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Concept & Formula
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember GIVEN FORMULAE /
POINTS TO NOTE
1 FUNCTIONS
Relations : one to one, one to many, many to one, many to many.
Functions , f(x) = y, f: x y x = object , y = image
Composite functions; fg, gf, f 2
Inverse Functions ; f –1 f –1 (2) = x 2 = f(x)
b b2 4ac
Find the roots : factorisation, completing square, using formula x
Form quadratic equation: given roots and . 2a
3 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q completing the square form max /min point (– p , q)
4
Concept & Formula
GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember POINTS TO NOTE
6 STATISTICS x
x
Ungrouped data: mean, median, mode, range, interquartile N
range, standard deviation, variance. ( x x )2 x 2
x2
N N
7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
midpoint x x y y2
midpoint ( 1 2 , 1 )
gradient , m y1 y 2 2 2
x1 x 2
Equation of straight line: ax + by + c = 0 (general) point that divides a line segment in m: n
y = mx + c (gradient form) nx1 mx2 ny1 my2
,
x y
1 (intercept form) mn mn
a b
find equation of straight line: y – y1 = m (x – x1),
y = mx+c
Parallel : m1 = m2 perpendicular : m. m2 = – 1
equation of locus : use the distance formula area of triangle =
1
area of polygon ( x1 y2 x2 y3 x3 y1) ( x2 y1 x3 y2 x1 y3 )
2
8 DIFFERENTIATION
dy dy du
If y = u, and x = u , thus
dx du dx
2
Second derivative, d y d dy
2
dx dx dx
5
Concept & Formula
GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember POINTS TO NOTE
[Differentiation]
APPLICATIONS:
- Equation of tangent and normal dy/dx = gradient of tangent
use y = mx + c or y – y1 = m (x – x1) m NORMAL m TANGENT = –1
where m = gradient of tangent
d2y
- Problems on Maximum / Minimum dy/dx = 0 max point when 0
dx 2
d2y
min point when 0
dx 2
9 CIRCULAR MEASURES
10 PROGRESSIONS
AP : Tn = a + (n – 1)d
AP: a, a+ d, a+ 2d …. GP: a, ar, ar2, ar3 …
Sn n2 ( 2a ( n 1 )d )
common difference, common ratio r T2
T1
d = T2 – T1
GP : Tn = ar n – 1
nth term : Tn
a( 1 r n ) a( r n 1 )
Sn , r 1
Sum of the first n terms: Sn 1 r r 1
n( a l ) Sum to infinity a
Sum:: Sn S
2 1 r
11 LINEAR LAW
Convert to linear form, Y = mX + c
draw line of best fit. always show table when drawing graphs
find unknown from graph
6
Concept & Formula
GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember
POINTS TO NOTE
12 INTEGRATION
f ( x) g ( x) c
(ax b) n1
(ax b) n dx
(a)( n 1)
c b b
Luas
y dx atau
x dy
dy a a
Equation of curve y dx
dx
y
b
(integrate the gradient fxn.)
Isipadu 2
dx
Area under graph a
Generated volume when area revolved 360 about
b
: x- axis
: y - axis
xa
2
dy
13 VECTORS
vectors a parallel to b : a = k b, k = constant
Law of triangle, parallelogram, polygon
addition and substraction of vectors
multiply scalar with vectors.
x
vectors in Cartesan coordinate r xi y j
y
- magnitude r, r x2 y2
- vector unit in the direction of r, xi yj
rˆ
x2 y2
14 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
positive and negative angles
sin2 A + cos2A = 1
functions: sin, cos, tan, sec, cosec, cot cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
Graph sine, cosine and tangent sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
Basic identity sin (AB) = sin AcosB cosAsinB
Double angle: sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A cos(AB) = cos AcosB sin Asin B
tan(AB) = tan A tan B
Addition formula: sin (A B), cos(A B), tan(AB)
1 tan A tan B
Solving dan Proofing
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
sin A
tan A
cos A cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
= 2 cos2A – 1
1 1 1
cos ec A , sec A , cot A = 1 – 2sin2 A
sin A cos A tan A
tan 2A = 2 tan A .
special angles : SEE NOTES 1 – tan2A
7
Concept & Formula
GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember
POINTS TO NOTE
15 PERMUTATION & COMBINATIONS
Permutation : choose r objects from n objects ( the order is n!
important)
n
Pr
( n r )!
- permutations under given conditions
n!
n
Cr
Combinations : the order of choosing is not important. ( n r )! r!
- combinations under given conditions
16 PROBABILITY
Probability, P A n A
nS
17 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Binomial Distributions:
P(X=r) = nCr pr q n – r , p+q=1
- Binomial Distributions Probability
- Graph of Binomial Distributions Mean, = np
- mean, variance & standard deviation
= npq
variance = npq
Normal Distributions: X μ
Z
- Graph of Standard Normal Distribution σ
- Normal Distributions Probability
18 SOLUTIONS TO TRAINGLE
a b c
Sine Rule
sin A sin B sin C
- Ambiguous Case
Cosine Rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc kos A
19 INDEX NUMBERS
Q1
I 100
Nombor indeks : Q0
P1 Wi I i
o Indeks Harga : I 100 I
P0 Wi
Indeks harga pada tahun asas, I0 = 100
Indeks gubahan
8
Concept & Formula
20 PENGATURCARAAN LINEAR
write inequalities that satisfy the condition given.
–
draw and find the region that satisfies the inequalities
find the max / min values within the region.
o Displacement: s v dt
- return to O : s = 0
ds v =0
- maximum displacement ; 0
dt
- distant traveled in the nth second: dist = s n – s n–1
o velocity: v ds
dt
dv d 2s
o acceleration: a , a
dt dt 2
da
- maximum acceleration: 0
dt
9
Concept & Formula
mean +p k
mode +p k
median +p k
range no change k
variance no change k2
1 3
sin A 0 2
1 0 –1 0
2
3 1
cos A 1
2 0 1 0 1
2
1
tan A 0 1 3 0 –1 0
3
10