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26) and hence verify the equations for the Fourier coefficient given by equations (3.21), (3.22) and (3.23). Solution: For n ! m, integration yields:
T
!
0
$ sin n # m " T t sin n + m " T t ' sin n" T t sin m" T tdt = & # ) " 2 n # m " 2 n + m & ) T % T (0
Since m and n are integers, the sine terms are 0, so this is equal to 0. Equation (3.24), for m = n:
T
!
0
$1 ' $ + 2* . ' 1 T T sin n" T tdt = & t # sin 2 n" T t ) = # sin & 2* - 0 T ) 4 n" T % , T / ( %2 ( 0 2 8n*
2
So,
!
0
3- 38
% sin n # m " T t sin n + m " T t ( cos n" T t cos m" T tdt = ' # * 2 n # m " 2 $ + m " ' * T T & )0
!
0
( (
) )
( (
) )
Since m and n are integers, the sine terms are 0, so this is equal to 0. Equation (3.25), for m = n becomes:
#1 & # * 2) - & 1 T T cos n " tdt = t + sin 2 n " t = + sin % ( % 2n , / T ( T T ! 2 4 n " 2 8 n ) $ + T . ' 0 $ '0 T
T 2
So,
!
0
!
0
$ cos n # m " T t cos n + m " T t ' cos n" T t sin m" T tdt = & # ) 2 " n # m 2 " n + m & ) T T % (0
$ $ + 2* . ' + 2* . ' cos & n # m - 0 T ) cos & n + m - 0 T ) , T / ( , T / ( 1 1 % % = # # + 2 n # m "T 2 n + m "T 2 m # n "T 2 m + n "T
( (
)( ) )
( (
)( ) )
3- 39
T
So,
!
0
!
0
Thus
!
0
3- 40 3.27 Calculate bn from Example 3.3.1 and show that bn = 0, n = 1,2,,! for the triangular force of Figure 3.12. Also verify the expression an by completing the integration indicated. (Hint: Change the variable of integration from t to x = 2"nt/T.) Solution: From Equation (3.23), bn =
2 T
! F (t ) sin n"
0
2* bn = , T, + bn =
T /2
!
0
T /2
2 *4 , T, +T
T /2
!
0
T /2
!
0
Substitute x = n! T t =
2" n t T
!n
1 $ 2 bn = & !n & %! n =
!n
"
0
x sin xdx #
"
0
2! n
!n
2 sin xdx # !n
2! n
2! n
!n
"
' ) 0 !n ( ' 1 $ 2 2 = #! n cos ! n + cos ! n # 1 # 3 + 3cos ! n # #2! n + ! n cos ! n ) & ! n %! n !n ( 1 1 $ $0 ' = 0 = #2cos ! n + 4cos ! n # 4 + 4 # 2cos ! n ' = % ( !n !n % (
+ cos x 0 # 3cos x ! n #
2 sin x # x cos x !n
2! n
2 T
! F (t ) cos n"
0
T
tdt
2* an = , T, +
T /2
!
0
T /2
2 *4 an = , T, +T
T /2
!
0
T /2
!
0
cos n) T tdt + 3 !
T /2
Substitute x = n! T t =
2" n t T
3- 41
an = = = =
1 $ 2 & !n & %! n
1 $ 2 !n & %! n 1 $ 2 !n & %! n
2
( (
' x cos xdx ) ) 0 0 !n !n ( 2! n ' !n 2! n 2 cos x + x sin x # sin x 0 + 3sin x ! n # cos x # sin x ) !n !n ( ' 2 cos ! n # 1 # 1 # cos ! n ) !n (
!n
"
x cos xdx #
!n
"
2! n
cos xdx #
2 !n
2! n
"
3- 42 3.28 Determine the Fourier series for the rectangular wave illustrated in Figure P3.28.
Solution: The square wave of period T is described by $1 0!t !" F t =%  " ! t ! 2"
()
! F (t ) dt
0
an =
2 T
! ()
0
" 2" ' 2 $ = & ! 1 dt + ! #1 dt ) 2" & ) " %0 ( 2" 1 " = $t 0 # t " dt ' & ) ( "% 1 1 = $ " # 2" + " ' = 0 * a0 = 0 % ( " " 2# 2# F t cos n" T tdt , where " T = = =1 T 2#
()
( ) ()
If n is even, cosn" = 1. If n is odd, cosn" = -1 " 0 n even $ So, bn = # 4 $ ! n n odd % Thus the Fourier Series collapses to a sine series of the form
# 2# ( 1 %1 # 2# ( 2 % 1 = ' ! cos ntdt $ ! cos ntdt * = ' sin nt 0 $ sin nt # * 2# ' n * ) # &0 ) # &n 1 %sin n# $ sin n2# + sin n# ( = 0 = ) #n & T # 2# ( 2 2 % bn = ! F t sin " T tdt = ' ! sin ntdt $ ! sin ntdt * T 0 2# ' * # &0 ) # 2# ( 1 % $1 1 1 2 % %1 $ cos n# ( = ' cos nt 0 $ cos nt # * = $ cos n# + 1 $ 1 $ cos n# ( = & ) ) #&n n #n & ) #n
( )
( )
()
3- 43
F t = " bn sin nt =
n =1
()
4 sin nt n = 1,3,! n#
"
The Vibration Toolbox can also be used: t=0:pi/100:2*pi-pi/100; f=-2*floor(t/pi)+1; vtb3_3(f',t',100) [a,b]=vtb3_3(f',t',100) Note that vtb3_3 always gives some error on the order of delta t (.01 in this case). Using a smaller delta t reduced the error.
3- 44 3.29 Determine the Fourier series representation of the sawtooth curve illustrated in Figure P3.29.
()
2 a0 = T =
2 an = T
T
! ()
0
2 F t dt = 2"
2"
!
0
2"
1 * 4" 2 ) 0 , = 1 2 + 4"
tdt , where " T = 2# 2# = =1 T 2#
! F (t ) cos n"
0
2 = 2#
1 *1 1 1 *1 1 = cos nt + t sin nt / = 10 1 + 0 0 0 / = 0 2 , 2 2 , 2 n n 2# + n 2# + n .0 .
2 bn = T
! ()
0
1 = 2# 2 =
*1 1 1 , 2 sin nt 0 t cos nt / = n 2# 2 +n .0
*1 1 , 2 0 0 0 0 2# 0 0 / n +n .
Fourier Series
F t = F t =
() ()
3- 45 3.30 Calculate and plot the response of the base excitation problem with base motion specified by the velocity
()
()
()
() ()
) (
()
()
()
Let
() du = " ( t ) dt
u= t
dv = 3e! t / 2 dt v = !6e! t / 2
When
()
() (
3- 46
x t =
()
()
!n =
! d = ! n 1 " # 2 = 10 rad/s
F t = 6000 " 5994e" t / 2 x t =
()
() ()
1 "0.1t & e $ 6000 " 5994e"% / 2 e0.1% sin 10 t " % ( d% ' ) 100 0
"0.1t t t * . , 0.1t ( d% " $ e"0.4t sin &10 t " % ( d% , 10 t " % + $ e sin & ' ) ' ) / ,0 , 0 0
( (
))
x t = 60e
()
3- 47 3.31 Calculate and plot the total response of the spring-mass-damper system of Figure 2.1 with m = 100 kg, $ = 0.1 and k = 1000 N/m to the signal of Figure 3.12, with maximum force of 1 N. Assume that the initial conditions are zero and let T = 2" s.
() ()
k = 3.16 rad/s, # d = # 1 $ ! 2 = 3.15 rad/s, m From example 3.3.1 and Figure 3.10, $ 0 n even ! & F t " an cos nt , an = % -8 n =1 & 2 2 n odd '# n
#T =
2" = 1 rad/s T
()
( n odd ) ()
! n =1
x t = xh t + " xcn t
From equation (3.33),
()
( ) ( n odd )
1/ 2
2 2 ## 2 & + # 2)! n! & 2 & ! " n ! %% n T n T ' ( ( ' $ $$ ' + 2)! n! . 0.6325n * n = tan "1 - 2 n 2 T2 0 = tan "1 ( ) 10 " n2 , ! n " n !T /
xcn t =
()
an / m
cos n! T t " * n
xcn t =
()
"0.00811
4 2 & n2 # $ n " 19.6 n + 100 ' 1/ 2
3- 48 So,
x t = Ae
() ()
!" n t
( n odd )
' ) 0.00811 #1 0.6325n 2 1 + " d Ae cos " d t # $ + & sin nt # tan ( n odd) 1/ 2 2 2 1 ' 4 2 10 # n n =1 ) 1 2 ( n ( n # 19.6 n + 100 * * ' ) % ' ) #0.00811 #1 + 0.6325n . 2 1 x 0 = 0 = # A sin $ + & cos 1 nt # tan n odd 1/ 2 2 0 22 1 2' 4 2 , / 10 # n n =1 ) ( *2 1 ( n ( n # 19.6 n + 100 * *
()
0 = ! A sin " ! 0.00110 ! 0 = 0 = #$ n A sin " + $ d A cos" x ' ) !0.000569 + , +& 1/ 2 + 4 2 2 n =1 ' ) ' ), + ( ( n ! 19.6 n + 100 * (0.00493n + 1* , * 0 = #$ n A sin " + $ d A cos" ! 0.001186
%
()
( n odd )
()
) ( n odd )
$ & $ & !0.00811 !1 ( 0.6325n + / . cos . nt ! tan * m 1/ 2 2 - // . 2$ 4 2 ) , 10 ! n & % '/ . % n % n ! 19.6 n + 100 ' '
3- 49 3.32 Calculate the total response of the system of Example 3.3.2 for the case of a base motion driving frequency of &b = 3.162 rad/s. Solution: Let &b = 3.162 rad/s. From Example 3.3.2,
()
!n =
() ()
) (
) )
( * cos # t ! + ! + b 1 2 2 * * )
1/ 2
() ( ) ( ) ! ( t ) = !5 Ae sin ( 31.22t + " ) + 31.22 Ae cos ( 31.22t + " ) ! 0.16sin ( 3.162t ! 1.57 ) x # x ( 0 ) = 0.01 = A sin " + 0.0505( 0 ) ! ( 0 ) = 3 ! 5 A sin " + 31.22 A cos" + 0.16 (1) #x
()