratiaSi

demokratiisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania politikur procesebSi moqalaqee­

bis monawileoba. pirdapir demokratiaSi moqalaqeebi marTaven sakuTar mTav­
robas, ikribebian qalaqebis muni­ci­pali­tetSi (an mis magvar struqturebSi), raTa
pirdapiri wesiT miscen xma ama Tu im gadawyvetilebas. aSS-is msgavs Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi imdeni moqalaqea, rom SeuZlebelia maTi erTad Tavmoyra erTo­
blivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis mizniT. Tanac zogi sakiTxi imdenad rTulia,
rom yvelas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba, garkveuli drois manZilze Seiswavlos an ga­
nixilos is. aSS-is mTavroba, ZiriTadad, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis maga­
liTia, sadac moqalaqeebs saSualeba eZlevaT, kanonebis miReba da sakuTari in­
teresebis dacva arCevnebis meSveobiT arCeul pirebs andon.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-Si warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiaa, am sistemas
mainc aqvs uSualo monawileobisaTvis saWiro garkveuli meqanizmebi. Statebis
umetesobaSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT eleqtoratis an sxva moqalaqeebis xelmo­
werebis saWiro raodenobis Segrovebis Semdeg sajaro gaxilvisaTvis gamoitanon
romelime sakiTxi (Tumca, saxelmwifo referendumebis Catareba kanonis mixedviT
nebadarTuli ar aris). referendumebi saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, pirdapiri
xmis micemiT gamoxaton sakuTari azri. swored referendumis daxmarebiT ai­
krZala qveyanaSi sazogadoebriv TavSeyris adgilebSi Tambaqos moweva, Semcir­
da qonebis gadasaxadi, aikrZala afirmatiuli forma. referendumis momxreebi
acxadeben, rom maTi meSveobiT xalxs SeuZlia pirdapir da ara arCeuli pirebis
meSveobiT daafiqsiron sakuTari azri. kritikosebi ki aRniSnaven, rom referen­
dumi SesaniSnavi saSualebaa msxvili sareklamo kompaniebisaTvis sazogadoebriv
azrze gavlenis mosaxdenad. bevri referendumi mxolod amomrCevlebis mcire ra­
o­denobas izidavs, rac albaT, sazogadoebis informirebulobis dabali doniTaa
gamowveuli (kronini, 1989w.).
politikuri liderebisa da socialuri dargis mecnierebis garkveuli nawili
miiCnevs, rom interneti da eleqtrosakomunikacio saSualebebi pirdapiri de­
mokratiis axali meqanizmebia, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia demokrati­
ul procesebSi monawileobis miReba arCeuli warmomadgenlebis gverdis avliT.
texaselma biznesmenma da prezidentobis yofilma kandidatma h. ros perotma

676
mosaxleobas mouwoda, SeeqmnaT qalaqis eleqtronuli sabWoebi, romlebic amom­
rCevlebs saSualebas miscemda, sakuTari saxlebidan gausvlelad kompiuterebis
saSualebiT miecaT xma ama Tu im gadawyvetilebisaTvis da kanonebic ki daemtkice­
binaT. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom `eleqtronuli demokratia~ arastabiluri
iqneboda _ moqalaqeebi konkretul sakiTxebs zogadi konteqstis gauTvaliswine­
blad miscemdenen xmas. ufro metic, `eleqtronuli demokratia~ ufro kargi iqne­
boda enTuziastebisTvis da ara ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebsac arc dro
gaaCniaT mudmivi monawileobisaTvis da arc saSualeba _ saWiro maRalteqnolo­
giuri kompiuterebis SesaZenad (ix. splikali, kalabreze da sparksi, 1994w.).
amerikelebi sxva gzebiTac axerxeben TviTmarTvelobaSi monawileobas: maga­
liTad, eswrebian oficialur ganxilvebs da xmamaRla gamoTqvamen sakuTar mo­
sazrebas, aqvT mimowera Tavis deputatebTan, uerTdebian organizaciebs, romle­
bic lobireben sakanonmdeblo struqturebs an erTvebian socialur moZraobasa
da iseT organizaciebSi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena iqonion sazogadoebrivi
azris Camoyalibebaze an mTavrobis yuradReba mimarTon maTTvis saintereso
romelime konkretuli sakiTxisken (ix. Tavi 20). Tumca, politikuri monawileobis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia xmis micema da kandidaturis wamoyeneba Tanam­
debobis dasakaveblad. es aris individualuri moqmedebebi, amave dros, socialu­
rad konstruirebuli da organizebuli.

xmis micema

amerikuli waromadgenlobiTi demokratia efuZneba periodul arCevnebSi

masobriv monawileobas. idealur SemTxvevaSi erTi adamiani-erTi xmis principi
abalansebs socialur, sqesobriv da rasobriv uTanasworobas, magram amerikel­
Ta SedarebiT naklebi raodenoba iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas regularulad.
rea­lurad, amerikelTa umetesoba TavSekavebas amjobinebs, rodesac saqme exeba
organizebul politikas. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS-s hyavs `xalxis mier arCeuli
mTavroba~, oRond, ara yvelas mier arCeuli (teiqsiera, 1988w.). dasavleT evropa­
Si im moqalaqeTa procentuli maCvenebeli, romelic regularulad iRebs monaw­
ileobas arCevnebSi, 80-dan 90%-mde meryeobs, maSin rodesac, 1992 wels gamarTul
amerikis prezidentis arCevnebSi, mosaxleobis mxolod 55%-ma miiRo monawileoba
(ix. sqema 16.1). 1994 wlis kongresis arCevnebSi eleqtoratis 45%-ze naklebma mis­
ca xma, rac imas niSnavns, rom bevrma gamarjvebulma sakuTari eleqtoratis xmebis
meoTxedic ki ver miiRo. dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebidan mxolod Sveica­
ria xasiaTdeba arCevnebSi monawileobis dabali aqtivobiT.
ratom ar iyenebs amdeni amerikeli xmis micemis uflebas? erTi mizezi SeiZleba
iyos zogadad politikuri sistemisa da politikuri liderebisadmi undobloba.
mTavrobisadmi rwmena mkveTrad daeca 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg. gamokiTxvebma
(Sejamebulia lipsetTan, 1995w.) daadastura, rom im amerikelTa procentuli
raodenoba , romlebsac `uzomod sjeraT mTavrobisa~, 1966 wels dafiqsirebuli
41%-dan 1994 wels 12%-mde daeca; xolo im adamianTa maCvenebeli, romlebic Tvli­
an, rom `mTavrobaSi arian Zalebi, romlebic piradi interesebisaTvis ufro ibrZ­

677
 vian, vidre saerTo sargeblobisaTvis~, 1964 wels dafiqsirebuli 29 %-dan 1992
wels 80%-mde gaizarda; 1994 wels gamokiTxulTa 66% acxadebs, rom `arCeuli mo­
xeleebis umetesobas naklebad ainteresebs Cemnairi anu ubralo moqalaqis azri~
da `mTavroba TiTqmis yovelTvis flangavs biujets da araefeqturad muSaobs~.
1966 wels aseTive pasuxi gasca amerikelTa mxolod 33%-ma. albaT isini, vinc ar
monawileoben arCevnebSi, Tvli­an, rom erTi kandidati iseTive TaRliTia, rogo­
ric meore da biurokratia ise Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli mTavrobaSi, rom veranairi
reforma ver uSvelis.

sqema 16.1. amerikelTa procentuli

maCvenebeli, romlebmac monawileoba mi­
eleqtoratis %-uli maCvenebeli

iRes saprezidento arCevnebSi xmis mice­

mis procesSi.
me-19 saukunis miwurulis amerikaSi eleq­
toratis 80%-ze meti regularulad iReb­
da monawileobas erovnul arCevnebSi.
1900 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisaTvis
amom­r­Cevlis rao­denoba 73%-mde, xolo
1912 wels 59%-mde Semcirda. amis Semdeg,
monawileTa 70% jer ar dafiqsirebula
(brinkli, 1993).

wyaro: mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, mo­

saprezidento arCevnebis weli
saxleobis mimdinare aRweris Sedegebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri amerikeli Tvlis, mTavroba korumpirebuli da

araefeqturia, mainc bevrs sjera am qveynis politikuri sistemisa (lipseti,
1995w.). amerikelebis umetesoba kmayofi­lia sakuTari cxovrebiT da momavlis per­
speqtivebiT, sjera, rom msoflios saukeTeso qveyanaSi cxovrobs da emorCileba
amerikuli ocnebis arss: `Tu Tavdauzogavad imuSaveb, yvelafers miaRwev~. kmayo­
filebis (da ara cinizmis) grZnobam SeiZleba adamianebi waaxa­lisos _ isini xSi­
rad gverdze dgebian, mxolod piradi cxovrebiT cxovroben da politikur pro­
cesebSi monawileobas sxvebs uTmoben (hirSmani, 1982w. harvudis jgufi, 1991w.).
vin iRebs monawileobas aSS-Si gamarTul arCevnebSi? yvelaze xSirad eseni
arian xandazmuli, daojaxebuli, dasaqmebuli adamianebi, romlebic regularu­
lad eswrebian RvTismsaxurebas eklesiebSi da kargi ganaTlebisa da maRali Se­
mosavlebis mqone amerikelebi (croti, 1991w.). axalgazrda, umuSevari da Raribi
amerikelebi, romlebsac ar aqvT miRebuli kargi ganaTleba, savaraudod, yvelaze
naklebad iReben monawileobas arCevnebSi (ix. sqema 16.2). axalgazrdebi, rogorc
yvelaze moZravi kategoria (isini xSirad icvlian adgils da gadadian erTi teri­
toriidan meoreze), iSviaTad axerxeben saregistracio procedurebis gavlas.
garda amisa, isini, vinc erTxel iReben xmis micemis procesSi monawileobas, ro­
gorc wesi, agrZeleben kidec. maTTvis ki, visTvisac inglisuri ar aris mSobliuri
ena, an romlebic didi xani ar aris, rac aSS-Si cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT kargi
ganaTleba, SeiZleba xmis micemis procedurebi damabneveli aRmoCndes.

678
 sqema 16.2. im mosaxleobis dam­
TeTrkaniani axasiaTebeli niSnebi, ro­melTa
rasa

Savkaniani asakobrivi kategoria aZlevs maT

laTinoamerikeli1
xmis micemis uf­lebas da romle­
bic dare­gistrirdenen an ukve
mis­ces xma 1994 wlis arCevnebSi.
sqesi

mamrobiTi
mdedrobiTi amis msgav­si monacemebis ana­lizi
saSualebas aZlevs partiebsa da
18-24 wlis kandidatebs, mizanSi amoiRon mo­
asaki

25-44 wlis saxleobis is nawili, romlebic,

45-64 wlis savaraudod, monawi­leobas miiRe­
65 wlis da zeviT ben arCevnebSi. ase­Tebi arian, mag­
aliTad, 65 wlisa da meti asakis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi
amerikelebi.
regioni

SuadasavleTi
samxreTi
wyaro: mosaxleobis aRweris bi­
dasavleTi
uros ZiriTadi gverdi,
http://www.census.gov,
1994 noemberi
dawyebiTi: 0-8 weli
ganaTleba

saSualo: 1-3 weli

1. laTinoamerikuli warmoSobis adamiani Sei­
4 weli
Zleba ekuTvnodes nebismier rasas.
koleji: 1-3 weli 2. aq igulisxmeba ojaxis wevric, romelic anaz­
4 weli da meti
Raurebis gareSe muSaobs.
3. igulisxmeba mxolod ojaxis wevrebis Semo­
samoqalaqo seqtorSi savali dolarSi.
4. gamoricxavs adamianebs, romlebic naRdi fu­
dasaqmebuli
liT ar ixdian binis qiras, an ar arian daregis­
soflis meurneobaSi
dasaqmeba

trirebulebi mflobelebad.
arasoflis meurneobaSi
kerZo seqtorSi
samTavrobo seqtori
TviTdasaqmebuli
umuSevari
ar iricxeba samuSao ZalaSi

5000 qvemoT
ojaxis Semosavali3

5,000$-9,999$
10,000$-14,999$
15,000$-24,999$
25,000$-34,999$
35,000$-49,999$
50000$ da meti
ar aris miTiTebuli
sacxovre-

mesakuTre
beli4

mdgmuri

eleqtoratis procentuli r-ba

679
 meore faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT politikuri nayofiereba an grZnoba imi­
sa, rom TiToeul xmas aqvs mniSvneloba (denisi, 1991w.). politikuri nayofie­reba,
Tavis mxriv, maRldeba jgufuri SemecnebiT (rogoricaa rasobrivi identifika­
cia); interesTa jgufebTan dakavSirebiT (iqneba Tavisufali kavSiri, profesiuli
asociacia, Tu socialuri moZraoba, rogoricaa `sicocxlis ufleba~ an garemos
damcvelTa moZraoba) da im adamianebTan kontaqtiT, romlebic iziareben saerTo
stan­dartebs, miznebsa da problemebs. imaze, Tu vin iRebs da vin ar iRebs monawi­
leobas arCevnebSi, bavSvobis periodis socializacia (magaliTad, aqtiuri mSob­
lebi, romlebic regularulad monawileobdnen arCevnebSi da maswavlebeli, ro­
melic mouwodebda bavSvebs, dainteresebuliyvnen arCevnebiT) axdens gavlenas.

politikuri partiebi

tradiciulad, politikuri partiebi yovelTvis asruleben politikuri moq­

medebis konstruqtorisa da arCevnebSi monawileTa mobilizatoris rols. poli­
tikuri partia aris organizacia, romelic Seqmnilia kanonieri politikuri Za­
lauflebis mopovebisa da misi SenarCunebis mizniT. farTomasStabian da rTul
politikur sistemaSi politikur partiebs ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
akisria. idealur SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTTan akavSireben moqalaqeebsa da maT
mTavrobas, politikosebis yuramde miaqvT sazogadoebrivi azri da mobilizacias
uweven ubralo adamianebis mier politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardaWeras.
garda amisa, isini mTavrobis sxvadasxva donesa da ganStoebas Soris (magaliTad,
aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo, federaluri da Statebis mTavroba), aseve sam­
Tavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da struqturebs Soris mekavSiris
funqciasac asruleben. par­tiebi wamyvan rols asruleben arCeviT Tanamdebo­
bebze kandidatebis wardgenaSi. isini exmarebian adamianebs, raTa maT ukeT gai­
gon, ra kavSiri arsebobs sxvadasxva sakiTxs Soris. partiebi monawileoben saerTo
politikuri programis an platformis SemuSavebaSic, romelsac Semdgom unda
daefuZnos qveynis politika.
amerikelebi SeeCvivnen imaze fiqrs, rom qveyanaSi ori ZiriTadi politi­
kuri partia arsebobs, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba xuTi an meti politikuri partia
iyos, arsebobs iseTi qveynebic, sadac mxolod erTi politikuri partiaa. am gan­
sxvavebebis safuZveli saarCevno sistemis sxvadasxvagvari struqturaa. aSS-Si
oficialur pirebs martivi maJoritaruli wesiT irCeven: imarjvebs is kandidati,
romelic yvelaze met xmas daagrovebs, xolo yvela danarCeni marcxdeba. propor­
ciul sistemaSi, rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSi xdeba, partia gzavnis imden war­
momadgenels, ramden xmasac iRebs arCevnebSi. Tu partia iRebs xmebis mxolod 10
procents, es imas niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo organoSi is adgilebis 10%-s mi­
iRebs. es sistema ara mxolod iZleva imis garantias, rom umciresobis mosazreba­
sac moismenen, aramed saSualebas aZlevs partiebs, gaerTiandnen iseTi sakiTxebis
mxardasaWerad, romlis gamarjvebisaTvis umravlesobas xmebis sakmarisi raode­
noba ar aqvs.

680
 maJoritaruli sistema disfunqciur zegavlenas axdens, radgan ar xdeba um­
ciresobis mosazrebisa da gansxvavebuli azris mosmena. warmatebis misaRwevad
demokratiuli da respublikuri partiebi iZulebulni arian, imoqmedon amerike­
li sazogadoebis farTo jgufze, daikavon neitraluri pozicia, rom vinme ar
gaanawyenon an SeaSinon. es sistema aferxebs politikuri partiebis mier Camoya­
libebuli ideologiuri identurobebis ganviTarebas an maT mier myari poziciis
SenarCunebas mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
politikur partiebs asustebs aSS-is Semowmebisa da balansirebis sistemac
(lipseti, 1995). magaliTad, did britaneTsa da kanadaSi saparlamento sistemaSi,
saxelmwifos meTaurs pirdapiri wesiT ar irCeven. am qveyanaSi partia, romelic
parlamentSi adgilebis umravlesobas miiRebs, premier-ministrs sakuTari rige­
bidan irCevs. rogorc xmaTa umravlesobis mqone partiis liders, premier-mi­
nistrs SeuZlia swrafad imoqmedos da gadamwyveti nabijebi gadadgas. amerikul
sistemaSi ki prezidentisa da kongresis orive palatis wevrebis arCeva sxvadasxva
arCevnebiT xdeba1. maTi samsaxuris vadebic ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. swored ami­
tom, maSinac ki, rodesac prezidenti da kongresis orive palatis wevrebi erTsa
da imave partias ekuTvnian, ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom maJoritari deputa­
tebi (isini, romlebic warmoadgenen sxvadasxva regions, Stats da a.S) miiReben im
kanons, romelic prezidentma SesTavaza kongress. amis Sedegia xolme kompromisi,
romelmac SesaZlebelia daasustos aRmasrulebeli politika da programebi.
miuxedavad amisa, respublikelebi da demokratebi me-20 saukuneSi TiTqmis
yo­velTvis axerxebdnen, saTaveSi moqceodnen amerikis politikas. politikuri
TanamdebobebisaTvis kandidatebis SerCeva xdeboda im partiebis yrilobaze `rom­
lebic WeSmaritad iyvnen dainteresebulebi, rom arCeul kandidatebs ezrunaT
patronaJze, dajildoebebze, samsaxurebsa da kontraqtebze~ (lipseti, 1995w. gv.
10). zogadad rom vTqvaT, respublikelebi warmoadgendnen biznesis interesebs,
xolo demokratebi _ mSromeli xalxisas da liberalebisas. qveynis samxreTi
nawili da didi qalaqebi, ZiriTadad, demokratiuli iyo, xolo Sua dasavleTi _
respublikuri. politikuri orientacia aseve efuZneboda socialur maxasiaTe­
blebs. magaliTad, ufrosi asakis, kargi ganaTlebisa da reputaciis mqone ada­
mianebi (menejerebi da profesionali kadri) ufro xSirad xmas respublikelebs
aZlevdnen, xolo arc Tu ise kargi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdebi da dabal Se­
mosavalze momuSave `cisfersayeloanebi~ umeteswilad demokratebs uWerdnen
mxars iseve, rogorc kaTolikeebisa da ebraelebis umetesoba demokratebs emxro­
boda, xolo protestantebi respublikelebs aniWebdnen upiratesobas.
1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli garkveuli mizezebis gamo partiebis mniSvne­
loba amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. upirveles yov­
lisa, politikurma reformebma Ziri gamouTxara patronaJis sistemas, romelic
saSualebas aZlevda e.w `bosebs~ (aseTi iyo, magaliTad, Cikagos meri _ keili), ae­
1 prezidentsa da vice-prezidents saarCevno kolegiebis meSveobiT irCeven. gamarjvebis mosapoveblad
prezidentobis kandidatma unda miiRos kolegiis wevrebis xmaTa umravlesoba. gamomdinare iqidan,
rom erT Stats SeiZleba meore Statze meti eleqtorati hyavdes, konkretuli Statis erTi xma Sei­
Zleba aRematebodes meorisas. amgvarma sistemam qveyanas 10 `umciresobis~ prezidenti misca _ anu
isini, vinc saarCevno kolegiis xmaTa umetesoba moipova, magram ara xalxis xmebis umetesoba. am prezi­
dentebs Soris arian abraam linkolni, hari trumeni, jon kenedi, riCard niqsoni da bil klintoni.

681
muSavebinaT `partiuli manqanebi~, romlebsac garkveul safasurad stabilurad
mohqondaT xmaTa saWiro raodenoba. Statebis arCevnebs (praimeri) ufro didi
roli daekisra, vidre partiis yrilobas, sadac kandidatis sakiTxi ixileboda _
gamokiTxvebma msjeloba-kamaTebi Caanacvla.
meore mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda masmedia, gansakuTrebiT ki televizia,
romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo winasaarCevno kampaniebis ramdenime funqcia, rac
adre politikuri partiebis saqme iyo. erT-erTi aseTi funqcia gaxldaT eleq­
toratisaTvis kandidatebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba (salmori da salmori,
1985w.) _ axali ambebis meSveobiT, romlebic yovel Rame gadis eTerSi, sastumro
oTaxSi mokalaTebul moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT miiRon yvelanairi informacia kan­
didatebis Sesaxeb. satelevizio axali ambebis programebi politikur Sous ems­
gavseba da cdilobs gamoarkvios, ro­meli politikuri figuraa ufro Sesaferisi
ama Tu im TanamdebobisaTvis _ Tanac karga xniT adre, sanam es adamianebi ofi­
cialurad dasaxeldebian kandidatebad. satelevizio gancxadebebi, romlebsac
xSirad braldebis forma aqvs, xandaxan ufro mniSvenlovania, vidre axali ambebi
(aseTi gancxadebebi axal ambebsac xSirad Seicavs). Zvelad axalgazrdebi, romleb­
sac warmatebis miRweva surdaT, nel-nela ikafavdnen gzas partiuli Tanamdebo­
bebisaken, isini kardakar dadiodnen, arigebdnen pamfletebsa da samkerde niSnebs.
dRes partiuli gamocdilebis armqone, magram fulian kandidatebs (magaliTad,
ros peroti da stiv forbsi) SeuZliaT gverdi auaron politikur partiebs da
pirdapir mimarTon amomrCevlebs satelevizio gancxadebebis meSveobiT.
Mmediaze orientirebulma kampaniebma Seamcira partiuli organizaciebis mniS­
vneloba da gazarda Tanxebis moZiebis mniSvneloba. kampaniis menejerebis, me­
dia-konsultantebis, interviuerebis, sfiCraiterebis da sareklamo kompaniebis
da­qiraveba arCevnebis ori etapisTvis (wina da ZiriTadi arCevnebi) ukiduresad
Zviri jdeba. ufro metic, teqnologiis winsvla saSualebas aZlevs kandidatebs,
awarmoon ufro personalizebuli kampaniebi.
am sami cvlilebis Sedegad arCevnebi naklebad xdeba partiaze orientirebuli
da ufro meti yuradReba kandidats eqceva (dali, 1993w. praisi, 1986w. salmori
da salmori, 1985w.). aseve gaizarda specialuri interesTa jgufebis (magaliTad,
amerikel veteranTa kavSiri) da sxvadasxva sakiTxze momuSave jgufebis gavlena
(magaliTad, garemos dacva da aborti). socioekonomikuri indikatorebi nak­
lebad dasayrdeni gaxda im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rogor moiqcevian amomrCev­
lebi. magaliTad, 1994 wlis arCevnebSi SromiTi kavSirebis xmaTa 40%-ze meti res­
publikelebma miiTvales (baroni, 1995w.).
garkveul donemde politikuri centrisa da amomrCevlebis konservatorebad
da liberalebad dayofis niSnuli gaqra. gaizarda im amomrCevlebis wili, rom­
lebic sakuTar Tavs `damoukideblad~ miiCneven. imata partiis gamocvlis SemTx­
vevebis ricxvebma. mTeli qveynis masStabiT Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis pasuxebis
gaanalizebisas interviuerebi selinda leiki da ed goeasi im daskvnamde mivid­
nen, rom amerikeli amomrCeveli axali kriteriumebiTaa dayofili (sqema 16.3).
maTi mosazrebiT, `amJamad amomrCevlis damokidebulebas ufro metad kultura
gansazRvravs, vidre rasa, geografia, sqesi an politikuri ideologia~ (citire­

682
 liberali aqtivistebi (amomrCevlebis 20 %)
poziciebi: tolerantuli rasisa da sqesobrivi orientaciis mxriv winaaRmdegia samxedro sferos
gazrdili biujetisa da msxvili biznesebisa, myarad demokratiulia.
maxasiaTeblebi: SedarebiT axalgazrda, kargi ganaTlebis mqone, yvelaze naklebadaa religiuri,
qalaqebis macxovrebelia (am jgufSi Sedis momuSave an martoxela dedebis da afro-amerikelebis
yvelaze didi raodenoba).
undobloba: religiuri uflebebi, msxvili korporaciebi, iaraRis mflobelebi, radio Toq-Souebi.

konservatori aqtivistebi (amomrCevlebis 15 %)

poziciebi: proojaxuri, Tavisufali bazris momxre, qristianuli uflebebis momxre, myarad re­
spublikeli.
maxasiaTeblebi: SedarebiT axalgazrda, umaRlesi Semosavlis mqone mamakacebi, TiTqmis naxevars
damTavrebuli aqvs koleji, xSirad gvxvdebian daojaxebulebi da bavSvianebi, floben iaraRs,
tradiciulad, religiurebi arian, cxovroben gareubnebsa da patara qalaqebSi.
undobloba: axali ambebis programebs, saxelmwifo daxmarebis beneficiarebs, iuristebs, SromiT
kavSirebs, feministebs, pikis saaTis telegadacemebs.

eTnikuri konservatorebi (amomrCevlebis 16 %)

poziciebi: iwoneben mTavrobis Carevas ekonomikaSi, Zalze religiurebi arian, amJamad prolei­
boristulebi arian, warsulSi emxrobodnen `axal garigebas~, amJamad `Semcdari demokratebi~
arian.
maxasiaTeblebi: xandazmulebi, saSualoze dabali SemosavlebiT, ramdenimea kolejis kursdam­
Tavrebuli, eTnikurad mravalferovnebi (afro-amerikelebis, kaTolikeebis da samxreTeli bap­
tistebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeliT), cxovroben amerikis centralur nawilSi.
undobloba: homoseqsualebs, iaraRis mflobelebs, pikis saaTis satelevizio gadacemebs, radio
Toq-Souebs.

stiuardebi (amomrCevlebis 15 %)
poziciebi: mkacrad promenejmentuli, kavSirebis mowinaaRmdege, regularulad gulgrili, xSirad
memkvidreobiT respublikeli, iaraRze kontrolis Tavgadakluli mowinaaRmdege, dadebiTadaa gan­
wyobili institutebis umetesobis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: SeZlebulebi, kolejis kursgavlili an kursdamTavrebuli, daqorwinebulia, magram
Svilebi saxlSi ar cxovroben, xSirad pensioneri, cxovroben komfortul gareubnebSi.
undobloba: saxelmwifo daxmarebis beneficiarebs, SromiTi kavSirebs, Cxrekis erovnuli asociacias.

populisti tradicionalistebi (amomrCevlebis 15 %)

poziciebi: proteqcionisti, aqtiurad religiuri, iaraRis kontrolis mowinaaRmdege, saxelmwi­
fos mowinaaRmdege.
maxasiaTeblebi: sakuTar Tavs muSaTa klass miakuTvnebs, axalgazrdaa da daqorwinebuli, ramden­
imea kolejis kursdamTavrebuli, bevria kavSiris wevri da iaraRis mflobeli, aqvT saSualo Se­
mosavali, cxovroben gareubnebsa da patara qalaqebSi.
undobloba: homoseqsualebs, saxelmwifo daxmarebis beneficiarebs, axali ambebis programebs,
korporaciebs.

agnostikosebi (amomrCevlebis 12 %)
poziciebi: kulturulad tolerantebi, konservatulebi arian, roca saqme ekonomikas exeba,
ar uyvarT konfliqtebi, mxars uWeren rogorc korporaciebs, aseve kavSirebs da iSviaTad aqvT
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba romelime jgufis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: `beibibumerebi~, romlebic 50 wlis asaks uaxlovdebian an ufro xandazmulebi,
umeteswilad sekularulebi, xarisxiani ganaTlebiT da saSualoze odnav maRali SemosavliT, my­
arad saSualo klasia.
undobloba: pikis saatis satelevizio gadacemebs, radio Toq-Souebs da Cxrekis erovnul
asociacias.

dauejerebi (amomrCevlebis 12 %)
poziciebi: uyureben satelevizio axali ambebis programebs, magram zustad ar ician romeli jgu­
fia mtrulad ganwyobili an megobruli, savaraudod uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilebi umcireso­
bebis mimarT.
maxasiaTeblebi: ZiriTadad, xandazmuli qalebi, sakuTar Tavs saSualo fenas miakuTvneben, magram
dabali Semosavali da dabali ganaTlebis done aqvT, cxovroben SuadasavleTisa da floridis
patara qalaqebSi.
undobloba: iuristebs, erovnuli Cxrekis organizacias, feministebs, emigrantebs,
homoseqsualebs.

sqema 16.3 / axali ganStoebebi amerikul politikaSi.

amomrCevlebis damokidebulebis gaanalizebisas interviuerebma selinda leikma
da ed goeasma amomrCevlebis 7 sxvadasxva qvejgufi gansazRvres. 7-dan mxo­lod 2
emxroba erT konkretul partias, xolo danarCenebi sxvadasxva sakiTxTan dakav­
SirebiT sxvadasxva partias emxrobian.

wyaro: maikl barni, 1995w. `axali amerika~, aSS-s axali ambebi da msoflios ambebi
(tomi 119, 2) gv. 18

683
bulia baronSi, 1885w., gv. 18). mokled rom vTqvaT, amerikulma politikam Zalze
fragmentuli xasiaTi miiRo (dali, 1993w.).
amerikeli amomrCevlis meryeobisa da stabiluri koaliciis ararsebobis gamo
ukve didi xania saubari mimdinareobs mesame partiis Sesaxeb. 1992 wlis saprezi­
dento arCevnebis dros ros perotma miiRo amomrCevlebis xmis umaRlesi pro­
centuli maCvenebeli (19%), rac aRemateba mesame partiis yvela kandidatis mier
miRebuli xmebis raodenobas amerikis mTel istoraSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens
Teodor ruzvelti (1912w.). 1996 wlis arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad Catarda
gamokiTxva mTeli qveynis masStabiT, romlis SedegebiTac gamoirkva, rom xuTidan
erTi gamokiTxuli upiratesobas aniWebda ros perots, vidre moqmed prezident
klintonsa da respublikelebis kandidat rober douls (lipseti, 1995w.). mwvaneTa
partiam, axalma partiam da liberalurma partiam warmateba moipoves adgilobriv
doneze niu-iorSi da sxva qalaqebSi (kantori, 1995w. difri, 1995w.). magram mesame
partiis mxardaWera, xSirad protestis gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad. Cveni sistema
_ `yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ mesame partiis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs. arCevnebis
dRes, mesame partiis kandidatis mxardamWerebma SeiZleba gadawyviton, rom misT­
vis micemuli xma gadagdebuli xmaa (radgan kandidati ver gaimarjvebs), rac, Sesa­
Zlebelia waexmaros respublikelebis an demokratebis misTvis saZulveli kandi­
datis gamarjvebas. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom mesame partia (da damoukidebeli
amomrCevlebi) iseT sakiTxebs wamoswevs wina planze, romlebsac ZiriTadma par­
tiebma, Tu surT, rom xmebi ar dakargon, aucileblad unda miaqcion yuradReba.

interesTa jgufebis politika

rodesac politikuri partiebi sustia, interesTa jgufebi xSi­rad ufro

Zlierdeba da met wevrs ikrebs. interesTa jgufi aris organizacia, romelic
konkretul politikur gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebis mizniT Seiqmna _ gadaw­
yvetilebebze, romlebic uSualod exeba jgufis wevrebs. interesTa jgufebi
sxva­dasxva bunebisaa _ dawyebuli biznesasociaciebidan (mewarmeebis erovnuli
asociacia) da damTavrebuli SromiTi kavSirebiT (Zlevamosili AFL-CIO), soflis
meurneobis jgufebiT (rZis mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociacia), profesiuli
asociaciebiT (amerikel eqimTa asociacia, amerikel iuristTa asociacia), samo­
qalaqo uflebebisa da maTi dacvis sxva jgufebiTa (feradkanianebis mxardam­
Weri erovnuli asociacia, qalTa erovnuli asociacia); politikuri jgufebiT
(amerikeli xalxi demokratiuli moqmedebisaTvis, qristianuli koalicia) da erT
sakiTxze momuSave jgufebiT (mag. garemos dacvis fondi).
specialuri interesTa jgufebi amerikeli eris Camoyalibebidanve gaxda po­
litikuri scenis nawili (Slsingeri, 1979w.). lobebi arasodes yofilan ise Zliere­
bi, rogorc samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi. analogiurad, erT konkretul
sakiTxze momuSave iseTi jgufebi, rogorebicaa abortis sawinaaRmdego jgufebi,
iaraRis mowinaaRmdegeTa jgufebi, antibirTvuli jgufebi, garemos damcvelebi
_ ar gaxlavT Tanamedrove gamogoneba. warsulSi swored partiaTAa sistemebis
gareT momuSave jgufebis wyalobiT miiRes monobis gauqmebis, emigraciis Sez­
Rudvisa da gauqmebis gadawyvetilebebic. is, rac axalia amerikul politikaSi,

684
gaxlavT forma­luri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba da warmateba, romlebsac aqvT
uzarmazari sareklamo biujeti, kargad ganviTarebuli Tanxebis moZiebis prog­
ramebi da hyavs lobisti kadrebi. am organizaciebis mizania konkretuli intere­
sebis mudmivad warmoCena. bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi vaSingtonSi lobistebis
ricxvi gaizarda da daaxloebiT 7000-s miaRwia (lipseti, 1995w.).
1970-iani wlebis Sua periodSi kongresis mier saarCevno kampaniebis dafinan­
sebis reformis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanoni arCevnebSi msxvili biznesis interesebis
Semcirebas da ubralo moqalaqeebis monawileobis waxalisebas isaxavda miznad. axa­
li kanonebis mixedviT, calkeul pirs an jgufs ar SeuZlia 1000 dolarze meti gai­
Ros saprezidento an kongresis saarCevno kampaniisaTvis. am kanonis mizani iyo, See­
Cerebina msxvili korporaciebi, SromiTi kavSirebi da profesiuli organizaciebi,
raTa maT sapasuxo samsaxuri ar moeTxovaT gamarjvebuli kandidatisagan, romelsac
isini arCevnebis procesSi daexmarebodnen. Tumca kanoni ar ukrZalavs kandidatebs,
gamoiyenon e.w. `rbili fuli~ anu is Tanxa, romelsac partia agrovebs.
saarCevno kampaniebis dafinansebis reformis Sesaxeb miRebul­ma kanonma
xeli Seuwyo politikuri moqmedebis komitetebis Camoyalibebas. es komiteti
interesTa jgufma daarsa da miz­nad isaxavs misi politikuri miznebis miR­wevas
nawilobriv Sesabamisi kandidatis saarCevno kampaniis finansuri daxmarebis
gziT. komitetebi Sedgeba mravali calkeuli donorisagan da, aqedan ga­momdinare,
TiToeul komitets ufleba aqvs, TiToeuli kampaniisas kandidatisaTvis 5000
dolaramde gaiRos (sawyisi, ganmeorebiTi da ZiriTadi arCevnebi). komitetebs
SeuZliaT `rbili fulis~ (rbili fuli anu Sewiruloba partiisaTvis) SeuzRu­
davi odenobiT gaRebac. interesTa jgufs SeuZlia daafuZnos komiteti da Semdeg
Tavi mouyaros Semowirulobas aTasobiT wevrisa da mxardamWerisaTvis. United
Parcel Service-is politikuri moqmedebis komitetma 1.4 milioni dolari gaiRo de­
mokratebis, xolo 1.1 milioni dolari respublikelebis sasargeblod 1994 wlis
Sualeduri arCevnebis dros. politikuri kampaniebis Rirebulebis zrdasTan er­
Tad izrdeba politikuri moqmedebis komitetebis raodenobaca da mniSvnelobac.
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da Zveli interesTa jgufia TiTqmis erTi
saukunis win daarsebuli iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia (NRA), ro­
melic 2 milion wevrs iTvlis. 1994 wlis arCevnebis dros NRA-m mizanSi amoiRo
demokratebis is ubnebi, romlebmac xma misces bradis kanonisa (kanons saxeli
ewoda reiganis pres-mdivnis pativsacemad, romelic mZimed daiWra reiganze gan­
xorcielebuli Tavdasxmis dros) da Tavdasxmis iaraRis akrZalvis Sesaxeb ka­
nonis miRebas. rogorc amboben, komitetma 1 milioni dolari pirdapir gadauxada
kandidatebs, reklamaze daxarja daaxloebiT 1.5 milioni dolari (am Tanxis daax­
loebiT naxevari daixarja sareklamo rgolebze oponentebis winaaRmdeg); 280000
dolari respublikelebis erovnul komitets aCuqa da kidev 200000 do­lari
wevrebis telefonebsa da komunikaciebze daxarja (babsoni da st. honi, 1994w.).
kampaniam gaamarTla, 24 paraleluri arCevnebidan 19 kandidatebma moiges. vaSing­
tonSi erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi lobi ekuTvnis amerikel pensionerTa asociacias,
romlis wevrebis ricxvi 1960 wels dafiqsirebuli 400.000-dan 1993 wels 33 mili­
onamde gaizarda da Sedegad asociacia msoflioSi sididiT meore kerZo orga­

685
nizaciad iqca (pirvel adgils kaTolikuri eklesia ikavebs) (putnami, 1995w.). aso­
ciaciis 50 wels gadacilebuli, SeZlebuli wevrebi qveynis eleqtoratis yvelaze
did nawils Seadgenen.
jerjerobiT yvelaze gavleniani da xelgaSlili komitetebis damfinanse­
blad msxvili biznesebi gvevlineba (sqema 16.4). federalur saarCevno komisias­
Tan daregistrirebuli 4618 komitetidan TiTqmis ori-mesamedi warmodgenilia
korporaciebiT, kooperativebiTa da savaWro organizaciebiT. 1993-1994 wlebis
arCevnebSi aseTma jgufebma 128.7 dolari daxarjes komitetebis mier daxarjuli
189.4 do­laridan (salanti da klaudi, 1995). es komitetebi, rogorc wesi, irCeven
usafrTxo strategias da mxars uWeren imJamad moqmed Tanamdebobis pirebs, anu
maT, visac kongresSi ukve aqvT Zalaufleba da arCevnebis mogebis Sansi. wlebis
ganmavlobaSi bizneskomitetebi axerxebda SeenarCunebina zRvari demokratebsa
(romlebic akontrolebdnen kongress) da respublikelebs Soris, romlebic ide­
ologiurad ufro axlos idgnen biznesTan (da akontrolebdnen TeTr saxls pre­
zidentebis _ reiganisa da buSis dros). bizneskomitetebis umetesoba ori par­
tiis kandidatebs Soris met-naklebad Tanabrad anawilebda Semowirulobebs.

10 yvelaze guluxvi interesTa jgufi

(politikur qmedebaTa komitetis
Semowirulobebi dekadebis mixedviT)

interesTa jgufi Semowiruloba 10 wlis ganm. aSS dol.

sabanko saqme da finansebi 56 096 840

energetika 50 494 379
agrobiznesi 48 901 280
satransporto gaerTianeba 45 928 239
dazRveva 42 120 605
uZravi qoneba 40 692 087
media 37 994 112
sajaro mosamsaxureTa kavSiri 37 443 503
eqimebi, dantistebi, ZiZebi 39 831 744
satransporto firmebi 30 148 453

sqema 16.4 / gasul dekadaSi kongresis kandidatebis arCevnebSi Semowirulobis mixed­

viT aTi yvelaze uxvi interesTa jgufi politikur qmedebaTa komitetis monacemebiT.
politikur kampaniebze uamravi fuli ixarjeba. aqedan gamomdinare, organizebuli in­
teresTa jgufebi gavlenas axdenen imis gadawyvetaze, Tu vis SeuZlia kenWi iyaros da vis _
ara. liderebi arian biznesisa da profesiuli asociaciebi da kavSirebi.

wyaro: gavrcelebuli SemTxveva, `Taimi~,14 agvisto, 1995w., gv. 20

Tumca, rodesac 1994 wels respublikelebma kongresSi adgil­Ta umetesoba

moipoves, es tendencia swrafad Seicvala. respublikelebis gegma, romelic gu­

686
lisxmobda gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, mTavrobis mier dawesebuli regulaciebis
gauqmebasa da moqalaqeTa mxridan korporaciebisaTvis zaralis anazRaurebis
xelis SeSla, axlos idga biznesinteresebTan. 1994 wlis arCevnebamde amerikel
bankirTa asociaciam, AT&T-ma da amerikel anesTeziologTa sazogadoebam saku­
Tari wvlili ase gadaanawila _ 60-40, da upiratesoba demokratebs mianiWa. ar­
Cevnebis Semdeg maTi Senatani respublikelebis sasargeblod iyo 87, 80 da 92 %
Sesabamisad (salanti da klaudi, 1995w.).
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi arRveven
kanons saarCevno kampaniis reformis Sesaxeb da mTavrobaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
axal saSualebebs igoneben. kritikosTa nawilis azriT, politikur sakiTxeb­Tan
dakavSirebiT xmis mi­cema yidva-gayidvis sagani gaxda. `TviTon politikosebi ba­
zris gavlenas ganicdian~ _ wers nikolas o’Sognesi (1990w.), `xdeba aqtua­luri
sakiTxebis gayidva, Seferxeba da ignorireba~. gonivrulia vifiqroT, rom
komitetebi Sewyvetdnen fulis gacemas, amis sanacvlad garkveul sargebels rom
ar iRebdnen. qrTami, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, saxifaToa rogorc mimcemis,
aseve amRebisTvisac; magram araferia ukanono kanonmdeblebisaTvis informaciis
miwodebaSi, kanonproeqtebis SemuSavebaSi, moxsenebebis werasa da usityvod gage­
baSi. amis Sedegad Znelia konkretuli donaciis romelime xmasTan an politikur
qmedebasTan dakavSireba. miuxedavad amisa, msxvil donorebs aSkarad miuwvdebaT
xeli arCeul saxelmwifo moxeleebamde. 1996 wlis ianvarSi gamarTul yovelwliur
vaxSamze (es vaxSami Tanxebis moZiebas emsaxureba) respublikelebis erovnulma
komitetma 16 milioni dolaris mogroveba SeZlo, rac sarekordo maCvenebelia
erTjeradi movlenisaTvis (fritSi, 1996w.). amisaTvis maT satyuarad gamoiyenes
Ria mopatiJebebi, sadac xvdebodnen kongresisa da senatis komitetis mniSvnelo­
van wevrebs, kongresis spikers niut gingriCs da senatis maJoritars liders bob
douls, xolo 250000 dolaris fasad msurveli SeZlebda respublikelebis pre­
zidentobis kandidatTan sauzmobas. rasakvirvelia, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis
umetesobam ver SeZlo am sadilze daswreba.
uSualod kandidatebis sasargeblod gakeTebulma donaciebma politikuri
moqmedebis komitetebs politikuri suraTis Secvlis saSualeba misca. rogorc
sakampanio fondebis ZiriTadma mimwodeblebma, komitetebma didi wvlili Sei­
tanes politikuri partiebis dasustebaSi. konkretuli interesTa jgufebis
msgav­sad, romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben moklevadian miznebsa da gegmebze, es
komitetebi mxars uWeren erT konkretul sakiTxze orientirebul politikas da
sargebloben mTavrobis susti wertilebiT. magaliTad, klintonis administra­
ciis gegma jandacvis reformis Sesaxeb CixSi Sevida, rac, nawilobriv, gamoiwvia
uamravi interesTa jgufis winaaRmdegobam. es jgufebi cdilobdnen daecvaT sa­
kuTari wevrebis interesebi. politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi, savaraudod,
ufro xSirad uWeren mxars TeTrkanian mamakac profesionalebs, romlebic kenWs
iyrian saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze, vidre qalebsa da umciresobis warmomadge­
nel kandidatebs. dabolos, am komitetebis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis faqtori

687
badebs kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin marTavs amerikas realurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv,
SesaZlebelia, ubralo moqalaqeebs politikur procesebSi monawileobis xalisi
daukargos.
interesTa jgufebis Seqmnas Tan dadebiTi Sedegic axlavs, kerZod, isini aqti­
ur adamianebs saTanamSromlod iwveven, agvareben sxvadasxva sakiTxs, agroveben
informacias da aiZuleben kanonmdeblebs, yuradReba gaamaxvilon sazogadoebi­
saTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. ufro metic, politikuri moqmedebis komitete­
bi erTmaneTis muSaobas amowmeben da, aqedan gamomdinare, qmnian `urTierTga­
damkveT dinebebs~ amerikul politikaSi. am urTierTgadamkveTi interesebisa
da politikuri mrwamsebis arsebobis gareSe qveyana SeiZleboda erTmaneTisadmi
mtrulad ganwyobil jgufebad dayofiliyo (lipseti, 1963w.).

moqalaqeoba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

demokratiuli politikuri sistemebi mxolod iseT formalur politikur

institutebsa da aqtivobebze rodi arian damokidebulni, rogorebicaa partiebi,
arCevnebi, kongresebi da sasamarTloebi. isini aseve efuZnebian moqmedebis Tavi­
suflebas da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi socialuri organizebis formebs (kalhauni,
1994w. testeri, 1992w.). demokratia moiTxovs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobas,
romelic ganisazRvreba rogorc Tavisufali aqtivobebisa da kavSirebis sfero,
mis organizebaSi ar monawileobs arc saxelmwifo da arc sabazro Zalebi (legimani,
1992w.). ojaxebi, samezoblo, klubebi, eklesiebi, kavSirebi, saqvelmoq­medo orga­
nizaciebi, samecniero da literaturuli sazogadoebebi, saarCevno ubnebi da a.S.
aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da, Sesabamisad, demokratiis safuZvelic.
aSS-s 1830-ian wlebSi aleqs de tokvili ewvia. masze Rrma STabeWdileba moaxdi­
na im faqtma, rom `yvela asakisa da mdgomareobis amerikeli Camoyalibebis mudmiv
procesSi myofi asociaciis wevria~ (citirebulia putnamSi, 1995w.). Tavis klasi­
kur naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ de tokvilma ganacxada, rom nebayoflobiTi
asociaciebi demokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia, romelic mTav­
robasa da xalxs Soris barieris funqcias asrulebs da mxars uWers damoukide­
blobas, urTierTobas, Temebis monawileobas, politikur liderobasa da unar-
Cvevebs, agreTve SezRudul mTavrobas. de tokvilis msgavsad, robert putnami
(1995) amtkicebs, rom `samoqalaqo~ monawileoba amyarebs socialur qsels, amkvi­
drebs gacvliTobis normebs da socialur ndobas. putnami wers: `mkvlevarebma,
romlebic muSaoben ganaTlebis, siRatakisa da umuSevrobis, narkomaniisa da da­
naSaulis kontrolis Temebze da jandacvazec ki, aRmoaCines, rom warmatebulia
is Temebi, sadac samoqalaqo monawileoba didia~ (1995w. gv. 66). samoqalaqo monawi­
leoba xels uwyobs `mes~ gardaqmnad `Cvenad~.
putnamis azriT, problema isaa, rom samoqalaqo monawileoba sustdeba. ek­
lesiaSi RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis maCvenebeli aSS-Si jer kidev SedarebiT
maRalia (dasavleTis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT), magram mkveTrad daeca nebayo­
flobiTi gawevrianebis maCvenebeli iseT organizaciebSi, rogorebicaa SromiTi
kavSirebi, politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi, qal amomrCevelTa asociacia da

688
boi-skautebic ki. zemoT naTqvamis sailustraciod putnams mohyavs saintereso
magaliTi: 1980-1993 wlebSi amerikel boulerTa ricxvi 10%-iT gaizarda, magram
boulerTa ligis wevrebis raodenoba 40%-iT Semcirda (es ar aris trivialuri
magaliTi: 1993 wels 80 milionma amerikelma erTxel mainc iTamaSa boulingi, rac
samjer aRemateba im adamianebis ricxvs, romlebmac 1994 wlis arCevnebSi miiRo
monawileoba!). solo-boulingis popularizaciam mniSvnelovnad daazarala jgu­
furi boulingis moednebis mepatroneebi: gunduri moTamaSeebi samjer met picas
da luds moixmaren, vidre solo-moTamaSeebi, mflobelebs ki sakmaod didi Semo­
savali aqvT am produqciis gayidvebidan. Tumca, socialuri interaqciis mxriv
yvelaze mniSvnelovania danaklisi. putnamisaTvis boulingis magaliTi, iseve ro­
gorc xelisuflebisadmi undobloba da arCevnebSi monawileebis dabali ricxvi,
samoqalaqo monawileobis dakninebas moaswavebs.
putnamis azriT, siera klubis, NOW-sa da AARP-is msgavsi dRiTidRe mzardi
organizaciebi ukve cvlian arsebul organizaciebs. Tumca, amgvari organi­
zaciebis wevroba Semoifargleba mxolod wliuri registraciiTa da sainfor­
macio biuletenis gacnobiT. Red Sox-isa da hondas mflobelebis msgavsad, am
organizaciis wevrebi saerTo interesebs iziareben da erTi gundis wevrebic
arian, magram ar xvdebian erTmaneTs Sekrebebze da ar icnoben wevrebis umete­
sobas. es ufro `mesame rangis asociaciebs~ waagavs, sadac urTierToba emyareba
eleqtronul komunikaciebs an formalur organizaciebs (ix. Tavi 3). `socialuri
kavSiris TvalsazrisiT, garemos dacvis fondi da boulerTa liga erT katego­
riaSi ar xvdeba~ (putnami, 1995w.).
sociologma robert vutnoum aRmoaCina, rom xuTi amerikelidan ori Tvlis
Tavs `patara jgufis wevrad, romelic xSirad xvdeba jgufis sxva wevrebs da
cdilobs, daexmaros maT~. aseTi jgufebia kiTxvis moyvarulTa klubebi, alko­
holizmiT daavadebulTa jgufebi da sxv. romlebic udavod did rols TamaSo­
ben bevri adamianis cxovrebaSi. magram tradiciuli samoqalaqo jgufebisagan
gansxvavebiT, e.w. `mxardaWeris jgufebi~ ar moiTxovs erTgulebas (wevrebi ar
arian valde­bulni, daeswron Sexvedras, gamoTqvan sakuTari azri). socialuri
kavSirebis mxar­daWeris nacvlad, es jgufebi `saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, yur­
adReba gaamaxvilon sakuTar pirovnebaze sxvebis TandaswrebiT~ (vutnou, 1994w.).
samoqalaqo monawileobis dasustebas mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganapirobebs.
aseTebia, magaliTad, dasaqmebul qalTa ricxvis zrda (maT naklebi dro rCebaT
saTemo aqtivobebisaTvis); geografiuli mobiloba (rodesac adamianebi xSirad
icvlian sacxovreblebs, maT dasamkvidreblad dro sWirdebaT); ojaxuri forme­
bis cvlileba (daojaxebulebis naklebi raodenoba, saSualo fenis mSoblebi);
masStabebis cvla (ojaxuri tipis bostneulis maRaziebis nacvlad supermar­
ketebis momravleba da axla ukve anonimuri internet-momsaxureba SeZenili
saqonlis adgilze mitaniT). magram putnami amtkicebs, rom yvelaze didi cvli­
lebaa `Tavisufali drois~ privatizacia: umetes SemTxvevebSi televizori cvlis
ojaxis wevrebTan da mezoblebTan socializaciis process, video aparatura _
kinoTeatrebs; iyo dro, rodesac mTeli ojaxi ikribeboda radios mosasmenad,
axla ki `uolqmenebi~ msmenelis `izolacias axdenen~.

689
gadasvla demokratiaSi

gasul or dekadaSi demokratiis idea mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda (henli,

1995w.). gasuli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis gaormagda im qveynebis ricxvi
(maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 60-dan 115-mde gaizrda), romlebic amtkiceben, rom maTi
mTavroba demokratiulia. 1970-ian wlebSi espaneTsa da portugaliaSi samxedro
diqtaturis damxobasTan erTad demokratiis talRa agorda. es talRa Semdgom
laTinur amerikaSi gavrcelda, sadac erTmaneTis miyolebiT Camoagdes e.w. `gene­
ralisimoebi~, 1990-iani wlebis bolos ganadgurda sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosav­
leT evropis komunisturi reJimi, ramac garkveulwilad gamoafxizla afrikeli
xalxi (am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia samxreT afrikis respublika). Tumca,
miuxedavad mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisa, sakmaod adrea demokratiis `gamarjve­
bulad~ gamocxadeba.
amerikelebisaTvis demokratia Tavisufal arCevnebTan igivdeba _ mas Sem­
deg rac adamianebi xmis micemis uflebas moipoveben, yvela danarCeni Tavis adgi­
las dgeba. Tumca, demokratia mxolod Tavisufal (da samarTlian) arCevnebs ar
moiTxovs. sxva mniSvnelovan komponentebTan erTad aucilebelia kanonis uze­
naesobis damkvidreba, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
garantia, konkurencia politikur partiebs Soris da racionalur-kanonieri
biurokratia, romelic pasuxs agebs arCeuli saxelmwifo pirebis winaSe (bunsi,
1995w.). idealur SemTxvevaSi es Tvisebebi aZlierebs erTmaneTs da qmnis funqciu­
rad integrirebul sistemas.
demokratia moiTxovs, rom moqalaqeebs hqondeT erTmaneTSi azrebisa da
ideebis gacvlis Tavisufleba ara mxolod pirispir, aramed sajaro debatebSic
(habermasi, 1989w.). isini Tavisufalni unda iyvnen cenzurisagan da daculni ar­
apopularuli Sexedulebebis gamoTqmis drosac. moqalaqeebs esaWiroebaT ad­
gili, sadac SeeZlebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatva, iqneba es soflis TavSeyris
adgilebi Tu oficialuri auditoriebi Statebis dedaqalaqebSi. me-20 saukunis
80-ian wlebSi, rodesac solidarobis moZraoba Seecada demokratia daemkvidre­
bina komunistur poloneTSi, kaTolikuri eklesiebi aRmoCnda erTaderTi TavSey­
ris adgili, sadac xalxi samTavrobo Zalebis Tavdasxmisagan daculad grZnobda
Tavs. garda amisa, ideebis Tavisufali gacvla moiTxovs komunikaciis sistemas,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianebs SeeZlebaT miiRon informacia mimdinare aqtua­
luri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da gamoxaton sakuTari azri da gamocdileba. sabWoTa
kavSiris komunisturi reJimi krZalavda kerZo pirebis mier aslgadamRebi man­
qanebis SeZenas da zRudavda telefonebiT sargeblobas, radgan ar surda, rom
adamianebs Tavisufali komunikaciis SesaZlebloba hqonodaT. nebadarTuli iyo
mxolod iseTi sakomunikacio saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa televizia da
presa, romelsac mTavroba iolad akontrolebda.
demokratiis meore mniSvnelovani fundamenti gaxlavT ekonomikuri
resursebis gafantva garkveul donemde. Tu SeZlebul elitasa da Rarib mo­

690
saxleobas Soris arsebuli naprali metismetad Rrmaa, maT Zalze mcire saerTo
interesi aqvT demokratiis warmatebaSi. saSualo fenis arseboba demokratiis
mniSvnelovani struqturuli sayrdenia. gansxvavebiT mosaxleobis Raribi fenisa­
gan, saSualo fenis moqalaqeebi ufro metad arian dainteresebulni sakuTari
qveynis politikuri sistemiT. maT ufro Tavisuflad SeuZliaT sakuTari mosaz­
rebis gamoxatva maSinac ki, rodesac isini elitas upirispirdebian. is faqti, rom
maRali produqtuloba SedarebiT mdidar kapitalistur qveynebSi qmnis saSualo
klass, aris demokratiisa da kapitalizmis xSiri dakavSirebis mizezi (bergeri,
1987w. Sumpiteri, 1942w.). kulturul doneze kapitalizmi amtkicebs individu­
alur ekonomikur arCevans, rac politikur sferoSi individualuri arCevanis
modelad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
dabolos, adamianebs sWirdebaT imis codna, Tu rogor funqcionirebs de­
mokratiuli sistema da agreTve gamocdileba, romelsac gamoiyeneben koleq­
tiuri interesebis dasacavad. tipur komunistur reJims ar axasiaTebda arc erTi
zemoT moyvanili Tviseba, Sesabamisad, gardamavali procesi Zalian rTulad mim­
dianreobda.

laTinuri amerika da aRmosavleTi evropa

problemis naTlad warmoCinebis mizniT, valeri bunsi (1995w.) demokratiis

gardamaval fazebs erTmaneTs adarebs laTinur amerikasa da aRmosavleT evro­
paSi (sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT). laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umetesobaSi erT­
maneTs xSirad enacvleboda totalitaruli da demokratiuli reJimebi. samxedro
xuntis ZalauflebaSi yofnis drosac ki elitaSi `demokratiuli politikis xsov­
na~ cocxlobda da aravis aviwydeboda, Tu `ras niSnavs demokratia, ra aris saWiro
misTvis da ra uTxris Zirs mas~ (bunsi, 1995w. gv. 88). aRmosavleT evropaSi ar ar­
sebobda amgvari demokratiuli tradiciebi, demokratiis `SegrZneba~. laTinur
amerikaSi samxedro mTavroba politikur diqtats amyarebda. liderebi sakuTar
mdgomareobas piradi sargeblobisaTvis iyenebdnen da aviwrovebdnen rogorc
adgilobriv mewarmeebs, aseve ucxoel investorebs, magram ar erCodnen kapital­
istur ekonomikas. Tu maT Zalauflebas safrTxe ar emuqreboda, isini ar ereo­
dnen arc religiaSi da arc kulturuli cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebSi. aRmosavleT
evropaSi ki komunistur mTavrobebs monopolizebuli hqonda mTeli ekonomika,
politika da socialuri cxovreba. mTavroba flobda da marTavda industrias da
soflis meurneobas, karnaxobda xalxs, sad unda ecxovraT da emuSavaT, krZala­
vda religias, mSobliur enebsa da kulturul aqtivobebs. rac mTavaria, saxelm­
wifoebrioba ar iyo problema laTinur amerikaSi _ saxelmwifo sazRvrebi didi
xnis win damkvidrda. mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi ki demokratiuli moZraobebi
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli erovnul gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebTan: 22 sax­
elmwifo im 27-dan, romlebic Seadgendnen yofil sabWoTa kavSirs da aRmosavleT
evropas, dRes damoukidebeli qveyanaa. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiisaken ga­
dasvlis procesi ZiriTadad, reJimis Secvlas, samoqalaqo uflebebis aRdgenasa

691
da arsebuli institutebis reformirebas gulisxmobda. xolo aRmosavleT evro­
paSi saqme sxvanairad iyo. `yvelaferi, rac gansazRvravs socialur sistemas _
erovnuli identoba, socialuri struqtura, saxelmwifo da misi urTierToba mo­
qalaqeebTan, ekonomika da saerTaSoriso sistema _ intensiuri molaparakebebis
sagania postkomunistur sistemaSi~ (bunsi, 1995w. gv. 22)
nacionalizmsa da demokratias Soris rTuli kavSiri arsebobs. komunizmis
reJimis cenzura axSobda identurobis yvela wyaros _ religiis, profesiis,
samecniero sazogadoebebis, literaturuli moZraobebisa da politikuri in­
teresTa jgufebis CaTvliT (bunsi, 1995w. kalhauni, 1994w.). komunizmis gauqmebis
Semdeg nacionalizmi iyo erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi identoba, romlis meSveo­
biTac adamianebs sakuTari suliskveTebis gamoxatva SeeZloT. zog SemTxvevaSi
elitam SeiZleba mimarTos nacionalizmiT manipulirebas, raTa masebTan erTobis
grZnoba Canergos da yuradReba gadaitanos diskriminaciis sxva wyaroebidan (amis
erT-erTi magaliTia iugoslavia). nacionalizmi religiuri radikalizmisa da ko­
munizmis msgavsad cdilobs, monopolia moipovos kanonier identobebze: `Sen xar
erT-erTi Cvengani, an _ ara. sxvas danarCens mniSvneloba ara aqvs~. radikali na­
cionalistebi ara marto Cagraven sxva adamianebs, aramed xalxs sakuTari azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasac ukrZalaven.
ruseTsa da aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi situacia, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
qaosuria. partiis yofili muSakebi, industriuli damgegmareblebi da yofili
samxedro maRalCinosnebi konkurencias uweven ultranacionalistebs, Tavisu­
fali bazris saqmosnebs, populist demagogebs da axlad gaaqtiurebul eTnikur
jgufebs, romlebic warmatebas ver aRweven gaerTianebaSi (mensfildi da snai­
deri, 1995w.). umuSevrobis done maRalia, meSaxteebi da saavadmyofoebis medper­
sonali Tveebis ganmavlobaSi ver iRebs kuTvnil anazRaurebas, inflacia matu­
lobs, izrdeba naprali Raribebsa da biznesmenebs (romelTa nawili kriminalur
saqmianobaSia Cabmuli) Soris, matulobs danaSaulebebisa da Zaladobis done.
yofili socbanakis bevr yofil qveyanaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi arCevnebis gziT
movidnen `reformirebuli~ komunistebi, risi erT-erTi mizezic aris is, rom ada­
mianebs warsuli dReebis nostalgia aqvT da fiqroben, rom mxolod komunistebs
SeuZliaT daabrunon wesrigi da samarTlianoba. meore mizezi aris komunistebis
organizebuloba, romliTac isini aRematebian yvela danarCen jgufs. 1989-1991
wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis Sedegad komunistebma dakarges politikaze mo­
nopolia, magram partiis wevrebi da muSakebi ase ubralod ar gauCinarebulan
(bunsi, 1995w.), isini jer kidev monawileoben politikur scenebSi, oRond sxva sa­
xeliT an saxelebiT. magram komunistebis arCeva ar niSnavs totalitaruli reJi­
mis dabrunebas. 1989 wlamde komunisturi partia erTaderT partiad iTvleboda.
partiaSi gawevrianeba iyo erTaderTi gza, romlis meSveobiTac axalgazrda, am­
biciur, liderobis mosurne axalgazrdebs _ maTac ki, vinc reformebis saWiroe­
bas xedavda _ gzis gakafva SeeZloT. maT, axla ukve saSualo asakis adamianebs,
romlebsac aqvT marTvis unar-Cvevebi da gamocdileba, aRar SeuZliaT an, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, aRar surT drois ukan dabruneba.

692
samxreT afrikis respublika

samxreT afrikis respublikaSi momxdari demokratiuli revolucia, ufro gas­

aocari movlena iyo, vidre komunisturi reJimis damxoba aRmosavleT evropaSi.
1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi arsebobda samxreT afrikis ori respublika, rom­
lebsac aparteiduli reJimi yofda. `TeTri~ samxreT afrika ayvavebuli, Taname­
drove, dasavluri stilis demokratiuli qveyana iyo, xolo `Savi~ samxreT afrika
_ CamorCenili da gaRatakebuli, romlis moqalaqeebsac ar hqondaT is uflebebi
da ekonomikuri SesaZlebloba, riTac sargeblobdnen `TeTri~ samxreT afrikis
moqalaqeebi (ix. Tavi 8). samxreT afrikis transformaciis procesSi ZiriTadi
roli saerTaSoriso zewolas miuZRvis. iseTma ekonomikurma sanqciebma, rogori­
caa investiciebis Sewyveta, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudva, xangrZlivvadiani
kreditebis SeCereba, Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo. samxreT afrikis respublikam ver
SeZlo martos `emuSava~ globalur ekonomikaSi. ufro metic, es qveyana realu­
rad mowyvetili iyo danarCeni samyaros _ sportis, kulturis, mecnierebis, aka­
demiuri wreebidan. `TeTrebma kargad uwyodnen, rom demokratia iyo dasavluri
samyaros miRebis safasuri~ (giliomi, 1995w.). nacionaluri partiis liderma de
klerkma sakuTar xalxs daanaxa, rom isini arCevanis winaSe idgnen, erT mxares
iyo cxovrebis dabali standartebi da Sida Zaladobis maRali maCvenebeli, xolo
meore mxares _ molaparakebebi. referendumis Sedegad `TeTrma~ samxreT afrikam
molaparakebebis gza arCia.
pirveli nabiji de klerkma Serigebisaken gadadga da patimrobidan gaaTavisu­
fla nelson mandela. manve gaauqma akrZalva afrikuli erovnuli kongresis saqmi­
anobaze da SavkanianTa politikur jgufebs Tavisufleba mianiWa. am etapze misi
mTavari mizani iyo ara demokratiis damkvidreba, aramed arsebuli sistemis li­
beralizacia (samoqalaqo uflebebis miniWeba). Tavis mxriv, afrikelTa erovnuli
kongresi, ZiriTadad, gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba iyo. zimbabvesagan ganas gama­
Tavisuflebeli moZraobis msgavsad, erovnuli kongresi cdilobda daemxo `ko­
lonizator~ afrikanelTa mTavroba, daebrunebina mitacebuli miwebi, moexdina
industriis nacionalizacia da Seeqmna erTpartiuli mTavroba. Tumca, komunis­
turi reJimis damxobasTan erTad, afrikulma erovnulma kongresma dakarga dafi­
nansebis ZiriTadi wyaro (ssrk), ufro me­tic, moxda kontrolirebadi, socialis­
turi ekonomikis ideis diskreditacia.
afrikis erovnul kongress imedi ar hqonda, rom sakuTari ZalebiT moa­
xerxebda arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobas, xolo erovnuli partia, Tavis mxriv,
mixvda, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi reputacias verasodes aRid­
genda. aparteidis gauqmebis Semdegac ki es ori Zala erTmaneTzea damokidebuli
(zog SemTxvevaSi geografiulad). es aris zemoT aRwerili pluralisturi Teo­
riis magaliTi. erovnul partias mxars uWeren SeZlebuli da maRalprofesionali
saxelmwifo biurokratiis maRalCinosani samxreT afrikelebi da adgilobrivi
da saerTaSoriso investorebi. afrikuli erovnuli kongresi ki, Tavis mxriv, sa­
muSao Zalisa da mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis

693
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. orive maTgani erTmaneTzea damokidebuli _ `orives
erTad SeuZlia marTos qveyana, magram ugunurebis gamo qveyanas umarTavs xdian~
(giliomi, 1995w.).
gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT evropisagan, samxreT afrikis respublikaSi de­
mokratiisaken gardaqmna gamoiwvia mTavrobisa da opoziciis gaerTianebulma Za­
lisxmevam. TiToeuli mxare moqmedebda naTlad gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT,
romelic eyrdnoboda arsebul demokratiul institutebs da miznad isaxavda,
rom Savkanianebsa da feradkanianebsac esargeblaT samoqalaqo uflebebiT da im
etapisaTvis arc kapitalistur ekonomikas damuqreboda safrTxe. samxreT afri­
kis 300 wlovanze meti istoriis ganmavlobaSi pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebisas
(romelic 1994 wlis aprilSi gaimarTa), afrikis erovnulma kongresma parlamentSi
adgilTa 62%-ze meti moipova da ministrTa kabinetis marTvis saTaveebic igdo
xelSi. TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa 90%-ze metma xma `sakuTari kanis feris mixed­
viT~ misca. Tu es tendencia gagrZelda, samxreT afrikis respublika, savarau­
dod, erTpartiuli saxelmwifo gaxdeba (gi­liomi, 1995w.). amasobaSi mTavrobas
mouwevs, miiRos zomebi saSinel siRatakesTan gasamklaveb­lad; arada siRatakeSi
Savkanianebis umravlesoba cxovrobs.
demokratiisaken gadasvla Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS­
vnelovani sakiTxia. rogorc zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi adasturebs, gardaqm­
nis procesi arasodes mimdinareobs iolad _ process Tan axlavs sxvadasxva sa­
Sualeba da mosdevs sxvadasxva Sedegi. aRmosavleT evropasa da samxreT afrikaSi
politikuri sistemebi ar aris demokratiuli am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT,
magram, miuxedavad problemebisa, am qveynebma SeZles, ukan CamoetovebinaT to­
talitarizmi.

omi: politikis saxesxvaoba

politika yovelTvis rodia mSvidobiani. iqidan gamomdinare, rom is Zalau­

flebisaTvis brZolas gulisxmobs, politika potenciurad Zaladobrivicaa. am
Tavis dasawyisSi Cven ganvixileT oklahomas teraqtis magaliTi. politikuri Za­
ladobis kidev ufro didi formaa omi anu samxedro Zalauflebis (organizebuli
armiebisa da iaraRis) gamoyeneba, rogorc sazogadoebasa da mis SigniT arsebul
fraqciebs Soris uTanxmoebis gadaWris saSualeba. omi policiis moqmedebisa da
saxelmwifos mier Zaladobis sxva organizebuli formebisagan farTo masSta­
bis mobilizaciiTa da xangrZlivi mimdinareobiT gansxvavdeba. omebma msoflios
araerT qveyanaSi iqonia gavlena sazRvrebis damkvidrebaze, politikur sistemeb­
sa da socialur organizebaze. omis Tavidan acileba da, amave dros, misTvis mzad-
yofna dRes TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos prioritetia.

 Tumca, arsebobda gansxvavebebi afrikanebsa da TeTrkanianebs, pro da antiapartedulad

ganwyobil TeTrkanianebs Soris da aseve afrikis erovnuli kongresisa da zulusebis
inkatis partias Soris.

694
 Tanamedrove samyaroSi omi, rogorc wesi, iwyeba maSin, rodesac aRar moq­
medebs politikur konfliqtSi monawileobisa da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis
ufro mSvidobiani saSualebebi. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebs Soris omis dawyeba
damokidebulia moqalaqeebis mxardaWeraze, romlebic masobriv Setakebebsa da
Zaladobas, savaraudod, mxolod maSin mimarTaven, Tu miznis misaRwevad sxva sa­
Sualebebi aRar arsebobs da CaTvlian, rom maTi mTavrobis an liderebis gadaw­
yvetileba omis dawyebis Sesaxeb kanonieria. amave dros sazogadoebam unda gansaz­
Rvros sakuTari pozicia da gaiazaros, rom sxva qveyana an xalxi safrTxes uqmnis
maT sicocxles. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebisaTvis Znelia
omis warmoeba (rogorc es moxda aSS-sa da vietnams Soris omis dros).
omi uZvelesi `gamogonebaa~, romelsac adamianebi konfliqtis mosagvareblad
da uflebebis aRsadgenad uxsovari droidan iyeneben. gven deiri wers:

`omi iseTive Zveli, rTuli da gavrcelebuli institutia, rogorc re­

ligia an sakuTreba. rom gavigoT ratom rCeba omis buneba ucvleli da
ratom emzadeba misTvis mudmivad TiToeuli saxelmwifo, civilizaci­
is dasawyisSi mogviwevs dabruneba~ (1985w. gv. 3).

adreul sazogadoebebSi, romlebic erTmaneTis monaTesave to­mebisagan Sedge­

boda, omi ritualuri saqmianoba iyo, romlis dro­sac meomrebi erTmaneTs upi­
rispirdebodnen epizodur SerkinebebSi. es konfliqtebi uCveulod SezRuduli
iyo da mxolod ramdenime adamianis daRupviT mTavrdeboda. im dros, ubralod,
ar arsebobda farTomasStabiani SeiaraRebuli agresiis safuZveli, radgan ar ar­
sebobda stabilurad gansazRvruli teritoriebi da qonebac ar iyo iseTi mniSv­
nelobisa, romlisTvisac brZola Rirda (m. mani, 1986w.). adreuli mciremasStabiani
omebi miznad isaxavda valebisa da dazianebebis gamo gaCenili dapirispirebebis
mogvarebas da darRveuli balansis am gziT aRdgenas. omi iyo sazogadoebis Sida
an sazogadoebebs SOoris funqciuri integraciis SenarCunebis da ara erTi sazoga­
doebis mier meoris dapyrobis saSualeba.

Tanamedrove omi

omi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, daiwyo mdidar miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebis da

gamagrebuli cixe-qalaqebis ganviTarebis Sedegad (gidensi, 1985w.). amgvar sazoga­
doebebs hyavdaT mTavroba, hqondaT sazRvrebi da sakmarisi simdidre imisaTvis,
rom sxva xalxi ecdunebinaT. es sami piroba gaxldaT umTavresi omis, rogorc ra­
cionaluri, strategiuli institutis arsebobisaTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTq­
vaT, es iyo saSualeba sxvisTvis raime faseulis warTmevisa (dieri, 1985w.).
uZvelesi omebidan romsa da karTagens Soris gamarTuli sami punikuri omi
(264-146 Cv. w.aR-mde) yvelaze axlosaa Tanamedrove zeZalauflebebs Soris mim­
dinare omebTan. konfliqtis gamwvavebis dros romaeli mamakacebis TiTqmis mesa­
medi ibrZoda, romelTa 10% imsxverpla kidec omma (hopkinsi, 1978w.). romaelebma,

695
bolos da bolos, daamarcxes karTageni da mTeli qalaqi gaanadgures. dapyrobil
miwaze marili moayares, ramac niadagi, faqtobrivad, unayofo gaxada. karTagenis
mTeli mosaxleoba daatyveves da monebad aqcies, ris Semdegac qalaqSi 100 wlis
ganmavlobaSi aravin cxovrobda. am magaliTidan naTlad Cans, rom miuxedavad im
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli primitiuli teqonologiebisa, mainc SesaZlebeli
iyo mowinaaRmdegis mTlianad ganadgureba, rac didad ar gansxvavdeba im efeqtis­
agan (mSvidobiani mosaxleobis ganadgurebis masStabis garda), rac SeiZleba atom­
urma bombma gamoiwvios. magram Tu omis mizezi iyo imperiis gafarToeba da xarkis
mokreba, azri ar hqonda mTliani qveynis ganadgurebas.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebam, Zalauflebis centralizebulma
struqturam da teritoriis mkacrma kontrolma safuZveli Cauyara socialuri
organizaciis axal saxeobas _ moqalaqeTa armias. uZveles omebSi profesionali
jariskacebi ibrZodnen, romlebsac saxelmwifos gafarToebisTvis an mmarTvelis
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisTvis safasurs uxdidnen. Tanamedrove omebSi samoqa­
laqo jariskacebi ibrZvian, romlebic icaven sakuTar ersa da sicocxles. amis
pirveli yvelaze miniSvnelovani mgaliTia frangebis masobrivi mobilizacia 1793
wels, rodesac 770000 frangi ramdenime TveSi jariskacad iqca (dieri, 1985w.). iqi­
dan gamomdinare, rom samoqalaqo jariskacebs amoZravebdaT ara gamdidrebisa da
fulis moxveWis interesi, aramed samSoblos dacvis survili, maTze naklebi kon­
troli xorcieldeboda, vidre daqiravebul jariskacebze, rac maTi sxvadasxva
miznisTvis gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleoda. magaliTad, mcire jgufebs SeeZloT,
adgilmdebareobis codnis gamoyenebiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWer­
iT dampyrobTa gacilebiT didi jari daerbiaT. brZolis es forma, romelic par­
tizanuli brZolis saxeliTaa cnobili, bevr Tanamedrove oms axasiaTebs. parti­
zanuli brZola Zalze efeqturia ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, radgan
gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad gamowveuli zarali imdenad didia, rom damp­
yrobeli iZulebuli xdeba, ukan daixios (es iyo is ZiriTadi problema, romelic
aSS-is armias vietnamSi Seeqmna).
industriulma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo iaraRis warmoebis teqnologiis gan­
viTarebas. me-19 saukunis bolos avtomaturi iaraRis, xolo Semdeg bombebis Se­
moRebis Sedegad samxedro teqnologia bevrad momakvdinebeli gaxda, xolo manZi­
li mkvlelsa da msxverpls Soris bevrad gaizarda. garda amisa, transportirebis
gaumjobesebuli meTodebis Sedegad gaiolda jaris momarageba. jariskacebs axla
ukve aqvT saSualeba, Tan waiRon sursaTisa da amuniciis sakuTari maragi Soreul
adgilebSi da mkacr klimatur pirobebSic ki.
miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnologiebma gaaadvila omis warmoeba da ufro `efeq­
turi~ gaxada is, amave dros gaaZvira kidec. Tanamedrove armiebi damokidebulebi
arian ZviradRirebul iaraRze da sabrZolo masalebis did raodenobaze. warmoe­
bis xarjebis wyalobiT nebismieri mniSvnelovani omi saSinao produqtadac iqce­
va xolme. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive msoflio omi moigo im mxarem, romelsac ufro
didi industriuli SesaZlebloba hqonda (maknili, 1982w.). gamarjvebulebma bo­
lomde amowures damarcxebulebis resursebi. rodesac ori dapirispirebuli

696
mxare mkveTrad gansxvavdeba produqtiulobis TvalsazirisT, SedarebiT Zlier
mxares SeuZlia iolad gaanadguros metoqe.
sparseTis yureSi 1990-1991 wlebSi mimdinare omma kidev erTxel warmoaCina in­
dustriuli da teqnologiuri Zalauflebis mniSvneloba. aSS iranis didi armiis
dasamarcxeblad, ZiriTadad, sahaero Zalebs eyrdnoboda. am omma aseve daadastu­
ra samxedro brZolebis dros socialuri organizebis mniSvneloba. aSS-sa da mis
mokavSireebs aTi aTasobiT adamianis mobilizeba da iaraRisa da resursebis Sor
manZilze sahaero gziT gadatana dasWirdaT. rodesac aSS-ma Seteva ganaxorciela
erayze, man miznad daisaxa ara mxolod sakomunikacio da satransporto saSuale­
bebis ganadgureba da erayis samxedro funqcionaluri integraciis moSla, ara­
med industriuli warmoebisa da samoqalaqo armiis ganadgurebac. aSS-is mizani
iyo, gaenadgurebina erayis armiis maragi da moralurad gaetexa moqalaqeebi im
imediT, rom isini daamxobdnen sadam huseinis diqtats.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg farTomasStabiani omis wamowyebis saSiSroeba
SesamCnevad Semcirda. birTvuli omis safrTxe axla aRar momdinareobs aRmosav­
leTsa da dasavleTs Soris dapirispirebidan. amjerad am safrTxes qmnis is faqti,
rom birTvuli iaraRi SeiZleba aRmoCndes teroristebis an mcire erebis diqta­
torebis xelSi, romlebsac mis gareSe ar gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba. am
dilemis winaSe dgas ara mxolod aSS, aramed sxva qveynebic. erTi mxriv, am qvey­
nebs uwevT tradiciuli omisaTvis mzadyofna, meore mxriv ki _ terorizmTan da
partizanul omebTan gamklaveba. amas adasturebs bosniis omic (ix. CanarTi glo­
baluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi). bosniaSi samSvidobo misiiT ganlagebuli
natos jarebi aRWurvilni arian uaxlesi teqnikiTa da iaraRiT, romlebic gankuT­
vnilia umTavresad omis tradiciuli formisaTvis. magram mSvidobasa da natos
jariskacebs mainc emuqreba mniSvnelovani safrTxe _ regularuli partizanuli
Tavdasxmebi da snaiperebi. terorizmi damokidebulia mis unarze, daarRvios ru­
tinuli socialuri cxovreba; farTomasStabiani, maRalteqnologiuri samxedro
moqmedebebi ki damokidebulia socialur organizebaze rogorc samxedro, aseve
samoqalaqo socialur cxovrebaSi. orive maTgani, savaraudod, momdevno wlebSic
darCeba tradiciuli politikis saSiS alternativad.

Sejameba

1. politika aris procesi, romlis ganmavlobaSic adamianebi iZenen, iyeneben da

kargaven Zalauflebas. Zalaufleblis erT-erTi tipia sxvebze kontrolis
dawesebis SesaZlebloba maSinac ki, Tu sazogadoeba ewinaaRmdegeba am kon­
trols. meore tipia mzardi koleqtiuri SesaZlebloba, romlis meSveobiTac
SesaZlebelia dasaxuli miznebis miRweva socialuri institutebis daxmare­
biT.
2. legitimuroba ganisazRvreba, rogorc Zalauflebis is done, romelsac
sazogadoeba gamarTlebulad miiCnevs. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebaSi igu­

697
 lisxmeba ara mxolod Zalauflebis mqone pirebi, aramed isinic, vinc maT
eqvemdebareba. legitimur Zalauflebas mmarTveloba ewodeba. veberi ganasx­
vavebs mmarTvelobis sam tips: 1. tradiciuli mmarTveloba, romelic momdi­
nareobs Zveli rwmena-praqtikidan da Taobidan Taobas gadaecema; 2. qariz­
matuli mmarTveloba, romelsac safuZvelad udevs gamorCeuli pirovnuli
Tvisebebi da 3. kanonze dafuZnebuli samarTlebrivi/racionaluri mmarTve­
loba. mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, arakanonieri Zalaufleba moqmedebs
socialuri Tanxmobis gareSe da xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebasac gu­
lisxmobs. politikuri sistemebis umetesoba Zalauflebasa da mmarTvelobas
efuZneba.
3. sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis gadanawilebis Taobaze ramdenime mosazreba
arsebobs. magaliTad, marqsistebi fiqroben, rom kapitalistur sazogadoe­
baSi Zalaufleba aqvT mxolod garkveuli adamianebs _ maT, vinc flobs war­
moebis saSualebebs da manipulirebs muSebiT sakuTari klasis interesebis
dasacavad. marqsistebi aseve fiqroben, rom Zalauflebis amgvari ganawile­
ba arastabiluria, radgan is warmoSobs klasTa Soris konfliqts, rac, Ta­
vis mxriv, SeiZleba revoluciiT dasruldes. marqsistebs Zalauflebrivi
elitis Teoretikosebic eTanxmebian da acxadeben, rom Zalaufleba Tavmoy­
rilia mcirericxovani jgufebis xelSi, magram miiCneven, rom es aris mudmivi
da Seucvleli forma. maTgan gansxvavebiT, pluralistebi miiCneven, rom Za­
lauflebis gadanawileba cvalebadia. sxvadasxva jgufi gamudmebiT ebrZvis
erTmaneTs Zalaufleblis mopovebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac aliansi dgeba an
iSleba.
4. saxelmwifo garkveuli instititutebis erTobaa. es institutebi floben
Zalauflebasa da mmarTvelobis sadaveebs. am SemTxvevaSi institutebSi
igulisxmeba sasamarTloebi, sakanomdeblo organoebi, aRmasrulebeli sam­
saxurebi, samxedro Zala, maregulirebeli saagentoebi da sxva oficialuri
samsaxurebi. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebi saerTod ar ar­
sebobda. saxelmwifo aRmocenda mas Semdeg, rac zogma mmarTvelma scada, gae­
farToebina teritoriebi da komerciuli interesebi. Tanamedrove cxovreba­
Si saxelmwifo da piradi interesebi mkafiodaa gamijnuli. saxelmwifo aseve
gulisxmobs biurokratiisa da sajaro moxeleebis ierarqiuli organizaciis
arsebobas.
5. eri gulisxmobs kulturul kavSirebs, romelic warmoSobs saerTo iden­
tobis grZnobas adamianTa jgufebSi, romlebsac uWiravT konkretuli geo­
grafiuli teritoria (an cdiloben mis dakavebas). nacionalizmi anu mosaz­
reba imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi da imave kulturuli identobis mqone adamianebi
unda marTavdnen sakuTar Tavs _ Tanamedrove cnebaa.
6. sayovelTao keTildReobaze dafuZnebulia saxelmwifo, romelic awarmoebs
farTo socialur da samTavrobo programebs, raTa ufro meti pasuxismgeb­
loba aiRos sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildReobaze. is ara marto exmareba
moxucebulebs, Raribebsa da daavadebulebs, aramed moqalaqeebis dacvis
mizniT cdilobs, ekonomika ufro stabiluri gaxados da kerZo sawarmoebi

698
 daareguliros. moqalaqeebis keTildReobisaTvis daxarjuli Tanxebis Sem­
cirebis amJamindeli tendencia winaaRmdegobas awydeba adamianTa garkveuli
jgufebis mxridan, romlebic saxelmwifos daxmarebas sakuTar uflebad miiC­
neven.
7. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mmarTveloba sazogadoebis Tanxmobas efuZneba.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi ar arian uSualod demokratiulebi, maT SeiZle­
ba warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis qveynebi vuwodoT, romelTa moqalaqee­
bic sajaro moxeleebs sakuTari survilisa da interesebis dasacavad irCe­ven.
demokratiis antonimiaa totalitarizmi, sadac mTavroba cdilobs, sruli
kontrolis qveS moaqcios moqalaqeebi da saxelmwifo mxolod erT partias­
Tan asocirdeba. amgvar saxelmwifoebSi opozicia Ralatad miiCeva da Zalau­
flebis gamoyeneba pirobiTia.
8. qveynis marTvaSi masebis monawileoba demokratiis qvakuTxedia. aSS-Si gamar­
Tul arCevnebSi mxolod mosaxleobis 55% iRebs monawileobas. arCevnebSi
monawileobas ganapirobebs iseTi socialuri faqtorebi, rogoricaa asaki,
Semosavali da ganaTleba.
9. aSS-Si saxelmwifo moxeleebi martivi, maJoritariuli sistemiT irCevian.
imarjvebs is kandidati, romelic sxvebze met xmas daagrovebs. es sistema
aZlierebs amerikul orpartiul struqturas. zog sxva dasavlur qveyanaSi
upiratesobas aniWeben proporciul sistemas: partiis mier mopovebuli ad­
gilebi utoldeba mis mier arCevnebSi mopovebuli xmebis raodenobas. poli­
tikurma reformebma, masmediam da saarCevno kampaniebis siZvirem, agreTve
imedgacruebam rogorc demokratebis, aseve respublikelebis mimarT, gamoi­
wvia is, rom amJamad amerikuli politika kandidatebze ufroa orinetirebu­
li, vidre partiebze.
10. interesTa jgufebi da politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi dRiTidRe ixveWen
gavlenas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno kampaniebis gaZvirebis pirobebSi, rode­
sac teqnologiebi saSualebas aZlevs kandidatebs, uSualod, partiis gareSe
daamyaron kavSiri amomrCevlebTan.
11. demokratia damokidebulia ara mxolod oficialur politikur institu­
tebze, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebazec _ anu im asociaciebze, romlebic
arc mTavrobis mieraa organizebuli da arc bazris mier. magram, socialuri
struqturis cvlilebam da axali teqnologiebis SemoRebam ganapiroba samo­
qalaqo seqtoris mniSvnelobis daqveiTeba aSS-Si.
12. msoflioSi sul ufro meti eri cdilobs damoukideblobis mopovebas, ris
Sedegadac demokratiisaken gadasvla umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi gaxda. im
qveynebis gverdiT, romlebic periodulad icvlian mmarTvelobis reJims,
arseboben iseTi qveynebic, romlebsac yvelafris safuZvelianad Secvla uw­
evT. bevr qveyanaSi ar arsebobs iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa Tavisufali
presa, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, politikuri partiebi da kulturuli ga­
mocdileba, rac demokratiis fundamentia.
13. uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli konfliqtebis gadaWrisa da sakuTari ufle­
bebis dacvis mizniT, sazogadoebebi iyeneben organizebul Zaladobas _ oms.

699
 Tanamedrove omis warmoeba daiwyo mowaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebisa da dacu­
li qalaqebis warmoSobis Semdeg. droTa ganmavlobaSi is transformirda te­
qnologiebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT industriuli revoluciis Semeg. omis
Tavidan acileba da amavdroulad misTvis mzadyofna dRes mravali saxelm­
wifos prioritetia.

imsjeleT

1. gansazRvreT politika, legitimuroba da mmarTveloba da warmoadgineT

TiToeulis magaliTi.
2. CamoTvaleT sami ZiriTadi mosazreba, romlebic exeba industriul kapita­
listur sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis struqturas.
3. ra gansxvavebaa ersa da saxelmwifos Soris?
4. SeajameT am TavSi mocemuli arCevnebSi monawileobisa da politikuri par­
tiebisadmi damokidebulebis kvleva
5. riT gansxvavdeba dRevandeli omi 150 wlis win mimdinare omisagan?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. rodesac sazogadoeba fiqrobs, rom mTavroba ar aris efeqturi, is xSirad

brals sdebs politikas. riT gansxvavdeba sityva `politikis~ Cveulebrivi
mniSvnloba misi sociologiuri mniSvnelobisagan?
2. ramdenad tradiciuli, qarizmatuli an racionaluri mmarTvelia aSS-is amJa­
mindeli prezidenti?
3. `demokratia saukTeso gzaa mTavrobisaTvis~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am debule­
bas? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
4. SeimuSaveT amerikul demokratiaSi moqalaqeTa aqtiurobis gazrdis gegma,
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis CaTvliT.
5. axseniT, ratom izrdeba aSS-Si politikuri partiebis raodenoba?

sityvari

legaloba _ erTmaneTTan socialur urTierTobaSi myofi adamianebis an sazoga­

doebis mier Zalauflebis qmediTunarianad da gamarTlebulad aRiarebis
done.
eri _ adamianebi, romlebic erTiandebian saerTo kulturuli kavSirebiT da qmni­
an erT saxelmwifos.
nacionalizmi _ rwmena imisa, rom erTi kulturis mqone adamianebs (anu ers)
unda hqondeT sakuTari saxelmwifo. am rwmenas ukavSirdeba siamaye sakuTari
erovnebis gamo.
oligarqia _ msxvili monopolisturi kapitalis mqone mcirericxovani jgufis
warmomadgenelTa politikuri da ekonomikuri bato­noba; TviT es jgufi.
pluralizmi _ Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom politikuri Zalauflebis struq­

700
 tura Sedgeba mravali erTmaneTis konkurenti elituri jgufebisagan; sax­
elmwifos mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli sistema.
politikuri moqmedebis komitetebi (PAC) _ organizaciebi, romlebic Seiqmna
interesTa jgufebis politikuri miznebis miRwevis dasaxmareblad, nawilo­
briv, politikuri Tanamdebobis kandida­tebi­saTvis finansuri mxardaWeris
meSveobiT.
politikuri partia _ organizacia, romlis mizania kanonieri politikuri Za­
lauflebis mopoveba da SenarCuneba.
politika _ socialuri procesi, romlis drosac adamianebi ixveWen, iyeneben da
kargaven Zalauflebas.
Zalaufleba _ (a) adamianebis SesaZleblobisa da gamocdilebis kontrolis un­
ari, maSinac ki, rodesac amas sxvebi ewinaaRmdegebian; (b) konkretuli miznis
miRwevis unari.
Zalauflebrivi elita _ samxedro liderTa, samTavrobo moxeleTa da biznesis
aRmasruleblebis koalicia, romelsac aerTianebs saerTo interesebi da so­
cialuri warmomavloba. s. raiT milis mosazrebiT, dRes amgvari elita mar­
Tavs aSS-s.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia _ demokratiuli sistema, ro­mel­Sic xalxi
uSualod ar akeTebs politikur arCevans, aramed irCevs sajaro moxeleebs.
saxelmwifo _ abstraqtuli erTeuli, romelic Sedgeba politi­kuri institu­
tebisagan da sxva organizaciebisagan, romelTa fun­q­ciacaa konkretuli
teritoriis marTva (aq igulisxmeba sajaro skolebi, socialuri administri­
reba da sxv).
totalitarizmi _politikuri sistema, romelic krZalavs sawina­aRmdego mosaz­
rebis an politikuri partiis arsebobas da sa­xel­mwifos SeuZlia akontro­
los moqalaqeTa cxovrebis umetesi aspeqti.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba _ mmarTvelobis tipi, romelic, veberis mosazrebiT,
efuZneba Taobidan Taobaze gadacemul tradiciul rwmena-praqtikas.
omi _sabrZolo saSualebebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebebs an sazogadoebis nawi­
lebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis mosagvareblad.
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo _ saxelmwifo, romelic iRebs pasux­
ismgeblobas sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildRe­obaze iseT sferoebSi, ro­
goricaa jandacva, ganaTleba, sac­xovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, socialuri
usafrT­xoeba da samuSao pirobebi.

701
702
 Tavi 17

globaluri integracia da globaluri

uTanasworoba

globaluri uTanasworoba: mimoxilva

kolonializmisa da imperializmis memkvidreoba

ganviTarebisa da dabalganviTarebis axsna

. modernizaciis Teoria: kultura da funqcionaluri integracia
. damokidebulebis Teoria: Zalauflebis roli
. msoflio sistemebis Teoria:
globaluri socialuri struqtura

miwaTmoqmedeba: safuZveli
. glexebi . umiwawylo muSaxeli

industrializacia da urbanizacia
. bazrebi, uTanasworoba da zrda . araformaluri seqtori

warmatebis istoriebi: aziis axladindustrializebuli

qveynebi

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:
civi omis Sedegebi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
`globaluri sofeli Tu globaluri Zarcva~?

703
704
`m didrebi ufro mdidrdebian da Raribebi _ ufro Raribdebian~. ame­­rikele­
bi xalxuri sibrZnis am nimuSs, ZiriTadad, calkeul pirebTan da ojaxebTan
dakavSirebiT warmoTqvamen xolme (rac socialuri stratifikaciis SemTxvevaSi
mkvlevrebis ZiriTadi samiznea; ix. Tavi 9). Tumca, mdidrisa da Raribis cnebebi
qveyanaSi arsebul sxvadasxva sazogadoebasac exeba da Tavad qveynebsac. aqedan ga­
momdnare, niu-iorkSi Sua manheteni ufro mdidaria, vidre bronqsis samxreTi
nawili; kaliforniis Stati arkanzasis Stat­ze mdidaria, xolo aSS gacilebiT mdi­
dari qveyanaa, vidre, vTqvaT, mali an sudani. calkeuli pirebis saSualo simdidre
ufro mcirea Rarib qveynebSi da SedarebiT naklebadaa xelmisawvdomi iseTi sax­
elmwifo saqmeebisTvis, rogoricaa sajaro skolebis, saavadmyofo­ebisa da gzebis
mSenebloba. ufro metic, evropuli, Crdi­lo-­ame­rikuli da sxva ganviTarebuli
qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT iaponiis) simdidre da Zalaufleba kidev ufro izrdeba
(`mdidrdebi ufro mdidrdebian~) maSin, rodesac Raribi, dabalganviTarebuli
qveynebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ganicdian ekonomikur, bunebriv Tu politikur
kriziss, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zirs uTxris maT mier miRweul progress nebismier done­
ze (`Raribebi ufro Raribdebian~). cxadia, mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris arsebu­
li zRvari mudmivad izrdeba: 1970 wels msoflios umdidresi qveynebis pirveli
xuTeulis Semosavali 30-jer aRemateboda msoflios yvelaze Raribi qveynebis xu­
Teulis Semosavals. es sxvaoba 1989 wels 60-mde gaizarda. swored amis Sedegia is,
rom `globaluri namcxvris~ 80%-ze mets msoflios upirvelesi xuTeuli inawi­
lebs, xolo msoflios yvelaze bolo xuTeuls mxolod namcecebi rCeba (1.4 %)
(gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis programa) [U.N.D.P.], 1993w.).
qvemoT moyvanili malisa da manhetenis magaliTebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ram­
denad araTanabradaa ganawilebuli dRevandel msoflioSi ganviTarebis donee­
bi. manhetenis centrSi mdgari SuSisa da foladis caTambjenebi korporaciuli
amerikis swrafi zrdis simboloebia. mexuTe aveniuze Camwkrivebuli maRaziebi
mxolod saukeTesos sTavazobs myidvels FAO Schwarz-is saTamaSoebiT dawyebuli,
tifanis b208 riliantebiT damTavrebuli. manhetenze mdebare apartamentebi mil­
ionze met dolarad iyideba, sastumroSi nomrebi erTi RamiT 300 dolari da meti
Rirs, lanCi or adamianze erT-erT karg restoranSi SeiZleba 100 dolari dagij­
deT. turistebi Tavs iyrian manhetenze muzeumebis, Teatrebisa da maRaziebis vi­
trinebis dasaTvaliereblad. danaSaulis, usaxlkarobis, xalxis uwyveti nakadis
miuxedavad, manheteni mainc msoflios erT-erT uZvires da umdidres centrad
iTvleba: mas `did vaSls~ uwodeben.
afrikis dasavleTSi malis saxelmwifo manhetenTan kontrastis klasikuri ni­
muSia. malis Sida erovnuli produqciis Rirebuleba erT sul mosaxleze mxolod
270 dolaria. is msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze Raribi qveyanaa (msoflio banki,
1995w.). manhetenze momuSave erTi Cveulebrivi mdivani erTi Tvis manZilze gacile­
biT mets gamoimuSavebs, vidre saSualo maleli mTeli sicocxlis ganmav­lobaSi.
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba maliSi 45 welia (aSS-Si _ 76 weli), oridan erTi
bavSvi xuT wlamde iRupeba. 21180 sul mosaxleze mxolod erTi eqimi modis (aSS-

705
Si 470 sul mosaxleze erTi eqimia). 1970 wlis Semdeg malim ori umZimesi gvalva
da SimSiloba gadaitana. zrdasruli malelebis 68%-ze metma wera-kiTxva ar icis,
bavSvebis mxolod 20%-ze naklebi swavlobs skolaSi. mxolod mcirericxovani
axalgazrdebi iReben saSualo ganaTlebas da maTi umetesoba spilos Zvlis sana­
piroze an safrangeTSi midis sezonuri an mudmivi samuSaos povnis imedad, radgan
naklebad savaraudoa, rom samSobloSi iSovnian raime saxis samsaxurs.
malis amJamindeli yofa gansakuTrebiT kontrastulia misi mdi­dari istoriis
fonze _ mali dasavleTafrikuli civilizaciis samSoblod iTvleba (imperato,
1989w.). Cv. w. aR-mde 1200 wels mali roms utoldeboda kulturisa da teqnolo­
giis TvalsazrisiT. ganas, malisa da songais sami udidesi imperia ministrebiT,
biurokratebiT, mwerlebiTa da sasamarTloTi iwonebda Tavs. strategiuli mde­
bareobis gamo (maTze gadioda CrdiloeT afrikidan momavali savaWro gza, ro­
melic saharis udabnos kveTda) samive saxelmwifo savaWro an `sabazro~ imperia
iyo (harisoni, 1984w.). am saxelmwifoebma simdidre, ZiriTadad, oqros, spilos
Zvlisa da monebis CrdiloeTidan Semotanil cxenebze, marilze, samkaulebsa da
tansacmelze gadacvliT daagroves. ganas mefeebi calke mdgom samefo qalaqeb­
Si cxovrobdnen, saidanac gzas uxsnidnen CrdiloeT afrikidan Camosul uamrav
vaWars; keitas dinastia malis oTx saukuneze metxans marTavda. me-15 saukuneSi
maTi saarako qalaqi timbuqtu islamuri swavlebebisa da transafrikuli komer­
ciis centri iyo. Tumca, faqtia, rom konkretuli periodis simdidre da Zleva­
mosileba ar aris momavali simdidrisa da Zlevamosilebis sawindari.
globalizacia ara mxolod fulisa da produqtis, aramed informaciis (satel­
ituri Cvenebebisa da internetis daxmarebiT), globaluri daTbobis gamomwvevi
airebisa da ltolvilebis nakadis CaTvliT _ Tanamedrove cxovrebis aucilebe­
li nawilia. situaciis asaxsnelad sociologebi unda gascdnen calkeuli saxelm­
wifoebis, magaliTad, malisa da aSS-s istoriebis Seswavlas. eri-saxelmwifoebi
funqciurad dRes ufro metada integrirebuli globaluri sistemis nawilia, vid­
re odesme; ase rom, rac xdeba erT qveyanaSi an regionSi, gavlenas axdens meoreze.
amis erT-erTi magaliTia Sidsi. es daavadeba afrikis Soreuli adgilebidan mTels
planetaze gavrcelda (nawilobriv, gaiolebuli transportirebis Sedegad). dRes
arc erTi saxelmwifo araa daculi am daavadebisagan, Tumca, qveyana warmatebiT
gaumklavdeba Sidsis epidemias, Tu masSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli jandacva,
ganaTleba da sakomunikacio saSualebebi. garda amisa, mniSvnelovania kulturis
faqtoric. aseTia globaluri uTanasworobis Sedegebi.
es Tavi, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs globaluri uTanasworobis struq­
turaze, kolonizatoruli Zalebis wvlilze am struqturis CamoyalibebaSi; ga­
nixilavs, ratom ar mohyva damoukideblobas ekonomikuri zrda da politikuri
stabiluroba bevr yofil koloniaSi da ra strategiebma SeiZleba Seaferxos, an,
piriqiT, xeli Seuwyos ganviTarebas momavalSi.

706
globaluri uTanasworoba: mimoxilva

yovel wels msoflio banki agrovebs monacemebs `ganviTarebis indikatorebis~

Sesaxeb im qveynebisaTvis, romelTa mosaxleoba milions aRemateba da Semdeg yofs
maT mTliani Sida produqciis• maCveneblis mixedviT erT sul mosaxleze. Sesabam­
isad, am maCveneblis mixedviT qveynebi iyofa sam kategoriad _ maRali, saSualo
da dabali ekonomikuri Semosavlis mqoneebad. cxrilSi 17.1 naCvenebia TiToeul
kategoriaSi Semavali qveynebi. globalur sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierTa umete­
soba swored am monacemebs eyrdnoba, magram iseve, rogorc yvela sazoms, msoflio
bankis kategoriebis sistemasac Tavisi SezRudvebi aqvs (skleri, 1995w.).
Semosavalze dafuZnebuli dayofa yovelTvis ar aris ganviTarebis sazomi.
zogi yvelaze maRalSemosavliani qveyana, gansakuTrebiT ki udabnos saxelmwi­
foebi, romlebsac navTobis didi sabadoebi aqvT, xSirad dabalganviTarebule­
bi arian. erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqciis sazomebi ar Seicavs im
produqciasa da momsaxurebas, romelic daqiravebuli Sromis bazris gareT iwar­
moeba da arc qalebis Sromas iTvaliswinebs. Rarib qveynebSi adamianTa umete­
sobas Tavad mohyavs sakvebi; Tanac qalebs akisriaT pasuxismgebloba Tesvaze,
mosavlis aRebaze, gadamuSavebasa da momzadebaze anu isini asruleben yvela im
sasicocxlo ekonomikur saqmianobas, romelsac ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo
statistika. qveynis simdidres gansazRvravs bunebrivi resursebi _ ara mxolod
navTobi da mineralebi, aramed tyeebi, nayofieri miwebi da sufTa wyali. bolo­
droindeli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, nakleb savaraudoa, rom qveyana, romelic
bunebrivi resursebis eqsports eweva, investiciebs ganaxorcielebs industri­
aSi, teqnologiasa da ganaTlebaSi, rac udavod saWiroa saerTaSoriso bazarze
konkurenciis gasawevad (paseli, 1995w.). import-eqsportis formebi Zalze mniS­
velovania. zogadad, mdidari qveynebi awarmoeben nedleulis imports, xolo
gaaqvT warmoebuli saqoneli da kapitali; maTgan gasnxvavebiT ki, Raribi qveynebi
yidian nedleuls (da iaf muSaxels) da sanacvlod SemoaqvT warmoebuli saqoneli
(da sakvebi); imavdroulad damokidebulebi arian ucxour investiciebsa da ses­
xebze. Sedegad Raribi qveynebi ufro daucvelebi arian msoflio moTxovnebisa
da fasebis meryeobis mimarT. garda amisa, isini investiciebis nakleb safasurs
iReben. magaliTad, 1992 wels indoneziaSi Nike-is firmis wyvili fexsacmlis ga­
moSveba 5.60 dolari jdeboda, rac aSS-Si 45-dan 85 dolaramde iyideba (breCeri
da kostelo, 1994w.).
msoflio bankis socialuri indikatorebi moicavs ganaTlebis sazoms,
jan­dacvis xelmisawvdomobas da sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas, magram
cxovrebis donis sxva indikatorebi yuradRebis miRma rCeba. msoflio bankis
erT-erTi so­­cia­luri sazomia qalebis statusi. genderuli uTanasworoba far­

 •
mTliani Sida produqcia qveynis ekonomikuri saqmianobis sazomia. masSi Sedis is Semo­
savalic, romelsac moqalaqeebi gamoimuSaveben ucxouri investiciebis Sedegad, magram
ar Sedis ucxoeli investorebis mier Sida bazarze miRebuli Semosavali.

707
 c x r i l i 17.1
ganviTarebis doneebi da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi. ZiriTadi indikatorebi (arCeuli qveynebi). mTliani Sida
produqcia erT sul mosaxleze

mozrdilTa Soris
mTliani Sida produqcia wera-kiTxvis
erT sul mosaxleze maCvenebeli
(procentebi)
mosaxleoba teritoria zrdis saSualo sicocxlis
(milionebSi) Sua 1993 (aTasi kvadratuli dolari, 1993w. wliuri maCvenebe­ saSualo qali sul
kilometri) li (1980-1993w.w.) xangrZlivoba, 1990w.
1993w.
susti qveynebi 3,092.7 39,093 380 3.7 62 53 41
vietnami 71.3 332 170 . . 66 16 12
kenia 25.3 580 270 0.3 58 42 31
mali 10.1 1.240 270 -1.0 46 76 68
nikaragua 4.1 130 340 -5.7 67 . . ..
egvipte, 56.4 1.001 660 2.8 64 66 52

708
arabeTis respublika
saSualo qveynebi 1,596.3 62,452 2,480 0.2 68 . . 17
indonezia 187.2 1,905 740 4.2 63 32 23
bolivia 7.1 1,099 760 -0.7 60 29 23
tunisi 8.7 164 1,720 1.2 68 44 35
TurqeTi 59.6 779 2,970 2.4 67 29 19
meqsika 90.0 1,958 3,610 -0.5 71 15 13
korea 44.1 99 7,660 8.2 71 7 *
Zlieri qveynebi 812.4 32,145 23.090 2.2 77 . . ..
singapuri 2.8 1 19,850 6.1 75 * *
aSS 257.8 9,809 24,740 1.7 76 * *
norvegia 4.3 324 25,970 2.12 77 * *
iaponia 124 378 31,490 3.4 80 * *

* iuneskos monacemebiT, wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis maCvenebelia 5 % (yuradReba miaqcieT, rom `..~ niSnavs monacemTa ararsebobas).
wyaro: msoflio banki, msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 199), gv. 162-163
Tod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. qalebi mamakacebze mets muSaoben, magram maTze
naklebs gamoimuSaveben (Tanac im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saerTod iReben anazRaurebas
gaweuli SromisaTvis). garda amisa, qalebs naklebi Sansi aqvT, gaxdnen profesio­
nali menejerebi an administratorebi; kidev ufro naklebia maRalCinosani poli­
tikosi qalebis ricxvi. bevr qveyanaSi qalebs jer kidev naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli
ganaTlebasa da jandacvaze, xdebian diskriminaciisa da Zaladobis msxverplni
(dawyebuli sqesobrivi ZaladobiT, damTavrebuli ojaxuri ZaladobiTa da omiT,
romelic uamrav qalsa da bavSvs iwiravs) (gaeros ganviTarebis programa, 1995w.).
meore faqtori, romelic msoflio bankis yuradRebis miRma rCeba, aris Semo­
savlis ganawileba qveynebs Soris. `TeTri samxreT afrika~ rom calke qveyana iyos,
im qveynebs Soris iqneboda, romlebsac msoflio ekonomikaSi wamyvani adgilebi
ukaviaT, `Savi samxreT afrika~ ki, piriqiT, yvelaze CamorCenilebs Soris daika­
vebda adgils. gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT, aSS-Si mcxovrebi
TeTrkanianebi daimsaxurebdnen 1-s, Savkanianebi _ 27-s xolo laTinuri warmo­
Sobis amerikelebi _ 32-s (urugvaisTan erTad) (gaeros ganviTarebis programa,
1995w.). qveynebis dayofa Sida uTanasworobas bundovans xdis.
am problemebis gadaWris mizniT, msoflio banki muSaobs axal sistemaze (par­
seli, 1995w.). qveynebis simdidris tradiciuli sazomi finansur (anu investici­
ebSi dabandebul fuls) da fizikur (qarxnebi, saamqroebi, satransporto saSu­
alebebi) kapitals eyrdnoba. msoflio banki apirebs, kapitalis am or saxeobas
daumatos `bunebrivi kapitali~ (sawvavis, sabadoebis, gamoyenebadi miwebis, na­
krZalebis, sufTa wylis CaTvliT) da `adamianuri da socialuri kapitali~ (cod­
nis da unar- Cvevebis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri organizaciis CaTvliT). es
axali sazomebi arsebul informacias ara mxolod axliT Seavsebs, aramed Secvlis
qveynis adgils kategoriebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Zveli standartebis mixed­
viT, romelic iTvaliswinebda mxolod mimdinare transaqciebs da ara resursebs,
norvegiis fizikuri kapitali 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis 10%-iT gaizarda, rac
udavod STambeWdavia. Tumca, zrdis es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gaiqviTa nor­
vegiis navTobisa da gazis maragis SemcirebiT. Sesabamisad, axali standartebis
mixedviT, romelic amgvar danakargebs iTvaliswinebs, norvegiis simdidre mxo­
lod umniSvnelod gaizarda. evropis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT Rarib portu­
galias mdidari savargulebi aqvs (bunebrivi kapitali), rasac emateba skolebSi
daswrebis SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli da jandacvis standartebi (adamianuri
da socia­luri kapitali). ase rom, Tu Zveli standartebis mixedviT, protugalia
132 qveyanas Soris 106-e adgils ikavebda, axali standartebis mixedviT, mas 41-e
adgilze gadanacvleba SeeZleba.
magram gadauWreli rCeba sxva problemebi. globaluri sa­kiTxebis Seswavlis
procesSi eri-saxelmwifoebis ZiriTad erTe­ulad miCneva TavisTavad Secdomaa
(skleri, 1995w.). eri-saxelmwifoebi ar aris erTaderTi moqmedi piri saerTaSor­
iso scenaze. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios wamyvani 100 kor­
poraciis CamonaTvalSi 47 iseTi korporaciacaa, romelTagan TiToeulis qoneba
msoflios 130 qveynis qonebas aRemateba. aliansebi auqmebs sazRvrebs korpora­
ciebs Soris. magaliTad, avtomanqanebis industriaSi fordi mazdas 25%-s flobs,

709
jeneral motorsi da toiota erTi biznesgarigebis monawileebi arian, jeneral
motorsi flobs fiatis aSS-s filialis nawils, nisani ki folksvagenebs awarmoebs
iaponiaSi. msxvili korporaciebi kargaven sakuTar erovnul identobebs (ix. bar­
neti da kavanagi, 1994w. b. harisoni, 1994w.). meore _ damoukidebeli, saerTaSor­
iso finansuri institutebi, rogorebicaa saerTo SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarife­
bze, damoukidebeli monetaruli fondi da msoflio banki, gavlenas axdenen mravali
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze imiT, rom sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT gascemen
sesxebs garkveuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. mesame _ regio­naluri or­
ganizaciebi, magaliTad, evrokavSiri, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
kavSiri (NAFTA), romelSic Sedis kanada, aSS da meqsika, aseve, SvidTa jgufi (G-7)
samxreT-dasavleT aziis qveynebis asociacia (ASEAN) da sxvebi TiTqmis mTavro­
bis funqciebs iTavseben (briCeri da kostelo, 1994w.). nawilobriv, globa­luri
korporaciebisa da institutebis, regionaluri jgufebis zrdis Sedegad mniS­
vnelovnad Semcirda mTavrobebis mier qveynebis simdidris kontroli. es gansa­
kuTrebiT msoflios Rarib qveynebs exeba.

kolonializmisa da imperializmis
memkvidreoba

msoflios dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufi ar aris erTgvarovani poli­

tikis, ekonomikis, kulturisa da sxva saerTo kriteriumebis mixedviT. bevri
maTgani erTpartiuli saxelmwifoa an diqtatoruli reJimiT imarTeba, nawili
demokratiuli qveyanaa, xolo nawili _ konstituciuri monarqia. tailandis
samefo sagvareulo Cakri, iseTive Zvelia rogorc, uinZorebi did britaneTSi. da­
balganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesoba Raribia, magram maT Soris arian mdidari
qveynebic; aseTia, magaliTad, navTobis sabadoebiT cnobili arabeTi. taivanma da
koream bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli produqciis xarisxis gaum­
jobeseba ise SeZles, rom axla maT mier warmoebuli saqoneli aSS-s, evropisa da
iaponiis produqcias uwevs konkurencias. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es qvey­
nebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs iziareben.
erT-erTi aseTi maxasiaTebelia dasavluri Zalebis gavlena (vorsli, 1984w.).
Zlieri qveyenebis mier sustebis dapyrobis, damorCilebisa da aneqsirebis mrava­
li SemTxveva axsovs istorias. dasavluri kolonializmi, romelic me-15 saukune­
Si daiwyo da me-20 saukunemde gagrZelda, sul mcire sami faqtoriTaa gamorCeuli
(harisoni, 1984w. magdofi, 1982w.).
upirveles yovlisa, gansxvavebiT politikuri ambiciebis dakmayofilebis
Sedegad warmoqmnili aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis imperiebisagan, dasavlur ko­
lonializms safuZvlad daedo gamdidrebis motivacia. magaliTad, konkestado­
rebi ar iyvnen espaneTisa da portugaliis mier amierkis dasapyrobad wargzavnili
samefo armiis wevrebi _ isini mefeebisa da dedoflebis kontraqtorebi iyvnen,
romlebic sakuTari an maTi megobrebis fuliT yidulobdnen gemebs, qiraobdnen

710
jariskacebs da am investiciis sanacvlod iRebdnen nadavlis nawils. aziasa da af­
rikaSi pirveli britanuli da holandiuri dasaxlebebi vaWrobiT irCendnen Tavs,
rac kerZo wamowyebis Sedegi iyo da ara samTavrobo iniciativisa. saxelmwifo
mxo­lod maSin Caeria (da arcTu didi enTuziazmiT), roca vaWrebs TanamSrolo­
bis arakeTilmosurne adgilobrivi liderebis, mekobreebis an moqiSpe kompaniebs
daemuqrnen. zog qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT CineTsa da indoeTSi), pirdapir dapiris­
pirebas arasodes hqonia adgili. savaWro garigebis miRwevis mizniT ufro xSirad
evropelebi imuqrebodnen sasurveli samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT da axdendnen Za­
lis demonstrirebas. gamonaklisi iyo afrika, romlis damorCileba 1880-ian wle­
bamde ver moxerxda. am droisaTvis imdeni evropuli saxelmwifo Caeba teritoriis
dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi, rom upiratesoba politikurma faqtorebma aiRo.
meore _ adreuli imperiebi arsebul socialur da ekonomikur struqturas
eyrdnoboda. dampyroblebs gahyavdaT monebi da gahqondaT simdidre, magram isini
xelSeuxeblad tovebdnen warmoebis arsebul sistemebs. Tavdapirvelad, evrope­
li dampyroblebic Zarcvis tradiciul gzas misdevdnen _ inkebisa da actekebis
imperiebidan gahqondaT Zvirfasi oqros nakeTobani, magram Semdeg kapitaliz­
mis ganviTarebam da industrializaciis procesma evropaSi axali moTxovnebi
warmoSva. qarxnebs esaWiroeboda nedleuli, xolo qalaqebis mzard mosaxleo­
bas _ sakvebi. am saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad evropelebma xeli mihyves
koloniebis tradiciuli ekonomikis restruqturizacias. miwebis did nawils
itacebdnen da plantaciebs aSenebdnen, kerZo sakuTrebiT anacvlebdnen miwis
sakuTrebis egalitarul sistemas. daiwyo axali, komerciulad momgebiani mosav­
lis warmoeba (Saqari, bamba, kauCuki, yava); yiddnen monebs; garda amisa, koloniza­
torTa dasaxlebebi gaCnda CrdiloeT amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
evropelebs axali bazrebi sWirdebodaT TavianTi meqanizebuli SromiT warmoe­
buli saqonlis gasasaReblad, risTvisac isini kvlav koloniebs miubrundnen.
zog adgilas maT mizanmimarTulad gaanadgures adgilobrivi industriebi (mag­
aliTad, indoeTis qsovilebis warmoeba), raTa SeeqmnaT moTxovna maT mier warmoe­
bul saqonelze. aSS-is msgavs dasaxlebul koloniebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
rezervaciebSi gamoketes an gaJlites, raTa evropeli fermerebis mzardi mo­
saxleobisaTvis teritoriis gafarToebis saSualeba miecaT. ganadgurebul iqna
mmarTvelobis tradiciuli sistemebi, adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Caenacvlnen ev­
ropeli gubernatorebi da administratorebi, romlebic dasavlur kanonebsa da
sasamarTloebs amkvidrebdnen, reformebis gasatareblad da gasamkacreblad ki
SeiaraRebul Zalas iyenebdnen (magdofi, 1982w.).
dasavluri kolonializmis mesame gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli iyo `kulturuli
imperializmi~ (harisoni, 1984w.). adreuli dampyroblebi, rogorc wesi, saxlde­
bodnen axal miwebze, xSir SemTxvevaSi qorwindebodnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaze
da iTvisebnen maT tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs. Tumca, evropelebi gansxvavebule­
bi iyvnen. maT Sorisac iyvnen met-naklebad rasistebi, magram yvela maTgani eTno­
centrizmiT xasiaTdeboda (ix. Tavi 4). isini miiCnevdnen, rom maTi ena, religia,
zneoba da manerebi aRmatebuli iyo nebismieri araevropul religiaze, kulturasa

711
da zneobaze da amitom arc cdilobdnen maTTan asimilacias. misioneruli (da Sem­
dgom ukve saxelmwifo) skolebis meSveobiT, mcirericxovani adgilobrivi elita
evropuli kulturis doqtrinis gavlenis qveS eqceoda. sxvebis SemTxvevaSi es ga­
mocdilebis safuZvelze xdeboda _ maT specialurad uqmnidnen iseT situaciebs,
rom rac SeiZleba xSirad egrZnoT Tavi Sercxvenilad sakuTari kulturisa da ra­
sis gamo. evropul koloniebSi socialuri mobilobis zemoTa safexurebis miRwe­vis
erTaderTi gza iyo morCileba da SezRudva TeTrkanianebis mier nakarnaxevi gziT.
garegnobiTa da qceviT gamoxatuli dasavluroba modurobas niSnavda.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg evropulma Zalebma dasusteba daiwyo. moxda
kolo­niebis sakuTrebis gadanawileba da sazRvrebis gadanacvleba gamarjvebu­
lebis saWiroebebis mixedviT. komunisturi revolucia, romelic kapitalisturi
kolonialisturi reJimis Semcvlelad moiazreboda, STagonebis wyarod iqca ara
mxolod koloniebis erovnuli liderebisaTvis, aramed SromiTi partiebisa da im
inteleqtualebisaTvis, romlebic evropasa da aSS-Si cxovrobdnen. ufro metic,
aSS da iaponia SejibrSi Caebnen did britaneTTan da evropasTan. iapo­niam daipyro
manjuria da 1937 wlidan mTeli CineTis dapyrobis kampania wamoiwyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom aSS oficialurad arasodes yofila koloniebis mesakuTre, man daaarsa
proteqtoratebi guamSi, puerto-rikosa da panamis arxis zonaSi, aseve aliaskasa
da havaize. amerikulma imperializmma (romelic gabatonebiTa da eqspluataciiT,
magram ara farTomasStabiani dasaxlebebiT xasiaTdeba) militaristuli Carevisa
da ekonomikuri infiltraciis forma miiRo, gansakuTrebiT _ laTinuri amerikis
qveynebSi da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT _ arabuli samyaros navTobis mwarmoe­
bel qveynebSi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aSS ekonomikis erTpirovnul liderad
iqca dasavleTSi. sabWoTa kavSirma ki aRmosavleT evropaSi gaamyara sakuTari hege­
monia _ man Camoayaliba politikuri bloki da savaWro qseli. 1949 wlis komunistu­
ri revoluciis Semdeg CineTma sakuTari gza airCia: sazRvrebi Caketa, ekonomikuri
daxmareba uaryo (1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan CineTma daxmarebaze uari Tqva
sabWoTa kavSirisganac ki) da mxolod sakuTari resursebis gamoyeneba gadawyvita.
evropuli koloniebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT iwyebdnen damoukideblobi­saTvis
brZolas da imarjvebdnen kidec. es procesi 1947 wels indoeTma daiwyo.
Tumca, politikuri damoukidebloba TavisTavad ar niSnavs ekonomikur da­
moukideblobas. aSS-is politika erovnuli moZraobebisa da axali damoukidebeli
qveynebisadmi mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli imaze, undodaT Tu ara am qvey­
nebs kapitalistur sistemaSi darCena (swored amis msgavsad, sabWoTa politika
iTvaliswinebda axladaRmocenebuli qveynebis survils sabWoTa kavSiris gavle­
nis sferoSi darCenasTan dakavSirebiT). aSS-is daxmareba damoukidebeli qvey­
nebisadmi miznad isaxavda msoflioSi usafrTxoebisa da momgebianobis gaZliere­
bas multinacionaluri korporaciebis muSaobisaTvis. marketingma da reklamam,
romelsac aZlierebda dasavluri gasarTobi biznesi, gza gaukvala dasavlur
saqonels, dawyebuli koka-kolaTi da jinsebiT, damTavrebuli traqtorebiTa da
tankebiT (ix. CanarTi globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi).

712
 mokled rom vTqvaT, dasavlurma kolonializmma da imperializmma Seqmna
globaluri ekonomika, romlisTvisac Tavis arideba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli
gaxda axali qveynebisaTvis. erT dros TviTkmari sazogadoebebi evropuli Zalau­
flebis danamatebad, nedleulis eqsportiorebad da warmoebuli produqciis
momxmareb­lebad gadaiqcnen. damkvidrda Sromis globaluri dayofa, romelic
dResac moqmedebs.
damoukideblobas yofili koloniebisaTvis arc ekonomikuri damoukide­
bloba moutania da arc politikuri stabiluroba. maT Soris Zalze mcirea imaTi
ricxvi, romelsac SeiZleba `eri~ ewodos: xalxi saerTo istoriiTa da kulturiT.
es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa afrikaSi, sadac arsebuli saxelmwifoebis saz­
Rvrebi kolonialur periodSi dadginda. kolonizatorebma ver gaiTvaliswines
adamianebisa da resursebis gadanawilebis faqtori. zog qveyanaSi mimdinareobs
samoqalaqo omi, rac gamowveulia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemis gaerTianebiT.
sudanis kolonizaciisas britanelebma ara marto erTad Seyares ori erTmaneTi­
sagan gansxvavebuli eri, aramed xeli Seuwyvees maT daSorebasa da dapirispire­
bas imiT, rom mxari dauWires qristiani misionerebis saqmianobas samxreTSi, maSin
rodesac CrdiloeTSi Zalas ikrebda islami. TiTqmis yvela afrikul saxelmwifos
daZabuli urTierToba aqvs Tavis mezobelTan, rac, nawilobriv, gamowvulia mwiri
resursebisaTvis brZoliT, xolo, nawilobriv, xelovnurad dawesebuli sazRvre­
biT, romelic orad yofs erT toms an kulturul jgufs. zogi afrikuli qveyana,
magaliTad, mali, mTlianad xmeleTiTaa SemosazRvruli, radgan kolonialistur
xelisuflebas surda qveynis Sida nawilis gamocalke­veba sanapiro zolisagan. xe­
lisuflebis saTaveSi mosaxvedrad mebrZoli bevri sxvadasxva Zala, Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri sistemis marTvisaTvis saWiro profesionali kadri da kapitalis na­
kleboba afrikuli qveynebis mTavrobebs sul ufro da ufro asustebs. urbanuli,
na­xevrad dasavluri cxovrebis macduri wesi kidev ufro uTxris Zirs tradiciul
socialur oragnizaciebs da mmarTvelobas.

globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

civi omis Sedegebi

g asul saukuneSi yvelaze pozitiuri axali ambavi gaxldaT civi omis dasasruli, romelic
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas daemTxva. 1945 wlis 6 agvistodan moyolebuli msoflio gamud­
mebiT birTvuli katastrofis SiSis qveS cxovrobda. am dRes aSS-ma pirveli atomuri bombi Camo­
agdo iaponiaSi, qalaq hirosimaSi. Semdgomi oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi komunistur (gansa­
kuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTis saxalxo respublikis saTaveebSi myof) da kapitalistur
Zalebs Soris konfliqti mimdinareboda. am konfliqtis dasasruli namdvilad Rirda zeimad.
Tumca, Zvel konfliqtebs grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvT xolme. oTx aTwleulze meti xnis gan­
mavlobaSi komunisturi qveynebi da maTi mokavSireebi birTvuli iaraRis arsenals hgavdnen. ase­
Tive STabeWdilebas tovebdnen kapitalisturi demokratiuli qveynebic. civi omis dasrulebam
bolo mouRo am iaraRis mesame msoflio omSi afeTqebis safrTxes. magram am kargma axalma am­
bavma safuZveli Cauyara cud axal ambavs _ axla ukve es birTvuli iaraRi SeiZleboda Tavisu­

713
fali vaWrobis gziT iolad aRmoCeniliyo imis xelSi, vinc yvelaze mets gadaixdida. globaluri
civi omis dasasrulma cxel wertilebSi iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebis gaxSireba gamoiwvia.
bedis ironiiT, rogorc aSS, aseve sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobdnen, ar gaemwvavebinaT adgilobrivi
omebi. orive mxares hyavda sakuTari klientebi, romlebsac iaraRiT amaragebda, magram, amave
dros, orive maTgani cdilobda maT SezRudvas. 1989 wlis Semdeg es SezRudva Semcirda. 1990-
1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omi swored aseTi SezRudvebis Sedegad dawyebuli erT-erTi adgi­
lobrivi omi iyo.
1970 wlidan civi omis dasasrulamde Sua aRmosavleTSi Seitanes 168 miliardi dolaris Ri­
rebulebis tradiciuli (ara birTvuli) iaraRi, afrikaSi _ 65 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebi­
sa, samxreT afrikaSi _ 50 miliardi dolaris, Soreul aRmosavleTSi _ 61 miliardi dolaris,
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi ki _ 44 miliardi dolarisa (globaluri mTavrobis dawyeba, 1995w.).
yovelive amis Sedegad msoflio `kbilebamde SeiaraRda~. civi omis dros daaxloebiT 50 mili­oni
adamiani daiRupa mcire masStabis adgilobriv omebSi, ZiriTadad, swored mcire kalibris, masobri­
vi warmoebis iaraRiT, romliTac ori dapiripirebuli qveyana da maTi momxreebi amaragebdnen me­
brZolebs. (kigani, 1993w.). zesaxelmwifoebis mier miwodebuli iaraRi aseve xels uw­yobda samxedro
diqtaturis batonobas msoflios dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT, afrikis qvey­
nebSi. mZimed SeiaraRebul Rarib qveynebSi gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs Tavisuflebis nacvlad
represia mohqonda Sedegad, xolo ekonomikuri keTildReobis nacvlad _ ukiduresi siRatake.
civi omis dasrulebam ver SeaCera iaraRis Sejibri an birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba. piri­
qiT _ axali, potenciurad ufro saSiSi konkurencia fexs nel-nela ikidebs (Commission o Global
Governance, 1995). mopovebuli monacemebiT, daaxloebiT 150 kg. plutoniumi, romlisganac Sei­
Zleba gakeTdes 50 atomuri bombi elodeba yvelaze kargi fasis gadamxdels evropis Sav bazarze
(krozieri, 1994w.). axla SesaZlebelia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli sferos mecnierebis
daqiraveba. birTvuli iaraRis arsenalis dagrovebas sxva qveynebic, kerZod, CrdiloeT korea da
erayic cdiloben. saqmeSi CarTulia masobrivi ganadgurebis instrumentebi, qimiuri da biolo­
giuri iaraRebis CaTvliT. igive iaraRi axla ukve narkosindikatebs, organizebul danaSauls da
teroristul dajgufebebsac swvdeba.
civi omis dros iaraRiT vaWroba racionalizebuli iyo politikuri safuZvlebiT. dRes mas
ukve mogebis survili marTavs. civi omis logikis erT-erTi nawilidan gamomdinare, aSS da sab­
WoTa kavSiri aSenebdnen masiur samxedro-industriul kompleqsebs, sadac milionobiT adamiani
muSaobda. arc ruseTs da arc aSS-s ar SeswevT Zala, win aRudgnen am procesebs. sabWoTa kavSiris
mier gamoSvebuli manqanebi, televizorebi, saojaxo mowyobiloba da msgavsi produqti, cudi
xarisxiT iyo cnobili. ruseTs (da sabWoTa kavSiris danarCen respublikebs) ar SeuZliaT awar­
moon iseTi samomxmareblo saqoneli, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba globalur bazarze.
aqedan gamomdnare, iaraRi aris is erTaderTi produqti, romelic SeiZleba ruseTma gayidos
(xripunovi, 1994w.). cxadia, bevri analitikosi miiCnevs, rom ruseTi `gamococxlebul ekonomi­
kas~ iaraRiT vaWrobas unda umadlodes. gasakviri araa, rom ruseTi agresiulad ukeTebs reklam­
as sakuTar iaraRs da eZebs axal myidvelebs axal regionebSi, asaRebs TavisTvis gadanaxul teq­
nologiur Sedevrebs da xandaxan barterul garigebebsac debs (magaliTad, ruseTma malai­zias
mihyida 18 MiG-29 tipis iaraRi, romelmac palmis zeTiT gadaixada iaraRis safasuris nawilSi).
ruseTi marto ar aris. muxedavad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da federa­luri biujetis Semci­
rebisa, aSS-is mier samxedro sferoSi daxarjuli Tanxa igivea, rac civi omis dros iyo. aSS-ze
msoflioSi iaraRis eqsportis wilis naxevari modis. iaraRi, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebul qveyneb­
Si Sedis (Commission of Global Governance, 1995). xSirad uyuradRebod datovebuli msubuqi iara­
RiT vaWroba kanonieri (da arakanonieri) vaWrobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawi­lia. avtomaturma

714
iaraRma kidev ufro gaamwvava aSS-is qalaqebis quCebSi gaCaRebuli omi narkomovaWreebs Soris,
iseve rogorc avRaneTSi, sudansa da yofil iugoslaviaSi _ samoqalaqo omebi (karpi, 1994w.).
adgilobrivi omebis dasruleba SeiZleba ufro rTuli aRmoCnda, vidre civi omisaTvis bo­
los moReba. bolos da bolos, adgilobriv omebs uTvalavi Sedegi mohyveba. adgilobriv omebSi
Carevam jerjerobiT saTanado Sedegi ver gamoiRo. bedis ironiiT, msoflios yvelaze didi samx­
edro riskis _ civi omis _ safrTxis mospobis Sedegad arsebobs axali safrTxe, rom birTvuli
iaraRi SesaZlebelia im adgilebSi gavrceldes, sadac adgilobrivi omebi mimdinareobs.

ganviTarebisa da dabalganviTarebis axsna

Tu daakvirdebiT ganviTarebis rukas (magaliTad, iseTs, rogoric 17.1 sqemazea

mocemuli), dainaxavT, rom Raribi qveynebis umetesoba mdebareobs tropikebSi, sa­
dac gvalvasa da Seubralebel sicxes wyaldidobebi da xangrZlivi wvima enacvle­
ba. tropikebi SesaniSnavi niadagia mwerebis, sokoebis, baqteriebisa da adamianis
janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi daavadebebis gasamravleblad. swored amitom samxreT
naxevarsferos qveynebi nela viTardeba. magram sociologi piter vorsli (1984w.)
am mosazrebas sisuleled miiCnevs. Zveli samyaros udidesi civilizaciebi _ eg­
vipte, SuamdinareTi, indoeTis dablobi, maias tomi da CineTis imperiebi, iseve
rogorc malis samefo _ ekvatoris axlos iyo ganlagebuli. rodesac evropeleb­
ma am mxares daiwyes mogzauroba, isini xSirad awydebodnen Zveli civilizaciis
naSTebs.

maTi ganviTarebis dabali done dRes arabunebrivi, socialuri md­

gomareobaa, romelic istoriis produqtia. es ar aris pasiuri mdgo­
mareoba, aramed gacnobierebuli moqmedebis Sedegi _ Sedegi imisa, rac
erTma xalxma meores gaukeTa (vorsli, 1984w. gv. 3)

Tu garkveulma moqmedebam gamoiwvia globaluri uTanasworoba, axla rogori

moqmedebaRaa saWiro, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi sxvebs daewion? ra moqmedebebi
an struqturebi abrkolebs ganviTarebas?

modernizaciis Teoria:
kultura da funqcionaluri integracia

1950-ian wlebSi socilogebsa da ekonomistebs Soris didi popularobiT sar­

geblobda modernizaciis Teoria anu mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom, savaraudod,
ARaribi qveynebis umetesobaSi moxdeboda industriuli revolucia inglisisa da

715
ekonomikis jgufebi

am rukaze ekonomika klasificirdeba Se­

mosavlis mixedviT, iseve, rogorc qvemoT
mocemul cxrilebSi. dabalSemosavliani
ekonomikaa is, romelsac erT sul mo­
saxleze 695 $-ze naklebi hqonda 1993 w-s;
saSualo Semosavliania 696-dan 8625 $-mde;
maRalSemosavliania _ 8626 $-ze meti.

dabalSemosavliani ekonomika

saSualoSemosavliani ekonomika

maRalSemosavliani ekonomika

monacemebi ar arsebobs

sqema 17.1. ganviTarebis msoflio ruka. msoflios maRalSemosavliani qveynebi mdebareobs

GCr. da das. hemisferoebSi (garda evropuli qveynebisa, avstraliisa, axali zelandiisa da
iaponiisa). miuxedavad amisa, ganviTarebis `geografiuli Teoria~ zedmetad gamartivebu­
lia. (miaqcieT yuradReba, rom portugalia aris erTaderTi saSualoSemosavliani qveyana
dasavleT evropaSi.

wyaro: `msoflio banki~, moxseneba msoflios ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, 1995 w. (oqsfordis uni­
versitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995 w.)

aSS-s msgavsad. ubralod arsebobda mxolod ori kiTxva: rodis? da rogor?

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda aRmasvlisTvis saWiro socialur da kul­
turul pirobebs (rostovi, 1952w. 1990w.). fiqrobdnen, rom Rarib qveynebs akldaT
ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro umniSvnelovanesi winapirobebi _ magaliTad, kul­
turuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa TviTdisciplina, fulis dazogva da dauRalavi
Sroma. am disciplinebs veberi protestantul reformacias miawerda da maT dam­
saxurebadac Tvlida evropasa da aSS-Si kapitalizmis ganviTarebas (ix. Tavebi 1 da
15). Rarib qveynebSi aseve akldaT funqciuri integracia, Sromis ganawilebisa da
organizebis unaris CaTvliT, romlebic, emil durkhaimis azriT, organul soli­
darobasTan erTad Camoyalibda (ix. Tavi 1). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, Rarib

716
qveynebs ar gaaCndaT warmoebis teqnologiuri da materialuri saSualebebi da
kapitalisturi urTierTobebi, romlebzec karl marqsi amaxvilebda yuradRebas.
v. v. rostovi (1990w.) modernizaciis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi gamoyofs eko­
nomikuri zrdis xuT sxvadasxva stadias:

pirveli stadia. tradiciuli sazogadoeba. amgvar sazogadoebebSi warmoeba

da teqnologiebi, ZiriTadad, winamecnierulia. adamianebi arian fatalistebi da
swamT, rom maT SviliSvilebsac swored is arCevani eqnebaT, rac maT aqvT.

meore stadia. warmatebis winapirobebi. rostovis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

winapirobaa rwmena imisa, rom ekonomikuri progresi araTu SesaZlebelia, aramed
aucilebelicaa erovnuli Rirsebis, adamianis bednierebisa da saerTo keTil­
dReobisaTvis. dasavleT evropaSi gadamwyvet movlenad iqca me-17 da me-18 sauku­
neebSi niutonis Teoriis aRmoceneba, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia fizikuri
samyaros Secnoba samecniero meTodebis gamoyenebiT da fizikuri garemomcveli
samyaros prognozireba da manipulireba adamianebis sakeTildReod (aradasav­
lur samyaroSi es Sexeduleba dasavleTidan Sevida, ramac Seaferxa, magram ver
Secvala tradiciuli rwmenebi da praqtika). aranakleb mniSvnelovania axali yai­

717
dis mewarmeebis gamoCena, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu sad muSaoben isini _ saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo seqtorebSi. am mewarmeebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon kapitalis mobilizeba da
arc riskisa eSiniaT. izrdeba investiciebi, gansakuTrebiT transportis, komuni­
kaciebisa da eqsportirebuli nedleulis mxriv, izrdeba vaWroba, ixsneba bankebi
da sxva iseTi institutebi, romelTa funqciacaa kapitalis marTva; aseve, ixsneba
da viTardeba Tanamedrove qarxana-fabrikebi.

mesame stadia. warmateba. mrewveloba swrafad izrdeba da masTan erTad izr­

deba moTxovna qarxnis muSebsa da damxmare personalze. farTovdeba qalaqebi,
xdeba soflis meurneobis komercializacia, romelic ara marto gacilebiT
met dros aZlevs adamianebs mrewvelobisaTvis, aramed uSvebs didi raodenobiT
produqcias, rac gacilebiT met muSaxels moiTxovs da, Sesabamisad, dRiTi dRe
imatebs samuSao adgilebis raodenoba.

meoTxe stadia. gza momwifebisken. zrda met-naklebad stabiluria, qveyana Ta­

vis niSas ikavebs msoflio ekonomikaSi da am dros SesaZlebelia moxdes gadasvla
mZime mrewvelobidan (magaliTad, foladis warmoeba) maRali klasis teqnolo­
giebis warmoebaze (maga­liTad, eleqtrosaqoneli da qimiuri nivTierebebi).

mexuTe stadia. masobrivi moxmarebis epoqa. xdeba gadanacvleba xangrZlivi

sargeblobis saqonlis warmoebidan samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebaze. Semo­
savali erT sul mosaxleze imdenad maRalia, rom mosaxleobis umetes nawils xeli
miuwvdeba sakvebze, tansacmelsa da sacxovrebelze. ufro meti adamiani rogorc
kvalificiuri muSaxeli muSaobs qalaqebSi an maT axlos ofisebSi an qarxnebSi.
garda imisa, rom sazogadoebas SeuZlia daakmayofilos momxmareblis saWiroeba,
is ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs socialur keTildReobas da mis uzrunvelyofas.
SeerTebuli Statebi da dasavleT evropa swored am stadiaSi imyofebian. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas iaponiazec, Tumca is SedarebiT dabal donezea.

yvelaze didi wvlili, rac albaT modernizaciis Teorias mi­uZRvis, aris misi
aqcenti kulturaze, im ideebsa da damokidebulebaze, romelic xels uwyobs fu­
ladi danazogebis, investiciebisa da ekonomikuri siaxleebis danergvis waxalise­
bas (ix. aizenStadti, 1973w. inklisi, 1983w.). Teoriis meore siZlierea yuradRebis
gamaxvileba funqciur integraciaze. am Teoriis mixedviT, ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiroa sazogadoebis sxvadasxva elementebis erToblivi muSaoba. zogma qveyanam
uaryo soflis meurneobis ganviTareba da mxolod industriis ganviTareba daisaxa
miznad, rasac damangreveli Sedegebi mohyva. qveynebis nawilma jerovani yuradReba
ar miaqcia fizikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas (gzebi, rkinigzebi, teleko­
munikaciebi da am sferoebTan dakavSirebuli sareabilitacio servisebi).
1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi, Raribi qveynebisken mimarTuli politika, ZiriTa­
dad, modernizaciis Teorias efuZneba(iseve rogorc politikuri sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswinebas). saerTo hipoTezis mixedviT, siRaribis daZlevis gza gadioda
dasavluri stilis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze. Raribi qveynebis

718
daxmareba gamoixateboda kaSxlebis da gzebis mSeneblobaSi, traqtorebisa da sa­
suqi nivTierebebis miwodebaSi soflis meurneobis nayofierebis zrdis mizniT,
skolebis mSeneblobiT da stipendiebis uzrunvelyofiT dasavlur universite­
tebSi swavlisTvis da im zomebis miRebaSi, rac daexmareboda am qveynebs adgili
daemkvirebinaT Tanamedrove samyaroSi. am yvelafers safuZvelad edo mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom yvela Rarib qveyanas unda gaevlo is gza, rac Tavis droze did­
ma britaneTma da SeerTebulma Statebma gaiara.
modernizaciis Teoria garkveul warmatebebs iTvlis. cxadia, rom aziis “pa­
tara vefxvebma” _ samxreT koream, taivanma, hong kongma da singapurma, moaxerxes
gzis gakvalva. magram indoeTma, tailandma da malaiziam – vera. mosalodnelma da
dagegmilma modernizaciam ver gaamarTla Raribi qveynebis umetesobaSi. am waru­
mateblobis erT-erTi axsnaa damokidebulebis Teoria.

damokidebulebis Teoria: Zalauflebis roli

modernizaciis Teoria azviadebda im rols, romelic kolonialurma (da im­

periulma) Zalauflebam iTamaSa globaluri uTanasworobis damkvidrebasa da
SenarCunebaSi. amerikeli andre gunder franki (1967w. 1980w.), romelmac misi kari­
eris umetesi nawili laTinur amerikaSi gaatara, erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelmac
yuradReba miaqcia araTanabari Zalauflebis sakiTxebs. mis mier SemuSavebuli
damokide­bulebis Teoriis mixedviT, mesame samyaros qveynebis warumatebloba
ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom isini damokidebulebi arian ukve ganviTarebul
qveynebze. am Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac mdidari qveynebi Raribi qveynebisgan yid­
uloben nedleuls, aSeneben fabrikebs, qiraoben Rarib moqalaqeebs da daxmarebas
uweven maT mTavrobebs, ufro ziani moaqvT qveynebisTvis, vidre – sargebeli.
damokidebulebis Teoria ufro metad exeba laTinuri amerikis neli tempiT
zrdas, vidre afrikis umoqmedobas ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT an aziis qveynebis
nawilis warmatebul ganviTarebas. magaliTad, Ciles, braziliasa da argentinas
aqvT sakmarisi resursebi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi es sami qveyana SedarebiT karg
mdgomareobaSi iyo. aregentina msoflios umdidresi qveynebis aTeulSi Sedioda
(vaismani, 1987). ufro metic, isini iRebdnen investiciebs aSS-isa da msoflios sxva
ganviTarebuli qveynebidan. magram yvela maTganma dakarga ekonomikuri pozicie­
bi sxva, maTze metad ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT. arc erT maTganSi ar
ganviTarebula Zlieri, Tanamedrove industriuli seqtori daculi, kapitalis­
turi saSualo feniT. garda amisa, yvela maTgani politikurad arastabiluria da
sxvadasxva dros qveynis saTaveSi avtoritaruli reJimi idga.
amgvarad, dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis politikuri lide­rebis erT-erTi
problema isaa, rom isini ar arian avtonomiurebi da mdidar `mekavSireebze~
arian damokidebulebi. am qveynebis li­derebi SeiZleba diqtatorebi iyvnen sa­
kuTar xalxTan, magram, roca saqme `mfarvel~ qveynebsa da organizaciebs exeba,
isini Tavad emorCilebian diqtats. aSS da sxva ganviTarebuli qveynebi amorCevis

719
pricnipze dayrdnobiT uweven daxmarebas qveynebs, romlebsac isini megobrebad
Tvlian. nawilobriv politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare, aSS xSirad exmareba
diqtatorebs, rogorc es moxda nikaraguasa (anastazio simonza) da filipinebis
SemTxvevaSi (ferdinand markosi). analogiurad, msxvili korporaciebic mxolod
im qveynebSi axorcieleben investiciebs, romlebsac megobrebad miiCneven. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom politikur liderebs yuradReba unda mieqciaT ucxoelebisa­
Tvis, romlebic daxmarebas uwevdnen maT an bizness awarmoebdnen maT qveyanaSi;
uyuradRebod ar unda daetovebinaT arc sakuTari mosaxleobis moTxovnebi da
saWiroebebi. met-naklebi xarisxiT, qveynis liderebi xdebian msoflios ekonomi­
kis agentebi da maTi mTavari mizani qveynis samuSao Zalis SenarCunebaa. yvela
lideris Zalaufleba damokidebulia damxmare mdidar qveynebTan alianssa da
saerTaSoriso korporaciebTan TanamSromlobaze. Sedegad demokratiuli pro­
cesebi xSirad ferxdeba.
msgavsi mizezebidan gamomdinare, damokidebuli ganviTareba xSirad neli
tempiT mimdinareobda da xels uSlida mZlavri, avtonomiuri saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebas, rac ganviTarebisa da demokratiis winapirobaa (ix. Tavi 16). ad­
gilobrivi bizneselitis warmomadgenlebi damokidebulebi xdebodnen sakuTar
(xSirad korumpirebul) xelisuflebaze. magaliTad, xelisuflebas SeeZlo qrTa­
mis an mogebidan wilis sanacvlod neba daerTo konkretuli biznesmenisaTvis
yofiliyo avtomobilebis erTaderTi importiori qveyanaSi. am SemTxvevebSi im­
portiors SeeZlo maRali mogeba enaxa sakuTar qveyanaSi msxvili investiciebis
ganxorcielebis gareSec ki. biznesmenebis nawili Suamavali an agenti xdeboda xe­
lisuflebasa da msxvil korporaciebs Soris. sakuTari saqmianobis wamowyebisa
da ucxouri kompaniebisaTvis konkurenciis gawevis nacvlad, isini TanamSrom­
lobdnen am kompaniebTan, yiddnen maT produqts an marTavdnen maT fabrikebsa da
qarxnebs. ufro metic _ isini sakuTari cxovrebis wesiT baZavdnen ucxour eli­
tas da amiT xels uSlidnen sakuTar qveynebSi potenciur investirebebs. saukeTe­
so ganaTlebis mqone da ambiciuri moqalaqeebi xSirad gadadiodnen londonSi,
niu-iorkSi da sxva dasavlur qalaqebSi sacxovreblad.
ucxouri daxmarebac ki, romelic, rasakvirvelia, garkveulwilad exmareba
qveynebs, SeiZleba problemad gadaiqces im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli qveyana
xangrZlivad sargeblobs amgvari daxmarebiT. ucxourma teqnologiebma SeiZle­
ba mwyobridan gamoiyvanos adgilobrivi ekonomika _ damokidebuli gaxados is
eqsportirebul saqonelsa da ucxoel specialistebze. aSS-is daxmarebiT sxva
qveyanaSi aSenebuli fexsacmlis fabrika qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs, magram
Semosavlis gareSe tovebs fexsacmlis adgilobriv mwarmoeblebs. Tu fabrikaSi
mwyobridan gamovida romelime mowyobiloba, mflobeli iZulebuli xdeba, aSS-
Si SeiZinos Zvirad­Rirebuli nawilebi. xSirad daxmarebis mimReb qveyanaSi ar
moi­Zebneba ucxouri danadgarebis specialisti da amitom saWiro xdeba ucxoeli
specia­listebis Camoyvana. damatebiT problemas qmnis isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
daxmarebas sesxis saxe aqvs da Tu qveynis ganviTareba gegmis mixedviT ar warimar­
Ta, qveyanas SeiZleba problemebi Seeqmnas sesxis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT.
Seda­rebiT mdidari qveynebi xSirad Suamdgomlobdnen bankebTan, raTa maT ufro

720
meti sesxi gamouyon Rarib qveynebs, ramac dRes mimdinare sesxebis saerTaSoriso
krizisi gamoiwvia.
piter evansis mier Catarebuli braziliis kvleva damokidebuli ganviTarebis
klasikur kvlevadaa aRiarebuli (1979w.). 1970-ian wlebSi brazilias ekonomikur
saswauls uwodebdnen. am qveyanam SeZlo yavis erTi didi plantaciidan msoflio
klasis industriul saxelmwifod qceuliyo. qalaqSi mcxovrebi elitaruli wree­
bis garkveulma nawilma isargebla swrafi industrializaciiT, iseve rogorc sof­
lebSi mcxovrebma miwebis mepatroneebma, romlebic warmoebul yavasa da ba­nans
aSS-Si yiddnen. Tumca, braziliis mosaxleobis didma nawilma ver isargebla am
situaciiT. braziliis swrafi, magram araTanabari ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, gamoi­
wvia xelisuflebis msxvil saerTaSoriso korporaciebTan partniorobam. ucxouri
investiciebis mozidvisa da SenarCunebis mizniT saWiroa, rom qveyana iyos keTil­
ganwyobili da damokidebuli. avtoritarul mTavrobebs SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon
msxvili multinacionaluri korporaciebi maTTvis sasurveli pirobebiT.
amgvari korporaciebi, upirveles yovlisa, politikur stabilurobas eZeben.
mTavrobam unda moaxdinos imis demonstrireba, rom kontrolis sadaveebi mis xelSia
da ucxouri biznesisTvis ar arsebobs radikaluri politikuri moZraobebis an Sei­
araRebuli nacionaluri dajgufebebisgan gamowveuli safrTxe. braziliaSi 1960-
iani wlebis bolos mosulma samxedro xelisuflebam SeZlo amgvari garantiebis
micema korporaciebisaTvis. multinacionalur korporaciebs aseve esaWiroebaT
iafi da morCili muSaxeli, romlis uzrunvelyofac iolad SeZlo braziliis xe­
lisuflebam. mesame, rac aseve mniSvnelovania amgvari korporaciebisTvis, aris
ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura (transporti, komunikaciebi, ene­rgomomarageba,
nedleulze xelmisawvdomoba). braziliis xelisuflebam am mxrivac SeZlo daek­
mayofilebina korporaciebis moTxovnebi. dabolos, korporaciebisaTvis aseve
saWiroa sasurveli pirobebi, romlisganac SeZleben mogebis miRebas. braziliis
mTavrobam maT SesTavaza gadasaxadebis TandaTanobiT gadaxda, dabali saeqsporto
gadasaxadi da regulaciebis minimaluri raodenoba. Sesabamisad, braziliis eko­
nomikam daiwyo ganviTareba, Tumca, qveynis erT-erTma yofilma prezidentma aRniS­
na, `win midis brazilia, magram ara misi mosaxleoba~.
ucxour msxvil korporaciebTan TanamSromlobas da saerTod damokidebul
ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs garkveuli `safasuri~ _ mogeba miedineba qveynidan da
ar xdeba misi dabandeba adgilobriv biznes-seqtorSi. ucxouri kompaniebis mo­
zidvis mizniT, xelfasebi xelovnurad mcirdeba, ase rom, dasaqmebulebis umete­
soba ver xedavs veranair sargebels ganviTarebisagan, ris Sedegadac politikur
da biznes-elitasa da ubralo moqalaqeebs Soris sxvaoba kidev ufro izrdeba, rac
Tavis mxriv, socialuri arastabilurobis sa­fuZvelia. Cveulebriv, amgvar situ­
aciebSi, xelisufleba cdilobs gaanadguros misi mowinaaRmdegeebi. rac ufro
represiulia mTavroba, miT ufro uwyobs xels socialur aSlilobas. aseT dros
erTa­derTi gamarjvebuli globaluri korporaciebia, sul mcire, droebiT mainc.
damokidebulebis Teoria adasturebs, Tu ramdenad zRudavs da amaxinjebs
ganviTarebas daxmarebaze damokidebuleba (gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-is daxmareba­

721
ze). es gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis qveynebs exeba, romlebsac moepovebodaT
bunebrivi resursi imisaTvis, rom ganviTareba momgebiani yofiliyo. mdidari qvey­
nebidan miRebuli daxmareba, ZiriTadad, mdidari elituri wreebis sakeTildReod
gamoiyeneba. damokidebulebis Teoria gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenadaa gavrcobili
uTanasworoba. Tumca, sakiTxavia, saidan warmoiSva TviTon es uTanasworoba?

msoflio sistemebis Teoria: globaluri

socialuri struqtura

ganviTarebis araTanabrobis kidev erTi Teoria _ msoflios sistemebis Teo­

ria xsnis. Tu damokidebulebis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zalauflebasa da
globalur korporaciebsa da adgilobriv elitas Soris arsebul urTierTobebze,
msoflios sistemebis Teoria aqcents globaluri uTanasworobis struqturaze
akeTebs. amerikeli sociologis, imanuel volerStainis azriT (1974w. 1984w. 1988w.),
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi samyaros sistema aris warmoebisa da moxmarebis urT­
ierTobis qseli, romelic kapitalizmis aRmavlobis periodidan moyolebuli
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ARarib da mdidar qveynebs. es aris globaluri socialuri
sistema sakuTari struqturiTa da logikiT. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia kapi­
talisturi buneba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas marTavs konkurentuli zewola, rac
Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis struqturas ayalibebs. im qveynebs, romlebSic
Tavmoyrilia kapitali, didi upiratesoba aqvT Rarib qveynebTan SedarebiT. mdi­
dar qveynebs aqvT maRali klasis teqnologiebi, hyavT kvalificiuri muSaxeli da
sargebloben sxva privilegiebiT. Raribi qveynebi ver uweven konkurencias mdidar
qveynebs maRali teqnologiebis sferoSi. ucxoeli biznesmenebis mozidvis mizniT,
maTi erTaderTi taqtikaa, rac SeiZleba dawion xelfasebi, magram msoflioSi im­
deni Raribi qveynaa, rom es taqtika namdvilad ar aris sargeblis momtani.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi vaWrobis araTanabarma sistemam gamoiwvia resursebis
gadanacvleba dabalganviTarebuli qveynebidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am pro­
cesSi kolonializacia mxolod erTi faqtori iyo. magram Cveulebrivi vaWrobis
struqturac isea mowyobili, rom meti mogeba midis industriuli an maRalteq­
nologiuri produqtis mwarmoeblebTan, vidre maRaroSi an fermebSi momuSaveeb­
Tan. Raribi qveynebi jer kidev cdiloben, daewion mdidar qveynebs, romlebic
ganviTarebis mxriv, sul mcire, ori saukuniT mainc uswreben maT. Rarib qveynebs
ar SeuZliaT ganviTarebis imave gzas gahyvnen, rac didma britaneTma da aSS-ma
gai­ares. mdidari qveynebi jer kidev imkian im nayofs, rac adreulma industria­
lizaciam moitana.
msoflio sistemam ganapiroba samuSao Zalis dayofa sam doned: ZiriTaAdi, pe­
riferiuli da naxevrad periferiuli. ZiriTadi qveynebi arian msoflios Zlieri
industriuli qveynebi aSS-is, dasavleT evropis qveynebis didi nawilis da iaponi­
is CaTvliT. ZiriTadi qveynebi axorcieleben menejements da produqciis mwar­

722
moeblebs manqana-danadgarebiT uzrunvelyofen. am qveynebSia daarsebuli globa­
luri korporaciebic da, Sesabamisad, maTken miedineba mogebis umetesi nawili.
periferiuli qveynebi msoflio sistemis ganapiras imyofebian ara imitom,
rom gardamaval stadiaSi imyofebian, aramed imitom, rom yidian iaf nedleuls. am
qveynebis umetesobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo dargebia ganviTarebuli. periferiuli
qveynebi garkveulwilad damokidebulebi arian ucxour daxmarebaze da mdidari
qveynebis mier dadgenili wesebiT moqmedeben. am qveynebidan bevrs ar SeuZlia gaer­
Tiandes saerTaSoriso savaWro qselSi, radgan faseuli araferi ar gaaCniaT, risi
gayidvac SesaZlebeli iqneboda. am kategoriaSi arian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa
Cadi, botsvana, peru da gvatemala. maTi ekonomika Zalian neli tempiT viTardeba,
xolo zog maTanSi regresic ki aRiniSneba gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
ZiriTad da periferiul qveynebs Soris aris naxevrad periferiuli qvey­
nebis kategoria, anu qveynebi, romlebic am sistemaSi zemoT-qvemoT moZraoben.
isini aqtiurad monawileoben msoflio sistemaSi, magram ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi
Zala saimisod, rom gavlena moaxdinon am sistemaze. am jgufs ganekuTvnebian
aziis axladindustrializebuli qveynebi. TurqeTi, meqsika da malaizia, romleb­
mac bolo wlebSi SesamCnevad gaiumjobeses mdgomareoba, naxevrad periferiuli
qveynebia. SesaZlebelia, rom ZiriTadma qveyanam, romelic ver gauZlebs saerTaSo­
riso konkurencias, naxevrad periferiuli qveynebis kategoriaSi gadainacvlos.
zogi mecnieris mtkicebiT, swored es procesi mimdinareobs dRes did britaneTSi,
Tumca am qveynis `gadarCena~ jer kidev SesaZlebelia. mecnierTa nawili (rostovi,
1990w.) uaryofs im mosazrebas, TiTqos naxevrad periferiuli qveynebis katego­
ria imisTvisaa Seqmnili, rom adgili gamoenaxos qveynebs, romlebic arc erT sxva
ka­tegoriaSi ar xvdeba. volerStaini (1974w. 1979w.) Tvlis, rom naxevrad perifer­
iuli qveynebi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSoben msoflio sistemaSi, radgan aba­
lanseben situacias periferiul Rarib qveynebsa (sadac arsebobs gadatrialebis
moxdenis saSiSroeba) da ZiriTad qveynebs Soris. realurad, naxevrad periferi­
uli qveynebi msoflio sistemis saSualo fenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
volStainis azriT, qveynis SesaZlebloba ganviTarebis mxriv mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli am qveynisave adgilze kapitalistur savaWro sistemaSi, sadac
`TamaSis wesebs~ mdidari da ganviTarebuli qveynebi adgenen. isini akontroleben
msoflio savaluto sistemas, gadazidvebs, komunikaciebsa da bazrebs. garda ami­
sa, yidian ZviradRirebul manqanebsa da teqnologiebs da yiduloben nedleuls,
soflis meurneobis produqts da iaf produqcias, romlis warmoebasac naklebi
teqnologiebi da dabali kvalifikaciac yofnis. warmoebuli produqcia dabal
fasebSi iyideba da asaqmebs im qveynis mosaxleobis mcire nawils, sadac mzaddeba.
kidev erTi problema isaa, rom uamravi periferiuli qveyana cdilobs, gamouSvas
erTi da igive produqcia, magaliTad, Saqari da kauCuki.
naxevrad periferiuli qveynebisaTvis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis erTader­
Ti gza maqsimalurad dabali xelfasebis SenarCuneba da investiciebis mozidvaa
_ gansakuTrebiT ki, Sida investiciebisa. Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT politika,
romelic xels uwyobs politikuri da biznes-elitis kidev ufro gamdidrebas
da masebis gaRaribebas (rogorc es meqsikasa da koreaSi xdeba). amgvar qveynebSi

723
muSebis jerovani anazRaureba mxolod Soreul momavalSia mosalodneli. aseTma
politikam SeiZleba droebiT gaamarTlos ZviradRirebuli bunebrivi resurse­
biT mdidar qveynebSi (aseTia, magaliTad, meqsika); aseve, koreis msgavs qveynebSi.
korea gamoirCeva profesionali da kvalificiuri samuSao ZaliT, saRi infra­
struqturiTa da (xSirad) avtoritaruli xelisuflebiT. Tumca, es politika ar
muSaobs afrikis qveynebSi, sadac jer kidev mimdinareobs mwvave eTnokonfliq­
tebi kolonialur periodSi dawesebuli sazRvrebis gamo.
modernizaciis Teoriis mixedviT, yvela qveyana ganviTarebis erT gzas mi­
hyveba, oRond sxvadasxva tempiT, romelzec gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi,
rogoricaa kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba. rac Seexeba msoflio sistemebis Teo­rias,
is ganixilavs globalur struqturas, sadac sxvadasxva qveyana ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva gzas adgas. es Teoria aseve kargad xsnis imas, Tu ratom esadageba
damokidebulebis Teoria ukeT laTinuri amerikis qveynebs da ratom gadauxvies
aziisa da afrikis qveynebma am models. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar­
gentina, Cile da brazilia arasodes yofilan ZiriTadi qveynebi, maSinac ki, rode­
sac maTi mdgomareoba msoflios umaRles standartebs Seesabameboda. maT ara­
sodes daudgeniaT wesebi msoflio ekonomikaSi da arasodes miuRiaT monawileoba
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. rodesac romelime maTganSi xdeboda gadatrialeba, es
faqti arasodes asaxula msoflio saaqcio birJaze, rac aucileblad moxdeboda aSS-
Si an iaponiaSi momxdari gadatrialebis dros. radgan es qveynebi yiddnen minera­
lebsa da soflis meurneobis produqcias, isini warmatebiT gaerTiandnen msoflio
sistemaSi: isini uSeveben produqcias, romelic moTxovniT sargeblobs msoflio
bazarze (Tumca, yovelTvis Zviri ar Rirs); dakavSirebulebi arian saerTaSoriso
korporaciebTan da, garda amisa, samive qveyana mniSvnelovani bazris funqcias as­
rulebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmoebuli saqonlis sarealizaciod.
argentinis, braziliisa da Cilesagan gansxvavebiT, afrikis qveynebi perife­
riulebi arian da TiTqmis ar aRiqmebian msoflio sistemis nawilad. saerTaSoriso
korporaciebi ver xedaven sakmaris safuZvels imisaTvis, rom biznesi awarmoon
afrikaSi; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini mainc gadawyveten, wamoiwyon saqmianoba afri­
kaSi, Semoifarglebian mxolod moTxovnadi saqonlis gayidviT (magaliTad, yidian
koka-kolasa da pepsis) an mcire raodenobis soflis meurneobis produqtis (maga­
liTad, yava) SeZeniT. afrikuli qveynebidan bevri gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebareba
sagareo gavlenas, radgan mxolod erTi saxeobis produqciis eqsports awarmo­
ebs. amas ki savalalo Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. amis magaliTia zambia. mas 1970-ian
wlebSi kauCukze fasebis dawevam mniSvnelovani dartyma miayena.
aziuri qveynebi kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba periferiuli qve­
yana jer ganviTardes naxevrad periferiulamde, xolo Semdeg _ ZiriTadamde.
es gza iaponiam ganvlo. am qveyanas hyavda Zlieri xelisufleba da xasiaTdebo­
da kulturuli erTgvarobiT (gansxvavebiT laTinuri amerikisa da afrikisagan),
rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom am qveynis CamoyalibebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT
kolonialur Zalebs. iaponiaSi tradiciulad ojaxis, jgufis an eris interesebi
yo­velTvis win dgas individualur iteresebze, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli
iaponiis warmatebas. sxva aziurma qveynebma iaponiis magaliTs mibaZes.

724
miwaTmoqmedeba: safuZveli

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze myofi qveynebis erTi-erTi Zi­riTadi gan­

masxvavebelia soflis meurneobis produqtuloba da mniSvnelovania isic, Tu
mosaxlebis ra nawilia dakavebuli soflis meurneobiT. msoflios yvelaze nak­
lebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, soflis meurneobiTaa
dakavebuli. Tumca, mwyemsebsa da fermerebs imaze odnav meti Semosavali aqvT,
rac sakmarisia arsebobisaTvis. swored amis Sedegad bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana
sakvebiT ver uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobas (ix. Tavi 18). msoflios ekonomikaSi sa­
Sualo an maRali adgilis mosapoveblad erT-erTi winapirobaa soflis meurneo­
bis produqtulobis gazrda.

c x r i l i 17.2
siRaribe dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis soflebSi

soflis mosaxleoba siRarebeSi mcxovrebTa xelmisawvdomoba momsaxurebisadmi

(mTliani maCvenebeli (1990w.) (procentuli maCvenebeli) (soflad)
mosaxleobis (1988-1993w.w.)
procentuli
maCvenebeli
qalaqad soflad jandacva sanitaria sufTa wyali
(1992w.)

saharis samxreTi afrika

spilos
Zvlis sanapiro 58 ... . . . 11 51 62
gana 65 59 54 45 35 32
kenia 75 . . . . . . 40 43 35
azia
indoeTi 74 38 49 80 78 12
indonezia 67 20 16 . . . 43 36
malaizia 49 8 23 . . . 66 ...
filipinebi 49 40 54 74 79 62
tailandi 81 7 29 90 72 72
laTinoamerika
hondurasi 58 74 80 56 51 57
meqsika 26 23 43 60 66 17
panama 48 36 52 64 66 68
peru 29 52 72 . . . 18 25
venesuela 28 30 42 . . . 89 70

wyaro: gaeros ganviTarebis programa, adamianebis ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsofordis

universitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995w.) cxrili 6, gv. 166-167, cxrili 12. gv. 178-179.

amerikelebi sentimentalurad ekidebian sakuTari qveynis warsuls, sadac

mniSvnelovani roli ekava soflis meurneobas. magram dRes amerikelTa mxo­
lod or procentze meti Tu eweva fermerobas. aSS-gan gansxvavebiT, msoflios
yvelaze Raribi qveynis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili swored fermeria, romelTa
umetesoba qronikulad siRaribeSi cxovrobs. isini xSirad ara marto Sesabamis
sakvebs ver iReben, aramed mwvaved ganicdian sufTa sasmeli wylis naklebobas

725
da elementaruli sanitaruli pirobebis ararsebobas; xeli ar miuwvdebaT jan­
dacvaze, ganaTlebasa da sazogadoebriv transportze (ix. cxrili 17.2). dabal­
ganviTarebuli qveynis fermerebi or ZiriTad kategoriad _ glexebad da umi­
wawylo muSaxelad iyofian.

glexebi

glexebs uwodeben wvril fermerebs, romlebsac martivi teqnologiebis ga­

moyenebiT mohyavT mosavali da uvlian saqonels (Sanini, 1990w.). ekonomikuri, so­
cialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, glexebi dakavSirebuli arian miwasTan,
Tumca, isini an floben an ara sakuTar miwas. zog SemTxvevaSi miwas flobs tomi an
Temi, xolo miwis nakveTebi ojaxebs saWiroebis mixedviT urigdebaT; zog SemTx­
vevaSi miwa miwis mflobelis sakuTrebaa, romelsac ijaris sanacvlod mosavlis
garkveuli procenti ergeba. arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac miwa saxelm­
wifos sakuTrebaa. ojaxs glexis cxovrebaSi ZiriTadi adgili ukavia, xolo ojaxi,
Tavis mxriv, gaerTianebulia TemSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, tradiciulobiTa da
konformistulobiT gamoirCeva. Temsa da sazogadoebaSi calkeuli individis
statuss misi ojaxis mdgomareoba gansazRvravs.
Tanamedrove glexi gakveulwilad aSS-Si mcxovreb tradiciul fermers hgavs.
Tumca, arsebobs ori ZiriTadi gansxvaveba _ glexebi, Cveulebriv, cxovroben
sofelSi da ara ganmartoebiT mdgar saxlebSi da floben miwis mcire nakveTs.
cxadia, rom amerikel fermerTa mravali ojaxi evropeli glexebis STamomavalia
_ maTi winapari germanelebi, Svedebi Tu irlandielebi ufro didi miwebis dapa­
tronebis imediT gaemgzavrnen axladaRmocenil amerikaSi. glexebi Tanamedrove
fermerebad maSin iqcnen, rodesac xeli mihyves komercializacias _ mosavlisa
da saqonlis gayidvas mogebis mizniT da ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis. isini yid­
dnen maT mier warmoebul produqts da iZendnen ojaxisTvis aucilebel nivTebsa
da moxmarebis sagnebs.
aucilebeli araa, rom glexi Raribi iyos. Tu mas eqneba sakmarisi miwa, muSax­
eli, samuSao iaraRebi da amindmac Seuwyo xeli, SeuZlia Tavisuflad moiyvanos
uxvi mosavali, Tumca, glexebis umetesoba siRaribis zRvarTan axlosaa. rogorc
prerevoluciur CineTSi stumrad myofma erT-erTma ingliselma aRniSna: `iseTi
provinciebic arsebobs, sadac mosaxleobis mdgomareoba im kacis mdgomareobas
waagavs, romelic kisramde dgas mdinareSi da wylis erTi Wavlic sakmarisia mis
dasaxrCobad~ (Toni, citirebulia skotis naSromSi, 1976w. gv. 1). amgvari aRweri­
loba bevr sxva adgilsac miesadageba da glexebis cxovrebis mraval aspeqts xsnis.
bevr glexs axsovs dro, rodesac sakvebis ukmarisobis gamo bavSvebi da sustebi
iRupebodnen, xolo danarCenebi iZulebulni iyvnen SeeWamaT sakuTari saqoneli.
bevri adamiani dResac amgvar pirobebSi cxovrobs. mudmivma daurwmuneblobam da
SiSma warmoSva situacia, rasac jeims skoti (1976w.) `gadarCenis eTikas~ uwodebs.
erTi mxriv, glexebma ician, rom TemSi mcxovreb nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba,
hqondes minimaluri sasicocxlo pirobebi, amitom mdidarma glexebma unda miscen

726
Raribebs miwa da samuSao ise, rom moxdes anazRaurebisa da riskis ganawileba. meo­
re mxriv, glexebi skeptikurad arian ganwyobili ucxoebisa da siaxleebis mimarT
da ebRauWebian Zvel, tradiciul meTodebsa da praqtikebs. es ki xSirad winaaRm­
degobas uqmnis sasargeblo cvlilebebis danergvas, rasac SeiZleba ekonomikuri
ganviTareba mohyves.
afrikis CrdiloeTSi, burkina-fasoSi (yofili zemo volta) mcxovrebi mou­
mouni ouedraogos ojaxi dRevandeli glexobis tipuri warmomadgenelia _ ma­
sac igive problemebi awuxebs, rac bevr glexs (harisoni, 1984w.). upirveles yov­
lisa, maT Zalian mcire miwa, wyali, sasuqi da sxva saSualeba gaaCniaT imisaTvis,
rom Tundac minimalurad daikmayofilon sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebi. rode­
sac moumouni bavSvi iyo, mamamisis ojaxi Tormeti sulisagan Sedgeboda, dRes ki
misi wevrebis ricxvma ukve ocdaToTxmets miaRwia, garda im xuTi axalgazrdisa,
romlebic spilos Zvlis sanapiroze muSaoben. gaizarda sofelSi mcxovrebi sxva
ojaxebic. Tumca, miwebi imave moculobisa darCa da axla mravalricxovan ojaxebs
mcire nakveTiT uwevT dakmayofileba.
meore _ glexebi miwas SedarebiT primitiuli teqnikiT amuSaveben. moumounis
ojaxi tradiciulad iyenebs saxnavsa da guTans, rac mosaxerxebelicaa tropikebis
fxvieri niadagisaTvis. fermeri asufTavebs miwis mcire monakveTs buCqebisagan.
Semdeg buCqebs axmobs da wvavs. ferfli anoyierebs niadags, xels uSlis niadagis
eroziis warmoqmnas da spobs miwaSi CarCenil kunZebs. mosufTavebul nakveTs da­
saTesad iyenebs. Tesavs primitiuli samuSao iaraRebis daxmarebiT. ori an sami
wlis Semdeg miwa ifiteba da fermeri axla ukve sxva nakveTis gasufTavebas iwyebs.
Zveli nakveTi ubrundeba tyes da daaxloebiT 15 wlis Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi
ganmeorebiT damuSaveba. es sistema kargad muSaobs mcirericxovani mosaxleobi­
saTvis, romlebic ar ganicdian dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwis naklebobas, magram
ara burkina-fasos da afrikis didi nawilis mosaxleobisaTvis. ar iyeneben mou­
mouni da misi mezoblebi ganaxlebul teqnikas? uxvmosavlianobis drosac ki mou­
mouni da misi mezoblebi ki ar yidian mosavals, aramed gaWirvebisaTvis inaxaven.
mesame problema ekologiur dazianebaSi mdgomareobs. moumo­uni saxelSi
cxovrobs _ gvalvian regionSi, romelic aTeulze met qveyanas aerTianebs saha­
ris samxreTiT. mTel regionSi, hiperkultivaciam da burRviTma samuSaoebma piks
miaRwia. mounmounis sofelSi, faqtobrivad, aRar arsebobs miwis safari. wvima
mTlianad recxavs miwis Zvirfas zedapirs da tovebs moSiSvlebul Tixis fenas,
romelic mcxunvare mzeze iwveba da xmeba. am niadagis gamococxlebis perspeqtiva
Soreulia. birkina-faso is adgilia, romelsac sahara nel-nela utevs da yvela
sulier arsebas samxreTisaken mierekeba garemos degradaciis axali ciklis da­
sawyebad (ix. Tavi 19). miuxedavad amisa, bevr TanasoflelTan SedarebiT moumouni
mainc ukeTesad cxovrobs.

727
umiwawylo muSaxeli

pol harisoni (1984w.) aRwers Sri-lankaze nanax Cais plantacias. `simaRlidan

Cais plantacia mwvane da sasiamovnod xSiric Canda. Tumca, axlodan aRmoCnda,
rom pirobebi Zalian cudi iyo. Cais plantaciis asobiT tamileli muSa erTmaneT­
Tan mWidrod Carigebul, ingliselebis mier me-19 saukuneSi aSenebul ufanjro
barakebSi cxovrobda. RamiT cementis iatakze gafenil tomrebze eZinaT. mama­kacs
SeeZlo dReSi samoci centi gamoemuSavebina Tibvis, gasxvlisa da gamargvlis
Sedegad (esec mxolod ukeTes SemTxvevebSi, rodesac samuSao iyo), qals ki SeeZlo
gamoemuSavebina ormocdaxuTi centi Cais foTlebis krefaSi. saxelmwifo ufasod
uzrunvelyofda ganaTlebasa da jandacvas, magram am pirobebSic ki muSebi iSvia­
Tad Tu axerxebdnen sakvebis garda ramis SeZenas.
Cais plantaciebis tamileli muSebi mxolod erTi nawilia umiwawylo muSebis
uzarmazari armiisa anu eseni arian glexebi, romlebmac dakarges ufleba miwaze
an arian umiwawylo glexebis STamomavlebi. laTinoamerikaSi aseTebi, Ziri­Tadad,
indielebia, romlebic warsulSi Tavs nadirobiTa da SemgroveblobiT irCendnen.
amJamad isini, umetes SemTxvevebSi, plantaciebsa da sxva msxvil fermebSi muSao­
ben daqiravebul muSaxelad. radgan maT ar gaaCniaT sakuTari miwa, yovelTvis ga­
nicdian avtonomiis naklebobas. es aris socialur-struqturuli mudmivoba mTeli
msoflios umiwawylo muSebisaTvis. Tumca, maTi saarsebo pirobebi gansxvavebulia.
zog SemTxvevaSi miwis mesakuTre muSebs uzrunvelyofs normaluri sacxovrebliT,
jamagiriT, jandacviT, bavSvebis ganaTlebiT da a.S. magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi,
rodesac muSebi TiTqmis damonebulebi arian. zogjer maTi samuSao stabiluria,
mag­ram mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, maT sezonurad an dRiurad qiraoben.
laTinoamerikeli da karibis zRvis auzis mkvidri bevri umiwawylo muSa aSS-Si
midis samuSaod. maTi nawili aralegalurad gadadis qveynis teritoriaze, mag­ram
ufro meti `mowveuli muSebis~ statusiT sargeblobs, rac iTvaliswinebs kon­
traqtis dadebas SuamavalTan, romelic msxvil fermebs iafi muSaxeliT amaragebs
(`mowveul muSebs~ ar aqvT ufleba, pretenzia iqonion aSS-Si dawesebul minimalur
xelfasze, romelsac amerikelebs uxdian). amis msgavsad safrangeTic iyenebs ma­
rokoeli da alJireli umiwawylo muSebis Sromas, germania _ Turqebisas, navTo­
bis mwarmoebeli arabuli saxelmwifoebi qiraoben egviptelebs, palestinelebsa
da sxvebs, xolo did britaneTSi mTeli Tanamegobrobidan Cadian samuSaod (igu­
lisxmeba indoeTi, pakistani da bangladeSi). xSirad saarsebo pirobebi saSinelia,
xelfasebi _ dabali, xolo samuSao _ aragarantirebuli. umiwawylo muSebis mi­
gracia Raribidan mdidari qveynebisaken an soflebidan qalaqebisaken kidev erTx­
el adasturebs soflad siRaribis maRal dones.
miwis mitoveba da umiwawylo muSebis rigebSi gaerTianeba iSvi­aTad xdeba neba­
yoflobiT. `es gadasaxlebaSi wasvlas niSnavs, mSob­liuri soflisa da naTesavebis
mitovebas, rTuli kulturuli statusisa da ceremoniebis daTmobas, sadac imedi
gqonda, rom erT dResac sakuTar rols Seasrulebdi. es aris ukanaskneli gamo­
savali, rodesac sxva gza aRar dagrCenia~ (harisoni, 1984w. gv. 140). arsebobs mra­
vali mizezi, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia adamianebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen, miatovon

728
sakuTari miwa. aseTi mizezebia: mosaxleobis ricxvis zrda, memkvidreobis gada­
cemis sistema, romelic upiratesobas aniWebs ojaxis ufros vaJs an iseT mcire na­
kveTebad yofs samemkvidreo miwas, rom SeuZlebelia misiT arseboba; aseve, omebi,
romlebic warmoSobs ltolvilebs, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, mzad arian, Seasrulon
nebismieri samuSao nebismier fasad; mniSvnelovani mizezebia gvalva da infeq­
ciuri davaadebebic, romelmac SeiZleba gaakotros glexi da saSualeba misces mi­
webis mdidar mesakuTreebs, iyidon an waarTvan glexebs miwebi da es ukanasknelni
Tavadve daiqiraon.
xSirad umiwawyloba kolonializmis gagrZelebaa. magaliTad, la­TinoamerikaSi
konkistadorebma da maTma STamomavlebma sa­u­­ke­Teso miwebi miisakuTres, xolo
indielebi aiZules dasamuSaveblad gamousadegar miwebze dasaxlebuliyvnen da
Sedegad nel-nela miaRwies imas, rom indielebi axla maTTvis daqiravebuli muSax­
elis statusiT muSaoben. rodesac indielebma Tavs uSveles an daixocnen SimS­
ilisa da evropidan kolonizatorebis mier Se­motani­li infeqciuri daavadebebis
Sedegad, evropelebma afrikidan daiwyes monebis Semoyvana. me-19 saukuneSi mono­
bis ukanonod gamocxadebis Semdeg miwis mflobelebma SemoiRes axali forma _
pionaJi, romlis mixedviTac muSebs aZlevdnen sesxs sakvebis, tansacmlisa da sxva
aucilebeli nivTebis SesaZenad, magram Tan yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom
muSas arasodes hqonoda imdeni gamomuSaveba, rom aRebuli sesxi daefara. garda
amisa, amgvari sistema, romelsac muSebi `uRels~ uwodebdnen, avaldebulebda (da
zog qveyenaSi axlac avaldebulebs) muSebs, weliwadSi ramdenime kvira ufasod
emsaxuraT miwis mflobelebisaTvis. dRes laTinoamerikis qveynebSi msxvili mepa­
troneebis umetesoba espaneli da protugalieli kolonistebis STamomavalia,
xolo maTi muSebis winaprebi afrikeli monebi an indielebi iyvnen.
evropeli kolonistebi erTaderTi moZaladeebi ar yofilan. aSS-Si rasizmi­
sagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gaTavisuflebuli monebi axal samSoblos liberiaSi
(afrikaSi) poulobdnen, sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas miwebs arTmevdnen (xSir­
ad aSS-is samxedro mxardaWeriT) da uerTdebodnen multierovnul korporaciebs,
raTa eqspluatacia gaewiaT umiwawylod darCenili glexebisaTvis. liberiaSi mde­
bare faiarstounis kauCukis plantacia msoflios umsxvilesi plantaciebis siaSi
iyo manam, sanam kauCukis fasi ar daeca da Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani darCa umuSe­
vari. 1980 wels liberielebma revolucia moawyves yofili monebis STamomavali
`proamerikuli liberielebis~ winaaRmdeg. iq samoqalaqo omi axlac grZeldeba.
glexebis Sromaze dafuZnebuli soflis meurneobis ekonomikidan bazarze
orientirebul `agrobiznesze~ gadanacvlebam Tan uamravi socialuri Sedegi
moitana. didi zomis danadgarebisa da sairigacio sistemis daxmarebiT fermidan
miRebuli mosavali gacilebiT aRemateba patar-patara da xeliT damuSavebuli
miwis nakveTebidan miRebuls. magram miwaze momuSaveni ver iyeneben Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT miRebul sakvebs. ufro metic, amgvari sakvebi ar aris gankuT­
vnili adgilobrivi moxmarebisaTvis _ mas saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis amzadeben.
komercializacia _ gadanacvleba glexebis mier moyvanili sakvebis warmoebidan
kerZo samflobeloSi moyvanil marcvleulze, Zirs uTxris TviTganviTarebas ro­

729
gorc individualur, aseve erovnul doneebze. bevri dabalganviTarebuli qveyana
damokidebulia pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportze (magaliTad, sawvavi,
mineralebi, metali da soflis meurneobis produqti). fasebi, romlebsac Temebi
gansazRvraven, saerTaSoriso bazarze meryeobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, arTu­
lebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis biujetirebas da dagegmarebas (ix. sqema 17.2). bevri
naklebad ganviTarebuli qveyana iyenebs akrobiT miwas xilis, bostneulisa da
bambis mosayvanad, romelTac Semdeg ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi yidis,
imis nacvlad, rom scados sakvebis moyvana sakuTari mosaxleobisaTvis. mdidari
qveynebi yavis, Saqrisa da bananis imports ewevian maSin, rodesac Rarib qveynebs
SemoaqvT fqvili, xorbali da brinji. bolo wlebSi kidev ufro gaizarda Raribi
qveynebis damokidebuleba importirebul sakvebze.
kaliumis qloridi sqema 17.2/ saerTaSoriso bazar­
yava (kg)
kakao (kg) ze moxmarebis xuTi dasaxelebis
kauCuki (kg) produqtis fa­sebis cvlileba.
Saqari (kg)
msoflio bazarze nedleulis
fasebis momateba da vardna ara­
fasebi (erTEeulze 1980 dolarebSi)

prognozirebadia, rac arTulebs

dagegmarebis process dabalgan­
viTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, rom­
lebic ZiriTadad am eqsportze
arian damokidebu­lebi.

wyaro: msoflios resursebis in­

stituti, msoflio resursebi
(oqsfordis universitetis ga­
momcemloba, niu-iorki, 1994w.).

weli

kerZo sakuTreba da komercializacia, tendenciis mixedviT, ekonomikuri po­

larizaciis saTaveSi dgas da xels uwyobs Raribebsa da mdidrebs Soris napralis
kidev ufro gaRrmavebas. aqedan gamomdinare, laTinur amerikaSi, arsebobs lati­
fundiebi (uzarmazari samflobeloebi) da minifundiebi _ miwis pawawina nakveTe­
bi. Sualedi ki TiTqmis ar arsebobs. naprali mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, albaT,
yvelaze Rrma mainc laTinoamerikaSia, Tumca, is arsebobs afrikasa da aziaSic.
miwis reforma _ msxvili holdingebis gadanawileba glexobasa da umiwawylo
muSebs Soris _ xSir SemTxvevaSi revolucionerebis umTavresi prioritetia.
salvadorSi, sadac mcirericxovani elita akontrolebs mTel qveyanas, miwis re­
forma gadamwyveti sakiTxi iyo ocwliani samoqalaqo omis dros. sandinistasebs,
romlebmac 1979 wels nikaraguaSi anastazio somozas reJimi daamxes, mxars umi­
wawylo muSebi uWerdnen, radgan maT imedi hqondaT, rom uzrmazari yavis planta­
ciebis nawils mainc daisakuTrebdnen.
Tumca, mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrda miwis reformis potenciur sargebels
amcirebs. mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad ufro da ufro meti miwis da­

730
muSaveba unda iyos SesaZlebeli, rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi ukiduresad mZime ekolo­
giuri Sedegebi mohyveba xolme (ix. Tavi 18). braziliaSi mTavrobam umiwawylo
muSebs SesTavaza aeTvisebinaT amazonis tyeebSi arsebuli fermebi usasyidlod
an subsidiebis meSveobiT, Tumca tropikuli niadagi ar gamodga vargisiani mi­
waTmoqmedebisaTvis. yovel wels amitom ikafeba amazonis tyeebis mniSvnelovani
nawili, rac, savaraudod, mZime ekologiur Sedegs gamoiwvevs mTeli msofliosaT­
vis. afrikis did nawilSi tyeebis gaCexva da niadagis erozia gaudabnoebas iwvevs
(msgavsad burkina-fasoSi mimdinare movlenebisa, romelic zemoTaa aRwerili).
SimSilobam milionobiT adamiani imsxverpla afrikaSi. gvalvebis dros ferme­rebi
iZulebulebi arian, Tavad moixmaron dasaTesad gamzadebuli marcvleuli. ase­
Tive Sedegs iwvevs wvima gvalvebis Semdeg, romelic mTlianad recxavs noyier
niadags. wyaldidobebi da sxva bunebrivi katastrofebi afrikaSi xSiria, rac,
Tavis mxriv, saSinel gavlenas axdens garemoze. mniSvnelovania, rom aTidan cxra
bunebrivi katastrofa dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi xdeba (seni, 1990w.).

industrializacia da urbanizacia

rogorc cnobilia, `didi transformacia~ _ industriali­zacia, urbanizacia

da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis aRmoceneba _ soflad daiwyo. saukuneebis ganma­
vlobaSi soflis meurneobis produqtiuloba evropaSi TandaTan izrdeboda. fer­
merebi ufro da ufro met miwas amuSavebdnen, magaliTad, gahyavdaT gamwovi sis­
temebi, iyenebdnen ufro ganviTarebul teqnikas _ marcvleulis rotacias _ rac
miwis sistematurad gamoyenebis saSua­lebas iZleoda (`Sesvenebis~ gareSe), garda
amisa, aumjobesebdnen xorbleulisa da saqonlis jiSebs seleqciuri gamoyvanis
gziT. aman Sedegad moitana soflis meurneobis produqtisa da muSaxelis siWarbe.
sofelSi mcxovreblebi mimarTavdnen `kotejebis industriasac~. mewarmeebi ama­
ragebdnen sofelSi mcxovreb ojaxebs sarTavi Zafisa da tanisamosisaTvis saWiro
nedleuliT, isini ki sakuTar saxlebSi amzadebdnen qsovils primitiuli sakeravi
mowyobilobis saSualebiT.
me-18 saukunis meore naxevari mniSvnelovani gamogonebebis periodad iTvleba.
am dros gamoigones pirveli safreni aparatebi da namdvili orTqlis manqana, rac
im drois yvelaze mniSvnelovan gamogonebadaa miCneuli. am epoqam mTlianad Secv­
ala inglisis teqstiluri industria (lenski, lenski da nolani, 1991w.). axalma
manqana-danadgarebma mniSvnelovnad gazarda erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi Sesrule­
buli samuSaos moculoba. mewarmeebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, ganexorcielebinaT
investiciebi axali orTqlis manaqanebis da Zravebis SesaZenad da aegoT Senobebi
uzarmazari manqanebis gansaTavseblad. swored ase daibada qarxnuli sistema.
qar­xnebi da fabrikebi TiTqos erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi `aRmocenda~ lankaster­
Si, iorkSirsa da sxvadasxva sagrafoSi. inglisi, romelic me-18 saukunis 50-ian
wlebSi jer kidev agrarul qve­yanad iTvleboda, erTi saukunis Semdeg msoflios
pirvel industriul qveynad iqca.

731
 swored inglisi iTvleba pirvel urbanul qveynadac. mas Semdeg, rac soflis
meurneobis produqtulobam gadaaWarba momxmarebelTa moTxovnas, meurneebma
qalaqebSi gadasaxleba daiwyes qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi muSaobis dawyebis mizniT.
magram yvela adgilnacvali fermeri rodi poulobda samuSaos. umuSevroba prob­
lemad gadaiqca (es dResac asea). qarxnebSi muSaoba sulac ar aRmoCnda `sasiamov­
no~, Senobebi cudad niavdeboda, manqana-danadgarebTan muSaoba saSiSi iyo, samu­
Sao saaTebi _ grZeli, xolo anazRaureba _ dabali. magram soflis meurneobis
produqtis siWarbe saSualebas aZlevda arafermer muSebs, gamoekvebaT ojaxebi,
xolo qalaqSi momuSave muSebi sazrdos Soulobdnen manufaqturebis meSveobiT
da droTa ganmavlobaSi sacxovrebeli standartebic aimaRles.
cxadia, rom teqnologiebma ZiriTadi roli Seasrula manufaqturis ganviTa­
rebaSi; Tumca, industrializaciis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala mainc vaWroba
iyo. istoriuli Canawerebis gaCenisTanave (da savaraudod manamdec) xalxi erTma­
neTSi cvlida saqonels. vaWroba mxolod adgilobrivi iyo da ojaxebis umetesoba
mxolod maTTvis saWiro sakvebsa da saqonels awarmoebda. mxolod me-19 sauku­
neSi gaxda vaWroba ZiriTadi saqmianoba. didi socialuri Teoretikosi, karl po­
lani naSromSi `didi gardaqmna~ wers: `...Cvens dromde ar arsebobda bazris mier
kontrolirebadi ekonomika~ (1944w. gv. 43). `winasabazro~ (anu winaTanamedrove)
ekonomikaSi vaWrobas barteris saxe hqonda, pirispir, uSualod movaWreebs So­
ris warmoebda da tradiciebis gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli. bazris mier kontro­
li niSnavs, rom moTxovna, maragi, warmoeba, gadazidva, yidva-gayidva cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawili xdeba. bazrebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis erT-erTi ZiriTa­
di ganmsazRvreli niSania. isini mWidrod akavSirebs bevr adamians, romlebic
sxva SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs ver Sexvdebodnen. funqciuri integraciis formebi
ar aris yovelTvis samarTliani an keTilganwyobili, magram maTi arseboba mniS­
vnelovania Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisaTvis (kalhauni, 1992w.).
farTo bazrebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebebis zrda me-19 saukuneSi dai­
wyo da dRemde grZeldeba msoflios masStabiT. bazrebma gaafarTova eri-sa­
xelmwifoebis sazRvrebi da xeli Seuwyo msoflio integracias globalur so­
cialur da ekonomikur sistemaSi. inglisSi me-19 saukuneSi gaCenilma orTqlze
momuSave saqsovma manqanebma gza dauTmo amwyob-damfasoebel danadgarebs, ener­
giis axal wyaroebs da kompiuterul dizainsa da manufaqturas. teqnologiis do­
nis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove industria damokidebulia im saqonlis warmoebaze,
romelic mTel msoflioSi iyideba da amiT uzrunvelyofs simdidres kapitali­
stebisaTvis, xolo muSebisaTvis _ anazRaurebas.
dRes dabalganviTarebuli sazogadoebebi imave sirTuleebis winaSe dganan, ra
sirTuleebis winaSec aRmoCndnen evropis saxelmwifoebi me-19 saukuneSi. indus­
triuli warmoeba _ anu fizikuri sa­qonlis warmoeba _ yvelaze mniSvnelova­
nia kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis. mzard urbanul dasaxlebebs sWirdebaT sakvebi,
sacxovreblebi da samsaxurebi. aseve saWiroa gzebis arseboba, romelic manufaq­
turul centrebsa da portebs erTmaneTTan daakavSirebs, mniSvnelovania sakomu­
nikacio sistemac saqmianobis koordinaciisaTvis da a.S.

732
 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom me-19 saukunis mijnaze ganviTarebis pirobebi sxva­
dasxvaa. globaluri bazrisaTvis infrastruqturebis ganviTareba moiTxovs ara
mxolod gzebsa da portebs, aramed Zvirad­Rirebul aeroportebsa da satelitebs.
mdidari da ganviTarebuli qveynebi daxmarebisa da investiciebis wyaroebs war­
moadgenen RaribebisaTvis, magram amave dros isini Seubralebeli konkurentebic
arian. ufro metic, rogorc soflis meurneobis teqnologiebma Seasusta ferme­
rebis saWiroeba dasavleT evropaSi da mogvianebiT aSS-Si, swored imave safrTxes
uqmnis industriul sferoSi dasaqmebul muSebs axali teqnologiebi.
Sedegad miviReT msoflio, sadac qveynebis nawili TandaTanobiT miiwevs win
industriul sferoSi, maSin rodesac, sxva qveynebSi ZiriTadi industriebic ki ar
aris ganviTarebuli _ es gansakuTrebiT im produqts exeba, romelic konkuren­
tunariani iqneba msoflio bazarze. im qveynebSic ki, romlebic stabilurad miiw­
even win (magaliTad, korea da taivani), ganviTareba Zvirad fasobs. konkurentu­
narianebad gaxdomis mizniT, msoflio bazarze dabali xelfasebisa da moTxovnis
Semcirebis Sedegad dazogili Tanxa ganviTarebas xmardeba. magram taivanisa da
koreis mdgomareoba ukeTesia sxva qveynebTan, magaliTad, malisTan SedarebiT,
romelic saerTod ar viTardeba. malis SeuZlia daikvexos mdidari kulturu­
li istoriiTa da sayovelTaod ganTqmuli varskvlaviT, salif keitaTi, Tumca,
wignebi am qveynis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb safrangeTSi ibeWdeba, xolo keitas kom­
paqturi diskebi aSS-Si gamodis.

bazrebi, uTanasworoba da zrda

msoflioSi mcxovrebi yvela ojaxis ekonomikuri mizani ucvlelia: daik­
mayofilos elementaruli moTxovnileba, gaifarToos sacxovrebeli pirobebi
da uzrunvelyos Svilebis momavali. magram am miznis miRwevisaTvis saWiro Sesa­
Zlebloba mudmivad icvleba.
17.3 sqema gviCvenebs xelfasebs Soris gansxvavebebs (efuZneba msyidvelobiT
unars) xuTi qveynis xuT profesias Soris. frankfurtel inJiners imave qalaqSi
mcxovreb feiqar qalze samjer ufro maRali Semosavali aqvs da ormocdaTeqvs­
metjer maRali, vidre nairobel feiqars. ra aris amis mizezi? gansxvavebebi pro­
fesiebs Soris asaxavs am profesiebis produqtiulobas da aseve masze moTxovnas
(msoflio banki, 1995w.). safeiqro danadgaris dizainze daxarjuli erTi wlis saba­
zro Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba im tansacmlis Rirebulebas, romelsac
am manqanaze momuSave muSa amzadebs. ufro metic, kvalificiur inJinrebze ga­
cilebiT didi moTxovnaa, vidre arakvalificiur memanqaneebze. magram ratom xde­
ba, rom seuleli (korea) avtobusis mZRoli ufro mets gamoimuSavebs, vidre misi
bombeeli (indoeTi) kolega? amas imiT ver avxsniT, rom avtobusis marTva seulSi
ufro met gawafulobas moiTxovs, vidre bombeiSi. anazRaurebebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad saWiroa ganvixiloT ekonomikuri produqtuloba. seu­
lis macxovreblebi Tanaxma arian, ufro meti gadaixadon avtobusiT mgzavrobaSi
(maT aqvT kidec amis saSualeba), vidre bombeis mosaxleoba, romlis umetesobas

733
samgzavro fulic ki ar gaaCnia. garda amisa, seulSi ufro maRalia dasaqmebis
SesaZlebloba, vidre bombeiSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom satransporto kompaniebma
avtobusis mZRolebs sakmarisi Tanxa unda gadauxadon, raTa maT sxva samsaxuris
Sovnaze ar ifiqron.

frankfurti seuli bogota budapeSti

jakarta bombei nairobi

dolari (aTasebSi)

arakvalificiuri muSa-mSenebeli avtobusis kvalificiuri inJineri

feiqari qali mZRoli muSa

wlis ganmavlobaSi

sqema 17.3 / xelfasebis saerTaSoriso struqtura: gansxvavebebi qveynebs SigniT da qvey­

nebs Soris.
Tu ramdens gamoimuSavebs adamiani, damokidebulia ara mxolod imaze Tu ra samuSaos as­
rulebs is da ra unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs misi profesia, aramed imazec, Tu sac cxovrobs es
adamiani: dabali, saSualo Tu maRali Semosavlis mqone qveyanaSi.

wyaro: msoflio banki. msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsfordis universitetis

gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995w.).

sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelobis sailustraciod Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTs

SevadaroT gana, malaizia da poloneTi. gana, subsaharuli qveyana afrikaSi, 1960-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi Zalze mci­re xarisxiT iyo integrirebuli globaluri
bazarze. yofili koloniebis msgavsad, gana Sida ekonomikis gamosworebis mxriv
socializmze iyo orientirebuli da ara saerTaSoriso bazris moTxovnebze.
mTavroba akontrolebda Sida bazars _ awesebda fasebs sakvebze da areguli­
rebda Saxtebsa da maRaroebs. magram nacionalizacia da saxelmwifo kontroli
ekonomikaze SeiZleba korufciisa da mcirericxovani elitis ayvavebis winapi­
roba gaxdes. ekonomikuri daRmasvlis ori aTwleulis Semdeg ZiriTad refor­
mas umniSvnelo Sedegi mohyva. amasobaSi gaormagda Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
ricxvi da gaizarda siRaribis done. 1960-1990 wlebSi moxda xelfasebis Semci­
reba. es situacia gamosworebis gzas mxolod axla daadga. magram 1989 wels, 1960-
iani wlebis msgavsad, ganas mosaxleobis mxolod 14% muSaobda anazRaurebad
samsa­xurSi, mosaxleobis naxevarze meti TviTdasaqmebuli iyo araoficialur
ekonomikur sistemaSi, xolo danarCenebi an ar iTvlebodnen SromiTi bazris
wevrebad an saerTod umuSevrebi iyvnen.

734
 amave periodSi aRmosavleT aziaSi mdebare malaiziam win waiwia. mTavroba
icavda saxelmwifo kompaniebs (soflis meurneobis seq­toris CaTvliT), magram am
qveynis ekonomika bazarze iyo orientirebuli. 1960-1990 wlebSi mTliani erovnu­
li produqcia erT sul mosaxleze wliuri 4%-iT gaizarda, siRaribe Semcirda,
xolo xelfasiani dasaqmebis ricxvi gasammagda. ufro da ufro metma muSam iSova
samsaxuri Tanamedrove industriasa da momsaxurebis sferoSi, gaizarda maRal­
kvalificiuri da maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxurebis Sovnis SesaZlebloba. iqidan
gamomdinare, rom ufro met adamians mieca fulis xarjvis SesaZlebloba, Sesabam­
isad, gaizarda quCis movaWreebis, dalaqebis da satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebis
Semosavalic.
poloneTis ekonomika, malaiziis ekonomikis msgavsad, swrafad ganviTar­
da 1959-1070 wlebSi, magram sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebis gamo. poloneTis
ekonomika dagegmili ekonomika iyo, rogorc es komunisturi reJimis sxva wevr
qveynebSi xdeboda. mTavroba aTasobiT fermers asaqmebda qalaqebSi arsebul qar­
xana-fabrikebSi da maqsimumamde zrdida dasaqmebuli qalebis ricxvs. aqedan ga­
momdinare, industrializacia TavisTavad xorcieldeboda bazris maragisa da
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. saxelmwifo pasuxismgebeli iyo TiToeuli
muSis samsaxurze, fiqsirebul xelfasebsa da fasebze. poloneTi sabWoTa blokis
Semadgenel TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifosTan awarmoebda savaWro urTierTobebs.
radgan industriul seqtorSi samuSao adgilebis raodenoba izrdeboda, izrde­
boda warmoebuli saqonlis moculobac. magram produqtuloba _ anu TiToeu­
li muSis mier warmoebuli saqonlis raodenoba _ igive rCeboda. 1980-ian wleb­
Si daiwyo xelfasebis Semcireba. 1980-1992 wlebSi poloneTis mTliani eronuli
produqcia 9%-iT daeca, xolo manufaqturis sferoSi miRebuli gamomuSaveba _
meoTxediT. komunisturi mTavrobis gadagdebis Semdeg poloneTi (iseve rogorc
aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis umetesoba) moZvele­
buli qarxnebis, mcire fizikuri SesaZleblobebisa da dabinZurebis maRali do­
nis problemis winaSe dadga, rasac daemata ZiriTad samomxmareblo produqtze
(ma­galiTad, saponze) maRali moTxovna da Warbi muSaxeli.
msoflio bankis (1995w.) daskvnis mixedviT, bazarze orientirebulma ganviTa­
rebam malaiziaSi sacxovrebeli standartebis gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia, xolo meore
mxriv, mTavrobis mier warmoebulma politikam, rac samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da
xelfasebisa da fasebis kontrolSi gamoixateba, mniSvnelovnad daazarala gana
da poloneTi. ekonomikuri zrda ara mxolod aumjobesebs ojaxebis Semosavals,
aramed cvlis muSebis dasaqmebis statussac. ecema industriasa da momsaxurebis
sferoebSi TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebis proporcia, maSin rodesac Tanamedrove
idustriul da momsaxurebis sferoebSi dasaqmebuli xelfasze momuSave muSebis
proporcia izrdeba. gardaqmna gzas ukvalavs Semdgom ekonomikur zrdas, radgan
xels uwyobs kvalifikaciis amaRlebis SesaZleblobebs da qmnis garantirebul Se­
mosavals. mogebis survili xels uwyobs biznesmenebs _ dawyebuli oja­xuri biz­
nesis mepatroneebidan da damTavrebuli saerTaSoriso korporaciebiT _ inves­
ticia Cadon axali manqana-danadgarebis SeZenaSi, teqnologiebis gaumjobesebasa
da muSebis gadamzadebaSi. Sesabamisad, gaizarda ojaxebis kapitali gaumjobese­

735
buli jandacviT, kvebiTa da ganaTlebiT. mTavrobis funqciaa investicia ganaxor­
cielos sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovan da sasargeblo saqmianobaSi, kerZod, ga­
naTlebasa da periferiebSi gzebis mSeneblobaSi da `rac yvelaze mniSv­nelovania,
xeli Seuwyos biznesisa da ojaxebis TviTinvesticias~. (msoflio banki, 1995w. gv.
19). msoflio bankis mosazrebiT, dabali Semosavlis mqone qveynebisaTvis arse­
bobs SesaZlebloba, gadainacvlon jer saSualo Semosavlis, xolo Semdeg maRali
Semosavlis mqone saxelmwifoebis kategoriaSic ki, Tu mTavrobebi, biznesebi da
ojaxebi sabazro strategias SeimuSaveben. Tumca, globaluri bazari yvelas sa­
keTildReod ar muSaobs (ix. CanarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi).

centraluri azia da mTliani erovnuli

axlo aRmosavleTi produqtis zrda

Sromisunariani
saharis samxreTi mosaxleobis zrda
afrika

laTinuri amerika da
karibis zRvis auzi

samxreT azia

aRmosavleT azia da
wynari okeanis auzi

procentuli maCvenebeli wlis mixedviT

sqema 17.4 / mosaxleobis zrda da ganviTareba.

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis raode­noba erTnairad izrdeba sxvadasxva regionSi, Tumca er­
Tiani erovnuli produqciis zrda gansxvavebulia.

wyaro: msoflio banki. msof­lios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsfordis universitetis

gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995w.).

msoflio bankis monacemebis mixedviT, ekonomikuri zrda SesaZlebelia adek­

vaturic ki iyos da moaxdinos mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis kompensireba. 1960 da
1990 wlebSi malaiziis mosaxleoba ufro gaizarda, vidre ganas mosaxleoba, Tanac
ise, rom ganviTareba ar Seferxebula. imave periodSi poloneTis mosaxleobis
ricxvma mxolod umniSvnelod imata. regionaluri TvalsazrisiT, samuSao asakis
mosaxleobis (anu mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac esaWiroeba samsaxuri) zrdis
maCvenebeli TiTqmis erTnairia msoflioSi, rac ekonomikur zrdaze ar vrceldeba
(ekonomikuri zrda izomeba erTiani erovnuli produqciiT (sqema 17.4). rodesac
ekonomikuri zrda CamorCeba mosaxleobis zrdas, rogorc es afrikasa da aziaSi
xdeboda arc ise didi xnis win, ganviTareba ferxdeba. magram, rodesac ekonomi­
kuri zrda win uswrebs mosaxleobis zrdas, rogorc es dRes aziaSi xdeba, izrdeba
erTiani erovnuli produqcia da mosaxleobis Semosavali.

736
 ganaTleba mniSvnelovania, magram arasakmarisia ganviTarebisaTvis (msoflio
banki, 1995w.) (ix. sqema 17.5). 1960-90 wlebSi msoflioSi xuTjer gaizarda daswrebis
maCvenebeli skolebSi, wera-kiTxvis mcodne mosaxleobis maCvenebelma dabal da
saSualo Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi erTi-mesamedidan TiTqmis naxevramde imata.
maS ratom aris zog qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrda moCvenebiTi? ganaTleba ar aris
kompensacia calkeuli adamianisa da saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu ar arsebobs Sesabam­
isi bazari. magaliTad, filipinebSi didi xania SeimCneva wera-kiTxvis mcodne mo­
saxleobis maRali ricxvi da miRwevebi ganaTlebis mxriv samxreT-aRmosavleT azi­
is sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, magram ganviTareba mainc CamorCeba ganaTlebas, ris
Sedegadac bevrma ganaTlebulma filipinelma sazRvargareT gadawyvita sakuTari
ganaTlebis gamoyeneba. zog qveyanaSi mTavroba ufro mets xarjavs ganaTlebis bi­
urokratiaze da skolebis mSeneblobaze, vidre kvalificiur maswavleblebsa da
saskolo inventarze. SesaZloa, skolebis raodenobam da moswavleTa daswrebis
maCvenebelma moimata, magram imaves ver vityviT swavlebis xarisxze. rogor wesi,
mTavrobam ufro meti investicia ganaxorciela umaRles ganaTlebaSi, vidre daw­
yebiTsa da saSualoSi. eqimebis mzardi raodenoba SesaZlebelia sasargeblo iyos,
magram Tanabrad sasargebloa informirebulobis maRali done jandacvisa da jan­
saRi kvebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. ufro warmatebul ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ganaTleba da Sromis saWiroeba gverdigverd viTardeba.

procenti weliwadSi

indonezia

singapuri

malaizia

tailandi

filipinebi

vietnami

mTliani Sida produqtis zrda erT

sul mosaxleze, 1965-90w.

ganaTlebis saSualo wlebi

sqema 17.5 / ganaTleba da ganviTareba.

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis maRali done ar aris momavali ganviTarebis garantia samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziaSic ki.

wyaro: msoflio banki. msoflios ganviTarebis angariSi, 1995w. (oqsfordis universite­

tis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki, 1995w.).

737
 qveynebisa da warmomavlobis analizi globalur ekonomikaSi arsebul kidev
erT uTanasworobas Crdilavs: anu uTanasworobas kacebsa da qalebs Soris. gen­
deruli uTanasworobis erTi mizezia (rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli) `qalebis au­
nazRaurebeli Sroma~, romelic ar iTvleba Sromad, rac imas niSnavs, rom amgvari
Sroma ar Sedis erTiani erovnuli produqciis gamoTvlebsa da sxva parametrebSi
da ar fasdeba mamakacis Sromis msgavsad. maSin, rodesac mamakacebis ganaTlebisa
da dasaqmebis maCvenebeli mTels msoflioSi TiTqmis erTnairia, igive maCvenebeli
qalebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze cvalebadia. magaliTad, 20-24 wlamde asakis rumineli
qalebis 80% muSaobs da iRebs xelfass. braziliaSi es maCvenebeli 40%-ze metia,
xolo pakistanSi _ 20%-ze naklebi (msoflio banki, 1995w.). genderul uTanasworo­
baze sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciebi da sa­xelmwifo politika moqmedebs.

c x r i l i 17.3
genderuli ganviTareba arCeul qveynebSi

genderuli Semosavlis sicocxlis ganaTlebis skolaSi adamianis

ganviTarebis wili (%) xangrZlivoba maCvenebeli daswrebis ganviTarebis
indeqsi (GDI) (wlebi) 1992w. mozrdilebSi sruli indeqss
(%) 1990w. maCvenebeli (%) gamoklebuli
genderuli
ganviTarebis
indeqsi
GDI adgili qali kaci qali kaci qali kaci qali kaci
SvedeTi 0.919 41.6 58.4 81.1 75.4 99.0 99.0 79.3 77.7 8
fineTi 0.918 40.6 59.4 79.6 71.7 99.0 99.0 100.0 90.6 3
norvegia 0.911 37.8 62.2 80.3 73.6 99.0 99.0 88.6 86.4 3
dania 0.904 39.8 60.2 78.2 72.5 99.0 99.0 85.6 82.3 10
aSS 0.901 34.6 65.4 79.3 72.5 99.0 99.0 98.1 91.9 -3
iaponia 0.896 33,5 66.5 82.5 76.4 99.0 99.0 76.3 78.4 -5
kanada 0.891 29.3 70.7 80.7 74.2 99.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 -8
barbadosi 0.878 39.4 60.6 77.9 72.9 96.3 97.8 73.1 74.8 10
axali zelandia 0.868 30.9 69.1 78.6 72.5 99.0 99.0 85.6 83.5 3
poloneTi 0.838 39.3 60.7 75.7 66.7 99.0 99.0 76.4 74.4 21s
ungreTi 0.836 39.1 60.9 73.8 64.5 99.0 99.0 66.9 66.1 19
bahamis kunZulebi 0.828 28.3 71.7 77.9 68.7 97.7 98.4 76.8 71.8 -4
urugvai 0.802 26.2 73.8 75.7 69.3 97.3 96.5 81.9 71.8 -5
tailandi 0.798 34.6 65.4 71.8 66.3 91.4 95.8 52.8 53.1 15
espaneTi 0.795 18.6 81.4 80.5 74.6 98.0 98.0 88.7 83.3 -26
brazilia 0.709 22.9 77.1 68.7 64.0 81.3 82.2 69.7 71.1 -1
CineTi 0.578 31.2 68.8 70.4 66.7 70.0 88.2 51.8 58.0 7
siria 0.571 11.3 88.7 69.2 65.2 51.6 83.6 61.5 71.4 -9
saudis arabeTi 0.514 5.3 94.7 71.4 68.4 46.3 69.9 49.3 55.0 -20
gana 0.460 32.7 67.3 57.8 54.2 49.0 72.9 39.0 50.6 1
pakistani 0.360 10.1 89.9 62.6 60.6 22.3 47.8 16.3 32.6 -12
burkina-faso 0.214 38.5 61.5 49.0 45.8 8.0 27.2 14.1 23.1 -1
nigeria 0.196 39.6 60.4 48.1 44.9 5.8 19.3 10.2 18.0 3
mali 0.195 11.8 88.2 47.6 44.4 19.6 35.2 11.1 18.9 0
siera-leone 0.195 26.2 73.8 40.6 37.5 15.9 42.2 22.0 33.5 0
avRaneTi 0.169 7.1 92.9 44.0 43.0 12.7 44.1 9.6 18.7 -4

`adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi imis dadgenis mcdelobaa, cxovroben Tu ara adamianebi xangrZlivad da janmrTe­
lad, rogoria maTi ganaTleba da ganswavluloba, aqvT Tu ara normaluri sacxovrebeli standartebi. indeqsi 1.0
miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi mocemul qveyanaSi srul potencials iyeneben. genderuli ganviTarebis indeqsi ki gend­
eruli uTanasworobis maCvenebelzea morgebuli~.

wyaro: gaeros ganviTarebis programa. 1992 wlis angariSi (oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, niu-iorki,
1992w.) cxrili 3.1. gv. 76-77.

738
 gaeros adamianuri ganviTarebis angariSSi mocemulia, rom `ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, romelic Tanabrad epyroba qalebsa da mamakacebs~ (gaeros ganvi­
Tarebis programa, 1995w. gv. 75). 17.3 cxrilis mixedviT, genderuli Tanasworo­
ba mkveT­rad gansxvavebulia sazogadoebebs Soris, magram ar aris damokidebuli
qveynis Semosavlis doneze. genderuli Tanasworobis mxriv CineTi aTi adgiliT
uswrebs saudis arabeTs, magram CineTis Cemosavali erT sul mosaxleze saudis
arabeTis igive maCveneblis mxolod erTi mexuTedia; tailandi uswrebs espaneTs,
magram misi Semosavali espaneTis Semosavlis mxolod naxevars udris; poloneTi
win uswrebs sirias, Tumca am or qveyanas erTnairi Semosavali aqvs. skandina­
viis qveynebi (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania da fineTi) mowinave adgilebs ikaveben im
qveynebs Soris, romelTa mTavrobebi mxars uWeren genderul Tanasworobas. siis
boloSi arian avRaneTi, siera-leone, mali, nigeria da burkina-faso. am qveynis
qalebi ormagad aramomgebian mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan maT SezRudul Sesa­
Zleblobebs emateba genderuli uTanasworoba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTeli
rigi, magaliTad, barbadosi, bahamis kunZulebi, urugvai da tailandi sakmaod
maRal poziciebs ikaveben am mxriv. idealur SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis programeb­
ma unda gaiTvaliswinos qalebis aunazRaurebeli Sroma da izrunos yvela samuSao
asakis adamianis SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaze.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

`globaluri sofeli Tu globaluri Zarcva? ~

1 990-ian wlebSi brazilia gaTavisuflda samxedro diqtaturis mravalwliani reJimisa da

masTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri stagnaciisagan. qveynis xelisuflebis umTavres pri­
oritetad globalur ekonomikasTan SeerTeba iqca. eqsporti aRmavlobis gzas daadga, rogorc
bunebrivi resursebiT, aseve warmoebiT. brazilieli biznesmenebi parizsa da niu-iorkSi saku­
Tari TviTmfrinavebiT mogzaurobdnen, xolo momxmareblebi _ germanul manqanebsa da iaponur
teqnikas yidulobdnen. magram rogorc erT-erTma brazilielma sociologma aRniSna, braziliis
ekonomikuri zrdis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli gaxldaT misi socialuri uTanas­
woroba (suaresi, 1996w.). globalizaciam garkveul sakiTxebSi SeakavSira msoflio, magram amave
dros, msoflios qveynebis mosaxleoba gamarjvebulebad da damarcxebulebad dayo.
rio-de-JaneiroSi, braziliis yvelaze cnobil qalaqSi, feSenebeluri apartamentebi keTil­
mowyobili plaJis xazis gaswvrivaa Carigebuli, maT ukan ki, ferdobebze, Sefenilia favelad
wodebuli qoxmaxebi. am adgilebSi ojaxebsa da upatrono bavSvebs pirdapir quCebsa da xidebis
qveS sZinavT, maSin rodesac qveynis saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebi (rom araferi vTqvaT aris­
tokratiaze) BMW-ebiT mgzavroben da am ubnebsac amayad Cauqroleben xolme, rodesac drois
gasatareblad SabaT-kviras qalaqgareT mdebare agarakebisken mieSurebian. es aris STambeWda­
vad kosmopolituri saSualo klasi, romlis warmomadgenlebic ecnobian franguli da induri
literaturis uaxles nawarmoebebs, muSaoben saerTaSoriso korporaciebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi
arian sazRvargareTis umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi da cdiloben, ar CamorC­
nen modas. saSualo fena kmayofilia qveynis saerTaSoriso aqtiurobiT, masebi ki SeSfoTe­
bulebi arian.

739
 igive SeiZleba iTqvas msoflios mravali qveynis Sesaxeb. globalizacia erT-erTi yvelaze
didi safrTxea, romlis gamoc bevri rusi isev komunistebs uWers mxars (an memarjvene naciona­
listebs). igive faqtori aSfoTebs Zaladobisaken midrekil induist nacionalistebs. Tumca es
safrTxe mxolod mesame msoflios qveynebs rodi awuxebT. swored globalizacia ganapirobebs
respublikeli patrik biuqenenis popularobas aSS-Si. SeiZleba NAFTA–s mohqondes mogeba wamyvani
korporaciebisTvis, magram is zrdis konkurencias samuSao adgilebze.

debatebi

globalizacia kargia Tu cudi? erTi didi sofeli vxdebiT Tu planetisa da misi mosaxleo­
bis Zarcvis TviTmxilvelni (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w. gv. 33)? am debatebis erT mxares dganan
isini, romlebic fiqroben, rom Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri momavlis gasaRebia. rogorc Ceiz
manheten bankis warmomadgenelma deivid rokfelerma ganacxada daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis win,
`adamianis farTo interesebs yvelaze ukeT ekonomika akmayofilebs, sadac Tavisufali sabaz­ro
Zalebi floben saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gadalaxvis unars~ (International Finance, 1975 wlis 18 maisi;
citirebulia brexerisa da kostelos naSromSi, 1994w. gv. 15). konkurentul globalur bazarze
qveynebi Seecdebian, daxelovdnen im produqciis warmoebaSi, romelic yvelaze ukeT gamosdiT
(magaliTad, italiaSi _ Rvino, iamaikaze _ Saqari). gaumjobesebul warmoebas Sedegad fasebis
daweva mosdevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas problemebi, sabolood yvela moge­
buli rCeba. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi komunisturi reJimis damxoba
adasturebs, rom mTavrobis mxridan kontroli aferxebs ekonomikis ganviTarebas.
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom globalizacia ufro metad tki­vils ayenebs, vidre exmareba mo­
saxleobas (magaliTad, breCerisa da kostelos naSromebi, 1994w.). maTi mosazrebiT, globaluri
korporaciebi zrdis mogebas ara warmoebis zrdis mixedviT, aramed qveynebisa da adamia­nebis erT­
maneTTan dapirispirebiT. roca dabalganviTarebuli qveynebi investorebis mosazidad iaf muSax­
els, yvelaze dabal gadasaxadebsa da TiTze CamosaTvlel regulaciebs sTavazoben, maTi saxelm­
wifos ekonomika SeiZleba gaizardos mxolod da mxolod qveyanaSi arsebuli dabali sacxovrebeli
standartebis gamo. ganviTarebul qveynebSi adgili hqonia rogorc `cisfersayeloiani~, aseve
`TeTrsayeloiani~ momsaxure personalis sarekordo ricxvis gaTavisuflebas samsaxurebidan,
rasac globaluri korporaciebi `Statebis Semcirebas~ ukavSireben xolme. axlad Seqmnili samuS­
ao adgilebis umetesoba droebiTi an naxevarganakveTiania da xSir SemTxvevaSi ar iTvaliswinebs
raime saxis damatebiT SeRavaTs. mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili globalizaciis wyalobiT aRwevs
ekonomikur keTildReobas, magram `umetesoba msoflios bevr qveyanaSi cxovrobs im probleme­
biT, romlebic gamowveulia umuSevrobis mzardi doniT, Semosavlebis SemcirebiT, samsaxurebi­
dan masobrivi daTxovniT, saxelmwifo samsaxurebSi samuSao adgilebis SekveciT, gauaresebuli
samuSao pirobebiT, garemos ganadgurebiTa da sakuTar mTavrobasa da sazogadoebaze kontrolis
demokratiuli meqanizmebis dakargviT.~ (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w. gv. 4).

analizi

globalizacia ar gaxlavT sruliad axali procesi _ is Tanamedrove, kapitalisturi epo­

qisTvis damaxasiaTebeli (robertsoni, 1992w.). globaluri integracia ukve dramatulad mim­
dinareobs. msoflios nebismier did qveyanas ukve aRar SeuZlia, gamoeyos globalur ekonomi­
kas, sadac yvela qveyana erTmaneTTan vaWrobis qseliTaa daskavSirebuli. multinacionaluri

740
korporaciebi naklebad iTvaliswineben sazRvris faqtorebs da uamravi sawarmos meSveobiT
(romlebic asaqmebs aTeulobiT sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeebs), kidev ufro zrdis areals.
globalizacia kvlavac gagrZeldeba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas mxolod erTi forma
eqneba. amJamad globalizacia imaSi gamoixateba, rom Zalauflebis koncentracia xdeba mxolod
multinacionaluri kapitalisturi korporaciis menejmentis wreebsa da zogi ganviTarebuli
qveynis saxelmwifo elitur jufebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo elitas SeuZlia moTo­
kos korporaciebis mogeba (magaliTad, SemoiRos dabinZurebis kontrolis standartebi, gansa­
kuTrebiT, dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi), ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi maT ise sWirdebaT investici­
ebi an ise sustebi arian, rom es yvelaze karg alternativad ar iTvleba.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, struqturis sakiTxi: Tanamedrove msoflio sistemebi imgvaradaa
organizebuli, rom politikuri Zalaufleba, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebSia Tavmoy­
rili. swored maTzea damokidebuli, ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis demokratia niSnavs Tu ara axal
SesaZleblobebs politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis gziT. magram eko­
nomikis struqtura sul ufro Seesabameba saerTaSoriso masStabebs da efuZneba mTavrobebisa da
saxelmwifoebis mier arakontrolirebad institutebs. erTi SexedviT, amerikul kor­poraciebs
SeuZliaT awarmoon biznesi msoflios nebmismier adgilas ise, rom aSS-is mTavrobam is TiTqmis
ver gaakontrolos. aSS-is kanonebi garemos dacvis Sesaxeb ar exeba braziliaSi amazonis tyeebis
ganadgurebas. brazilias SeuZlia miiRos zomebi dazianebis Sedegebis Semcirebis mizniT, magram
is am dros Zalze mkacri arCevanis winaSe dgas: garemos dasacavad mimarTulma RonisZiebebma
SeiZleba SezRudos qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, rac, demokratiis pirobebSi, SeiZleba
mTavrobis damxobiT dasruldes. Tu brazilia an sxva nebismieri qveyana Seecdeba, metismetad
mkacrad akontrolos esa Tu is biznesi, globaluri korporaciebi sxva qveynebSi gadaitanen in­
vesticiebs. kapitali _ biznesis ukan mdgari simdidre _ Tavisuflad gadaedineba sazRvrebze.
kompiuterizaciis procesisa da globaluri telekomunikaciis daxmarebiT, kapitalis moZraoba
dReSi 1 trilion dolarsac ki aRwevs. aSS-Si es procesi `deinvesticiis~ TanxlebiT xorcield­
eba, risi magaliTicaa miCiganidan an ohaiodan kompaniebis mier sakuTari saqmianobis malaiziaSi
an meqsikaSi gadatana. amis Sedegad ki uamravi amerikeli rCeba samuSaos gareSe da Cndeba eko­
nomikuri krizisis safrTxe. warmoebis procesis sazRvargareT gadatanam 1979 wlis Semdeg aSS-
Si 43 milioni adamiani datova umuSevrad. rasakvirvelia, amave dros, saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis
gamiznulma warmoebam mravali axali samuSao adgili Seqmna aSS-Si, Tumca am axal samsaxurebSi
xSirad ver xvdebian is adamianebi, romlebmac dakarges samsaxuri warmoebis sazRvargareT ga­
datanis Sedegad. investiciebis mopovebisaTvis paeqrobisas qveynebma SeiZleba miaRwion eko­
nomikur zrdas, magram amis xarjze isini xSirad kargaven politikasa da qveynis kursze gavlenis
moxdenis Zalauflebas, garemos dacvisa da usafrTxo samu­Sao pirobebis kontrols. indonezia
samuSao adgilebs iRebs ara mxolod aSS-sgan, aramed aziis mdidari qveynebisganac, magaliTad,
iaponiisa da koreisagan (sadac anazRaureba da saxelmwifo regulaciebi mniSvnelovnad amci­
rebs korporaciebis mogebas). Reebock-i da Nike-i sakuTar produqcias malaiziaSi awarmoeben.
magram am qveyanaSi minimaluri anazRaureba imdenad dabalia _ 1.30 dolari dReSi _ rom mo­
muSave qalebis 90% kvebis deficits ganicdis (Boston Globe, 1994 wlis 10 ivlisi). qalebi, rom­
lebic iZulebulebi arian, dReSi 12 saaTs imuSaon, barakis tipis sacxovreblebSi cxovroben,
romlis datovebis uflebac mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvT, Tu menejeris werilobiT nebarTvas
miiReben. indoneziis mTavroba ki cdilobs korporaciebis keTilganwyobis SenarCunebas, ro­
melic represiebis meSveobiT axSobs organizaciebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas da gaficvebis
dros SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daxmarebiTac sargeblobs.
globaluri ekonomika funqciuradaa integrirebuli. es imas ar niSnavs, rom is yvelas sasik­
eTod moqmedebs, Tumca, yvelaferi, rac erT adgilze an erT seqtorSi xdeba, dakavSirebulia

741
meore seqtorSi mimdinare procesebTan. magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi ekonomikurma stag­
naciam SesaZlebelia aziaSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli gazardos imitom, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi
mcirdeba moTxovna azieli muSebis mier gamoSvebul produqtze. rodesac optikur-boWkovani
kabelebi enacvleba tradiciul spilenZis kabelebs los-anjelesSi, mniSvnelovnad klebulobs
spilenZis kabelebis fasi, romelic, ZiriTadad, afrikaSi iwarmoeba. funqciuri integracia ma­
xeebs ugebs im qveynebs, romlebic ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT sxvebis magaliTs mihyvebian.
magaliTad, saerTaSo­riso eqspertebma, SesaZloa, urCion ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mosurne
qveynebs, gayi­don mineralebi an soflis meurneobis produqtebi (Saqari an yava). saerTaSoriso
eqsports marTlac Semoaqvs saWiro Semosavlebi, romelic aucilebelia adgilobriv doneze
funqciuri institutebis SenarCunebisTvis, magram Tu msoflio banki da sxva eqspertebi erTsa
da imaves urCeven bevr sxvadasxva qveyanas, es, savaraudod, gamoiwvevs bazris gadatvirTvas da
aRniSnul produqtze fasebis dacemasac (paseli, 1995w.ix. cxrili 17-2). yvelaze uaresi, rac
kubam gadaitana, SeiZleba sulac ar iyos kastros reJimi an aSS-is mier gamocxadebuli boikoti
kuburi produqciisadmi, aramed Saqris fasis dacema saerTaSoriso bazarze.
globaluri integracia gavlenas kulturazec axdens. TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi xalxs
surs, gaiumjobesos cxovreba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT surT, kultura gadaiqces mul­
tinacionalur korporaciul proeqtad, romelic enacvleba adgilobriv tradiciebsa da gansx­
vavebul erovnul kulturas. adamianebis umetesobas surs, SeinarCunos sakuTari kulturuli
identoba da, amave dros, gaiumjobesos cxovreba. magram globaluri integraciis arsebuli
formebi aZnelebs am process. globalizacia aseve gulismobs process, rodesac masmediis saSu­
alebebi (kerZod, aSS-is televizia) mTels msoflios daipyrobs da adamianebSi Canergavs dasav­
luri modis miyolis survils(maga­liTad, gogonebi Caicvamen mini qvedaboloebs, romlebic,
SesaZloa, ar Seesabamebodes adgilobriv tradiciebs), gadamuSavebuli sakvebis SeZenis tenden­
cias (es sakvebi ufro Zviria da naklebad sasargeblo adgilobriv produqtTan SedarebiT), gasw­
evs Tambaqos propagandas da a.S. bedis ironiiT, vesternalizaciaze reaqcia, kerZod, muslimuri
fundamentalizmis gaZliereba, aris globaluri integraciis kulturaze zemoqmedebis da ara
mxolod Tavad am tradiciuli kulturebis moqmedebis Sedegi.
regularuli winaaRmdegoba dasabams aZlevs moqmedebas. cxa­dia, rom globaluri ekonomika
ubralod ar `xdeba~. korporaciebis aRmasrulebeli direqtorebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs in­
vesticiebTan dakavSirebiT da agvareben problemebs, rac TanamSromlebis mier ukmayofilebis
gamoxatvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios; bankirebi fiqroben, Rirs Tu ara ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis
sesxis micema; saxelmwifo moxeleebi bWoben, Tu vin unda miiRos daxmareba da ra kriteriumebze
dayrdnobiT. analogiurad, mTel msoflioSi mcxovrebi adamianebi irCeven samsaxurebs; wyveten,
ra Tanxa unda daabandon sakuTari Svilebis ganaTlebaSi, romel politikur li­ders miscen xma
(Tu, rasakvirvelia, maT aqvT arCevanis ufleba). Tumca, SeiZleba moxdes sxvagvaradac: meqsika­
Si, kerZod ki CiapasSi, soflis mosaxleobam iaraRi aiRo da win aRudga federalur mTavrobas,
radgan ar moswonda is, Tu rogor uZRveboda meqsikis xelisufleba qveynis globalur ekonomi­
kaSi integracias. meqsika yovelwliurad milionobiT do­laris odenobis sawvavs da sxva saqonels
yidda, magram mogebis didi nawili viwro elitarul wreebSi nawildeboda. elita ki cdilobda,
kidev ufro mWidrod daekavSirebina meqsikis ekonomika aSS-is ekonomikasTan nafta-s meSveobiT,
rac ajanyebulebma `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sasikvdilo ganaCenis~ tolfasad miiCnies (mar­
kosi, 1994w). amave dros, aSS-Si bevri muSa SiSobda, rom maT samuSaos meqsikelebi daikavebdnen.
xandaxan mowinaaRmdegeebi imedovneben, rom erTiani ZalebiT SeZleben globaluri eko­
nomikuri integraciis procesis SeCerebas. Tumca, faqtobrivad, amis mtkicebuleba ar arse­
bobs. magram koleqtiur moqmedebas mainc SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos integraciis formebsa da
mimarTulebebze. `nestles~ produqtebis mimarT 1980-ian wlebSi gamocxadebulma sayovelTao

742
boikotma kompaniis menejmenti nel-nela aiZula, Seewyvita mesame rigis qveynebSi warmoebuli
xelovnuri rZis formulis sareklamo kampania, sadac is bunebrivi rZis Semcvlelad iyo war­
modgenili. sociologiuri analizis mixedviT, mizanSewonili ar aris debatebis gamarTva iseT
radikalurad gansxvavebul sakiTxebze, rogoricaa `Tavisufali vaWroba~ an `proteqcionizmi~,
`globalizacia~ an `izolacia~ (breCeri da kostelo, 1994w.). unda vaRiaroT, rom globalizacia
aris Rrmad fesvegadgmuli tendencia da ar dasruldeba Tanamedrove ekonomikis mTeli struq­
turis cvlilebis gareSe (kalhauni, 1992w.). amave dros, globalizacias SeiZleba hqondes mravali
forma. sazogadoebas namdvilad aqvs imis potenciali, rom Tavad airCios es formebi da ar miiRos
isini calsaxad. mZlavr socialur moZraobasTan gaerTianebuli globa­lizacia (kavSirebis CaTv­
liT), mxars dauWers mogebis, sul mcire, ufro samarTlian da Tanabar gadanawilebas (ruzSemei­
eri, stivensi da stivensi, 1992w.). moqalaqeTa aseTi aqtivobis gareSe globalizacia, savaraudod,
ufro gaamwvavavebs radikalur uTanasworobas, rogorc es Tanamedrove braziliaSi xdeba.

araformaluri seqtori

bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleoba masobrivad

tovebs sacxovrebel adgilebs, rac ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis zrdiT, soflis
meurneobis seqtorSi Semcirebuli SesaZleblobebiT, garemos degeneraciiTa da
cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis imediT.
amis Sedegad katastrofulad gaizarda dabali Semosavlis mqone qveynebis
qalaqebis zoma. zogi maTgani ganviTarebuli qveynebis ZiriTad qalaqebsac ki
aRemateba sididiT. zrdis maCvenebelic uprecedentoa. prognozis mixedviT,
Raribi qveynebis urbanuli mosaxleobis raodenoba 1990-ian wlebSi 2 miliardiT
gai­zrdeba, anu yovelwliurad 160000 adamianiT (kasarada da krenSau, 1991w.). gan­
viTarebis Sesabamis etapze zrdis es maCvenebeli orjer aRemateba evropisa da
amerikis urbanuli mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebs. yvelaze mravlismnaxveli
mogzauric ki SeiZleba gaocdes mesame msoflios qalaqebSi mosaxleobis sim­
WidroviTa da raodenobiT. ai, rogor aRwers kalkutas pol harisoni erTi cxe­li,
nestiani saRamos pikis saaTisas:

`adamianebis zRva modebulia quCebSi, sadac taqsebi mwkrivadaa Carige­

buli, xolo avtobusebi cdiloben, rogorme gverdi auqcion xelis et­
lebs, ponebSebmuli etlebi, manqanebi da Txebis arveebic ki cdiloben,
gza gaikvalon SezRudul sivrceSi~

soflebidan qalaqebSi masobrivi migraciis Sedegia hiperurbanizacia, anu,

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanuli mosaxleobis zrdis maCvenebeli, romelic
win uswrebs industriuli da ekonomikuri zrdis sxva formebs da Sedegad maso­
brivi umuSevroba da gadatvirTuli sajaro samsaxurebi moaqvs. arc erT qveya­
nas, ganurCevlad Tavisi ekonomikuri siZlierisa, ar SeuZlia STanTqas samuSaos

743
ma­ZiebelTa mZlavri da myari nakadi; arc erT qalaqs ar SeuZ­lia aaSenos saxlebi,
saavadmyofoebi da skolebi, moapirkeTos gzebi, uzrunvelyos transporti, gai­
yvanos kanalizacia, Cayaros wylis milebi da Searemontos eleqtrogayvaniloba
ise swrafad, rom ar CamorCes mozRvavebuli adamianebis talRas. mesame msofli­
os qveynebi ar arian mdidrebi. im qveynebisa garda, sadac saxelmwifo emigracias
akontrolebs (magaliTad, navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebi), urbanuli dagegmareba
da biujetireba Zalze rTulia. ra uwyobs xels Raribebis gadarCenas? araofi­
cialuri ekonomika.
dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi muSebis meoTxedidan or mesamedamde raodeno­
bas ar aqvs stabiluri, xelfasiani samuSao. isini Tavs araoficialuri seqtoriT
irCenen (porteri da kastelsi, 1989w.). es gulisxmobs damsaqmebelisgan damouki­
debel Semosavals, romelic ar eqvemdebareba daqviTvas, magram arc myaria da
nebismier dros SeiZleba gaqres. araoficialuri ekonomikis qvakuTxedia barteri
da garigebebi naRd fulze. Tu Sens Zmas saxls SeuRebav da amis sanacvlod is Sen
sakuTar Zvel manqanas mogcems, es ukve barteria da niSnavs, rom Tqven arafor­
malur seqtorSi moqmedebT. Sesabamisad, Tu manqanis SemkeTebel xelosans naRdi
fuliT gadauxdiT, ise rom mas ar dasWirdeba miRebuli Tanxis gacxadeba saga­
dasaxado samsaxurSi da, Tavis mxriv, is Tqven sakuTari survilisamebr fasdak­
lebiT mogemsaxurebaT, esec araformaluri ekonomikaa. araoficialuri seqtori
arsebobs aSS-Si da sxva industriul qveynebSi, magram mas ekonomikis SedarebiT
dabali wili ukavia. Tumca dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi saqme sxvagvaradaa, sa­
dac araoficialur seqtors ekonomikis centraluri adgili uWiravs. arafor­
maluri seqtoris meSveobiT soflebidan qalaqebSi wamosul mosaxleobas xeli
miuwvdeba im saqonelze, momsaxurebasa da Semosavalze, rasac sxvagvarad veraf­
riT miiRebda. formaluri seqtori ar aris xelmisawvdomi RaribebisaTvis. maT ar
SeuZ­liaT SeiZinon produqti an gamoiyenon formaluri seqtoris SesaZleblo­
bebi. maT muSaobisaTvis Sesabamisi kvalifikaciac ar gaaCniaT. araformaluri se­
qtoris ZiriTadi upiratesoba isaa, rom is ar iTxovs mniSvnelovan kapitals an
formalur ganaTlebas (sxva gansxvavebebisaTvis ix. sqema 17.6). TiTqmis yvelas
SeuZlia gaxsnas maRazia. Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom formaluri da araformal­
uri seqtorebi srulad ar aris gamijnuli: quCis movaWreebi da gareubnebSi gan­
lagebuli saxe­losnoebi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofen saerTaSor­
iso korporaciebs da maT TanamSromlebs (skleari, 1995w.).
araformaluri seqtoris erT-erTi aspeqtia Savi bazari, sadac moparuli,
daubegravi, ukanonod Semotanili saqonliT, narkotikebiT, sxva kontrabandiTa
da ucxouri valutiT vaWroben. araformaluri seqtori aseve Sedgeba restor­
nebis, silamazis salonebis, samkervaloebis, fotostudiebis, sxvadasxva sagnis
SemkeTebeli saxelosnoebisagan. es dawesebulebebi qalaqis miyruebuli nawilebi­
sa da barakebis macxovreblebs umsaxureba. isini araformalur seqtorad iTvleba
ara imis gamo, rom ukanonoa, aramed imis gamo, rom maT ar aqvT licenzia, ar xdeba
maTi dabegvra da inspeqtireba. mewaReebi, romlebsac sWirdebaT mudmivi samuSao
adgili da mxolod mcire kapitali, Cveulebrivi araformaluri seqtoris wevrebi
arian, iseve rogorc formaluri registraciis gareSe momuSave gidebi, taqsebisa

744
da rikSebis mZRolebi; aseve, Sinamosamsaxureebi da quCis movaWreebi. araforma­
luri seqtoris viwro specializaciaa gamousadegari an naxmari produqciis ga­
damuSaveba. aq sandlebi Zveli saburavebisagan mzaddeba, xolo qoTnebi da tafebi
gadayrili Tunuqis qilebisgan. imis gamo, rom araformaluri mewarmeebi Tavs
arideben saxelmwifo gadasaxadebs, maT SeuZliaT RaribebisaTvis xelmisawvdom
fasebSi uzrunvelyon isini momsaxurebiTa da saqonliT. magram arc klientebi da
arc maT mier dasaqmebulebi (Tu saerTod hyavT danamSromlebi) ar arian uzrun­
velyofilebi janmrTelobis dazRveviT an samuSao ganawesiT. araformaluri seq­
toris meSveobiT calkeuli pirebi mdidrdebian, magram ufro metia maTi ricxvi,
romlebic kotrdebian an mxolod periodulad muSaoben.

araformaluri
• iolad xelmisawvdomi
• efuZneba adgilobriv resursebs
• sawarmoebs floben ojaxebi
• mciremasStabiania
• Sromaze orientirebuli da inovaciuri
•saWiro unar-Cvevebi ar moiTxovs formalur ganaTlebas
• dauregulirebeli da konkurentuli bazari
formaluri
• Znelad xelmisawvdomia
• damokidebulia importze
• sawarmoebs floben korporaciebi
• farTomasStabiania
• orientirebulia kapitalsa da importirebul teqnologiebze
• saWiro unar-Cvevebis SeZena xSirad sazRvargareT xdeba
• bazari daculia tarifebiT, importiTa da valutis gadacvlis
licenziiT

sqema 17.6 / ekonomikis formaluri da araformaluri

seqtorebis maxasiaTeblebi

wyaro: piter vorsli, sami msoflio (Cikagos universitetis

gamomcemloba, Cikago, 1984w.) gv. 210.

warmatebis istoriebi: axlad industrializebuli

aziuri qveynebi

ganviTarebad am ukve ganviTarebul qveynebs da ganviTarebis saagentoebs

kolonizatorebisagan damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom wlebSi mxolod
erTaderTi mizani amoZravebda. `ganviTareba, rogorc amas fiqrobda yvela, ram­
denime radikalurad moazrovne adamianis garda, iyo dasavluri qveynebis mier
mopirkeTebuli gza kapitalizmis jadosnuri samyarosken~ (parsonsi, 1988w. gv.
23). mag­ram ori, sami da TxuTmeti aTwleulis Semdegac ki mdidar da Rarib qveynebs
Soris ufskruli kidev ufro Rrmaa, vidre odesme. verc intensiurma daxmarebam
da verc iZulebulma modernizaciam ver gamoiRo mosalodneli Sedegebi. zogma

745
qveyanam mainc moaxerxa, swrafad mieRwia progresisaTvis da axla industriali­
zebuli qveynebis kategoriaSi gadasasvlel mijnaze imyofeba. Tumca es procesi
ar yofila ise ioli, rogorc amas modernizaciis Teoria gulisxmobda. damokide­
bulebis Teoretikosebis molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, progresi ufro metad azia­
Si ganxorcielda. magram, rogorc msoflio sistemebis Teoria iTvaliswinebda,
gza ganviTarebisaken moiTxovs socialuri moqmedebis mkacrad disciplinebul
da xSirad avtoritarul models, rac Zalzed Zvirad fasobs.
samxreTi korea erT-erTi magaliTia im qveynisa, romelmac mZime gza gaiara
da ekonomikur ganviTarebas miaRwia. jer kidev meore msoflio omamde iaponiis
mier okupirebuli da koreis omiT (1950-1953w.w.) orad gaxleCil koreas burusiT
moculi momovali edo win. 1950-ian wlebSi samxreT korea, ZiriTadad, aSS-is dax­
marebasa da importze iyo damokidebuli. magram 1961 wlis gadatrialebis Semdeg
samxreT koream ekonomikuri gafarToebis ambiciuri gegmis Sesruleba daisaxa
miznad (grifini, 1989w. hagardi, 1990w.). man aqcenti industriul ganviTarebaze
da ara soflis meurneobis aRorZinebaze gadaitana. warmoeba ufro xangrZlivi
warmatebis perspeqtivebs iZleoda msoflio bazarze. pirveli qarxnebi nawilebis
gasayidad primitiul dizains iye­nebdnen, magram koreelebma maleve daiwyes das­
rulebuli nawarmis gamoSveba da samizneebad mrewvelobis is dargebi airCies, sa­
dac maT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT dabali fasis SeTavazeba SeeZLoT. aseTebi iyo,
magaliTad, eleqtrosaqoneli, foladis mopoveba, gemTmSenebloba. isini mizan­
mimarTulad irCevdnen sxvadasxva dargs, raTa ar yofiliyvnen damokide­bulebi
erT romelime eqsportze. garda amisa, imis nacvlad, rom ZiriTadi qveynebidan
SemoetanaT eleqtrosaqoneli, manqana-danadgarebi da produqti, koreelebma
maTi damzadebac iswavles. ucxouri investiciebi mkacrad kontroldeboda.
nebadarTuli iyo mxolod is bizneswamowyebebi, sadac koreelebs wili hqondaT,
xolo gegma iTvaliswinebda ucxoeli specialistebis koreelebiT Canacvlebas.
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikur gafarToebas mTavroba warmarTavda. samxedro
mTavrobis mier gatarebuli erT-erTi pirveli aqti kerZo wilis komerciul
bankebSi Setanas da ori saxelmwifo safinanso dawesebulebis gaxsnas iTva­
liswinebda. ekonomikuri dagegmarebis sabWo ixilavda dagegmarebasa da biuje­
tirebas, Semdeg sagadasaxado politikis, sesxebisa da fasebis kontroliT ajil­
doebda saxelmwifo regulaciisadmi morCil firmebsa da kompaniebs, xolo urCebs
Sesabamisad ajarimebda. aqcenti keTdeboda msoflio bazarze gasatan produqci­
aze. procesSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli eqsportis ganviTarebis komiteti, romelic
yvelanair daxmarebas uzrunvelyofda dawyebuli teqnikuridan da damTavrebuli
marketingiTa da ucxoeli klientebis vizitebis mogvarebiT.
koreis biznes-seqtori, taivanisa da, nawilobriv, iaponiis msgav­sad, ZiriTa­
dad, ojaxuri biznesebiTaa dakompleqtebuli. es samewarmeo elita evropul
aristokratias waagavs, romlis gamdidreba, nawilobriv, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom
maTi Svilebi xSirad erTmaneTze qorwindebian. rogorc socialuri kavSirebi, ise
formaluri biznes-asociaciebi emsaxurebian arasaWiro Sida konkurenciis Sez­
Rudvas da resursis dagrovebas saerTaSoriso konkurenciisaTvis. biznesmenTa
ojaxebi Zalian mdidrebi arian nebismieri standartis mixedviT, Tumca, Semo­

746
savlis ganawileba koreel muSebsa da fermerebs Soris ufro Tanabaria, vidre
mesame rigis sxva qveynebSi. miwis reformebis seriis Sedegad Seiqmna kerZo fer­
mebze dafuZnebuli soflis meurneobis sistema. koreisaTvis namdvilad ar aris
mwvave problema sxva qveynebSi mcxovrebi umiwyawylo glexebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom dabalia qarxnis muSebis xelfasi, umuSevrobis maCvenebelic dabalia. kore­
ul qarxnebSi dRemde adamianebis Sromas iyeneben manqana-danadgarebis nacvlad.
garda amisa, mTavrobam mniSvnelovani investiciebi ganaxorciela `ada­mianuri
kapitalis~ mxriv, rac, ZiriTadad, jandacvasa da ganaTlebaSi gamoi­xateba, qveya­
naSi moqmedebs konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sauniversiteto sistema, romelic
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas teqnologiebsa da mecnierebebs aniWebs. mokled
rom vTqvaT, koreis warmateba ar yofila SemTxveviTi _ es dagegmarebis Sedegad
moxda. cxadia, rom korea kapitalisturi qveyanaa, sadac maRal doneze dgas kerZo
sakuTreba, magram misi warmateba daigegma da ganxorcielda mTavrobis mier met-
naklebad gaerTianebul samewarmeo elitasTan erTad. wminda ekonomikuri Tval­
sazrisiT, Sedegebi warmatebuli iyo. 1961 da 1972 wlebSi koreis mTliani eqspor­
ti 40-jer gaizarda, xolo manufaqturis eqsporti _ 170-jer.
modernizaciisaken gadadgmuli warmatebuli nabijis socialuri fasia uki­
duresad represiuli politikuri reJimi (variavala, 1988w. gv. 250). ganviTarebis
adreul etapebze totalitaruli reJimi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda mosaxleobis
mxridan, radgan saWiro iyo omiT gamowveuli danakargebis aRdgena da ekonomi­
kuri safuZvlis Cayra. Tumca, koreis, rogorc qveynis simdidris zrdasTan erTad,
ar umjobesdeboda mosaxleobis keTildReoba, ramac mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego
demostraciebi gamoiwvia. sapasuxod koreis mTavroba `SezRuduli demokratiis~
politikidan myisve saomar reJimze gadavida: opozicioneri politikuri li­
derebi gadaasaxles an sapyrobileebSi da sakoncentracio banakebSi gamoketes.
aikrZala glexTa gaerTianebebi da profesiuli kavSirebi; aseve mkacrad isje­
boda studentebis gamosvlebi. magram, demonstraciebi kvlav grZeldeba: muSebi
iTxoven xelfasebis momatebas da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebas, studentebi
_ sityvis Tavisuflebas. koreis warmateba `ganviTarebis diqtaturasTan~ dakav­
SirebiT, ramac tradiciuli sazogadoeba industriulad aqcia, Tavis gverdiT
movlenebs imkis.
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg vaWrobis, fulisa da energiis sakiTxebi ufro
da ufro mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs politikaSi. korea da sxva axlad industria­
lizebuli qveynebi Tu qalaqebi (gansakuTrebiT ki taivani, singapuri da hon-kon­
gi) ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdebian _ zog SemTxvevaSi ZiriTad qveynebze ufro
mniSvnelovanic ki. mTel msoflioSi jer kidev arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi
kiTxva: SeZleben Tu ara dabalganviTarebuli, periferiuli qveynebi sakuTari
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas da ra Sedegs moitans es gaumjobeseba garemosaTvis?
swored am wuTs, sanam Tqven am abzacs kiTxulobT, msoflioSi 100 bavSvi ibadeba
_ amaTgan 6 industriul qveynebSi, xolo 94 _ dabalganviTarebulSi. msoflio
bankis mixedviT `msoflios grZelvadiani usafrTxoeba da ayvaveba ganviTareba­
zea damokidebuli~ (gv. 157).

747
 Sejameba

1. msoflio bankis mier yovelwliurad Sekrebili monacemebi sazRvravs ganvi­

Tarebis dones da uTanasworobis xarisxs mTel msoflioSi. axali kvlevebi
Seiswavlis uxelfaso muSaxels (gansakuTrebiT _ dasaqmebul qalebs), Semo­
savlis ganawilebas qveynebs Soris, bunebrivi, adamianuri da socialuri kapi­
talis sazomebs; aseve, globaluri korporaciebis, finansuri institutebisa
da regionaluri xelSekrulebebis rols Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
2. dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis erTi saerTo maxasiaTebelia kolonializmis
memkvidreoba. evropuli kolonializmi (da amerikuli imperializmi) motivi­
rebuli iyo didi mogebis miRebiT, nedleulis moTxovnilebiT da Ria bazriT.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, evropeli kolonizatorebi, Cveulebriv,
enacvlebodnen adgilobriv liderebs, axdendnen adgilobrivi warmoebis
sistemis reorganizebas, adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi amkvidebdnen evropuli
kulturis standartebs da sazRvrebs anacvlebdnen, sakuTari interesebi­
sa da saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. amis Sedegad moxda Sromisa da socialuri
stratifikaciis globaluri dayofa, romelic am koloniebis mier damouki­
deblobis mopovebis Semdegac SenarCunda.
3. bevr qveyanaSi arsebul siRatakes sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT sami axsna aqvs
modernizaciis, damokidebulebisa da msoflios sistemebis Teoriebis saxiT.
4. modernizaciis Teoriis mixedviT, ganviTareba damokidebulia konkretul
winapirobebze, kerZod, infrastruqturebSi investrebisadmi dadebiT gan­
wyobaze.
5. damokidebulebis Teoria qveynebis siRaribesa da ganviTarebis dabal dones
ucxo qveynebis mTavrobebsa da korporaciebze damokidebulebiT xsnis.
xSirad amgvari damokidebuleba mcirericxovani elituri jgufis sasikeTod
moqmedebs eris grZelvadiani ganviTarebis xarjze (da, aqedan gamomdinare,
mosaxleobis umetesobis xarjze). damokidebuleba aferxebs demokratiuli
politikuri institutebis aRmocenebasa da socialuri keTildReobis pro­
gramebis ganxorcielebas.
6. msoflio sistemebis Teoriis mixedviT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia
Sromis globaluri dayofa, sadac ZiriTadi qveynebi floben da marTaven
yvelaze mniSvnelovan industriebsa da teqnologiebs, naxevrad periferi­
uli qveynebi nedleuliT uzrunvelyofen gadamyidvel kompaniebs da mcire
zomis qarxnebs, xolo periferiuli qveynebi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi rCe­
bian da, ZiriTadad, iafi muSaxeliT momaragebas sjerdebian.
7. maRali teqnologiebis msoflioSi Raribi qveynebi, ZiriTadad, soflis meur­
neobaze arian damokidebulebi. maTi mosaxleobis umetesobas an glexebi
Seadgenen, romlebic martiv teqnologiebs iyeneben miwis nakveTebidan saar­
sebo sarCos misaRebad, an _ umiwawylo moijareebi, romlebmac iZulebiT da­

748
 toves sakuTari miwebi da axla mizeruli anazRaurebisaTvis xSirad autanel
pirobebSi uwevT muSaoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdam da soflis meur­
neobis komercializaciam Ziri gamoacala sakvebiT TviTmomaragebas da mTel
rig qveynebSi seriozuli ziani miayena garemos.
8. Tanamedrove, industriuli qveynebis aRmoceneba (dawyebuli inglisidan)
ganapiroba soflis meurneobis produqtulobis gaumjobesebam, teqnolo­
giurma inovaciebma, fabrika-qarxnebis ganviTarebam da urbanizaciam. magram
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mTavari maxasiaTe­
belia ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika, sadac vaWroba, anazRaurebadi Sro­
ma da miwodebisa da moTxovnis principebi cvlis TviTkmarobas.
9. Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuladaa ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika sxvadasxva
qveyanasa da regionSi, CaAns globalur uTanasworobaSi. ganviTarebul qvey­
nebs Soris konkurencia da mTavrobebis mcdeloba, akontrolon sabazro Za­
lebi an gverdi auaron maT, aferxebs yofili koloniebisa da yofili social­
uri banakis qveynebis ganviTarebas.
10. hiperurbanizaciiT damZimebuli bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana, romelsac
globaluri ekonomikis sivrceSi araTanabar pirobebSi uxdeba brZola, ro­
gorc bunebrivi resursebisa da soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqspor­
tiors, iZulebulia kvlav globaluri bazris periferias dasjerdes. amgvari
qveynebis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili Tavs araformalur seqtorSi
muSaobiT irCens. samwuxarod, arc maT da ar maT Svilebs ar icavs saxelmwifo,
ar aqvT garantirebuli Semosavali an momavali.
11. momavlis imedismomcemi niSnebi axlad ndustrializebuli qveynebidan mo­
dis. magaliTad, samxreT koream swraf progress miaRwia, rodesac mniS­
vnelovani investicia Cado globaluri ekonomikisadmi mimarTul industri­
alizaciaSi da ganaxorciela miwis sakuTrebis reforma soflis meurneobis
sferos TviTganviTarebis mizniT. samxreT koreaSi saxelmwifo moqalaqeebs
jandacviTa da ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofs (gansakuTrebiT mecnierebisa da
teqonologiebis dargSi) da inarCunebs mkacr kontrols biznessa da finanse­
bze, Tumca es yvelaferi mkacri xelisuflebis fonze xdeba.

imsjeleT

1. aRwereT, riT gansxvavdeba cxovreba msoflios zog yvelaze mdidar da

yvelaze Rarib qveyanaSi.
2. rogor Seuwyo xeli kolonizaciam da imperializmma globaluri uTanas­
worobis Tanamedrove formebis Camoyalibebas?
3. ganasxvaveT erTmaneTisagan modernizaciis, damokidebulebisa da msoflios
sistemebis Teoriebi.
4. ra aris umTavresi problema, romlis winaSec mesame rigis qveynebis glexebi
dganan?

749
5. ra aris ekonomikis araformaluri seqtoris dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare?
6. ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli samxreT koreis warmatebul ekonomikur ganviTa­
rebas?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. rogor fiqrobT, amcirebs Tu zrdis mzardi globalizacia naprals mdidar

da Rarib qveynebs Soris?
2. romels aniWebT upiratesobas modernizaciis, damokidebulebisa da msof­
lios sistemebis Teoriebs Soris? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.
3. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad kargi saSualebaa msoflios mdidari qveynebis
mier Raribi qveynebisadmi gaweuli daxmareba? miiCnevT Tu ara daxmarebis
gawevas mdidari qveynebis movaleobad?
4. Tqveni azriT, romeli politika daexmareba mesame rigis qveynis glexebs mdgo­
mareobis gaumjobesebaSi?
5. rogor axdens gavlenas mesame rigis qveynebis glexebisa da umiwawylo moi­
jareebis mdgomareoba aSS-sa da sxva mdidari qveynebis moqalaqeebze?
6. rogor fiqrobT, romeli ufro ioli iqneboda _ uTanasworobis Semcire­
ba mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris Tu qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris? ra aris
yvelaze didi damabrkolebeli faqtori TiToeul SemTxvevaSi?

sityvari

ZiriTadi qveynebi _ msoflios sistemebis Teoriis mixedviT, mdidari indus­

triuli qveynebi, romlebic axorcieleben menejments, finansirebas da glo­
balur warmoebas teqnikuri mxriT uzrunvelyofen.
damokidebulebis Teoria _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac qveynebis dabalganvi­
Tareba, ZiriTadad, gamowveulia maTi damokidebulebiT industrializebul
da ganivTarebul qveynebze, aseve saerTaSoriso korporaciebze, romlebic
dainteresebulebi arian stabiluri klimatis SenarCunebaSi investiciebis
ganxorcielebis mizniT, damoukideblad adgilobrivi, socialuri da poli­
tikuri fasisagan.
hiperurbanizacia _ qalaqebis zrdis done, romelic aferxebs industriuli da
ekonimikuri zrdis sxva formebs da iwvevs sayovelTao umuSevrobas da sa­
xelmwifo samsaxurebSi TanamSromelTa siWarbes.
araformaluri seqtori _ ekonomikuri aqtivoba, romelic scildeba Cveu­
lebriv damsaqmebel-dasaqmebulis urTierTobas da romelzec ar vrceldeba
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da saxelmwifo kontroli.
umiwawylo moijaradeebi _ glexebi, romlebmac dakarges ufleba miwaze; umiwaw­
ylo glexebi Svilebi an xalxi, romlebic Tavs nadirobiTa da Semgroveb­

750
 lobiT irCendnen, magram axla iZulebulebi arian, daqiravebuli muSaxelis
statusiT sarCo gamoimuSavon.
modernizaciis Teoria _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac ekonomikuri ganviTa­
reba damokidebulia kulturul damokidebulebaze (da, albaT, ucxo qveynis
daxmarebaze), romelic xels uwyobs industriul sawarmoebSi investirebas
da mis mxardamWer sistemas.
glexebi _ wvrili fermerebi, romlebic ojaxebisa da martivi teqnikis daxmare­
biT Tavs mosavliTa da saqonliT irCenen.
periferiuli qveynebi _ qveynebi msoflios sistemebis TeoriaSi, romle­
bic globaluri kapitalisturi ekonomikis zRvarze imyofebian. TiTouli
amgvari qveynis roli Semofarglulia ZiriTadad nedleulis miwodebiTa da
umniSvnelo samomxmareblo saqonlis SeZeniT.
naxevrad periferiuli qveynebi _ qveynebi msoflios sistemebis TeoriaSi, rom­
lebic aqtiurad monawileoben globalur kapitalistur ekonomikaSi, magram
mxolod SezRuduli gavlena aqvT vaWrobis wesebsa da pirobebze.
dabalganviTareba _ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri zrdis nakleboba, rac axasiaTebs
naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs mdidar da ganviTarebul qveynebTan Seda­
rebiT.
msoflios sistemebis Teoria _ imanuel valerStainis Teoria, romlis mixed­
viTac qveynis ganviTareba ganisazRvreba misi adgi­liT msoflios sistemaSi,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs, kapitalisturi vaWroba. msoflios
sistema yofs msoflios sam kategoriad: ZiriTadi, periferiuli da naxevrad
perife­riuli qveynebad.

751
752
 Tavi 18

mosaxleoba da garemo

mosaxleobis dinamika
. SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRwera
. mosaxleobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
Sefaseba

msoflio demografiuli problemebi

. malTusi marqsis winaaRmdeg
. demografiuli tranzicia
. Sobadobis donis dacema

msoflios mosaxleobis mdgradobis SenarCuneba:

sakvebis maragis magaliTi

safrTxis qveS myofi planeta

. resursebis amowurva . dabinZuUreba

CanarTi
. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi:
tropikuli tyeebis samyaroSi

753
754
w armoidgineT 2,190,431,000 (2,19 miliardi). es aris CineTis saxalxo respub­
likis mosaxleoba (redi, 1994w., gv. 194) _ msoflios mTeli mosax­leobis
erTi mexuTedi. CineTma, romlis teritoriac SeerTebuli Statebis teritori­
aze mxolod umniSvnelod aris didi (da, masTan SedarebiT, CineTSi sasoflo-sa­
meurneo raionebi bevrad ufro cotaa), unda uzrunvelyos oTx­jer meti mo­
saxleoba.
CineTis mosaxleoba saukuneebis manZilze mravalricxovani iyo, magram
dRevandeli aseTi didi maCvenebeli, ZiriTadad, gaxlavT mmarTvelobis axali
mimarTulebis Sedegi, romlis mixedviTac, is teritoriebi, sadac sayovelTa­
od gabatonebulia masobrivi epide­miebi da SimSili, maragdebian meti sakvebiT,
uzrunvelyofili ari­an ukeTesi samedicino momsaxurebiT da gaumjobesebuli
sanitaruli pirobebiT. 1949 wlis komunisturi revuluciis Semdgom Sobadobis
koeficienti darCa maRali, xolo gardacvale­bis koeficienti daeca. yvelaze
mkveTri da mniSvnelovani cvli­leba aRiniSna bavSvTa sikvdilianobis SemTxveva­
Si: 1950-1975 wlebSi gardacvalebis maCvenebeli xuT wlamde asakis bavSvebSi 1.000
cocxal nayofze 266-dan daeca 83-mde (msoflio resursebi(World Resourcecs, 1990
_ 1991ww.). CineTis janmrTelobis dacvis sistema gaxldaT mo­deli ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis. mTavrobam, imis nacvlad, rom moexdina mwiri resursebis investi­
reba ZviradRirebul teqnologiebSi, koncentrireba moaxdina janmrTelobis
profilaqtikuri zomebis gatarebaze, gansakuTrebiT _ farTomasStabian pro­
eqtebze, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen sanitaruli pirobebis gaumjobesebasa da
bavSvTa sayovelTao acrebis Catarebas. dRevandeli situaciis Tanaxmad, SanxaiSi
axalSobilebs sicocxlis SenarCunebis ufro meti Sansi aqvT, vidre niu-iorkSi;
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba aq aris 75.5 weli maSin, rodesac niu-iorkSi es
maCvenebeli TeTrkaniani mosaxleobisaTvis aris 73 weli, xolo araTeTrkaniani
mosaxleobisaTvis _ 70 weli (kristofi da vudani, 1994w.).
es, razec visaubreT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos movlenis dadebiT mxared. xolo
CineTis mosaxleobis iseTi tempiT zrda, romelic safrTxes uqmnis qveynis Ses­
aZleblobebs _ gaaumjobesos an SeinarCunos mainc misi cxovrebis standarti _
namdvilad bevr problemas qmnis da am sakiTxs pozitiurad ver ganvixilavT. Ci­
neTis ekonomikis swrafi tempiT zrdis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis mxolod sakvebi­
Ta da sxva saWiroebebiT momaragebac ki qveynis ekonomikuri Semosavlebis umetes
nawils moiTxovs. 1990 wels rekorduli mosavlianobis miuxedavad, TiToeul ada­
mianze modioda ufro naklebi sakvebi, vidre xuTi wlis winaT, radganac mosaxleo­
ba bevrad ufro meti iyo (oka, 1991w.). mimdinare zrdis tempebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
CineTis mosaxleoba 1990-iani wlebis bolosaTvis saSualod 150 milioniT gaiz­
rdeba da am axal mosaxleobas 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi dasWirdeba dasaxlebac da
dasaqmebac.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu CineTs eqneboda milionobiT axali sacxovreblis Seqmnisa
da xalxis dasaqmebis saSualeba, maSin garemoze zemoqmedeba sakmaod SemaSfoTe­

755
beli iqneboda. is, rasac mwerali perl buki eZaxda CineTis `karg niadags~, piriqiT
mobrunda (harisoni, 1992w.; smili, 1984w., 1989w.). qalaq pekinis Semogareni yov­
elTvis masiuri tyeebiT iyo Semofargluli. amJamad xeebi TiTqmis gaqra, mzardma
mosaxleobam tye saSeSe masalad gaCexa. Ram-RamobiT gaSiSvlebuli gorakebidan
wamosuli mtvris fena eSveba quCebSi da, meore dRis moZraobis Sedegad, isev
swrafad adis haerSi, ereva ra bitumizebuli qvanaxSiris gamonabolqvs, romelsac
amJamad iyeneben gasaTbobad, sakvebis mosamzadeblad da mrewvelobaSic. pekinis
macxovreblebs mudmivad awuxebT respiratoruli daavadebebi. gautyeureba did
problemas warmoadgens mTels CineTSi, rac gamowveulia sawvavis, xis masalisa
da qaRaldis ukmarisobiT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs niadagis eroziasa da atmos­
feruli haeris dabinZurebas. CineTis yviTeli mdinare (xuanxe) saxels iRebs im
talaxisagan, romelic moedineba momijnave sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriebidan,
tovebs ra niadagze kacis simaRlis tol napralebs. eroziis, gadaWarbebuli ganaS­
enianebisa da sabinao mSeneblobebis gamo, CineTi weliwadSi milion heqtarze met
sasoflo-sameurneo teritorias kargavs (smili, 1989w.). mdinare ianZis totebi
mxo­lod talaxiani ki ar aris, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkvdaria: did qalaqebSi
adamianisa da samrewvelo obieqtebidan arsebuli dabinZurebis Sedegia is, rom
mdinareSi cocxali Tevzi aRar arsebobs. industrializacia didi qalaqebidan pa­
tara qalaqebsa da raionebSi gavrcelda, Seiqmna axali samuSao adgilebi da axali
produqcia, ramac gamoiwvia qveynis atmosferuli haerisa da adgilobrivi wyalsa­
dinarebis dabinZureba.
CineTis resursebze zewola SesaZlebelia ufri Zlieri yofiliyo, rom ara
seriozuli mcdelobebi CineTis sokoebiviT mzardi mosaxleobis SesaCereblad.
TiTqmis ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac revolucioneri lideri mao Ze­
duni marTavda qveyanas, CineTis mosaxleobis zrdis sakiTxs saerTod ar eqceoda
yuradReba. mao Zeduni iziarebda marqsis Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac e. w.
sazogadoebrivi problemebi gaxlavT susti ekonomikuri ganviTarebis an saqon­
lis araswori ganawilebis realuri simptomebi. igi calmxrivad udgeboda ar­
sebul sakiTxs da misi azriT, am problemis gamomwvevi mizezi iyo arasakmarisi
sakvebi da ara _ adamianTa simravle; aseve _ samuSao adgilebis simcire da ara _
Zalze bevri muSaxelis arseboba. 1976 wlidan, mao Zedunis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
CineTis axalma liderebma yuradReba gaamaxviles socialur kvlevebze, romlis
Tanaxmadac, swored sazogadoebis zrda edo safuZvlad sxva problemebis wamoW­
ras (smili, 1990w.). 1979 wels, im warumatebeli kampaniis Semdeg, romelic miznad
isaxavda mcirericxovani ojaxebis stimulirebas ganaTlebis kuTxiT, CineTis
mTavrobam wamoiwyo axali politikuri kursis gatareba, romlis Tanaxmadac
wyvils mxolod ori bavSvis yolis ufleba eZleoda. mTavroba imedovnebda, rom
am kursis gatarebis Sedegad, 2001 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis raodenoba 1.2 mili­
ards ar gadaaWarbebda (mofeti, 1994w.). 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mTavrobam
gaaTviTcnobiera, rom es ar iyo sakmarisad Zlieri qmedeba da amitom TiToeul
ojaxs mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis neba darTo. mTavrobas rom ar daewesebina
aseTi mkacri kontroli, qveynis mosaxleoba, dRevandelTan SedarebiT, 240 mi­
lioniT meti iqneboda _ CineTis mosaxleobis zrdis es maCvenebeli Seesa­bame­

756
ba SeerTebuli Statebis mTeli mosaxleobis raodenobas (kristofi da vudani,
1994w; vudani, 1991w.).
zemoaRniSnuli erTSvilianobis politika gulisxmobs Semdegs: Tu wyvili mi­
iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom hyav­des Svili, maT unda aiRon oficialuri nebarTva
patara wiTeli serTifikatis saxiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maT unda gamoiyenon
damcavi saSualebebi an gaikeTon sterilizacia, rasac ufasod uzrunvelyofs
saxelmwifo. politikis am kursis gansaxorcieleblad, mTavrobam daawesa uamra­
vi saxis wamaxalisebeli saSualebebi da jarimebi (smili, 1990w.). wyvilebi, rom­
lebsac hyavT mxolod erTi Svili, bavSvis ToTxmeti wlis asakamde iReben yovel­
Tviur stipendias, specialurad ganixileba maTi sakiTxi aradamakmayofilebeli
sacxovreblis SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba exmareba maT, rom bavSvma karg skolaSi iswav­
los, aqvT ufaso samedicino momsaxureba da sapensio danamati. aRniSnuli poli­
tikis zewola sakmaod mkacria. erTi bavSvis Semdeg, qals SesaZlebelia, Cautardes
regularuli gamokvlevebi, raTa dazRveuli iyos Semdegi orsulobisagan. Tu
qali orsulad aris da Tan ukve hyavs erTi Svili, maSin partiuli warmomadgenle­
bi, mezoblebi da uxucesebi mivlen masTan saxlSi, raTa daarwmunon, rom gaikeTos
aborti. wyvils, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba ganxorcielebul zewolas da mainc iyo­
liebs erTze met Svils, SeiZleba daekisros sxadasxva jarima, CamoerTvas miwa an
gamoZevebul iqnes sakuTari sacxovreblidan.
miuxedavad amisa, ojaxebi mainc ar emorCilebian am wess. SeiZ­leba es gamowveu­
lia imis gamo, rom maT Zalian didi survili aqvT, rom gauCndeT vaJiSvili _
ojaxis gvaris gamgrZelebeli; qaliSvili xdeba misi meuRlis ojaxis wevri da,
amgvarad, ar iTvleba Tavisi mSoblebis ojaxis warmomadgenlad. duo Zi duo fu-
s(duo zi duo fu) tradicia (meti vaJiSvili _ meti bedniereba) mkacrad aris Senar­
Cunebuli provinciebSi. amasTanave, agrarulma reformebma, romlebic gatarda
CineTSi, xeli Seuwyo qalaqSi mcxovrebi ojaxebis winaaRmdegobas aRniSnuli
erTSvilianobis politikis mimarT (grinhalgi, 1990w.). sakvebi produqciis gazr­
dis mizniT, mTavrobam glexebs misca saSualeba, rom imaze ufro meti produqcia
gaetanaT bazarze gasayidad, vidre awarmoebdnen. axlad gamoCenili warmatebuli
fermerebi mzad iyvnen da SesaZleblobac hqondaT, rom gadaexadaT seriozuli
jarimebi (an miecaT qrTami) erTze meti Svilis yolis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac See­
Zleboda ojaxis meurneobaSi emuSava. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgen­
lebi ki ise iqceodnen, TiTqos es maT ar exebodaT. gegma warmatebuli aRmoCnda
sakvebi produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, magram amasTanave daibada milionobiT
`aralegaluri~ bavSvi.
erTSvilianobis politikis ganxorcielebis procesSi arsebuli darRvevebis
aRmosafxvrelad, 1983 wels CineTis mTavrobam gamosca dadgenileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, qalebi, romlebsac ukve hyavdaT erTi Svili, valdebulni iyvnen saS­
vilosnoSi CaedgaT daorsulebisagan dasacavi spirali (IUDs), xolo im wyvilebi­
saTvis, romlebsac ukve hyavdaT ori an meti Svili, savaldebulo xdeboda
sterilizaciis an abortis gakeTeba. Zalian cota xanSi amis Semdeg, msoflio pre­
saSi amotivtivda informacia gviani orsulobis asakSi ZaldatanebiTi abortebis,
aranebayoflobiTi sterilizaciisa da mdedrobiTi sqesis axalSobilebis mok­

757
vlis Sesaxeb. ganxorcielebuli ZaldatanebiTi qmedebebis faqtebis zusti ci­
fri cnobili ar aris, magram yovelwliurad saSualod 10 milioni aborti keT­
deboda (oka, 1991w.). mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebi yvelaze metad daucvelni arian.
CineTis dRevandeli kanonmdebloba eqimebs ukrZalavs, rom prenataluri testis
Catarebis Semdeg, momaval mSoblebs Seatyobinon nayofis sqesi, magram zogi­
erTi eqimi garkveuli safasurad amas mainc akeTebs. mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvebi
SeiZleba gaxdnen abortis msxverplni, momxrCvalni mSobiarobis dros, gaSvileb­
ulni, uzrunvelyofilni ufro cota sakvebiT, vidre mamrobiTi sqesis warmomad­
genlebi, an SesaZlebelia ar iyvnen miyvanilni eqimTan janmrTelobis kritikuli
mdgomareobis dros. rodesac gogona daiRupeba, maSin mis mSoblebs aqvT iurid­
iuli ufleba, rom izrunon vaJiSvilis gaCenaze. CineTis 1990 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT, romelic mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis Tanafardobas exeboda, de­
mografbma gamoTvales da aRmoCnda, rom 30 milioni mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomad­
geneli `gamqralia~ CineTidan (da milionze meti aris sadRac aziisa da axlo aR­
mosavleTis qveynebSi). CineTis mTavrobis gancxade­biT, mdedrobiTi sqesis aseTi
dabali procentuli maCvenebeli imis Sedegia, rom wyvilebi mSobiarobis dros ar
aregistrireben mdedrobiTi sqesis axalSobilebs imis gamo, rom aiRon nebarTva
da ecadon vaJiSvilis gaCenas (kristofi da vudani, 1994w.). saerTaSoriso zewolis
Sedegad, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, CineTis mTavrobam Seamsubuqa arsebuli wesebi,
magram 1992 wlidan Zalisxmeva Sobadobis maregulirebel programebze aSkarad
gaizarda (hartmani, 1995w; kristofi, 1993w).
CineTis mosaxleobis maregulirebeli Zalisxmevis warmateba damokidebu­
lia im miznebze, rac gamoyenebul iqna miRwevebis SefasebaSi. mosaxleobis zrda
aSkarad dabali iyo. TiToeul mSobiareze cocxali nayofebis saSualo raode­
noba 1970-iani wlebSi iyo 6, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi daeca 2.1-mde (gaeros mo­
saxleobis fondi, 1993w.). CineTi 1980-iani wlebSi pirvel adgilze iyo msoflioSi
nayofierebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. magram mTavari miznis _ stabiluri mo­
saxleobis miRweva jer Sors aris realobisagan. imis gamo, rom 1965-1975 wlebSi
Zalian bevri bavSvi daibada (da gadarCa), amJamad CineTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis
erTi meoTxedi aris an uaxlovdeba reproduqtiul asaks. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ojaxi SezRudulia mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis uflebiT, mosaxleobis raode­
noba 21-e saukunisaTvis weliwadSi 15 milioniT gaizrdeba. zrdis es maCvenebe­
li Seesabameba niderlandebis mTeli mosaxleobis raodenobas (smili, 1989w.) da
ekonomikam da garemom SesaZlebelia, veRar gauZlos aseTi WarbmosaxleobiT ga­
mowveul zewolas.
CineTis mosaxleobis dilema naTeli ilustrirebaa imisa, rom monacemebi mo­
saxleobis Sesaxeb Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebaze saubris dros. xalxis
raodenobis absoluturi maCvenebeli (mosaxleobis rocxovnoba) aris sazoga­
doebis Sesaxeb sasaubro Temis mxolod nawili. mosaxleobis struqturas _ misi
wevrebis asaks, sqess, ganaTlebas, Semosavals, dasaqmebas, ojaxur mdgomareobas,
rasasa da religias _ mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis
bunebaze. tradiciulad, Cinelebi, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, eTayvanebodnen asako­

758
van xalxs, nawilobriv imitom, rom soliduri asakis miRweva sakmaod iSviaTi mov­
lena gaxldaT. Tumca, dRevandeli monacemebiT, CineTis mosaxleobis asaki kvlav
swrafad izrdeba. navaraudevia, rom CineTis mosaxleoba 64 wlis asakze zeviT,
romlis procentuli maCvenebeli 1982 wlisaTvis aris 5, 2050 wlisaTvis miaRwevs
25%-s (msoflio banki, 1995w.).
asakis cvlilebis aseTma koeficientma SesaZlebelia radikaluri cvlilebebi
gamoiwvios CineTis socialur, ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul sistemebSi.
ojaxis SemTxvevaSi, yovelma bavSvma, romelsac ar hyavs da an Zma, unda izrunos mis
orive asakovan mSobelze. erovnul doneze ki, mosamsaxureTa ufro mcire raode­
nobam unda awarmoos saqoneli da moemsaxuros pensionerTa gazrdil rao­denobas
(es aris saerTo problema CineTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis). SesaZloa, rom moxucebuloba privilegirebuli mdgomareobidan
problemaSi gadaizardos (vudani, 1991w.).
aseve, seriozuli Sedegebi mosdevs mosaxleobis ganawilebas _ xalxis gan­
Tavsebas msoflio regionebSi, qveynebSi, provinciebSi, StatebSi, dedaqalaqebSi,
raionebsa da sacxovrebel masivebSi. ase magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 80-ian wleb­
Si CineTSi mosaxleobis zrdisa da agraruli reformebis kombinaciam gamoiwvia
soflis milionobiT macxovrebli gaTavisufleba sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoe­
bidan (smili, 1989w.). zogma samsaxuri iSova patara adgilobriv qarxnebSi, mag­
ram sul cota 90 milioni mainc miawyda CineTis ukve xalxiT gadatvirTul did
qalaqebs (Tieni, 1991w.), ramac Seqmna seriozuli problemebi. pekinis 10 milion
mudmiv macxovrebels Seeria mozRvavebuli myidvelebis, quCis gamyidvelebisa da
samuSaos maZieblebis milioniani talRa. qalaqi guanjou(Guangzhou) iZulebuli
gaxda moeTxova saxelmwifo daxmareba 2.5 milioni migrantis sakiTxis gadasaw­
yvetad, romlebic samuSaosa da TavSesafris ZiebaSi iyvnen. yoveldRe SanxaiSi
nankinis gza(Nanjing Road) 1.5 milioni myidveliT ivseba. qalaqis ZiriTadi samsa­
xurebi gadatvirTulia. CineTis umetes qalaqebSi wyalmomaragebis sakiTxi seri­
ozul problemas warmoadgens; tokiosa da los-anjeless Tu SevadarebT, atmos­
feruli haeris xarisxi aq bevrad uaresia; da miuxedavad reciklirebis arsebuli
tradiciisa, sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gatanis sakiTxi TiTqmis gadauWrel
problemad iqca.
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis, maTi ganawilebisa da koncentraciis Temebs gan­
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba qveynebis resursebisa da garemos sakiTxebSi.
msoflios sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis mxolod erTi meTxuTmetedidan, CineTma
unda gamokvebos msoflios mosaxleobis TiTqmis meoTxedi. amJamad aseTi mdgo­
mareoba miRweul iqna intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis gamo­
yenebiT, rac gulisxmobs didi raodenobiT qimiuri sasuqebisa da pesticidebis
moxmarebas. soflis meurneobis intensiurma ganviTarebam SesaZlebelia migviyva­
nos moklevadian mogebebze, magram gamoiwvios grZelvadiani danakargebi, vinai­
dan sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi ifiteba, toqsikuri qimiuri nivTierebebi akumu­
lirdeba niadagsa da wyalSi, rac sul ufro met adamians aiZulebs mowydes miwas
da gadasaxldes qalaqebSi.

759
 mosaxleobisa da garemos urTierTqmedebis sakiTxebis Seswavlam sociolo­
giaSi wamyvani adgili daikava. saxelmwifo moxeleebs, wamyvan biznesmenebsa da
Cveulebriv mosaxleobas ar ZaluZT globalur garemoze mosaxleobis zemoq­
medebis ignorireba. cxadia, mxolod mosaxleoba ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
msoflios garemos mdgomareobas Semcvlel faqtorad. wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvas,
qlorftorornaxSirwyalbadebis msgavs sxvadasxva teqnologiebis gamoyenebas da
gzebis Ziebas narCenis gansaTavseblad Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs garemos mdgomareo­
bis SecvlaSi. magram mosaxleobis zegavlena mainc mTavaria, ris gamoc Cven mo­
saxleobasa da garemos erTad ganvixilavT. Cven am Tavs daviwyebT imis mimoxil­
viT, Tu rogor gansazRvres da Seafases sociologebma mosaxleobis rocxovnoba,
struqtura da ganawileba. mecnierebas, romelic Seiswavlis Sobadobis, gardacva­
lebis da mig­raciis zemoqmedebas mosaxleobis zemoaRniSnul aspeqtebze, ewodeba
demografia. Semdeg TavSi Cven ganvixilavT msoflios mosaxloebis Tanamedrove
da samomavlo mimarTulebebs, sadac mTavari kursi aRebulia nayofierebis dabali
maCveneblisaken, rac unda ganxorcieldes ekonomikis ganviTarebiT da qalTa sta­
tusis amaRlebiT. mesame nawilSi mimovixilavT sakvebiT momaragebis sakiTxebs,
raTa movaxdinoT mosaxleobisa da garemos kavSiris ilustrireba. bolo nawilSi
ki, vnaxavT, Tu ratom aris Cveni planeta safrTxis qveS da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
imisaTvis, rom SevaCeroT an aRmovfxvraT masze miyenebuli ziani.
ZiriTadi xuTi sociologiuri koncefciidan, TiToeuli ganxiluli iqneba
mosaxleobisa da garemos Sesaxeb Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebSi. gamom­
dinare im faqtidan, rom demografia warmoadgens erT-erTi ZiriTad midgomas
socialur struqturasTan, es Tavi Sesabamisad aqcents akeTebs mosaxleobis
struqturul ganzomilebebze. magram mosaxleobas aseve mWidro funqciuri
urTierToba aqvs koleqtiuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan, magaliTad: bazari
(formirebuli mTeli rigi xalxis mier), transporti da migracia (formire­
buli maTi sivrculi ganawilebiT), janmrTelobis dacva da sapensio sakiTxebi
(formirebuli maTi asakobrivi ganawilebiT). mosaxleobis struqtura agreTve
imyofeba kulturis zegavlenis qveS _ magaliTad, arseboben garkveuli normebi,
romlebic iTvaliswineben qalis gaTxovebis/an reproduqtiul asaks. rogorc Ci­
neTis erTSvilianobis politikis magaliTze vnaxeT, mTavrobas da aqtivistebs
SeuZliaT gamoiyenon politikuri Zala mosaxleobis formirebisa da socialuri
qmedebis ZiriTadi modelebis Sesacvlelad.

mosaxleobis dinamika

CineTi unikaluria Tavisi miRwevebiT mosaxleobis zrdis SezRudvis sakiTxSi,

romelic ase swrafad ganxorcielda; arsad mTels msoflioSi samTavrobo poli­
tikas ar gautarebia aseTi mkveTri­ da mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi drois aseT

760
mokle periodSi (msoflio banki, 1995w.). umetesad cvlilebebi sazogadoebis
struqturasa da sxva aspeqtebSi xorcieldeba etapobrivad da arc mkveTrad Sesa­
mCnevi ar aris. eseni ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT raRac gansakuTrebul movlenebs,
aramed unda ganvixiloT, rogorc mimarTulebebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania mx­
olod momavlis gadmosaxedidan an zusti statistikuri analizis kuTxiT. es aris
demografiis sakiTxi, rac exmareba sociologebs ara marto warsulis gaanalize­
baSi, aramed samomavlo kursis gansazRvris prognozirebasa da im problemebis
aRweraSi, rac, SesaZloa, warmoiSvas momavalSi.
demografiuli monacemebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaro gaxlavT mosax­
leobis aRwera, mTeli mosaxleobis perioduli daTvla da ara mxolod SerCeviTi
gamokiTxva (ix. Tavi 2). zogadad, mosaxleobis aRweraSi mocemulia regionuli
struqtura da xalxis ganawileba maTi asakis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, eTnikuri
warmoSobis, unar-Cvevebis, dasaqmebis, Semosavlebisa da sxva maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT. mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi iZleva ekonomikuri analizis gan­
xorcielebis safuZvels, ayalibebs saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebs da gansazRvravs
Sobadobis regulirebis (famili planning) saWiroebas. adre ganxorcielebul aR­
werebTan SedarebiT, 1990 wlis CineTis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi yvelaze
masStaburi iyo. SeerTebuli Statebis bevrad ufro mcirericxovani mosaxleobis
aRwerac ki Zalze seriozul process warmoadgens.

SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRwera

SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, SeerTebuli

Statebis mosaxleobis aRwera yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel unda ganxorcieldes.
1990 wlis aRweraze daixarja 2.5 miliardi aSS dolari da aRweris procesSi dakave­
buli iyo 200.000 persona­li. mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi ukve mimdinareobs 2000 wlis
mosaxleobis aRweris Casatareblad. aRweris Sedegebze bevri ram aris damokide­
buli. adgilebi warmomadgenlobiT palataSi dakavSirebulia am monacemebze, rac
niSnavs, rom Statebis (da politikuri partiebis) Zalauflebis gaZliereba an saer­
Tod dakargva, damokidebulia am Sedegebze. yovelwliurad, mosaxleobis aRweris
monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, federaluri fondebidan gamoyofilia daaxloebiT
40 miliardi aSS dolari, romelic nawildeba StatebSi, olqebsa da qalaqebSi. am
monacemebSi arsebulma mcire uzustobamac ki (erTi an ori gamorCenili sacxovre­
beli saxli an didi Senobebi) SeiZleba aTasobiT dolaris zarali moitanos. mmarT­
velobiTi organoebis warmomadgenlebi da merebi, skolis gamgeobebi da komunal­
uri momsaxurebis sferos warmomadgenlebi, organizaciebi, romlebic awarmoeben
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas politikur sakiTxebisa da mimdinare siaxleebis
Sesaxeb, korporaciebi da sareklamo saagentoebi _ yvelani iyeneben mosaxleobis
aRweris monacemebs TavianTi samuSaos dagegmvis, marketin­gis, klientisa da momx­
mareblis saWiroebebis prognozirebisaTvis.

761
 Cvens winaSea naSromi SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris Sesaxeb.
maisSi mosaxleobis aRweris biuro mis ZiriTad siaSi arsebul yvela misamarT­ze
fostiT agzavnis formebs. es sia Sedgenilia biuros sakuTar Canawerebze dayrd­
nobiT, sadac damatebulia komerciuli adresatebis siebi da samjeradad aris
Semowme­buli fostis da biuros TanamSromlebisa da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo
moxeleebis mier. 1990 wels es sia Sedgeboda 106 milioni rezidentisagan. magram,
aRniSnuli siidan, yvela ar exmaureba gagzavnil formebs. samwuxarod, 1990 wels
miRebuli pasuxebis procentuli maCvenebeli iyo mxolod 64. aprilSi, mosaxleo­
bis aRweris samsaxuris TanamSromlebma piradad moinaxules 37 milioni rezidenti,
visganac maT gamoxmaureba ver miiRes (mecniereba, 10 maisi, 1990w.). xSir SemTxvevaSi,
maT SesaZlebloba aqvT, rom TiToeuli rezidentisagan piradad miiRon informa­
cia, magram zogjer monacemebis Segroveba uwevT meore pirisagan, rogorebic ari­
an maTi uSualo xelmZRvaneli pirebi, mezoblebi, fostaSi momuSave personali an
sacxovrebeli saxlebis administratorebi. 1990 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris dros 7
milionze meti respodentis monacemi mopovebul iqna swored aseTi gziT (niu-iork
Taimsi, 23 Tebervali, 1990w., gv. A10). 1990 wlis mosaxleobis aRwe­ris monacemebSi,
agreTve, aris informacia usaxlkaro adamianebis Sesaxeb `S night~ (S niSnavs quCas da
TavSesafars, xolo night _ Rames), romlebisganac mosaxleobis aRweris samsa­xuris
TanamSromlebi cdilobdnen intervius aRebas da awarmoebdnen usaxlkaroTa aR­
ricxvas. aqve aris `T night~ (T niSnavs droebiT macxovre­bels) _ informacia daax­
loebiT 70.000 sastumrosa da motelSi myofi adamianebisagan. yvela kiTxvaridan
informacia Sevida kompiuteris programaSi, romelic amowmebda Secdomebs, maga­
liTad, erTi da imave informaciis orjer gameorebas an iseT ararealur monace­
mebs, rogoricaa 130 wels gadacilebuli adamianebis arseboba (gleiki, 1990w.).
ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi diskusiis sagans warmoadgens.
faqtobrivad, mosaxleobaSi yvela mamakacis, qalisa da bavSvis aRricxva SeuZle­
belia da adamianebic da kompiuterebic uSveben Secdomebs. bevri damkvirvebeli
eTanxmeba im azrs, rom mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi arasrulia da efuZneba
Raribi, axalgazrda, umciresobis, emigrantebis da mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgen­
lebisagan miRebul interviuebs, romelTagan yvelani cdiloben iyvnen mobilur­
ni da eWvis TvaliT uyureben saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebs. es,
erTis mxriv, zians ayenebs qalaqebsa da Statebs, sadac es jgufebi arian koncen­
trirebulni da, meores mxriv, demokratebs, visTvisac isini apireben xmis micemas.
rodesac niu-iorkma da ToTxmetma sxva qalaqma moiTxova 1990 wlis mosaxleobis
aRweris monacemebis gadaTvla, savaWro departamenti (romelic zedamxedvelo­
bas uwevs mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebs) daTanxmda mosaxleobis aRweris arse­
buli Sedegebis SerCeviTi meTodiT Semowmebaze. am Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
rom mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebs SesaZlebelia, akldes 4-dan 6 milionamde
adamiani. magram sxva kvelevebis safuZvelze sawinaaRmdego mosazreba dafiqsir­
da (nio-iork Taimsi, 17 oqtomberi, 1990w.; 19 aprili, 1991w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom
4 milionsa da 6 milions Soris uzustobis zRvari ar aris umniSvnelo, is migvaniS­
nebs aseTi farTomasStabiani mimoxilvis maRali donis sizusteze. 250 milionis

762
SemTxvevaSi, 4 milioniT meti an naklebi, Seadgens 2 %-s, TiTqmis uaxlovdeba
`sando intervals~(`confidence interval~). yvelaze metad mkvlevarebs aRelvebT is
faqti, rom isini, vinc ar iyvnen aRwerilni, SesaZlebelia, garkveuli kategoriis
adamianebs Soris iyvnen koncentrirebulni.
l

i
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani

d T
z
v
g
a b

aRwera
sqema 18.1/SeerTebuli Statebis rezidenti mosaxleoba misi yoveli aRweris SemTx­
vevaSi, 1790-1990ww.
SeerTebuli Statebis 200-wliani istoriis periodSi Catarebul iqna mosaxleobis ocda­
erTi aRwera, an mcdeloba, rom aRricxuli yofiliyo qveynis yvela macxovrebeli. mo­
saxleobis aRweris am monacemebiT gamovlenil iqna Zalze mniSvnelovani tendenciebi,
magaliTad: soflidan qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadaadgileba, cvlilebebi mosaxleobis
eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi da mniSvnelovani migraciebi CrdiloeTidan dasavleTsa da
samxreTSi.

wyaroebi: niu-iork Taimsi, 1 aprili, 1990w., gv. 27; SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aR­
weris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis mokle statistikuri mimoxilva, 1982-1983ww., vaSing­
toni, cxrili 1.

a 1790 _ mosaxloebis pirveli aRwera. virjinia, Tavisi 692 000 macxovrebliT,

aris yvelaze mravalricxovani Stati.

b 1810 _ 10 weliwadSi dafiqsirebuli mosaxleobis zrdis koeficienti _ 36.4%

_ SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi aRiniSneba, rogorc yvelaze didi.
g 1840 _ pirvelad Catarda gamokiTxva ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis Sesaxeb.

d
1890 _ pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli eleqtronuli gamomTvlel-analitikuri
xelsawyo, romelic gamoigones mosaxleobis aRweris biuros TanamSromlebma.
robert porterma(Robert Porter), aRniSnuli biuros xelmZRvanelma, aRmoaCina,
rom sazRvrebi gaqra, radganac SeerTebuli Statebi amJamad mTlianad dasaxle­
buli iyo.

e 1910 _ ucxoelebis raodenoba, romlebic cxovroben SeerTebul StatebSi,

aris 13.5 milioni. emigrantebi Seadgenen mosaxleobis 14.6%-s, es aris piki.

763
 v 1920 _ pirvelad dafiqsirda, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba aRmoCnda qa­
laqebSi, da ara soflebSi. kongresma, mxolod erTxel mTeli istoriis ganmav­
lobaSi, gaaprotesta kongresSi warmomadgenlebis gadanawilebasTan dakavSire­
buli dadgenilebis miReba.

z 1930 _ pirvelad Catarda gamokiTxva umuSevrobis Sesaxeb. 1931 wlis mosaxle­

obis specialuri aRweris Sedegma gviCvena, rom 6 milioni adamiani iyo umuSevari.

T 1940 _ pirvelad iqna dafiqsirebuli arasruli aRricxvis SemTxveva.

i 1960 _ pirvelad ganxorcielda formebis fostiT dagzavna.

k 1970 _ pirvelad Catarda laTino-amerikuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis aRwera.

l 1980 _ pirvelad gamovlinda, rom samxreTisa da dasavleTis mosaxleobis sru­

li raodenoba aRemateboda CrdiloeTisa da centraluri dasavleTis mosaxleo­
bis raodeobas.

Tu ar mivaqcevT yuradRebas am saxis xarvezebs, SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom

mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi iZleva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb detalur da
zust suraTs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebi aris araz­
usti, masSi mainc aris gamovlenili is maxasiaTeblebi da mimarTulebebi, romle­
bic sxvagvarad SesaZlebelia, rom arc ki gamovleniliyo (ix. sqema18.1). vinaidan
mas SeuZlia Secvalos Cveni Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze, rogorc erze, amitom mo­
saxleobis aRwera TavisTavad SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos istoriul movlenad.

mosaxleobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sefaseba

erTiani mosaxleobis ricxovnobis cvlileba sami cvalebadi faqtoris kombi­

naciis Sedegia: nayofiereba (Sobadoba), sikvdilianoba (gardacvaleba) da migra­
cia (gadaadgileba teritoriis SigniT an mis gareT). rodesac demografebi awar­
moeben konkretuli mosaxleobis ricxovnobis Semcirebisa Tu zrdis Sefasebas,
isisni fokusirebas axdenen am samive faqtorze.

nayofiereba

Sobadobis miaxloebiTi koeficienti aris mSobiarobis ricxvi 1.000 adamianze

mocemul weliwadSi. 1947 wels, demografiuli afeTqebis sawyis etapze, SeerTe­
bul StatebSi Sobadobis miaxloebiTi koeficienti iyo 27 1.000 adamianze. 1975
wels ki, es maCvenebeli daeca 14.6-mde 1.000 adamianze. zogierTi SemTxvevaSi, So­
badobis miaxloebiTi koeficienti ar aris is saimedo monacemi, ris safuZvelzec
SesaZlebelia, rom raime sakiTxis grZelvadiani proeqtireba, Seswavla da kvleve­

764
bi Catardes. amisaTvis gvesaWiroeba nayofierebis saerTo maCvenebeli (xSirad
mocemulia, rogorc TFR - Total Fertility Rate, an nayofiereba). es gaxlavT mSobiaro­
bebis saSualo ricxvi, rac SesaZlebelia qalis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebis saerTo maCvenebelma 1957 wels piks miaR­
wia da iyo 3.77. Semdgomi orasi wlis Semdeg _ 1976 wels ki daeca 1.77-mde. es `So­
badobis ucabedi dacema~, ZiriTadad, gvian asakSi mSobiarobebis Sedegi iyo: de­
mografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebuli bevri adamiani ojaxs qmnida 20-30
wlis asakSi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodidan maT daiwyes bavSvebis gaCena da 1990
wlisaTvis nayofierebis maCvenebeli umiSvnelod _ 2.1-iT gaizarda, xolo Semdeg
kvlav Semcirda (SeerTebuli Statebis mokle statistikuri mimoxilva(Statistical
Abstract of the US, wliuri). demografebi nayofierebis maCvenebel cifrs _ 2.1-s
ganixilaven rogorc Canacvlebis koeficients (replacement rate), an im dones,
romelzec mosaxleobis ricxovnoba stabilurad aris SenarCunebuli (imigraciis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, avadmyofobis an ubeduri Sem­
Txvevebis Sedegad daRupuli bavSvebis danakargis SemTxvevaSi, or mSobelze unda
modiodes 2.1 mSobiaroba, raTa moxdes TavianTive `Canacvleba~ sazogadoebis
ricxovnobis gazrdis gareSe.

sqema 18.2 / nayofiereba ra­

SeerTebuli Statebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli rasisa

sisa da eTnikuri warmoSobis

mixedviT.
SeerTebuli Statebis mTel
da eTnikuri warmoSobis mixedviT

mosaxleobze, nayofi­
erebis saerTo maCvenebeli
an TiToeul qalze mSo­bia­
robis saSualo ricxvi, aris
2.1 Canacvlebis doneze da­
bali. es aris is done, ro­
melic saWiroa mosaxleobis
ric­xovnobis stabilurad
Se­sanar­Cuneblad migraciis
ararsebobis Se­m­TxvevaSi.
Tumca, gansxva­vebul eTni­
kur jgufebSi nayofierebis
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad
TeTr- Sav- mkvidri azielebi laTino-
kanianebi kanianebi amerikelebi amerikelebi
meryeobs 1.9-dan TeTrkanian
ame­rikelebSi _ 2.9-mde la­
Tino-amerikuli warmoSobis
xalxSi. laTino-amerikuli eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxis, romelTa dawyvileba da migracia
grZeldeba, nayofierebis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ratom aris mo­
salodneli is faqti, rom laTino-amerikelebi male gadaaWarbeben afro-amerikelebs, ro­
gorc qveynis eTnikur umciresobas.

wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis mokle

statistikuri mimoxilva, 1994w. vaSingtoni, gv. 78.

765
 saerTo jamSi, SeerTebuli Statebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli am doneze qve­
viT dgas, magram sazogadoebaSi arsebuli jgufebis nayofierebis maCveneblebi
sakmaod meryeobs (ix. sqema 18.2). sxva maRali Semosavlebis mqone qveynebTan Se­
darebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebis maCvenebeli SedarebiT ufro maRa­
lia. msoflios mdidari qveynebisaTvis es koeficienti gaxlavT 1.7. sakiTxavia,
Tu wava SeerTebuli Statebi am mimarTulebiT. TiTqos ufro metad Sobadobis
miaxloebiTi koeficientis daweva aRiniSneba, vinaidan, rodesac demografiuli
afeTqebis periodis Taoba gadascildeba reproduqtiul asaks, xdeba Cveni mo­
saxleobis socialuri struqturis cvlileba. magram nayofierebis maCvenebeli
nawilobriv damokidebulia socialur aqtivobaze: Tu ramxela ojaxis yolas
gadawyveten momavali Taobis potenciuri mSoblebi.
saerTod, SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSneba tendencia mcireric­xovani ojaxebi­
saken. saukunis bolos, amerikelebis umetesobas gauCnda survili, rom sami an meti
bavSvi hyoloda ojaxSi. amJamad orbavSiani ojaxi yvelaze metad aris gavrcele­
buli. am kulturuli cvlilebis zemoqmedeba Sobadobis suraTze winaswar iyo
navaraudevi. Tu gamovricxavT demografiul afeTqebasa da bolo drois `demo­
grafiul aJiotaJs~, SeerTebul StatebSi nayofierebisa da Sobadobis koefici­
entebis qveviT daweva met-naklebad mdgradia, rogorc Cven aRvwereT es `me-11
TavSi (ixile agreTve Cerlini, 1995w.). cvlileba, gamowveuli aRniSnuli koefi­
cientebis dawevis Sedegad, damokidebulia socio-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.
Sobadobis koeficientebi, pirvel rigSi, daeca sazogadoebis maRali da saSualo
fenis ojaxebSi, xolo Semdeg _ Rarib ojaxebSi. agreTve, TeTrkanianebis Sobado­
bis koeficientma ufro adre daiwyo daweva, vidre afro-amerikelebisam. saerTo
jamSi, Savkanianebis Sobadobis koeficienti amJamad dabla iwevs, mag­ram socio-
ekonomikuri stratifikacia aqac adgilzea: saSualo fenis Savkanian ojaxebs
ufro naklebi bavSvi hyavT, vidre amave fenis TeTrkanian ojaxebs, mag­ram Rarib
Savkanianebs ufro meti bavSvi hyavT, vidre Rarib TeTrkanianebs. garda amisa,
rogorc sqema 18.2 gviCvenebs, nayofierebis maCvenebeli laTino-amerikelebsa da
azielebs Soris aris bevrad ufro maRali, vidre TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs
Soris. aseT situaciaSic ki, SeerTebuli Statebis nayofierebis maCvenebeli
ufro dabalia, vidre Canacvlebis done. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom SeerTe­
buli Statebis mosaxleobis saSualo asaki izrdeba. ar aris sakmarisi raode­
noba axlad dabadebuli bavSvebisa imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos demogra­fiuli
afeTqebis mravalricxovani Taobis amJamindeli zegavlena saSualo asaksa da
Semdgom periodze.
sqemaze 18.3 mocemulia nayofierebis maCveneblebi mTels msof­lioSi. Soba­
doba ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magaliTad, iseTSi, ro­goric aris SeerTebuli
Statebi, SedarebiT dabalia, vidre msoflios danarCen qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT
ki yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi). es is sakiTxia, romelsac Cven mog­
vianebiT kvlav davubrundebiT.

766
 mSobiaroba
1 qalze
5 an meti
4,0-4,9
3,0-3,9
2,0-2,9
2-ze naklebi

ucnobia

sqema 18.3/ nayofierebis maCveneblebi msoflio masStabiT.

msoflioSi nayofierebis maCveneblebi erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavdeba. SeerTebuli
Statebis, kanadis, dasavleT evropisa da avstraliis nayofierebis maCveneblebi 2.1 _
Canacvlebis doneze an mis qveviT dgas. amgvarad, maTi mosaxleoba erT donezea SenarCuneb­
uli an imigraciis xarjze SedarebiT neli tempiT izrdeba. amis sawinaaRmdegod, afrikisa
da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi nayofierebis maCveneblebi aris 4-dan 5-mde an me­tic ki,
rac sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom moxdes sazogadoebis swrafi tempiT zrda, miuxedavad gar­
dacvalebis koeficientebisa, romelic aWarbebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis Sesabamis maCvene­
blebs.

wyaro: msoflio bankis atlasi 1990w. (msoflio banki, vaSingtoni, 1990w.).

sikvdilianoba
gardacvalebis miaxloebiTi koeficienti aris gardacvlil­Ta raodenoba
1.000 adamianze mocemul weliwadSi. 1994 wels Se­er­Tebul StatebSi gardaicvala
2.1 milionze meti adamiani, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom 1.000 adamianze gardacva­
lebis miaxloebiTi koeficienti iyo 9 (SeerTebuli Statebis janmrTelobisa
dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis departamenti, 1995a, gv. 1). Tumca, gar­
dacvlil adamianTa raodenoba ar aris zusti ganmsazRvreli faqtori, vinaidan
zogierTis gardacvaleba ufro adre xdeba, zogisa ki mogvianebiT. ufro mniS­
vnelovani gaxlavT asakis mixedviT diferencirebuli sikvdilianobis koeficienti
(age-adjusted mortality rate ).
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti aris mocemul weliwadSi erTi wlis
asakamde gardacvlil bavSvTa raodenoba 1.000 cocxal nayofze. es maCvenebeli
farTod gamoiyeneba, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebisa da
cxovrebis donis sazomi. 1993 wels SeerTebul StatebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti 1.000 cocxal nayofze iyo 8.6. es gaxldaT yvelaze dabali maCvenebe­
li, rac ki iqamde dafiqsirebula qveyanaSi. amave dros, es koeficienti sxva ganvi­
Tarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRalia. iaponiaSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti yvelaze dabalia (4 _ 1.000 cocxal nayofze), mas mosdevs SvedeTi
da fineTi (5) da taivani da Sveicaria (6) (msoflio banki, 1995w.). bavSvebis gar­
dacvalebis koeficientebi am qveyanaSi ufro maRalia SavkanianebSi (15.1), vid­re
TeTrkanianebSi (7.3); bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficientebi ufro maRalia aSS-is

767
yvelaze Rarib raionebSi, rogorc soflad, aseve qalaqad. sqema 18.4 gviCvenebs
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficients msoflio masStabiT.

sikvdilianoba
1 000 Cvilze
20-ze naklebi
20-40
40-60
60-100
100-150
150-200
200-ze meti

ucnobia

sqema 18.4/ bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti msoflio masStabiT

miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti ufro maRa­
lia, vidre mraval sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, amerikeli bavSvebis gardacvalebis pro­
centi bevrad ufro dabalia mesame samyaros qveynebTan SedarebiT. mTels afrikaSi, axlo
aRmosavleTSi, indoeTsa da aRmosavleT aziaSi bavSvTa gardacvaleba, sadac dabadebuli
bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10 % iRupeba, TiTqmis Cveul movlenad iqca.

wyaro: gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis fondi, 1995w. mokle angariSi 1995 wlis msoflio
mosaxleobis situaciis Sesaxeb, niu-iorki.

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, adamianis SesaZlo sasicocxlo wlebis maqsima­

luri raodenoba, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didad ar Secvlila. 80 weli, bibli­
uri droidan dRemde, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis normad iTvleba da 120 weli ki
axlac maqsimaluria. Secvlilia im xalxis raodenoba, romlebic moxuce­bulobis
sakmaod seriozul asakamde aRweven. aseTi zrda iwvevs sicocxlis saSualo xan­
grZlivobis gazrdas. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis monacemebi gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier, rodesac isini gamoiTvlian sxva­dasxva
asakis xalxisaTvis premiebis raodenobas. industriul qveynebSi dabadebuli
xalxis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba meryeobs 75 wlis farglebSi. ufro nak­
lebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba mxolod 72 we­
lia. mosalodnelia, rom TeTrkaniani mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma ufro
didxans icxovron, TiTqmis 80 wlamde; araTeTrkaniani mdedrobiTi sqesis warmo­
madgenlebma ki mosalodnelia, rom 75 welze cota met xans icocxlon. mamakacebis
sicocxlis saSualo asaki ufro moklea, vidre qalebis: TeTrkaniani mamrobiTi
sqesis warmomadgenlebma SesaZlebelia, rom 72 weli icxovron da araTeTrkanian­
ma mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma ki _ 65 weli. sqema 18.5 gviCvenebs gansx­
vavebebs sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobebSi msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi.
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba kvlav mniSvnelovnad dabalia ganviTarebad
qveynebSi, magram es maCvenebeli amJamad swrafad izrdeba.

768
 asaki
50-ze naklebi
50-64,9
65-69,9
70-72,9
73-ze meti

ucnobia

sqema 18.5/ sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba msoflio masStabiT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maRal koeficients da kvebisa da janmrTelo­
bis dacvis dabal dones, maSin sulac aRar iqneba gasakviri is faqti, rom, ganviTarebul
qveynebTan SedarebiT, mesame samyros qveynebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba mniS­
vnelovnad dabalia. maSin, rodesac SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadaSi, dasavleT evropaSi,
avstraliasa da iaponiaSi xalxis 70 wlamde mainc cxovrobs, afrikis mTel rig qveynebSi 50
wlis asakamde Zlivs aRwevs.

wyaro: msoflio bankis atlasi 1990w. (msoflio banki, vaSingtoni, 1990w.),

gv. 20-21.

SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis ga­z­r­dis mizezi gax­

lavT infeqciuri daavadebebiT gamowveuli sikv­dilianobis Semcireba, rac niS­
navs, rom axalSobilebisa da bavSvebis ufro meti raodenoba aR­wevs zrdasrul
asaks. mozardebSi xSiria ubeduri SemTxvevebi, magram fataluri Sedegebis pro­
centuli maCvenebeli aseve dabla iwevs. amerikelebi ufro xSirad iRupebian xan­
dazmul asakSi da maTi gardacvalebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebia: gulis daa­
vadebebi, simsivneebi da insultebi. xumrobiT amboben, rom am qveyanaSi simsivnuri
daavadebebis maCveneblis gazrdis mizezi aris is, rom amerikelebi sakmaod didx­
ans cxovroben (ix. Tavi 14).
yvela demografiuli cvalebadi faqtoridan, cvlilebebma sikv­dilianobis
sakiTxSi Zalze seriozuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina sazogadoebis demografiul is­
toriaSi. nayofierebis maCveneblebi darCa ucvleli da mesame samyaros qveynebSi
Semcirda kidec, magram gardacvalebis koeficientebi swrafad daeca bevr qve­
yanaSi. dRevandeli globaluri demografiuli afeTqeba ufro metad gardacva­
lebis warmatebuli kontrolis Sedegia, vidre Sobadobis susti regulirebisa
(harisoni, 1992w; hauCleri da kenedi, 1994w.).

migracia

xalxis gadaadgileba erTi adgilidan meoreze ganisazRvreba migraciis koe­

ficientebiT. wminda migraciis koeficienti (net migration rate) aris gansxvaveba

769
yovelwliurad wasuli da Camosuli xalxis raodenobaSi, mocemuli 1.000 adami­
anze. emigracia aris migracia mosaxleobidan gareT; imigracia aris migracia
mosaxleobaSi. es terminebi Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba, rodesac saubaria saerTa­
Soriso migraciaze. magram, Sida migracia _ gadaadgileba TviT qveynis SigniT,
rogoric gaxlavT SeerTebul StatebSi erTi Statidan meoreSi gadasvla _ aseve
Zalze mniSvnelovania.
xalxis migracia uamravi mizeziT aris gamowveuli, magaliTad, bunebrivi
katastrofebiT, mTavrobis an religiuri devnis safuZvelze, Tavgadasavlebis
Ziebisa Tu cxovrebis gaumjobesebis surviliT. rodesac iwyeba migracia, Cndeba
im ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan yofnis survili, romlebic ukve wasulebi
arian (petersoni, 1975w). yvela am mizezma moiyvana xalxi SeerTebul StatebSi.
1840-iani wlebis kartofilis SimSilma _ bunebrivma katastrofam _ daiwyo
irlandiuri imigraciis talRa. me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasaw­
yisSi ruseTSi dawyebulma Zlierma antisemiturma moZraobam (romelic moicav­
da organizebul gasaxlebebs, rac cnobilia `pogromebis~ saxeliT) gamoiwvia
rusi ebraelebis swrafad wamosvla da maTi SeerTebul StatebSi dasaxleba. 1910
wlisaTvis, ekonomiuri keTildReobis survilma gamoiwvia 6 milioni adamianis
imigracia samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan. 1970-1990-iani wlebis
farglebSi mimdinare politikurma movlenebma aiZula samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziis bevri qveynis macxovrebeli, daetovebina Tavisi saxl-kari da TavSesafari
epova SeerTebul StatebSi. maTma ekonomiurma warmatebebma, TavianT qveyanaSi
mimdinare problemebis fonze, sxvebsac gauCina am mimarTulebiT migraciis sur­
vili. bevri xalxi miedineboda Statebisaken miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro da ufro
rTuli xdeboda es procesi _ SeerTebuli Statebi qmnida barierebs imigraciis
sawinaaRmdegod.
imigracia yovelTvis iyo SeerTebuli Statebis zrdis da mravalferovnebis
mTavari wyaro, iseve, rogorc klasTaSorisi daZabulobis da sxva problemebisa
(voldingeri, 1996w.). 1820 wlidan 50 milionze meti adamiani Camovida SeerTebul
StatebSi sacxovreblad. maT ricxvSi iyo 3 milionze meti mona, romlebic afrikidan
maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod Camoiyvanes. imigrantebi 1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Seadgendnen am qveynis mosaxleobis zrdis sul cota erT mesameds mainc.
imigrantebSi Sobadobis maRalma koeficientma seriozuli wvlili Seitana 1980-
iani wlebis bolos momxdar demografiul `aJiotaJSi~. imigran­tebma aseve zegavle­
na iqonies mosaxleobis ganawilebis sakiTxSi: maSin, rodesac mkvidri amerikelebi
CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan midiodnen samxreTsa da dasavleTSi, bevri im­
igranti fuZndeboda Zvel industriul qalaqebSi, amaragebda ra `axali sisxliT~
am qalaqebis ekonomikas (suro, 1990w.). imigraciis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli erT-
erTi mTavari Sedegi gaxlavT cvlileba SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis eTnikur
SemadgenlobaSi. aRiniSneba aziuri da laTino-amerikuli mosaxleobis Zalze swrafi
zrda. rasakvirvelia, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi, iqneba dro, rodesac laTino-ameri­
kuli mosaxleoba, savaraudod, gadaaWarbebs afro-amerikul mosaxleobas, rogorc
SeerTebuli Statebis yvelaze did umciresobis jgufs.

770
 amJamad, imigraciam msgavsi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia evropaSic, SeSfoTebulia
bevri erovnebis xalxi (brubakeri), 1992w.; enzenbergeri, 1994w.). maSin, rodesac
SeerTebuli Sta­tebi warmoadgens SedarebiT axlad dasaxlebulebisa da mimdi­
nare imigrantebis sazogadoebas, evropuli qveynebi Tavs Tvlian ufro metad
imigrantebis gamgzavnebad, vidre maT mimRebebad. aRniSnuli situacia am bolo
wlebSi Seicvala, xSiria gaRizianeba da aRSfoTeba axalCamomsvlelebis mimarT.
bevri evropelisaTvis Sokis momgvrelia televiziiT gadmocemuli axali am­
bebi, sadac naCvenebia, Tu rogor iReben germanelebi StormiT Senobebs, sadac
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebidan wamosuli ltolvilebi arian dasaxle­
bulni, rogor esxmian Tavs frangi mozardebi arabi imigrantebis mier aSenebul
meCeTebs, an rogori sisastikiT uswordebian britaneli `sqinhedebi~ (`skinheads~)
pakistanel imigrantebs.
migracia yovelTvis iyo msoflio istoriis mniSvnelovani faqtori. me-20
saukunis bolo mSfoTvare wlebSi sakmaod farTomasStabiani gaxda iZulebiTi mig­
racia. sqema 18.6 gviCvenebs bolo aTwleulebSi ltolvilebis saocarad mzard
ricxvs, gansakuTrebiT aziasa da afrikaSi da am bolo wlebSi ki _ evropaSi. xalxi
ltolvili xdeba nebismier dros, rodesac raime krizisis Sedegad is gamoZevebu­
lia Tavisi sacxovreblidan. ltolvilebi Cndebian omebis, diqtaturis reJimis,
genociduri eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli katastro­
febis Sedegad.

sqema 18.6/ ltolvilTa raode­

noba msoflioSi regionebis
mixedviT, 1976-1992ww. 1976-1992
wlebSi ltolvilTa saerTo ricx­
vi msoflioSi TiTqmis Svidjer gai­
zarda _ saSualod 2.7 milionidan
TiTqmis 19 milionamde. erovnuli
da sa­erTaSoriso organizaciebi
ar arian mzad, rom uzrunvelyon
uamrav uadgilo ada­­miani, romle­
bic axali sacxovreblebis ZebnaSi
ar­ian.

wyaro: ingomar hauCleri da pol

kenedi, globaluri mimarTule­
bebi: ganviTarebisa da mSvidobis
msoflio almanaxi (kontinuumi,
niu-iorki, 1994w), gv. 123 (gaer­
Tianebuli erebis umaRlesi komis­
ris warmomadgenloba ltolvil­
TaTvis (U.N. High Commission for
Refugees), wliuri statistika).

magaliTad, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, centraluri afrikis qveynebis

burundisa da ruandas hutusa da tutsis mosaxleobas Soris genocidisa da eT­
nikuri konfliqtebis Sedegad, msgavsad zairisa, milionobiT ltolvili SeiWra

771
mezobel qveynebSi. ltolvilebi saSinlad mZime pirobebSi arian, xSirad uwevT
cxovreba droebiT banakebSi iseT qveynebSi, romlebic TviTonac gaWirvebulni
arian da TavianTi moqalaqeebisTvisac ki Zalze mwiri resursebi gaaCniaT janmr­
Telobis dacvisa da sakvebiT momaragebis sakiTxebSi. ltolvilTa miReba Ses­
aZlebelia Zalze mZime tvirTad daawves sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs, Tumca
maTi umetesoba aseT mZime tvirTs didsulovnad iRebs. gaerTianebuli erebis
umaRlesi komisris warmomadgenloba ltolvilTaTvis daxmarebas uwevs maT da
xels uwyobs SesaZlo repatriaciis sakiTxSi. maSin, rodesac ltolvilTa umete­
soba gadaadgildeba mezobel qveynebSi, maTi mciredi nawili (rogorc wesi, ufro
ganaTlebulebi) ufro Sori qveynebisaken miiwevs. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris,
SeerTebul Statebs, kanadas, avstralias da skandinaviis qveynebs tradiciulad
dadgenili aqvT SedarebiT msubuqi SezRudvebi ltolvilTa miRebis raodenobis
Taobaze.

asakobrivi Semadgenloba

ganviTarebuli ganviTarebadi
asakobrivi piramida
qveynebi qveynebi

mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli

sqema 18.7 / ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis tipuri struq­

turebi. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis asakobrivi Semadgenloba sakmaod gansx­
vavdeba erTmaneTisagan, vinaidan gansxvavebulia maTi Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis koefi­
cientebi. aSS-is msgavs sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac nayofierebis da sikvdilianobis
koeficientebi dabalia, TiToeul asakobriv jgufSi xalxis raodenobadaaxloebiT erT­
nairia. gansxvavebaa sicocxlis periodis bolo nawilSi, sadac xalxi aRwevs samocdaaTi,
oTxmoci da oTxmocdaaTi wlis asaks. ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki _ piriqiT, asakobrivi
Semadgenloba qmnis namdvil piramidas. ibadeba bevri bavSvi, rac piramidas ganier safuZ­
vels uqmnis. magram gardacvalebas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mTeli sicocxlis ganmav­
lobaSi da sul ufro da ufro Tanamimdevrulad amcirebs xalxis raodenobas asakis yovel
doneze. moxucebulobas Zalze cota adamiani aRwevs.

wyaro: ingomar hauCleri da pol kenedi, globaluri mimarTulebebi: ganviTare­bisa da mSvi­

dobis msoflio almanaxi (kontinuumi, niu-iorki, 1994w.),
gv. 114 (gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis monacemebze dayrdnobiT).

772
 Sobadobis, gardacvalebis da migraciis koeficientebis gavlena SesaZlebe­
lia vnaxoT mosaxleobis asakobriv SemadgenlobaSi, modelSi, romelic iqmneba,
rodesac xalxi sazogadoebaSi dajgufebulia asakis mixedviT (ix. Tavi 10). sqema
18.7-ze mocemuli mosaxleobis piramida aris asakobrivi Semadgenlobis grafi­
kuli warmodgena. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis koefi­
cienti erTnairad maRalia, asakobrivi Semadgenlobis mo­deli iRebs samkuTxedis
formas. modeli, sadac bevri bavSvi ibadeba, magram mcire nawili aRwevs moxuce­
bulobis asaks, damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. amis sapirispi­
rod, Sobadobis dabali koeficientiTa da axalgazda asakSi gardacvlilTa mcire
ricxviT, ganviTarebuli qveynebis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis modeli ufro metad
marTkuTxedis formisaa da viwrovdeba mxolod wverisaken. radganac Sobadobi­
sa da gardacvalebis koeficientebi Semcirebulia, amitom TiToeul asakobriv
jgufSi xalxis raodenoba TiTqmis tolia.

asakobrivi piramida

mln adamiani

sqema 18.8 / SeerTebuli Statebis asakobrivi Semadgenloba, 1989 weli

1946 da 1964 wlebis demografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebulma xalxma seriozuli
namati moitana SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis struqturaSi. meoce saukunis bolo
wlebSi, rogorc naCvenebia grafikze, demografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebuli Tao­
ba afarToebs Suaxnis asakis rigebs. Semdeg saukuneSi, rodesac am Taobis warmomadgenlebi
gaxdebian asakovanni, es gamoiwvevs asakobrivi Semadgenlobis sqemis wveris gafarToebas.

wyaro: karl haubi(Haub), `msoflio da SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis perspeqtivebi~,

mosaxleoba da garemo: interdisciplinaruli swavlebis Jurnali 12, #3 (1991w.), gv. 304.

mSobiarobebis, gardacvalebebisa Tu migraciis seriozuli zrda gamoiwvevs

sazogadoebis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis cvlilebasac. 1946-1964 wlebis demo­
grafiuli afeTqebis Sedegad warmoiqmna mSobiarobis kohortebi(birth cohorts). es

773
arian is adamianebi (rogorc Cven vnaxeT me-10 TavSi), romlebic daibadnen imave
an Semdgom ramodenime weliwadSi. aseTi swrafi da seriozuli namati SeerTebu­
li Statebis mosaxleobaSi, ZiriTadad, Sedgeba im xalxisagan, romlebic amJamad
30 wels gadacilebulni an 40 wlisani arian, rogorc es mocemulia sqema 18.8-ze.
2000 wlis Semdeg, rodesac demografiuli afeTqebis periodSi dabadebuli xalxi
miaRwevs 60 wlis asaks, isini ukve pensiaSi gavlen. demografiuli afeTqebis Tao­
bis pensiaSi gasvlis asakis pikis dros (daaxloebiT 2020 wels), SesaZlebelia, rom
58 milioni asakovani amerikeli iyos. bolo wlebSi, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan
ebraelTa masiuri imigraciis Sedegad, israelis mosaxleobis struqturaSic ms­
gavsi swrafi da seriozuli namati dafiqsirda. amis sapirispirod, masiurma emi­
graciam an omma, SesaZlebelia, rom axalgazrdebis deficiti gamoiwvios maSin,
rodesac isini reproduqtiul asakSi imyofebian. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirma
meore msoflio omSi 20 milioni adamiani dakarga, xolo 15 milioni stalinis
represiebs Seewira. am danaklisma Zalze didi naWdevi warmoqmna qveynis mosaxle­
obis piramidaSi. bolo wlebSi mimdinare omebma eraysa da irans Soris da eraysa
da SeerTebul Statebs Soris, TiTqmis gaanadgura axalgazrda mamakacebis Taoba
axlo aRmosavleTis am orive qveyanaSi. es danakargi aucileblad imoqmedebs yvela
faqtorze, dawyebuli maTi erovnuli ekonomikiTa da politikuri strategiebiT,
damTavrebuli axalgazrda qalebis gaTxovebis SansebiT.
sazogadoebis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis codna exmareba politikis SemmuSave­
blebsa da sociologebs winaswar gansazRvron, Tu ra saxis saqoneli da momsa­
xureba iqneba saWiro momavalSi. magaliTad, bavSvebis didi proporciuli maCvene­
beli niSnavs, rom saWiro gaxdeba skolebis raodenobis gazrda, maSin, rodesac
asakovani xalxis raodenobis zrdisas saWiroa sapensio gegmebsa da janmrTelo­
bis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebaze fiqri.
asakobrivi Semadgenloba aseve axdens zegavlenas mosaxleobis zrdis koefi­
cientze. rogorc aRniSnaven pol da ana erli­xe­bi (1990w.), mosaxleoba, romelic
swrafad izrdeba, inarCunebs zrdis temps maSinac ki, rodesac Sobadobis koefi­
cienti cotaTi dabla iwevs Canacvlebis donesTan SedarebiT. es gamowveulia im
xalxis didi raodenobiT, vinc aRwevs an ukve reproduqtiuli asakis sawyis fa­
zaSia. magaliTad, 1989 wels, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis sa­
Sualod 40 procenti axalgazrdobis fenas warmoadgenda. am qveynebis 15-30 wlis
miliardze meti axalgazrda ukve reproduqtiul asakSi iyo. aseTi viTarebisas
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TiToeul qalze bavSvebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcird­
eba, momavalSi ufro met qals eyoleba bavSvi da swored amitom mosaxleoba mainc
gaagrZelebs zrdas.

774
msoflio demografiuli problemebi

demografiuli Zalebis zegavlenis SeCereba ar xdeba qveynis sazRvrebTan. mas

globaluri Sedegebi moaqvs, gansakuTrebiT ki axla, rodesac mosaxleobis zrdam
aseT did masStabebs miaRwia.

Tanamedrove
epoqa
miliardobiT adamiani

Zveli Sua
qvis brinjaos rkinis sauku-
xana axali qvis xana neebi
xana xana

Savi sikvdili - Savi Wiri

sqema 18.9 / msoflio mosaxleobis zrda Cv. w.-mde 8000 wlidan dRemde.
mosaxleobam. daiwyo neli tempiT zrda, magram amJamad Zalian swrafad izrdeba. mimdinare
tempiT miliardi adamiani emeteba msoflio mosaxleobas yovel Tormet-camet weliwadSi.
amis sapirispirod ki, saSualod aTi aTasi weli iyo saWiro, rom xuT milion adamians, romle­
bic cxovrobdnen miwaTmoqmedbis ganviTarebis periodSi, miliardi STamomavali hyoloda.

wyaro: msoflio mosaxleobis monacemTa cnobari, mosaxleobis sainformacio biuro (Popu­

lation Reference Bureau, Inc.), vaSingtoni.

10.000 wlis winaT, rodesac ganviTarda miwaTmoqmedeba, dedamiwaze daaxloebiT

5 mi­lionamde adamiani cxovrobda _ saSualod imdeni, ramdenic amJamad cxovrobs
san-franciskos yureSi. 2.000 wlis winaT, dedamiwaze mTeli mosaxleobis raodenoba
ar iyo imaze meti, rac dRes aris SeerTebul StatebSi. mxolod ramodenime aswleu­
lis winaT daiwyo zrdis modelma mkveTrad da mniSvnelovnad zrda an Semcireba,
rac gamowveuli iyo mxo­lod SimSiliT, omebiTa da avadmyofobebiT. magaliTad, me-
14 saukuneSi, evropis mosaxleobam Savi Wiris Sedegad Zalze didi danakargi gani­
cada. magram Semdgom, me-17 saukunis bolos, isev daiwyo mosaxleobis zrda. 1800-
iani wlebis Sua periodSi msoflios mosaxleobam 1 miliards miaRwia (vilfordi,
1981w.), xolo 1930 wlisaTvis _ 2 miliards. 1960 wlisaTvis es ricxvi gaxda sami mil­
iardi, xolo 1987 wlisaTvis _ oTxi miliardi (ix. sqema18.9). miuxedavad imisa, rom

775
msoflios mosaxleoba dRes ufro neli tempiT izrdeba, vidre 1960-ian da 1970-ian
wlebSi, yovel erT wuTSi ibadeba 275 adamiani, yovel erT saaTSi _ 16.482, yovel­
dRiurad _ 395.579 da yovelwliurad _ 144 milioni. masiuri SimSilobebis, epi­
demiebisa Tu birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi ganadgurebis
Sedegad, mosalodnelia, rom 2000 wlamde mosaxleobis raodenobam 6 miliards mi­
aRwios, xolo 2025 wlisaTvis ki _ 8.1 miliards (msoflio banki, 1994w.).
meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, rac iwvevs msoflio mosaxleobaze zemo­
qmedebis Secvlas, aris misi ganawileba. 1950 wlidan, rodesac ganviTare­bulma
qveynebma, romlebic msoflios mosaxleobis erT mesameds Seadgendnen, daiwyo
Tanabrad Semcirdeba. navaraudevia, rom momavali 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi msofli­
os mosaxleoba 3.2 miliardiT gaizrdeba, 3 miliardi (95 %) daibadeba samxreT na­
xevarsferos naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, xolo CrdiloeT naxevarsferos
ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki _ 200 milioni (keifici, 1989w; gaeros mosaxleobis
fondi, 1993w.). dadebiTi kuTxiT aris aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, im dros, rode­
sac mosaxleoba izrdeba aseTi swrafi tempiT, zrdis koeficientis aweva mainc
ar xdeba; Sobadobis maregulirebelma Zalisxmevam garkveul warmatebul Sedegs
miaRwia (brauni, lensenida keini, 1995w.). SvedeTSi Tu SenarCunebuli iqneba ar­
sebuli zrdis koeficienti, 350 weli iqneba saWiro imisaTvis, rom moxdes misi
mosaxleobis gaormageba. meore ukiduresobaa imis varaudi, rom 20 weliwadSi
indoeTis mosaxleoba gaormagdeba da indoeTi gaxdeba ufro xalxmravali qve­
yana, vidre CineTi. ase, rom msoflio mosaxleoba metad polarizebuli xdeba _
mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT msoflios mdidar raionebSi da meti
raodenobiT im regionebSi, sadac yvelaze naklebi SesaZleblobebia maT uzrun­
velsayofad.

malTusi marqsis winaaRmdeg

ramdenad didi unda gaxdes sabolood msoflios mosaxleoba da, ufro konkre­
tulad, ra raodenobiT adamianis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia Cvens planetas
da ra raodenobiT adamianis zewolas SeuZlia gauZlos garemom? es kiTxvebi siax­
les ar warmoadgens. amaze xSirad fiqrobda ingliseli mecnieri Tomas malTusi
(1766-1834ww.), romelmac 1798 wels Tavisi Teoria Camoayaliba naSromSi `ese mo­
saxleobis principebze~. malTuss hqonda ukiduresad pesimisturi xedva, amt­
kicebda ra, rom sazogadoeba gardauvlad aris CaTreuli konfliqtSi `sakvebis
saWiroebisa~ da `sqesTa Soris vnebas~ Soris. is miuTiTebda, rom sazogadoeba
izrdeba geometriulad (2, 4, 8, 16, . . . , da amgvarad ganuwyvetlad ormagdeba) ma­
Sin, rodesac sakvebiT momaragebis zrda ariTmetikulad mimdinareobs (2, 3, 4, 5,
. . . ). arc erTi sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba, gaizardos ganusazRvreli raodenobiT,
radganac xalxi zrdis Tavis ricxvs mxolod saarsebo pirobebis zRvramde. rogorc
ki progresi sakvebis warmoebaSi gaaumjobesebs xalxis sasicocxlo stan­darts,

776
ambobs malTusi, udavoa, rom sazogadoeba elviseburi siswrafiT aiTvisebas da,
xatovnd rom vTqvaT, `STanTqavs~ maRal sasicocxlo standartebs. erTaderTi
gamosavali iyo is, rom xalxisaTvis eswavlebinaT seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis
moTokva _ daqorwinebuliyvnen mogvianebiT da hyolodaT cota Svili (malTusi
ar aRiarebda arc Sobadobis regulirebas da arc abortebs). Tu es ar moxdeboda,
maSin mosaxleobis ricxovnoba gaizrdeboda iqamde, sanam ar moxdeboda misi Se­
Cereba Zalze Zlieri saSualebebiT: SimSiliT, epidemiiTa da omiT.
malTusis erT-erTi pirveli gamakritikebeli iyo karl marq­si. malTusi Warb­
mosaxleobasa da siRaribes abralebda sazogadoebis individualur wevrebs,
romelnic eqceodnen TavianTi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis qveS. marqsisaTvis
ki gansaxilveli gaxldaT ara Warbmosaxleoba, aramed produqciis nakleboba.
marqsi fiqrobda, rom malTusma ver SeZlo warmoedgina industriuli revolu­
ciis mTeli SesaZleblobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiuri winsvla soflis
meurneobaSi. ase magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi ganviTarebul Tanamedrove
sasoflo-sameurneo danadgarebs, sasuqebs, pesticidebs, irigacias, hibridul
nargavebsa da genetikurad SerCeul cxovelebs wvlili aqvT Setanili erovnuli
soflis meurneobis produqciis ufro swraf zrdaSi, vidre maTi mosaxleobis
zrdaSi (Tumca, SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis produqciis namatma
ar mouRo bolo SimSils msoflios sxva qveynebSi). faqtobrivad, bolo 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba asponsorebda programebs, rom­
lebic mimarTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis Semcirebisaken: fermer­
ebi iRebdnen subsidiebs mTavrobisagan, rom maT ar daemuSavebinaT miwebi. mar­
qss Rrmad swamda, rom kapitalizmis sistemas gaaCnda SesaZleblobebi, Seeqmna
produqti da sxva saWiroebani ganusazRvreli raodenobis mosaxleobisaTvis.
mxolod kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _ socialuri simdidris
araTanabari gadanawileba _ iseT STabeWdilebas tovebda, TiTqos mosaxleobis
bunebriv SezRudvas unda hqonoda adili. garda amisa, marqsis SexedulebiT, ka­
pitalistur wyobaSi sakuTrebis sistema isea mowyobili, rom produqcia Raribi
xalxis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad ki ara, kapitalis dagrovebis gazr­
disakenaa mimarTuli. kapitalistebs sargebeli hqondaT im faqtidan, rom Warbi
mosaxleoba ejibreboda erTmaneTs samsaxurisaTvis, amitom isini amcirebdnen
xelfass da maqsimumamde ahyavdaT mogeba. marqsi Warbmosaxleobis problemis
gadaWris gzas socializmSi xedavda. amgvarad, maSin, rodesac malTusi yuradRe­
bas amaxvilebda individualur qmedebebze da fiqrobda, rom pasuxi mosaxleobis
problemebze iyo moralur SezRudvaSi, marqsi fokusirebas axdenda sazogadoe­
bis ekonomikur struqturaze da fiqrobda, rom problemis gadaWra SesaZlebeli
iqneboda axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi.
mao Zeduni iyo marqsis ideis mimdevari, rodesac daadgina, rom CineTs Soba­
dobis SezRudva ki ar sWirdeboda, aramed _ ekonomikuri zrda. miuxedavad amisa,
CineTis mTavrobaSi myofi maos memkvidreeebi ar daeTanxmnen am mosazrebas. isini
Tvlidnen, rom, Tu ar moxdeboda mosaxleobis zrdis intensiuri Semcireba, gaum­
jobesebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sedegad miRebuli ekonomikuri efeqti

777
moxmardeboda ara cxovrebis standartis awevas, aramed ufro mravalricxovani
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofas. amitomac daadgines maT SezRudva ojaxze, romlis
Tanaxmadac wyvils mxolod erTi bavSvis yolis ufleba eZleoda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marqsi zedmetad optimisturad uyurebda Cvens Sesa­
Zleblobebs mravalricxovani mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi, magram
malTusi namdvilad zedmetad pesimisti gaxldaT. miuxedavad bevri krizisisa,
msoflios mosaxleoba (da individualuri qveynebis umetesoba) agrZelebda zr­
das da gamokvebili iyo imdenad, rom SimSiliT ar iRupeboda. marqsi marTali iyo,
rodesac fiqrobda, rom teqnologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi _ ara mxolod
bunebrivi SezRudvebi _ gansazRvraven, Tu ramdeni adamianis uzrunvelyofa Seu­
Zlia Cvens planetas. magram verc marqsma da verc malTusma ver gaTvales yvelaze
mTavari wvlili, rac Seitana Tanamedrove demografiam am mimdinare debatebSi:
dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom ekonomikuri ganviTareba iwvevs ara mxolod sakvebiT
momaragebis zrdas da gardacvalebis koeficientebis dawevas (amgvarad qmnis
ufro mravalricxovani mosaxleobis arsebobis saSualebas), aramed, grZelva­
diani periodis Semdeg, ZiriTadad, mivyavarT patara ojaxebis arCevanamde da,
amgvarad _ sazogadoebis zrdis Semcirebamde. es procesi cnobilia, rogorc mo­
saxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi(demographic transition).

demografiuli tranzicia

mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodis idea dasavleT

evropis istoriuli gamocdilebidan modis (TeiTelbaumi, 1975w.). me-19 sauku­
neSi evropis industrializaciis Sedegad, nayofierebis maCveneblebi daeca.
demografebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, industrializaciis Sedegad yovelTvis mosa­
lodnelia nayofierebis maCveneblis aseTi dacema. magram ori kiTxva mainc upa­
suxod rCeba. pirveli kiTxva exeba imas, Tu industrializaciis ra specifikurma
maxasiaTeblebma gamoiwvia evropis nayofierebis maCveneblebis dacema? da meore
_ yvela sxva qveyanamac igive gza unda gaiaros? rogorc Cven vnaxavT Semdeg
nawilSi, bevri Tanamedrove kvleva daeyrdno mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis
gardamavali periodis ZiriTad ideas, raTa pasuxi gascemoda am orive kiTxvas.
ZiriTadi modeli amJamadac mniSvnelovania: miuxedavad imisa, iZleva Tu ara na­
yofierebis cvlilebebis gamomwvev mizezebze konkretul miTiTebas, is gansaz­
Rvravs im stadiebs, rodesac pirvelad xdeba mosaxleobis zrda da Semdeg ki _
doneebs, romlebic sikvdilianobisa da nayofierebis maCveneblebis Semcirebas
Seesabameba.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodis modeli Sedgeba oTxi
stadiisagan, romlebic gamoxataven mimdinare industrializaciis periodSi mo­
saxleobis dinamikas (ix. sqema18.10). 1-l anu industrializaciis sawyis stadiaze
Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis koeficientebi maRalia, da amgvarad, mosaxleobis

778
raodenoba Sesabamisad stabiluria. me-2 stadiaze, Sobadobis koeficienti rCeba
maRali maSin, rodesac gardacvalebis koeficienti mcirdeba kvebis, janmrTelo­
bis da sanitaruli pirobebi gaumjobesebis xarjze. kerZod, bavSvTa sikvdiliano­
bis koeficienti ecema, Sedegad ufro meti bavSvi gadarCeba, romlebic Semdgom
TviTon xdebian mSoblebi. aRniSnuli situaciidan gamomdinare, am stadiidan
Cndeba demografiuli afeTqebis SesaZlebloba. me-3 stadiaSi isev xdeba Soba­
dobis koeficientis daweva, vinaidan ojaxebi acnobiereben, rom maT moxucebu­
lobaSi aRar sWirdebaT amdeni bavSvi. me-4 stadiaSi Sobadobis da gardacvalebis
koeficientebi dabalia da kvlav dabalansebulia.

Sobadobis koeficienti

gardacvalebis koeficienti

stadia 1 stadia 2 stadia 3 stadia 4

Sobadobis da Sobadobis koefici­ Sobadobis da Sobadobis da
gardacvalebis enti rCeba maRali; gardacvalebis gardacvalebis
koeficientebi gardacvalebis koeficientebi koeficientebi
maRalia koeficienti ecema mcirdeba dabalia

sqema 18.10 / industrializebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardama­

vali periodis oTxi stadia.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamaval periodSi teqnologiebis gaumjobesebam, rac
Tan sdevda industrializacias, pirvelad gamoiwvia gardacvalebis koeficientis aSkara
Semcireba. sanam Sobadobis koeficienti jerac maRalia, mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeba. ma­
gram SemdgomSi aRiniSneba Sobadobis Semcireba, vinaidan izrdeba mcirericxovani ojaxebis
ricxvi. es ki gamowveulia imiT, rom aseTi ojaxebi ufro metad ergebian cvalebad ekonomi­
kas. bolo Sedegi (stadia 4) aris gardacvalebisa da Soabdobis dabali koeficientebi.

ramodenime qveyana, maRali Sobadobis da gardacvalebis koeficientebiT,

dRes isev pirvel stadiaSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikis soflebis nawili miuax­
lovda am mdgomareobas. magaliTad, aRmosavleT afrikaSi gardacvalebis koefi­
cienti 1.000 adamianze aris 15 da Sobadobis koeficienti ki 48 _ TiTqmis orjer
meti, vidre aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi (hauCleri da kenedi, 1994w.) analogiuri
situacia iyo CineTSi komunisturi revoluciis wina wlebSi. amis sapirispirod,
indoeTi, Nnigeria, brazilia da ganviTarebadi qveyenebis umravlesoba imyofeba
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodis me-2 stadiaSi, sadac So­

779
badobis koeficientebi isev maRali rCeba, magram gardacvalebis koeficientebi
ki dabla iwevs. es aris mosaxleobis intensiuri zrdis stadia. me-3 stadiis mag­
aliTs warmoadgens CineTi, sadac Sobadobis regulireba sayovelTaod vrcel­
deba. evropa, CrdiloeT amerika da iaponia arian meoTxe (da savaraudod) bolo
stadiaze, Sobadobis dabali, magram cvalebadi koeficientiTa da gardacvalebis
dabali, magram ucvleli koeficientiT. sinamdvileSi, zogierT industriul
qveyanaSi, magaliTad, germa­niaSi, mSobia­robebis ricxvma gardacvlilTa ricxvze
qveviT daiwia.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi ar unda iqnes ganxilu­
li, rogorc raime fiqsirebuli Sedegi. yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac kulturul,
politikur da sxva faqtorebs bevrad ufro seriozuli zegavlena mouxdeniaT
nayofierebisa da sikvdilianobis suraTze, vidre ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
maga­liTad, swored axla, aRmosavleT evropis yofil komunistur qveynebSi nayo­
fierebis maCveneblebi bevrad ufro swrafad ecema, vidre gardacvalebis _ rac,
faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia, rom gaizardos. arastabiluri ekonomikuri situa­
ciis pirobebSi xalxs urCevnia, rom Svilebi ar hyavdeT. 1989 da 1991 wlebSi ru­
seTSi Sobadobis koeficienti daeca 15-20 %-iT, xolo rumineTSi 30 %-iT (niu-
iork Taimsi, 31 dekemberi, 1991w.). imave dros, janmrTelobis dacvisa da kvebis
sakiTxebi seriozul problemebs ganicdida komunizmis ngrevis gamo.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodis me-2 stadias serio­
zuli problemebi moaqvs bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis. magaliTad, indoeTSi
gardacvalebis koeficientis ucabedi dacema pirdapir kavSirSi iyo vaqcinaciasa
da sxva importirebul teqnologiebTan (kvebisa da sanitaruli pirobebis gaum­
jobeseba, sikvdilianobis koeficientis masobrivi daweviT gamowveuli kriti­
kuli situacia _ aq SedarebiT msubuqi iyo). kalkuteli Suaxnis kacis sityvebSi
gadmocemulia am cvlilebis moulodneloba:

rodesac patara biWi viyavi, 40 Tu 50 gvami waiRes, romlebic qoleris

epidemiam imsxverpla. es yovel 5 an 10 weliwadSi erTxel meordeboda.
axla movidnen da Cvens bavSvebs acrebi gaukeTes. me aq vcxovrob daax­
loebiT 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi. janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli cvli­
leba umTavresi iyo mTeli Cemi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. Cven viswavleT
­sikvdilisagan Tavis Sekaveba. (citata moyvanilia tomlinsonisagan,
1976, gv.29)

cvlilebebi janmrTelobis dacvis, kvebis, sanitaruli pirobebisa da sxva

sakiTxebSi, rac xorcieldeboda dasavleT samyaroSi erTi Tu ori saukunis ganmav­
lobaSi, mesame samyaros qveynebSi koncentrirda mxo­lod ramodenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, is udidesi Rirebuleba, rasac xalxi aniWebs did
ojaxebs, ar Secvlila ise swrafad, rogorc teqnologiebi, romle­bmac Seamcires
gardacvalebis koeficientebi.

780
Sobadobis donis dacema

dRes mravali jgufi da organizacia muSobs imaze, rom mosaxleobis regu­

lirebis (population planning) xelSewyobiT moxdes mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZ­
raobis gardamavali periodis daCqareba mTel msoflioSi. es jgufebi Sedgebian
kerZo saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis da sazogadoebrivi (arakomerciuli) orga­
nizaciebisagan, rogorebic arian: mosaxleobis sabWo (Population Council), gaeros
mosaxleobis fondi, romelic exmareba ganviTarebad qveynebs mosaxleobis aRw­
eraSi, uzrunvelyofs Sobadobis maregulirebeli (family-planning) programebiT,
uwevs materialur daxmarebas da xels uwyobs bavSvTa janmrTelobasTan dakav­
Sirebul sakiTxebSi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobaSi mTavroba ayalibebs de­
mografiul politikas da niSnavs ministrebs janmrTelobisa da sxva saxis dawese­
bulebebSi am politikis gasatareblad. aseTi politika mimarTulia cnobierebis
amaRlebaze im sakiTxSi, rom mosaxleobis swrafi zrda iwvevs socialur, ekonomi­
kur da garemosTan dakavSirebul problemebs.
rodesac mosaxleobis zrdis dabali koeficientebi xdeba erovnuli politi­
kis sagani, maSin kerZo da saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi TiTqos `ejaxeba~ erTma­
neTs. mSoblis azriT, logikuria didi ojaxis yola. magaliTad, im ojaxebSi, rom­
lebic sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas misdeven, bavSvebi bevrad ufro met saqmes
akeTeben, vidre ojaxs exarjeba maTze. magram Tu vimsjelebT erTian sazogadoe­
baze da ufro Sors gavixedebiT, maSin naTeli gaxdeba, rom mosaxleobis zrda aris
seriozuli xelSemSleli faqtori erovnul siRaribesaTan brZolos sakiTxSi,
xatovnad rom vTqvaT, es aris `mTavari boqlomi erovnuli siRaribis xafangze~
(the master lock on the national poverty trap) (harisoni, 1984w, gv. 250), rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT globalur garemosa da msoflios stabilurobaze (harisoni, 1992w, gv.
274). pol harisoni paralels akeTebs mesame samyaros qveynebis mosaxleobis mis­
wrafebasa da pirveli samyaros sazogadoebis sayvarel saqmes Soris. pirveli da­
kavSirebulia mravalSviliani ojaxebis yolis, xolo meore _ avtomanqanebis qo­
nis survilTan:

yovel ojaxs surs, rom hqondes avtomobili [erTi mainc], raTa ufro
damoukidebelni da mobilurni iyvnen, magram maSin, rodesac Zalian
bevr adamians hyavs avtomobili, isini xSirad xvdebian sagzao sacobe­
bSi, avtomagistralebi gadatvirTulia, sazogadoebrivi transporti .
. . klebulobs da Sedegad xdeba is, rom xalxs uwevs bevrad ufro Sori
gzis gavla samsaxurSi misasvlelad, vidre maT babuebs uwevdaT Tavis
droze tramvaiT mgzavrobisas. vinaidan yvela iltvis Tavisuflebisa
da mobilobis misaRwevad, sabolood xdeba is, rom maTi Tavisufleba da
mobiloba SezRudulia ise, rogorc arasodes yofila uwin. asevea bavS­
vebTan dakavSirebiTac. xalxs aqvs didi ojaxebi, raTa siRaribes Tavi
daaRwion, magram siRaribe ufro metad izrdeba, vinaidan yvela am gzas
adgas (1984w., gv. 226-227).

781
 radganac SesaZlebelia, rom mosaxleobis swrafi zrda ganviTarebis mteri
aRmoCndes, amitom politikis SemmuSaveblebi eZeben nayofierebis maCveneblis
Semcirebis gzebs. erTi warmatebuli gza aris kontracefciis mudmivad xelmi­
sawvdomoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sobadobis maregulirebeli Tanamedrove saSu­
alebebiT arsebobs Sobadoba Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, es mainc rTuli gansa­
xorcielebelia. iqac ki, sadac es saSualebebi xelmisawvdomia, isini yovelTvis
ar gamoiyeneba. Sobadobis maregulirebeli programebi SemoqmedebiTi da mudmi­
vad ganaxlebadi unda iyos.
magaliTad, tailandSi, Sobadobis regulirebaze dadebuli tabus moxsnis
sakiTxSi CarTuli iyo, rogorc Temi, aseve gamoyenebul iqna materialuri dain­
teresebac. karnavalebze, soflis bazrobebsa da qorwilebzec ki imarTeboda
Sobadobis regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli TamaSebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad,
Sejibri prezervativebis gabervaSi. Sromis dReze da samefo dabadebis dReze
imarTeba vazeqtomiis maraTonebi, sadac eqimebisa da eqTnebis gundebi ejbrebian,
Tu romeli ufro met operacias Caatarebs. daregistrirebuli pirebi, rom­lebic
xels uwyoben Sobadobis regulirebas TavianT Temeb­Si, SesaZlebelia dajildovd­
nen fasdaklebiT TavianTi miwebis mosaxnavad xarebis daqiravebaSi, sasuqebisa da
Teslis SeZenisas da transportze, romelsac iyeneben TavianTi saqonlis bazarze
gasatanad. 16.000-ze met sofelSi arsebobs Sobadobis maregulirebeli centrebi.
tais wyvilebis daaxlovebiT 60 % mimarTavs Sobadobis maregulirebel praqtikas,
ris Sedegadac Sobadobis saerTo maCvenebeli daeca 6.1-dan 1965-1970-iani wlebi­
dan 2.1-mde 1994 wlisaTvis (redi, 1994w.; msoflio banki, 1990w.). magram yvela pro­
grama ar aris aseTi warmatebuli. magaliTad, 1967 wels keniaSi daiwyo Sobadobis
maregulirebeli programebi, magram misi organizeba da mTavrobis mxardaWera
sakmaod susti iyo. kenia, na­yofierebis yvelaze maRali maCve­neblebiT, msoflioSi
dRemde erT-erTi pirvelTagania da misi mosaxleoba msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad
mzardia (evromonitori, 1992w.).

kulturis zegavlena nayofierebis maCveneblebze

1965 wel mTeli mesame samyaros qveynebSi qalebs saSualod 6 meti Svili hyav­
daT; 1991 wlisaTvis nayofierebis maCvenebeli daeca 3.9 bavSvamde. CineTma sakmao
warmatebebs miaRwia am sakiTxSi, magram bolomde ver ganaxorciela aRniSnuli
politika. gaeros mosaxleobis fondis monacemebiT, mesame samyaros qveynebis qa­
lebis 55 %-ze meti 1994 wlisaTvis iyenebda kontracefciis saSualebebs (sadiki,
1994w.). yvelaze didi zegavlena qveynis nayofierebis maCvenebelze aqvs imas, Tu
ramdeni bavSvis yola surs xalxs da es ricxvi damokidebulia am xalxis kulturasa
da ekonomiur SesaZleblobebze (harisoni, 1992w.). bavSvebis siyvaruli aris maTi
yolis universaluri mizezi, magram aq aseve did rols TamaSobs sxvadasxva kul­
turebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifika. magaliTad, vaJkacobis (machismo)
tradiciis Tanaxmad, mamakacebi laTinur qveynebSi TavianT mamakacobas amtkice­

782
ben Svilebis raodenobiT. ufro metic, ZiriTadad, kulturuli Rirebulebebi ma­
terialur dainteresebasTan erTad, did ojaxebs ufro mimzidvels xdis.
mesame msoflios qveynebis umetes nawilSi ojaxuri funqciebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom kerZo korporaciebs waagavs (harisoni, 1984w.). ojaxis ufrosi, rogorc wesi
es gaxlavT mamakaci, pasuxismgebelia ojaxis yvela wevris bedze. misis warmate­
ba damokidebulia ara kapi­talis dagrovebaze, Tanamedrove gagebiT, aramed _
ojaxSi xalxis simravleze. ojaxis wevrebi, bavSvebis CaTvliT, warmoadgenen mis
ZiriTad dasayrdens an mTlian samuSao Zalas. bavSvebi asruleben patar-patara
samuSaoebs maSinve, rogorc ki amis fizikuri SesaZleblobebi CamouyalibdebaT,
xolo 13 wlis asakSi isini ukve srulfasovani momuSaveebi xdebian. soflebSi
isini muSaoben velze an cxovelebs uvlian; qalaqebSi isini SeiZleba gagzavnon
quCebSi Camomtarebel gamyidvelebad an _ samaTxovrod. didi ojaxis ufrosi se­
riozuli Zalis mflobels warmoadgens, rasac zegavlena aqvs mis TemSi. is mar­
Tavs mTel Tavis sanaTesao `jars~ da, miuxedavad imisa, rom qorwinebis Sedegad
myardeba kavSirebi sxva gvaris warmomadgenlebTan, yvela maTgani SesaZlebelia,
rom mowveuli iyos miwasTan, wylis savargulebsa Tu valebTan dakavSirebuli sa­
davo sakiTxebis gasarCevad. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom didi ojaxi gansakuTrebu­
li saxis dazRvevas warmoadgens mo­xucebulobis winaaRmdeg im qveyanebSi, sadac
ar xorcieldeba moxucebulTa daxmarebis prog­ramebi. rac ufro meti Svili hyavs
ojaxs, miT ufro ukeT iqnebian isini moxucebulobis asakSi.
zogadad, ojaxebSi, rogorc wesi, undaT rom hyavdeT vaJiSvilebi. amis mizezi
ar aris mxolod is, rom vaJiSvilebi ojaxis gvaris gamgrZeleblebi arian (ro­
gorc Cven aRvniSneT CineTis magaliTze). saerTod, mamakacebi ufro mets gamoi­
muSaveben, vidre qalebi. Sedegad, vaJebi sanam daqorwindebian, ufro mets deben
ojaxis biujetSi da ufro ukeT SeuZliaT moxuci mSoblebis Senaxva. ufro metic,
aziaSi mamakacebi qorwinebisas tradiciulad iReben meuRlis mzi­Tevs (fuli an
saqoneli sacolis ojaxisagan). rac ufro meti vaJiSvili hyavs ojaxs, miT ufro
meti mogeba aqvs. amis sapirispirod ki, rac ufro meti qaliSvili hyavs ojaxs, miT
ufro mets kargavs. qveynebSi, sadac axalSobilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianoba
farTod aris gavrcelebuli, erTi vaJiSvilis yola ar aris sakmarisi, vinaidan
Se­saZlebelia, rom is ver gadarCes. Cinuri andazis Tanaxmad: `erTi biWi _ ara­
biWi, ori biWi _ viTom biWi, sami biWi _ marTla biWi~. iranelebi amboben, rom `The
first two sons are for the crows~ (harisoni, 1984, gv. 220). ase, rom mamakacebs SurT im
ma­mebis, visac ramodenime Zlieri vaJiSvili hyavs, xolo qalebs ki _ im dedebis,
vinc isini gaaCina, radgan aseTi ojaxebi xSirad ufro mdidrebi da Zlierebi arian
da gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT.
Zalian Znelia aseTi msoflmxedvelobis Secvla maSinac ki, rodesac samedi­
cino miRwevebisa da gaumjobesebuli kvebis pirobebis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia,
rom ufro metma bavSvma miaRwios zrdasrul asaks. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
gabatonebuli iyo azri, romlis Tanaxmadac iTvleboda, rom Sobadobis SezRud­
vis gasaRebi iyo ekonomikuri ganviTareba. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qveyanam unda
miaRwios modernizaciis im garkveul dones (industrializaciis, urbanizaciisa
da ganaTlebis sferoebSi), rodesac xalxi ukve gaaanalizebs patara ojaxebis

783
ekonomiur upiratesobas. am mosazrebis (rac ZiriTadia mosaxleobis bunebrivi
moZraobis gardamavali periodis `bunebrivad~ muSaobaSi) momxreebi miuTiTeben
Sobadobis koeficientis swraf dacemaze, rac ganicades axlad industrialize­
bulma qveynebma _ singapurma da koream. miuxedavad amisa, modeli ar aris erTgva­
rovani. nayofiereba isev daeca im qveynebSi, sadac aseTi ekonomikuri warmatebebi
ar aRiniSneboda (magaliTad, Sri-lanka da kosta-rika), da SenarCunda im qvey­
nebSi, romlebmac miaRwies seriozul ekonomikur progress (brazilia da meqsika)
(erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.).

kontracefcia da qalTa statusi

seqsualuri politika xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba Sobadobis regulirebas. amis

magaliTia mamakacebis SiSi, rom Tu qalebi TviTon aregulireben mSobiarobis
sakiTxebs, mamebi dakargaven kontrols TavianT qaliSvilebze, xolo qmrebi _
TavianT colebze (hartmani, 1995w.; harisoni, 1992w.). aseT garemocvaSi myofma qa­
lebma, romlebsac aRar undaT rom hyavdeT meti Svili, SesaZlebelia, Tavi Seika­
von Sobadobis maregulirebeli saSualebebis gamoyenebisagan, vinaidan eSiniaT,
rom TavianTi qmrebi amisaTvis scemen kidec. an SesaZlebelia, mamakacebma Soba­
dobis makontrolebeli saSualebebis gamoyeneba codvad miiCnion, radganac isini
winaaRmdegobaSi modian religiur swavlebebTan. aseTi SiSebi gvaZlevs safuZ­
vels fiqrisa, rom Sobadobis regulireba misaRebi iqneba mxolod iq da maSin,
rodesac qalebis statusi gaumjobesdeba. rasakvirvelia, rogorc betsi hartmani
(1995w.) amtkicebs, mosaxleobis swrafi zrda ar aris problemis gamomwvevi raime
damoukidebeli faqtori, aramed is aris ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
problemebis simptomi, romelic kon­centrirebulia qalTa statusze.
mesame samyaros umetes qveyanaSi qalebi (da bavSvebi) arian `Ra­ribze Raribebi~.
bevrgan qals ar SeuZlia Tavisi mSoblebisagan an qmrisagan memkvidreobiT miiRos
miwis nakveTi an sxva raime qoneba. maT aseve ar aqvT ufleba TviTon SeiZinon raime
sakuTreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi asruleben sasoflo-sameurneo samuSa­
oebis umetesobas, maT ar aqvT ufleba arc miwaze da arc sxva raime saxis Semo­
savalze. sasoflo-sameurneo programebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod
mamakacebis mier imis gamo, rom qalebisaTvis am saSualebis micema daarRvevda
kulturul normebs. industrializaciis Sedegad xSirad xdeba bazris Semcire­
ba qalebis mier Seqmnili tradiciuli xelnakeTi produqciisaTvis. samewarmeo
saqmianoba ki SesaZlebelia, maTTvis xelmi­sawdomi ar iyos, vinaidan ganaTlebis
mowmoba qalebis mcire raodenobas aqvs da amitom ver uweven konkurencias mama­
kacebs. afrikeli da azieli gogonebi, maT ZmebTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis ar dadian
skolebSi. am regionebSi ocdaxuTi wlis da zeviT asakis qalebis sami meoTxedi
gaunaTlebelia (gaerTianebuli erebi, 1991w.). aseTi xelis SemSleli faqtorebis
saboloo Sedegi mesame samyaros qveynebis qalebis umetesobisaTvis aris is, rom
gaTxoveba da bavSvebis gaCena (upiratesad biWebis) erTaderTi gzaa, risi saSu­

784
alebiTac maT SeuZliaT miiRon usafrTxoeba da garkveuli statusi. amgvarad,
qalebi adreul asakSi Txovdebian da xSirad orsuldebian, Tumca nayofsac xSi­
rad kargaven.
ZiriTadi kvlevebi gviCveneben, rom rac ufro met ganaTlebas iRebs qali, miT
ufro cota bavSvs aCens. keniaSi Catarebulma erTma kvlevam gviCvena, Tu rogoria
qalis pirvelad gaTxovebis asakis, ganaTlebis donis, adgilmdebareobis (sofe­
li qalaqis sapirispirod), ojaxuri mdgomareobis, religiis, kontraceptivebis
moxmarebisa da samuSao mdgomareobis zegavlena qalTa nayofierebaze (agiei da
mbamanio, 1989w.). mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebidan,
yvelaze didi gavlena hqonda ganaTlebas. qalebs, romlebsac miRebuli hqondaT
saSualo skolis an umaRlesi ganaTleba, saSualod 3.12-iT naklebi Svili hyavdaT
gaunaTlebel qalebTan SedarebiT. meore mniSvnelovani faqtori nayofierebis
SemcirebaSi aRmoCnda pirvelad gaTxovebis asaki. es ori faqtori xSirad erT­
droulad moqmedebs: qalebi, romelTac xeli miuwvdebaT ganaTlebaze, ufro gvi­
an Txovdebian, vidre isini, romlebic ar fiqroben ganaTlebaze.
ganaTleba da qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba aris ori SesaZlo ZiriTadi wina­
piroba nayofierebis dasawevad (sadiki, 1994w.). ganaTleba qalebs aZlevs saqmis
codnasac da maTi ojaxebis zomis SezRudvis motivaciasac. ganaTlebuli qalebi
ufro xSirad axerxeben anazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnas, amitom gvian ojax­
debian da bavSvebsac gvian aCenen. anazRaurebadi samsaxuri qalebs xdis ara marto
naklebad damokidebulebs TavianTi mamebsa da qmrebze, aramed aZlevs maT alter­
natiul dedobriv statuss. ganaTlebulma qalebma ukeT ician Sobadobis maregu­
lirebeli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb da kontraceptivebsac iyeneben. ufro metic, gana­
Tleba aZlevs saSualebas orive sqesis warmomadgenlebs, rom ifiqron cxovrebis
alternatiul gzebze, amitom kontracefcia maTTvis saSiSi ara aris.

msoflios mosaxleobis SenarCuneba:

sakvebis maragis magaliTi

kacobriobisa da garemos momavali erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli.

xalxma moaxdina mTeli msoflios miwis ori mesamedis kolonizacia, darCenili
nawili ki an xelmiuwvdomelia, an aranayofier mTis mwvervalebs, yinuliT dafa­
rul nawilebs, tundras an udabnos warmoadgens (erlixi, 1991w.). teqnologiuri
ganviTarebebi zogjer aRwerilia, rogorc kacobriobis `gamaTavisuflebeli~
bunebaze damokidebulebisagan. magram am sayo­velTao miRwevebma gamoiwvia ka­
cobriobis damokidebuleba fizikur garemoze sxva formiT _ da es swored is
garemoa, romelic safrTxis qveS imyofeboda am procesis mimdinareobisas. Cven
dedamiwis SesaZleblobebi ukve zRvramde migvyavs.

785
 mosaxleobis ricxovnobis maRali done ar aris mxolod is erTi saSualeba,
riTac Cven vaxdenT zewolas dedamiwis ekologiaze _ biologiur organizmebs
Soris (maT Soris adamiani), da organizmebsa da maT garemomcvel samyaros So­
ris urTierTobebis modelze. msoflios mdidar qveynebSi momxmareblebi, rom­
lebsac usazRvro raodenobis moTxovnilebebi aqvT energiasa da sakvebze (xare­
biviT), bevrad ufro met zewolas axdenen dedamiwaze, vidre dasaSvebia. maTi
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad saWiroa Zalze didi raodenobiT bunebrivi
resursis gamoyeneba, rac warmoqmnis aseve didi raodenobis narCenebs (romelTa
umetesobac saxifaTo narCens warmoadgens). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dedamiwa
zewolas ganicdis ara marto xalxis raodenobis, aramed maTi cxovrebis niris
gamoc. mcirericxovani mZRolebi, aravegetarianelebi, narCenebis warmomqmneli
amerikelebi, romlebic qaCaven wyals Sori manZilebidan da iyeneben kondicio­
nerebs da, amgvarad, komfortulad cxovroben gaudabnoebul adgilebze, magali­
Tad iseTze, rogoric aris Aarizona, aTjer ufro met zians ayeneben garemos, vid­
re mesame samyaros qveynebSi mcxovrebi Raribi xalxi.
miuxedavad amisa, mravalricxovani mosaxleoba aris garemosdacviTi prob­
lemebis wyaro da zemoqmedebas axdens resursebze. teqnologiis ganviTarebis
dabal donezec ki, swrafad mzardi mosaxleoba TiTqmis aSiSvlebs tyeebs, rasac
ZiriTadad sawvavisaTvis iyenebs. aseve xdeba wylis gadaWarbebuli moxmareba da
maTi dabinZureba narCenebiT. albaT yvelaze kargi magaliTi mosaxleobis zrdasa
da resursebis ganawilebas Soris daZabulobis Sesaxeb, dakavSirebulia sakvebiT
momaragebasTan. istoriulad, SimSilobas xSirad hqonda adgili, magram ZiriTa­
dad lokaluri xasiaTis iyo. transporti da Senaxvis sistemebi ar iyo sakmaod
kargi imisaTvis, rom daeZlia klimaturi da mavneblebiT gamowveuli adgilobri­
vi Sedegebi. transportisa da Senaxvis sistemebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, Sesa­
Zlebeli gaxda msoflios sakvebiT momarageba. aman SeRavaTi moitana SimSilobis
sakiTxSi, magram aseve Seqmna SimSilobis globaluri problemis SesaZlebloba.
ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom msoflioSi kvebis bazrebis zrda niSnavs, rom fer­
merebi awarmoeben ufro nakleb produqcias adgilobrivi momxmareblisaTvis.
yvela damokidebulia bazarze da krizisebi ufro seriozul saxes iRebs.
msoflio mosaxleobis 5 miliardidan, saSualod 1 miliard ada­mians sak­
marisze meti sakvebi aqvs (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). msoflios mwvane safaris
TiTqmis erTi mesamediT ikvebeba saqoneli, romlis xorciTa da rZis produqte­
biT umetesad maragdebian pirveli samyaros mdidari qveynebis macxovreblebi.
albaT 3 miliardze met adamians aqvs sakmarisi sakvebi, magram maTi kvebis racioni
ZiriTadad vegetarianulia. maT ricxvSi ar Sedis 1 miliardamde adamiani, romelic
qronikulad mSieria da 400 milionze meti adamiani, romelsac imdenad arasakma­
risi sakvebi aqvs, rom maTi janmrTeloba safrTxis qveS imyofeba da zrdis Sefer­
xebac ki aRiniSneba. SimSilobis ZiriTadi wili modis mesame samyaros qveynebze,
ZiriTadad laTinur amerikasa da afrikaze, sadac garemo seriozul zemoqmede­
bas ganicdis da ekonomikuri ganviTareba SezRudulia. aq mosaxleoba daucvelia
mimdinare farTomasStabiani krizisebisagan. sahelSi(Sahel), romelic mdebareobs
saharis samxreT nawilSi, TiTqmis mudmivi SimSilobaa, rac faqtobrivad, malTus­

786
iseuli koSmaris realobaSi asaxvas waagavs. Warbmosaxleobam migviyvana gadaWar­
bebuli Zovebis, kultivirebisa da wylis moxmarebis faqtebamde; amas Tu davu­
matebT msoflio oms, es sabolood masobrivi SimSiliT damTavrdeba. SimSili ar
aris mudmivi, magram xSiria. 1980-iani wlebis bolos mniSvnelovani movlena iyo
is, rom yovelwliurad xuTi axalSobilidan erTi iRupeboda SimSilobis faqtor­
Tan dakavSirebuli mizezebis gamo (damoukidebeli komisia saerTaSoriso humani­
taruli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, 1985w.).
Tu msoflioSi arsebuli mTeli sakvebi Tanabrad ganawildeboda (da Tu dasav­
leTis macxovreblebi nakleb xorcsa da rZis produqts miirTmevdnen), dReisaT­
vis SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rom dedamiwis yvela mkvidrs sakmarisi sakvebi hqono­
da. Tumca, ar darCeboda zedmeti sakvebi im 95 milioni adamianisaTvis, romlebic
yovelwliurad ematebian samyaros. lester braunis, soflis meurneobis doqto­
risa da msoflio dakvirvebebis institutis(Worldwatch Institute) prezidentis Se­
fasebiT, 28 milion tonaze meti marcvleulis moyvanaa saWiro mxolod imisaTvis,
rom ar CamorCe 1990-iani wlebis mosaxleobis zrdis temps (brauni da sxv., 1990w.).
braunis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, sakvebi produqciis aseTi zrda ararealulia. faq­
tia, rom 1984 welTan SedarebiT, 1994 wels msoflioSi mTeli marcvleulis mo­
savali 10 %-iT daeca (brauni, lenseni da keini, 1995w.).
1950 wlidan 1984 wlamde marcvleuli produqcia mTel msoflioSi Tanabrad
gaizarda (Tumca misi ganawileba araTanabari iyo). mTavari mizezi gaxldaT e.w.
mwvane revolucia _ marcvleuli kulturebis, rogorebic arian simindi, xor­
bali da brinji, axali Stamebis gamogoneba. aman gamoiwvia TiToeul akr miwis nak­
veTze mosavlis gaormageba an gasammagebac ki. 1950-ian wlebSi, rodesac moxda am
Stamebis gamogoneba, indoeTsa da PpakistanSi es maRalmosavliani marcvleuli
kulturebi aRiarebulni iyvnen, rogorc msoflio SimSilobis problemis gadam­
Wrelebni. mwvane revoluciis warmateba, romelic Zalze mokle droSi ganxor­
cielda, udavod STambeWdavi iyo. magram es gaxldaT warmateba garemoze miyene­
buli grZelvadiani zianis fasad.
mwvane revoluciis marcvleuli kulturebis miReba damokidebulia inten­
siur miwaTmoqmedebaze, sadac irigacias, sasuqebsa da pesticidebs didi gamoy­
eneba aqvT. zemoaRniSnuli kombinacia sagangaSoa garemosaTvis. erTi problema
gaxlavT miwis erozia. yovelwliurad fermerebi saSualod niadagis 24 miliard
tona nayofier Sres kargaven (brauni da sxv., 1990w.; brauni, lenseni da keini,
1995w.). dabolos, miwebi gamofitulia intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoe­
bis Sedegad. yovelwliurad mravali akri miwa amoRebul unda iqnes sakultivacio
samuSaoebidan. SesaZlebelia, rom isini Canacvldes axali sasoflo-sameurneo mi­
webiT, magram es ar xerxdeba, radgan miwebi ukve arasakmarisia. qimiur sasuqebs ar
SeuZliaT arc aRadginon es gamofituli miwebi da arc Secvalon niadagis bune­
brivi nayofiereba (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). ufro metic, isini droebiT niR­
baven eroziis Sedegebsa da niadagis ZiriTadi nutrientebis dakargvis faqtebs.
am sasuqebis Carecxva mdinareebsa da dinebebSi iwveves dabinZurebas. dabinZureba
xdeba imis gamo, rom sasuqebi xels uwyoben wyalmcenareebis zrdas­, rac iwvevs

787
Jangbadis STanTqmas, es ki, Tavis mxriv, Rupavs Tevzs. maRalmosavliani marcv­
leuli kulturebis mosarwyavad fermerebs uxdebaT miwisqveSa wylebis doneze
ufro Rrma WaburRilebis gakeTeba, raTa amoqaCon ufro meti wyali, vidre bune­
brivadaa SesaZlebeli. nebismieri warmatebuli irigacia aris droebiTi, vinai­
dan is iwvevs gamarilianebas an daWaobebas, rac niadags isev gamouyenebels xdis.
mokled rom vTqvaT, mwvane revolucias mivyavarT Semcirebul ukugebamde.
marcvleulis warmoeba Tanabrad iqna SenarCunebuli mxolod 1990-ian wleb­
Si maSin, rodesac mosaxleoba weliwadSi saSualod 1.8%-iT izrdeboda (brauni,
lenseni da keini, 1995w.). Sedegi aris is, rom msoflio iyenebs arsebul marcvleu­
lis maragebs da sul ufro metad ganicdis mis naklebobas. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT dabinZurebisa da globaluri daTbobis zemoqmedebas sasoflo-sameur­
neo produqciaze, msoflios gamokveba 1990-an wlebSi da Semdgom periodSi mainc
problematuri iqneba. msoflio marcvleuli produqcia SesaZlebelia gaizar­dos,
magram sakvebis raodenoba TiToeul adamianze Semcirdeba (ix. sqema 18.11). zogi­
erTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom problema SesaZlebelia gadaiWras teqnologiuri
midgomiT, rac gulisxmobs sakvebiT momaragebis gazrdas mosaxleobis raodeno­
bis SezRudvis gareSe. Tanamedrove bioteqnologiuri kvlevebi (gansakuTrebiT
genuri inJineria) mimarTulia sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze danaxarjebisa
Tu fasis Semcirebisaken da ara miRebuli produqciis gazrdisaken. saboloo Ses­
wavlis Sedegad Cans, rom problemis gadaWra socialur sferomde midis. fran­
gi agronomi rene diumoni wers, rom `msoflios momavali damokidebulia imaze,
SegviZlia Tu ara msoflio mosaxleobis SemaSfoTeblad swrafi tempiT zrdis mo­
Tokva da Semdeg ki _ SeCereba~ (1990w., gv. 37).

sqema 18.11 / msoflio marcvleulis

produqcia erT sulze, 1950-1994ww.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, saerTo jamSi, mwvane
revoluciis Sedegad 1950-ian da 1980-iani
wlebis Sua periodSi msoflio marcvleu­
lis produqcia TiToeul adamianze gaizar­
da, mas Semdeg dawyebulia erTiani dacema,
risi SeCerebis Sansic jer-jerobiT ar Cans.
ubralod, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi aris Za­
lze swrafi, rasac ver eweva marcvleulis
produqcia.

wyaro: lester brauni, nikolas lenseni da

hol keini, sasicocxlo niSnebi (Vital Signs),
1995 w.: mimarTulebebi, romlebic cvlian
Cvens momavals (nortoni (W.W. Norton), niu-
iorki, 1995w.) gv. 27 (SeerTebuli Statebis
soflis meurneobis saministros (USDA) mo­
nacemebze dayrdnobiT).

788
 msoflios sakvebiT momaragebis SesaZleblobebTan dakavSi­rebuli prob­
lemebis garda, mosaxleobis swrafi tempiT zrda gu­lisxmobs gaZlierebul ze­
wolas SezRuduli, xSirad araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebaze da
wylis da atmosferuli haeris ufro metad dabinZurebas, romlebic aucilebelia
arsebobisaTvis. safrTxis qveS myofi dedamiwis gadasarCenad saWiroa kargi mene­
jmenti da saerTaSoriso urTier­TTanamSromloba.

safrTxis qveS myofi planeta

pirvelad dedamiwis dRe 1970 wlis aprilSi aRiniSna. es iyo erovnuli movle­
na, romelic organizebuli iyo aqtivistTa jgufebis mier. dRes, dedamiwis dRe
yovelwliurad aRiniSneba 140 qveyanaSi da masSi yvela asakis adamiani iRebs mona­
wileobas. oTxidan sami amerikeli Tavs `garemos damcvelad~ miiCnevs. mTavrobis
bevrma warmomadgenelmac ki Tavi daaneba imis mtkicebas, rom garemos dazogva
gamoiwvevs samuSaos Semcirebas da isini ejibrebian kidevac, Tu romeli ufro me­
tad aris `mwvane~ (voldi, 1990w.). amerikuli arwivi, romelic erT­xel gadaSenebis
safrTxis winaSe dadga diqlordifeniltriqloreTanis (DDT) gamo, SesaZlebe­
lia, amoRebul iqnes gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi frinvelebis siidan; aRar
xdeba mdinare kaiaxogas aaleba, romelic Caedineba klevlandSi; axali avtoman­
qanebis gamonabolqvis gamosaSvebi milebi uSveben 75-95 %-iT nakleb toqsikur
gazebs, vidre Zveli modelis avtomanqanebi.
samwuxarod, garemosTan dakavSirebuli warmatebebi kompensirdeba arasa­
surveli movlenebiT. avtomanqanebis raodenobis zrda niSnavs, rom, miuxedavad
maTi gamonabolqvis mkacri regulirebisa, amerikelebis TiTqmis naxevari cxov­
robs garemoSi, sadac xdeba atmosferuli haeris federaluri standartebis dar­
Rveva. mdina­re kaiaxogaSi dabrunebul TevzSi iseTi raodenobiT iqna aRmoCenili
momwamlavi nivTierebebi, rom es Tevzi sakvebad uvargisi gaxda. 1970-1990 wlebSi
mTel msoflioSi 500 milioni akri (es tolia SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleTiT
mdebare misisipis mdinaris farTobis) tye iqna gaCexili; udabnoebi yvela konti­
nentzea; mimdinareobs miwisqveSa wylebis rezervuarebis amoSroba; mTel rig qa­
laqebSi atmosferuli haeri imdenad dabinZurebulia, rom bavSve­bisTvis gareT
TamaSic ki saSiSia. ufro metic, gaCnda axali problemebi, romlebic aravis ar
hqonda gagonili dedamiwis dRis pirvelad aRniSvnisas. esenia: saTburi gazebis
efeqti, ozonis Sris xvrelebi da mJavuri wvimebi.
am nawilSi Cven mimovixilavT socialur sakiTxebs da resursebis amowurvisa da
dabinZurebis Sedegebs. Tumca sadiskusiod saWiroa garemoze zemomqmedi am ori
faqtoris cal-calke ganxilva, magram realurad isini urTierTgadajaWvulni
arian. orive kapitalisturi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegia. rogorc soci­
ologi jeims o’konori aRniSnavs, `msoflios bunebrivi simdidre Zalze mcirdeba
da gardaiqmneba sayofacxovrebo narCenad, xSirad _ saxifaTo sayofacxovrebo

789
narCenad, razec mimarTulia mTeli msoflio kapitali~ da ara­sasurveli Tana­
produqtebi _ dabinZureba _ moqmedeben resursebis Semcirebasa [Tu] amowur­
vaze~ (1989w. gv. 11). magaliTad, navTobis mopoveba xdeba niadagidan (resursebis
Semcireba) da xdeba misi transportireba samrewvelo centrebamde, sadac is saw­
vavad gamoiyeneba (dabinZurebis gamowveva) an gardaiqmneba praqtikulad dauSlel
produqtebad, magaliTad plastmasad (Semdgomi dabinZurebis gamomwvevi).
am sistemam aseve gamoiwvia msoflios dayofa mdidar da Rarib qveynebad.
ZiriTadad mesame samyaros qveynebi amarageben kapitalistur qveynebs nedleu­
liT da Sedegad ganicdian resursebis seriozul Semcirebas. maSin, rodesac, in­
dustriuli qveynebi awarmoeben ufro met dabinZurebas, vidre maT wilad unda
modiodes. pirveli samyaros qveynebi aseve awarmoeben dabinZurebis `eqsports~
mesame samyaros qveynebSi, qimikatebis gadataniT ara marto haeris da wylis sa­
SualebiT, aramed avtomobilebiT, qarxnebiT, gazirebuli wylis balonebiTa da,
zog SemTxvevebSi, produqciiTa da warmoebis meTodebiT, romlebic usafrTxod
ar iTvleba da akrZaluli aqvT sakuTar qveynebSi.

resursebis amowurva

xalxi yovelTvis moixmarda garemos, rac niSnavs, rom sunTqavda haers, ikvebe­
boda mcenareebiTa da cxovelebiT, svamda sasmel wyals da iyenebda tyavsa da xis
masalas tansacmlisa da sacxovreblisaTvis. magram yvela es resursi ganaxleba­
dia da, amasTanave, kacobriobis arsebobis umetes periodSi mosaxleoba iyo mcir­
ericxovani da aramWidrod dasaxlebuli. `amitom adamianTa jgufebi moixmardnen
[bunebriv resursebs] imaze ufro neli tempiT, vidre maTi bunebrivad warmoqmna
xdeboda~ (erixi da erixi, 1990w., gv. 49). mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi daiwyo
am balansis darRveva. amis pirveli mizezi gaxldaT is, rom adamianebma daiwyes
araganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyeneba _ pirvelad metalebis, xolo Semdeg _ wia­
Riseuli sawvavis (navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi gazi da torfi), ris Seqmnasac
milionobiT wlebi sWirdeba da risi aRdgenac SeuZlebelia. meore mizezi gaxl­
daT mosaxleobis zrda, ramac, saqonlis moTxovnilebis zrdasTan erTad, migvi­
yvana ganaxlebadi resursebis (xeebi da wyali) ufro swraf moxmarebamde, vidre
maT ganaxlebas sWirdeba. xSirad es procesebi mimdinareobda dedamiwaze zianis
miyenebamde.

wiaRiseuli sawvavis moxmareba

wiaRiseul sawvavs, romelsac Cven dRes viyenebT, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, milio­
ni weli dasWirda rom Seqmniliyo (gibonsi(Gibbons), bleiri(Blair) da gvini(Gwin),
1989w.). navTobi saSualod iZleva msoflios energiis 40 procents, qvanaxSiri _
30 procents da bunebrivi gazi _ 20 procents. birTvuli da hidro-eleqtro sad­
gurebi da, mesame samyaros qveynebSi _ SeSa da organuli narCenebi, ki iZleva da­
narCen procents. am resursebis moxma­reba araTanabrad mimdinareobs. msoflios

790
mosaxleobis erT meoTxedze naklebi industriuli qveynebi moixmaren msoflioSi
arsebuli komerciulad xelmisawvdomi energiis sam meoTxedze mets (hauCleri da
kenedi, 1994w.). SeerTebul Statebze modis udidesi wili: erTi amerikeli moixmars
ufro met energias, vidre ori iaponeli an germaneli, xuTi meqsikeli, ocdaTxuT­
meti indoeli an indonezieli da ormocdaTeqvsmeti nigerieli (darningi, 1990w.).
amerikelebi navTobs, ZiriTadad, moixmaren avtomobilebisaTvis. SeerTebul
StatebSi samidan ori bareli navTobi moixmareba avtomobilebis bakebSi da sxva
msubuq satransporto saSualebebSi. mTels msoflioSi, gzebze satransporto
saSualebebi _ naxevari miliardi _ ufro swrafad matulobs, vidre mosaxleo­
ba (evromonitori, 1992w.). avtomobilebisa da mZRolebis umetesoba aris indus­
triul qveynebSi, magram mesame samyaros qveynebi (gansakuTrebiT, azia da samxreT
amerika) ukve ewevian maT. Tumca mesame samyaros qveynebi moixmaren bevrad ufro
nakleb navTobs, vidre pirveli samyaros qveynebi, maTi moqalaqeebi, procentu­
lad, TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro mets xarjaven navTobze da, amasTanave,
yvelaze metad zaraldebian navTobisa da gazis miwodebis ferxebis SemTxvevaSi.
wiaRiseul sawvavze damokidebuli yofna problematuria sxvadasxva mizeze­
bis gamo. erTi aris adgilmdebareoba. msoflios navTobis damtkicebuli maragis
saSualod ori mesamedi aris sparseTis yuris teritoriaze. igive SegviZlia vTq­
vaT bunebrivi gazis Sesaxebac. 1990 wels, rodesac erayi SeiWra quveiTSi, moxda
imis demonstrireba, rom axlo aRmosavleTi, romelic aris navTobiT msoflios
ZiriTadi mommaragebeli, ar aris politikurad stabiluri da navTobiT momarage­
ba araprognozirebadia. meore problema, arsebuli energetikuli sistemis SemTx­
vevaSi, aris dabinZureba. wiaRiseuli sawvavi aris ZiriTadi wyaro, rogorc adgi­
lobrivi smogisa, aseve msoflio problemebisa, rogoric aris mJavuri wvimebi da
globaluri daTboba (ganxilulia qvemoT). samwuxarod, qvanaxSiri _ erTaderTi
wiaRiseuli sawvavi, romelic didi raodenobiT arsebobs yvela kontinentze _
amasTanave, aris garemos yvelaze didi damabinZurebeli. `qvanaxSiris moxmarebas
Zalian mZime Sedegebic moaqvs adamianisa da garemosaTvis~, wers nikolas lenseni,
`gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac wva mimdinareobs Sesabamisi dabinZurebis makon­
trolebeli mowyobilobis gareSe~ (1995w., gv. 50). misi mopoveba azianebs niadags,
xolo wvis dros warmoiqmneba atmosferuli haeris orjer an samjer meti dama­
binZurebeli, vidre nebismieri sxva sawvavis wvisas. qvanaxSiri aseve iwvevs mJavur
wvimas, romelic azianeb mosavals, tyeebsa da Senoba-nagebobebs.
msoflios mTeli mosaxleoba aRdga TavianTi mTavrobebis mier SeTavazebuli
energetikuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis winaaRmdeg. erT-erTi pirveli de­
monstracia centraluri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, romelic gaimarTa sabWoTa kav­
SirSi, daiwyo garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT da es xdeboda 1986 wlis aprilSi Cer­
nobilSi momxdar avariamde. imis gamo, rom xalxs aqvs garkveuli SiSis grZnoba
birTvuli avariebis, radioaqtiuri narCenebis, mcire doziT regularuli radi­
aciuli gamosxivebis (rac SesaZlebelia, rodesac xalxi muSaobs atomur eleq­
trosadgurebSi an maTTan axlos cxovrobs) da atomuri bombebis saidumlo war­
moebaSi (rogorc eraySi) gamoyenebuli energetikuli teqnologiebisa, msoflio

791
masStabiT mimdinare atmuri sadgurebis mSeneblobebi SeCerebul iqna. ger­
maniis moqalaqeebma Caagdes birTvul energiasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebis
gavrcelebis mcdeloba TavianT qveyanaSi. indoeTSi hidroeleqtro sadgurebis
aSenebis gegmasac didi protestiT Sexvda mosaxleoba. SeerTebul StatebSi qvana­
xSiris, iseve, rogorc birTvuli energiis qarxnebis mSeneblobac dablokil iqna
amomrCevlebis mier. moqalaqeebma SesaZlebelia zustad arc ki ician Tu ra saxis
energia undaT, magram zustad aqvT gansazRvruli, Tu ra ar undaT. Sedegad moxda
is, rom SeerTebuli Statebis energetikuli politika da praqtika Seicvala erTi
ukiduresobidan meorisaken.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, amerikelebs hqondaT ra dauokebeli survili,
rom hyolodaT uzarmazari araekonomiuri manqanebi, amtkicebdnen iaf energiaze
xelmisawvdomobis SesaZleblobas. Semdeg, 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, navTobis
eqsportiori qveynebis organizaciam (OPEC) daado embargo SeerTebul Statebs
navTobis gayidvaze. gazis fasma saocrad aiwia da federalurma mTavrobam da
bevri Statis mTavrobam SeimuSava mravali programa sakuTari resursebis kon­
servaciis xelSesawyobad: fasi energomatareblebze gaTavisuflebul iqna, efeq­
turobis minimaluri standartebi iqna dadgenili avtomanqanebisa da sxva mow­
yobilobebisaTvis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi iqna SeTavazebuli saxlis saukeTeso
izolaciisaTvis, fondebi gamoiyo energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis ganviTarebisa
da maTze Casatarebeli kvlevebis dasafinanseblad. 1973_1986 wlebSi SeerTe­
bul StatebSi energoefeqturobis maCvenebeli gaizarda daaxloebiT 30 procen­
tiT, navTobis importi dReSi 9 miliardi barelidan daeca 5 miliardamde, mTeli
mosaxleobis wliuri gadasaxadi sawvavze Semcirda 150 miliardi aSS dolariT
(flavini(Flavin), 1991w.). ganviTarda axali teqnologiebi, rogoric aris foto­
galvanuri elementi, romelic mzis energias pirdapir gardaqmnis eleqtroe­
nergiad (romelic albaT amuSavebs Tqvens jibis gamomTvlel manqanas). gaizarda
dafinanseba kvlevebisaTvis mzis, geoTermuli da sxva iseTi teqnologiebis Sesa­
muSaveblad, sadac energiis gamosamuSaveblad saWiro ar aris sawvavi. aRdgenil
iqna Zveli teqnologiebi, rogoric aris qaris wisqvilebi da qaris turbinebi. Sem­
deg, 1985-1986 wlebSi, rodesac msoflioSi navTobis fasi daeca, misma importma da
moxmarebam isev daiwyo aRmavloba da dRes TiTqmis piks aRwevs (brauni, nelseni da
keini, 1995w.). garemosdacviTi kanonmdebloba Serbilda da sakonservacio prog­
ramebma gadauxvies TavianT principebs. yovelive amis safuZveli iyo is, rom isini
zians ayeneben ekonomikas. Tumca, eqsperimentebi ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebze
kvlav mimdinareobs. marTlac, mTels msoflioSi, marto 1994 wels qaris genera­
torebiT energiis gamomuSaveba gaizarda 22 procentiT, Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia,
rom SeerTebul StatebSi warmoeba igive tempiT viTardeba (flavini, 1995w.).
SeerTebul StatebSi energiis moxmarebis aseTi mokle mioxilva, pirvel rig­
Si gviCvenebs, rom xalxi SesaZlebelia motivirebul iqnes, rom Secvalos Tavisi
damokidebuleba energomoxmarebis mimarT. amasTanave, vxedavT, rom ukve arse­
bobs teqnologia energiis ufro efeqturi wyaroebisaTvis. magaliTad, sparse­
Tis yureSi omis dros, iordaniaSi, israelsa da kviprosSi muSaobas ganagrZobda
mzis batareis panelebi, romlebsac ar eqmnebodaT saSiSroeba navTobis momwode­

792
beli saSualebebis dazianebis gamo. indoeTSi daaxloebiT 6.000 sofeli eleqtro­
energias iRebs fotogalvanuri elementebis saSualebiT (flavini da lenseni,
1991w.). `superizolirebuli~, hermetuli saxlebi SvedeTSi moixmaren 90 pro­
centiT nakleb energias, vidre saSualo amerikuli saxli (msoflio resursebi,
1990-1991ww., 1990w.). kaliforniaSi zogierTi saxli Tavisi eleqtroenergiis 40
procents iRebs haeris turbinebidan (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.). vercerTi am te­
qnologiebidan marto ver Caanacvlebs wiaRiseul sawvavs, magram maTi kombina­
ciis Sedegad SesaZlebeli iqneba Semcirdes damokidebuleba ufro saxifaTo da
naklebad saimedo energiis wyaroebze.

gautyeureba

tyeebi dedamiwis filtvebia: isini STanTqaven naxSirorJangs atmosferodan

da gamoyofen Jangbads. isini aseve inaxaven mzis energias, akaveben niadagis Sres
miwaze da exmarebian klimats niadagSi kontrolSi wylis SekavebiTa da misi gamo­
TavisuflebiT. amis garda, isini qmnian habitatebs cxovelebisa da mcenareebis
uricxvi saxeobebisavis, gvevlinebian ra, genetikuri mravalferovnebis sawyobis
rolSi. uZvelesi tyeebi ar warmoadgenen ganaxlebad resurss. kerZod, maTi aR­
dgena martivi gadargviTa da dalodebiT SeuZlebelia; isini warmoadgenen spe­
cialur ekosistemebs, romlebic viTardebodnen aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi da
SesaZlebelia, arasodes aRar moxdes maTi aRdgena. tropikuli tyeeebi, romle­
bic planetis miwis zedapiris mxolod 12 procents faraven, msoflios saxeobebis
50_90 procents uzrunvelyofen habitatebiT (axaria(Acharya), 1995w.). magram
TiTqmis 42 milioni akri tyis farTobi ikargeba yovelwliurad _ SedarebisaTvis
SegviZlia ganvixiloT 1980 weli, rodesac 27 milioni akri ikargeboda. (hauCleri
da kenedi, 1994w.).
gautyeureba ar aris axali fenomeni; is iRebs saTaves soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis dawyebasTan erTad. uZvelesi berZeni filosofosebi ganicdidnen,
rom xdeboda gadaWarbebuli kultivireba da gadaZoveba, gansakuTrebiT Txebis
mier. isini marTlebi iyvnen: dRes saberZneTi TiTqmis gaudabnovebulia, misi ty­
eebi gaqra da niadagic Raribia, niadagis fena ki Txelia (erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.).
magram yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iyo demografiuli afeTqeba, farTomasStabiani
soflis meurneoba da mrewvelobis ganviTareba mecxramete da meoce saukuneebSi.
1850_1980 wlebis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi tyeebis 15 procenti _ 220 miliard
akrze meti _ iqna ganadgurebuli. amJamad, SeerTebuli Statebi inarCunebs xe­
luxlebeli tyeebis mxolod 5 procents, romlebic evropis mkvidrebma aRmoa­
Cines; tyis umravlesoba gaiCexa imisaTvis, rom gaeWraT gzebi saqonlisa da mi­
webis dasamuSaveblad. SeSfoTeba izrdeba imis gamo, rom samxreT naxevarsferos
tropikuli tyeebi aseTive arasaxarbielo mdomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, rac mZime
Sedegebs gamoiwvevs, rogorc macxovreblebisaTvis, aseve mTeli msofliosaTvis.
yo­veldRiurad tropikuli tyeebis saSualod 140 kvadratuli mili iWreba
(jageri, 1991w.). aseT gautyeurebas aqvs ori mizezi. erTi aris demogra­fiuli

793
problema: bevri adamiani mesame samyaros qveynebSi SeSas iyenebs saWmlis mosamza­
deblad, gasaTbobad, gasanaTeblad, iseve, rogorc saxlebis asaSeneblad da avejis
gasakeTeblad. rac ufro meti adamiania, miT ufro meti xe iWreba. axa­li xeebi ver
izrdebian ise swrafad, rom Caanacvlon Zvelebi, gansakuTrebiT tropikebSi. ufro
swored, gautyeurebuli miwa gardaiqmneba balaxis mdelod an tyis raio­nad, zo­
gierT SemTxvevaSi _ udabnod. Sedegad, xalxs yoveldRiurad uwevs Sors wasvla
SeSis mosapoveblad da garemos degradaciis procesic ufro farTod vrceldeba.
tropikuli tyeebis Semcirebis meore seriozuli mizezi gaxlavT komerciuli
ganviTareba msoflio bazarze gasasvlelad. ucxoeli investorebi an adgilob­
rivi mewarmeebi Wrian tropikuli tyeebis did teritoriebs xis morebisa da sa­
sargeblo wiaRiseulis gasatanad, an ranCoebisa da plantaciebis dasaSeneblad.
ocdaTeqvsmeti qveynis monacemebis mixedviT, ekologi Tomas rudeli (1989w.)
askvnis, rom aseTi maRali procentiT gautyeurebis mTavari mizezi aris mesame
msoflios qveynebSi mimdinare mosaxleobis zrda. garda amisa, tropikuli tyee­
biT mdidar qveynebSi, politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebic did rols TamaSo­
ben. amgvarad, amazonSi saqonlis fermebi uSveben iaffasian xorcs SeerTebuli
Statebis swrafi kvebis dawesebulebebis qselisaTvis maSin, rodesac, iaponiaSi
damzadebul eleqtroaparaturis kardonis yuTebSi SesafuTad xis masalas iRe­
ben papua axali gvineis, tailandis, malaiziis, kolumbiis da kamerunis tyeebidan
(erlixi da erlixi, 1990w.).
braziliaSi aRiniSneba orive _ demografiuli problemac da komerciuli
ganviTarebac. amazonSi brazilia flobs udides tropikuli tyeebsac da aq mimdi­
nareobs msoflioSi yvelaze maRalprocentiani gautyeurebis procesic (goldem­
bergi, 1989w. msoflio resursebis instituti, 1991w.). 1960-ian wlebSi dawyebuli
programis farglebSi, braziliis mTavrobam es teritoria gaxsna ganviTarebi­
saTvis _ rogorc trans-amazonis magistralisa da sxva gzebis mSeneblobis meS­
veobiT, aseve miwis nakveTebis TiTqmis ufasod SeTavazebiT, sagadasaxado Se­
RavaTebiT da wliuri anazRaurebiTac ki, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaxldebodnen am
teritoriaze (harisoni, 1984w.). programa SemuSavebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT:
dawyebuliyo amazonis resursebis aTviseba da gadaWriliyo braziliis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT da samxreT nawilSi arsebuli Warbmosaxleobis problema, sadac ko­
merciuli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia bevri glexis miwis gareSe
datoveba. amasTanave, proeqtis mimdinareobis procesSi naklebi yu­radReba eT­
moboda amazonis auzis ekologiasa da, aseve mis tradiciul macxovreblebsac.
erTi moTxovna iyo is, rom iq dasaxlebul xalxs `gaeumjobesebina~ an gaeTavi­
suflebina miwebi xeebis moWriTa da maTi dawviT. 1980-1990 wlebSi amazonis Stat
rondoniaSi xalxis dasaxlebam gamoiwvia saerTo tyis safaris Semcireba 97 pro­
centidan 76 procentamde, am tempiT tyeebis ganadgureba kvlavac grZeldeba (ax­
aria, 1995w.). dasaxlebuli xalxi iswrafvoda miwaTmoqmede­bisaken, magram xSirad
niadagi mxolod ramodenime wliT iyo gamosadegi amisaTvis. tropikuli tyeebis
ZiriTadi energia Tavs iyris xeebSi da ara niadagSi; rodesac maT Wrian, niadagSi
nutrientebis moculoba Zalian swrafad iklebs. amitomac aris, rom tradiciuli

794
mosaxleoba miwis damuSavebis procesSi axorcielebs mis gaka­fvasa da gadawvas, am
dros xdeba mcire teritoriebis xSiri cvla, rac tyes aZlevs ganaxlebis saSuale­
bas. zogierTma dasaxlebulma adamianma xeli mihyo miwis gaTavisuflebas, yidda
ra mas ufro mZlavr fermerebze, romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas komer­
ciuli mizniT misdevdnen.
1980-iani wlebis bolos, amazonis tropikul tyeebSi ganxorcielebuli saq­
mianobebi da misi ganadgureba msoflio yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. saerTaSo­
riso zewolis Sedegad, braziliis mTavrobam SeaCera sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
developerebisaTvis da, sxva qveynebis msgavsad, SeuerTda amazonis paqts, ro­
melic exeba bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas, konservacias da adgi­
lobrivi mosaxleobis dacvas. miuxedavad amisa, amave dros, iaponiasTan daiwyo
molaparakeba avtomagistralis aSenebis dafinansebis sakiTxebze, romelic ama­
zonis tyes perus dedaqalaq limas wynari okeanis portTan daakavSirebda, raTa
gamartivebuliyo magarmerqniani morebis eqsporti. msxvili miwaTmflobelebi
braziliaSi kvlav sargebloben sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT saqonlis saZovrebad
miwis gaTavisuflebisaTvis (msoflio banki, 1990w.); maTi qmedebebi ekonomikurad
raciona­luria (hexti, 1993w.).
braziliis mTavroba amtkicebs, rom SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva industria­
lizebul qveynebs, romelTa moqalaqeebic moixmaren TxuTmetjer ufro met ener­
gias, vidre brazilielebi, aranairi ufleba ar gaaCniaT moiTxovon, rom brazilia
gaxdes wamyvani qveyana konservaciis sakiTxebSi. SesaZlebelia, Cven vzRoT imis
sanacvlod, rom, gvinda, ufro Raribi qveynebis moqalaqeebma SezRudon TavianTi
ganviTareba tyeebis SenarCunebis mizniT imisaTvis, rom gautyeureba daexmaros
dRevandel mdidar qveynebs ganviTarebis `yidvis~ sakiTxSi. amazonisa da sxva
tropikuli tyeebis momavali damokidebulia saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevaze, rac
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso dacvis fondis saxiT an SeTanxmebiT
mesame samyaros qveynebTan, rom moxdes maTi ucxouri valebis nawilis gacvla
bunebrivi arealebis dacvaze (ix. globaluri sakiTxebi/lokaluri Sedegebi box).

dabinZureba
Tovli mexikoSi? es aris is, rasac ekatepekis(Ecatepec) CrdiloeT gareubnis bi­
nadarni uwodeben wminda TeTr mtvers, romliTac yovel diliT ifareba maTi saxle­
bi da qalaqis quCebi. axlomdebare kaustikuri sodis gadamamuSavebeli qar­xnidan
wamosuli qimiuri mtvris Rrubeli axmobs xeebsa da buCqebs, wvavs iqauri macxov­
reblebis Tvalebsa da yels, da albaT misgan aris gamowveuli kanze ga­monayari da
respiratoruli daavadebebi, romlebic ase xSiria aq. es toqsikuri Tovli aris
mxolod erTi simptomi mexikoSi mimdinare mzardi ekologiuri krizisisa. atmos­
feruli haeris dabinZureba iwvevs an didi wvlili miuZRvis respiratoruli daa­
vadebebisa da infeqciebis 90 procentSi (harisoni, 1992w., gv. 176).
bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi mexikos mosaxleoba 5 milionidan 16 mi­
lio­namde gaizarda. 3 milionamde satransporto saSualeba da aTeulobiT aTa­
si gaumarTavi qarxana, romelTaganac zogierTi wvavs saburavebs an sawvavSi

795
dasvelebul naxerxs, yovelwliurad 4.35 milion tona damabinZurebels afrqvevs
atmosferoSi. dedaqalaqis uzarmazar ukanono dasaxlebebSi sapirfareSo da
kanalizacia iSviaTobas warmoadgens; mtverTan Sewonilia mSrali fekaluri
nivTierebebi da infeqciuri mikroorganizmebi, magaliTad _ salmonella da
streptokoki. mdi­nare rio de los remediosis napirebi nagviTa da narCenebiT
aris mofenili da TviTon mdinarec Savi Slamis saxiT miedineba. sawarmoebidan
Camdi­nare navTobi livlivebs mdinaris zedapirze, xolo gauwmendavi Camdinare
wylebis mier mdinareSi Catanili organuli masis lpobis Sedegad, mis zedapir­
ze gazis buStukebi Cndeba. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba Tavis diplomatiur
korpuss uxdis 10 procentian danamats, radgan isini mexikos haeriT sunTqaven,
qiraobs maTTvis saxlebs qalaqis gareT da urCevs qalebs, rom ar gaaCinon Svile­
bi iq yofnis dros (niu-iork Taimsi, 1991w. 12 maisi). mexiko SeiZleba CaiTvalos
dabinZurebis yvelaze mZime SemTxvevad, aq fiqsirdeba mosaxleobis SeuzRuda­
vi zrdis, urba­nizaciisa da industrializaciis zegavlena garemoze _ magram
swored es aris gamafrTxilebeli niSani.
narCenebis warmoqmna arsebobis bunebrivi nawilia. narCeni xdeba damabinZu­
rebeli maSin, rodesac imdeni narCenia warmoqmnili, rom aWarbebs bunebrivi ga­
damuSavebis procesebs an, rodesac adamianebi awarmoeben iseT masalebs (rodor­
ic aris plastmasa da radioaqtiuri mtveri), romlebic ar iSlebian bunebrivi
procesebiT. dabinZureba krizisamde midis ori socialuri faqtoris Sedegad: (1)
axali teqnologiebi axali tipis narCenebiT da (2) mosaxleobis simWidrovis ise­
Ti done (xalxis raodenoba kvadratul milze), romelic jer ar axsovs msoflio
istorias.

atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba

atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis problema pirvelad industriuli revolu­

ciis dros wamoiWra. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis bev­
ri qalaqi daifara gamonabolqviT, mWvartliTa da ferfliT _ industria­lizaciis
Tanamdevi produqtebiT. 1952 wels `Savma nislma~ dafara londoni, daiRupa 4.000 da
daavadda aTeulobiT aTasi adamiani. saukunis Sua periodSi atmosferuli haeris
dabinZureba, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi problema iyo, magram Semdeg misi zemoq­
medeba globaluri gaxda. magaliTad, romelime sawarmoo produqtis gamoyeneba,
rogoric aris qlorftornaxSirwyalbadebi (CFCs, romlebic gamoi­yeneba dezodo­
rantebSi, macivrebsa da haeris kondicionerebSi), iwvevs atmosferos ozonis Sris
nawilobriv daSlas, rasac globalur daTbobamde mivyavarT.
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis kontrolis Zalisxmevam moitana garkveu­
li saxis Sedegebi. freonis (CFCs) warmoeba swrafad daeca (raiani, 1995w.). kon­
centracia iseTi damabinZureblisa, rogoric aris gogirdis zeJangi, romelic
didi raodenobiT warmoiqmneba qvanaxSiris wvis dros da iwvevs respiratorul
daavadebebs da mJavur wvimebs, ocdacametidan oc qalaqSi Semcirda (isini mona­

796
wileobas iReben gaeros globaluri garemosdacviTi monitoringis sistemaSi
(GEMS)). SvedeTSi, avstriaSi, Sveicariasa da germaniaSi, avtomobilebis gamo­
nabolqvze mkacri zomebis dawesebiT da eleqtrosadgurebze gamwmendi mowyo­
bilobebis moTxovniT, TiTqmis ori mesamediT Semcirda dabinZureba.
yvela warmatebul saqmianobas mosdevs Cavardnebi da uaryofiTi Sedegebic.
yofili komunisturi qveynebi, romelTa mizansac warmoadgenda produqciis war­
moeba, msoflioSi yvelaze didi damabinZureblebi iyvnen (ix. Tavi 16). aRmosavleT
evropis, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis umetesobasa da msoflios bevr ganviTarebad
qveyenaSi jerac ar aris emisiis kontroli mrewvelobis obieqtebsa da satrans­
porto saSualebebze. poloneTis erT-erT uZveles da ulamazes qalaq krakovSi
istoriuli Senobebi imdenad aris dazianebuli, rom xalxi saubris dros am qvis
kedlebs moixseniebs, rogorc `mdnars~(melting). MEMS-is monacemebis mixedviT,
CineTis ToTxmet qalaqSi gogirdis zeJangis donem aiwia da amJamad sam- xuTjer
ufro maRalia, vidre CrdiloeT amerikaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saWiroebis gamo, xSirad mTavroba ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos­
dacviT problemebs.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis problemebis garda, bevr Tanamedrove midgomasa
da teqnologias didi wvlili miuZRvis atmosferos ganadgurebaSi. atmosfero
iWers mzis simxurvales da icavs mdinareebsa da okeaneebs gayinvisagan, dedami­
was ki ultraiisferi gamosxivebis mavne moqmedebisagan. bolo wlebSi adamia­
nis qmedebebis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneba orive zemoaRniSnul faqtors. saTburi
efeqti, saTburis saxuravis msgavsad, moqmedebs atmosferuli airebis siTbos Se­
makaveblad. yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli `saTburi gazebi~ aris ­ wylis orTqli,
naxSirorJangi, meTani, azotis mJavebi da ozoni. sicocxle dedamiwaze damokide­
bulia atmosferoSi saTburi gazebis garkveuli koncentraciis SenarCunebaze.
Tu Zalian cota iqneba es koncentracia, maSin dedamiwa iseve SeiZleba gaiyinos,
rogorc marsi, xolo Tu bevri iqneba, maSin iseTive cxeli iqneba, rogorc venera.
am gazebis koncentracia, romelTa warmoqmnac daiwyo industriuli revoluciis
dasawyisidan, bolo aTwleulebSi daCqarda. amis mTavari mizezi gaxlavT wiaRi­
seuli sawvavis wva da xe-tyis Wra-wva (cocxal xeebSi grovdeba naxSirbadi, ro­
melic gamoiyofa maTi wvis Sedegad). Tanamedrove mecnierebis azriT, Tu amgvari
qmedebebi kvlav gagrZeldeba, maSin SesaZlebelia, mivaRwioT globaluri daTbo­
bis Zalze saSiS zRvars (rudmeni, 1995w.). saSualo temperaturis awevam SesaZle­
belia gamoiwvios polaruli yinulovani safaris dnoba da okeaneebis moculobaSi
momateba; mravali qalaqis datborva; msoflios ZiriTadi marcvleuli raionebis
niadagis gamoSroba; masobrivi migraciebi; mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis
gaqroba; cvlilebebi avadmyofobis gadamtani organizmebis gavrcelebaSi. aravin
icis, Tu ra mZime Sedegis motana SeuZlia globalur daTbobas, romlis gaRrmave­
baSi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs TiTqmis erTnairi wvlili miuZRviT
(ix. sqema 18.12).

797
 1. SeerTebuli Statebi, 2. evrogaerTianeba,
3. sabWoTa kavSiri, 4. brazilia, 5, CineTi, 6. indoeTi,
7. iaponia, 8. indonezia, 9. kanada, 10. meqsika

saTburi gazebis erTiani zrdis

procentuli maCvenebeli
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

sqema 18.12 / aTi qveyana saTburi gazebis yvelaze didi emisiebiT, 1987w. rodesac xdeba
emisiebis gaTvla, romlebic iwveven saTburis efeqts da globa­­lur daTbobas, msoflioSi
yve­laze didi wvlili miuZRvis Semdeg oTxeuls: Se­erTebul Statebs, ev­rogaerTianebis
qveynebs, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebsa da brazilias. iaponiam, romelic gaxlavT in­
dustrirebuli qveyna sakmaod didi ekonomikuri sargebliT, warmatebiT mo­axdina atmos­
feros am damabinZureblebis misi wilis Semcireba.

wyaro: msoflio resursebi, 1990-1991ww. (msoflio resursebis instituti, vaSingtoni,

1991w.), gv. 3.

mJavuri wvimebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba wylis orTqlSi koncentrirebuli

atmosferuli haeris damabinZureblebis Sedegad, yvela kontinentzea gavrcele­
buli da cvlis tbebisa da mdinareebis qimiur Semadgenlobas, ris Sedegadac,
Tevzebs aRar SeuZliaT arseboba da, amasTanave, xdeba mosavlisa da xeebis da­
zianebac. CrdiloeT evropaSi, tyis 125 milioni akri dazianda. mJavuri wvimebis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom dabinZurebas politikuri sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia: xSirad
dabinZurebis wyaro moqmedebis adgilidan bevrad ufro Sorsaa. aRmosavleT ev­
ropaSi qvanaxSiris wva moqmedebs dasavlaTze; niu-inglandSi qvanaxSiris wva ze­
moqmedebas iwvevs kanadaze; qvanaxSiris wva tenesis StatSi zemoqmedebas iwvevs
CrdiloeT karolinaze, sadac mJavurma wvimebis Sedegad daiwyo xeebis ganadgure­
ba smouqi-maunTins-ze (Smoky Mountains).

globaluri sakiTxebi/ lokaluri Sedegebi

tropikuli tyeebis samyaroSi

r odesac garemos damcvelebi laparakoben im zemoqmedebaze, rac iwvevs tropikuli tyee­

bis ganadgurebas, isini, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas amaxvileben globalur klimatze an bi­
ologiuri da genetikuri mravalferovnebis dakargvaze. Tumca, aTasobiT adamianisaTvis tyis
dakargva niSnavs sakuTari saxlis dakargvas.
naturalisti(hunter-gatherer) tu’o(Tu’O) malaiziis kunZul borneodan, gaxda garemos dam­
cveli aqtivisti. `CvenTvis tye yvelaferia~, _ ambobs igi. `is aris Cveni supermarketic da Cveni

798
bankic~ (citata raianisagan, 1991w., gv. 8.). tu’os xalxi penani(Penan) uxsovari droidan cxovrobs
saravakis(Sarawak) tyeSi, sadac isini nadiroben, Tevzaoben da mohyavT mosavali miwis patara na­
kveTebze. bolo aTwleulSi tyis mWrelebi intensiurad Sevidnen am regionSi, Seaviwroves adgi­
lobrivi mosaxleoba, daabinZures mdinareebi, gaaSiSvles mTis ferdobebi da datoves ganadgure­
buli tye. zogierTi kompaniis dReSi ocdaoTxsaaTiani uwyveti muSaobis Sedegad, yoveldRiurad
TiTqmis 2.200 akri tye ikargeba (karoTersi, 1990w., raiani, 1991w.). aziuri regioni aris xe-tyis
msoflioSi yvelaze didi da swrafad mzardi adgili. moWrili xis didi nawili iyideba saerTa­
Soriso bazarze morebis saxiT. penenis da maTi mezobeli kelabitis(Kelabit) xalxi winaaRmdegobas
uwevs yovelive amas. aTasobiT adamiani iRebda monawileobas gzebis gadaketvaSi. bevri maTgani
daapatimres. malaiziis sasamarTlom maleve gaaTavisufla isini, magram axali kanonis Tanaxmad,
xis moWrasa da transportirebis procesSi Careva saxelmwifo danaSaulad iTvleba.
braziliaSi amazonis regionis ganviTarebis mowinaaRmdegeebi cud pirobebSi imyofebod­
nen, magram, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ufro ukeT cxovrobdnen, vidre penanis xalxi. mraval­
ricxovani diskusiebisa da ubeduri SemTxvevebis Sedegad, romlebic xalxis gardacvalebiT
mTavrdeboda, 1991 wels misuris toli nakrZali gamoyofil iqna amazonis ianomamos(Yanomamo)
indielebisaTvis. brazilieli muSaTa klasis liderma Ciko mendesma Camoayaliba kidev erTi
erovnuli politikuri Zalis mqone jgufi _ amazoneli kaloSiani Ratakebi(Amazonian rubber
tappers). es xalxi, romelic Tavs irCenda xis wveniTa da braziliuri TxiliT (romelTaganac arc
erTi ar iwvevda resursebis Semcirebas), gaZevebul iqnen fermerebisagan. mendesis xelmZRva­
nelobiT, am jgufma braziliis mTavrobisagan moigo oTxi daculi teritoria da daarwmuna in­
ter-amerikuli ganviTarebis banki, rom braziliisaTvis daewesebina garemosdacviTi SezRud­
vebi samomavlo sesxebis gacemis sakiTxSi. mendesma am miRwevebs Tavisi sicocxle Seswira: is
mokles 1988 wlis dekemberSi. saerTaSoriso amnistiis(Amnesty International) (1989w.) monaceme­
biT, 1980-iani wlebis periodSi 1.000-ze meti gaerTianebis lideri, kaloSiani Rataki, glexi da
indieli iqna mokluli amazonis SetakebebSi.
SiravakSi penanis xalxisa da amazonis ianomamo indielebisa da kaloSiani Ratakebis qmede­
bebma aCvena, rom gautyeureba ar mxolod garemosdacviTi, aramed socialuri samarTlianobis
sakiTxicaa (msoflio resursebi, 1990_91ww., 1990w.). globaluri ekologiuri krizisi _ nawi­
lobriv garkveuli qveynebis fufunebis cxovrebis stilisa da socialuri organizaciebis ener­
giisa da resursebis didi raodenobiT saWiroebis produqti _ exeba adgilobriv habitatebsa
da asobiT aTasi mkvidri mosaxleobis ekologiurad arasaxifaTo mdgomareobas. rogorc poli
geizi wers:

1992 wlis ivnisSi, rio de-Janeiros msoflio samitis [romelsac mTeli msoflios qveynebis
xelmZRvanelebi eswrebodnen] monawileebi SeTanxmdnen, rom daicavdnen tyopikul tyeebs, sadac
msoflios cocxali organizmebis TiTqmis naxevari binadrobs. sazogadoebasaTan urTierTo­
bebis kompaniebi gaRizianebuli iyvnen xe-tyis saerTaSoriso lobizmiT, romelic xels uwyobdnen
dasavleTis sazogadoebas mcdari azris CamoyalibebaSi, TiTqos amazonisa da misi mosaxleobis
momavali daculi iyo. realoba ki SesaZlebelia, sul sxvagvari iyos . . . aris niSnebi imisa, rom
bevri qveynis 180 tomi axlos aris kulturul da fizikur gadaSenebasTan. (1994w., gv. 46).

naTelia, rom globalurma socialurma da ekonomikurma qmedebebma SesaZlebelia, gamoi­

wvios seriozuli lokaluri Sedegebi.

799
wylis dabinZureba
adamianis qmedebebis Sedegad wylis dabinZureba uxsovari droidan xdeba,
mag­ram problemis masStabebi da simwvave izrdeba. msofloSi wylis dabinZurebis
sami ZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs (msoflio resursebis instituti, 1991w.). erTi aris
sayofacxovrebo narCenebi, romelic, mexikos msgavsad, kritikuli gaxda mesame
msoflios qveynebisaTvis. gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi Caedinebian wyalsadi­
narebSi, romlebic ara marto janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi baqteriebis matareblebi
arian, aramed wyals aRaribeben Jangbadisagan. mtknari wylis dabinZurebis meore
wyaro gaxlavT samrewvelo narCeni, rac problemas warmoadgens yvela qalaqisaT­
vis, gansakuTrebiT ki industriuli raionebisaTvis. mesame wyaro aris miwaTsar­
gebloba. rodesac miwa gaTavisuflebulia sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis,
ufro xSiria erozia da pesticidebisa da sasuqebis moxvedra miwisqveSa wylebsa
da wyalsadinarebSi. mWidrod dasaxlebuli sacxovrebeli adgilebi _ qalaqebi
_ ufro damRupvelia mtknari wylisaTvis, vidre soflis meurneoba.
wylis dabinZureba wylis maragis SemcirebasTan erTad qmnis suf­Ta sasmeli
wylis mwvave deficits. msoflioSi ukve bevri adamiani ganicdis sufTa sasmeli
wylis deficits. tbebisa da mdinareebis umetesoba msoflioSi dabinZurebulia
(gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si). mexiko, mosaxleobis uzar­mazari raodenobiT, yovelwli­
urad ufro da ufro metad iyenebs miwisqveSa wylebs, xmarobs ra bevrad ufro met
wyals, vidre wvimis saxiT mosuls. Sedegad, mexiko ufro ukan ixevs _ aTi nabi­
jiT ukan daixia 1980-ian wlebSi. mimdinare wyalmomaragebis Semcirebis Sedegad
darCenili miwisqveSa wylebi ufro mariliani xdeba da dalevamde aucilebelia
maTi gawmenda. gauwmendavi saxiT wylis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mxolod sam­rewvelo
miznebisaTvis (g. gardneri, 1995w.).
mdidari qveynebis mosaxleobas miaCnia, rom wylis maragi Zalian didia da Se­
sabamisad, is TiTqmis ufaso unda iyos. magram bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi am­
Jamad xalxi Tavisi Semosavlidan seriozul procents ixdis sasmeli wylisaT­
vis (harisoni, 1992w., gv. 195-201). zogi dReSi or saaTze mat dros xarjavs wylis
mosapo­veblad. es aris naTeli magaliTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sociologiuri
fenomenisa: bunebrivi resursebis maragebi Tu mcirdeba da dabinZureba matulo­
bas, xelmisawvdomoba resursebze, romlebic erT dros Tanabrad nawildeboda
adamianebze, ufro metad damokidebuli xdeba gadaxdis SesaZleblobaze. visac
SesaZlebloba aqvs, sufTa haerisaTvis qalaqidan gadadis gareubanSi. qalaqebi,
los-anJelesis msgavsad, wyals yiduloben asobiT miliT daSorebuli adgilebi­
dan, xSirad momatebul fasadac ki im fermerebisagan, romlebic axlos arian wyal­
Tan. navTobi da gazi TiTqmis xelmiuwvdomelia mesame samyaros qveynebis udidesi
nawilis momxmareblisaTvis.
arsebobs mcire eWvi, rom adamianTa qmedebebma, gansakuTrebiT ki bolo sau­
kuneSi, safrTxis qveS daayena planeta. ismis kiTxva: SeZlebs ki adamiani, rom
Sei­narCunos dedamiwa? warmatebuli Zalisxmeva damokidebli iqneba ara mxolod
uSualod garemos pirdapirmimarTul konservaciasa da gasufTavebaze, aramed
planetis mravalricxovani mosaxleobis mier bunebrivi garemos dazogvasa da
gafrTxilebaze.

800
 Sejameba

1. demografia aris swavleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs mSobiaro­

ba, sikvdilianoba da migracia mosaxleobis Semadgenlobaze, zomasa da
gavrcelebaze. sociologebi iyeneben demografiul informacias socialuri
struqturis aRwerisaTvis, individualuri gadawyvetilebebis erToblivi
Sedegebis Sesafaseblad da samomavlo mimarTulebebis prognozirebisaTvis.
2. CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani qveyanaa, romelic mTeli
msoflios mosaxleobis erT mexuTeds Seadgens. mkacri Sobadobis mareguli­
rebeli politikis Sedegad, CineTi gaxda mesame msoflios erT-erTi warmate­
buli qveyana, sadac 1980-iani wlebisaTvis aRiniSneba nayofierebis Semci­
rebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli.
3. mosaxleobis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebis mTavari saSualeba aris mo­
saxleobis aRwera _ periodulad mosaxleobis raodenobis daTvla da in­
formaciis mogroveba maT Sesaxeb. SeerTebul StatebSi mosaxleobis aRwera
yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel tardeba. aRweris Catarebis dros cdiloben,
rom aRiricxos qveynis TiToeuli adamiani, magram SesaZlebelia, rom ver
moxerxdes Rataki mosaxleobis, mamrobiTi sqesis, umciresobebisa da, gansa­
kuTrebiT, imigrantebis nawilis aRricxva.
4. mosaxleobis zrda damokidebulia demografiuli sami cvalebadi faqtoris
urTierTobaze: nayofierebaze (mSobiarobebis saSualo ricxvi, rac SesaZle­
belia, rom hqondes qals misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi), sikvdilianobaze
(Cveulebriv, asaxavs gardacvlilTa ricxvs mocemul asakobriv jgufSi) da
migraciaze. meoce saukuneSi nayofierebis maCveneblebi SeerTebul StatebSi
Tanabari tempiT daeca (gamonaklisi iyo meore msoflio omis Semdgomi demo­
grafiuli afeTqeba), maSin rodesac sikvdilianobis koeficientebic dabali
iyo da sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ki _ gazrdili. sikvdilianobis
koeficientebis Semcirebam gamoiwvia mosaxleobis zrda, magram Seer­Tebuli
Statebis mosaxleobis zrdis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo imigracia. mSobia­robis,
gardacvalebisa da imigraciis zegavlena aseve aisaxa mosaxleobis asakobriv
Semadgenlobazec.
5. axlo warsulamde mosaxleobis zrda mimdinareobda stabilurad. saSualod
1850-iani wlebidan, mosaxleobam spiralurad daiwyo zrda. Tu ar gaviTva­
liswinebT masiur epidemiebs, SimSilobasa Tu birTvul ganadgurebebs, maSin
2025 wlisaTvis mosaxleoba miaRwevs 8.5 miliards da xuTidan oTxi adamiani
mesame samyaros qveynis macxovrebeli iqneba.
6. Tomas malTusi iyo pirveli mecnieri, romelmac moaxdina mosaxleobis zr­
dis analizi da gamoxata SeSfoTeba adamianebze misi zegavlenis SesaZlo
Sedegebis Taobaze. misi azriT, erTaderTi gza mosaxleobis zrdis SesaCere­
blad iyo nebayoflobiT Tavis Sekaveba seqsualuri urTierTobebisagan. sx­

801
 vagvarad, mosaxleobis zrdis SeCereba moxdeba iseTi radikaluri gzebiT,
rogoric aris omi, epidemia an SimSili.
7. karl marqsi gamodioda malTusis doqtrinis winaaRmdeg, Tvlida ra, rom
problama aris ara mxolod WarbmosaxleobaSi, aramed arasakmaris produq­
ciasa da msoflio simdidiris araTanabrad gadanawilebaSi. maSin, rodesac
malTusi problemis gadaWris gzas xedavda moralur SezRudvaSi, marqsi am
gzas socializmSi moiazrebda.
8. ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTSi mosaxleobis raodeno­
bis, Sedgenlobisa da ganawilebis cvlilebebis ZiriTadi modeli cnobilia,
rogorc mosaxleobis bunebrivi gadaadgilebis gardamavali periodi. 1-l
stadiaze Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis maRali koeficientebi mosaxleo­
bis raodenobas stabilur doneze inarCunebs. me-2 stadiaze gardacvalebis
koefi­cienti dabla iwevs mosaxleobis higienuri da sanitaruli pirobebis
gaumjobesebis xarjze da sakvebiT momaragebac bevrad ukeT xorcieldeba.
mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeba. me-3 stadia Sobadobis koeficientic ecema. da­
bolos, me-4 stadiaze, rogorc dRes aRiniSneba industrializebul qveynebSi,
Sobadobis da gardacvalebis koeficientebi dabalia da isev dabalansebulia.
9. demografebi did sifrTxiles iCenen, rodesac mosaxleobis bunebrivi
gadaadgilebis gardamaval periods usadageben ganviTarebad samyaros. mesa­
me samyaros bevr qveyenaSi gardacvalebis koeficientebi Zalian swrafad
daeca drois mcire monakveTSi, rac importirebuli teqnologiis Sedegi iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, Sobadobis koeficientebi maRalia da albaT aseve Senar­
Cundeba iqamde, sanam adamianebi privilegias mravalricxovan ojaxebs aniWe­
ben. kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze saimedo gza nayofierebis Sesamcire­
blad aris qalTa statusis aweva.
10. malTusiseuli koSmari milionobiT adamianisa­Tvis ukve realobas war­
moadgens. vinaidan mosaxleobis zrda mZime tvirTad awveba xelmisawvdom
resursebs, Tavs iCens da matulobs SimSiloba, garemos mdgomareobis gaua­
reseba, arasakmarisi samuSao adgilebi da samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba.
11. adamianma sakmaod kargad gaacnobiera mis mier garemoze miyenebuli zaralis
saSiSroebis faqti, magram ara imdenad, rom SeaCeros an Seamciros bunebrivi
resursebis amowurva Tu dabinZureba. resursebis amowurvis faqti yvelaze
naTlad Cans araganaxlebadi wiaRiseuli sawvavis gamoyenebis (gansakuTrebiT
amerikeli mZRolebis mier) da tyeebis ganadgurebis magaliTebze (ufro
xSirad samxreT naxevarsferos tropikuli tyeebis).
12. dabinZureba yvelaze aSkaraa mesame msoflios qveynebis qalaqebSi. moqalaqee­
bi ukve acnobiereben, rom dabinZureba ar aris mxolod lokaluri probleba,
aramed mas ufro farTomasStabiani Sedegebi mosdevs, romelTaganac gansa­
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saTburis efeqti da globaluri daTboba, ozonis Sris
Semcireba da mJavuri wvimebi. yovelive amis gamosworebisaTvis saWiroa prio­
ritetebis Tavidan dasaxva, romelic globalur doneze unda ganxorcieldes.

802
 imsjeleT

1. riT gansxvavdeba mosaxleobis Sedgeniloba mosaxleobis ganawilebisagan?

(Tqvens gansazRvrebebTan erTad moiyvaneT magaliTebi.)
2. rogor muSaobs mosaxleobis aRwera SeerTebul StatebSi?
3. aRwereT demografiul analizSi sami ZiriTadi cvalebadi faqtoris roli:
nayofierebis, sikvdilianobisa da migraciis.
4. ra aris mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi?
5. ra faqtorebi aCqareben an aferxeben Zalisxmevas, romelic mimarTulia nayo­
fierebis Semcirebisaken?
6. ra safrTxes uqmnis planetas resursebis amowurva da da­binZureba?
7. rogor mivyavarT mosaxleobis zrdasa da simWidroves garemosTan dakavSire­
bul problemebamde?

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. magaliTisaTvis aiReT qalaqi, romelic TqvenTvis kargad aris nacnobi. ro­

gor aRwerdiT misi mosaxleobis struqturas?
2. malTusi da marqsi ver SeTanxmdnen Semdeg sakiTxze. kerZod, msoflios mo­
saxleobis zrda unda moxdes SeuzRudavad, Tu SezRudulad? ra faqtorebi
gamorCaT maT? Tu isini aqcentirebas gaakeTebdnen kulturis ZiriTad so­
ciologiur koncefciaze, rogor daexmareboda maTi mosazreba am problemis
gadaWras?
3. ra faqtorebs SeuZlia SeaCeros mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardama­
vali periodi, gamomdinare misi yvela potenciuri stadiidan, im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac Semcirebuli nayofierebis maCvenebeli Semcirebuli gardacva­
lebis koeficientis tolia?
4. CineTma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira nayofierebis maCvenebeli, ramac gamoiwvia
ekonomikis zrda da ufro maRali Semosavlebi. es, ZiriTadad, damokidebuli
iyo mTavrobis Zalisxmevaze. rogor fiqrobT, yovelTvis aucilebelia es? ra­
tom _ `diax~ an ratom _ `ara~? daasaxeleT sxva alternatiuli midgomebi?
5. resursebis amowurva da dabinZureba aris ori maTavari faqtori, rac safrTx­
es uqmnis dedamiwas. ramdenad SesaZlebelia axali teqnologiebiT TiToeuli
maTganis daZleva? ramdenad aucilebelia sociologiuri cvlilebebi? ra
saxis?
6. es Tavi aRwers mTel rig konservaciul zomebs, rolebmac SesaZlebelia, xeli
Seuwyon msoflios mdgradobas. TvliT, rom mxolod am zomebis gatarebiT
aris SesaZlebeli miznis miRweva? aris raime sxva, rac SesaZlebelia, daexma­
ros am miznis miRwevas? romelia is mniSvnelovani strategiebi, romelTa sa­
SualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, ufro metma xalxma daicvas sakone­srvacio
zomebi?

803
 sityvari

asakobrivi Sedgeniloba _ modeli, sadac mosaxleobis wevrebi ganawilebulni

arian sxvadasxva asakobriv kategoriebSi.
mosaxleobis aRwera _ mosaxleobis raodenobis perioduli daTvla, sadac asa­
kis, sqesis, samuSao adgilisa da sxva faqtebis aRniSvnac xdeba.
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis gardamavali periodi _ samfaziani periodi,
sadac mosaxleoba icvleba Sobadobisa da gardacvalebis maRali koefici­
entebidan Sobadobis maRal, magram gardacvalebis dabal koeficientamde,
rac iwvevs mosaxleobis swraf zrdas, da Semdeg Sobadobisa da gardacva­
lebis dabal koeficientebamde, rac iwvevs mosaxleobis SedarebiT stabi­
lur mdgomareobas.
demografia _ mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs mSobiaroba,
sikvdilianoba da migracia mosaxleobis Sedgenlobaze, zomasa da gavrcele­
baze.
ekologia _ biologiur organizmebs (maT Soris adamiani) Soris da organizmebsa
da maT garemomcvel samyaros Soris urTierTobebis modeli.
emigracia _ xalxis gadaadgileba mosaxleobisa Tu teritoriis gareT.
saTburis efeqti _ atmosferoSi gafrqveuli airebis erToblioba, rac ikavebs
siTbos da SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios globaluri daTboba.
mwvane revolucia _ xorblis, brinjisa da sxva marcvleuli kulturebis axa­
li Stamebis gamoyvana, ramac gamoiwvia mosavlis gaormageba da gasammageba
TiToeul akr miwis nakveTze 1950-iani wlebis bolo periodSi.
imigracia _ xalxis gadaadgileba qveynis mosaxleobasa Tu teritoriis SigniT.
bavSvTa sikvdilianobis koeficienti _ mocemul weliwadSi erTi wlis asakamde
gardacvlil bavSvTa raodenoba 1.000 cocxal nayofze.
Sida migracia _ qveynis SigniT erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadaad­gileba.
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba _ darCenili sasicocxlo wlebis saSualo
rao­denoba mocemuli asakis calkeuli individisaTvis.
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ adamianis cxovrebis wlebis maqsima­luri raodenoba.
migracia _ gadaadgileba qveynis mosaxleobis an teritoriis SigniT an gareT.
wminda migraciis koeficienti(net migration) _ sxvaoba TiToeul wels 1.000 ada­
mianze romelime mosaxleobasa Tu qveyanaSi mcxovreb da iq Casuli adamian­
ebis rao­denobas Soris.
dabinZureba _ garemoze miyenebuli zarali, gamowveuli narCenebis iseTi ra­
odenobiT, romlebic gadatvirTaven bunebrivi reciklirebis sistemebs, an _
sinTezuri masalebiT, romelTa daSlac ver xerxdeba bunebrivi procesebiT.
mosaxleobis ganawileba _ xalxis proporciuli Sedgeniloba sxvadasxva ad­
gilze, rogorebic arian msoflio regionebi, qveynebi, provinciebi, Statebi,
qalaqebi Tu raionebi.

804
mosaxleobis zoma _ xalxis absoluturi raodenoba mosaxleobaSi.
mosaxleobis struqtura _ modeli, romelic gamomdinareobs mosaxleobis
wevrebis asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis, Semosavlis, samuSao adgilis, ojaxuri
mdgomareobis, rasisa da religiis Sedegad.
Canacvlebis(replacement) koeficienti _ nayofierebis maCvenebeli, romelzec
mosaxleoba stabilurad iqneba SenarCunebuli (imigraciis ararsebobis Sem­
TxvevaSi).
nayofierebis jamuri maCvenebeli (TFR) _ mSobiarobebis saSualo ricxvi, rac
Se­saZlebelia qals hqondes misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.

805
806
 Tavi 19

Temi da urbanizacia

urbanizaciis gavlena Temze

. Temis dezintegracia . Temis persistencia
. Temis transformacia

urbanuli cxovrebis cvalebadi formebi: sami qalaqis

zRapari
. preindustriuli qalaqi: venecia oqros xanaSi
. industrializacia da urbanizacia: me-19 saukunis bostoni
. Tanamedrove metropolisebi: los-anjelesi dRes

rogor izrdeba qalaqebi

. urbanuli ekologia
. urbanuli sivrcis politikuri ekonomika

amerikuli Temebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

. aSS-s soflis krizisi
. amerikuli qalaqebis restruqturizacia
. gareubnebi: sad izrdeba amerikuli Temi?

CanarTi
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi:
Temis ganviTareba Tu Temis dazaraleba?

. globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi:

urbanuli zrda da msoflio ekonomika

807
808
 a iovas StatSi mdebare daiagonali amerikelebis umetesobis TvalsazrisiT
patara qalaqia (handli, 1989w.). ZiriTadi quCa mxolod sami kvartlisagan
Sedgeba da maRaziebis wyebis gaswvriv jenTl-hilamde adis. jenTl-hilidan
mwvaned, yavisfrad da qarvisfrad iSleba vrceli teritoria da horizonts
uerTdeba. daiagonalis gulia skolis sportdarbazi, romelic 1000 mayurebels
itevs. zamTris RameebSi kalaTburTis gundis TamaSisas darbazSi teva ar aris,
miuxedavad imisa, rom daiagonalis mTeli mosaxleoba sul raRac 362 adamiania.
1938 wels am patara dasaxlebis skolis gundma didi qalaqebis skolebs ajoba da
Statis Cempioni gaxda. es sportuli sezoni adgilobriv legendad iqca da masze
ambebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema.
legenda dResac cocxlobs: ormocdaaTi wlis Semdegac skolas, sadac mxo­
lod 42 moswavle swavlobs, sistematurad hyavs kalaTburTis gamarjvebuli
gundebi. TiTqmis yvela moswavle biWi eswreba gundis TamaSebs da imedi aqvs,
rom am sezonsac Rirseulad CaaTavebs. `kalaTburTis Rameebs~ Tu ar CavTvliT,
mo­zardebi daiagonals saSinlad mosawyen qalaqad miiCneven, magram ufrosebis
umetesobas, romelTa didi nawili am qalaqSia dabadebuli da gazrdili, verc ki
warmoudgenia, sadme Tu SeiZleba iyos ukeTesi cxovreba. qvemoT moyvanilia im
adamianis monaTxrobidan citata, romelic filadelfiaSi cxovrebis Semdeg dab­
runda daiagonalSi:

`adamianebi ar ikargebian. es ubralod imis SegrZnebaa, rom sakmarisad

patara rameebze gavlenis moxdena SegiZlia. patara qalaqSi moswavlee­
bis mier dadgmuli speqtakli an skolis bendis repeticia yvelaze mniS­
vnelovani saTemo Sekrebaa. xalxi dakavebulia, saqmianobs. isini ar sxe­
dan saxlebSi xelSi televizoris distanciuri marTvis pultiT. quCaSi
rom Camoivli an sasursaTo maRaziaSi Sexval, Seni danaxva uxariaT. es
sruliad gansxvavebulia im SegrZnebasTan SedarebiT, rasac filadel­
fiaSi supermarketSi Sesvlisas vgrZnobdi xolme (citirebulia hun­
dliSi, 1989w. gv. 21).

niu-iorki mxolod 2000 miliTaa daSorebuli daiagonalidan, magram am qalaqis

cxovrebis stils Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, manZili maT Soris SeiZleba 200000 milsac
ki SevadaroT. manhetenis zemoTa vestsaidze gaSenebuli kolumbis aveniu Sopingis
centria. axalgazrda profesionalebi Tavisufal dros maRaziebSi dadian da 500
dolarad Rirebul sportul kostumebs yiduleben, Semdeg 200 dolars sportul
fexsacmelSi ixdian, raTa ufro komfortulad gamowyobilebi miusxdnen magidebs
feSenebelur kafeebSi perieris sawrupavad da TiTo Wiqa sasmelSi 5 dolari ga­
daixadon. erT Cveulebriv kviradRes aTasobiT adamiani xdeba am scenis monawile.
am axalgazrdebis nawili gareubnebSi cxovrobs, danarCeni ki _ niu-iorkis sxva­
dasxva ubanSi, magram maTSi mainc yvelaze metad zemo vestsaidelebi Warboben.
isini, yvelani erTad patara teritoriaze cxovroben (daaxloebiT 5 kvartalis
siganisa da 27 kvartali sigrZisaze), magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTad dadian

809
axal maRaziebSi, vaxSmoben restornebSi, svamen barebSi, es adamianebi mainc TiTq­
mis aravis icnoben. zemoTa vestsaidis Temi erTmaneTisTvis ucxoebisagan Sedgeba.
yoveli 100000 mcxovrebidan erTmaneTs mxolod TiTo-orolas Tu icnobs.
yvela TvalsazrisiT daiagonali da manhetenis zemo­Ta vestsaidi sruliad
gansxvavebuli adgilebia. daiagonalSi yve­la icnobs erTmaneTs; isini masobrivad
monawileoben saTemo RonisZiebebSi (da maT, vinc ar aris CarTuli am RonisZie­
baSi, antisocialur adamianebad miiCneven) da TiToeuli maTganis saq­mianoba
Zirfesviani Seswavlis sagania. Worebi daiagonalis mosaxleobas yu­radRebis mo­
dunebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. rasakvirvelia, xandaxan xdeba xolme sqesobriv
niadagze Cadenili, simTvralesTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli da mozardebis
vandalizmis faqtebic, magram seriozuli danaSauli am qalaqSi iSviaTia. zemo­
Ta vestsaidSi adamianebis umetesoba mxolod Tavis korpusSi macxovrebel mci­
rericxovan adamanebs Tu icnobs, yvelas nacnob-megobrebis sakuTari wre hyavs
da saTemo RonisZiebebic iSviaTia (SeiZleba xandaxan moawyon wveuleba). mezob­
loba xSi­rad xmaurad aRiqmeba. anonimuroba normaa da danaSauli _ xSiri. zemo
vestsaidelebis umetesoba an TviTon gamxdara yaCaRobis da Zarcvis msxverpli,
an icnobs amgvar adamians.
nuTu sruliad araferi aqvT saerTo niu-iorksa da daiagonals? mTlad asec ar
aris. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, tradiciuli Temebi da xSirad sruliad axali
tipis Temebic SeiZleba aRmocendes da ayvavdes yvelaze urbanizebul adgilasac
ki. niu-iorki yvelaze mWidrod SekavSirebuli orTodoqsi ebraelebis qala­qicaa
(isini, ZiriTadad, bruklinSi saxloben) da grinviC-vilijSi mcxovrebi Zalze or­
ganizebuli cisferebis Temisac. tendencia, romelsac adamianebi amJRavneben Te­
mad Camoyalibebis mxriv, gacilebiT met faqtorzea damokidebuli, vidre es mo­
saxleobis simWidrovea.

es Tavi sociologiuri kuTxiT ganixilavs Temis cxovrebas industriali­

zebuli msoflios did qalaqebSi, gareubnebsa da patara qalaqebSi (saTemo
cxovrebis aspeqtebis ukeT gagebisaTvis dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi ix. Tavi
20.). am TemTa organizeba funqciuradaa integrirebuli ufro mxvil orga­
nizaciebTan, romlis nawilsac Tavad warmoadgenen. isini ukavSirdebian am or­
ganizaciebs ekonomikurad (magaliTad, yiduloben saWiro saqonels da yidian
sakuTars) da politikurad, mTavrobis meSveobiT, romelic aregulirebs cxovre­
bas qveynis masStabiT. realurad, globaluri funqciuri integracia axla ukve
akavSirebs amerikul Temebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb TemebTan.
amis Sedegad aSS-is didi da patara qalaqebi TandaTan icvleba teqnologiebisa
da vaWrobis cvlilebebis zemoqmedebiT. Temi socialuri struqturis erTeuli­
caa. is SeiZleba SevadaroT agurebs, romlebiTac mTeli qveynis organizaciebs
aSeneben, amave dros, Temebi erTmaneTisagan Sinaganad gansxvavdeba eTnikuro­
bisa da qonebrivi TvalsazrisiT (gaixseneT me-8 Tavis Sesavali stratifikaciis
Sesaxeb). urbanizacia, anu patara qalaqebis didi qalaqebad gadaqcevis procesi,
aris socialuri struqturis transformacia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, funqciuri
integraciis cvalebadi formis sapasuxo reaqciaa. es ori ZiriTadi koncefcia _

810
socialuri struqtura da funqciuri integracia _ ganxiluli iqneba rogorc
Temebis, aseve urbanizaciis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas.
rasakvirvelia, urbanizacia gavlenas axdens kulturazec. Tems aqvs sakuTari
adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebi, rogorc es daiagonalis da vestsaidis mag­
aliTebidanac davinaxeT. es tradiciuli kultura SeiZleba iseTi struqturuli
transformaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndes, rogoricaa urba­nizacia an samuSao
adgilebis gadanacvleba. es ki SeiZleba qalaqebis daberebam da dakninebam gamoi­
wvios. amgvari struqturuli transformaciebi ar aris Tavidan bolomde `bune­
brivi~ procesi. es socialuri moqmedebisa da Zalauflebis gamo­yenebis Sedegia.
calkeuli pirebi iReben gadawyevitlebas ufro did qalaqebSi gadasvlis an pata­
ra qalaqSi darCenis Sesaxeb. maTi gadawyvetileba, Tavis mxriv, emyareba msxvili
korporaciebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad unda daxuron
an gaxsnan qarxana _ SesaZlebelia sofladac, rac dabali fasebiTaa ganpirobe­
buli. los-anjelesma dRevandeli forma Zlieri individebisa da jgufebis mier
aqtiurad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad miiRo. maT qalaqSi samanqano moZ­
raoba aaRorZines. sxvadasxva xasiaTis Temi sxvadasxva xasiaTis socialur moq­
medebas uyris safuZvels _ dawyebuli qvelmoqmedebiT, damTav­rebuli danaSau­
liT. aqedan gamomdinare, policiisa da eklesiis roli damokidebulia imaze, Tu
sad uwevT maT muSaoba _ did, urbanul teritoriebze Tu patara qalaqebSi, sadac
mcxovreblebis umetesoba erTmaneTs icnobs.
am Tavis dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, gavigoT, urbanizacia (anu did qalaqebad
gardaqmnis procesi) anadgurebs Tems, Tu ubralod axal formas aZlevs mWidro
urTierTobas, rac daiagonalis msgavs patara qalaqebs axasiaTebs. amis Semdeg
ganvixilavT urbanizaciis istoriul process _ rodis da sad gaCnda pirveli
qalaqebi da ratom da ra gziT ganviTardnen isini. Semdeg etapze ufro detalu­
rad mimovixilavT Tanamedrove urbanul garemos da SevajerebT ramdenime. Tavs
davasrulebT Tanamedrove tendenciebis ganxilviT.

urbanizaciis gavlena Temze

urbanizacia ewodeba adamianebis mravalricxovani jgufebis mier soflebisa

da patara qalaqebis mitovebisa da did qalaqebsa da axlomdebare metropoli­
tanur teritoriebze dasaxlebis process. amgvarad, urbanizacia gulisxmobs
meCxerad dasaxlebuli regionebidan migracias ufro mWidrod dasaxlebul adgi­
lebSi. me-20 saukuneSi migraciis masStabebi saocrad gaizrda. 1900 wels msoflios
mosaxleobis 86.4 % _ soflad, xolo 13.6 % qalaqebSi cxovrobda. dRes msoflios
mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari qalaqebSi cxovrobs. gaerTianebuli erebis orga­
nizaciis prognozis mixedviT, 2025 wlisaTvis qalaqSi macxov­rebeli msoflios
mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli 60-s miaRwevs (mosaxleobis sakiTxTa bi­
uro, 1995w. uilkini, 1995w.). mWidrod dasaxlebuli urbanuli adgilebi Taname­
drove landSaftis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca.

811
 urbanizaciis Sedegebis ganxilvisas sociologebi ver Tanxmdebian. nawili
xazgasmiT miuTiTebs dadebiT mxareze. maTi TvalsazrisiT, qalaqi civiliza­
ciis umaRlesi mwvervalia: es aris adgili, sadac sxvadasxva warmomavlobis ada­
miani erTad cxovrobs, cvlis mosazrebebs, ideebs, adgils, sadac waxalisebulia
ino­vaciebi biznesSi, teqnologiaSi, mecnirebasa da xelovnebaSi. sociologebis
meore nawils miaCnia, rom qalaqSi cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gada­
wonis mis sargeblebs; qalaqebi dabinZurebulia, maRalia danaSaulis maCvenebeli,
garemo qaoturi da mouwesrigebelia, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs stressa da fsiqi­
kur daavadebebs.
am TavSi moTavsebuli debatebis mTavari Temaa imis gaazreba, aris Tu ara ur­
banizacia Temebis ganadgureba. `Temi~ sociologisaTvis niSnavs ufro mets, vi­
dre adamianebiT dasaxlebuli konkretuli teritoria. es termini aseve aR­wers
damokidebulebebis garkveul donemde siRrmes da erT TemSi gaerTianebuli
adamianebi saerTo Rirebulebebsa da interesebs iziareben, maT mWidro kavSiri
da xSiri kontaqti aqvT erTmaneTTan, agreTve aqvT siaxlovis grZnoba da erTma­
neTze, rogorc erTi jgufis wevrebze, ise fiqroben.
ra gavlena iqonia urbanizaciam Temebze? sociologebi sam sxvadasxva pasuxs
gvTavazoben (hanteri, 1978w.), erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, didma da mWidrod
dasaxlebulma zemo vestsaidismagvarma adgilebma sruliad mospes Temis arse­
bobis yvela SesaZlebloba. meore mosazrebis mixedviT, Temis grZnoba ufro
mWidrod dasaxlebul da did qalaqebSic SeiZleba gaCndes, magaliTad, niu-iork­
Si, Cikagosa da bostonSi patara qalaqebismagvari mtkice kavSirebi da mWidro
urTierTobaa Semonaxuli. mesame mosazrebis Tanaxmad, urbanizaciam warmoSva
axali tipis Temi anu is, romelic ar aris damokidebuli adamianebis sacxovre­
blebis teritoriul siaxloveze. qvemoT Cven samive mosazrebas detalurad gan­
vixilavT.

Temis dezintegracia

ideas, rom urbanizacia anadgurebs Tems, sociologiaSi xangrZlivi istoria

aqvs. jer kidev 1887 wels germanelma sociologma, ferdinand toniesma, Seadara
Temisa (anu, rogorc Tavad germaneli mecnieri uwodebda, gemainSaftis) da sazo­
gadoebis an `asociaciis~ (gezelSaftis) socialuri urTierTobebi. toniesis az­
riT, Zveli, patara qalaqebi gemainSaftis modelebi iyo. gemainSaftSi TiToeuli
adamiani megobrebisa da naTesavebis mWidro qselis wevria. Temis wevrebs saerTo
winaprebi hyavT da iziareben saerTo faseulebebs, tradiciebsa da wesebs. saerTo
istoria, saqmianobebi da xSiri piradi kavSirebi xels uwyobs mZlavri socialuri
da emociuri kavSirebis SenarCunebas. gemainSaftSi statusis miniWeba dabadebi­
danve xdeba. eskuairis vaJi arasodes gaxdeba fermeri, xolo fermeris vaJiSvili
arasodes daqorwindeba cnobili ojaxis qaliSvilze. adamianebi, ZiriTadad, igive­
ni rCebian, rac Tavidanve iyo gansazRvruli. sacxovrebeli adgilis cvlis Sesa­
Zleblobac SezRudulia. umetesoba mcire farTobis adgilas ibadeba da kvdeba.

812
Sedegad viRebT imas, rom sakuTar identobaze fiqrisas adamianebi mas TemSi maT
mier dakavebul adgilTan aigiveben.
toniesis azriT, urbanuli, industriuli sazogadoeba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
zemoT aRwerilisagan. es aris gezelSafti, sadac adamianebs erTmaneTTan for­
maluri organizaciebi da bazrebi akavSirebs da ar arsebobs araformaluri kav­
Sirebi da kuTvnilebis grZnoba. Cqari tempiT mzardi qalaqebi gezelSaftebis
TvalsaCino magaliTebia. misi mWidrod dasaxlebuli adgilebi ganapirobebs
imas, rom adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTs erTi Cveulebrivi dRis ganmavlobaSi
xvdebian, sruliad ucxoebi arian erTmaneTisaTvis. urTierTobebi Zalze zeda­
pirulia mezoblebs Sorisac ki. xSirad mezoblebs erTmaneTisagan sruliad
gansxvavebuli warmomavloba aqvT da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar gaaCniaT saerTo
winap­rebi, Rirebulebebi, normebi an damokidebulebebi. garda amisa, naklebsa­
varaudoa, rom isini erTad muSaobdnen samsaxurSi. yvela gansxvaveba erTad qmnis
socialur distancias. urbanul adgilebSi mcxovrebTa kavSirebi ar aris mWidro.
megobrebi SeiZleba qalaqis sxvadasxva boloSi cxovrobdnen, TanamSromlebi _
ramdenime milis daSorebiT, xolo naTesavebi _ qveynis meore boloSi. patara qa­
laqebSi, maTi mcire struqturis gamo, mezoblebi xSirad TanamSromlebic arian,
erTad eswrebian saeklesio msaxurebas, erTad atareben Tavisufal dros, rac maT
erTian da mWidro Temad aqcevs (kalhauni, 1980w.). urbanuli adgilebis mcxovre­
blebi gacilebiT maRali mobilobiT gamoirCevian, vidre patara, tradiciuli qa­
laqebis mkvidrni. aSS-Si, am urbanizebul qveyanaSi, yovelwliurad yoveli meaTe
adamiani gadadis sacxovreblad ufro did qalaqSi. isini socialuradac wydebian
am qalaqs, sadac toveben Zvel megobrebsa da axloblebs.
toniesi miiCnevda, rom urbanizacia anu gemainSaftidan gezelSaftisaken
gadasvlis procesi Tanamedrove epoqis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia da
Tvlida, rom urbanizacias TemisTvis kargi araferi moaqvs. sxva evropeli soci­
ologebi aseve amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas urbanuli cxovrebis arapirad urTier­
Tobebze, Tumca, zogi maTgani pozitiur mxareebsac xedavda. meore gavleniani
germaneli sociologi georg zimeli Tavis klasikur naSromSi `metropolisebi
da sulieri cxovreba~ (1902-1903w.w.-1950w.), aseve ganixilavda urbanul adgileb­
Si urTierTobis formebs. is nawilobriv amaxvilebda yuradRebas urbanul adgi­
lebSi macxovreblebis yoveldRiur qaotur, xmaurian da xalxmraval garemoze.
zimelis mixedviT, aseTi mudmivi stimulacia adamianebSi aviTarebs gulgri­
lobis grZnobas garSemo mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT. es damokideb­
uleba saSualebas aZlevs maT, yuradRebis miRma datovon mosmenili da nanaxi da
amgvarad daicvan Tavi emociuri gamofitvisagan anu imisagan, rasac dRes fizikur
gadatvirTvas vuwodebT (milgrami, 1970w.). amis Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom qalaqis
macxovreblebi civebad da uguloebad aRiqmebian, romlebic indeferentulebi
arian sxvebis gancdebis mimarT. es damcavi naWuWi naklebad moqmedebs patara qa­
laqebSi, sadac adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTmaneTze zrunva da wuxili.
meore mxriv, zimeli fiqrobs, rom urbanuli cxovreba ufro mosaxerxebelia in­
dividualuri ganviTarebisaTvis, rac nawilobriv ganpirobebulia im socialuri

813
struqturiT, romelic anonimurobisa da piradi urTierTobebis survilisamebr
Camoyalibebis saSualebas iZleva.
aSS-Si luis uirti (1938w.) gamoexmaura rogorc toniesis, aseve zimelis
ide­ebs. uirti iyo Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetis wevri. man
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana urbanuli sociologiis, rogorc dargis ganvi­
TarebaSi. 1920-1930-iani wlebis Cikagos Seswavlis safuZvelze man daaskvna, rom
qalaqis mosaxleoba gamoirCeva sami ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTebliT: si­
didiT, simWidroviTa da adamianebis heterogenurobiT (anu sxvadasxvagvarobiT).
rogorc uirti ambobs, am maxasiaTlebidan TiToeuli ganapirobebs axlo pirad
urTierTobebs. magaliTad, mravalricxovan mosaxleobaSi SeuZlebelia, yvela
erTmaneTs icnobdes. imis gamo, rom manhetenis zemo vestsaidSi 100000 adamiani
cxovrobs da es raioni Svidmilioniani qalaqisa da 20 milioniani metropoli­
tanis mxolod erTi nawilia, socialuri SemTxveviTi kavSirebis umetesoba, ro­
gorc wesi, ucnobebs Soris xdeba. es, rasakvirvelia, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom
niu-iorkelebs sxva adgilas mcxovreb adamianebze naklebi megobrebi hyavT an
naklebad zrunaven sayvarel adamianebze. magram mniSvnelovania, rom megobrebi
im adamianebis SedarebiT mcire nawilia, visac niu-iorkelebi dRis ganmavlobaSi
xvdebian. amis msgav­sad, xalxmravlobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos arapirad da SemTx­
veviT socialur Sexvedrebs. uirti eTanxmeba zimers da acxadebs, rom rac ufro
axloa fizikuri kontaqti ucxo adamianTan, miT ufro distanciuri iqneba maTi
socialuri urTierToba. dabolos, heterogenurma mosaxleobam SeiZleba Ziri
gamouTxaros mWidro pirad kavSirebs. rodesac mezoblebi ar iziareben Rireb­
ulebebs, normebsa da damokidebulebebs, isini kargaven Temisa­Tvis damaxasiaTeb­
el erTobis grZnobas.
uirti qalaqis cxovrebis impersonalur bunebas seriozuli socialuri prob­
lemebis gavrcelebas ukavSirebda. Tu adamianebi Tavs gariyulad da emociuri
mxardaWerisagan mowyvetilad grZnoben, isini ufro daucvelebi xdebian depre­
siisa da sulieri aSlilobis mimarT. aseT dros ki xSiria TviTmkvleloba. amis
msgavsad, indiferentuli damokidebuleba sxvebis mimarT SeiZleba danaSaulis,
xulignobisa da korufciis maCveneblebis zrdis safuZveli gaxdes. urbanuli
macxovreblebi xSirad erTmaneTs iReben samizneebad, radgan maTTvis mezobeli
ufro warmosaxviTi cnebaa, vidre konkretuli adamiani. ufro metic, deviantoba
ufro Znelad eqvemdebareba kontrols did qalaqebSi, radgan adamianebs uWirT
erTmaneTisaTvis Tvalis midevneba da damnaSaveebis dasja, gansxvavebiT patara
qalaqis macxovreblebisagan. amis nacvlad, didi qalaqebis mosaxleoba kontro­
lis for­maluri meqanizmebiT cdilobs socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebas (mag­
aliTad, kanoniT, policiiT, sasamarTloebiT). es meqanizmebi ise efeqturad ver
muSaoben, rogorc araformaluri socialuri zewola, romelic soflebsa da pa­
tara qalaqebSi amarTlebs.
damadasturebeli empiriuli faqtebi metyvelebs, rom SesaZlebelia uir­
ti cdeboda, rodesac gadaWarbebuli simkacriT askvnida, rom didi qalaqebis
cxovreba warmoSobs seriozul socialur problemebs. ramdenime seriozuli sa­
mecniero naSromis Seswavlis Sedegad harvi Coldinma (1978w.) daaskvna, rom mosa­

814
xleobis simWidrove ar aris sisxlis samarTlisa da mozardTa mier Cadenili da­
naSaulis upirvelesi mizezi. socialuri problemebi gamomdinareobs mTeli rigi
socialur-struqturuli faqtorebidan, rogoricaa rasobrivi aRreva mosaxleo­
bas Soris an simdidrisa da samsaxurebis ganawileba, romelic mniSvnelovnad gan­
sxvavdeba sxvadasxva qalaqSi.

Temis persistencia
sociologebis nawili eWvqveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom tra­diciuli Temi­
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli myari kavSirebi didi qalaqebSi irRveva. maTi mosazre­
biT, bevri qalaquri samezoblo waagavs patara qalaqebis samezobloebs, rogorc
socialuri struqturiT, aseve interaqciis formebiT. herbert gansi erT-erTi
pirvelia im sociologTagan, romelmac am mosazrebis damamtkicebeli magaliTe­
bi moiyvana. 1957 wels man bostonis vestendSi iqirava bina, raTa SeZleboda, uSu­
alod dahkvirveboda cxovrebas bostonis am nawilSi. im droisa­Tvis bostonis
vestendi dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, mosaxleobis ra­
odenoba 7000-s ar aRemateboda, romlebic sam an xuTsarTulian SenobebSi cxov­
robdnen. macxovreblebis umetesoba mesame an meore Taobis italiuri warmoSo­
bis amerikelebi iyvnen, Tumca arsebobda polonelebis, ebraelebis, berZnebis,
ukrainelebisa da sxva erovnebis jgufebis anklavebic. saxelmwifo moxeleebi
vestends damyayebul adgilad miiCnevdnen da mis ganadgurebas gegmavdnen.
gansma aRmoaCina, rom am ubnis socialuri struqtura kidev ufro aRrmaveb­
da depresiul ganwyobas. vestendis Temis wevrebi erTmaneTs Zalian kargad ic­
nobdnen, hqondaT Zlieri kavSirebi da erTmaneTTis daxmarebis tradicia, rogorc
es, uirtis azriT, mxolod Zalian patara qalaqebSi xdeba. amitom gansma sakuTar
wigns vestendis Sesaxeb metad gonebamaxviluri saTauri SeurCia _ `qalaqeli so­
flelebi~ (1962w.).
gansis mosazrebiT, uestends qalaqur soflad interpersonaluri urTierTo­
bebi aqcevda. cxadia, uestendis Svidi aTasive macxovrebeli erTmaneTs piradad
ar icnobda, magram isini xSirad xvdebodnen da esaubrebodnen kvartlel mezo­
blebs; aqtiurad mimdinareobda socialuri cxovreba korpusebis koridorebSi,
maRaziebsa da quCebSi. mezoblebi esalmebodnen erTmaneTs, Cerdebodnen sasau­
brod. amgvarad, uestendelebi igebdnen ambebs imave eTnikuri jgufis wevrebis
Sesaxeb, romelsac TviTon ekuTvnodnen, aseve, im adamianebis Sesaxebac ki, rom­
lebsac arasodes Sexvedrodnen. amgvarad isini igebdnen, rom megobris Soreul
biZaSvils, romelic sami kvartlis moSorebiT cxovrobda, swored axlaxans tyupi
SeeZina an rom meore megobris disSvilis mamamTilma samsaxuri dakarga... Sedegad
uestendelebis uemetesoba erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli. maT icodnen erTma­
neTis sixarulisa da mwuxarebis Sesaxeb, Zlieri da susti mxareebi, gamarjvebebi
da damarcxebebi. ar grZnobdnen Tavs ucxoebad da miuxedavad imisa, rom Suagul
qalaqSi cxovrobdnen siamovnebas iRebdnen im socialuri kavSirebis Sedegad, ro­
melic WeSmarit Tems axasiaTebs.

815
 yvelaze intensiuri socialuri interaqciebi uestendelebs So­ris xdeboda
Tanatolebis TavSeyrisas. aseTi Sexvedrebi ki kviraSi ramdenimejer imarTebo­
da vinmes saxlSi. mamakacebi Tavs iyridnen sastumro oTaxSi, qalebi ki _ samza­
reulos magidasTan. isini saubrobdnen, xumrobdnen, icinodnen, yvebodnen ambebs,
erTmaneTs uziarebdnen axal Worebs da, ubralod, siamovnebas iRebdnen erTad
yofnisgan. italiuri warmoSobis uestenedelebis jgufisaTvis, romelsac in­
tensiurad akvirdeboda gansi, aseTi jgufuri cxovreba uaRresad mniSvnelovani
iyo. Tanatolebis jgufebis Camoyalibeba adreuli bavSvobidan iwyeboda da mo­
zardobis periodamde grZeldeboda. jgufebis wevrebi erTmaneTs kompanionobas
uwevdnen, emociurad mxarSi edgnen. amgvari jgufebis gareSe uestendelebi Tavs
dakargulebad Tvlidnen.
bostonis uestendi ar aris erTaderTi adgili am mxriv. sociologma je­
rald satlsma (1968w.) amgvarive formebi aRmoaCina CikagoSic. Cikagos uestsaidi
mkac­rad iyo dayofili eTnikur samezobloebad _ italielebis, meqsikelebis,
Savkanianebis, puerto-rikoelebis samezobloebi Tavisebur soflebs qmnidnen.
bostonis uestenderebis msgavsad, Cikagos uestsaidelebic kargad icnobdnen
imave eTnikuri warmoSobis mezoblebs. maT kvartlebSi siaruli salac ar niSnavda
ucnobebis zRvaSi Cakargvas _ piriqiT, isini esalmebodnen adamianebs, romlebsac
mTeli sicocxle icnobdnen da romlebTanac saerTo kulturas iziarebdnen.
adgilobrivi biznesebi, romlebic samezobloSi dominantur eTnikur jgufs
ekuTvnoda, patara qalaqis atmosferos qmnida. italielebis kuTvnil sasursaTo
maRaziaSi Savkanianebis saparikmaxeroebsa da meqsikelebis kafeebSi saerTo eT­
nikuri warmoSobis xalxi poulobda sasurvel produqtebsa da momsaxurebebs.
amave dros es dawesebulebebi samezoblos socialuri cxovrebis centrebad iqca.
megobrebi Cerdebodnen erTmaneTis mosakiTxad da gasaxumreblad, problemebis
gansaxilvelad da sakuTari Sexedulebis gasamJRavneblad. xSirad adamianebi ise
modiodnen da midiodnen, rom arafers yidulobdnen. namdvili socialuri bizne­
sis aReb-micemobisaTvis ekonomikuri tranzaqciebi meorexarisxovani iyo. Tu
vinmes naRdi fuli Semoakldeboda, mas yovelgvari WoWmanisa da zedmeti aliaqo­
Tis gareSe endobodnen da saSualebas aZlevdnen, Tanxa mere gaestumrebina (es
forma Zalian waagavs iseTi patara qalaqebis socialur cxovrebas, rogoricaa
daiagonali, sadac adamianebi mxolod imitom Sedian mTavari quCis maRaziebSi,
rom megobrebs Sexvdnen da waimusaifon). amgvari formebi nakleb kavSirs am­
JRavneben didi qalaqebis civ da depersonalizebul stereotipul Sexedulebas­
Tan. ufro mogvianebiT miSel dunierma (1992w.) daadastura, rom igive socialuri
kavSirebi da TavSeyris adgilebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan Cikagos yvelaze Rarib
da ekonomikurad yvelaze ukan mdgom samezobloebs.
gansi, satlsi da msgavsi Sexedulebis mqone mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom Temma
SeiZleba gauZlos urbanizacias. isini aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze didi qalaqebSic
ki samezobloebis mkvidrebs SeiZleba ganuviTardeT sakuTrebisa da zrunvis
gaziarebuli grZnoba. xSirad amgvari `qalaqeli soflelebi~ emigrantebi ari­
an evropisa da samxreT merikis patara qalaqebidan (an emigrantebis Svilebi da

816
SviliSvilebi). isini inarCuneben erTgvar kavSirebs, rasac maTi ojaxis wevrebi
bunebrivad da aucileblad miiCnevdnen.

Temis transformacia

erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli eTnikuri samezobloebi ar aris erTad­

erTi adgili, sadac did qalaqebSi Tems arseboba SeuZlia. sociologebis erTi
jgufi miiCnevs, rom urbanul garemoSi adamianebis didi koncentracia safuZv­
els uyris gamorCeul socialur struqturas. is ki, Tavis mxriv, ayalibebs Temis
msgavs axal formebs, rac yovelTvis ar aris dafuZnebuli saerTo warmomavloba­
ze an teritoriul siaxloveze. am mosazrebis mixedviT, qalaqis macxovreblebi
xSirad qmnian socialur qsels (ix. Tavi 3), romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi scildeba sa­
mezoblos da qalaqebis sazRvrebsac ki (veberi, 1966w.). TiToeuli qseli efuZne­
ba saerTo interesebs, profesiebsa da saqmianobas. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis
sxvadasxva mxares mcxovrebi feministebi SeiZleba regularulad awyobdnen
Sexvedrebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gasaziareblad da erToblivi proeqtebis
dasawyebad; anda klasikuri musikis moyvarulebma Camoayalibon samoyvarulo
orkestri da kviraSi erTxel Seikribnen repeticiebis Casatareblad. aseTi Sekre­
bebi soflebis macxovreblebs ar sWirdebaT, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom Tvi­
Ton mosaxleoba ar aris mravalferovani. mxolod qalaqebSia SesaZlebeli amgvari
subkulturebis Camoyalibeba. ise gamodis, rom mosaxleobis zoma da simWidrove
(anu is faqtorebi, rac uirtis azriT adamianebis gaucxovebas ganapirobebda)
warmoSobs axali tipis socialur kavSirebs, rac aviTarebs da aZlierebs Tems.
sociologma klod fiSerma (1982) gadawyvita, gamoecada es Teoria da gaesau­
bra 1000-ze met qalsa da mamakacs, romlebic cxovrobdnen urbanizmis mxriv me­
tad gansxvavebul adgilebSi. man aRmoaCina, rom urbanizmi ubiZgebs adamianebs,
moZebnon megobrebi ufro did geografiul teritoriaze. fizikuri siSore mego­
brebs Soris ar asustebs maT urTierTobas. qalaqis sxvadasxva boloSi mcxovrebi
megobrebi iseve grZnoben siaxloves, rogorc is megobrebi, romlebic erTmane­
Tis axlo mezoblebic arian. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanizmi, ar anadgurebs
Tems. ufro metic, urbanizmma gardaqmna Temi geografiuli sazRvrebis gafar­
ToebiT. fiSerma aseve aRmoaCina, rom urbanul adgilebSi cxovrebam Secvala ada­
mianebis socialuri qselis struqtura. am SemTxvevaSi urTierTobebi naklebad
emyareba naTesaobas an erTi da imave eklesiis wevrobas da xSirad efuZneba saer­
To samsaxurs (TanamSromlobas) da sekularuli asociaciebis wevrobas (klubebi,
interesTa jgufebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebi).
e.i. Tu Temi uZlebs did qalaqebs, maS ratom gviCndeba azri, rom qalaqebis
macxovreblebi daSorebulebi arian da ar zrunaven erTmaneTze? fiSeris azriT, am
kiTxvis pasuxi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qalaqis macxovreblebi ar endobian ucxoe­
bs. am undoblobis mizezia danaSaulisadmi SiSi da viqtimizaciis sxva formebi.
rogorc zimeli aRwerda, sazogadoebaSi qalaqelebi atareben qedmaRlobis dam­
cav naWuWs, pirad cxovrebaSi ki isini soflelebiviT mzrunvelebi arian.

817
 aqedan gamomdinare, urbanuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb Cven mier zemoT ganxilu­
li yvela mosazreba SeiZleba garkveul dros garkveuli xarisxiT sworic iyos.
qalaqebSi Temis grZnoba SeiZleba erTdroulad cvalebadic iyos, gamZlec da
gaqrobis piras misulic. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli konkretuli urbanuli raio­
nis magaliTs ganvixilavT da ra konteqstSi, SegviZlia TiToeul Teorias empiri­
uli axsna movuZebnoT. sociologebis amocanaa, gamoavlinon is konkretuli pi­
robebi, romelTa arsebobis pirobebSic urbanizacia anadgurebs, aZlierebs an
qmnis saTemo kavSirebs (ix. CanarTi sociologia da sajaro debatebi). Cven am Temas
mogvianebiT davubrundebiT amave TavSi.

urbanuli cxovrebis cvalebadi formebi

qalaqi adamianebis SedarebiT didi, mWidro da mudmivi dasaxlebaa, romlis

mcxovrebnic socialurad gansxvavdebian da sakuTari xeliT ar mohyavT sarCo.
rogorc wesi, qalaqebi dominireben Semogaren soflebsa da patara qalaqebze. es
maxasiaTebeli uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili _ dawyebuli Zvelegvipturi Teme­
biTa da dasmTavrebuli ZvelberZnuli aTeniT niu-iorkiT, tokoTi da da pariziT.
kacobriobis kulturis gariJraJze xalxi patara jgufebad cxovrobda. isini
nadirobdnen, Tevzaobdnen da am gziT moipovebdnen sakvebs. ufro xSirad, veluri
sakvebi ar iyo sakmarisi adamianebis didi raodenobisTvis da amitom maT momTaba­
reoba uwevdaT _ erT adgilas mxolod drois xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi
saxlobdnen da sakvebis gamolevis Semdeg sxva adgilas gadainacvlebdnen xolme.
ratom daiwyes adamianebma soflebsa da qalaqebSi cxovreba? ram miiyvana isini so­
cialuri organizebis axal formebamde? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisaTvis 10000
wliT ukan gadanacvleba mogviwevs im xanaSi, rodesac adamianebma pirvelad dai­
wyes mcenareebis moyvana da cxovelebis moSinaureba. albaT im adgilebSi, sadac
sakvebis maragi Zalian mwiri iyo, adamianebma daiwyes sakvebad vargisi mcenaree­
bis gamargvla da morwyva, niadagisaTvis sasuqis damateba da sakvebad yvelaze
sasurveli mcenareebis Teslebis Senaxva momaval gazafxulze dasaTesad. amave
dros, maT xeli mihyves patara, gareuli cxovelebis _ Txisa da cxvris jogebis
mtaceblebisagan dacvas da es cxovelebi saZovrad ufro vargisian adgilebze
gadahyavdaT zafxulis mSrali Tveebis dros. am siaxleebma da, amas garda, mar­
cvleulis SenaxvisaTvis martivi teqnologiebis aRmoCenam saSualeba misca ada­
mianebs, dasaxlebuliyvnen patara da naxevradmudmiv soflebad. es soflebi, rom­
lebic 200- 400 adamians aerTianebda, socialuri organizebis ZiriTadi forma iyo
momdevno ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi (Caildi, 1952).
mogvianebiT, kerZod ki Cvens welTaRricxvamde 6000 da 5000 wlebs Soris, ni­
losis auzSi, tigros-evfratisa da indis velebze, Camoyalibda winaze 10-jer didi
dasaxlebebi _ pirveli namdvili qalaqebi, romelTa mosaxleoba 7000-dan 20000-
mde adamians itevda. qalaqebi ZiriTadad ganviTarda imis gamo, rom miwaTmoqmede­
basa da transportirebaSi aRmoCenilma inovaciebma saSualeba misca adamianebs,

818
aeTvisebinaT mdinareebis velebis gansakuTrebiT nayofieri miwebi. axali, ufro
noyieri marcvleulis jiSebis kultivirebam, xarSebmuli guTnis gamogonebam da
sairigacio sistemis daxvewam Sedegad moitana sakvebis maragis gazrda, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca mosaxleobis nawils, gamxdariyo xelosani, vaWari,
maswavlebeli, jariskaci, RvTismsaxuri da ara miwaTmoqmedi. muSaobis special­
izaciam moiTxova, rom adamianebi dasaxlebuliyvnen imaTTan axlos, visi xelobac
yvelaze metad sWirdebodaT. Sedegad qalaqebic gaizarda rogorc mosaxleobis,
aseve zomis mxriv (davisi, 1955).
Tumca, qalaqebis aRmoceneba ar SeiZleba mieweros mxolod da mxolod Sro­
mis kompleqsur dayofas. qalaqebis zrdisa da ayvavebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Za­
lauflebis centralizebuli sistema, romelic koordinacias gauwevda axal so­
cialur da ekonomikur aqtivobebs da moagvarebda konfliqts moqiSpe jgufebs
Soris (sJobergi, 1960w.). amitom SemTxveviTi ar yofila, rom pirveli namdvili
qalaqebis ganviTareba daemTxva Zlieri xelisuflebis, mmarTvelebis, kanon­
mdeblebisa da mosamarTleebis gaCenas. es sistema iyo romis, pekinis, stambolisa
da kairos anu Zlevamosili imperiebis dedaqalaqebis safuZveli.
Sua saukuneebSi (Cveni welTaRricxvis me-5 saukuneSi romis imperiis dacemidan
1350 wlamde), urbanuli ganviTareba evropaSi erT adgilas gaCerda (Tumca indoe­
Tis, CineTis da Sua aRmosavleTis qalaqebi izrdeboda da yvaoda). aRorZinebis
epoqis moaxloebasTan erTad evropis qalaqebma kvlav daiwyo zrda ara marto
zomis mxriv, aramed politikur, teqnologiur da xelovnebis sferoSi miRweuli
mniSvnelovani warmatebebiTac. imdroindeli qalaqebis tipuri magaliTia Crdi­
lo-aRmosavleT italiaSi, adriatikis zRvaze gaSenebuli qalaqi venecia.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

Temis ganviTareba Tu Temis dazaraleba?

m e-10 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi indianapolisSi afro-amerikuli Temi yvaoda; ganviTare­

buli iyo mrewveloba, qalaqi mTel qveyanaSi cnobili jazis centri iyo, xolo misi macxov­
reblebi Tavs iwonebdnen kargad ganviTarebuli koleqtiuri identobiT. nawilobriv iZulebiTi
segregaciis gamo mWidrod dasaxlebuli afro-amerikuli Temi Tavs iyrida centris aRmosavle­
TiT gaSenebul indiana-bulvarze. mravalferovan Tems sakuTari sajaro institutebi hqonda _
eklesiebi, Teatrebi da komerciuli dawesebulebebi. Temi Sedgeboda rogorc SeZlebuli, aseve
saSualo fenis adamianebisagan. ramdenime amerikuli qalaqis Temebis msgavsad, indianapolisis
istsaidis Temi urbanuli da politikuri ekonomikis Sedegad TandaTanobiT dakninda da sa­
bolood ganadgurda kidec. bevri adamianis mizani iyo indianapolisSi Raribi kvartlebis ga­
nadgureba, rasac Sedegad mTlianad Temis degradireba mohyva. iyo Tu ara es kargi?

maTi mizani iyo indianapolisi `ukeTes~ Temad eqciaT,

magram ar cnobdnen istsaidis, rogorc Temis Rirebulebas.

819
 debatebi

bevri afro-amerikuli Temis msgavsad, indianapolissac mZime dartyma miayena ocdaaTiani

wlebis didma depresiam. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikuri stabiluroba mxolod nawi­
lobriv iqna SenarCunebuli. erT dros mZlavr Tems Ziri gamouTxara ganaTlebis miRebis uam­
ravma axalma SesaZleblobam, romelmac Sors gaityua mravali niWieri axalgazrda; mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSes msxvilma kompaniebma da firmebmac, romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi istab­
liSmenti. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Temi gadarCa, rac, upirveles yovlisa, mWidro urTierTo­
bebisa da urTierTdaxmarebis damsaxureba iyo. gavlena iqonia mniSvnelovani adgi­lobrivi
gradiciebis codnamac, magram gareSe pirebisa da indianapolisis Savkaniani elitis zogi wevri­
saTvis istsaiduri Temi `depresirebulad~ da `sazogado problemad~ aRiqmeboda.
1960-ian wlebSi qalaqis bediT SeSfoTebuli moqalaqeebi `Temis ganviTarebis~ mowodebiT
gamovidnen. maTi mizani iyo gamoesworebinaT ekonomika da indianapolisi ufro mimzidvel qa­
laqad eqciaT. istsaiduri Temis ganadgureba swored amis mcdelobis Sedegad moxda.
gaRatakebuli afro-amerikelebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas amerikelebi manamdec cdi­
lobdnen, Tumca maSin miaCndaT, rom es adamianebi daaxloebiT imave adgilebSi unda darCenili­
yvnen, sadac cxovrobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, istsaidis Temis SuagulSi aRmarTes sa­xelmwifo
sacxovreblebi. im periodSi saxelmwifo dasaxlebis programebs SedarebiT stabiluri social­
uri xasiaTi hqonda. magram axali azrovneba ar scnobda SavkanianTa Temis mniSvnelobas da ufro
mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda afro-amerikelTa koncentraciis daSlas da maTi sacxovreblebis
adgilas axali Senobebis agebas. saxelmwifo sacxovreblebs Caenacvla sauniversiteto Senoba-
nagebobebi. aTasobiT adamiani iZulebuli gaxda, sacxovrebeli adgili Seecvala.
gamococxlebis mosurne aqtivistebs mxars uWerdnen mizanmimarTuli filantropebi da ur­
banuli damgegmareblebi. maTi mizani iyo, indianapolisi `ukeTes~ Temad eqciaT, magram ar sc­
nobdnen istsaidis, rogorc Temis Rirebulebas. es midgoma sakmarisad ar afasebda konkretul
kulturas, romelic viTardeboda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda istsaidis TemSi.
ufro Zveli istsaidur TemSi arsebobda nebayoflobiTi asociaciebisa da sajaro insti­
tutebis farTo sxvadasxvaoba: eklesiebi, indianapolisis lideri, flanerebis gildia, me-20
saukunis literaturuli sazogadoeba, indianapolisis qalTa uflebebis damcveli klubi da
afro-amerikuli sabWo. afro-amerikuli Temi imdenad gamoCenili iyo, rom SeZlo iseTi erovnu­
li organizaciebis yuradRebis miyproba, rogoricaa piTiasis raindebisa da linCis sawinaaRm­
dego ligia, romlebic am qalaqSi Sexvedrebs marTavdnen (fergiusoni, 1988w. speCti, 1989w.).
istsaidi aseve dasaqmebisa da biznesis ganviTarebis centri iyo. magram am Temma yvelaze
metad qalbaton si jei uoqeriT gaiTqva saxeli _ es iyo pirveli milioneri afro-amerikeli
qali. `madamma~ (mas TiTqmis yvela ase uwodebda) 3000 adamiani daasaqma kosmetikisa da Tmis
movlis produqtebis warmoebaSi. 1917 wels am qalbatonis mier xelfasebis saxiT gacemulma
Tanxam 200000 dolari Seadgina (doili, 1989w.). politikisa da biznesis garda, istsaidis Temi
xelovnebisa da kulturis centri iyo. 1950-ian wlebSic ki is jazis mniSvnelovan centrad iT­
vleboda. Temis liderebi, madam uoqeris msgavsad, aSenebdnen Teatrebsa da afinansebdnen war­
modgenebs. istsaidi Temad rCeboda ara mxolod samuSao adgilebis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom
inarCunebda kulturul memkvidreobas.
magram samezoblos ganadgurebasTan erTad, es yvelaferi wyalSi Caiyara. dRes indianap­
olisSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani bavSvebis umetesobas gagonilic ki ar aqvs, rom jei jei jonsoni,
fredi habardi da jazis sxva varskvlavebi swored maT qalaqSi daibadnen. sxvaTa Soris, jonsoni
kvlav indianapolisSi dabrunda, magram oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi mas arc erTxel ar daukravs,
radgan, misi azriT, am qalaqSi msmeneli aRar arsebobs, gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, Cikagosagan. si jei

820
uoqeris Sesaxeb moTxrobilia afro-amerikuli istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi. magram istsaidis
TemSi misi saxe­lis mosagoneblad mxolod misive saxelobis Teatris SenobaRa dgas. mkveTrad
Semcirda solidaroba indianapolisis afro-amerikuli Temis mimarT.

analizi

Temi uzrunvelyofs socialur struqturas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, monaw­

ileoba miiRon politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. rodesac es yvelaferi ikargeba, Temis
wevrebi kargaven dasayrdens. socialuri struqtura kuluturasac sZens mdgradobas. myari
Temis gareSe afro-amerikelebi sakuTari tradiciebisgan mowyvetis safrTxis winaSe dganan.
Temebi ifurCqnebian da knindebian funqciuri integraciis sxvadasxva Zalis Sedegad, aseTia,
magaliTad, sxvadasxva ekonomikur produqtze cvalebadi moTxovna da manualuri samuSaodan
meqanikurze gadanacvleba. Temebis bedi damokidebulia Zalauflebazec, radgan maT beds kor­
poraciebisa da urbanuli elitis gadawyvetilebebi gansazRvravs _ swored isini wyveten, Tu
rogor da raSi unda moaxdinon resursebis investireba. amgvarad, TemebisTvis didi mniSvnelo­
ba aqvs adgilobriv moqmedebebs da maT Sedegebs. Tavad Temis wevrebis moqmedebebic aranakleb
mniSvnelovania. Tu Temis SenarCunebisTvis misi wevrebi arafers iRoneben, Temi SeiZleba iolad
daiSalos _ swored ise, rogorc indianapolisis istsaidis daemarTa.

preindustriuli qalaqi: venecia oqros xanaSi

venecia gaSenebulia did lagunaSi Tavmoyrili patara kunZulebis jgufebze,

romlebic erTmaneTs 117 arxis qseliT uakvSirdeba. arxebs qalaqSi dResac ar
daukargavs adamianebisa da tvirTis transportirebis funqcia. 1492 wlisaTvis
(anu misi daarsebidan aTi saukunis Semdeg) veneciaSi 190.000 adamiani cxovrobda.
isini Zalian mWidrod iyvnen dasaxlebulebi mcire farTobze (davisi, 1955w.).
venecia kunZulebzec rom ar yofiliyo gaSenebuli, dRevandeli standarte­
biT geografiulad mainc patara darCeboda, radgan transportireba limitireb­
uli iyo mxolod cxenebiTa da xarebiT Sebmuli etlebiT, patara navebiT an fexiT.
moqalaqeebs qalaqis erTi bolodan meoreSi rom dasWirvebodaT swrafad misvla,
preindustriul qalaqebSi amas iolad moaxerxebdnen, radgan maT mxolod ramde­
nime milis gavla mouwevdaT. me-19 saukunemde qalaqebi mTel msoflioSi, ZiriTa­
dad, mcire zomisa iyo. qalaqebis swrafi tempiT zrda Tanamedrove fenomenia.
preindustriuli qalaqebi SezRudulebi iyvnen mosaxleobis ricxvis mxri­
vac. maragis simwiridan gamomdinare mxolod mcire raodenobis adamians SeeZlo,
ecxovra erT qalaqSi. magaliTad, sakvebi veneciaSi ase Semodioda: is jer mih­
qondaT napiramde, Semdeg barjebiT gadahqondaT kunZulebze da bolos arxebiT
anawilebdnen mTel qalaqSi. imis gamo, rom sakvebis mowodebis procesi neli tem­
piT xorcieldeboda, saWiro iyo mosavlis moyvana qalaqis axlos arsebul sof­
lebSi. iq ki glexebs mxolod SezRuduli raodenobis sakvebis moyvana SeeZloT da
amitom venecia ver izrdeboda.

821
 Zvelad mWidrod dasaxlebuli preindustriuli qalaqi noyier niadags qmnida
daavadebebis gavrcelebisa­Tvis. lpobadawyebul nagavsa da sakanalizacio narCe­
nebs pirdapir arxebSi yridnen, saidanac saSineli suni mTel qalaqs edeboda. 1438
wels espanelma mogzaurma aRwera, Tu rogor ebrZodnen veneciis macxovreblebi
saSinel suns, isini sxvadasxva sanelebels pirdapir quCebSi wvavdnen (Cambersi,
1970w). magram saneleblebi ver spobda batqeriebsa da virusebs da amitom vene­
ciaSi epidemiebi xSirad Cndeboda.
venecia bneli da saSiSi iyo RamiT. qalaqis viwro xeivnebi da Cabnelebuli
arxebi mravali mkvlelobisa da sxva danaSaulis momswre gamxdara. qalaqSi da­
RamebisTanave patrulirebda specialuri razmi signori di notte (`Ramis batonebi~).
razmis wevrebi upirobod ajarimebdnen da ori kviriT cixeSi amwyvevdnen nebis­
mieri adamians, visac jibeSi mWrel danas aRmouCendnen, magram amis miuxedavad
danaSaulis maCvenebeli veneciaSi mainc maRali rCeboda. (Cambersi, 1970w.).
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, preindustriul veneciaSi cxovrebas momxiblavi mxa­
reebic hqonda. venecia umSvenieresi qalaqi iyo –arqiteqturuli Sedevri. me-15 _
me-16saukuneebSi aSenebuli brwyinvale taZrebi, moednebi da saxlebi amSvenebdnen
da dResac amSveneben ZiriTadi arxebis napirebs. mdidari venecielebi mraval
didi mxatvars mfarvelobdnen, xolo qalaqSi damzadebul brolisa da safeiqro
nawarms mTel evropaSi icnobdnen (davisi, 1973w.). bevri sxva preindustriuli qa­
laqis msgavsad, venecia xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis centri iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba veneciaSi metwilad harmoniulad mimdi­nareobda,
mosaxleoba mkveTrad iyo dayofili sxvadasxva socialur klasad. Rrma naprali
arsebobda tabaroebs (ubralo moqalaqeebsa) da togebs (aristokratia) Soris. aris­
tokratTa ojaxebi broliTa da oqro-vercxliT morTul uzarmazar da brwyinvale
sasaxleebSi cxovrobdnen, sadac sawolebze namdvili leibebi ego (davisi, 1973w.).
ubralo moqalaqes erT weliwads unda emuSava aristokratis erTi mosasxamis Sesa­
Zenad saWiro TanxisaTvis. arsebobda kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebi imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleboda cmoda TiToeuli klasis warmomadgenels. magram veneciis ubralo
moqalaqeebi ukeT cxovrobdnen, vidre evropis qalaqebis umetesobis moqalaqee­
bi. dasaqmebis maCvenebeli preindustriul veneciaSi maRali iyo. qalaqSi iyvnen
maTxovrebic, magram maTi ricxvi da gaWirvebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda
romis, parizisa da londonis maTxovrebsa da maT mdgomareobas. ubralo moqalaqis
keTildReoba xsnis im faqts, rom veneciaSi arasodes momxdara klasebs Soris se­
riozuli konfliqti. meore mizezi SeiZleba iyos mmarTveli klasis absoluturi
Zalaufleba. saidumlo `saxelmwifo inkvizitorebi~ aaSkaravebdnen yvelas, vinc
SeimCneoda arsebuli sistemis RalatSi (roudoni).

industrializacia da urbanizacia:
me-19 saukunis bostoni

urbanuli zrdis Semdegi afeTqeba industrializacias ukavSirdeba. rodesac

industriul revoluciaze vsaubrobT, ZiriTadad, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs metalis,

822
rkinisa da qsovilis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli gardaqmnebi. Tumca, industri­
ulma revoluciam miwaTmoqmedebazec iqonia gavlena. axali danadgarebisa da
manqanebis SemoRebam (traqtorebi, kombainebi, sawveli aparatebi) Seamcira miwis
muSebis saWiroeba da gazarda produqtuloba. masobrivi warmoebisa da gamoy­
enebis pesticidebs, herbicidebs, sasuqs da sakvebs, iseve rogorc morwyvis meqa­
nizebul meTodebs, igive Sedegebi hqonda. am yvelaferma gamoiwvia is, rom fer­
mers axla ukve gacilebiT meti sulis Senaxva SeeZlo. 1820 wels erTi amerikeli
fermeri mxolod 4 adamians inaxavda (sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT), 1900 wlisaTvis
_ 7 adamians. momdevno 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebi ufro TvalSisacemi
gaxda. sakvebis masobrivma warmoebam SesaZlebeli gaxada uzarmazari urbanuli
dasaxlebebis Senaxva.
swored ise, rogorc industrializaciam Seuwyo xeli urbanul zrdas, aseve
urbanulma zrdamac SesaZlebeli gaxada industrializaciis procesis ganxor­
cieleba. es ori procesi erTmaneTze iyo damokidebuli. miwaze momuSaveebma qa­
laqebSi gadainacvles da fabrika-qarxnebSi daiwyes muSaoba. adreulma indus­
trialistebma bostonis teritoriaze qarxnebi patara qalaqebSi aaSenes Warbi da
iafi muSaxelis (gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis) mozidvis mizniT. TviTon
bostonSi ufro popularuli iyo vaWroba da ramdenime elituri xeloba. Tumca,
1840-iani wlebisTvis, orTqlmavlebma Tan moiyoles uamravi emigranti, romelTa
umetesoba yofili fermerebi iyvnen da axla gamwarebulebi daeZebdnen samuSaos.
imisaTvis, raTa xelidan ar gaeSvaT iafi muSAaxeli, industrialistebma fabrika-
qarxnebi bostonSi gadaitanes. amgvarad, emigrantebs gadamwyveti mniSvenloba
hqondaT aSS-is industrializaciisa da urbanizaciisTvis (uarneri, 1962w.).
bostonsa da sxva mzard qalaqebs ramdenime mizeziT SeeZloT SeenaxaT
uzarmazari samuSao Zala. erT-erTi mizezi, rogorc zemoT dasaxelda, iyo sami­
waTmoqmedo nayofierebis mniSvnelovani zrda. meore iyo sarkinigzo sistemis
ganviTareba, romelmac sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesa transportirebis siCqare
da efeqturoba. matareblebs SeeZloT bostonis centrisaTvis miewodebinaT
sakvebis didi maragi _ gacilebiT didi, vidre es SesaZlebeli iyo cxenebis,
vagonebisa da sazidrebis meSveobiT. sistema kidev ufro gaaumjobesa manqana-
macivrebisa da sawyobebis gamogonebam, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada qalaqis didi
mravalricxovani mosaxleobis gamokveba. amave dros daiwyo axali samSeneblo
masalebis, magaliTad, foladisa da cementis gamoyeneba. male gamoigones lif­
tic, ramac saSualeba misca arqiteqtorebs, aegoT ufro maRali Senobebi, sadac
mWidrod daasaxlebdnen adamianebs.
me-19 saukunis bostoni sxva mxrivac gansxvavdeboda preindustruli qa­
laqebisgan. erTi-erTi ganmasxvavebeli faqtori gaxldaT dagegmareba. me-15 sau­
kunis venecia viwro quCebis, mixveul-moxveuli xeivnebisa da arxebis qalaqi iyo,
xolo me-19 saukunis bostoni badiseburad viTardeboda paralelurad gayvanili
quCebis rigebiT, romlebic erTmaneTs marTi kuTxiT kveTdnen. amgvarad miRebuli
miwis kvadratuli naWrebi iyofoda gaerTianebul nakveTebad. amgvari badisebri
mow­yoba normad iqca mTeli SemogarenisaTvis.

823
 industruli urbanizaciis kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTebelia gareub­
nebi. me-19 saukunis bostonSi da im epoqis sxva qalaqebSi gareubnebi tramvaebis
xazebis gaswvriv Cndeboda (tramvaebSi Tavdapirvelad cxe­nebi iyo Sebmuli. es
transporti mxolod mogvianebiT gadaiyvanes eleqtroenergiaze). zemodan rom
gadmogexedaT, bostoni nel-nela daemsgavsa giganturi velosipedis borbals,
romlis centrSi mdebareobda xalxmravali industriuli centri, xolo gareub­
nebi nel-nela mravldeboda liandagebis gaswvriv.
mogvianebiT manufaqturis qarxnebmac daiwyo gadanacvleba qalaqis central­
uri nawilebidan gareubnebisaken, sadac miwa ufro iafi Rirda (uorneri, 1962w.).
qarxnebi isev rkinigzis depoebis siaxloves darCa, radgan swored rkinigzas mo­
hqonda maTTvis nedleuli da gahqonda mza produqcia.
me-19 saukunis gareubnebis ganviTarebam daaCqara da gaaZliera socialuri
klasebis segregacia. winaindustriuli qalaqebis simciridan gamomdinare, mdid­
rebi da Raribebi arasodes cxovrobdnen erTmaneTisagan Zalian daSorebiT. maga­
liTad, preindustriuli veneciis arxebis gaswvriv ubralo moqalaqeebisa da
aristokratuli ojaxebis saxlebi gverdigverd idga. veneciisagan gansxvavebiT,
me-19 saukunis bostoni ukve mkveTrad iyo dayofili. 1900 wlisaTvis Raribebis
ojaxebi centralur nawilSi cxovrobdnen, raTa gaadvilebodaT qarxnebamde
fexiT misvla. saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebma gareubnebSi gadain­
acvles, sadac naklebi xmauri, qaosi da sibinZure idga. miuxedavad amisa, manZi­
li mdid­rebisa da Raribebis sacxovreblebs Soris mainc ar iyo didi. 1880-90-ian
wlebSi manZili bostonis municipalitetidan yvelaze daSorebul gareubnamde
eqvs mils ar aRemateboda.

Tanamedrove metropolisi: los-anjelesi dRes

me-19 saukunis bostons Zalian cota aqvs saerTo uzarmazar, Tanamedrove me­
tropolisTan _ Tanamedrove bostonTan, romelic umTavresi qalaqia mis garSemo
ganlagebuli municipalitetebisaTvis ekonomikuri da socialuri TvalsazrisiT
(herbersi, 1983w.). miuxedavad imisa, rom bostonic metropolisad gardaiqmna,
amerikuli metropolisebis yvelaze STambeWdav magaliTad mainc los-anjelesi
rCeba.
urbanuli eqspertebi los-anjeless uamravi TanavarskvlavediT garSemor­
tymul galaqtikas uwodeben (lokvudi da lainbergeri, 1989w.). ufro Zveli, aR­
mosavluri industruli qalaqebisagan gansxvavebiT, los-anjelesis dasaxlebis
forma SedarebiT dabalia simWidrovis TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze gavrcelebulia
erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnili saxlebi; xolo maRalsarTuliani sacxovrebeli
korpusebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. sacxovreblebi, savaWro wertilebi, gasarTobi
centrebi da industriuli parkebi mravali milis manZilzea gadaWimuli. mo­
saxleobis aRweris biuro amgvar metropoliss konsolidirebul metropoli­
tanur statistikur teritorias (CMSA) uwodebs. TiToeuli CMSA Sedgeba erTi
an meti qalaqisa da maTi gareubnebis jgufisagan, romelTa mosaxleobis saerTo

824
ricxvi erT milions aRemateba. aSS-Si 21 CMSA-ia. los-anjelesi Tavisi 15 milioni
mosaxleobiT meore adgilzea niu-iorkis Semdeg.
los-anjeless didi teritoria ukavia. is 4.100 kvadratul milzea gaSlili,
rac 40-jer aRemateba me-20 saukunis dasawyisis bostons. nacvlad erTi cen­
traluri ubnisa, los-anjelesSi 18 gansxvavebuli urbanuli centria, romlebic
erTmaneTs gzebis uzarmazari qseliT ukavSirdeba. los-anjelesi erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli samxreT kaliforniis teritoriaze gadaWimuli metro­
politanuri sistemis mxolod erTi nawilia.
los-anjelesis gafarToebis erTaderTi mizezi, albaT, avtomobilia. ka­
lifornielebma pirvelebma aitaces henri fordis T mo­­deli. avtomobilebis
gavrcelebasTan erTad, adamianebi SezRu­dvebisagan gaTavisufldnen. maT ukve
SeeZloT amoerCiaT sac­xov­rebeli adgili da manqaniT evloT samsaxurebSi; ukve
aRar uwevdaT saxlebis aSeneba troleibusebisa da tramvais xazebis gaswvriv.
igive Tavisufleba SeexoT biznesmenebs, romlebsac ukve aRar uwevdaT bevri
fiqri, sad aeSenebinaT qarxnebi. axla ukve SeiZleboda qarxnebis aSeneba rkinig­
zis liandagebisagan Sors, radgan ukve arsebobda satvirTo manqanebi, romelTa
meSveobiT qarx­nebamde mihqondaT nedleuli da gahqondaT mza masala. erTi adgi­
lis me­oresTan dakavSirebisaTvis saWiro iyo mxolod SedarebiT iafi gze­bi. 1920-
ian wlebSi, los-anjelesis macxovreblebma uaryves metroebisa da sabagiroebis
ganviTarebis winadadeba da mxari dauWires quCebis sistemis gafarToebasa da
pirveli manqanebis gasaCerebeli parkis mSeneblobas.
es nawilobriv adasturebs kalifornielebis Tavisuflebismoyvareobas, rac
maT avtomobilebis wyalobiT moipoves. magram, meore mxriv, es aseve miewereba
calkeuli pirebisa da kompaniebis mier warmoebul sareklamo kampaniebs, romle­
bic sargebels moelodenen qalaqSi manqanebis siWarbisagan. jeneral motorsi,
standart oili, faiarstoun Taiari da raberi energiulad eweodnen axali saavto­
mobilo sistemis propagandas, rac momgebiani iyo maTTvis, radgan los-anjelesis
macxovreblebs veRar warmoedginaT cxovreba manqanebis, sawvavisa da saburavebis
gareSe (davisi, 1992w.; smiTi, 1988w.). uZravi qonebis kompaniebs, romlebsac miwebis
nakveTebi qalaqisagan moSorebiT hqondaT nayidi, mxolod ori ram sWirdebodaT
didi mogebisaTvis: gza da wyali. amis magaliTze Cven SegviZlia da­vinaxoT, Tu ro­
gor cvlis socialur struqturas Zalauflebis mqone jgufebis moqmedebebi. gze­
bis axalma sistemam meti Tavisufleba mianiWa SeZlebul moqalaqeebs, magram sam­
agierod gaauaresa Raribebisa da muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebis mdgomareoba,
romlebsac manqanis yidvisa da Senaxvis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCndaT.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi adgili, romelsac axla los-anjeless vuwodebT,
araferi iyo, Tu ara ramdenime aTeuli qalaqi erTad, romlebsac erTmaneTTan
red trolis qseli akavSirebda. 1930-iani wlebisaTvis is ukve iwyebda pirvel
Tanamedrove metropolisad Camoyalibebas, sadac avtomobilebi asrulebdnen
damakavSireblis funqcias. dRes ubralo los-anjeleli 117 mils gadis kviraSi
(lifordi, 1989w.). rogorc sqema 19.1 gviCvenebs, samxreT kalifornielebis daax­
loebiT sam meoTxeds, los-anjeleselebis CaTvliT, ori an meti manqana hyavT.

825
 TviTon asxams sawvavs

marto mgzavrobs samsaxurSi

flobs or an met manqanas

marTavs ucxour manqanas

xSirad aWarbebs daSvebul siCqares

zustad ar icis ra aris karburatori

yidulobs naxmar manqanas

eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom manqanebma

gaanadgura los-anjelesi

uCvenebia uwmawuri Jesti sxva mZRolisaTvis

aRizianebs maRali siCqaris xazSi nela moZraoba

manqana gaufuWdaT gasul wels

bolo wels fexiT ar useirnia

bamperze raRac aqvs mikruli

sagzao SemTxveva gasul wels, rasac 65 %

sxvas abralebs

usiamovneba sxva mZRolTan gasul wels (1%

fizikuri Seuracxyofa)

ar marTavs manqanas samxreT

kaliforniaSi

manqanaSi iaraRi aqvs

procenti

sqema 19.1/samxreT kalifornieli mZRolebi.

es grafiki saintereso faqtebs mogviTxrobs samxreT kalifronieli mZRolebis xasiaTze.
erT-erTia samsaxurSi marto mgzavrobis farTod gavrcelebuli tendencia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom bevri samxreT kalifornieli dReSi manqaniT saSualod 100 mils gadis, maTi
TiTqmis 80 % uars ambobs, nacnob-megobrebi zogjer mainc waiyvanos samsaxurSi sakuTari
manqaniT. amis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom samsaxurebi mTeli samxreT kaliforniis terito­
riazea gafantuli da xSirad mezoblebis samsaxurebs erTmaneTisgan didi manZili aSorebs.
miaqcieT yuradReba im faqts, rom samxreT kalifornielebs mTel qveyanaSi mouTmeneli
da maRali siCqariT mosiarule mZRolebis imiji aqvT. or mexuTedze meti aRiarebs, rom
manqanas gadaWarbebuli siCqariT marTavs, mesamedze meti gamotyda, rom uwmawur Jes­tebs
uCvenebs gverdiT mosiarule mZRolebs, xolo meoTxedisaTvis yvelaze did gaRizia­nebas
maRali siCqaris xazSi nela mosiarule mZRolebi iwvevs.

wyaro: frenk klifordi `Driving Passion for Cars fuels California Style~ (maqanis marTvis Jini ka­
liforniuli stilia). los-anjeles taimsi, 1989 wlis 1 oqtomberi. frenk klifordi, `Cven
vaginebT moZraobas, magram ver vTmobT manqanebs~. los-anjeles taimsi, 1989 wlis 4 oqtom­
beri.

intensiuri da regularuli mgzavroba manqaniT da ganviTarebis swrafi tempi

los-anjelesisnair metropoliss mTlianad ucvlis saxes ise, rom is arafriT
hgavs bostonismagvar adreindustriul qalaqs. me-19 saukunis bostonelebi 10
milis radiusiT moZraobas mgzavrobas uwodebdnen, dRevandeli los-anjelesis
mkvidrni ki yoveldRiurad 100 mils gadian samsaxurebamde da ukan. ufro metic,
gansxvavebiT maTi me-19 saukuneSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebisgan, gacilebiT nak­

826
lebi los-anjeleseli mgzavrobs qalaqis centralur nawilamde. umravlesobas
samsaxuri qalaqis SemogarenSi aqvs da amis gamo yveldRiurad kveTen metropoli­
tanis mTel teritorias. gasarTobi centrebisa da maRaziebis umetesoba gareub­
nebSia ganTavsebuli. uzarmazari daxuruli savaWro centrebi, romlebic, rogorc
wesi. gzebis gadakveTazea gaSenebuli, mTel gasarTob programas sTavazobs momx­
mareblebs _ restornebs, Teatrebs, univermaRebs, butikebs da gastronomebs,
Tanac ise, rom manqanis gaCerebis problema ar arsebobs. es sivrcobrivi forma
aseve uwyobs xels rasobrivi, eTnikuri da socialuri klasebis dacalkevebas.
urbanuli organizaciis ufro Zveli da xalxmravali formebi erTmaneTTan akav­
Sirebda adamianebs, moswondaT Tu ara maT es. los-anjelessa da sxva Tanamedrove
avtomobilebze dafuZnebul metropolisebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva sacxovrebeli
ubani da savaWro centrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva jgufisTvisaa gankuTvnili;
gansakuTrebiT ki, SeZlebulebisaTvis, romlebic Tavs arideben iseT adgilebs,
romlebic ugemovnod da maTTvis Seufereblad miaCniaT. es los-anjelesSi ufro
SesaZlebelia, vidre niu-iorkSi an bostonSi.
maik devisi aRwers zomebs, romlebsac uamravi los-anjeleseli mimarTavs sa­
kuTari anklavebis dasacavad, romlebic, ZiriTadad, saSualo da maRali Semosav­
lis mqone ojaxebiTaa dasaxlebuli:

`los-anjelesis akuratulad SekreWili mdeloebi dafarulia gama­

frTxilebeli niSnebiT, romlebic avis mosurnes `SeiaraRebuli reaq­
ciiT~ emuqreba. ufro mdidrul kerZo sakuTrebebs maRali kedlebi
icavs, romlis miRma SeiaraRebuli dacva mudmivad patrulirebs an
CarTulia uaxlesi sameTvalyureo dacvis sistemaSi ~.

devisi am formas `los-anjelesis cixe-simagres~ uwodebs. sax­lebi kedlebis

da WiSkrebis miRmaa Sejgufebuli. gzebis gadakveTis wertilebs SeiaraRebuli
dacva meTvalyureobs. danaSaulis SiSi, rac gamowveulia amgvar qalaqebSi mkve­
Tri socialuri uTanasworobiT, aiZulebs adamianebs, moswydnen erTmaneTs.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi urbanuli sociologi robert parki da misi kolege­
bi did qalaqebs `patara samyaroebis mozaikas uwodebdnen~ _ `isini erTmaneTs
exebian, magram ar kveTen~. Tanamedrove metropolisebSi arsebuli anklavebi gan­
sxvavdeba eTnikurobis, socialuri klasebisa da cxovrebis stilis mixedviT. ur­
banuli anklavi aris mWidrod dasaxlebuli da erTgvarovani Temi, romelic ufro
didi da mravalferovani metropolisebis Semadgeneli nawilia. maiamiSi arsebobs
`patara havanad~ wodebuli kubelebis anklavi, bruklinSi _ hasidi ebraelebisa,
san-frnaciskos kastros raionSi _ geebisa da lesboselebis anklavi, bostonis
elitur bekon-hilze ki maRali wris warmomadgenlebi cxovroben.

827
rogor izrdeba qalaqebi
arc erTi qalaqis ganviTareba ar yofila SemTxveviToba. Tanamedrove saxlebi
gapartaxebul adgilas ubralod ar Cndeba da arc mxrColavi qarxnebi Sendeba ue­
crad eleganturi ofisebis gverdiT. qalaqis `moyvaniloba~, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, sulac ar aris qaoturi da araorganizebuli. es aris socialuri, poli­
tikuri da geografiuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi. am nawilSi ganvixilavT or
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor izr­deba qalaqebi: urbanul-ekologiuri mid­
goma da politekonomiuri Tvalsazrisi. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT amerikuli qa­
laqebis zrdaze, xolo swrafi tempiT mzard mesame samyaros qalaqebze me-20 TavSi
vimsjelebT.

urbanuli ekologia

ekologia aris biologiis qvedargi, romelic Seiswavlis cocxali orga­

nizmebis kavSirs garemosTan da erTmaneTTan, raTa gavlena moaxdinon sakuTari
Temis ganviTarebaze. me-20 saukunis dasawyissa da Sua periodSi sociologebis
nawilma daiwyo ekologiuri cnebebis sesxeba da maTi gamoyeneba adamianebis so­
cialuri interaqciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Cikagos universitetSi muSao­
bisas luis uirtma, robert parkma da enest burgesma Seqmnes urbanuli ekologia
anu mecniereba urbanuli sivrcis socialuri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, rac warmoiqm­
neba adamianebis gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da maTi fizikuri da geografiul gare­
mos interaqciis Sedegad. urbanulma ekologiam SeimuSava urbanuli teritoriis
ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi modeli.

urbanuli ekologiis sami modeli

1840-ian wlebSi manCesterSi seirnobisas (manCesteri maSin msoflios pirveli

industruli centri gaxldaT) karl marqsis Tanamoazre fridrix engelsma (1844-
1975w.w.) SeamCnia, rom haeri yvelaze dabinZurebuli industriul centrSi iyo. am
centris garSemo sacxovrebeli saxlebi iyo ganlagebuli. dabinZurebuli haeri
rom ar esunTqaT, mdidrebi saxlebs qalaqis ganapira mxares yidulobdnen. sau­
kuneebis gasayarze amerikelma sociologebmac zustad igive mdgomareoba aRmoa­
Cines CikagoSic, Tumca, is ufro formalur TeoriaSi ganaviTares.
Cikagoeli sociologebi amtkicebdnen, rom urbanuli mosaxleobis zrdas­
Tan erTad, adamianebi iwyeben sivrcisaTvis brZolas (parki, bergesi da makkenzi,
1925w.). es konkurencia warmoSobs ganviTarebis koncentrul 6 zonas, romelTagan
TiToeuls sakuTari funqcia aqvs (ix. sqema 19.2a). qalaqis SuagulSi mdebare pir­
veli zona aris maRaziebisa da ofisebisagan Semdgari biznesraioni. meore zona,
romelic gars akravs pirvels, aris gardamavali faza da xasiaTdeba sacxovre­
blebis arastabilurobiT, dabali qiriT, danaSaulis maRali maCvenebliT. bizne­
sebi da msubuqi mrewveloba nel-nela iwyebs am zonisaken gadanacvlebas. gardama­

828
vali zonis zemoT mdebareobs oTxi sacxovrebeli zona. pirveli dasaxlebulia
muSaTa klasiT, meore da mesame _ saSualo da maRali fenebiT, xolo meoTxe _
mdidari adamianebiT, romlebic qalaqis sazRvrebis gareT amjobineben cxovre­
bas. koncentruli zonebis modeli yvelaze ukeT aRwers Cikagos msgavs qalaqs,
romelic industriuli revoluciis Semdeg avtomobilebis ganviTarebamdec ki
Zalze swrafad ganviTarda.
urbanuli ganviTarebis meore modeli (hoiti, 1943w.) xazs usvams satrans­
porto marSrutebis mniSvnelobas _ rkinigzis xazebs, trasebs, mdinareebsa da
arxebs, rogorc qalaqebis zrdis struqturul safuZvels. hoitis seqtoruli
modeli aseve iTvaliswinebs mosaxleobis moZraobas Signidan gareT, magram am
SemTxvevaSi seqtorebs `Rvezelis~ forma aqvs _ isini centraluri biznesraionis
garSemoa ganlagebuli (ig. sqema 19.2b). hoitis mixedviT, urbanuli miwebis zone­
bi mdebareobs ZiriTadi satransporto marSrutebis gaswvriv. rodesac konkre­
tuli tipis aqtivoba izrdeba, es gaaqtiureba missave seqtorSi xdeba, romelic
metro­poliss kidis mimarTulebiT afarToebs. am modelis magaliTAd SeiZleba
moviyvanoT bostonis gareubnebis ganviTareba tramvais xazebis gaswvriv. meore
magaliTia kaliforniis silikonis velis ganviTareba, rac oklendidan da san-
franciskodan samxreTisaken mimavali Tavisufali gzebis gaswvriv kompiu­teruli
firmebis dafuZnebiT daiwyo.

a. koncentruli zonis modeli b. seqtoruli modeli g. mravalbirTviani modeli

ubani
samrewvelo
centr.biznesraioni dabali, mZime warmoeba gareubani
sabiTumo msubuqi saSualo da gare biznes-ubani mgzavrTa zona
warmoeba
maRali fenis sacxovrebeli
sacxovrebeli gareubani

sqema 19.2/urbanuli miwebis gamoyenebis modelebi.

koncentruli rkalebi, `Rvezelis~ formis seqtorebi da birTvebis jgufebi urbanuli te­
ritoriis ganviTarebis modelebia. yvela modeli urbanuli ganviTarebis sferoSi momuSave
sociologebs ekuTvnis. samive models urbanuli ganviTarebis saerTo xedva aerTianebs,
romelic funqciuri integraciis formebidan gamomdinareobs. TiToeuli zona, seqtori an
birTvi, romelic qalaqad viTardeba, saerTo mizans emsaxureba da TiToeuli maTgani mezo­
blad mdebare zonas, seqtors an birTvs avsebs.

wyaro: Consi d. harisi da eduard ulmani `qalaqebis buneba~. citirebulia pol hatTan da
a.j. raissTan `qalaqebi da sazogadoebebi (Free Press, Peoria, III., 1957).

829
 orive _ koncentruli da seqtoruli modelis mixedviT, qalaqebi farTovde­
ba Signidan, erTi biznesraionidan gare mimarTulebiT. Tumca, am formas yvela
urbanuli teritoria rodi iziarebs. los-anjelesis msgavsi qalaqebis ganviTa­
rebis asaxsnelad, Consi harisma da eduard ulmanma (1945w.) axali _ mravalbirT­
viani mode­li SeimuSaves. am modelSi qalaqebi centrebis wyebad viTardeba. am cen­
trebs `birTvebi~ ewodeba da TiToeul maTgans konkretuli funqcia akisria (ix.
sqema 19.2g). funqciuri specializaciis formis muSaobas oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori
ganapirobebs:

pirveli: garkveuli saqmianoba moiTxovs specialur Senoba-nagebobebs

da sxva saSualebebs. magaliTad, mZime mrewveloba moiTxovs rkinigzi­
sa da trasebis siaxloves; saerTaSoriso importisaTvis aucilebelia
portebis siaxlovec.
meore: vaWroba ufro sarfiania, rodesac maRaziebi erTadaa Tavmoyri­
li, rac iwvevs klientebis simravles am terito­riaze.
mesame: erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulma saqmianobebma SesaZlebelia orive
maTgans miayenos ziani. magaliTad, sawyobebma, romlebic moiTxovs sat­
virTo manqanebis ragularul moZraobas, SesaZlebelia xeli SeuSalos
fexiT mosiarule myid­velebs.
meoTxe: saqmianoba, romelic moiTxovs did farTobs, gansakuTrebiT
wamgebiania, Tu iseT raionSi warmoebs, sadac qira Zalian maRalia (mag.
sawyobebis qseli).

swored am oTxi faqtoris erToblioba udevs safuZvlad qalaqSi sxvadasxva

specializiebuli raionis arsebobas. qalaqi izrdeba amgvari specializebuli
raionebis zrdasTan erTad.

ekologiuri procesebi da samezoblos cvlileba

imis gasagebad, Tu ratom icvleba urbanuli miwis gamoyenebis forma mosaxle­

obis zrdasTan erTad, ganvixiloT niu-iorkis harlemis raionis mkveTri tran­
formaciis magaliTi. dRes harlemi aSS-Si yvelaze cnobili binZuri qoxmaxebis
erTobliobaa, magram es yovelTvis ase ar iyo. me-19 saukunis bolo periodSi is
qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze feSenebeluri sacxovrebeli raioni iyo. misi trans­
formacia me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo, rodesac harlemma ayvavebis umaRles
safexurs miaRwia (osofski, 1982w.).
gviandel 1980-ian wlebSi qalaqis mmarTvelobam gamoacxada, rom male daiwye­
boda centraluri manhetenisa da harlemis damakavSirebeli metros xazis mSene­
bloba. am axalma ambavma didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia uZravi qonebis fasTan da­
kavSirebiT. mosaxleoba fiqrobda, rom sakuTrebis Rirebuleba, romelic isedac
maRali iyo, metros mSeneblobis dasrulebasTan erTad gaormagdeboda. samSene­
blo kompaniebma saswrafod wamoiwyes mSeneblobebi miwis TiToeul cariel mon­
akveTze. imis gamo, rom harlems mdidari raionis reputacia hqonda, axal, elegan­

830
tur SenobebSi binebis qira Zalian maRali iyo. apartamentebi mdidruli da farTo
iyo sasadilo da sastumro oTaxebiT, Sinamosamsaxuris sacxovrebeli farTiTa
da samzareulos liftebiT. mSeneblobis bumma piks miaRwia. bevri Senoba metros
xazis gaxsnamde karga xniT adre dasrulda. Tumca, misi gaxsnis Semdegac ki mdi­
dari mosaxleebis masobrivi SemoWra fantaziad darCa. yvela Senoba carieli an
TiTqmis carieli idga, ramac gamoiwvia binis qiris mkveTri dacema. de­veloperebi
investiciebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen.
magram qalaqSi iyo erTi jgufi, romelic saWiroebda ukeTes da ufro met
sacxovrebels _ es iyo swrafi tempiT mzardi Savkaniani mosaxleoba. Savkanianma
realtorebma isargebles harlemis dabali fasebiT da Seecadnen, TavianTi kli­
entebi iq moeTavsebinaT. Tavdapirvelad harlemSi mxolod ramdenime Savkaniani
ojaxi saxlobda, Tanac yvela maTgani axlad ganviTarebul dasavleT ubanSi. binebis
TeTrkaniani mepatroneebi Seecadnen, xeli SeeSalaT Savkanianebis dasaxlebisaT­
vis. maT erTmaneTTan dades SeTanxmeba, rom binas Savkanianebs ar miaqiravebdnen.
es mcdeloba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, radgan TeTrkanianebma ver SeZles am brZo­
laSi gaerTianeba _ zogi sulac ar iyo winaaRmdegi, zaralis dasafarad bina
SavkanianebisaTvis mieqiravebina. zogi imazec ki Tanxmdeboda, rom nebismier
fasad da nebismieri pirisaTvis mieyida saxli. amis Sedegad dawyo Savkanianebis
intensiuri dasaxleba jer dasavleT harlemSi, Semdeg ki raionis sxva nawilebSic.
pirveli omis dasawyisisaTvis, harlemi ukve metwilad Savkanianebis raioni iyo.
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi harlemi yvelaze mdidari Savkaniani raioni
iyo aSS-s istoriaSi. saSualo klasis Savkaniani ojaxebi mdidrul apartamentebSi
cxovrobdnen maSin, rodesac maTi TanamoZmeebi segregaciis msxverpli xdebodnen
da mZime pirobebSi uwevdaT cxovreba. harlemSi yvaoda xelovneba. swored amitom
es periodi `harlemuli aRorZinebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. problema is iyo, rom
sul ufro met Savkanian ojaxs surda harlemSi dasaxleba, ramac binis fasis mkveT­
ri zrda gamoiwvia. daiwyo ojaxebis masobrivi dasaxleba erT sacxovrebel binaSi
da harlemic male gadaiWeda erTad Tavmoyrili mravali macxovrebeliT.

xalxi imdenad mWidrod cxovrobda, rom es ukve yovelgvar normas scde­

boda. zogma mepatronem, mas Semdeg rac saxli Savkanianebs miaqirava,
sruliad dakarga interesi sakuTari qonebis mimarT. Sedegad derefnebi
Cabnelda da dabinZurda, dabinZurebulma milebma lpoba da daJangeba
daiwyo, samzareulos liftebi mwyobridan gamovida da amitom maT fi­
crebiT Wedavdnen, orTqli gareT gamodioda, radgan aravin zrunavda
sarqvelebis SekeTebaze. saxlebi infeqciis kerad gadaiqca.

1920-iani wlebisaTvis harlemi qveynis yvelaze cud adgilad iqca.

parkim, bergesma da makkenzim (1925w.) SeimuSaves dapyroba-Canacvlebis mod­

eli, raTa aexsnaT samezoblos iseTi mkveTri cvlileba, rogoric harlemSi mox­
da. dapyrobisa da Canacvlebis modelis koncefciebi nasesxebia mcenareTa da

831
cxo­velTa ekologiidan. dapyroba niSnavs garemoSi imgvari axali saxeobebis ga­
moCenas, romlebic ricxovnobiT swrafad uswreben arsebul ekologiul balanss.
Canacvleba ki aris cvlilebis procesi, romlis drosac sxvadasxva Sereuli saxe­
oba TandaTan viTardeba axal ekvilibriumad. harlemSi, dapyroba-Canacvlebis
procesi metros axali xazis gayvanasTan erTad daiwyo. am procesma waaxalisa axa­
li sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba da ojaxebis Sesaxleba. harlemi SeiZlebo­
da saSualo klasis ubani gamxdariyo, rasac xeli SeuSala amerikuli sazogadoe­
bis rasistulma damokidebulebam. swored am damokidebulebis gamo sul ufro
meti Savkaniani cdilobda, SeeRwia erT dros ayvavebul TemSi. am faqtorma ganapi­
roba konkurencia ara marto Savkanianebs, aramed Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs
Sorisac. garda amisa, iseTma damatebiTma problemebma, rogoricaa TeTrkaniani
mepatroneebis mier gamoCenili uyuradReboba da sakuTari qonebis ugulebelyo­
fa, TandaTanobiT daaqveiTa cxovrebis xarisxi da gaaufasura kerZo sakuTreba.
fasebis dacemis Semdeg mepatroneebma kidev ufro Seamcires momsaxurebis ra­
odenoba, romliTac manamde uzurnvelyofdnen mdgmurebs. aman gamoiwvia is, rom
saSualo fenis Savkanianma mosaxleobam masobrivad daiwyo gasaxleba harlemidan
da sxva adgilebSi gadawyvita binis Sovna, rac mniSvnelovnad gaiolda 1960-iani
wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebTan dakavSirebuli reformebis Sedegad. harlemSi
darCnen isini, visac akmayofilebda SezRuduli arCevani da resursebi.
harlemSi mimdinare procesebi ar yofila garesamyarosgan mowyvetili. har­
lemis aRzeveba da dacema (da rasakvirvelia dRevandeli gamococxlebis tenden­
cia, rac dakavSirebulia harlemis zog nawilSi ZiriTadad Savkaniani saSualo
fenis intesniuri dasaxlebiT) ganapiroba niu-iorkis mosaxleobis zrdis formam
da binebis maRalma fasma sxva ubnebSi. arsebobs savaraudo cxovrebis cikli (hu­
veri da vernoni, 1959w.) _ aRmavlobis, Semdeg warumateblobis da, albaT, kvlav
aRmavlobis forma. ubanma SeiZleba Tavisi istoria daiwyos ganviTarebis swrafi
tempiT, swored ise, rogorc es me-19 saukunis bolos harlemSi moxda, Semdeg Sesa­
Zlebelia dadges gardaqmnis periodi, romlis drosac xdeba ZiriTadi socialuri
Zalebis cvlileba (harlemSi mSneblobis bums mohyva miwis Rirebulebis kleba
da Savkaniani mosaxleobis masobrivi Semodineba). raionis ganadgureba SeiZleba
Semdegi safexuri iyos. harlemSic ase moxda _ binebis mepatroneebma arafrad
Caagdes sakuTari qonebis ganadgureba. SesaZlebelia maRaziebisa da saxlebis ga­
nadgurebac, rac Tan moitans mosaxleobis Semcirebasac. sabolo faza SeiZleba
iyos ganaxleba da ganviTarebis axali talRa. aucilebeli araa, rom qalaqis yvela
ubanma gaiaros yvela stadia. SesaZlebelia, rom ubani iyos stabiluri, Tumca es
stabiluroba damokidebulia mis mdebareobaze: Tu romeli urbanuli dasaxleba
akravs mas da ra xdeba TviTon am ubanSi. sicocxlis ciklurobis da ekologiuri
Teoriebi SesaZlebelia gavrceldes ara mxolod ubnebsa da qalaqebze, aramed
mTeli regionebis organizebasa da maT damokidebulebaze qveynis Sida da saerTa­
Soriso ekonomikur procesebze.

832
urbanuli sivrcis politikuri ekonomika

urbanuli ekologebi urbanuli teritoriis ganviTarebas ganixilaven, ro­

gorc adaptaciis met-naklebad bunebriv process, romlis drosac ubnebi, qa­
laqebi da regionebi reagireben garemos cvlile­bebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT
dros konfliqti bunebrivi movlenaa, ekologebi miiCneven, rom mTeli es procesi
funqciuri integraciis formebidan gamomdnareobs. sociologebis nawili, ro­
melic politikuri ekonomikis mosazrebas iziarebs, xazs usvams Zalauflebasa da
socialur moqmedebas, vidre funqciur adaptacias (hotdieneri da figini, 1988w.;
miti, 1988w.). isini miiCneven, rom qalaqebis cvalebadi forma asaxavs winaswar ga­
miznul gadawyvetilebas, romelic miRebulia Zalauflebis mqone jgufebisa da
koaliciebis mier urbanuli ganviTarebis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis
ganzraxviT. es jgufebi akontroleben ZiriTad ekonomikur da politikur dawe­
sebulebebs qalaqebSi: korporaciebs, bankebs, finansur bazrebs, uZrav qonebasa
da samSeneblo industriebs, adgilobriv xelisurflebas da samTavrobo prog­
ramebs. maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ki, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba kapitalis­
turi ekonomikis logikas: mogebis maqsimalizeba da danaxarjebis minimalizeba.
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriis mixedviT, `urbanuli ganviTarebis cvalebadi
formebis gageba yvelaze ukeT SesaZlebelia im moqmedebebis grZelvadiani Sede­
gebis meSveobiT, romlebsac mimarTaven globalur da saxelmwifo doneebze moq­
medi ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalebis rTuli da cvalebadi matricebis eko­
nomikuri da politikuri agentebi (smiTi da figini, 1987w. gv. 17).

korporaciuli qalaqebis aRmavloba

mTel aSS-Si da ekonomikurad ganviTarebul danarCen samyaroSi Zveli, indus­

triuli qalaqebi karga xania Secvala Tanamedrove korporaciulma qalaqebma,
romelTa centrebi ukavia korporaciebis saTao ofisebs da maT momsaxure firmeb­
sa da kompaniebs (bankebs, iuridiul firmebs, sareklamo saagentoebs da a.S). Zveli
qarxnebi da sawyobebi saxlebad da maRaziebad gadaakeTes. dRes axali qarxnebi da
sawyobebi gareubnebSi mdebareobs. urbanuli ekologebis mixedviT, korporaci­
uli qalaqebis aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia iseT struqturul faqtorebTan, ro­
gorebicaa inovaciebi transportisa da komunikaciis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
manqanebis, satvirTo manqanebisa da trasebis gaumjobeseba. Tumca, politikuri
ekonomikis Teoria, sul sxva mizezebs asaxelebs. deivid gordoni (1984w.) amt­
kicebs, rom marTalia teqonologiuri inovaciebi SesaZlebels xdis korporaci­
uli qalaqebis aRmocenebas, isini mainc ar aris am qalaqebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi
mizezi. korporaciuli qalaqebi kapitalisturi mogebis produqtia, romelic
efuZneba msxvili, mdidari korporaciebis kontrols saerTaSoriso bazarze.
saerTaSoriso korporaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli erTaderTi cvli­
leba aris is, rom maT qarxana-fabrikebi qalaqebis centraluri raionebidan pe­
riferiebisaken da xSir SemTxvevaSi qalaqebis farglebs gareTac ki gadaadgiles.
am cvlilebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo muSebis profesiuli kavSirebisa da xelmZR­

833
vaneloba-muSebs Soris mosalodneli konfliqtis gakontroleba. me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi kapitalistebs mudmivad uwevdaT piketebTan, gaficvebTan da sabota­
Jis sxva formebTan gamklaveba. Suagul qalaqebSi Tavmoyrili qarxana-fabrike­
bi kidev ufro amwvavebda problemas, radgan sxvadasxva qarxnis muSebs SeeZloT
SeedarebinaT erTmaneTis samuSao pirobebi da Sedegad damsaqmeblisagan cvlile­
bebis ganxorcieleba moeTxovaT. amis Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo
dawesebulebis gareubnebisaken gadanacvleba, sadac muSebi SedarebiT izoli­
rebulebi iqnebodnen maTi kolegebis mier mowyobili saprotesto aqciebisagan.
qalaqebis centraluri nawilebidan gareubnebisaken `gasvla~ SesaZlebeli gaxda
korporaciebis Serwymisa da maTi swrafi zrdis meSveobiT, romelsac 1898-1903
wlebSi hqonda adgili. bevrma korporaciam miaRwia iseT finansur warmatebas, rom
axla maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT investireba axal Senoba-nagebobebSi. gare­ubnebSi
gadanacvleba Seesabameboda amerikuli biznesis zrdasa da warmatebas.
centrebSi ganlagebul caTambjenebSi dabinavebuli korporaciebis saTao
ofisebis zrda aseve Seesabameba me-20 saukunis kapitalizmis bunebas. 1920-iani
wlebisaTvis bevr amerikul korporacias ukve hqonda mopo­vebuli kontroli
bazarze. `maT axla imdeni SeeZloT, rom gaemijnaT administraciuli funqciebi
sawarmoo procesisagan. qarxnebisa da fabrikebis menejerebi Tvalyurs ade­
venebdnen sawarmoo process, xolo korporaciuli menejerebi akontrlolebdnen
uzarmazar imperias~ (gordoni, 1984w. gv. 43). is, vinc erTxel mainc mdga­ra kor­
poraciuli caTambjenis ZirSi, mixvdeba, rom Tanamedrove qalaqis es simbolo
amave dros ukiduresad centralizebuli ekonomikuri Zalauflebis simbolocaa.
Tumca, kapitalizmis cvalebad formebs simboloebis cvlilebac mohyveba xol­
me. magaliTad, dRes axlad aSenebul yovel gigantur korporaciul caTambjenze
ramdenime kampusi modis, romlebic megapolisebSia gafantuli da xandaxan maT
farglebsac scildeba. globaluri kapitalizmisaTvis, romelsac daxmarebas axa­
li teqonologiebi uweven, centralizacia sargebels aRar warmoadgens.

qalaqi _ zrdis manqana

sociologTa erTi nawili (isini politikur-ekonomikur Tvalsazriss izia­

reben) cdilobs axsnas kapitalisturi qalaqebis sivr­cobrivi organizeba; meore
nawili ki im Zalebis axsnas cdilobs, romlebic xels uwobs urbanuli eqspansiis
ZiriTad procesebs. sociolog harvi moloCis azriT `qalaqi aris zrdis manqana~
(logani da moloCi, 1987w, moloCi da logani 1976w. gv. 310). es niSnavs, rom qalaqi
aris giganturi ram, romelic gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs biznessa da ko­
mercias, zrdis samuSao Zalas da iZleva miwis ufro mravalferovani gamoyenebis
saSualebas. es `manqana~ ar aris mxolod bunebrivi procesebis Sedegi. is ufro
Zalauflebis mqone elitisa da korporaciebis socialuri moqmedebis Sedegad
imarTeba. swored zrda da ara moqalaqeebis keTildReobaa elituri wreebis up­
irvelesi mizani. arada swored elita axdens gavlenas kapitalisturi qalaqebis
Camoyalibebaze. mizezi martivia: im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic qalaqebis
resursebis umetesobas floben, zrda gamdidrebis da Zalauflebis wyaroa. zr­

834
dasTan erTad, im miwis nakveTis fasma, romelic erT dros ramdenime aseuli dol­
ari Rirda, SeiZleba milion dolarsac miaRwios. zrdis wyalobiT, miwis mflobe­
li elituri wreebi ramdenimejer zrdian sakuTar qonebas. CanarTi `globaluri
sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi~ gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens saerTaSor­
iso ekonomika erTi amerikuli qalaqis zrdaze.
logani da moloCi amerikul qalaqebs `miwaze dafuZnebuli interesebis er­
Tianobad~ ganixilaven: es aris calkeuli pirebis koalicia, agreTve jgufebi da
organizaciebi, romlebic finansurad igeben an ageben imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
viTardeba qalaqis miwis resursebi. mizania miwis ufro intensiuri gamoyeneba,
rac kidev ufro did mogebas niSnavs. magaliTad, harlemSi mdebare ara erTi sax­
lis mflobelma ramdenime nawilad gayo didi apartamentebi mogebis gazrdis
mizniT. 1920-iani wlebisaTvis harlemSi farTi, romelic Cveulebriv 40 dolari
eRireboda, 100-125 dolarad fasobda, swored miwis intensiurad gamoyenebis
gamo. zogi mepatrone sardafebsa da saqvabeebsac ki aqiravebda, raTa maqsimaluri
mogeba mieRo sakuTari qonebisgan (osofski, 1982w.). es magaliTi mowmobs imas, Tu
ramxela gavlenas axdenen Zalauflebis mqone interesTa koaliciebi zrdaze sxva
faqtorebis miuxedavad (sxva faqtorebSi igulisxmeba momsaxurebisadmi xelmis­
awvdomoba da gavlena urbanul garemoze).
adgilobrivi mTavroba mowadinebulia, xeli Seuwyos qalaqis zrdis process,
radgan bevri Tanamdebobis piria dainteresebuli qalaqis kuTvnili miwis nakveTe­
biT. bevri maTgani Tavadaa mesakuTre, bankiri an realtori, romelTa Semosavali
da warmateba damokidebulia mzard Temebze. oficialuri pirebi cdiloben, Sein­
arCunon Sesabamisi `klimati~, rac gulisxmobs mniSvnelovan sagadasaxado SeRa­
vaTebs developerebisa da investorebisaTvis, harmoniul SromiT urTierTobebs
axali kompaniebis mosazidad. mniSvnelovania policiac, romelic umTavresad
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaze zrunavs. politikur-ekonomikuri analizis Tanax­
mad, zrda ar aris kargi mTliani TemisaTvis, aramed mxolod Zalauflebis mqone­
TaTvis. urbanulma zrdam SeiZleba mravali problema warmoSvas: haerisa da wy­
lis dabinZureba, uamravi avtomobilis gamonabolqvi da macxovreblebis siWarbe.
garda amisa, zrdis procesma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sayofacxovrebo xarjebis mate­
bac (kerZod, policiisa da saxanZrosaTvis, aseve sxva samsaxurebisaTvis saval­
debulo gadasaxadi). Tumca, zrda yovelTvis ar niSnavs axali samuSao adgilebis
warmoqmnas, rogorc amas misi damcvelebi amtkiceben. korporaciuli qalaqebis
samsaxurebi ZiriTadad Sedgeba maRalanazRaurebadi sainformacio seqtorisgan
(romelic izidavs umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adamianebs mTe­
li qveynis masStabiT, rac, cxadia, ar niSnavs imas, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
saqmdeba) an dabalanazRaurebad momsaxurebis sferosagan (magaliTad, restor­
nebi, samrecxaoebi, mSeneblobebi, romlebic naklebad sTavazoben TanamSromlebs
garantirebul samuSaos an damatebiT sargeblebs) (smiTi da figini, 1987w.). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanul zrdas sargebeli moaqvs Temis ekonomikuri eli­
tisaTvis _ adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac ar ekuTvniT zrdis procesSi gamoyeneb­
uli resursebi.

835
 amerikuli Temebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

qalaqebi Tanamedrove epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. miuxedavad amisa, Cven

yoveldRe vigebT, rom esa Tu is qalaqi icleba mosaxleobisagan, mcirdeba mom­
saxurebebi, kotrdeba esa Tu is korporacia... xom ar uaxlovdeba didi qalaqebis
epoqa dasasruls? xom ar emzadeba aSS patara qalaqebis aRorZinebisaTvis Tu es
ganuxorcielebel ocnebad darCeba? aq Cven ganvixilavT amerikuli dasaxlebebis
samive tipis _ patara qalaqebis, didi qalaqebisa da gareubnebis amJamindel ten­
dencebs da momaval perspeqtivebs.

globaluri sakiTxebi/adgilobrivi Sedegebi

urbanuli zrda da msoflio ekonomika

d idi qalaqi zrdis manqanaa saerTaSoriso masStabiT. msoflio kapitalisturi ekonomikis

konteqstSi rom ganvixiloT, konkretuli Temebis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli vaWro­
bisa da warmoebis saerTaSoriso formasTan. sociologi jo fijini mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
akvirdeboda am process. misi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi obieqti benzoqimikatebisa da navTo­
bis industriis saerTaSoriso centri, texasis qalaqi hiustoni iyo.
hiustoni saocari tempebiT gaizarda sul raRac erT saukuneSi. am qalaqis mosaxleoba 1850
wlidan 1980 wlis CaTvliT TiTqmis 29%-iT izrdeboda yovel aTwleulSi, erTi aTwleulis gan­
mavlobaSi (1920-ian wlebSi) ki TiTqmis gaormagda. 1890 wels hiustoni rigiT 112-e iyo aSS-is
qalaqebs Soris mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, dRes ki meoTxea niu-iorkis, los-anjelesisa
da Cikagos Semdeg (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, 1995w.). hiustonis mkveTri zrdis erTi
mizezia migraciis maRali maCvenebeli, xolo meore _ qalaqis mier Semogareni miwebis aTviseba.
1900 wels hiustons mxolod 9 kvadratuli mili farTobi ekava (erTi wliT adre, sanam qalaqidan
aRmosavleTiT 90 milze navTobs aRmoaCendnen), 1980 wlisaTvis ki qalaqi ukve 550 kvadratuls
moicavda (figini, 1988w.).
hiustonis STambeWdavi siswrafiT zrda ar miewereba mxolod Semogareni miwebisadmi in­
teresis mkveTr zrdas. am qalaqis gafarToebaze gavlena iqonia navTobsa da sawvavze saerTa­
Soriso moTxovnilebamac. ramdenime weliwadSi hiustoni navTobis eqsportis umTavresi saer­
TaSoriso centri gaxda. qalaqma saxeli gaiTqva navTobis gadamuSavebisa da masze dafuZnebuli
qimikatebis manufaqturiTac. aSS-is yvelaze msxvili 35 navTobkompaniidan 34 kompaniis kvlevi­
Ti da mrewvelobiTi, agreTve administraciuli dawesebulebebi hiustonSia ganlagebuli. amas
emateba isic, rom 400 sxva ZiriTadi navTobisa da sawvavis mwarmoebeli kompania Tavis saqmiano­
bas am qalaqSi awarmoebs. saboloo jamSi aSS-is navTobis gadamamuSavebeli saqmianobis 25 % da
petroqimiuri warmoebis 50 % hiustonSi xorcieldeba (figini, 1988w. hili da figini, 1987w.).
aqedan gamomdinare, hiustons metad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saerTaSoriso kapitalistur
sistemaSi.
yovelive amis gamo, hiustonis bedi ZiriTadad globaluri ekonomikis tendenciebTanaa da­
kavSirebuli (gansakuTrebiT gadaumuSavebeli navTobis fasTan), vidre erovnul tendenciebTan.
rodesac navTobis nedleulis fasi imatebs, hiustonSi bumi iwyeba. magaliTad, 1973-74 wlebSi,
rodesac navTobis fasma kulminacias miaRwia, gaizarda moTxovna TviTon navTobis mopoveba­

836
zec, ramac moaxdina hiustonis ekonomikis stimulacia, maSin, rodesac aSS-is danarCenis nawili
ekonomikur stagnacias ganicdida. mezobel dalasSi dasaqmebis maCvenebeli 6 %-iT daeca, hi­
ustonSi ki 18%-iT moimata, radgan hiustonis warmoeba ZiriTadad navTobis msoflio bazarzea
gaTvlili (hili da figini, 1987w.). Sesabamisad, rodesac navTobis fasi ecema, hiustoni ekonomi­
kuri problemebis winaSe dgeba (ase moxda 1980-ian wlebSi), gansxvavebiT qveynis danarCeni qa­
laqebisagan.
hiustonis bumi da stagnacia mowmobs imas, Tu ramdenad mgrZnobiarea qalaqis ganviTareba
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis cvlilebebis mimarT. gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom hiustoni msoflio
kapitalisturi sabazro sistemis ZiriTadi komponentia. misi bedi mniSvnelovnadaa damokideb­
uli saerTaSoriso korporaciebis saTaTbiro darbazebSi miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. bed-iR­
blis yovelgvari cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, hiustonis mosaxleobis yoveldRiur yofaze aisaxe­
ba. imisagan damoukideblad, iolia Tu rTuli am qalaqSi samuSaos moZebna, ra saxis samsaxurebi
Warbobs, ra odenobis Tanxa xmardeba urbanul ganviTarebas an saWiroa Tu ara adgilobrivi ga­
dasaxadebis gazrda korporaciuli zaralis kompensaciis mizniT _ upirveles yovlisa dakav­
Sirebulia msoflio kapitalistur sistemaSi hiustonis mier dakavebul adgilTan.
hiustonis msgavsad, Tanamedrove samyaros sxva didi qalaqebis zrdaca da dakninebac
damokidebulia globaluri kapitalisturi ekonomikis tendenciebsa da am qalaqebis mier saer­
TaSoriso ekonomikaSi dakavebul adgilebze. magaliTad, mesame msoflios bevri qveyana dRes
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sistemis centrSi moeqca. am tendenciis Sedegad bevr did qalaqSi
mniSvnelovnad imata dasaqmebis maCvenebelma. Tumca, amave dros, imave globalurma tenden­
ciebma sxva qveynebSi gamoiwvia adgilobrivi vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis dasusteba, soflebis
dacarieleba, mrewve­lobisa da eqsportis ZiriTad centrebSi mosaxleobis siWarbe da mesame
msoflios qveynebis qalaqebis ekonomikuri stagnacia, radgan es qalaqebi ver moxvda investi­
ciebis nusxaSi. igive sakiTxi ganagebs aRmosavleT evropis qalaqebis momavals msoflio bazar­
ze maTi gawevrianebisas.

aSS-s soflis krizisi

`jildo 1000 dolari!~ _ iuwyeba aiovas Statis qalaq jefersonSi gamokruli
gancxadeba. jildos miiRebs ara is, vinc damnaSaves daiWeres, aramed is, vinc moi­
zidavs damsaqmebels, romelic sul mcire 15 adamians daasaqmebs (niu-iork Taimsi,
1990 wlis seqtember, gv. a20). 1990-ian wlebSi jefersonismagvar asobiT perifer­
iul patara qalaqs daemuqra gaqrobis safrTxe. aravin icis, ramdeni aseTi patara
qalaqi waiSala msoflio rukidan bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. aRweris bi­
urom gamoTvala, rom yovel aTwleulSi 200 qalaqi qreba, Tumca bevr eqsperts
sjera, rom realuri ricxvi gacilebiT maRalia (niu-iork Taimsi, 1990 wlis 3 ian­
vari, gv. a16). patara qalaqebis gauCinarebasTan erTad kvdebian Temebic.
1950 wels amerikelebis 36% patara qalaqebsa da soflebSi cxovrobda. 1990
wlisaTvis maTi ricxvi 25%-mde Semcirda (ix. sqema 19.3). amerikis soflebidan
mosaxleobis migracia umeteswilad gamowveuli iyo axali teqnologiebiT. 1950-
60-ian wlebSi gaizarda fermebis zoma, xolo fermerebis raodenoba _ Semcirda.
1970-iani wlebis xanmokle bumis dros bevrma fermerma gadawyvita, daegirave­
bina sakuTari miwa axali mowyobilobis SesaZenad. rodesac msoflio bazarze

837
daeca moTxovna aSS-is soflis meurneobis produqtebze, bevrma fermerma dakarga
sakuTreba da iZulebuli gaxda sxvagan eSova samuSao. aiovam 1980-ian wlebSi mo­
saxleobis 5 %-ze meti dakarga. uamravi axalgazrda (gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi ga­
naTlebis mqoneni) tovebs mSoblebs da sxva­gan midis sacxovreblad. amis Sedegad
aSS-is soflebi berdebian _ grinis olqis (aiova) macxovrebelTa saSualo asaki
ormocdaaT wels aRemateba (niu-iork Taimsi, 1990 wlis 11 seqtemberi, gv. a20).

aSS-s mosaxleoba procentebSi

centraluri gareubnebi arafermeruli fermeruli

qalaqebi da soflebi soflebi
patara qalaqebi (patara qalaqebi)

sqema19.3/ mosaxleobis migracia soflebidan, metropolitanebis zrda: aSS-is mosaxle­

obis formis cvlilebebi, 1950-1990 wlebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1950-1990 wlebi) did da patara qalaqebSi
mcxovreb amerikelTa procentuli raodenoba didad ar Secvlila, Seicvala im adamianebis
procentuli maCvenebeli, romlebic fermebsa da gareubnebSi cxovroben. fermerTa ojaxebs
TandaTanobiT emuqreba gaqrobis safrTxe (aSS-is mosaxleobis 3 %-ze naklebi cxovrobs
fermebSi), gareubnebSi mcxovreblebi ki mosaxleobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia dRei­
saTvis (amerikelebis daaxloebiT 45% gareubnebSi cxovrobs).

wyaro: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, vaSingtonis olqi da soflis meurneobis depar­
tamenti, vaSingtonis olqi).

cxovrebis xarisxi aSS-s soflebSic ecema (handli, 1989w.). gavr­celebuli ste­

reotipisagan gansxvavebiT, soflad mcxovrebi ame­­rikelebis mxolod mcire nawili
(2 %-ze naklebi) iRebs Semosavals fermerobidan. fermerTa ojaxebSic ki sul mc­
ire erT-erTi meuRle mainc muSaobs fermis gareT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bevri
patara qalaqi damokidebulia mxolod erT damsaqmebelze, am qalaqebis ekonomika
arastabiluria. ufro metic, im pirobebSi, rodesac dasaqmebis mosurneTa ricxvi
gacilebiT aRemateba samuSao adgilebis raodenobas, damsaq­meblebs SeuZliaT ga­
daixadon mxolod minimaluri xelfasi. 1980-ian wlebSi TiTqmis gaormagda siRa­

838
ribis maCvenebeli soflad mcxovreb axalgazrdebs Soris (am maCvenebelma TiTq­
mis 35%-s miaRwia), xolo umuSevrobis maCvenebeli orjer aRemateboda erovnul
standarts (dunkani, 1991w.).
1980-ian wlebSi aiovas Statis patara qalaqebSi daixura benzingasamarTi sad­
gurebis 41%, sasursaTo maRaziebis 27% da sxvadasxva saxeobis maRaziebis 37%.
amis erTi mizezia momxmarebelTa Semcirebuli raodenoba, xolo meore _ ise­
Ti maRaziebis qseli rogoricaa wal-mart-i da Kmart-i, romlebic sabiTumo fasad
sTavazoben momxmareblebs saqonlis farTo arCevans.
aSS-is soflebSi cud mdgomareobaSia jandacvac. 1980-ian wlebSi daxuruli
300 stacionaridan naxevari qveynis patara qalaqebSi mdebareobda. soflebSi mci­
rdeba eqimebis raodenobac. zog patara qalaqSi mxolod erTi eqimi muSaobs da
isic naxevar ganakveTze, romelic ramdenime Tems emsaxureba, zog qalaqSi ki eq­
imi saerTod ar arsebobs. ilinoisis cxrameti Temidan TormetSi ar hyavT meani.
amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar aris, rom soflad ufro naklebi pacientia, aramed
isic, rom Medicare-i 20-dan 50 procentiT naklebs uxdis sofelSi momuSave eqims,
im mosazrebiT, rom soflad gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi bevrad naklebia. samedi­
cino skolebis gadasaxadebis sididis (romlebic 50000-dan 100000 dolaramden
meryeobs) gamo damwyebi eqimebsac ki ar SeuZliaT soflebSi da patara qalaqebSi
muSaobis dawyeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom amis winaaRmdegebi ar arian.
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSia patara qalaqebis skolebic. moswavleebis ra­
odenobis klebasTan erTad, erTi moswavlis ganaTlebis safasuri xSirad Zalian
izrdeba, ris gamoc xdeba ramdenime raionis gaerTianeba. 1945 wels misuriSi 8607
saskolo raioni moqmedebda, xolo dRes maTi raodenoba 545-mdea Semcirebuli. mxo­
lod 1980-ian wlebSi, misuris skolebis raodenoba 20 procentiT Semcirda. aseT
gaerTianebul raionebSi moswavleebs SesaZloa 50 milis gavla mouwioT skolamde
da ukan. sportuli da sxva saskolo RonisZiebebi patara qalaqebSi yvelaze mniS­
vnelovani movlenaa. `rodesac skola ixureba, _ acxadebs daiagonalis skolis
mmarTveli, _ qalaqsac kargav~ (citirebulia handliSi, 1989w. gv. 13).
aSS-is soflebSi krizisi piks uaxlovdeba macxovreblebis TvalsazrisiT.
aiovaSi mcxovrebi fermerebis gamoklvevam uCvena, rom samidan erTi depresiis
simptomebs amJRavnebs (beli da lobao, 1990w.). minesotas universitetis kvlevam
soflebSi mcxovrebi mozardebis Sesaxeb daadastura, rom isini ufro midrekil­
ni arian depresiisa da suiciduri fiqrebisadmi, vidre qalaqebSi mcxovrebi maTi
Tanatolebi (handli, 1989w.).
rasakvirvelia, zemoT aRwerili tendenciebi yvela patara qalaqze ar vrcel­
deba. qalaqebis mcire ricxvma moaxerxa biznesebis mozidva. magaliTad, mraval­
miliardiani General Motors-is qarxana springs-hilszSia aSenebuli (tenesis Stati).
zogma qalaqma pensionrebis didi ricxvis mizidva SeZlo, zogi qalaqelebisaTvis
SabaT-kviris gasatarebel sayvarel adgilad gadaiqca, xolo zogi qalaqi gareub­
nebis gareubnebad gardaiqmna. soflebis ganviTareba sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba
macxovreblebze. am procesisgan zogma SeiZleba isargeblos, magram amave dros
SeiZleba dairRves tradiciuli kavSirebi Temis wevrebs Soris (brauni, grirSte­

839
ni da kranixi, 1989w. samersi da branCi, 1984w). ufro metic, warmatebuli SemTx­
vevebi gamo­naklisebia. am drosisaTvis prognozi patara qalaqebis bedis Sesaxeb
kargs arafers moaswavebs.

amerikuli qalaqebis restruqturizacia

1980-ian wlebSi aSS-is qalaqebi aRorZinebis gzaze idga. gentrifikacia _ mu­

SaTa klasiT dasaxlebuli da ganadgurebuli teritoriebis gadaqceva saSualo
da zemo saSualo fenis samezobloebad _ momavlis talRad iyo miCneuli. qalaqe­
bi erTmaneTis miyolebiT iwyebdnen urbanuli ganaxlebis proeqtebis ganxor­
cielebas. mitoveul da mwyobridan gamosul Senobebs angrevdnen da maT adgilas
mdidrul sacxovreblebsa da sportul-gamajansaRebel centrebs (restornebiT,
TeatrebiTa da atraqcionebiT) aSenebdnen. Tumca es optimizmi naadrevi gamodga
(biuregardi, 1993w. kasinici, 1988w.).
dRevandel qalaqebSi yvelafers SexvdebiT _ simdidresa da siRatakes, qaossa
da Semoqmedebas, optimizmsa da SiSs. magaliTad, los-anjelesis centrSi erTma­
neTis gverdiT ganlagebulia 60 ZiriTadi korporaciis saTao ofisi, aTeulobiT
banki 1 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis qonebiT, 5 yvelaze msxvili saerTaSoriso
sabuRaltro kompania, korporaciuli samarTlis firmebi, yovelive amasTan er­
Tad qalaqSi Tavmoyrilia yvelaze bevri usaxlkaro (soja, 1989w.).

industriidan transformaciamde

aSS-is qalaqebis yvelaze safuZvliani cvlileba funqciasTanaa dakavSirebu­

li: anu maT transformirebasTan warmoebisa da saqonlis distribuciis centre­
bidan administraciul, finansur da informaciuli damuSavebis centrebad (biu­
regardi, 1993w. kastelsi, 1989w. kasarda, 1989w.). me-19 da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
aSenebuli mZime mrewvelobebis centrebi karga xania warsuls Cabarda. erT dros
los-anjelesSi qveyanaSi sididiT meore avtomobilebis amwyobi qarxana iyo;
dRes iq mxolod erTi qarxanaRaa darCenili (soja, 1989w.). warsuls Cabarda aseve
kvalificiuri, gaerTianebuli da maRalanazRaurebadi `cisfersayeloianTa~ sa­
muSaoebi, romlebzec erT dros mTeli urbanuli ekonomika idga. centralurma
qalaqebma patara qalaqebsa da gareubnebs gadauloces savaWro funqciebi.
manufaqturul samuSaoebs garkveul donemde Caenacvla menejeruli da pro­
fesiuli saqmianobebi, gansakuTrebiT, finansebSi, iurisprudenciaSi, buRalte­
riasa da marketingSi, romlebic maRali xarisxis codnas moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 18). iq­
idan gamomdinare, rom es samsaxurebi, sul mcire, kolejis sertifikats moiTxovs
(rac iSviaTia qalaqebis macxovreblebs Soris), isini TandaTanobiT ivseba ga­
reubanSi mcxovrebi adamianebiT. urbanuli dasaqmeba da ganaTlebis moTxovne­
bi yvelaze mtkivneulad umciresobebma ganicades. gansakuTrebiT es exeba sko­
ladamTavrebul Savkanianebs, romlebmac SesaZloa ver daixsnan Tavi qalaqebis
getoebidan, ver iSovon samsaxuri prestiJul adgilas an gareubnebSi imgzav­

840
ron (vakuanti, 1993w.). Tavis mxriv, SezRudul SesaZleblobebs Sedegad mosdevs
skolis mitovebis, danaSaulisa da narkotikebis gamoyenebis maRali maCvenebeli
da socialuri problemebis mTeli wyeba.
aseve gaizarda qalaqebSi dabalkvalificiuri da dabalanazRaurebadi msu­
buqi mrewvelobis samsaxurebi. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi los-anjelesSi
tansacmlis warmoeba 60%-iT gaizarda, ramac 125000 axali samuSao adgili war­
moSva (soja, 1989w.). Tumca, mravali TvalsazrisiT, tansacmlis axali fabrikebi
me-19 saukunis mcire sawarmoebs Camohgavs, sadac minimaluri anazRaurebis fasad
uamravi adamiani Sromobda. minimaluri anazRaurebis Sesaxeb kanonis darRveva,
savaldebulo damatebiTi samuSao dro da bavSvTa Sroma farTodaa gavrcelebu­
li. am fabrikebSi dasaqmebulebis daaxloebiT 80% mainc dokumentaciis armqone
ucxoelebi arian (romlebsac ar SeuZliaT sakuTari uflebebis dacva), xolo 90 %
_ qalebi.
aseve gaizarda droebiTi da naxevarganakveTiani samsaxurebis raodenoba.
TviTdasaqmebuli qalaqelebi Tavisufal konsultantebad muSaoben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom amgvari saqmianoba maRalanazRaurebadia, samagierod is ar aris sta­
biluri da, garda amisa, TviTdasaqmebulebi ar sargebloben iseTi SeRavaTebiT,
rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, Svebuleba da sapensio gegma.
mokled rom vTqvaT, qalaqebis dasaqmebis struqturam cvlilebebi ganicada.
dasaqmebam imata socialuri ierarqiis Tavsa da boloSi, saSualo fena TandaTan
mcirdeba. `cisfersayeloianTa~ mcire ricxvma SeZlo gzis gakafva da `TeTrsa­
yeloianebis~ rigSi gadainacvla, magram ufro metma marcxi ganicada da iZule­
bulia, marginalur samuSaos dasjerdes. am process `kmartingi~ ewodeba. dabali
da saSualo fenis bevrma mosaxlem datova qalaqi, xolo darCenilTagan bevri am­
ovarda muSaTa klasidan. amis Sedegad qalaqebi mkveTrad polarizebulebi gaxda.
mcirericxovani mdidrebis gverdiT cxovroben Raribebi, romlebic gaWirvebiT
irCenen Tavs da saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yvelaze mcire­
ricxovnan fenas Seadgenen.

globaluri qalaqi

Seicvala amerikuli qalaqebis eTnikuri Semadgenlobac. magaliTad, gasuli

ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT ori milioni adamiani mesame msoflios
qveynebidan (ZiriTadad aziidan da laTinuri amerikidan) los-anjelesSi Cavida
(rifi, 1991w; uoldingeri, 1996w). 1980 wlis Semdeg los-anjelesSi 400000 el-
salvadoreli Cavida, rac migraciis erT-erTi yvelaze maRali dafiqsirebuli
maCvenebelia. dRes los-anjelesSi yvelaze meti meqsikeli, koreeli, vietnam­
eli, filipineli, Cineli da iapo­neli cxovrobs. wynari okeanis kunZulebidan
wamosulebi ukve ricxobrivad sWarboben samSobloSi darCenil Tanamemamuleebs.
anglebi (evropuli warmoSobis TeTrkanianebi) ukve umciresobaa los-anjelesSi,
romelic globalur qalaqad iqca eTnikuri mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT.
dadgenilia, rom 2010 wlisaTvis los-anjelesis mosaxleobis mxolod 40% iqneba
evropuli warmoSobis TeTrkaniani, 40% _ laTinoamerikelebi, 10 % _ aralaTi­

841
noamerikuli warmoSobis Savkaniani da 10% _ azielebi (lokvudi da lainbergeri,
1988w.). swored amitom los-anjeless `mesame samyaros dedaqalaqs~ uwodeben
(raifi, 1991w.). amgvarive eTnikuri mozaika iwyoba niu-iorkSi, sadac azielebma,
laTinoamerikelebma da Savkanianebma ukve gadaaWarbes TeTrkanianebs (niu-iork
Taimsi, 1991 wlis 21 Tebervali).
mesame msoflios qveynebidan emigracia aSS-Si SeiZleba ekonomikurad momge­
biani iyos, swored ise, rogorc es los-anjelesSi moxda (ualdingeri, 1996w.).
aSS-is menejmentis sistemam da mesame msoflios qveynebidan mozRvavebulma
samuSao Zalam xeli Seuwyo qalaqis aRmasvlas. mesame msoflios qveynebis emi­
grantebi, romlebic SeCveulebi arian Zalian dabal anazRaurebas, xSirad moxa­
rulebi arian, Tu iseT samuSaos ipovian, riTac Tavis gatanas SeZleben. amgvarma
iafma muSaxelma SesaZlebeli gaxada bevri manufaqturuli sawarmos gadarCena
los-anjelesSi. Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, samuSao pirobebi miRebul standartebs
bevrad CamorCeba. UCLA-s profesorma, romelic Tvalaxveuli Semoatares pa­
tara fabrikebSi, aRmoaCina uamravi patara sawarmo, sadac ZiriTadad aralegal
emigrantebs amuSavebdnen. manqanebis borblebis damamzadebel erT-erT amgvar
sawarmoSi uamravi laTinoamerikeli da azieli emigranti muSaobda, romlebsac
mxolod pirze afarebuli dolbandi icavda metalis nawilakebiT gajerebuli
haerisagan (lokvudi da lainbergeri, 1988w.). aSS-is moqalaqeebis Zalian mcire
nawili Tu aitanda amgvar samuSao pirobebs.
qalaqebis mosaxleobis `globalizacia~ xSirad badebs ucxouri investici­
ebis saWiroebas. asea los-anjelesSi, sadac sakmaod xSirad SexvdebiT azielebis
kooperativebsa da sawarmoebs. azieli investorebis los-anjelesSi Tavmoyra
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini aq Tavs Sinaurebad grZnoben momravlebuli azi­
uri mosaxleobisa da azieli biznesmenebis gverdiT. imisagan damoukideblad, Tu
sxva ra mizezi udevs safuZvlad samuSaos, ucxouri investiciebi mainc sasarge­
bloa los-anjelesisaTvis _ maTi wyalobiT qalaqi msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani
saerTaSoriso biznescentria.
mxolod los-anjelesi da misi msgavsi urbanuli centrebi ar aris `globa­
luri qalaqebi~. dRes msoflios ZiriTadi centrebi erTmaneTTs ukavSirdeba me­
diis, migraciisa da ekonomikis saSualebiT. mesame msoflios qveynebis iseTi qa­
laqebi, rogorebicaa kalkuta da qairo, los-anjelesTan iziareben globaluri
socialuri qselis centris statuss.

qalaqebis dacema: kamdeni

los-anjelesis moqalaqeebi erTnairi warmatebiT ar iziareben qalaqis ke­

TildReobas da arc yvela amerikuli qalaqi ar mihyveba ganviTarebis am formas.
niu-jersis Statis qalaqi kamdeni, romelic axla ukve mudmiv daRmasvlas ganic­
dis, aris yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor ver uwyobs fexs zogi
qalaqi cvlilebebs.
kamdenSi pirveli macxovreblebi 1688 wels dasaxldnen. qalaqi nela, magram
stabilurad izrdeboda me-18 saukunis ganmavlobaSi da me-19 saukunis dasaw­

842
yisSi. kamdenis mosaxleobas boraniT gadahyavda niu-jerseli fermerebi mdinare
delaverze, romelic saTaves filadelfiaSi iRebs. orTqmavlis gamogonebasTan
erTad, 1830-ian wlebSi, kamdeni swrafad gafarTovda da sarkinigzo, gadazid­
vebis da industriuli centri gaxda. 1860-ian wlebSi kempbelma pirveli sakvebis
gadamamuSavebeli qarxana gaxsna kamdenSi, niu-iorkis gemTmSenebelma qarxanam
axali navsadguri aago 1890-ian wlebSi, xolo RCA Victor-ma me-19 saukunis bolos
qalaqi Tavisi pirveli xmis Camweri studiis adgilad airCia. 1920 wlisaTvis kam­
deni warmatebuli metropolisi iyo mosaxleobis mzardi raodenobiT. 1950 wels
qalaqSi macxovrebelTa raodenoba sam milions aRemateboda.
daniel lazaris azriT (1991w.), `kamdeni ufro niJaras waagavs, vidre qalaqs~.
87.000 mosaxlidan mxolod 10000 muSaobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqis mosaxleo­
bis mesamedi siRatakeSi cxovrobs. kamdeni niu-jersis Statis yvelaze Raribi qa­
laqia, xolo qveynis masStabiT mexuTe adgils ikavebs siRatakis mxriv. Semosavali
erT sul mosaxleze samjer ufro mcirea, vidre mezobel gareuban Ceri-hilsSi.
qalaqis erT dros ayvavebul biznesraionSi mdgari sami Senobidan ori daingra ga­
naxlebis programebis molodinSi, romelic, samwuxarod, ar dawyebula. kamdenSi
ar aris arc erTi supermarketi, kinoTeatri, ar gamodis adgilobrivi gazeTi.
qalaqis yvelaze didi RirsSesaniSnaobaa `ori cixe, prostitucia, narkotike­
biT vaWroba da niu-iorkze gacilebiT maRali danaSaulis maCvenebeli~ (lazari,
1991w. gv. 267). 1995 wels kamdenSi TviTmklelobis rekorduli maCvenebeli _ 60
SemTxveva dafiqsirda (niu-iork Taimsi, 1996 wlis 7 marti, gv. b6).
lazari gansazRvravs sam ZiriTad faqtors, romelmac ganapiroba am qalaqis
`sikvdili suburbanizaciiT~ (gv. 168). pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori
aris `motorizacia~. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropaSi meore msoflio omis Semd­
gom periodamde manqanebi fufunebad iTvleboda, aSS-Si maTi saWiroeba didi xniT
adre aRiares. 1929 wlisaTvis niu-jersis xuT macxovrebelze erTi manqana modi­
oda, rac aTjer aRemateba safrangeTis an didi britaneTis monacemebs. aqedan ga­
momdinare, gareubnebs ufro didi upiratesoba eniWeboda investiciebis mxriv.
meore faqtori iyo federaluri daxmareba. gareubnebis ganviTarebaSi mniS­
vnelovani roli iTamaSa federalurma dafinansebam. gadasaxadebisagan Semosuli
TanxiT mTeli qveynis masStabiT igeboda gzatkecilebi, veteranebs hqondaT mTe­
li rigi SeRavaTebi. gareubnebis mcxovreblebi sargeblobdnen faruli federal­
uri SeRavaTebiT. lazaris gamoTvlebiT, transportis mflobelebs rom sruli
Rirebuleba gadaexadaT, sawvavis Rirebuleba 4 dolaridan 6 dolaramde aiwevda
da gareubnebis popularobac sagrZnoblad daiwevda.
mesame faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo kamdenis `sikvdils~, iyo 1917 wlis niu-
jersis kanoni, romelic mixedviTac, samezobloebs SeeZloT gamoyofodnen mezo­
blad mdebare did qalaqebs, Tavi calke municipalitetad gamoecxadebinaT da,
Sesabamisad, Tavi aeridebinaT did qalaqebSi moqmedi gadasaxadebisgan. am kanonma
kidev erTxel daadastura niu-jersis siZulvili urbanuli gigantebisadmi (gan­
sakuTrebiT es exeba filadelfiasa da niu-iorks). niu-jersiSi mtruli gareub­
nebiT garSemortymul qalaqebi ver axerxebdnen mosaxleobisa da biznesmenebis
mozidvas an qalaqis momsaxurebisa da struqturis SenarCunebas. amitom, niuarks,

843
jersi sitis, petersons da sxva qalaqebs kamdenismagvari problemebi aqvT, Tumca
zogi maTgani cdilobs am problemebTan gamklavebas.
lazaris azriT, kamdenismagvari qalaqebi `kargi manqanebia, romlebsac
ubralod Jangi moekida~. misive mtki­cebiT, qalaqebis gaqrobis Tavidan acileba­
caa SesaZlebeli. msoflios udides nawilSi qalaqebi rCebian kulturisa da ko­
merciis centrebad. lazaris mosazrebiT, gadawyvetilebebi, romlis safuZvel­
zec investiciis Cadeba xdeba ara saxelmwifo sacxovreblebSi da transportSi,
aramed kerZo saxlebsa da manqanebSi, konkretulad amerikuli formaa, rasac
konkretulad `amerikuli Sedegi~ mohyveba _ ganadgurebis piras misuli qalaqe­
bi, romlebic rasobrivi, eTnikuri da urbanuli krizisis centrebad iqceva xolme
(figini, 1995w.).

gareubnebi: sad izrdeba amerikuli Temi?

maSin, rodesac bevri didi qalaqi da soflebis umravlesoba ganadgurebis pi­

rasaa misuli, gareubnebi ganagrZobs zrdas. saxelwodebis Sesabamisad, gareubne­
bi metropolitebis ganStoebebia. gareubnebis ZiriTadi mimzidveli faqtorebia
erTi ojaxisaTvis gankuTvnili saxlebi, qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli prob­
lemebisgan maqsimaluri dacva (rogoricaa narkotikebi da danaSauli), skolebisa
da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis kontrolis saSualeba, msgavsi rasis, re­
ligiis, klasisa da kulturis mqone sazogadoebasTan erTad cxovreba da ioli
xelmisawvdomoba maRaziebisa da skolebisadmi.
1990 wlis aRweris mixedviT, gareubnebi icvleba. bolo aTwleulis ganmav­
lobaSi, ocdacxra TemSi mosaxleobam 100000-s gadaaWarba, es ricxvi ki qalaqebsa
da patara qalaqebs Soris araoficialur gamyof xazad iTvleba. am ocdacxridan
ocdaori metropolisebis kideebSi mdebareobs. aseT gareunebnebs ver vuwodebT
qalaqebs am sityvis klasikuri gagebiT, magram isini arc ubralod Temebia, rom­
lis yvela wevri dilas samsaxurebSi miemgzavreba. aseTi gareubnebi erTmaneTs
sul ufro da ufro ukavSirdeba da Temis axal formas _ gareuban-qalaqs qmnis.
es cvlileba mkafiod moCans TviTmfrinavidan. daaxloebiT 50 wlis win metro­
politanebis centralur nawilSi ganlagebuli iyo saofise Senobebi, romlebsac
gars dasaxlebebi ertya. dRes ki metropolitanebi Sedgeba qalaqis centraluri
nawilisagan, rasac emateba wyebad Carigebuli saofise Senobebi (qalaqi-gareub­
nebi). es centrebi da gareubnebi nel-nela megapolisebad erTiandeba.
amis magaliTia dalas-fort uortis megapolisi, an `metropleqsi~, ori
ZiriTadi qalaqisa da xuTi qalaq-gareubanis Tanavarskvlavedi, romelTa mo­
saxleoba 100000-s aRemateba. mxolod 1980-ian wlebSi am teritoriis mosaxleoba
erTi meaTediT gaizarda da 3.8 milions miaRwia. erT dros klasikuri gareubani
plano (texasis Stati), axla telekomunikaciebisa da manufaqturuli qarxnebis
kompleqsis qalaqia. aq aseve ganlagebulia msoflios udidesi monacemTa gadama­
muSavebeli centrebi, oTxi msxvili korporaciis saTao ofisebi, ori boWkovan-
optikuri sakomunikacio sadguri. es yvelaferi planos globalur ekonomikaSi

844
adgils unarCunebs. qalaqi Tavs iwonebs sakuTari kameruli gundiTac, sxvadasxva
qveynis samzareuloebis restornebiTa da antikvariatis maRaziebiT. pikis saaTeb­
Si moZraoba planoSi iseve gadatvirTulia, rogorc dalasSi an fort-uortSi. am
qalaqSi TiTqmis ar arian emigrantebi da umicresobebis warmomadgenlebi, romle­
bic dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilis umetesobas avseben centralur qalaqeb­
Si. planos sajaro skolebis moswavleebis 87 % TeTrkaniania, maSin rodesac 1990
wlis aRweris mixedviT, dalasis mosaxleobis umetesobas an Savkanianebi an laTi­
noamerikelebi Seadgenen (niu-iork Taimsi, 1991 wlis 23 Tebervali, gv. a1, 10).
qalaq-gareubnebis aRmocenebis Sedegad kidev ufro izrdeba socio-ekonomi­
kuri ufskruli centralur qalaqebsa da gareubnebs Soris, agreTve TeTrkanianeb­
sa da umciresobebs Soris. korporaciuli Stabbinebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli
servisebis qalaq-gareubnebSi mdebareobam xeli Seuwyo qalaqebSi gadasaxadebis
da SromiT bazrebis Semcirebas. meore Sedegia patara qalaqebis `dapyroba~ ga­
reubnebis mosaxleobis mier, romlebic sacxovrebel kompleqsebs aSeneben iq, sa­
dac adre fermebi iyo. TandaTanobiT iSleba gansxvaveba qalaqebis, gareubnebisa
da soflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis stils Soris. qalaqi-gareubnebi
ganviTarda ara mxo­lod mzian kaliforniaSi stamfordSi, texassa da arizonaSi,
aramed aRmosavleTSic, magaliTad, bostonsa da konektikutSi, niu-iorkis gareT.
demografi uiliam h. frei (1990w.) amJamindeli cvlilebebis Sejamebisas wers:
`...gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi davinaxeT, rom regionaluri da met­
ropolitanuri mosaxleobis zrda aSS-Si sul ufro da ufro pasuxobs adgilob­
rivi da saerTaSoriso Zalebis moqmedebas. miRwevebi komunikaciebsa da warmoebis
teqnologiebSi, aseve globaluri ekonomikis aRmavloba, qmnis axal distribuci­
ul dinamikas. amis Sedegad metropolitanebisa da ufro patara Temebis bedi mniS­
vnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli korporaciebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze
da imaze, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia konkretul teritorias, fexi auwyos ekonomikuri
pirobebis swraf cvlilebas (1990w. gv. 39).

Sejameba

1. XXI saukuneSi msoflio mkveTrad urbanizebuli gaxda. gacilebiT meti ada­

miani tovebs soflebsa da patara qalaqebs da sacxovreblad gadadis did
qalaqebsa da axlos mdebare metropoliebSi. dRes msoflios mosaxleobis
TiTqmis naxevari qalaqebSi cxovrobs.
2. sociologebis mosazreba saTemo cxovrebaze urbanizaciis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
gansxvavebulia. zogi amtkicebs, rom es procesi calsaxad sruldeba Temebis
dazaralebiT, anu Temebi kargaven saerTo Rirebulebebsa da kavSirebs, ro­
melic damaxasiaTebelia patara qalaqebisaTvis. meoreni ki Tvlian, rom Temi
kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas urbanul samezobloSic ki. maTi azriT, qa­
laqebis mcxovrebTa urTierTamokidebuleba soflad da patara qalaqebSi
mcxovrebTa Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebebi msgavsia. Tumca, am

845
 azris mowinaaRmdegeebi Tvlian, rom urbanizacia warmoSobs gansxvavebul
Tems, romlis wevrebic ar arian damokidebulebi erTmaneTis teritoriul
siaxloveze. kvlevebi adasturebs, rom arsebobs mtkicebulebebi TiToeuli
am mosazrebis dasabuTeblad, Tumca TiToeuli midgoma sxvadasxva garemoe­
baSia gamarTlebuli.
3. qalaqebma daarsebis Semdeg didi cvlilebebi ganicada. tradiciuli qalaqi
aucileblad patara unda yofiliyo, radgan gadaadgileba mxolod cxenebiT,
vagonebiT an fexiT iyo SesaZlebeli. am SemosazRvrul sivrceSi aristokra­
tia da savaWro fenis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTTan axlos cxovrobdnen.
preindustriuli qalaqebi gamoirCeoda sibinZuriTa da antisanitariiT, rac
infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas uwyobda xels.
4. industriuli revoluciisa da miwaTmoqmedebis gaumjobesebuli teqnolo­
giebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda urbanuli zrdis `afeTqeba~, romelmac
Tanamedrove didi qalaqebi warmoSva. fermerebs axla ukve SeeZloT sakma­
risi mosavlis moyvana mWidrod dasaxlebuli didi qalaqebis mosaxleobis
Sesanaxad. adgilnacvali fermis muSebi am qalaqebSi midiodnen da fabrika-
qarxnebSi iwyebdnen muSaobas. qalaqebis centraluri nawilebisgan Sors,
rkinigzisa da tramvais liandagebis gaswvriv, viTardeboda sacxovrebeli
gareubnebi, sadac, ZiriTadad, saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi
saxldebodnen. dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi ki qalaqis centrSi, samsa­
xurebTan axlos idebdnen binas.
5. gareubnebi metropolisebis ganviTarebasTan erTad farTovdeboda da Tan­
daTanobiT ifareboda gzatkecilebis rTuli qseliT. metropolisebis ga­
reubnebSi gadainacvla vaWrobam da gasarTobma biznesmac. centrebi, sa­
dac finansuri dawesebulebebi da msxvili korporaciebis Stabbinebi iyo,
tradiciulad Raribi ojaxebis saxlebiT rCeboda garSemortymuli.
6. urbanul-ekologiuri midgomis mixedviT, qalaqebi integrirebuli mTlia­
nobebia, sadac TiToeuli nawili konkretul fuqncias asrulebs da amiT
avsebs sxva, aseve sakuTari funqciis mqone nawilebs. urbanulma ekolo­
gebma ramdenime sxvadasxva modeli SeimuSaves qalaqebis sivrcobrivi orga­
nizaciebis ganviTarebis axsnis mizniT. es modelebi moicavs koncentruli
zonis models, seqtorul modelsa da mravalbirTvian models. urbanulma
ekologebma aseve aRweres procesi, romelic dakavSirebulia samezoblos
cvlilebasTan, rac xSirad iwyeba macxovreblebis axali jgufis SemoWriT. am
faqts, Cveulebriv, mohyveba xolme cvlileba mosaxleobis Semadgen­lobaSi,
rasac Tan sdevs teritoriis axlebuli gamoyenebis mcdeloba.
7. politikur-ekonomikuri TvalTaxedva yuradRebas amaxvilebs Zlieri
jgufebis mniSvnelobaze urbanuli zrdis sakuTari sargeblianobis warmarT­
visaTvis. es jgufebi xSirad qmnian koaliciebs, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs
miwiT daintereseba. koaliciebSi Cveulebriv Sedian Senobebis mepatroneebi,
uZravi qonebis developerebi, bankirebi da finansuri investorebi. saer­
TaSoriso korporaciebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules Tanamedrove me­
tropolisebis ganviTarebaSi. zogjer korporaciebs qalaqebis centralur

846
 nawilebSi muSaTa amboxebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sawarmoebi gareubnebSi
gadahqondaT. sxva SemTxvevebSi korporaciuli interesebi qalaqebs `zrdis
manqanebad~ aqcevdnen, rac ufro metad kapitalistebis mogebis gazrdas em­
saxureboda, vidre adgilobrivi moqalaqeebis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas.
erTi mxriv, bevrma amerikulma qalaqma SeiZina `globaluri qalaqis~ tituli,
rac imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli maTgani moqmedebs, rogorc kapitalisturi
warmoebisa da gacvlebis saerTaSoriso jaWvis damakavSirebeli nawili, rac
xSirad yalibdeba migraciisa da investirebis formiT.
8. aSS-is Temebis amJamindeli tendencia gulisxmobs patara qalaqebis dasuste­
bas (ekonomikuri Zalebisa da mosaxleobis Semcirebis Sedegad), restruqtu­
rizacias, garkveuli samrewvelo qalaqebis erTi SexedviT mudmiv dakninebas
da gareubnebis zrdas (g areubnebis urbanizaciisa da soflebis suburban­
izaciis CaTvliT.). TandaTanobiT bundovani xdeba gansxvaveba did qalaqebs,
gareubnebsa da soflebs Soris, xolo regionebi urbanizebuli megapolisebi
xdeba.

imsjeleT

1. ganixileT sami Tvalsazrisi im gavlenis Sesaxeb, rasac urbanizacia axdens

Temebze.
2. rogor gvexmareba adreuli qalaqebis ganviTarebis istoriis codna Temebisa
da urbanizaciis sakiTxebis gagebaSi?
3. SeajameT am TavSi aRwerili urbanuli ganviTarebis sami modeli.
4. rogor icvleba urbanuli samezobloebi SemoWra-CanacvlebiTi procesebisa
da cxovrebis ciklis brunvis Sedegad?
5. rogor gvexmareba politikur-ekonomikuri midgoma, ukeT gavigoT urbanuli
ganviTareba da urbanuli cxovreba?
6. SeadareT cxovreba soflad, qalaqgareT da qalaqSi.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. im Temebis magaliTebis gamoyenebiT, romlebSic Tqven gicxovriaT, yvelaze

zustad romeli midgoma aRwers Temze urbanizaciis gavlenas: dezintegra­
cia, persistencia Tu transformacia?
2. ramdenad efeqturad gvexmareba tonieseuli gemainSaftisa da gezelSaftis
cnebebi Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis bunebis gagebaSi?
3. am TavSi aRwerili urbanuli ganviTarebis TiToeuli modeli an forma Ta­
visebur gavlenas (rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) axdens Sesabamis TemSi
mcxovreb adamianebze. gansazRvreT da SeafaseT rac SeiZleba meti gavlena.
4. rogor fiqrobT, samezobloebis aRmasvla da dacema bunebrivi procesia, ro­
melic funqciuri integraciis monacvle formas efuZneba, Tu Zalauflebi­
saTvis brZolis Sedegi? gamoTqviT Tqveni azri urbanuli zrdis­ Sesaxeb.

847
5. ramdenad xsnis kapitalisturi ekonomikis procesebi (romelic aRwerilia
politikuri ekonomikis perspeqtividan) urbanuli ganviTarebisa da urbanu­
li cxovrebis tendenciebs?

sityvari

qalaqi _ xalxis SedarebiTi didi, mWidro da mudmivi dasaxleba, sadac adamia­

nebs sakuTari xeliT ar mohyavT sarCo.
Temi _ mosaxleoba, romelsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebs saerTo Rirebulebebi da
interesebi, xSiri kontaqti da siaxlovis SegrZneba.
koncentruli zonebi _ urbanuli teritoriebis gamoyenebis ernest berge­
siseuli modeli, sadac qalaqebSi centraluri adgili ukavia biznesraions,
romelsac gars ekvris 6 `rkali~, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari funqcia
aqvs.
gaerTianebuli metropolitanuri statistikuri teritoria (CMSA) _ erTi
an ramdenime qalaqi Tavisi SemogarenebiT, romlis mosaxleoba milions aRe­
mateba.
gemainSafti _ ferdinand tonies mier gamoyenebuli Temis germanuli Sesatyvi­
si, romelic niSnavs mcire, metad stabilur tradiciul dasaxlebas, sadac
adamianebi sicocxlis bolomde cxovroben da inarCuneben mZlavr socialur
da ekonomikur kavSirebs.
gentrifikacia _ muSaTa klasiT an mosaxleobis Raribi feniT dasaxlebuli te­
ritoriebis gadaqceva saSualo da zeda saSualo fenebis samosaxlod.
gezelSafti _ ferdinand tonies mier SemoRebuli sazogadoebis an asociaciis
Sesatyvisi, romelic aRwers imgvar dasaxlebebs, romlebic xasiaTdeba mra­
valricxovani mosaxleobiT, socialuri da geografiuli mobilobiT da Se­
darebiT upirovno damokidebulebiT. amgvar sazo­gado­ebebSi adamianebi
ZiriTadad ucxoni arian erTmaneTisTvis.
SemoWra-Canacvlebis modeli _ samezoblos cvlilebis modeli, romelic yu­
radRebas amaxvilebs axali mosaxleebis SemoWraze, rasac mohyveba konkuren­
cia adgilobrivi miwebis dapatronebisaTvis.
megapolisi _ ori an meti mezoblad mdebare metropolisi, romlebic ise gafar­
Tovdnen, rom maTi sazRvrebi erTmaneTs erwymis da erTian kompleqss qmnis.
metropolisi _ mTavari qalaqi, romelsac ekonomikur da socialur orbitaSi
hyavs moqceuli garSemo mdebare municipalitetebi.
mravlobiT-birTvuli modeli _ urbanuli miwebis gamoyenebis Consi harisisa da
eduard ulmaniseuli modeli, sadac qalaqebi, rogorc calkeuli centrebi
(anu birTvebi) ise viTardebian. TiToeul centrs konkretuli funqcia akisria.
samezoblos sicocxlis cikluroba _ gza, romelzec samezoblis aRmavloba da
dacema Seesatyviseba prognozirebad formis SemoWra/Canacvlebis epizodebis
ufro did seriebSi. dasrulebuli cikli moicavs ganviTarebis, gardamavali
etapis, degradirebis, mosaxleobisagan daclisa da ganaxlebis etapebs.

848
politikuri ekonomikis mosazreba _ sociologiuri mosazreba qalaqebis Se­
saxeb, romelic qalaqebs mZlavri jgufebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis
produqtad miiCnevs. amasTan, am jgufebis moqmedeba ekonomikuri sargeblis
moxveWisa da kapitalis dagrovebis mizniT aris nakarnaxevi.
seqtoris modeli _ urbanuli miwebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb homer hoitis modeli,
sadac qalaqebi viTardeba `Rvezlis~ formis seqtorebis msgavsad, romle­
bic gars arian Semowyobilebi centralur biznesraions. seqtorebi nawil­
deba transportis mTavari marSrutebis gaswvriv. TiToeul seqtors akisria
konkretuli mizani.
urbanuli ekologia _ qalaqebis Seswavlisadmi sociologiuri midgoma, ro­
melic swavlobs, Tu rogor aris urbanuli miwebis socialuri gamoyeneba
adamianebis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris interaqciisa da maTi fizikur-geo­
grafiuli garemos cvlilebis Sedegi.
urbanuli anklavi _ mWidrod dasaxlebuli da socialurad erTgvari Temi, ro­
melic ufro didi da mravalferovani metropoliis Semadgeneli nawilia.
urbanizacia _ adamianebis mravalricxovani jgufebis mier soflebisa da patara
qalaqebis mitovebisa da did qalaqebsa da axlos mdebare metropolitanur
teritoriebze dasaxlebis procesi.

849
850
 Tavi 20

socialuri Zvrebi da koleqtiuri

qmedebebi

brbo da koleqtiuri qmedeba

. brbos tipebi . brbos qmedeba

ZiriTadi koncefciebis gamoyeneba los-anjelesis

`buntis~ gasaanalizeblad
. brbos qmedeba, rogorc socialuri qmedeba
. struqturuli xelsayreloba . funqciuri dezintegracia
. kulturuli konfliqtebi
. Zalaufleba da Zalauflebis arqona

socialuri moZraobebi
. socialur moZraobaTa arsis axsna
. interesebi da identobebi:
axali da Zveli socialuri moZraobebi

CanarTi
. kvlevis meTodebi: socialuri moZraobebis aqtiur
monawileTa Seswavla
. sociologia da sajaro debatebi: abortis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli moZraoba da Tavdasxma qalTa klinikebze

851
852
 1 992 wlis 29 aprils kaliforniis Statis venturas olqis mo­samarTlem
udanaSaulod scno, los-an­jelesis policiis 4 ofi­ceri, romelTac brali
edebodaT Savkaniani mZRolis _ rodni kingis dakavebisas Zalis gadaWarbebul
gamoyenebaSi. imave quCaze mcxovrebi mowmis mier gadaRebul da sasamarTloze
wardgenil videofirze aRbeWdili iyo, rogor scemdnen oficrebi xelketebiTa
da wixlebiT miwaze dagdebul kings.
SavkanianTa liderebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sdebdnen brals los-anjelesis
policiis departaments afro-amerikeli xalxis mimarT sistematur sisastikeSi.
81 wamiani es videofiri, romelic gamudmebiT gadaicemoda nacionaluri televi­
ziiT, kargi samxili iyo maTi braldebebis dasamtkiceblad. kings erTxel an or­
jer ki ara, 56-jer daartyes. miuxedavad amisa, TeTrkanianma msajulebma sami ofi­
ceri udanaSaulod scnes, meoTxeze ki gadawyvetileba ver gamoitanes. braldeba
mouxsnes im 17 oficersac, romlebic mxo­lod Tvalyurs adevnebdnen da piradad
ar monawileobdnen kingis cemaSi. sasamarTlos kibeze mdgomma sabWos wevrma, qal­
batonma patricia murma ganaCens `Tanamedrove linCis wesiT gasamarTleba uwoda.~
kidev erTma iq myofma pirma iwinaswarmetyvela: `es aris neli moqmedebis bombi. is
aucileblad afeTqdeba.~ (niusuiqi, 11 maisi, 1992w. gv. 33). muri marTali aRmoCnda.
areulobis Sesaxeb pirveli Setyobineba policiaSi daaxloebiT saRamos xuT
saaTze Sevida: los-anjelesis samxreT-centralur raionSi, florenciisa da
normandiis quCebis kuTxeSi mdebare maRaziaSi Tom’s Liquor Store xuliganTa jguf­
ma ramdenime boTli liqiori aiRo da maRaziis datoveba safasuris gadaxdis ga­
reSe daapira. maRaziis koreeli mepatronis Svilma maTi SeCereba scada, magram
mas TavSi ludis boTli Caartyes. rodesac policia SemTxvevis adgilze mivida,
Savkaniani axalgazrdebi gamvlel mZRolebs Tunuqis qilebsa da boTlebs esrod­
nen. oficrebs, romlebic maT dakavebas cdilobdnen, brbom Seutia. oTx saaTsa da
ormocdaxuT wuTze savele meTaurma ricxobriv umciresobaSi myof policielebs
ukan daxeva ubrZana. policielebma avtosadgurisken daixies da ramdenime saaTis
ganmavlobaSi elodnen Semdgom instruqciebs.
Savkaniani liderebis mosasmenad samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis aTasze
meti mcxovrebi pirvel afrikul meTodistur episkopalur eklesiaSi Seikriba.
liderebi gmobdnen usamarTlobas, magram xalxs simSvidisaken mouwodebdnen. am
dros ki axalgazrdebis jgufebi quCebSi sagzao moZraobas aferxebdnen, mZRo­
lebs Tavs esxmodnen da maT manqanebs cecxls ukidebdnen. daaxloebiT saRamos
eqvs saaTsa da ormocdaxuT wuTze TeTrkaniani mZRoli rejinald deni SuqniSan­
ze gaCerda. ramdenime pirma mis satvirTos alya Semoartya. maT deni kabinidan
gadmoaTries, sastikad scemes, gaZarcves da sisxlis gubeSi miatoves. televiziis
vertmfrenebi qalaqis Tavze dafrinavdnen da Sokirebul mayurebels pirdapir
eTerSi awvdidnen Semzarav kadrebs. policia arsad Canda. mogvianebiT ramdenime
Savkanianma qvebisa da boTlebis wvimaSi gabeda denis saavadmyofoSi gadayvana.
xalxis kidev erTi jgufi policiis StabbinasTan iyo Sekrebili da poli­
ciis Sefis, deril geiTsis gadadgomas iTxovda. alya­Semortymul policiaSi

853
Sesvla-gamosvlas veravin axerxebda. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan Semdgari es
mravaleTnikuri jgufi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi agresias ar gamoxatavda,
Tumca mogvianebiT zogma fanjrebisa da karebis msxvreva da dawva daiwyo. Ra­
mis aTi saaTisTvis saxanZro ganyofilebaSi yovel wuTSi oTxi sasawrafo gamo­
Zaxeba Sedioda, Tumca agresiuli axalgazrdebis winaaRmdegobisa da policiis
eskortis naklebobis gamo, maT mxolod ramdenime adgilas SeZles misvla. erT-
erTi gamoZaxebisas mexanZreebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, policiis daxmarebas iqve
mcxovrebi laTinoamerikelebis saxlSi dalodebodnen. xanZarSi gaxveul qalaqSi
iseTi kvamli idga, rom los-anjelesis saerTaSoriso aeroportis yvela safreni
biliki daiketa (garda erTisa).
gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo qalaqis xelisuflebam droulad ar moaxdina rea­
gireba mzard Zaladobaze. brZaneba policiis sayovelTao mobilizaciis Sesaxeb
mxolod saRamos rvis naxevarze gaica; am droisaTvis ki mraval policiels ukve
gauWirda postze gamocxadeba. saRamos rva saaTsa da ormocdaTxuTmet wuTze qa­
laqis merma _ tom bredlim sagangebo mdgomareoba gamoacxada, komendantis saa­
Ti daawesa da kaliforniis gubernator pit uilsons qalaqSi erovnuli gvardiis
Seyvana sTxova. magram gvardielTa ganTavseba qalaqis quCebSi mxo­lod xuTSabaTs
naSuadRevs moxerxda. paraskevs prezidentma jorj buSma los-anjelesSi 4500
samxedro mosamsaxure da 1000 federaluri samarTaldamcveli gagzavna.
xuTSabaTs mTel qalaqSi beisbolis joxebiT, ZalayinebiTa da TofebiT Seiara­
Rebuli axalgazrdebiT datvirTuli manqanebi dadioda. qalaqis Cveuli cxovreba
Seferxda: avtobusebi da matareblebi gaCerda; skolebi daixura; bankebma, komer­
ciulma dawesebulebebma da ramdenime safosto ofismac ki muSaoba Sewyvita. maRa­
ziebidan naZarcviT datvirTuli morodiorebi telekamerebis win poziorobdnen
SeZaxilebiT `yvelaferi ufasoa.~ zogi manqaniT modioda, sabarguls avsebda,
saxlSi mihqonda da kvlav brundeboda. mihqondaT yvelaferi, ris waRebac SeiZle­
boda (sigareti, aveji, personaluri kompiuteri Tu salaro aparati), dacariele­
bul maRaziebs ki cecxls ukidebdnen. absolutur umciresobaSi myofi policia
mayureblis rolsRa asrulebda. Tavdacvis mizniT, afro-amerikeli mepatroneebi
sakuTari maRaziebis karze akravdnen warweras `SavkanianTa sakuTreba~; meambo­
xeTa mTavari samizne, koreeli mepatroneebi ki an daxlebs clidnen, an sakuTari
ZalebiT cdilobdnen sakuTrebis dacvas (Morrison and Lowry, 1994).
Zaladoba holivudSic, beverli hilzisa da TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul
dasavleT los-anjelesisakenac gavrcelda da sxva qalaqebSic ifeTqa, san-fran­
ciskodan da las-vegasidan dawyebuli atlantis, tampasa da kanadis qalaq toron­
tos CaTvliT. los-anjelesis policiam gvardiisa da federaluri Zalebis dax­
marebiT wesrigis aRdgena mxolod paraskevs saRamodan daiwyo. am droisTvis 60
kaci daRupuli iyo, daaxloebiT 2400 _ daSavebuli, 15 aTasze meti ki _ dakave­
buli. xanZris an vandalizmis Sedegad daaxloebiT 5200 Senoba daingra an serio­
zulad dazianda. bevri maTgani komerciuli dawesebuleba iyo. zaralma 1 mili­
ardi aSS dolari Seadgina, 40 000 adamianma ki samuSao dakarga.
areulobis dasrulebisTanave mediam verdiqti gamoitana _ aSS-is uaxlesi
istoriaSi yvelaze saSineli urbanuli amboxi. keTdeboda paralelebi 1960-iani

854
wlebis getos amboxebebTan, ZiriTadad, sakuTrebis dazianebasa da msxverplis
raodenobasTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca 1992 wlidan am movlenebze momuSave soci­
ologebi aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs ramdenime ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba. magali­
Tad, es ar iyo ubralod SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa dapirispireba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi provocireba moaxdina sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam, romliTac
Savkanianis cemaSi braldebuli TeTrkaniani policielebi udanaSaulod scnes.
faqtobrivad, dakavebul meamboxeTa naxevari espanuri warmoSobis iyo (Pater-
silia and Abrahamse, 1994) da maT mier arCeuli samizneebi iyvnen ara TeTrkanianTa
mmarTvelobis struqturis elementebi, aramed koreelTa sacalo vaWrobis obi­
eqtebi (Morrison and Lowry, 1994); ufro metic, mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ris gamo
moxda bunti _ an iyo es bunti Tu amboxi _ sxvadasxva rasobriv sazogadoebaSi
sxvadasxvagvari iyo. sociologma ronald jekobsma (1996w.) erTmaneTs Seadara
`los-anjeles Taimssa~ da gazeT `los-anjeles senTinelSi~ (romelsac Savkaniani
mflobeli hyavs) 1992 wlis aprilisa da mis Semdgom movlenaTa Sesaxeb gamoqvey­
nebuli statiebi. aRmoCnda, rom am or gazeTSi movlenebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT iyo
gaSuqebuli. `Taimsi~ acxadebda, rom policielTa mier rodni kingis cema calkeu­
li policielebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Sokismomgvreli faqti
iyo, `sentineli~ ki, piriqiT, policielTa qmedebas TeTrkaniani samarTaldam­
cavebis mier Savka­nianTa Cagvris Cveuli sqemis nawilad miiCnevda (Jacobs, 1996).
romeli kuTxidanac unda SevxedoT, los-anjelesis movlenebi naTeli ilus­
traciaa imisa, rasac sociologebi koleqtiur qmedebas uwodeben. es aris so­
cialurad organizebuli da gacnobierebuli, Tumca SedarebiT uCveulo reaqcia
movlenebze; mcdeloba, gaiziaro saerTo interesi an ganaxorcielo idealebi.
koleqtiuri qceva ki, piriqiT, naklebad Segnebulad da racionalurad organi­
zebuli, Tumca socialurad gaziarebuli qmedebaa. monawileebi, romlebic, Cveu­
lebriv, mravlad arian (Marx and McAdam, 1995), xSirad arc ki icnoben erTmaneTs,
Tumca maT erTnairi qceva axasiaTebT, romelic zogjer saocrad gansxvavdeba
maTi yoveldRiuri Cvevebisgan (G. B. Rose, 1982): Cacmis moda, romelic mTel qveya­
nas edeba; ucnauri Wori, romelic qalaqidan qalaqSi gadadis, uecari masobrivi
isteria an panika, masobrivi areuloba an brbos qmedebis sxva uCveulo forma _
es yvelaferi koleqtiuri qcevis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia. zog SemTxvevaSi
koleqtiuri qceva da koleqtiuri qmedeba metnaklebad izolirebuli movle­
nebia, romlebic iseve swrafad mTavrdeba, rogorc iwyeba; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
isini socialuri moZraobis Semadgeneli nawili SeiZleba iyos, romelic warmoad­
gens `Segnebul, koleqtiur, organizebul mcdelobas, arasamarTlebrivi gzebiT
ganaxorcielos an win aRudges farTomasStabian cvlilebas sazogadoebriv wyo­
bilebaSi~ (J. Wilson, 1973, p.8).
los-anjelesis areulobisas koleqtiuri qmedebebi gamowveuli iyo ramde­
nime faqtoriT: maTgan umTavresi iyo samxreT-centraluri raionis socialuri
wyoba, gansakuTrebiT umuSevari da uswavleli, Raribi axalgazrda mamakacebis
siWarbe. mediis mier rodni kingis saqmis gaSuqebisa da misi cemis damadasturebe­
li videofiris gamudmebiT Cvenebis gamo xalxma Zalze emociurad aRiqva ganaCeni;

855
amiT kidev erTxel dadasturda umciresobis kulturaSi arsebuli azri: policia
regularulad arRvevs maT uflebebs (Tierney, 1994).
danarCen sazogadoebaSi funqciuri integraciis mcdelobis marcxi (rom­
lis gamoc koreuli da espanuri warmoSobis imigrantebs SavkanianebTan uwevdaT
dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaos gamo brZola swored maSin, roca los-anjelesis
regionis deindustrializacia mimdinareobda), farTomasStabian umuSevrobas,
siRaribes da imedgacruebas niSnavda. garkveulwilad es amboxebebi iyo samxreT-
centralur los-anjelesSi mcxovrebi Raribebis mcdeloba, gamoesworebinaT
maTi socialuri mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalauflebis didi disba­
lansi.
koleqtiuri qmedeba socialuri qmedebis gansakuTrebuli tipia, amitom mis
gasagebad saWiroa danarCeni oTxi ZiriTadi cnebis ganxilva.

brbo da koleqtiuri qmedeba

brbo warmoadgens xalxis droebiT TavSeyras raime movlenis an vinmes irgv­

liv. brbos wevrebi erTmaneTze axdenen gavlenas. brbo sxva socialuri jgufebi­
sagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom upirveles yovlisa, igi xanmokle da aramyaria, Tanac
pirobiTi miznebisTvis Cveulebriv Senobebs da adgilebs iyenebs (Snow, Zurcher,
and Peters, 1981).

brbos tipebi

Tavis klasikur naSromSi `koleqtiuri qceva~ (1939-1951w.w.), sociologma her­

bert blumerma oTxi saxis brbo aRwera: SemTxveviTi, Cveulebrivi, eqspresiuli da
moqmedi. SemTxveviTi brbo spontanurad iqmneba, rodesac gamvlelTa yuradRebas
iqcevs. magaliTad, SemTxveviT brbos qmnis fanjris mwmendavis sayureblad quCaSi
SeCerebuli ramdenime adamiani. blumeris TqmiT, aseTi brbo `mxo­lod droebiT
uTmobs yuradRebas sagans, romelmac [maTi] interesi gamoiwvia... da mxolod mci­
re kontaqtSi Sedis erTmaneTTan~ (p. 178).
blumeri, Cveulebriv, brbos TviTmfrinavis mgzavrebs, maRaziaSi myidvelebs
an sakoncerto darbazis auditorias uwodebs. Cveulebrivi brbos wevrebi erTi
konkretuli mizeziT ikribebian da dadgenili normebis mixedviT iqcevian. maga­
liTad, Rriali fexburTis matCze damswre brbosaTvis miRebulia, musikis kon­
certze damswre brbosaTvis ki _ miuRebeli. kontaqti Cveulebrivi brbos wevrTa
Sorisac Zalian mcirea. maT saerTo mizani aqvs, magram misken cal-calke iswrafvi­
an. urTierToba aseT xalxs Soris, Cveulebriv, Zalian zogadi da arapiradulia.
rokkoncertebsa da msgavs RonisZiebebze Sekrebili xalxi eqspresiuli brbos
magaliTs warmoadgens. uzarmazari brbos emociurad datvirTuli wevrebi enTu­
ziazmisa da moWarbebuli grZnobebis gamo ise iqcevian, rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi

856
ar moiqceodnen. maTi mTavari mizani sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatvaa. legenda­
ruli Woodstock Music and Art Fair, romelic 1969 wlis agvistoSi niu-iorkis Catskill
Mountins-Si gaimarTa, swored aseTi brbos magaliTs warmoadgens. rokvarskvlavTa
STambeWdavma pleadam 300 aTasze meti axalgazrda miiwvia fermaSi festivalze
dasaswrebad. es festivali dRemde albaT dadebiTi emociebis gamo ufro axsovT,
vidre Tavad koncertis gamo.
moqmedi jgufis emociuri muxti gansxvavdeba eqspresiuli jgufis muxtis­
gan. moqmedi brbo aRelvebuli, aramdgradi xalxis jgufia, romelTa yuradReba
mimarTulia iseTi movlenisaken, romelic maTSi ukmayofilebas, brazs da moq­
medebis survils iwvevs. moqmedi brbos magaliTs warmoadgenen bandis wevrebi,
romlebic maT teritoriaze Sesul, mezobel ubnel biWs scemen; anda fexburTis
fanebi, romlebic stadionze areulobas awyoben msajis sakamaTo gadawyvetilebis
gamo. eqspresiuli brbos wevrebisagan gansxvavebiT (romelTa ZiriTadi mizani sa­
kuTari grZnobebis gamoxatvaa), moqmedi brbos wevrebi miiswrafvian imis gamos­
worebisaken, rac maT usamarTlobad miaCniaT. rodesac mravalricxovani moqmedi
jgufi ZaladobaSi erTveba an amis saSiSroeba Cndeba, mas xSirad brbos uwodeben
(Hoult, 1969).
radgan jgufuri qmedebis socialuri efeqti, SesaZloa, sakmaod seriozuli
iyos, Cven mas ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.

brbos qmedeba

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi masobrivi bunti da amboxebebi xelisuflebis mTa­

var safiqrali iyo. jgufuri qmedebebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo me-18 da me-19
saukuneebis evropaSi ( Rude, 1964). sofelsa Tu qalaqSi SeiaraRebuli qalebisa da
mamakacebis jgufebi fasebis dawevis moTxovniT xelSi igdebdnen baz­rebs, saw­
yobebs da zogjer saqonelsac ki. inglisSi xelosanTa ganrisxebulma jgufebma
dawves qarxnebi da danadgarebi, romlebic maT umuSevrad darCenis safrTxes uqm­
nida. 1789 wlis 14 ivliss parizelebma SturmiT aiRes bastiliis uZvelesi cixe. es
iyo safrangeTis revoluciis yvelaze cnobili konfrontacia.
ganrisxebulma brbom mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula aSS-is istoriaSic. me-
19 saukuneSi xSiri iyo fermerTa da maRaroelTa amboxebebi, profkavSirebsa da
policias Soris sisxliani brZolebi, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba da urbanuli
bunti. 1863 wlis samoqalaqo omis dros niu-iorkSi momxdari oTxdRiani bunti,
romelmac 1000 adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, albaT yvelaze saSineli iyo aSS-is
istoriaSi. jgufuri qmedebebi ZaladobaSi gadadioda me-20 saukuneSic, gansa­
kuTrebiT ki 1960-ian wlebSi, roca SavkanianTa getoebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT
erTvebodnen sayovelTao areulobaSi; es ki safrTxes uqmnida mTel ers. los-
anjelesSi momxdarma Zaladobam mTeli qveyana SeaSfoTa; xalxi iTxovda pasuxs
kiTxvebze, ra iwvevs sayovelTao areulobas; Tu ratom iqceva brbo ise, rogorc
calkeuli adamianebi Cveulebriv arasodes moiqceodnen; aris Tu ar buntis
monawileTa qmedeba emociebiT gamowveuli, Tu maTi qmedebebi gaazrebulia iseve,
rogorc amboxebisas?

857
brbos socialuri fsiqologia

bolo dromde brbos cotaTi Tu ganasxvavebdnen mxecebisagan, romlebsac Zli­

eri, Zaladobrivi motivebi amoZravebdaT da aranairi saRi azri ar gaaCndaT. brbo­
Si xalxis qcevas ganixilavdnen, ara rogorc racionaluri adamianebis koleqti­
ur qmedebas, aramed rogorc koleqtiur qcevas, rac adamianis mier fsiqologiis
primitiul donemde dacemis Sedegi iyo. am fsiqologiuri xedvis mTavari mimdeva­
ri iyo frangi gustav le boni. aristokratuli warmomavlobis le boni (1841-1931w.
w.) im epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac Cveulebrivi xalxis masebi mmarTvel klass upi­
rispirdebodnen. le bonis azriT, Zvel socialur sistemas, romelSic misi wris
xalxi didi privilegiebiTa da xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobda, safrTxes uqmnid­
nen emociurad gauwonasworebeli brboebi. le bonis azriT, brbos _ sruliad ira­
cionalur da damangrevel jgufs _ SeeZlo sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis sruli
ganadgureba. le boni undoblobas ucxadebda nebismier gansxvavebul politikur
azrs, miuxedavad imisa, saparlamento demokratiis mxardamWeri iyo Tu socia­
lizmisa. `epoqa romelSic Cven SevdivarT brbos epoqa iqneba~, _ acxadebda igi.
Tavis wignSi `brbos fsiqologia~ (1895-1960w.w.), le boni amtkicebda, rom br­
boSi individi koleqtiuri azrovnebis marwuxebSi eqceva da fiqrobs da iqceva
ise, rogorc calke myofi ar moiqceoda. Tanamedrove fsiqologebi amas deindi­
viduacias uwodeben: brbos wevrebi anonimurni xdebian sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis
winaSe da yovelgvari akrZalva Tu SezRudva qreba rodesac isini raime didi jgu­
fis nawili xdebian (Wallace and Zamichow, 1992, p. A25). le bonis mtkicebiT, brbo
xalxs iseve uqvemdebarebs sakuTar kontrols, rogorc hipnoziori. individebi
brboSi advilad marTvadi xdebian; isini `Zalze impulsurad moqmedeben.~ emociis
nakadi mTel brbos edeba da pirovnebebs erTmaneTis miyolebiT `ainficirebs~.
es fenomeni cnobilia socialuri inficirebis saxeliT: es aris ganwyobisa da qce­
vis swrafi gadadeba erTi individidan meoreze. le bonis azriT, brboSi adamiani
civilizebulobis niRabs iSorebs da primitiul motivebsa da antisocialur im­
pulsebs uxsnis gzas.
1950-ian wlebSi sociologma herbert blumerma (1939-1951w.w.) daxvewa le bonis
ideebi. man socialuri dasnebovneba (inficireba) daukavSira `amaRelvebel mov­
lenas~ (magaliTad, rogoric iyo kingis saqmeze gamotanili verdiqti), adamianebi
aqeT-iqiT awydebian, `TiTqos cdiloben, ipovon an Tavi aaridon rames, Tumca ar
ician ras eZeben an ras arideben Tavs~ (gv. 173). gamosavlis Zebnisas maT yuradRe­
bas aRelvebuli qceva an gamonaTqvami ipyrobs. imis nacvlad, rom es qceva sworad
gansajon, rogorc Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi moiqceodnen kidec, isini impulsurad
pasuxoben da sxvis qcevas baZaven. maTi reaqcia am qcevis Tavdapirvel avtorebs
axali ZalebiT avsebs (rasac blumerma wriuli reaqcia uwoda). da rac ufro iz­
rdeba mRelvareba, xalxs ufro metad surs, imoqmedos Tavisi moWarbebuli grZ­
nobebis Sesabamisad. amas Sedegad xSirad mosdevs masobrivi isteria.
masobrivi isteria ara marto brbosa Tu xalxis jgufebSi gamoixateba, aramed
fantaziebsa da akviatebul ideebSic. magaliTad, 1954 wlis gazafxulze sietlis
gazeTSi gaCnda statiebi 80 miliT daSorebul patara qalaqSi manqanebis saqare

858
minebis masobrivi dazianebis Sesaxeb. saqare minebs patara Rrmulebi da buStuke­
bi uCndeboda da zogjer SuSaSi mcire zomis metalis nawilakebic ki SeiniSneboda.
aseTi ucnauri dazianebis mizezi ucnobi iyo, Tumca policias eWvi vandalebze
hqonda. 14 aprilis saRamos mistiurma `gamanadgurebelma~ Tavad sietls Seutia.
Semdgomi ori dRis ganmavlobaSi sietlis policiaSi 250-mde gancxadeba Sevida
3000-ze meti manqanis saqare minis dazianebis Sesaxeb. am epidemiis yvelaze popu­
laruli axsna wynari okeanis CrdiloeTSi Catarebuli wyalbadis bombis gamoc­
dis Sedegad gaCenili radioaqtiuri gamonabolqvi iyo. Worma gamonabolqvis
Sesaxeb mTeli sietli moicva. daSinebuli moqalaqeebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen
sakuTari manqanebis dacvas. 15 aprils, saRamos, sietlis merma daxmarebisaTvis
gubernatorsa da prezidents mimarTa. Semdeg, uecrad masobrivi isteria iseve
swrafad gaqra, rogorc gaCnda. mogvianebiT eqspertTa jgufma daaskvna, rom
saqare minebs yovelTvis hqonda aseTi wuni, Tumca maT manamde veravin amCnevda,
radgan mZRolebi, rogorc wesi, saqare minas ki ara, minis miRma gzas akvirdebod­
nen. SiSma mosaxleobas is `safrTxe~ daanaxa, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda
(Medalia and Larson, 1958).

komunikacia: Wori da masmedia

romelime tipis koleqtiuri qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa, xalxs

hqondes SiSisa Tu isteriis sxve­bisaTvis gadacemis saSualeba. Wori mniSvnelo­
van rols asrulebs jgufur qmedebaSi. Wori daudasturebeli ambavia, romelic
pirovnebidan pirovnebas gadaecema rogorc ucilobeli faqti, Tumca misi
pirvelwyaro, SesaZloa, bundovani an sulac ucnobi iyos. Wori daZabul da bun­
dovan garemoSi Cndeba maSin, roca xalxs namdvil faqtebze ar miuwvdeba xeli an
ama informaciis wyaroa maTTvis arasando (Rosnow and Fine, 1976). Wori gamoxatavs
xalxis survils, axsna mouZebnos ama Tu im movlenas; is swored am kuTxiT prob­
lemis jgufuri gadaWris erT-erTi saxea. sietlis moqalaqeebs egonaT, saqare
minebi wyalbadis bombis gamocdisas gaCenili radioaqtiuri gamonabolqvma daa­
ziana. movlenis amgvari axsna mcdari ki aRmoCnda, magram aman droebiT gadaWra
maTi problema _ gaerkviaT, maTi azriT, uCveulo dazianebis mizezi.
Worebis umetesoba ibadeba, cocxlobs da kvdeba drois mcire monakveTSi.
fsiqologebma gordon elportma da leo postmenma (1947w.) Woris gadacema labo­
ratoriasa da savele pirobebSi Seiswavles da erT ZiriTad sqemas miagnes: pirov­
neba igebs saintereso ambavs da uambobs am ambavs _ an imas, rac misgan daamaxsovrda
_ Tavis megobars. TandaTan Tavdapirveli ambidan rCeba mxolod ramdenime arse­
biTi detali, romelic advili mosayolia. elporti da postmeni am process nive­
lirebas (gaTanabrebas) uwodeben: rac ufro vrceldeba Wori, is ufro lakonuri
xdeba, raTa advilad aRsaqmeli da mosayoli gaxdes. yoveli momdevno versiisas
ufro naklebi sityva da detalia naxsenebi~ (gv. 75). xalxi xSirad cvlis detaleb­
sac, raTa ambavi ufro gasagebi gaxados da metad moargos sakuTar Se­xedulebebs.
1992 wlis los-anjelesis areulobisas Worma imis Sesaxeb, rom policia buntis
CasaxSobad specaRWurvilobiT iyo SeiaraRebuli, brbo ufro gaaRiziana da

859
ubiZga maT qvebiT, boTlebiT, xelketebiTa da sxva saSualebebiT daecvaT ATavi;
sinamdvileSi ki mxolod erT policiels exura Cafxuti. saqme is iyo, rom Wori
policiis mxridan Setevis mzadebis Sesaxeb emTxveoda sayovelTaod gavrcele­
bul azrs policiis sisastikis Sesaxeb da adasturebda xalxis molodins. momdev­
no dRes Worma, rom afro-amerikeli axalgazrdebi TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebul
mdidrul gareubnebSi apirebdnen SeWras, mosaxleobis panika gamoiwvia _ xalxi
sursaTs imaragebda mosalodneli alyisagan Tavdasacavad.
dResdReobiT masmedia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs brbos qmedebaSi. los-
anjelesis incidentisas televizia katalizatoric iyo da samiznec. rogorc ze­
moT aRvniSneT, policiis oficerTa sasamarTlo procesis paralelurad tele­
viziT permanentulad gadaicemoda kingis cemis damadasturebeli videoCanaweri.
videoCanaweri xalxs ufro met ndobas aRuZravda, radgan is samoyvarulo Canaweri
iyo da ara profesionaluri reportaJi. rogorc wesi, xalxs surs, teleekranidan
pirveladi informacia miiRos da ara damuSavebuli kadrebi.
kingis saqmeze verdiqtis gamotanis procesi pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda.
paralelurad sxvadasxva arxiT uCvenebdnen, erTi mxriv, afro-amerikul saparik­
maxeroSi myofi xalxis ukmayofilo SeZaxilebs, meore mxriv, ki sajaro moxele­
Ta (maT Soris qalaqis mer bredlis) aRSfoTebuli gancxadebebs. satelevizio
arxebi erTmaneTs sensaciebis gaSuqebaSi ejibrebodnen, roca qalaqSi situacia
ukiduresad daiZaba. televizoris moyvarulebs aviwydebaT, rom reportaJebi
eTerSi SerCeviT gadis; redaqtoris uflebaa, gadawyvitos axal ambebSi romeli
movlenis gaSuqeba Rirs (Gans, 1979; Gitlin, 1985). rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, am Sem­
TxvevaSic arCevani Zaladobis scenebze SeCerda. erT-erTma satelevizio arxma
quCis Zaladobis kadrebs fonad eklesiaSi Sekrebili xalxis galoba daado. sxva
arxi ki ambebs manamde gadascemda, sanam isini moxdeboda: reportiorma ganacxada,
rom mas `jer ar unaxavs xanZari~ (Newsweek, May 11, 1992, p. 43). TavianTi iq yofni­
Tac ki reportiorebi Tavad qmnidnen masalas ambebisaTvis _ maTze da maTs aR­
Wurvilobaze Tavdasxmas. televiziiT gadaicemoda informaciac, rom policia
ar reagirebda Zaladobisa da morodiorobis faqtebze. Sedegad, kamerebi Tavad
uCvenebda potenciur monawileebs, Tu ris gakeTeba SeiZleboda. erT-erTi repor­
tioris sityvebiT, `erTmaneTis jobnis surviliT oTxSabaTs RamiT vertmfreni­
dan ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare reportaJebi faqtobrivad amboxabaze mi­
wvevas warmoadgenda~ (Hewitt, 1992, p. M1). televiziam xalxs imis grZnoba gaumZafra,
rom kanoni da wesrigi aRar moqmedebda. mediis gaSuqebis gareSe saeWvoa Zaladoba
sxva qalaqebs mosdeboda.

axali normebi da socialuri urTierTobebi

TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove sociologi eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom Worisa Tu

masmediis saSualebiT emocia da qceva brboSi ise vrceldeba, TiTqos gadamdebi
iyos. Tanamedrove sociologebs miaCniaT, rom le boni da blumeri saTanadod ver
afasebdnen brbos agebulebas da mis racionaluri moqmedebis unars. sociolo­
gebis azriT, mosazreba, TiTqos brboSi xalxi impulsurad moqmedebs, sakuTar

860
saqciels veRar akontrolebs da maTi qcevis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebelia,
mcdaria. magaliTad, ralf terneri da luis kiliani eWvqveS ayenebdnen mosazre­
bas, rom brboSi socialuri konformizmi aRar moqmedebs. maTi axali normis Teo­
riis mixedviT, adamianebs iseT garemoSi, sadac mkacri CarCoebi aRar moqmedebs,
uyalibdebaT axali socialuri normebi, romlebic did gavlenas axdens am adami­
anebis saqcielze.
axali normebi socialuri kvlevisa da cdebis Sedegad Cndeba. erTma (an metma)
adamianma, SesaZloa, SesTavazos danarCenebs moqmedebis stili (magaliTad, yviri­
li, lanZRva an boTlebis srola). brbo iwyebs situaciis gansazRvras, raTa gamar­
Tleba upovos qmedebebs, romlebsac sxva dros eWvqveS daayenebda. ase Cndeba
axali normebi, romlebic garkveul sazRvrebSi aqcevs brbos qcevas. magaliTad,
los-anjelesis areulobisas dazaralebuli yvela mZRoli kavkasiuri, espanuri
an aziuri warmomavlobis iyo; arc erTi maTgani Savkaniani ar yofila, Tumca bevri
afro-amerikeli daSavda an daiRupa brma tyviis Sedegad. morodiorTa samiznee­
bic swored aziuri (ZiriTadad, koreuli) komerciuli dawesebulebebi iyo. afro-
amerikelTa azriT, es warmatebuli imigrantebi maT Sanss itacebdnen.
ternerisa da kilianis mtkicebiT, axali normebis warmoSoba ar niSnavs imas,
rom brbos yvela wevri erTsa da imaves unda fiqrobdes da grZnobdes. gareSe
TvalisaTvis SesaZloa brbo erTsulovani da ganuyofeli Candes, magram zogi
wevri, SesaZloa, mxolod dacinvisa da gakicxvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Seu­
erTdes mas. am sociologebis azriT, brbos erTsulovneba mxolod iluziaa; ilu­
zias, SesaZloa, qmnides is, rom brbos wevrebi sul mcire zedapirul morCilebas
iTxoven axladwarmoqmnili normebisadmi.
ganavrces ra ternerisa da kilianis ideebi, sxva sociologebi amtkiceben, rom
brboSi axali socialuri urTierTobebic Cndeba (Weller and Quarentelli, 1973). maga­
liTad, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba brbos Zaladobis sakmaod Cveulebrivi mov­
lena iyo winaT dasavleT aSS-Si da bolo dromde _ aRmosavleTSic. brbo arad
agdebs Cveul sasamarTlo normebs, kanonis uzenaesobas da imas, rom damnaSavis
dasjis ufleba mxolod saxelmwifos aqvs; igi am normebs cvlis sakuTariT, ro­
melic damnaSavis saerTo, jgufuri TanxmobiT dasjas iTvaliswinebs. aseve xdeba
axali socialuri urTierTobebis warmoSobac. monawileebi, romlebic garkveuli
profesiis warmomadgenlebs ganasaxiereben, araformalurad niSnaven bralmdeb­
els, mowmeebs, nafic msajulebs da aRmasruleblebs. aqedan gamomdinare, brbos
gaaCnia rogorc garkveuli normebi, ise socialuri struqtura. brboSi yovelT­
vis warmoiqmneba rogorc normebi, ise socialuri urTierTobebi, rac struqtu­
rulad ufro mWidrod akavSirebs maT, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.

brbos qmedeba, rogorc racionaluri

gadawyvetilebis miReba

`brbos sigiJisa~ da `iracionaluri amboxis~ sayovelTaod miRebuli az­

ris sapirispirod, racionaluri arCevanis Teoriebi cxadhyofs, rom xalxi yo­
velTvis ar `kargavs Tavs~ (maT racionalobas) mxolod imitom, rom isini brbos

861
wevrebi arian _ isini fiqroben maTi SesaZlo qmedebebis rogorc sargebelze, ise
uaryofiT Sedegebze. Sedegi, rac masobrivi areulobis mowyobasTan asocirdeba,
piradi daSavebis riski da dapatimrebis albaTobaa. rodesac brbo raodenobiT
bevrad aWarbebs policias, riski sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. ufro metic, jgufuri
qmedebis mosalodnelma sargebelma SesaZloa gadawonos kidec riski maTTvis, vi­
sac romelsac gulSi mravali wyena da imedgacrueba aqvs dagrovili. sargebeli
SesaZloa iyos rogorc materialuri (magaliTad, naZarcvi saqoneli), ise arama­
terialuri (magaliTad sazogadoebis mier aRiareba an emociuri gantvirTva).
berkis mtkicebiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi xalxs gaTvlili aqvs, rom Zaladoba mis
konkretul SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlebs.
yvela sociologi ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom brbos qmedeba ase detalu­
radaa gaTvlili. magram, masobrivi areuloba namdvilad ipyrobs yuradRebas.
1965 wels los-anjelesis UuoTsis raionSi momxdari buntis Semdeg umcrosma mar­
tin luTer kingma nangrevebi moinaxula. mas miuaxlovda axalgazrda mamakacebis
jgufi, romelic gamarjvebas zeimobda.
`rogor SegiZliaT imis Tqma, rom gaimarjveT, rodesac 34 zangi daiRupa,
Tqveni sacxovrebeli daingra da TeTrkanianebi am bunts sakuTari umoqmedebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben?~ _ hkiTxa axalgazrdebs kingma.
axalgazrdebma upasuxes: `Cven gavimarjveT, radgan vaiZuleT yuradReba mo­
eqciaT CvenTvis~ (quoted in Los Angeles Times, May 2, 1992, p. A2).
aseve iyo 1992 welsac. prezidentma buSma mxolod amboxis Semdeg ubrZana
iusticiis departaments, kingis cemaSi damnaSave policielebisaTvis brali
fede­raluri samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevisaTvis waeyenebinaT. am masobriv
areulobamde arc prezidents da arc kongress ar miuqceviaT yuradReba Rarib­
uli ubnebis problemebisaTvis _ mraval programas dafinanseba an Seumcires an
saerTod Seuwyvites. buntis Semdeg ki politikosebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen
urbanul iniciativebSi monawileobas. buntidan erTi kviris Semdeg prezidenti
buSi qalaqs 600 milion aSS dolars dapirda aRdgeniTi samuSaoebisaTvis, kon­
gresma sagangebo kanonmdebloba SeimuSava mcire biznesis sesxebisaTvis 300 mil­
ioni aSS dolaris gamosayofad, kaliforniis gubernatorma pit uilsonma ki 20
milioni aSS dolari gamoyo muSaxelis profesiuli momzadebisaTvis. mravali
sazogadoebrivi lideri da sociologi miiCnevs, rom miRebuli zomebi buntis ga­
momwvev problemebs ver gadaWris. Tumca am buntis Tu amboxis gamo sazogadoebam
yuradReba miaqcia samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis savalalo mdgomareobas.

ZiriTadi koncefciebis gamoyeneba los-anjelesis

`buntis~ gasaanalizeblad

los-anjelesSi momxdari Zaladobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli axsna rodni kin­

gis saqmeze gamotanili ganaCenia. sasamarTlo procesma biZgi namdvilad misca
buntsa Tu amboxs; mas sociologma nil smelserma (1963w.) uwoda xelSemwyobi mov­

862
lena, faqti, romelic adasturebs xalxis eWvsa da SiSs _ es iyo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom sisxlis samarTlis sistema afro-amerikelTa winaaRmdegaa ganwyo­
bili. magram usamarTloba yoveldRiurad xdeba; bunti da amboxi ki ara.
Cven mier moyvanili xuTi ZiriTadi cneba los-anjelesis movlenebis mi­ze­­ze­b­
sa da mniSvnelobas xsnis.

brbos qmedeba, rogorc socialuri qmedeba

brbos qceva socialuri qcevaa, radgan: wevrTa qmedeba an pasuxobs sxva­

Ta qcevas, an mimarTulia maTken, an koordinirebulia maT mier. rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, xalxi zogjer brbos qmedebis axsnas misi wevrebis Tvisebebis gaTva­
liswinebiT cdilobs. ase iyo los-anjelesis movlenebis SemTxvevaSic. erT-erTi
popularuli mosazreba iyo naZirlebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac buntSi mxolod
kriminalebi monawileoben, Zaladobisaken ki maT, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis wi­
naaRmdegobis miuxedavad, agitatorebi ubiZgeben. ase rom, bevri, vinc movlenebs
Soridan adevnebda Tvals, Zaladobas kriminalebsa da medroveebs, gansakuTrebiT
kriminaluri dajgufebebis wevrebs abralebda (Merina and Mitchell, 1992). Tumca,
TviTmxilvelTa TqmiT, am qmedebebSi monawileobda moqalaqeTa farTo speqtri
_ axalgazrda da moxuci, afro-amerikeluli da espanuri warmoSobis, azieli
da kavkasieli. samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis mkvidris gancxadebiT, `aq
naxavdiT 6-7 wlis asakis bavSvebsac da 60 wlamde asakis kacebsac. aq yvelanair
xalxs naxavdiT... me Tavadac vfiqrobdi SeverTebodi maT~ (gv. A12). zogi SeuerT­
da xalxs, raTa politikuri gancxadeba gaekeTebina an Suri eZia warsuli wyenis
gamo; zogma SesaZlebloba gamoiyena, is mietacebina, rasac sakuTari saxsrebiT ve­
rasdros SeiZenda; zogmac moipara, raTa maRaziebis sabolood gaZarcvamde moes­
wro da ojaxis gamosakvebad saWiro sursaTi moemaragebina (televizorebTan da
iaraRTan erTad erTjeradi xelsaxocebic mosapari sagnebis siaSi yvelaze popu­
laruli iyo.)
jgufuri qmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva motivis Serwyma. pre­
zident lindon jonsonis mier daniSnuli samoqalaqo areulobis Semswavleli
erovnuli sakonsultacio komisiis (1968w.) daskvniT, ase moxda 1967 wlis getoTa
buntis SemTxvevaSic. rogorc komisiam gamoarkvia, detroitSi getos mosaxleobis
daaxloebT 40% an Tavad monawileobda buntSi, an misi mowme iyo. es ki namdvilad
ar aris cota. ufro metic, isini, vinc monawileobdnen detroitis areulobaSi,
ufro ganaTlebulebi, informirebulebi da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi ufro
CarTulebi iyvnen. bevri maTgani dasaqmebulic iyo, Tumca miiCnevda, rom ukeTes
samsaxurs imsa­xurebda.
amboxsac ki gaaCnia garkveuli socialuri struqtura. los-anjelesSi axal­
gazrda mamakacebi jgufebad _ da ara cal-calke _ erTvebodnen koleqtiur
qmedebaSi. zogi maRazias wvavda, sxvebi sakuTar ojaxebs icavdnen. samxreT-cen­
tralur los-anjelesSi brbo alalbedze ki ara, konkretul adgilebSi ikribebo­
da _ gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi, sadac policia iyo Tavmoyrili (nawilobriv,

863
maT gasaRizianeblad) an sadac mediis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. aseT brboebSi zogi
aqtiuri iyo, zogic _ misi mayurebeli. axalgazrdebi sityvier Seuracxyofas aye­
nebdnen policias, isrodnen boTlebs an qvebs da emuqrebodnen yvela TeTrkanian
Tu aziel gamvlels. am qmedebebis gageba mxolod am individebsa da maT mayure­
blebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis dadgeniTaa SesaZlebeli. ma­yureblebi
drodadro mowonebis SeZaxilebiT amxnevebdnen monawileebs. Tumca es jgufuri
qmedebebi damokidebuli iyo ara mxolod iq myof xalxze, aramed socialuri wyo­
bis principze, romlis mixedviTac es brbo iyo organizebuli. maga­liTad, brbos
wevrebs xSirad megobarTa mcire wre axlda, rac maT met gabedulebas matebda. mniS­
vnelovani roli Seasrula aseve ufro didma, ufro struqturulma faqtorebmac.

struqturuli xelsayreloba

socialuri wyobilebis im aspeqtebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic amartivebs

koleqtiur qmedebas, smelserma Seadgina cneba _ struqturuli xelsayreloba.
albaT yvelaze mTavari socialuri problema, romelic safuZvlad daedo
los-anjelesis bunts _ da sxva ufro mcire masStabis qmedebebs mTel qveyanaSi
_ iyo bolo dekadaSi RaribTa ubnebis kidev ufro daknineba. getos mosaxleoba
garkveulwilad ekonomikur izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. Raribi ojaxebis minimum erTi
wevri umuSevari iyo da umuSevarTa umravlesobas warmoadgendnen axalgazrda ma­
makacebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom samxreT-centraluri los-anjelesis mosaxleoba
naxevar milions aWarbebda, mosaxleobas mxolod 35 supermarketi da 20-ze nak­
lebi sabanko filiali emsaxureboda (Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1992). mosaxleobis
did nawils sakvebis SesaZenad an ori avtobusis gamocvla an maxlobel xil-bost­
neulis maRaziaSi produqtis ufro Zvirad SeZena uwevda; isini ki, visac samsaxuri
hqonda, saxelfaso Cekis gasanaRdeblad an grZel rigSi unda damdgariyvnen an Ce­
kis gasanaRdebel jixurebSi maRali sakomisio gadaexadaT. samxreT-centraluri
los-anjelesis TiTqmis yoveli meoTxe mosaxle Raribi iyo, maTi ricxvi ki or­
jer aRemateboda qalaqSi mcxovreb TeTrkanian RaribTa ricxvs. Tanac Raribebic
imave telearxebs uyurebdnen, romlebsac saSualo klasi; am arxebze im saqonlisa
da cxovrebis stilis macdunebeli scenebi gadioda, romelzec maT xeli ar miu­
wvdebodaT. jgufuri qmedebis provocirebis erT-erTi socialuri winapiroba
aseTi ekonomikuri siduxWirea.
aRsaniSnavia, rom manamde momxdari masobrivi areulobebisgan gansxvavebiT,
1992 wlis meamboxeTa samizne policia ki ara, sacalo vaWrobis maRaziebi, qarxne­
bi da sxva sawarmoebi iyo. xalxis risxva, ZiriTadad, im maRaziebisken iyo mimar­
Tuli, romlebsac koreeli-amerikelebi flobdnen (Freer, 1994). mcire saivesticio
kapitalis mflobeli imigrantebi xSirad avseben RaribTa moTxovnas produqt­
sa da sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebaze. isini warmatebas, ZiriTadad, dauRalavi
Sromisa da samuSaoze sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis daqiravebis xarjze aRweven da na­
kleb savaraudoa, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba daiqiraon. amitom arsebobs didi
albaToba imisa, rom isini gariyulni aRmoCndnen im samezoblosagan, romelsac

864
emsaxurebian (Abelmann and Lie, 1995; Morrison and Lowry, 1994). maTi Tundac mcire
warmateba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Surs iwvevs. `isini ubralod yvelafers Zvi­
rad yidian da fuls gvZalaven; axla Cven mis nawils ukan vibrunebT~ (Angeles Times,
May 1, 1992, p. A24), _ ganacxada erTma morodiorma romelic koreul komerciul
dawesebulebas Zarcvavda. afroamerikel mosaxleobasa da aziel maRaziis mepa­
troneebs Soris urTierToba samxreT-centralur raionSi gansakuTrebiT daZ­
abuli iyo, radgan cota xniT adre aziel maRaziis mepatrones pirobiTi sasjeli
Seufardes 15 wlis gogonas sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis, romelic, mepatronis az­
riT, maRaziaSi saqonels iparavda (Tierney, 1994).
Raribi afroa-merikeli mosaxleobis qalaqis Raribul ubnebSi Tavmoyra xels
uwyobs jgufur qmedebas. mosaxleoba Zalze mWidrod cxovrobs erTmaneTTan da
bevri maTgani gausaZlisi sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo drois udides nawils ga­
reT atarebs. amas isic emateba, rom bevri maTgani dausaqmebelia, bevrs ki arare­
gularuli samuSao aqvs. Sedegad, quCebi, Cveulebriv, xalxiTaa savse.
raime SemTxvevam los-anjelesis TiTqmis yvela gareubanSi gafantuli ir­
landieli-amerikelebis ganrisxeba rom gamoiwvios, swrafi mobilizacia, rac
jgufur qmedebas gamoiwvevs, praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram rodesac
samxreT-centralur raionSi xdeba rame, xalxi uceb ikribeba. ambavi kingis saq­
mis verdiqtis Sesaxeb, romelic televiziiT pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda, elvis
siswrafiT gavrcelda. aseve swrafad gavrcelda buntis dawyebis ambavic.

funqciuri dezintegracia

optimalur pirobebSi socialuri sistemis sxvadasxva elementi erTad mu­Saobs

da TiToeuli maTgani mTeli sistemis Seuferxebel funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs.
funqciuri erTianobis darRveva ki koleqtiuri qmedebis albaTobas aCens.
amerikuli sazogadoeba umetes wilad gverds uvlida RaribTa ubnebs. mewar­
meebma TavianTi qarxnebi qalaqgareT an sulac mesame samyaros qveynebSi, sacalo
vaWrobis maRaziebi da ofisebi ki gareubnebSi gadaitanes. saSualo klasis warmo­
madgenlebmac (Savkanianebmac da TeTrkanianebmac) ZiriTadad gareubnebSi gadain­
acvles. Sedegad, didi qalaqebis merebi da politikuri meqanizmebi gadamwyvet
rols aRar asruleben politikaSi. SemovliTi gzebis wyalobiT mgzavrebs qala­
qis centrSi gavlac ki ar uwevT. dRevandeli qalaqis centraluri nawili, faqto­
brivad, adrindel soflis jurRmulebs mogvagonebs da sruliad disintegrire­
bulia, mowyvetilia ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri cxovrebisagan.
los-anjelesis bunti adgilobriv politikur doneze dezintegracis magali­
Tia. los-anjelesi erTaderTi mTavari qalaqia mTel aSS-Si, sadac qalaqis mers
ar aqvs policiis Sefis daniSvnis an gadayenebis ufleba. policiis Sefi angariS­
valdebulia mxolod sapolicio komisiis winaSe. mis gadasayeneblad sapolicio
komisiam oficialurad unda mimarTos samoqalaqo saqmeTa komisias. am procedu­
ras ki, SesaZloa, Tveebi dasWirdes. ufro metic, qalaqis sabWos sapolicio komi­
siis gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba SeuZlia. mokled rom iTqvas, ar arsebobs ierar­qi­is

865
naTeli jaWvi. rodni kingis cemis faqtis Semdeg merma bredlim scada, aeZulebina
policiis Sefi _ geiTsi, gadamdgariyo, Tumca uSedegod. rodesac bunti daiwyo,
isini erTmaneTs saerTod ar elaparakebodnen. mers ar hqonda ufleba, policia sa­
kuTari iniciativiT Seeyvana im ubnebSi, sadac bunti Zalas ikrebda, policiis Sefs
surda Tavi aeridebina dapirispirebisaTvis. buntis pirvel Rames merma bredlim
qalaqSi erovnuli gvardiis Seyvana gubernator uilsons sTxova, swored guber­
nators mouwia geiTsTan da mis moadgilesTan molaparakeba Tanxmobis misaRebad.
buntis meore dRes aRWurvili gvardielebi isxdnen da brZanebas elodnen; isev
gubernators mouwia Careva da maTgan moqmedebis dawyebis moTxovna. sabolood,
adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi arsebulma ganxeTqilebam xeli SeuSala policielTa
mxridan swraf reagirebas, rasac, SesaZloa, SeeCerebina farTomasStabiani bunti
an ufro swrafad daesrulebina igi.

kulturuli konfliqtebi

amerikelTa umravlesoba da prezidenti buSic gaocebuli darCa, roca sa­

samarTlom rodni kingis procesze gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoitana. sazoga­
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad, Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis
umetesoba miiCnevda, rom verdiqti mcdari iyo da saqmeSi federaluri mTavro­
ba unda Careuliyo (Newsweek, May 11, 1992). Eam zedapiruli erTsulovnebis miRma
imaleboda amerikul kulturaSi arsebuli rasistuli memkvidreoba da Savkani­
anTa da TeTrkanianTa Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi ganxeTqileba. TeTrkanianma
kingis cemis videoCanaweris yurebisas SeiZleba ifiqros: `ase sastikad rogor
moeqcnen am sawyals?~ Savkaniani ki albaT safrTxeSic igrZnobs Tavs: `am sawylis
adgilas SeiZleboda mec vyofiliyavi!~ TeTrkanian amerikelTa umetesoba verc
warmoidgens, rom afroamerikelTa umetesobas (gansakuTrebiT mamakacebs) mud­
mivad eSiniaT policiis sisastikisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT TeTrkaniani taqsis
mZRolebis, maRaziis gamyidvelebis, ufrosi oficiantebisa da sxvaTa mxridan
Seuracxyofaze. kingis procesze gamotanilma ganaCenma maT TvalSi kidev erTxel
cxadyo is faqti, rom rac unda udanaSaulo iyos afro-amerikeli, TeTrkaniani
xelisufali mas mainc damnaSaved miiCnevs. amave dros, bevr TeTrkanian amerikels
gamudmebiT eSinia SavkanianTa Zaladobis. `SavkanianTaTvis gamamarTlebeli gana­
Ceni, xolo TeTrkanianTaTvis Semdgomi movlenebi iyo erTmaneTis mimarT arse­
buli eWvebisa da SiSis dasturi~ (Time, May 11, 1992, p. 20).
Savkanianebi da TeTrkanianebi sxvadasxvagvarad xsnidnen los-anjelesis mov­
lenebs (Lauter and Fluwood, 1992). bevri afro-amerikeli mTavar problemas xedav­
da rasobriv CagvraSi, rac im sistemis Sedegi iyo, romelic mudmivad Cagravs da
sastikad eqceva Savkanianebs. bevri TeTrkaniani ki mTavar problemad socialur
paTologias miiCnevda, rac, nawilobriv, pirovnuli upasuxismgeblobisa da fun­
damenturi ojaxuri Tu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis upativcemulobis Sedegi
iyo. am azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Sedegad warmoiqmna sapirispiro Sefasebebi Savka­
nianTa (amboxeba) da TeTrkanianTa (bunti) Soris.

866
 TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa Soris arsebuli ganxeTqileba ar iyo erTaderTi
kulturuli barieri, romelic los-anjelesis movlenebma saaSkaraoze gamoitana.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zaladobis talRa, ZiriTadad, koreeli amerikelebis wi­
naaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. getos mosaxleoba maRaziebis aziel mepatroneebs qed­
maRal da ukareba adamianebad miiCnevda (Koppel, 1992). am ori jgufis Sesarigeblad
gamarTul Sexvedraze afro-amerikelebma ganacxades, koreelebi xurdas daxlze
deben da klients xelSi ar awvdidnen, rac Savkanianebisadmi zizRis gamoxatule­
baao. koreelebma ki ganmartes, rom maT kulturaSi Seuracxyofad iTvleba ara­
naTesavTan, gansakuTrebiT ki qalTan, fizikuri Sexeba. koreelebi miCveulni ari­
an, rom momxmarebelma mas unda mosTxovos is, risi yidvac surs; afroamerikelebs
ki yvelafris daTvaliereba uyvarT. ekonomikuri konfliqtisa da uTanasworo­
bis pirobebSi aseTi umniSvnelo kulturuli normebis darRvevamac ki, SesaZloa,
didi SuRli gamoiwvios.
koreelebic umciresobas warmoadgenen los-anjelesSi da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom bevri maTgani ufro SeZlebulia, vidre maTi afro-amerikeli an laTini mezo­
blebi, isinic iseTive diskriminacias ganicdian. bevrma scada StatebSic iseT­save
sazogadoebebi daearsebina, rogoric samSobloSi hqonda, Tumca buntma Searyia
maTi rwmena ucxo qveyanaSi usafrTxo TavSesafris Seqmnis Sesaxeb (Abelmann and
Lie, 1995). isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen policiis umoqmedobiTac. policiam ver uz­
runvelyo maTi sakuTrebis dacva. erT-erTma koreelma Tqva:

yvelaze didi Soki CemTvis iyo, rodesac koreaTaunis Zarcva espanuri

warmoSobis imigrantebma daiwyes _ umetesad es swored maTi naxela­
via. es gamaognebeli iyo _ es swored is xalxi iyo, romlebTan erTa­
dac me vcxovrob da davdivar, visac vesaubrebi. erT xelSi naZarcvi
saqonliT savse bavSvis etli eWiraT, meoreSi ki bavSvi _ aman gamagiJa.
(Quoted in Abelmann and Lie, 1995w. p. 41)

konfliqtSi sxva kulturuli jgufebic aRmoCndnen CaTreuli. iaponeli da

Cineli amerikelebi aRiarebdnen, rom, erTi mxriv, eSinodaT, vinmes isinic kore­
elebad ar mieCnia; meore mxriv, ki Tavs damnaSaved grZnobdnen, sxva azielebis­
gan gamijvna rom undodaT (Woo, 1992). espanuri warmomavlobis imigrantebma am
areulobaSi gaurkveveli pozicia daiWires; isini xan brbos uerTdebodnen da
xanac msxverplis rolSi gvevlinebodnen. TeTrkaniani anglo-amerikelebi buntis
dawyebis Rames policiis StabbinasTan Sekrebil xalxs SeuerTdnen da zogjer mo­
rodiorobaSic iRebdnen monawileobas.
los-anjeless xSirad moixsenieben `msoflio qalaqad~, rogorc aSS-Si cva­
lebadi eTnikuri nazavis magaliTs. 1992 wlis movlenebma aCvena, Tu rogori aram­
dgradi SeiZleba iyos es nazavi.

867
Zalaufleba da Zalauflebis arqona

bunti Zalauflebis mopovebis mcdelobaa maT mier, visac Zalaufleba ar ga­

aCnia; es aris ukanaskneli imedi im xalxisa, romelic sayovelTaod miRebuli eko­
nomikuri Tu politikuri saSualebiT ver axerxebs sakuTari xmis sxvebisaTvis
miwvdenas. buntis dros TiTqmis yovelTvis Raribebi upirispirdebian mdidrebs.
sazogadoebis maRali fenebisaTvis bunti, SesaZloa, ugunuri, TviTdamangre­
veli, emociuri afeTqeba iyos. misi monawileebisTvis ki aseT koleqtiur qmede­
bas, SesaZloa, koleqtiuri vaWrobis forma hqondes (Piven and Cloward, 1979; Thomp-
son, 1971). masobrivi areulobis SeqmniT an muqariT buntis monawileebi mTavrobas
moqmedebisaken ubiZgeben. ukiduresad Raribma mosaxleobam, SesaZloa, CaTvalos,
rom dasakargi araferi aqvs. safrTxe, romelic maT emuqreba (Tundac represiebis
saxiT), SesaZloa, gadawonos Zalauflebis Tundac sul mcire xniT xelSi Cagdebis
survilma. los-anjelesis areulobis pirvel Rames policiis Sefma geiTsma ga­
nacxada, situacia TandaTan wynardebao. erT-erTma meamboxem ki reportiors ga­
nucxada: `es ar moxdeba, sanam amas Cven ar vityviT~. swored is aRmoCnda marTali
da ara geiTsi (Koppel, 1992).
1960-iani wlebis urbanuli amboxebebisas, romelmac mTeli aSS moicva, Zalado­
ba, ZiriTadad, afroamerikelTa getoebSi mZvinvarebda. TeTrkanianTa maRaziebic
nadgurdeboda, magram maT dasaxlebebs safrTxe ar Seqmnia. 1992 wels ki Zaladoba
gascda getos sazRvrebs da sxva eTnikuri jgufebic CaiTria. safrTxe realuri
Canda mdidari TeTrkanianebisaTvis, romlebic Tavs daculad grZnobdnen im Za­
lauflebis wyalobiT, rasac sakuTari simdidre aniWebdaT da romlebic miCveu­
li ar iyvnen Savkanianebis mxridan ZalauflebisaTvis Riad brZolas. wignebis
maRaziis mflobelis gancxadebiT: `yvelas imis SiSi hqonda, rom Raribebi alyaSi
moaqcevdnen mdidarTa ubans~ (quoted in Los Angeles times, may 7, 1992, p. J1). ange­
lenoebis mdidar ojaxs, romlebic bunts Soridan adevnebdnen Tvalyurs da Tavs
usafrTxod grZnobdnen, uecrad kvamlis suni eca... samxreT-centraluri raionis
farglebs gareT ramdenime gaZarcvuli maRazia da damwvari saxlic ki sakmarisi
aRmoCnda, rom gareubnis mdidari mosaxleobis xelSeuxeblobis fsiqologiuri
barieri darRveuliyo.

socialuri moZraobebi

socialuri moZraoba koleqtiuri qmedebis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa. am­

boxi, panika da koleqtiuri qmedebis sxva tipebi zogadad Zalian xanmoklea,
ZiriTadad, gauazrebeli da emociuri, Tumca zogjer kargad gaTvlili. socia­
luri moZraoba ki piriqiT _ xangrZlivi da gamiznuli qmedebaa socialuri cv­
lilebis gansaxorcieleblad an mis SesaCereblad. socialuri moZraoba, ZiriTa­
dad, brbos izidavs, Tumca am moZraobis farglebSi mainc SeiniSneba formaluri

868
organizaciebi ierarqiuli struqturiTa da erTmaneTTan kavSiriT (Marx and Mc-
Adam, 1995). socialuri moZraoba socialuri cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad
naklebad miRebul gzebsa da taqtikas iyenebs. sazogadoebrivi moZraoba ukmayo­
filebis gamosaxatad xSirad mimarTavs masobriv gamosvlebsa da demonstraciebs,
boikots, gaficvebs da zogjer Zaladobas, sabotaJs da sxva arakanonier qmede­
bebs (gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca sazogadoebrivi kontrolis agentebi maTTvis
xelis SeSlas cdiloben).
imis gamo, rom socialuri moZraoba funqciuri integraciis arsebul models
ewinaaRmdegeba, xSirad awydeba sxvadasxva dabrkolebas. adamianTa erTi nawili
Riad upirispirdeba mas, nawili ki gulgrili. sazogadoebrivi moZraoba mxolod
maSin aris Sedegiani, roca mniSvnelovani Zalis mokrebas axerxebs. revolucio­
nerebi socialuri cvlilebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobis saTaveSi mosvliT mo­
povebuli Zalauflebis saSualebiT cdiloben. sxva sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi
ki, rogoricaa qalTa moZraoba, ZiriTadad, kulturis _ xalxis damokidebulebis,
rwmenis, Rirebulebebis da, Sesabamisad, maTi qcevis Secvlazea orientirebuli.

socialur moZraobaTa arsis axsna

axla ganvixiloT is mizezebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis dawye­

bas uwyobs xels da xalxs cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad an maT SesaCereblad
arakanonier, xSirad sarisko, koleqtiur qmedebaSi Cabmisaken ubiZgebs.

socialuri da ekonomikuri siduxWire

sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, SesaZloa, socialurma uuflebobam da ekonomi­

kurma siduxWirem gamoiwvios. rodesac arsebuli socialuri wyobiT gamowveuli
ukmayofileba sakmarisad gaizrdeba, xalxi erTiandeba da brZolas iwyebs. karl
marqsi miiCnevda, rom revoluciebisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis gamom­
wvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi struqturuli saxis iyo. sxvadasxva warmoebis mflo­
belebi sakuTari upiratesobis mopovebas muSebis eqspluataciis xarjze cdilo­
ben. garkveuli periodis Semdeg aseTi eqspluatacia farTomasStabian siRaribesa
da siduxWires iwvevs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, revoluciis dawyebas uwyobs xels.
magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucias win uswrebda purze fasebis mkveTri zrda
(bolo samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze maRali fasi), rac 1787-88 wlebSi
cudi mosavlianobiT iyo gamowveuli. rogorc qalaqis muSebs, ise soflis mo­
saxleobas SimSili emuqreboda. 1789 wels isini ajanydnen.
rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, marqsi amtkicebda, rom kapitalistur
sazogadoebaSi manqana-danadgarebisa da qarxnuli saqonlis mzardi gamoyenebis
gamo muSebs sul ufro xSirad mouwevdaT Savi samuSaos Sesruleba, rac maT xel­
fasebs Seamcirebda da sazogadoebisagan gaucxoebis grZnobas gaumZafrebda. ka­
pitalisturi wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri bumi da aRmavloba ufro

869
daamZimebda muSaTa klasis mdgomareobas. sabolood, maT mobezrdebodaT aseTi
eqspluatacia da mCagvrelTa Camosagdebad gaerTiandebodnen.
yvela sociologi ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom siRaribis zrda adamianebSi
revoluciur ganwyobas iwvevs. frangma mkvlevarma aleqsis de tokervilma (1856w.)
xazi gausva kulturis rols revoluciebisa da sxva socialuri moZraobebis pro­
vocirebaSi. arsebuli pirobebi, SesaZloa, sagrZnoblad ar gauaresdes (albaT,
arc gaumjobesdeba), magram axali kulturuli ideebis gaCenis Semdeg adamianebs
sa­kuTari mdgomareoba, SesaZloa, autanlad moeCvenoT. ase rom, mudmivi progre­
sis cneba, rwmena, rom demokratias yvela saxis socialuri problemis gadaWra
ZaluZs, da individualizmis Rirebulebis rwmenac _ rac me-18 saukuneSi siaxle
iyo _ destabilizacias iwvevda. roca Cagruli daijerebs, rom ukeT cxovreba
SesaZlebelia, iwyebs moqmedebas. rogorc tokevili werda, `sirTuleebi, rom­
lebsac adamiani itans, radgan sxva gamosavals ver xedavs, autaneli xdeba maSinve,
rogorc ki maTgan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba gamoCndeba~ (gv. 214). sociologebi
adamianis molodinsa da maT faqtobriv pirobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas Se­
fardebiT siduxWires uwodeben (Gurr, 1970).
SefardebiT siduxWires ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs. tokvilis azriT,
erT-erTi maTgania mzardi molodini. zogi sociologis TqmiT, swored mzardi
molodini gaxda 1960-ian wlebSi getos amboxebebisa da SavkanianTa masobrivi moZ­
raobebis dawyebis mizezi (Abeles, 1976; Geschwender, 1964). 1950-iani wlebis ekonomi­
kurma aRmavlobam da samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis adreulma monapovrebma
afro-amerikelebi daarwmuna, rom sul male maTi pirobebic sagrZnoblad gaum­
jobesdeboda. Tumca, samoqalaqo uflebaTa axalma kanonmdeblobam da prezident
lindon jonsonis siRaribesTan brZolis programam bevri veraferi Secvala. jon­
sonis administraciis didebuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis dapireba aSS-is vietnamis
omSi CaTrevasTan erTad uferuldeboda. am yvelaferma xeli Seuwyo socialu­
rad feTqebadi situaciis Seqmnas. 1992 wlis los-anjelesis amboxeba swored im
imedgacruebiTa da ukmayofilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac samoqalaqo ufleba­
Ta brZolaSi miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg 1980-ian wlebis regresma gamoiwvia.
sociologma jeims devisma (1962w. 1974w.) es sqema aso J-s Seadara, radgan xan­
grZlivi aRmavlobis Semdeg mkveTri dacema grafikulad swored amobrunebul aso
J-s hgavs (ix. sqema 20.1). devisma sakuTari analizi iseTi movlenebis dakvirvebaze
daafuZna, rogoric iyo 1842 wlis doris amboxi rod ailendze, 1894 wlis pulmenis
gaficva, 1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da 1953 wlis egviptis revolucia. devi­
sis daskvniT, revolucia swored maSinaa mosalodneli, roca ekonomikuri da so­
cialuri aRmavlobis xangrZliv periods mkveTri regresi mosdevs. pirveli peri­
odi qmnis molodins, rom es aRmavloba gamudmebiT gagrZeldeba; meore periodSi
ki xalxs uCndeba imis SiSi, rom mTeli is progresi sadRac gaqra da aRarasodes
dabrundeba. devisis azriT, regresis periodSi arsebul faqtobriv pirobebze
mniSvnelovani is fsiqologiuri ganwyobaa, romelsac es pirobebi iwvevs. revo­
lucia maSin iwyeba, rodesac gansxvaveba xalxis molodinsa da realobas Soris
sagrZnoblad didia.

870
 miuRebeli naprali ada­
mianebis survilebsa da
maT dakmayofilebas
Soris

mosalodneli saWiroe­
bebis dakmayofileba
dakmayofileba

asatani naprali
adamianebis survi­
lebsa da
maT dakmayofile­ aqtualur
bas Soris survilTa
dakmayofileba

revolucia
xdeba
am dros

sqema 20.1 / devisis J mrudi revoluciis Teoria. devisis azriT, revoluciebi ufro me­
tad maSin xdeba, rodesac ekonomikur da socialur aRmavlobas cvlis mkveTri gauareseba,
rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobs SiSs, rom mTeli monapovari wyalSi Caiyreba.

wyaro: adabtirebulia jeims devisis `revoluciis Teoriidan~, amerikis sociologiuri mi­

moxilva, 1962 wlis Tebervali, gv.6

resursebis mobilizacia

Tanamedrove sociologTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom socialuri moZraobis

provocirebisTvis mxolod siduxWire ar kmara (McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald, 1988;
Tilly, 1978). isini amtkiceben, rom ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs, socialuri
moZraobebi ki arcTu xSiria, radgan ukmayofilebasTan erTad saWiroa jgufis
koleqtiuri interesebis saxeliT resursebis mobilizaciis unari. Sesabamisi
resursebisa da organizebis gareSe yvelaze metad ganawyenebuli xalxic ki ver
wamoiwyebs socialur moZraobas.
socialuri moZraobis dasaxmareblad saWiro resursebi moicavs rogorc ma­
terialur qonebas, ise adamianur unarebs (Freeman, 1979; McCarthy and Zald, 1977).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani materialuri qonebaa fuli (romliTac bevri sxva saSu­
alebis SeZena SeiZleba), masobrivi komunikaciis arxebi (bukletebi, gazeTebi, ra­
dio da televizia) moZraobis miznebis gasaxmaureblad da farTi StabbinisaTvis.
adamianuri unarebi moicavs liderobas, organizaciul niWs, pirad prestiJs (rac
mimdevarTa mozidvasa da socialuri mxardaWeris mopovebas uzrunvelhyofs) da
xalxis an im institutebis safuZvlian cnobas, romlis Secvlac moZraobis mizans
warmoadgens. gadamwyvetia moZraobis saqmianobisaTvis daTmobili dro da saqmi­
saTvis Tavdadebac (es gulisxmobs mzadyofnas, gadalaxo sirTuleebi miznis mi­
saRwevad). mxardaWeris mopoveba, SesaZloa, rogorc moZraobis wevrTagan, ise im
adamianebisgan, romlebic piradad ar monawileoben moZraobaSi, magram iziareben
mis miznebs.

871
 resursebis mobilizacisaTvis saWiroa xelsayreli socialuri garemoc (Tilly,
1978; Zald and McCarthy, 1987). SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom 1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis
keTildReobam dasabami misca ramdenime socialur moZraobas samoqalaqo ufle­
baTa, qalTa da garemos dacvis moZraobebis CaTvliT, romlebsac mogvianebiT gan­
vixilavT. keTildReobis periodSi xalxi ufro xSirad gamoxatavs mzadyofnas,
dauTmos dro, fuli da sxva resursebi RaribTa pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
resursebis mobilizaciisaTvis saWiro kidev erTi faqtoria is, rasac dag
makedami (1982w.) kognitur (SemecnebiT) gaTavisuflebas uwodebs. kognituri
gaTavisufleba xdeba maSin, roca ganawyenebuli xalxi iwyebs fiqrs usamarTlo
yofaze da am yofis koleqtiuri qmedebiT Secvlis SesaZleblobaze. adamianebma
unda Seignon, rom maTi problemebi socialuri usamarTlobis Sedegia da ara maTi
piradi marcxi; isini unda daukavSirdnen maT mdgomareobaSi myof sxva adamianebs
da saerTo interesebi pirad sargebelze win daayenon. kognituri gaTavisufleba
damokidebulia xelsayreli garemos Seqmnasa (rac imeds iZleva, rom cvlileba
SesaZlebelia) da organizebaze (rac xalxs azrebTa gacvla-gamocvlaSi exmareba).
am faqtorebs Sedegad koleqtiuri qmedeba moaqvs.
iqneba Tu ara koleqtiuri qmedeba warmatebuli, es ukve sxva sakiTxia. Cveu­
lebriv, socialuri moZraobis warmateba umetesad efeqtur xelmZRvanelobazea
damokidebuli. sociologebi liderTa ramdenime tips gamoyofen: maT Soris `agi­
tators~ anu `mqadagebels~, romelTa moTxovnebis Camoyalibebis niWi sazoga­
doebis yuradRebas ipyrobs da `administrators~, romelsac ZiriTadi aqcenti
kampaniis organizebaze aqvs gadatanili (Wilson, 1973). zogjer yvela am funqcias
erTi lideri asrulebs. magaliTad, umcrosi martin luTer kingi da beti fraid­
eni gavleniani mqadageblebi iyvnen, romlebic SavkanianTa da qalTa problemebs
axmovanebdnen; Tumca orive asrulebda administratoris movaleobasac. kingi
samxreTis qristianuli xelmZRvanelobis konferenciis spikeri iyo, fraideni ki
_ qalTa erovnuli organizaciisa. aseTi mravalmxrivi (universaluri) lidere­
bi arc ise xSiria. amitom ufro xSirad funqciebis gadanawileba sxvadasxava li­
derebs Soris maTi unarebis mixedviT xdeba.
sociologebis, jon makkartisa da meier zaldis (1973, 1977; Zald and McCarthy,
1987) mosazrebiT, Tanamedrove epoqis mravali socialuri moZraoba profesio­nali
liderebis damsaxurebaa. xalxSi dagrovili Uukmayofilebis grZnoba yovelTvis
rodi iwvevs sazogadoebriv moZraobas. gamocdil liders SeuZlia susti an Camou­
yalibebeli ukmayofileba kidev ufro gaamZafros. swored amitom aseTi moZrao­
bebi xSirad mxolod dawyebis Semdeg moipovebs xolme farTo masebis mxardaWeras.
magaliTad, moZraoba xandazmulTa jandacvisaTvis federaluri dafinansebis uz­
runvelyofis moTxovniT aSS-Si xandazmulTa iniciativiT sulac ar dawyebula. am
moZraobis sulisCamdgmeli organizacia `xandazmul moqalaqeTa erovnuli sabWo~
(NCSC) Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda an Suaxnis profesionalebiT iyo dakompleqte­
buli da AFL-CIO-s mier dafinansebuli. organizatorebi gaficvebs awyobdnen da
masebs mxardaWerisken mouwodebdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac moZraoba `amerikis
medikosTa asociaciisagan~ winaaRmdegobas waawyda, NCSC-m aqtiurad daiwyo or­
ganizaciaSi xandazmulebis gawevrianeba. amrigad, ukmayofilo jgufebis mxar­

872
daWeris mopoveba moZraobis dawyebidan karga xnis Semdeg gaxda saWiro. aqedan
naTlad sCans, rom es socialuri moZraoba profesionalurad dagegmili da gar­
eSe pirTa mier iyo organizebuli (Rose, 1967).

socialuri revolucia, rogorc

struqturuli cvlileba

sociologebis mier Seswavlili bevri sazogadoebrivi moZraoba mxolod

mokrZalebuli gardaqmnebisaTvis ibrZvis, magaliTad, moZraoba, romelic cdi­
lobs, sazogadoebrivi transporti da Senobebi ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxdes in­
validebisTvis. sxva moZraobebi ufro Zireuli cvlilebebisaken iswrafvis, rac
zogjer revoluciiT mTavrdeba. sociologi Teda skokpoli socialur revolu­
cias ganmartavs, rogorc `saxelmwifoebriv da klasobriv wyobaSi sazogadoebis
swraf da Zireul gardaqmnas... romelsac Tan sdevs da nawilobriv marTavs kla­
sobrivi amboxi~ (1979, gv. 4). klasobrivi brZolisa da sociopolitikuri trans­
formaciebis erTdroulad mimdinareoba socialur revolucias ganasxvavebs am­
boxebisagan (romelsac aranairi struqturuli cvlileba ar moaqvs) politikuri
revoluciisgan (romelic ar iTvaliswinebs cvlilebebs sazogadoebriv wyobile­
baSi) da iseTi revoluciuri procesebisagan, rogoricaa industrializacia (ro­
melic politikur wyobaSi cvlilebebs ar gulisxmobs).
skokpoli socialuri revoluciis ganmartebas marqsistuli da resursebis
mobilizaciis Teoriebis SerwymiT cdilobs. misi azriT, revoluciisaTvis klaso­
brivi konfliqti ZiriTadia, Tumca saWiroa socialuri klasis wevrebis organizebu­
lo­bisa da maTi resursebis gaTvaliswinebac. imis nacvlad, rom yvela revoluciisa­
T­vis erTi saerTo Teoria SeemuSavebina, skokpolma scada, aexsna socialuri
revolu­ciebis mizezebi sam agrarul qveyanaSi: safrangeTSi lui XVI Camogdebis
dros (1789w.), ruseTSi mefe nikoloz II Camogdebisas (1917w.) da CineTSi qingebis di­
nastiis damxobisa (1911w.) da komunisturi reJimis damyarebis periodSi (1949w.).
am revoluciebis Zireulad Seswavlis safuZvelze skokpolma gamoyo sam faq­
tori, romlebic revoluciis sxva TeoriebSi ignorirebulia:
pirveli, revolucia iSviaTad iwyeba winaswargamiznulad, Tumca misma li­
derebma, SesaZloa, Zalaufleba Caigdon xelSi; revolucia, ZiriTadad, gamowveu­
lia struqturuli krizisiT, rogoricaa mTavrobis sabiujeto deficiti an omi.
magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis rogorc arapopularobam, ise masTan dakav­
Sirebulma xarjebma biZgi misca 1917 wlis ruseTis revolucias.
meore, revoluciebi mTlianad Sida Zalebis xarjze ar xorcieldeba. saerTa­
Soriso urTierTobebi da movlenaTa ganviTarebebi (gansakuTrebiT dausrule­
beli omebi da samxedro marcxi) xels uwyobs kriziss da revoluciis dawyebas.
mesame, saxelmwifo TavisTavad arsebobs da yovelTvis ar aris damokidebuli
dominanturi klasis interesebsa da wyobaze. revolucia mimarTulia ara pirda­
pir mmarTveli klasis, aramed saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.
skopkolis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebulia sazogadoebriv wyobaze,
ZiriTad sakiTxze, rac saxelmwifos daucvels xdis. jek goldstounma (1991w.) ga­

873
navrco es Teoria da aCvena, rom mosaxleobis swrafi zrda umuSevrobis zrdis da
sakvebze fasebis inflaciis xarjze iwvevs samTavrobo kriziss, rac saxelmwifos
dasayrden struqturas asustebs.

interesebi da identobebi:
Zveli da axali socialuri moZraobebi

sazogadoebrivi moZraobis idea me-19 saukunis evropaSi gaCnda muSaTa moZ­

raobebis paralelurad. bevri damkvirvebeli, karl marqsisa da naklebad radi­
kalurad sxva moazrovneebis CaTvliT, muSaTa moZraobebs sazogadoebaSi progre­
sisa da socialuri cvlilebis mTavar Zalad miiCnevda. debatebs muSaobisaTvis
Rirseuli adgilis miniWebis Sesaxeb xSirad `socialur sakiTxs~ uwodebdnen.
iqneboda Tu ara am sazogadoebaSi mudmivi uTanasworoba da siRaribe; iqneboda
Tu ara SesaZlebeli am socialuri problemebis gadaWra. am konteqstSi sazoga­
doebrivi moZraobis cneba gulisxmobda rogorc sazogadoebis winsvlas am prob­
lemebis gadaWrisa da progresis miRwevis sakiTxSi, ise muSebisa da maTi mxardam­
Werebis mxridan progresisaTvis xelSewyobis mcdelobas.
leiboristulma moZraobam, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli evropis social-demokra­
tiuli da socialisturi moZraobebic SeuerTda, marTlac moitana dramatuli cv­
lilebebi. didwilad leiboristuli da `socialuri~ moZraobebis damsaxurebaa,
rom evropis bevr qveyanaSi ufaso sajaro ganaTleba, jandacva da umuSevarTaT­
vis kompensacia SemoiRes. moZraobis wevrebs ufro maRali xelfasebi da ukeTesi
samuSao grafiki hqondaT. isini dazRveulni iyvnen samsaxuridan usamarTlod
daTxovnisaganac. Tumca am moZraobebs kidev bevri sxva moZraoba mohyva. kidev bev­
ri Zala ibrZoda cvlilebebisaTvis da cvlilebebi sxvadasxvagvari iyo: naciona­
listuri, religiuri, qalTa uflebebisTvis, geebis uflebebisTvis, abortis sawi­
naaRmdego, cxovelTa uflebebis dacvisa da konservatorTa moZraobebic ki.
yvela am moZraobas erTi saerTo mizani hqonda: gavlena moexdina socialuri
gardaqmnebis mimdinareobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogisTvis mizani gardaqm­
nebis daCqareba, zogisTvis _ SeCereba, zogisTvis ki misi mimarTulebis Secvla
iyo, yvela Tanamedrove moZraoba gamoxatavda adamianebis rwmenas, rom maTi
bedi ara mTlianad RmerTsa Tu bedze, aramed garkveulwilad mainc maTze iyo
damokidebuli. sociolog zigmunt baumanis TqmiT, Tanamedrove adamians swams,
rom samyaro xelSeuxebeli veluri buneba ki ara, baRia, romlis srulyofilebamde
miyvanac SeuZlia adamianis xelsa da Sromas (Baumann, 1991). revolucia swored am
menta­litets asaxavs da revoluciis mizania, swrafad ganaxorcielos didi cv­
lilebebi. Tumca, bevr sxva saxis moZraobasac SeuZlia moitanos mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisa da mTeli kulturis Secvlis gziT. ase
moxda qalTa da muSaTa moZraobebis SemTxvevaSi.
Cven SeviswavleT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sxvadasxva faqtori (kulturiT daw­
yebuli da wyobilebiT damTavrebuli) socialuri moZraobebis provocirebaSi.
moZraobis miznebis gasarkvevad bevri faqtoris Seswavlaa saWiro. moZraobaTa

874
umetesoba misi wevrebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs. interesebi xSir­
ad ekonomikuria (magaliTad ufro maRali xelfasebi); magram zogjer politiku­
ricaa (magaliTad, muSaTa klasi xmis micemis uflebis mosapoveblad me-19 sauku­
neSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi evropasa da amerikaSi gamosvlebs awyobda).
socialuri moZraobebi xSirad ewyoba identurobis gamosarkvevad. aq moZrao­
bebi or nawilad mimdinareobs:
pirveli, imisaTvis rom jgufma gaarkvios ra saerTo interesi aqvT, anu adami­
anebma jer unda daadginon, Tu ra saerTo identuroba gaaCniaT. unda gaerTiandnen
Tu ara iseT jgufebSi, rogoricaa muSebi, Tu ufro viwro specialobis mixedviT,
magaliTad mewaRe an zeinkali. gaerTiandebian Tu ara Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
muSebi, radgan muSis saerTo identuroba gaaCniaT, Tu rasobrivi identuroba
SeuSlis xels? amerikis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi swored ase xde­
boda. imis gamo, rom saerTo miznisaTvis brZolaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTo
identurobas, muSaTa moZraobas swored rasobrivi ganxeTqileba uTxrida Zirs.
meore, identuroba Tavad warmoadgens brZolis SesaZlo obieqts. zogi maso­
brivi moZraoba miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis mier moZraobis wevrTa saerTo
identurobis legitimurobis aRiarebasa da pativiscemis mopovebas (Taylor, 1995).
es exeba geebisa da lesboselebis moZraobebs. geebis moZraobebi misi wevrebis
interesebs misdevs, rac Tavis mxriv geebis identurobis aRiarebasTanaa dakav­
Sirebuli. am moZraobis ZiriTadi mizania, rom amerikulma (da msoflio) kul­
turam gei-identuroba legitimurad aRiaros.
zogi Teoretikosi aRniSnavs, rom identurobis sakiTxi dRevandel moZrao­
bebSi (magaliTad, garemos dacvis, qalTa, geebisa da lesboselebis, religiur
uflebaTa damcveli moZraobebi) ufro did rols TamaSobs, vidre muSaTa da adre
arsebul sxva moZraobebSi. aseT moZraobebs maT `axali socialuri moZraobebi~
uwodes (Cohen and Arato, 1992; Melucci, 1989; Tourain, 1981, 1988). sxva Teoretikosebi ki
amtkiceben, rom identurobis sakiTxi sxvadasxva doziT mniSvnelovani iyo yvela
adrindeli moZraobisTvisac (Colhaun, 1993; Tucker, 1991).
im socialur moZraobebs, romlebic mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben iden­
turobis sakiTxs, ramdenime ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba gaaCniaT. isini ufro Tav­
dacvaze arian orientirebulni, vidre Tavdasxmaze. magaliTad, garemos dacvis
moZraoba cdilobs, garemo teqnologiisa da araracionaluri gamoyenebisagan
daicvas. religiuri uflebebis dacvis moZraoba cdilobs tradiciuli Rireb­
ulebebi im Zalebisgan daicvas, romlebic Zirs uTxrian maT. maT, SesaZloa, poli­
tikur qmedebebsac mimarTon, raTa gavlena moaxdinon piradi cxovrebis iseT
aspeqtebze, rogoricaa ojaxi da sqesobrivi urTierTobebi, radgan isini funda­
menturia xalxis identurobisaTvis. aseve SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove adamianebma
erTdroulad ramdenime moZraobaSi miRos monawileoba, magaliTad, religiur da
garemos dacvis, an qalTa da geebis moZraobebSi. TeoretikosTa azriT, Taname­
drove moZraobebi amiTac didad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli leiboristuli da so­
cialuri moZraobebisagan, romlebic cdilobdnen muSaTa klasis yvela problemi­
saTvis erTi, yovlismomcveli gadawyvetileba epovaT.

875
 ganvixiloT ori mniSvnelovani amerikuli moZraoba, romlebSic interese­
bica da identurobac Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. samoqalaqo uflebaTa da qalTa
moZraobebma mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra socialuri gardaqmnebis msvleloba
Tana­medrove amerikaSi. orive moZraoba dRemde aqtiuria, Tumca TiToeuli moZ­
raobis wevrebi progress sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvraven, isini Tanxmdebian im
azrze, rom afroamerikelTa da yvela eTnikuri warmomavlobis amerikel qalTa
materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli.
amave dros, qalebi, Savkanianebis msgavsad, sazogadoebaSi saTanado pativiscemis
mosapoveblad ibrZvian. da bolos, identurobis sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia SavkanianTa da qalTa moZraobebSi, radgan rogorc qalebs ise Savkanianebs
am erTi konkretuli identurobis garda sxvac gaaCniaT. es identuroba, nawilo­
briv, emTxveva da zogjer ejibreba erTmaneTs. amrigad, 1995 wels `islamis naci­
is~ moZRvris luis faraxanis mier organizebuli `milioni kacis marSi~ mxolod
Savka­nia­ni mamakacebis identurobaze iyo orientirebuli da, Sesabamisad, zogi
Savkaniani qalis kritika gamoiwvia. Cndeba kiTxvebi: saTanadod gamoxatavs Tu ara
Savkaniani mamakacebisagan Semdgari nacionalisturi moZraoba qalTa interesebs
da sakmarisad seriozulad aRiqva Tu ara ZiriTadad TeTrkanianebisgan dakom­
pleqtebulma qalTa moZraobam Savkaniani qalebis specifiuri moTxovnilebebi
(Collins, 1991; hooks, 1989).

samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraoba

1992 wlis los-anjelesis bunti SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc 1950-60-iani

wlebis samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis gamoZaxili. aSS-is Tanamedrove istoriis
erT-erTi yvelaze farTomasStabiani da efeqturi jvarosnuli laSqroba _ samo­
qalaqo uflebaTa moZraoba dResac grZeldeba, raTa gadaWras afroamerikelTa
problemebi da daicvas maTi interesebi.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraoba 1950-ian wlebSi samxreTSi daiwyo. es farTo­
masStabiani protesti mimarTuli iyo e.w. jim qraus kanonis winaaRmdeg, romelic
rasobriv segregaciasa da rasobriv terorizms akanonebda. afroamerikelebi ara­
sodes, monobis pirobebSic ki ar aRiarebdnen TeTrkanianTa dominantobas, Tumca
arsebul Zalauflebas Riad iSviaTad upirispirdebodnen. ratom daiwyo es moZ­
raoba 1950-ian wlebSi? erT-erTi mizezi Savkanianebis sruli uufleboba gaxda.
meore msoflio omSi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani jariskacebi erTad ibrZodnen
saerTo mtris, adolf hitleris nacisturi reJimisa da rasistuli politikis wi­
naaRmdeg. aSS-is armiasa da evropaSi maT ise eqceodnen, rogorc sruluflebian
moqalaqeebs. da mainc, umidan samxreTSi dabrunebul Savkanian veteranebs arc
xmis micemis ufleba hqondaT da sazogadoebrivi Sadrevnidan wylis dalevac ki
ekrZalebodaT. kanonebi da Cveulebebi, romlebic erT dros Cveulebrivi Canda,
omis Semdeg autaneli gaxda (Morris, 1984).
meore mizezi mzardi molodini iyo. 1954 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmis
`brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~ ganxilvisas ukanonod scno segregaciuli
skolebi, radgan isini `Tavisi arsiT uTanasworoa~. pirobiTad yvela saxis seg­

876
regacia arakonstituciurad iTvleboda da SavkanianTa molodini integraciis
Sesaxeb, TeTrkanianTa organizebulma da zogjer Zaladobrivma winaaRmdegobam
gaacamtvera. samxreTeli gubernatorebi acxadebdnen, rom sasamarTlos gadaw­
yvetilebas ar daemorCilebodnen; Seiqmna TeTrkanian moqalaqeTa sabWoebi, raTa
SavkanianebisaTvis nebismieri gziT `mieCinaT sakuTari adgili~; gulwrfelad
arc respublikeli prezidenti aizenhaueri an demokratiuli kongresi cdilobda
SavkanianTa daxmarebas (Morris, 1984).
moZraobis dawyebis mesame faqtori xelsayreli struqturuli garemo iyo
(Evans and Boyte, 1992; Tilly, 1978, 1986). soflis meurneobis meqanizaciam aiZula moi­
jare-monaxevreebi, fermebidan samxreTis (an zogjer CrdiloeTis) qalaqebSi ga­
dasaxlebuliyvnen. aq isini ukve kompaqturad iyvnen dasaxlebulni da qmnidnen im
`kritikul masas~, rac aucilebelia efeqturi koleqtiuri qmedebisTvis.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis dawyebas uSualo biZgi 1956 wels `Savka­niani
mkeravisa da feradkaniani xalxis winsvlis erovnuli asociaciis~ alabamas fili­
alis yofili mdivnis, roza parksis dapatimrebam misca. parksi daapatimres, radgan
man sazogadoebriv transportSi adgili ar dauTmo TeTrkanian mgzavrs. erT kvira­
Si SavkanianTa sazogadoebam daaarsa montgomeris gaumjobesebis asociacia, mis pre­
zidentad airCia axalgazrda moZRvari umcrosi martin luTer kingi da moawyo qa­
laqis avtobusebis boikoti. dagegmili erTi dRis nacvlad boikoti erT weliwads
gagrZelda da mTeli samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobisaTvis maga­liTad iqca. aRsa­
niSnavia, rom boikotis mizani iyo ara mxolod diskriminaciis dasruleba, aramed im
azris win wamowevac, rom Savkanianebi sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi iyvnen
da iseTive mopyrobas imsaxurebdnen, rogorsac TeTrkanianebi. amrigad, mTlianad
samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis msgavsad, es boikotic SavkanianTa interesebis
win wamowevasTan erTad miznad isaxavda maTi identurobis damtkicebas.
samxreTis qristianuli xelmZRvanelobis konferenciis (SCLC) lideri kingi
moZraobas montgomeridan selmasa da Semdeg birmingemis (alabamas) Statisaken
waruZRva. kingi araZaladobrivi dapirispirebis mqadagebeli iyo. mas ar gaaCnda
politikuri Zalaufleba, amitomac amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebs SeeZloT samo­
qalaqo daumorCileblobis, ekonomikuri boikotisa da sajaro Sercxvenis sa­
SualebiT eiZulebinaT TeTrkaniani kanonmdeblebi maTTvis uflebebi mieniWe­
binaT. 1960 wlis gazafxulze moZraobas SeuerTdnen studentebi samxreTis im
kolejebidan, sadac, ZiriTadad, Savkanianebi swavloben. isini studentTa araZa­
ladobrivi sakordinacio komitetis (SNCC) proteqciis qveS restornebsa da
sxva sajaro adgilebSi gaficvebs awyobdnen. sul male `moZraobas aSS-is yvela
Savkanian SeuerTda~ (Newman, et al., 1978, p. 19). marto 1960 wels Statebis 100 qalaq­
Si demonstraciebSi 50 000 adamianma (ZiriTadad, afroamerikeleba) miiRo monaw­
ileoba. demonstrantebs emuqrebodnen, Tavs policiis ZaRlebiT da wylis Wav­
liT esxmodnen, apatimrebdnen, samsaxurebidan iTxovdnen, sakuTari saxlebidan
asaxlebdnen da eklesiebidan xelyumbarebiT aZevebdnen, magram demonstraciebi
mainc grZeldeboda. TeTrkanianTa TanagrZnoba demonstrantebis mimarT izrde­
boda, nawi­lobriv masobrivi dapatimrebebiTa da sastiki TavdasxmebT gamowveuli
zizRis gamo, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom moZraobis miznebs isinic eTanxmebodnen.

877
1963 wels daaxloebiT 250 000 demonstranti, romelTa Soris bevri TeTrkaniani
iyo, vaSingtonisaken, kolumbiis olqisaken gaemarTa, raTa moesmina kingis cno­
bili sityva: `me maqvs ocneba...~
sabolood, 1964 wels, prezidentma jonsonma kongresi daarwmuna, rom jon
ficjerald kenedis xsovnis pativsacemad saukeTeso monumenti samoqalaqo
uflebaTa aqtis miReba iqneboda. amiT moZraoba, ra Tqma unda, dasrulda, magram
es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani gadatrialeba aSS-is istoriaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kingi am moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo da orga­
nizaciebi SCLS, SNCC, CORE (rasobrivi Tanasworobis kongresi, daarsda 1940 wels)
da NAACP (daarsda 1909 wels) mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda, samoqalaqo ufle­
baTa moZraobis mTavar dasayrdens aTeulobiT adgilobrivi saprotesto jgu­
fisagan Semdgari farTo masebi warmoadgenda. yvelaze xSirad adgilobrivi xal­
xis organizeba SavkanianTa eklesiebSi xdeboda (Morris, 1984). jim qraus periodSi
eklesia iyo erTaderTi instituti, sadac samxreTeli TeTrkanianebi Savkanianebs
garkveul organizaciul Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen. SavkanianTa eklesiebs soci­
ologebi uwodeben Tavisufal sivrces, sadac xalxs SeuZlia ifiqros, isaubros,
aRmoaCinos Tavisi namdvili identuroba da miswrafebebi im damkvirveblebisa
da kontroliorebisgan Sors, vinc maTi cxovrebis danarCen aspeqtebs marTavs
(Evans and Boyte, 1992). eklesiebSi samxreTeli Savkanianebi iZendnen sakuTari or­
ganizaciebis Seqmnisa da marTvis gamocdilebas; liderebs, anu moZRvrebs, rom­
lebic, ZiriTadad, Tavisufalni iyvnen TeTrkanianTa sazogadoebisagan; sako­
munikacio qsels; musikisa da oratorobis kulturul tradicias maTi saerTo
imedebisa da SiSis gadmosacemad. samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobas daxmareba
gare Zalebisganac hqonda. magaliTad, masmediam didi roli Seasrula Crdiloeli
TeTrkanianebis TanagrZnobis mopovebaSi. sazogadoebas sindisi qenjnida, roca
televizorsa da Jurnal Life-is furclebze xedavda, rogor uswordeboda policia
wylis WavliTa da ZaRlebiT Savkanian mamakacebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, aranair winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen maT. moZraobis pirvel xanebSi
Crdiloeli TeTrkaniani studentebi sakuTari sicocxlis riskis fasad iRebdnen
monawileobas samxreTSi gamarTul demonstraciebSi; maTi daxasiaTebebi kvlevis
meTodebis qveTavSia ganxiluli. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo ufle­
baTa moZraobas mxars uWerda uzenaesi sasamarTlo da mTavrobis ramdenime wevri.
jon kenedi jer kidev prezidentobis kandidatad yofnisas daexmara martin luTer
kings cixidan gamosvlaSi da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, lindon jonsonmac sakuTari
Zalaufleba gamoiyena kongresSi samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis gasatanad. miuxeda­
vad am yvelafrisa, moZraobis ZiraiTadi dasayrdeni mainc Raribi da xSirad moxuci
da cudad ganaTlebuli samxreTeli soflis mosaxleoba iyo, aqtivistebs TavSesa­
friTa da mxardaWeriT rom uzrunvelhyofdnen (Newman et al., 1978).
1960-iani wlebis bolosaTvis moZraoba ukve Zalas kargavda. 1968 wels kingis
mkvlelobamdec ki daiwyo saubrebi moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvlis Sesaxeb.
sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebi xSirad kamaTobdnen. axal­gazrdebi ufro
agresiulad iyvnen ganwyobilni, vidre ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi; axal­
gazrdebi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen CrdiloeTis qalaqebis Raribi, urbanuli

878
mosaxleobis problemebs; eWvi SehqondaT mSvidobiani qmedebebis efeqturobaSi;
mouwodebdnen separatizmisaken (da ara gaerTianebisaken); saubrobdnen afrikasa
da mesame samyaros qveynebTan dakavSirebasa da revoluciaze (Newman et al., 1978).
1963 wlis vaSingtonis demonstraciis Semdeg mSvidobiani aqciebisadmi mediamac
dakarga interesi da ufro dramatul ambebs Zebna daiwyo. mediam aitaca SNCC-s
axalgazrda wevris mowodeba `SavkanianTa Zalauflebisaken~. es fraza, Jurna­
listebis azriT, moZraobis miznebis Secvlaze mianiSnebda. afroamerikelebi am
frazas sxvadasxvagvarad xsnidnen: mas zogi saarCevno politikaSi ufro aqtiuri
monawileobisaken mowodebad aRiqvamda, zogi _ SavkanianTa Rirsebis aRiarebis
moTxovnad da zogic _ ufro agresiuli qmedebebisaken mowodebad. TeTrkanianTa
umetesoba ki darwmunebuli iyo, rom `SavkanianTa Zalaufleba~ mxolod erT ra­
mes niSnavda: maT winaaRmdeg Zaladobas.
TiTqos swored am cvlilebis dasturad 1965 wlis zafxulSi los-anjele­
sis uotsis SavkanianebiT dasaxlebul raionSi bunti daiwyo, romlis Sedegadac
34 adamiani daiRupa. 1966 da 1967 wlebSi momxdarma amboxebebma qveynis 67 qa­
laqi moicva. bunti mohyva 1968 wels doqtori kingis mkvlelobasac (samoqalaqo
areulobaTa erovnuli sakonsultacio komisia, 1968). amboxebebma ufro gaaZlie­
ra TeTrkanianTa SiSi; Savkaniani liderebi ki im faqtma SeaSfoTa, rom es amboxe­
bebi Tavad SavkanianTa sazogadoebebs uqmnida safrTxes. msgavsi movlenebi yve­
la sazogadoebrivi moZraobis problebaa. sazogadoebis yuradRebis misaqc­evad
da saqmis mniSvnelobis saCveneblad saWiroa moZraobis zrda, Tumca, SesaZloa,
igi gascdes liderTa kontrolis areals da sul sxva mimarTuleba miiRos. axal
wevrebs xSirad akliaT Zveli wevrebis disciplina da Tavdadeba.
nawilobriv amboxebebisa da nawilobriv mravalwliani mSvidobiani moZrao­
bis sapasuxod mTavrobam gaaZliera brZola rasobrivi uTanasworobis aRmosafx­
vrelad. segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg kanonebis miRebasTan erTad
mTavroba dgamda nabijebs integraciisa da Tanabari pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da
amaves moiTxovda sxva organizaciebisaganac. 1960-iani wlebis bolos moZraobis
Sesustebis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom mTavroba moZraobis bevri miznis gan­
xorcielebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda.
1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobam ver aRmofxvra
arsebuli uTanasworoba, Tumca igi aSS-is istoriaSi gansakuTrebul movlenad
iqca. misi Sedegebi gascda SavkanianTa sazogadoebebs da gavlena moaxdina mTel
sazogadoebaze. samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobam gavlena garkveulwilad aSS-is
politikis Camoyalibebazec moaxdina. miznis misaRwevad araZaladobrivi kon­
frontaciis cneba masobrivi msvlelobebis, gaficvebis da sxva demonstraciebis
saxiT, politikuri kulturis nawilad iqca. ufro konkretulad ki, samoqalaqo
uflebaTa moZraoba iyo magaliTi da gakveTilic iseTi socialuri moZraobebisT­
vis, rogorebicaa 1960-iani wlebis studentTa da omis sawinaaRmdego moZraobe­
bi, Tanamedrove qalTa moZraoba, migrant fermis muSaTa moZraoba, pan-indoeTis
moZraoba, geebis moZraoba, dabolos, garemos dacvis moZraoba.

879
 kvlevis meTodebi

socialuri moZraobebis aqtiur monawileTa Seswavla

s amoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bevri studenti uWerda mxars,
Tumca moZraobis aqtiuri monawile gacilebiT naklebi gaxda. vin iyvnen es studentebi da
ra gavlena moaxdina maT momaval cxovrebaze am moZraobebSi monawileobam?
erT-erTma sociologma, romelic samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtivizmis gamomwvevi mizezebisa
da maTi Sedegebis SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli, kvlevis teqnikis saintereso kombinacia _
istoriuli dokumentebis Seswavla da monawile pirebTan gasaubreba gamoiyena.
dag mak edamma (1986w. 1989w.) dakvirveba ganaxorciela 1964 wlis `Tavisuflebis zafxulis~
monawile­ebze. am moZraobaSi monawileobda CrdiloeTis kolejebis asobiT studenti, romelTa
umetesoba TeTrkaniani iyo. isini Cavidnen misisipiSi, raTa iqaurebs Tavisuflebis skolebis
CamoyalibebaSi, Savkanian amomrCevelTa registraciaSi daxmarebodnen da samxreTSi afro­
amerikelTa samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis wamowyebuli moZraoba kidev ufro gaemZafrebinaT.
studentebma miznis misaRwevad sakuTari sicocxle gawires, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelo­
biT: proeqtis dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi sami moxalise _ maikl Sverneri, jeims Ceini da en­
driu gudmani segregacionistTa jgufma gaitaca da mokla. zogi monawile ki cemis, dabombvis,
da­patimrebis msxverpli gaxda. isinic iseTsave siduxWiresa da zewolis qveS cxovrobdnen, ro­
gorc maTi maspinZeli SavkanianTa ojaxebi.
`Tavisuflebis zafxulSi~ monawileobisTvis moxaliseebs vrceli saaplikacio forma
unda SeevsoT. es formebi, mak adamis sabednierod, arqivSi aRmoCnda daculi (arasociologi­
uri mizniT Seqmnili Canawerebi xSirad mniSv­nelovani xdeba sociologiuri kvlevebisaTvis). am
Canawerebis daxmarebiT man SeZlo Seedarebina 720 monawilisa da im 239 studentis monacemebi,
romlebic moZraobis rigebSi miiRes, Tumca maT Semdgom monawileobaze uari ganacxades. am ori
jgufis yvela wevri aqtiurad iziarebda samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis miznebs. gansxvaveba
ar iyo arc maT ganaTlebaSi, saqmianobasa Tu ojaxur mdgomareobaSi, amitom verc es SeuSlida
xels moZraobaSi maT aqtiur monawileobas.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ramdenime iyo: monawileebi, danarCenebisgan gansxvavebiT, ukve iyvnen
gaerTianebulni sxva­dasxva politikur organizaciaSi; monawileebi asaxelebdnen sxva moxali­
seebsa da aqtivistebs, romlebic informirebulebi unda yofiliyvnen maTi sazafxulo samuSao
gegmis Sesaxeb, es ki imas niSnavda, rom isini CarTulebi iyvnen aqtivistTa qselSi da ufro eqvem­
debarebodnen socialur zewolas. monawileebs aseve ukve hqondaT msgavsi sarisko qmedebebis
gamocdileba.
mak edamma daaskvna, rom rwmenac da damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovani iyo, gadamwyveti faq­
torebi _ `monawileTa~ ukve arsebuli organizaciuli da pirovnuli kavSirebi samoqalaqo
uflebebis moZraobasTan struqturuli iyo.
aqtivizmis Sedegebis Sesaswavlad mak adamma Sromatevadi samuSao gaswia _ oci wlis Semdeg
(McAdam, 1989) moZebna da gamokiTxa orasze meti monawile da asi maTgani, vinc monawileobaze
uari Tqva. man daadgina, rom bevri monawilis­Tvis `Tavisuflebis zafxuli~ aqtivistis karieris
dasawyisi aRmoCnda. rodesac samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobasSi monawileoba problematuri
gaxda, bevri monawile studentur, antisaomar da qalTa moZraobebSi gaerTianda. maTgan mesa­
medze mets aqtivisturi saqmianobisTvis gasamrjelos uxdidnen. TiTqmis naxevarma ganacxada,
rom jer isev CarTuli iyo socialur moZraobebSi. imaTgan gansxvavebiT, vinc `Tavisuflebis
zafxulSi~ monawileoba ar miiRo, monawileebs naklebi Semosavali hqondaT da arc sakuTari

880
ojaxi hyavdaT, rasac im mizeziT xsnidnen, rom politikur miznebs pirad miznebze maRla ay­
enebdnen. `Tavisuflebis zafxulis~ Semdeg aqtivistebi saqmisadmi kidev ufro Tavdadebulni
gaxdnen da aqtivistebis qselSi kidev ufro aqtiurad Caebnen. `bevri maTganisTvis~ axali memar­
cxene politika piraduli Tu politikuri cxovrebis mamoZravebel principad iqca~ _ ambobs
mak adami (1989w. gv. 758).
es saintereso daskvnebi amtkicebs, rom sociologiuri SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT
Sedegis momtania sxva­dasxva kvleviTi teqnikis Serwyma.

qalTa moZraoba
qalTa organizebul saprotesto gamosvlebs aSS-Si didi istoria aqvs. me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi xmis micemis uflebis mopovebisaTvis didi moZraoba daiwyo.
gamarjvebis Semdeg feministuri moZraoba Cacxra da mis Semdgom periods una­yofo
wlebi ewoda (Klein, 1984), Tumca mas Semdegac aqtiuroba, nawilobriv, grZeldeboda
da qalTa sakiTxebi aqtualuri rCeboda. amasobaSi socialurma faqtorebma ufro
masStaburi saxis qmedebebis dawyeba ganapiroba.
am socialur ZalaTagan erT-erTi 1963 wels bei fridanis wigni gaxda saxel­
wodebiT `qaluri mistika~. wignma imxela gavlena moaxdina, rom bevri mecnieri
mis gamocemas `Tanamedrove qalis~ an feministuri moZraobis Camoyalibebas
utolebs. wigniT fridani milionobiT amerikel qals esaubreboda `problemaze,
romelsac saxeli ar gaaCnia~. bevri qali Tavs damokidebulad da gariyulad, sa­
kuTar SesaZleblobebs ki ganuxorcieleblad miiCnevda. maT bavSvobidan STa­
agonebdnen, uari eTqvaT sakuTar damoukideblobaze, daeTmoT kariera, piradi av­
tonomia da cxovreba mTlianad ojaxisa da SvilebisaTvis zrunvisTvis mieZRvnaT.
fridanma sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyro im qalebis problemebsac, romleb­
sac uintereso da dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao hqondaT. qalebma gaacnobieres
problemis masStaburoba da mixvdnen, rom erTiani ZalebiT SeZlebdnen TavianTi
pirobebis gaumjobesebas. es iyo maTi Segnebuli gaTavisuflebis dasawyisi. gaac­
nobieres, rom cvlilebebi gardauvali iyo (McAdam, 1989).
Tanasworuflebianobis moTxovniT qalTa moZraobis wamowyebas fridanis
wignis garda sxva faqtorebmac Seuwyo xeli. erT-erTi maTgani iyo moZraoba
SavkanianTa uflebebisaTvis, ramac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxada calkeuli
jgufebis mimarT usamarTloba da zewola. sainteresoa, rom adamianTa ufle­
bebis, studentebisa da antisaomar gamosvlebSi gamocdileba qalebisaTvis mniS­
vnelovani magaliTi aRmoCnda. am moZraobebSi maT xSirad iseT rutinul samuSaos
akeTebinebdnen, rogoricaa beWdva, satelefono zarebis miReba da yavis momza­
deba. isini muSaobdnen sxvebisTvis TanasworuflebianobisTvis maSin, rodesac
Tavad ar sargeblobdnen Tanabari uflebebiT.
cnobilia, rom socialuri moZraobisaTvis saWiroa ara mxolod usamarTlobis
SegrZneba, aramed resursebis mobilizebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, organizebuli
unda iyos. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula qalTa statusis Semswavlel­
ma komisiebma, romlebic 1963 wels ormocdaaTive StatSi Camoyalibda. sociolo­

881
gi jo frimeni (1979w.) amtkicebda, rom 1960-ian wlebSi qalTa moZraoba ver Sedge­
boda, rom ara sakomunikacio qseli, romelsac es komisiebi uzrunvelyofda. maT
Sekribes cnobili da politikurad aqtiuri qalebi, romlebic eTerSi zogad
problemebsa da am problemebis koleqtiuri gadaWris meTodebze saubrobdnen.
amgvarad, 1960-ian wlebSi qalebis mimarT damokidebuleba iseTive rCeboda, ro­
goric aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, magram raRac Zireuli mainc Seicvala. `rac
Seicvala~, organizaciuli mxare iyo. moZraoba daiwyo, ganviTarda da, ubralod,
spontanuri amboxis farglebs mas Semdeg gascda, rac msgavsad moazrovne ada­
mianebs Soris sakomunikacio qseli ganviTarda,~ _ werda frimeni (gv. 804).
gamofxizlebuli qalebis moZraoba or doneze moZraobda (Boles, 1991; Stoper,
1991). pirvel rigSi, es mamakaceb­Tan Tanasworuflebianobis mopovebis mcdeloba
iyo. qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli aqtivistebis umetesoba aqcents zomieri re­
formebis gatarebaze akeTebda, gansakuTrebiT ki imaze, rom qalebs kacebTan Tana­
bar pirobebSi muSaobis saSualeba miscemodaT. zogi aqtivisti imasac cdilobda,
Zireuli cvlilebebi moexdina qalis pirovnebasa da sazogadoebis mier mis aRq­
maSi. es radikali feministebi miiCnevdnen, rom amerikis kulturul instituteb­
Si, gansakuTrebiT ki ojaxSi Zireuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba iyo saWiro.
maTi azriT, es cvli­lebebi unda gascdenoda mamakacisa da qalis Tanasworufle­
bianobis ubralod aRiarebis farglebs. cnobili lozungis mixedviT `pirovnuli
politikuria~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gansxvaveba ZalauflebaSi, rac xalxis
pirovnuli urTierTobebis formirebas axdenda, unda gamxdariyo sazogadoebisa
da politikuri aqtivizmis sagani. qalTa moZraobam moaxdina rogorc masStaburi
formaluri organizaciebis, aseve mcire araformaluri jgufebis mobilizeba.
maT Soris iyo `erovnuli organizacia qalebisaTvis~ (NOW). is daarsda 1966 wels,
rodesac beti fraidenis sastumros oTaxSi Seikribnen qalebi, romlebic qalTa
statusis komisiebis mesame erovnul konferencias eswrebodnen. isini SeSfoTe­
bulebi iyvnen imiT, rom komisiebi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs ver aR­wevdnen da
neli tempiT moqmedebdnen. organizaciis prezidentad fraideni dainiSna. orga­
nizacia gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda 1969 wels, rodesac erovnul mediaSi qalTa
gaTavisuflebis Tema aqtualuri gaxda.
NOW, romelic erovnuli sabWosa da 800 an meti adgilobrivi ganyofilebisa­
gan Sedgeboda, sasamarTlos, lobirebis, demonstraciebis, boikotebisa da sxva
gzebiT cdilobda, mieRwia iseTi miznebisaTvis, rogorebicaa ganaTlebis re­
forma, masmediaSi qalis arastereotipuli xedva, abortis amkrZalveli kanonebis
gauqmeba, lesboselTa uflebebis dacva; religiaSi, politikasa da sportSi qalis
rolis gazrda da Sesworebis Setana kanonSi `Tanaswori uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (ERA).
dafuZnda qalTa araerTi profesiuli gaerTianeba, rogoric magaliTad WEAL
(qalTa TanasworobisTvis moqmedi liga), romelic aqcents iuridiul sakiTxebze
akeTebda da NWPC (qalTa erovnuli politikuri gaerTianeba), romelic muSa­obda
sajaro samsaxurebSi qalTa dasaqmebaze.
mravali feministi NOW-s msgavsi organizaciebis mxardaWerasTan erTad, ufro
masStaburi moZraobis ganviTarebas cdilobda, romelic bevri damoukidebeli
adgilobrivi jgufisgan iqneboda formirebuli. am aqtivistTa nawili cdilobda

882
mieRwia imisaTvis, rom NOW-s emuSava ara mxolod iseT `usafrTxo~ sakiTxebze,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, ara­med ebrZola
lesboselebis, uuflebo colebisa da sxva qalebis uflebebisaTvis, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, ignorirebulebi iyvnen masmediisa da politikosebis mier. bevri
radikali feministi uaryofda ierarqiulad maRla mdgom struqturul orga­
nizaciebs im mosazrebiT, rom isini abrkolebdnen ufro dabal safexurze mdgom
formirebebs. sanacvlod biznesmenebma Camoaya­libes Tanasworobis principze
damyarebuli jgufebi, romlebic cdilobdnen ara mxolod asparezis gafarToe­
bas qalebisaTvis, aramed adamianebis urTierTobebisa da rolebis struqturis
cvlilebasac. am jgufebis didi nawili aqcents Segnebis amaRlebaze akeTebda:
ideebisa da gamocdilebebis gaziarebiT wevrebi cdilobdnen, gamoevlinaT ma­
namde arsebuli, gaucnobierebeli damokidebulebebi da qmedebebi, romelTac
mamakacebsa da qalebTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. isini imedovnebdnen, rom es
axali cnobiereba damokidebulebebisa da qmedebebis cvlilebaSi daexmarebodaT,
rac ufro Tanaswori sazogadoebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. bevrma aqtivistma sa­
ganmanaTleblo saqmianobas mihyo xeli, Camoyalibda qalTa centrebi; klinikebi,
sadac abortis gakeTeba iyo SesaZlebeli; TavSesafrebi gaupatiurebis msxverp­
lTaTvis da im qalebisTvis, romlebsac qmrebi fizikur Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen;
feministuri wignis maRaziebi, gamocemebi; bavSvTa movlis centrebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis qalTa moZraobam mniSvnelovan progress
miaRwia qalebisaTvis samuSao SesaZleblobebis gafarToebaSi. dabrkolebebi da
uTanasworoba isev arsebobda, magram qalebi TandaTan mkvidr­debodnen im sfe­
roebSi, sadac manamde mxolod kacebi moRvaweobdnen; maTi anazRaurebac TandaTan
matulobda. Tumca, aman kidev erTi sakiTxi wamoWra: kerZod, rogor SeeTavsebi­
naT erTmaneTisaTvis samsaxurebrivi da ojaxuri rolebi. amis sapasuxod femi­
nistebma axali moTxovnebi wamoayenes: bavSvTa movlis finansurad xelmisawvdo­
mi centrebi, anazRaurebadi dekretuli Svebuleba, moqnili samuSao grafiki da
ojaxuri samuSaos col-qmars Soris ganawileba.
ERA-s sawinaaRmdego moZraoba 1970-iani wlebis qalTa moZraobisTvis mTa­
vari dabrkoleba iyo. kontrmoZraoba socialuri moZraobaa, romelic yalibdeba
sxva, ukve mimdinare moZraobisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. kontrmoZraobis
antifeministi liderebi qalTa moZraobas rig socialur cvlilebebSi adana­
Saulebdnen (maT Soris usafuZvlo ganqorwineba da abortis dakanoneba), rac, maTi
azriT, ojaxis stabilurobisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda. antifeministebisT­
vis ERA iyo dedisa da meuRlis tradiciul rolebze gamanadgurebeli Tavdasxma.
imisaTvis, rom ERA-s proeqti ar damtkicebuliyo, antifeministebma Seqmnes kon­
trmoZraobis jgufebi: iutas StatSi _ `kacTmoyvareni Cveni gogoebis degrada­
ciis winaaRmdeg~ (HOTDOG), viskonsinis StatSi _ `davicvaT Cveni qalebi~ (POW)
da teqsasis StatSi _ `qalebi, romelTac surT iyvnen qalebi~ (WWWW). erovnul
kontrmoZraobas saTaveSi edga filis Slefli, romelmac Tavi mouyara aTasobiT
qals kampaniaSi, saxelwodebiT `SevaCeroT ERA~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom jgufebis umetesoba NOW-sa da sxva wamyvan orga­
nizaciebze gacilebiT mcire masStabis iyo, qalTa moZraobas maTi saqmianoba

883
sakmaod abrkolebda. antifeministur moZraobas, ZiriTadad, konservatoruli
politikuri jgufebi afinansebdnen. konservatori politikosebi feministebs
radikalurobasa da `anti-ojaxurobaSi~ adanaSaulebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es braldeba simarTles ar Seesabameboda, man qalTa moZraobaSi monawile bevri
aqtivisti aiZula Tavi aeridebina saxelisTvis `feministi~. antifeministebis
mcdeloba nawilobriv warmatebuli gamodga _ 1973 wels ERA-s winsvla Senelda,
1977 wels ki sruliad SeCerda. 1977-dan 1982 wlamde, rodesac ratificirebis vada
iwureboda, Sesworebis damtkicebas arc erTma Statma aRar misca xma.
brZola am or jgufs Soris kidev ufro daiZaba. erT mxares, ZiriTadad, iyvnen
axalgazrda, ganaTlebuli, dasaqmebuli qalebi, romelTac surdaT 1960-iani da
1970-iani wlebis miRwevebisaTvis kidev ufro masStaburi saxe miecaT, meore mxares
ki iyvnen SedarebiT asakovani, naklebad ganaTlebuli da Zalian religiuri qalebi,
romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba diasaxlisoba iyo (Luker, 1984). ERA-s damarcxebis
Semdeg antifeministebma axali miznebi daisaxes, maT Soris abortis kvlav akrZal­
va da qalebisTvis uflebamosilebis zrdis SeCereba. NOW-sa da qalTa moZrao­
bis sxva organizaciebis wevrebi iZulebulebi iyvnen, drois, energiisa da Tanxis
didi nawili am Tavdasxmebis mosagerieblad gamoeyenebinaT (Chavez, 1987). miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom Tavdacvaze gadavida, qalTa moZraoba ar gamqrala. man xeli Seuwyo
amerikaSi politikis gadaxedvas (Butler and Scott, 1992). mimdinare debatebis Sedegad,
erovnuli politikis dRis wesrigSi axali sakiTxebi dadga, maT Soris qalTa janmr­
Telobisa da bavSvTa movlis centrebi; ojaxuri Zaladoba, seqsualuri Tavdasx­
mebi, reproduqciuli uflebebi (ix. sociologiisa da sajaro debatebis qveTavi).
qalTa moZraobis institucionalizeba nacionalur doneze moxda (Boles, 1991).
qalTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli organizaciebis, rogorc magaliTad NOW-s li­
derebsa da specialistebs, anazRaureba hqondaT (Staggenborg, 1988). wevrTa umete­
sobas Tanamoazreebi warmoadgenen, romelTac wvlili materialuri Senatanis
saxiT SeaqvT da zogjer msvlelobebSic monawileoben, magram aqtivistebi ar
arian (Zald and McCarthy, 1987). ufro metic, es jgufebi xSirad iseTivea, rogorc
umetesoba jgufebisa, romlebic lobirebisa da eleqtoratTan aliansis taqtikas
mimarTaven.
virjinia sapiro (1991w.) cdilobda daedgina, bardeba Tu ara qalTa moZraoba
warsuls da aqcenti kulturaze, damokidebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlile­
baze gaakeTa. misi azriT, moZraobis wamomwyebi qalebis Svilebi mxolod garkveul­
wilad arian `Tavisufalni~. maTi umetesoba (aTidan cxraze meti) samsaxurSi
Tanasworobis momxrea, Tumca nawili (oTxidan erTi) miiCnevs, rom ojaxi zaral­
deba, rodesac qals samsaxuri aqvs. axalgazrda qalebis umetesoba acxadebs, rom,
profesiuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, samsaxurSi mamakacebi qalebs seriozulad
ar aRiqvamen. gaTxovilTa umetesoba amtkicebs, rom saSinao saqmis did nawils
da bavSvis movlis pasuxismgeblobas metwilad sakuTar Tavze iRebs. Tumca zo­
gis TqmiT, qmrebi TavianT wil movaleobas asruleben. bevrs sjera, rom qalebs,
romlebic gaaupatiures (gansakuTrebiT nacnobma adamianma) an scemes qmreb­ma, es
Zaladoba rogorRac Tavad surdaT.

884
 amrigad, arc imdeni cvlileba moxda, rac mosalodneli iyo. sapiros azriT,
qalTa moZraoba jer ar dasrulebula. gamokiTxulTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom
moZraobam raRac miznebs miaRwia, Tumca gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevria da `aSS-s
kvlav sWirdeba qalTa Zlieri moZraoba, raTa qalebisaTvis sasikeTo cvlilebebi
ganxorcieldes~ (Dionne, in Sapiro, 1991, gv. 21). lesli vulfi da jenifer takeri
(1995w.) aRniSnaven, rom qalTa moZraobam aSS-is cxovrebis bevr sferoSi mniS­
vnelovani cvlilebebi moitana, Tumca iqve dasZenen, rom:

...aSS-Si qalebis umetesobas kvlav dabalSemosavliani, dabali statu­

sis mqone samsaxuri aqvs, mcire sargebliTa da dafasebiT. imata im qa­
lebisa da bavSvebis ricxvma, romlebic ukidures gaWirvebaSi cxovro­
ben; imata usaxlkarobam da qalebis winaaRmdeg Zaladobam. Zaladobis,
ekonomikuri samarTlianobisa da SesaZleblobebis micemis sakiTxebi
feministuri organizaciebisaTvis siaxle ar aris, Tumca momavalSi am
moZraobis warmatebas im cvlilebebis mixedviT Seafaseben, romleb­
mac yvelaze Seviwroebuli, abuCad agdebuli da uimedo mdgomareobaSi
myofi qalebis cxovreba Secvala (gv. 456).

warumateblobebis miuxedavad (rogorc, magaliTad, Tanabari uflebebis Ses­

worebis Cavardna da 1980-ian wlebSi momxreebis dakargva iyo), qalTa moZraoba
da misi ideebi kvlav ganagrZobs arsebobas, zogjer sxva socialuri moZraobis
farglebSi (Whittier, 1995). aSS-Si dawyebuli qalTa moZraobis Sedegebi mTel msof­
lioSi igrZnoba.

sociologia da sajaro debatebi

abortis winaaRmdeg moZraoba da Tavdasxmebi qalTa klinikebze

a bortis Temas aSS-Si didi istoria aqvs. nayofis mocileba kanonieri iyo, sanam es me-19_
me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze moralis reformatorTa yuradRebas miipyrobda. Semdeg abor­
ti aikrZala, Tumca aralegalurad mainc keTdeboda, xSirad aralegalur dawesebulebebSi, iseT
pirobebSi, romlebic qalis janmrTelobas zians ayenebda, rig SemTxvevebSi ki sikvdiliT mTavr­
deboda. 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo kampania abortis xelaxla
dakanonebis moTxovniT. es moZraoba ukavSirdeboda mcdelobas qalebi kontracefciis
usafrTxo da saimedo saSualebebiT uzrunveleyoT (McKeegan, 1992), rac Tavis mxriv, 1960-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibebul, seqsisadmi ufro liberalur midgomas ukavSirdeboda.

erT mxares arian isini, visac swams, rom qalebs aqvT ufleba,
garkveul viTarebaSi nayofi moiSoron..., meore mxares ki arian isini, vinc Rrmadaa darwmune­
buli, rom ganayofierebuli kvercxujredic
ki pirovnebas warmoadgens.

885
 debatebi

abortis legalizebis mcdelobam kulminacias 1969 wels miaRwia, rodesac qalma, romelsac
kanonis Sesabamisad nayofis moSorebis neba ar darTes, sasamarTloSi iCivla. man, vinaoba rom
ar gaemJRavnebina, aiRo fsevdonimi `jein rou~. amitom procesi, romelic 1974 wels uzenaes
sasamarTloSi warimarTa, cnobilia saxeliT `rou ueidis winaaRmdeg~. sasamarTlos gadaw­
yvetilebis Tanaxmad, aborti dakanonda im safuZvelze, rom qalebs aqvT ufleba, gadawyviton,
Tu rogor moeqcnen sakuTar sxeuls. es ganaCeni mas Semdeg dapirispirebis mTavar sagnad iqca:
erTni fiqroben, rom qals aqvT ufleba, garkveul viTarebaSi moiSoros nayofi, rodesac is da
misi eqimi amis saWiroebas dainaxaven; meoreni ki Rrmad arian darwmunebulni, rom ganayofi­
erebuli kvercxujredic ki pirovnebaa; aborti am `pirovnebis~ sikvdils ganapirobebs, es ki
mkvlelobis erT-erTi formaa da amitom ar SeiZleba kanonieri iyos. mas Semdeg, rac abortis
ukano­nod aRiarebas ver miaRwia, abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa nawilma amis gakeTeba Zalismieri
gzebiT scada.

analizi

`rou ueidis winaaRmdeg~ saqmis verdiqts mowinaaRmdegeebi im periodSi gamouCnda, rodesac

aSS-Si Rrma socialuri cvlilebebi mimdinareobda. 1960-ian wlebis gamosvlebma paTologiuri
saxe miiRo _ sagrZnoblad imata quCis danaSaulis, ukanono qorwinebis, narkotikebis moxmare­
bisa da ganqorwinebis ricxvma. amavdroulad, qalebs gauCndaT survili ufro mniSvnelovani
roli SeesrulebinaT sazogadoebaSi, vidre ubralod diasaxlisoba iyo. bevri, gansakuTrebiT
ki konservatuli religiebis mimdevrebi, miiCnevda, rom es cvlilebebi eris moralsa da so­
cialur wesrigs emuqreboda (McKing, 1992). konservatori politikosebi, romelTac aSfoTeb­
daT socialuri cvlilebebic, cdilobdnen CamoeyalibebinaT mimdevarTa didi formireba, win
aRdgomodnen maT, vinc, pasuxismgebeli iyo mimdinare movlenebze. konservatuli strategiis
zogma mimdevarma xelze daixvia abortis Tema, rogorc metad mtkivneuli sakiTxi, romelsac
SeeZlo gaeerTianebina calkeuli jgufebi. aqcenti keTdeboda moqalaqeebze, romlebic manamde
demokratiul partias emxrobodnen (eTnikuri kaTolikebi da samxreTeli konservatori prot­
estantebi). aborti politikuri gamosvlebis mTavar Temad iqca. isini uaryofdnen qalTa moZ­
raobis miRwevebs am sakiTxSi, Tumca izirebdnen sxva moTxovnebs, magaliTad, erTi da imave samu­
SaosaTvis Tanabari gasamrjelos miRebas, anazRaurebadi dekretuli Svebulebas da a.S.
moZraobam abortis winaaRmdeg 1970-ian 80-ian wlebSi masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo, Tumca
1990-ian wlebSi daiwyo danawevreba, moZraobis zog wevrs surda politikuri Tavyrilobebisa
da mSvi­dobiani aqciebis nacvlad dapirispirebebisa da ZaladobisTvis miemarTaT. sainteresoa,
rom aseTi sqemiT viTardeba araerTi moZraoba. msgavsi ram moxda rogorc adamianTa uflebebis,
agreTve vietnamis omis mowinaaRmdegeTa kampaniebis dros.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980-ian wlebSi im klinikebSi, sadac aborti keTdeboda, Zaladobisa
da cecxlis gaCenis araerTi SemTxveva moxda, 1993 weli cvlilebebis wlad iqca. am wels qalma, sa­
xelad Seli Senonma, kanzasis StatSi, uiCitaSi, cecxlsasroli iaraRiT daWra eqimi jorj tile­
ri. amis Semdeg klinikebisa da eqimebis winaaRmdeg Zaladobam dramatuli saxe miiRo. mxo­lod
1994 wels 4 mkvleloba (maT Soris 2 eqimi), mkvlelobis 8 mcdeloba, afeTqebis 3, xanZris gaCenis
5, vandalizmis 42, Tavdasxmisa da cemis 7, mkvlelobis muqaris 59, Zarcvis 3, Selaparakebis 22,
bombis muqaris 14, klinikebis blokirebis 25 da muqaris Setyobinebebisa da zarebis ramdenime
aseuli SemTxveva dafiqsirda (Clark, 1995). pensakolaSi (floridas Stati) yofilma ministrma,
pol hilma cecxlsasroli iaraRiT mokla eqimi jon britoni da misi uiaraRo Tanmxlebi. kidev

886
ufro gaxmaurebuli Semxvevaa, rodesac parikmaxeri, saxelad jon salvi gaasamarTles masaCu­
setsis klinikebis mimRebSi momuSave ori qalis mkvlelobisTvis. amerikelTa didi nawili am
faqtebma SeaZrwuna, abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobis zogi warmomadgeneli ki aRtacebuli
iyo. erT-erTi misisipeli aqtivisti ambobda: `ar Sevwuxdebi, dRes rom qveyanaSi yvela abort­
maxeri tyviiT mokvdes~ (Frantz, 1995). zog publikaciaSi eqimebis mkvlelobis faqtebs `gamar­
Tlebul mkvlelobas~ uwodebdnen, rasac imiT xsnidnen, rom es mkvle­loba jer ardabadebulTa
sicocxles ixsnida (Van Biema, 1994).
Zaladobis am talRam, romelic Tan axlda abortis winaaRmdeg xangrZliv kampanias da gulisx­
mobda eqimebis saxlebSi muqaris zarebs, maTi Svilebis skolebTan saprotesto aqciebsa da sxva
qmedebebs, zogi eqimi aiZula abortis keTeba Seewyvita. Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom aborti
kanonieri iyo, Zneli iyo eqimis povna, romelic amas gaakeTebda. dadgin­da, rom aSS-is umetes
olqebSi (84%), gansakuTrebiT ki provinciebSi, aborts Riad aravin akeTebda. SesaZloa, am mize­
ziT iyos ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom abortebis ricxvi yovelwliurad mcirdeboda.
moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg kontrmoZraobis klasikuri magaliTia _ is Camoyalibda,
raTa dapirispireboda qalTa moZraobis moTxovnas reproduqciuli uflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
Tu ufro zogadad SevxedavT, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc moZraoba, romelic win unda aR­
dgomoda qalTa moZraobis ufro farTomasStabian moTxovnebs. moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg
imitom gaxda mniSvnelovani, rom 1960-iani wlebis bolosa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qalis
funqciurad damkvidrebulma saxem ngreva daiwyo. mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda im qalTa ricxvi,
romelTac umaRlesi ganaTleba miiRes da muSaoba daiwyes, gaCnda SekiTxva, xom ar daiviwyes
qalebma, rogorc colebma da dedebma, TavianTi bunebrivi daniSnuleba? bevri umuSevari qali
qal­Ta moZraobis kritikis sagani xdeboda da isinic dedobis Sesaxeb sakuTari damokidebulebis
gamosaxatavad xSirad abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobas uerTdebodnen (Luker, 1984).
amasTan, zogi kritikosi aborts uyurebda, rogorc moraluri Rirebulebebis gaufasurebis
magaliTsa da qorwinebamdeli seqsisadmi Semwynareblobis simbolos. ase rom, orive, qalTaA moZ­
raobac da abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobac mWidro kavSirSi iyo kulturul Rirebule­
bebTan. am or moZraobaSi aisaxeboda socialuri struqturac. qalTa moZraoba saSualo klasSi
Camoyalibda da misi aqtivistebi xSirad ganaTlebuli adamianebi iyvnen, abortis mowinaaRmde­
geTa moZraobis wevrTa umetesoba ki muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli iyo. qalTa moZraobis Camo­
yalibeba agreTve ukavSirdeboda ojaxis struqturis cvlilebasac: ojaxma dakarga socialuri
funqcia. amitomac qalebs SeumcirdaT saSinao saqme da saSualeba miecaT anazRaurebadi samsa­
xuri daewyoT.
moZraobam abortis winaaRmdeg socialuri struqtura kidev erTi kuTxiT Secvala: man erT­
maneTTan daaaxlova manamde arakeTilganwyobili socialuri jgufebi, kerZod kaTolikeebi da
konservatori protestantebi. kaTolicizmi emigrantebis (italielebis, irlandielebis, po­
lonelebisa da a.S.) religia iyo; konservatuli protestantizmi ki _ ufro provincieli da mu­
SaTa klasis warmomadgeneli amerikelebisa, romelTa winaprebi aSS-Si inglisidan da CrdiloeTi
evropidan Cavidnen. moZraobam abortis winaaRmdeg garkveulwilad daakavSira konservatorebi
da afro-amerikelebic, romelTa umetesoba Zalze religiuri iyo da aborts ewinaaRmdegeboda.
moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg, yvela sxva moZraobis msgavsad, organizebuli iyo socialuri
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT; ubralod, moZraobaSi monawileoba ukve socialuri aqtivobis
formaa iseve, rogorc: klinikebis blokada, pacientebsa da klinikis personalTan dapirispireba
da a.S. am aqciebma ufro agresiuli da Zaladobrivi saxe imitom miiRo, rom sazogadoebis yura­
dRebis misapyrobad da monawileTa wasaqezeblad xSirad ukiduresi zomebis gamoyenebaa saWiro.
dabolos, yvela socialuri moZraoba garkveuli doziT ZalauflebisaTvis ibrZvis da miznad
socialuri dinebis cvlilebas isaxavs. moZraoba abortis winaaRmdeg cdilobs qalebs nayofis

887
moSorebaSi SeuSalos xeli. amisaTvis ki iyenebs Zalas, raTa daarwmunos politikosebi, amomr­
Cevlebi da sazogadoeba, rom aborti danaSaulia. rodesac es mcdelobebi uSedego aRmoCndeba,
moZraobis zogi wevri gavlenis moxdenas blokadis, daSinebisa da Zaladobis gziT cdilobs.
beti fraideni, Tanamedrove qalTa moZraobis lideri da erT-erTi damfuZnebeli orga­
nizaciisa `erovnuli organizacia qalebisaTvis~ (NOW) kvlav icavs qalTa uflebebs.

Sejameba

1. koleqtiuri qmedeba socialuri qmedebis gansakuTrebuli formaa, romlis

drosac xalxi eTiSeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ritms da movlenebze, sagneb­
sa Tu ideebze uCveulod reagirebs. sazogadoebrivi moZraoba xalxis ufro
farTo masebis xangrZlivi da koordinirebuli mcdelobaa, Secvalos rame an
xeli SeuSalos am cvlilebas.
2. koleqtiuri qmedeba xSirad iwyeba saerTo miznisTvis droebiT Sekrebili
xalxis jgufSi. jgufi SeiZleba iyos SemTxveviTi, Cveulebrivi, eqspresiuli
an moqmedi. brbo ki aris xalxis jgufi, romelic Zaladobas mimarTavs.
3. jgufuri qmedebebis mkvlevrebi yuradRebas amaxvileben jgufur fsiqo­
logiaze (gansakuTrebiT, socialur inficirebaze); Woris gavrcelebasa da
mediis gavlenaze; bundovan situaciebSi axali normebisa da urTierTobebis
gaCenaze da racionalur gaTvlebze.
4. 1992 wlis los-anjelesis buntis msgavs movlenebs specifiur SemTxvevas an
SemTxvevaTa serias (gamomwvevi movlena) ukavSireben. sociologTa azriT, jgu­
furi qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa ramdenime pirobis Tanxvedrac.
5. pirveli pirobaa `struqturuli xelsayreloba~, anu is, rom socialuri wyo­
bis elementebi xels uwyobs jgufur qmedebas. amis magaliTia erTad Sekre­
bili bevri xalxi, romelmac ar icis raSi daxarjos dro.
6. meore _ jgufuri qmedeba xSirad funqciuri dezintegraciis gamoxatule­
baa. jgufebi SeiZleba Sedgebodes xalxisagan, romlebic danarCen sazoga­
doebaSi ar arian integrirebulni; an jgufma, SesaZloa, Zaladobas mimarTos,
radgan socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebi saTanadod ar funqcionirebs.
7. mesame _ jgufuri qmedeba SeiZleba iyos kulturuli gaugebrobis Sedegi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca amas ekonomikuri konkurencia emateba.
8. meoTxe _ jgufuri qmedeba xSirad im xalxis `ukanaskneli imedia~, romleb­
sac TavianTi problemebis gamosaxatad sxva gza ar gaaCniaT.
9. socialuri moZraoba aris bevri adamianis erToblivi mcdeloba, aradamkvi­
drebuli meTodebiT wamoiwyos socialur cvlilebebi an win aRudges mas.
socialuri moZraobebis umetesoba kulturuli cvlilebisTvis ibrZvis. re­
voluciuri moZraobis mizani Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebaa.
10. socialuri moZraobis idea me-19 saukunis evropaSi muSaTa moZraobebis sa­
xiT gaCnda. am moZraobebma ganapiroba Zireuli cvlilebebi, maT Soris ufaso

888
 sajaro ganaTleba, jandacva, umuSevarTa daxmareba, ukeTesi gasamrjelo
da samuSao pirobebi. socialuri moZraobebis speqtri Zalian gafarTovda.
es moZraobebi moicavs, faqtobrivad, yvela socialur sakiTxs da azri, rom
amgvari socialuri qmedebebiT, SesaZloa, sazogadoebis Secvla, Tanamedrove
epoqis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli faqtori gaxda.
11. yvela socialuri cvlileba socialuri dinebis cvlilebas isaxavs miznad.
moZraobebSi, rogorc wesi, aqcenti misi wevrebis interesebis gatarebaze,
sazogadoebaSi adgilis damkvidrebasa da sazogadoebis mier maTi saerTo
identurobis aRiarebaze keTdeba.
12. samoqalaqo uflebebisa da qalTa moZraobebma amerikel sa­zogadoebaze
uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines. TiToeuli moZraoba adastureba imas, Tu ra­
o­den mniSvnelovania socialuri moZraobebisaTvis organizaciuli mxare da
SesaZleblobebis realizeba.

imsjeleT

1. ra gansxvavebaa jgufur qmedebasa da sazogadoebriv moZraobas Soris? moi­

yvaneT TiTo magaliTi.
2. ganmarteT jgufebis oTxi tipi _ SemTxveviTi, Cveulebrivi, eqspresiuli da
moqmedi. moiyvaneT TiTo magaliTi.
3. ratom iwyeba sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi?
4. riT gansxvavdeba Teda skokpolis ganmarteba socialuri revoluciebis Se­
saxeb marqsistuli da resursebis mobilizaciis Teoriebisagan?
5. daasaxeleT samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis dawyebis mizezebi da yurad­
Reba gaamaxvileT am TavSi ganxilul cnebebsa da Teoriebze.
6. daasaxeleT Tanamedrove qalTa moZraobis dawyebis mizezebi da yuradReba
gaamaxvileT am TavSi ganxilul cnebebsa da Teoriebze.
7. aRwereT, Tanamedrove socialur moZraobebSi rogor xdeba wevrTa intere­
sebis gatarebisa da maTi identurobis dakanonebis Serwyma.

iazrovneT kritikulad

1. sWirdeba Tu ara xalxs jgufur qmedebebSi, socialur moZraobebsa da sxva

koleqtiur qmedebebSi monawileoba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, sadac maT
xmis micemis ufleba gaaCniaT? ratom? an ratom ara?
2. daasaxeleT is socialuri problema, romelic mniSvnelovnad migaCniaT. cdi­
lobs Tu ara romelime socialuri moZraoba am problemis gadaWras? eTanx­
mebiT Tu ara mis midgomas? ris gakeTeba SeiZleba ufro efeqturi qmedebebis
gansaxorcieleblad?
3. gamoiyeneT am TavSi mocemuli cnebebi (xuTi ZiriTadi cnebis CaTvliT), raTa
gaaanalizoT is sazogadoebrivi moZraoba an socialuri revolucia, ro­

889
 melic istoriaSi, politmecnierebaSi an sxva saganSi SeiswavleT; an koleq­
tiuri qmedeba, romelSic piradad miiReT monawileoba.
4. am TavSi SedarebiT detaluradaa ganxiluli samoqalaqo uflebebis moZrao­
ba da qalTa moZraoba. airCieT erT-erTi maTgani da CamoayalibeT varaudi,
Tu ra bedi eweva am moZraobas aT an oc weliwadSi. imsjeleT SeZenili codnis
mixedviT.
5. ra faqtorebi uSlis xels sazogadoebriv moZraobebs im miznebis miRwevaSi,
razec misi iniciatorebi da liderebi imedovnebdnen.

sityvari

moqmedi jgufi _ herbert blumeris cneba. gamoxatavs xalxis aRelvebul, ara­

mdgrad jgufs, romelTa yuradReba mipyrobilia iseTi sadao movlenisaken,
romelic maTSi ukmayofilebas, brazsa da moqmedebis survils aRZravs.
SemTxveviTi jgufi _ herbert blumeris cneba. gamoxatavs spontanurad Sekre­
bil jgufs, romlis wevrebic droebiT uTmoben yuradRebas raime sagans an
movlenas da maleve iviwyeben mas.
kognituri gaTavisufleba _ damokidebulebis Secvla da rwmena, rom nebismieri
arsebuli pirobebis Secvla SesaZlebelia. es warmoadgens socialuri moZ­
raobis dawyebis ZiriTad pirobas.
koleqtiuri qmedeba _ socialurad organizebuli da Segnebuli, Tumca Seda­
rebiT uCveulo reaqcia movlenebze, mcdeloba ganaxorcielo saerTo mizne­
bi an idealebi, raSic, Cveulebriv, xalxis didi raodenobaa CarTuli.
koleqtiuri qceva _ xSirad araracionaluri, magram mainc socialurad orga­
nizebuli reaqcia garegan stimulebze, romelic mraval adamianSi msgavs
reaqcias iwvevs.
Cveulebrivi jgufi _ herbert blumeris SemoReEbuli cneba. aRniSnavs konkre­
tuli mizniT Sekrebil adamianebs, romlebic dadgenili normebis Sesaba­misad
iqcevian.
kontrmoZraoba _ moZraoba, romelic iqmneba imisaTvis, raTa win aRudges ukve
arsebul moZraobas.
jgufi _ vinmes, an raime movlenis garSemo droebiT Sekrebili adamianebi, rom­
lebic gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze.
axali normis warmoqmnis Teoria _ principi, rom jgufi qmnis axal normebs bun­
dovani situaciis gasarkvevad.
eqspresiuli jgufi _ herbert blumeris cneba. aRniSnavs jgufs, romlis wevre­
bic imgvarad gamoxataven grZnobebs da ise iqcevian, rogorc sxva viTarebaSi
maTTvis miuRebeli iqneboda.
brbo _ xalxis didi jgufi, romlis wevrebi emociurad arian aRelvebulni da
CarTulni arian an imuqrebian ZaladobaSi CarTviT.
gamomwvevi movlena _ SemTxveva, romelic xalxis varaudsa Tu eWvebs amarTlebs
da koleqtiur qmedebas iwvevs.

890
SefardebiTi siduxWire _ gansxvaveba xalxis molodinsa da maT faqtobriv pi­
robebs Soris.
Wori _ daudasturebeli ambavi, romelic erTi adamianidan meores gadaecema da
utyuar faqtad miiCneva, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi pirvelwyaro bundovani
an ucnobia.
socialuri inficireba _ erTi adamianidan meoreze ganwyobisa Tu qcevis
swrafi da araganzraxuli gavrceleba.
sazogadoebrivi moZraoba _ gamiznuli, organizebusli mcdeloba farTomas­
Stabiani cvlilebis ganxorcielebisa, an misi SeCerebisa aradakanonebuli
gzebiT.
socialuri revolucia _ Teda skokpolis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifoebriv da
klasobriv wyobaSi sazogadoebis swrafi da Zireuli gardaqmna.
struqturuli xelsayreloba _ nil smelseris cneba. aRwers socialuri
wyobis im aspeqtebs, romlebic amartivebs koleqtiur qmedebas.

891
SeniSvnebisTvis

892
SeniSvnebisTvis

893
SeniSvnebisTvis

894
SeniSvnebisTvis

895
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelo

Ilia Chavchavadze State University Publishing

3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0179, Georgia