Article Summary 2 Outline

Name: Rikki Wilkin Presentation Date: March 17, 2014

Pts. 1. Original source: .5 ____ a. Title: Ontogenetic Scaling of the Human Nose in a Longitudinal Sample: Implications for Genus Homo Facial Evolution .5 ____ b. Author(s): Nathan Holton .5 ____ c. Authors credentials: Nathan E. Holton is an assistant professor to the Department of Orthodontics, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Iowa. He received his B.A. from San Francisco State; his M.A. in Anthropology at North Illinois; and Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Iowa. He researches craniofacial biology, functional anatomy, paleoanthropology, and the evolution of Neanderthal and modern facial structure. He is a member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. .5 ____ d. Source Holton, Nathan. "Ontogenetic Scaling of the Human Nose in a Longitudinal Sample: Implications for Genus Homo Facial Evolution." American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Wiley Online Library, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22402/full>. 5 ____ e. Summary: Research Topic- Researchers believe that there is a relationship between body mass and oxygen intake, affecting nose size. They hypothesize that someone with more body mass will indeed have a larger nose to supply these muscles with the needed oxygen. The goal of their research was to examine sexual dimorphism of the nasal cavity size. Hypothesis being tested- They predicted three things would happen: 1) malefemale differences in noses would appear in early adolescence; 2) male nose cavity size will be larger than females; and 3) sexual dimorphism will be present in nasal cavity size, separate from facial size. Methods- They collected data from 38 individuals of European descent that live in the Iowa City area, from ages 3 to over 20. They took several measurements a year of nose size relative to the rest of the body size. They used cephalometric and anthropometric measurements to collect the data. Results- Nose growth between men and women were consistent until about age 11, when puberty hit. The mens noses continued to steadily increase while the womens began to slow down to flatten off. Men also had larger facial dimensions from age 3 to the 20s, and larger body dimensions from age 11 and on. Conclusion- Male, and female differences are present in the earliest measurements, signifying sexual dimorphism happens early in development. From puberty and on, males had more fat free body mass, larger facial dimensions, and larger noses. This can be due to the fact that males have higher rates of energy needed each day to provide for their larger bodies. They stateOur results suggest that body mass, and associated tissue maintenance requirements, may be a key contributing factor to variation in the size of the nasal region. (Holton, 2013) This can be a factor in concluding how our ancestors, the Neanderthals had such large noses, in order to keep up maintenance of their large, muscular bodies. (Holton, 2013)

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f. Critical evaluation: The author and publisher of this article are very credible. They have conducted/published relevant information discovered through scientific research. Nathan Holton has conducted many studies in the anthropology field, in relation to human development and anatomy. The American Journal of Physical Anthropology is the official journal of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. The journals readers include physical anthropologists, geneticists, evolutionary biologists, and primatologists. 1 ____ g. Relevance to biological anthropology: This article is relevant to biological anthropology because it addresses development, and sexual dimorphism. These concepts are talked about in chapters 5 and 6 of our textbook, but they are more addressed towards sexual dimorphism in primates rather than just humans. 1 ____ h. Other disciplines touched upon: This article also concerned anatomy, human biology, and development. i. Synthesis 1 ____ i. In one sentence, summarize the main point of the article: the take-away message. Body mass equates to higher oxygen requirements to maintain muscle strength resulting in larger nasal cavities; particularly in higher rates in men rather than women. 2 ____ 2. Reflection a. Which part of this assignment was most difficult and why? The most difficult part of this assignment was the fact that I did it twice, due to not understanding the instructions. It was a little difficult to find a peer-reviewed article that was free, and that I had access to. Also, some of the other articles I thought about reviewing were difficult to understand, so I was glad I found this one that made sense to my not-so-scientific brain. b. Identify at least one question you have after reading the original article and explain how you could go about finding an answer. I wonder if there are correlations between nose sizes of different genders of people in other areas of the world. I could read another article from Nathan Holton, which talks about just that. He included European and African populations in that article. I could also find other articles published across the world to answer this question. c. Reflect on how the critical evaluation process impacted your opinion on the article. When I critically evaluate an article, it helps me understand what is being said. I am able to take it a step or two farther than just barely reading the article. I am also able to take more things into factor, such as the author, the institution conducting the research, their credibility, and so on. d. How might the information in the article be useful in the future? This information can be important in coming years, because they were able to realize the relationship between body mass and oxygen intake, relating to our distant ancestors. They may be able to learn even more about the Neanderthals, and how modern humans have evolved. 3. Related source .5 ____ a. Title: Why did Neanderthals have such big noses? .5 ____ b. Author(s): Ewen Callaway .5 ____ c. Authors credentials: Callaway is currently a writer for Nature, and has been for 4 years. He was a writer for New Scientist for 2 years before that as a biomedical reporter. He went to the science writing program at the University of California. Callaway earned a masters in microbiology at the University of

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Washington. d. Complete reference: Callaway, Ewen. "Why Did Neanderthals Have Such Big Noses?" Life. New Scientist, 27 Oct. 2008. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. <http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn15042-why-did-neanderthals-havesuch-big-noses.html#.UzJCgfldVAo> e. Summary: This article is about what scientists believe is the reason for the Neanderthals having such large noses. In the past, scientists believed this was because of the cold climate they lived in. Then it was thought that they had big noses to correlate with their big mouth and wide jaws that were used to chew tough food. Two professors at the University of Iowa measured facial dimensions of ancient Neanderthals and modern humans. They were able to determine if big mouths indeed went with big noses. They found a small link, but not enough to answer the question. They instead found another variant. The way that their face jut forward seemed to correlate with their nose size, because it changes the breadth of the nose. Lead scientist, Nathan Holton, described this by saying that Neanderthals had faces that jut out farther than humans because earlier hominids had them. (Callaway, 2008) f. Critical evaluation: This article was not quite as credible as my first, just because there was not a concrete study to back up their theories. It was not published in a professional scientific peer-reviewed journal. This article was still credible though, because they quoted some well-known and credible paleoanthropologists. Plus, they did conduct studies on fossils of Neanderthals, measuring jaw and nose sizes, and there are more and more things now a days that are being found out through fossils. g. Relevance to chosen article: This article is from October of 2008, and as you could tell from the summary above, a bit dated. However, I chose this article to learn what their theories were for the Neanderthals nose sizes before they conducted that resent study. This article pointed out hypotheses for the big question everyone asks about Neanderthals noses. Interestingly enough, Nathan Holton was cited in this article, and was the lead researcher from my first article. It was cool to hear how his thoughts had evolved over time based on his research.