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CONGRESS
One Hundred and Tenth Congress, First Session
The Senate
The Capitol, Washington, DC 20510
Phone, 202–224–3121. Internet, www.senate.gov.
The Congress of the United States was created by Article I, section 1, of the
Constitution, adopted by the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787,
providing that ‘‘All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.’’
The first Congress under the Constitution met on March 4, 1789, in the Federal
Hall in New York City. The membership then consisted of 20 1 Senators and 59
Representatives.
1New York ratified the Constitution on July 26,
1788, but did not elect its Senators until July 15 and
16, 1789. North Carolina did not ratify the
Constitution until November 21, 1789; Rhode Island
ratified it on May 29, 1790.
25
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26 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
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CLERK OF THE CHAPLAIN
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HOUSE
OFFICER
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OFFICE OF
EMERGENCY PLANNING, LAW REVISION LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL
INTERPARLIAMENTARY PARLIAMENTARIAN GENERAL COUNSEL
PREPAREDNESS AND COUNSEL
AFFAIRS
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
OPERATIONS
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28 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
The Senate is composed of 100 Members, 2 from each State, who are elected to
serve for a term of 6 years. Senators were originally chosen by the State legislatures.
This procedure was changed by the 17th amendment to the Constitution, adopted
in 1913, which made the election of Senators a function of the people. There are
three classes of Senators, and a new class is elected every 2 years.
The House of Representatives comprises 435 Representatives. The number
representing each State is determined by population, but every State is entitled to
at least one Representative. Members are elected by the people for 2-year terms, all
terms running for the same period.
Both the Senators and the Representatives must be residents of the State from
which they are chosen. In addition, a Senator must be at least 30 years of age and
must have been a citizen of the United States for at least 9 years; a Representative
must be at least 25 years of age and must have been a citizen for at least 7 years.
A Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico (elected for a 4-year term) and
Delegates from American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin
Islands complete the composition of the Congress of the United States. Delegates are
elected for a term of 2 years. The Resident Commissioner and Delegates may take
part in the floor discussions but have no vote in the full House. They do, however,
vote in the committees to which they are assigned and in the Committee of the
Whole House on the State of the Union.
Officers The Vice President of the responsible for the election of their
United States is the Presiding Officer of respective leader and whips.
the Senate. In the Vice President’s The Secretary of the Senate, elected by
absence, the duties are taken over by a vote of the Senate, performs the duties of
President pro tempore, elected by that the Presiding Officer of the Senate in the
body, or someone designated by the absence of the Vice President and
President pro tempore. The Presiding pending the election of a President pro
Officer of the House of Representatives, tempore. The Secretary is the custodian
the Speaker, is elected by the House. of the seal of the Senate, draws
The Speaker may designate any Member requisitions on the Secretary of the
of the House to act in the Speaker’s Treasury for moneys appropriated for the
absence. compensation of Senators, officers, and
The positions of Senate majority and employees, and for the contingent
minority leader have been in existence expenses of the Senate, and is
only since the early years of the 20th empowered to administer oaths to any
century. Leaders are elected at the officer of the Senate and to any witness
beginning of each new Congress by a produced before it. The Secretary’s
majority vote of the Senators in their executive duties include certification of
political party. In cooperation with their extracts from the Journal of the Senate;
party organizations, leaders are the attestation of bills and joint,
responsible for the design and concurrent, and Senate resolutions; in
achievement of a legislative program. impeachment trials, issuance, under the
This involves managing the flow of authority of the Presiding Officer, of all
legislation, expediting noncontroversial orders, mandates, writs, and precepts
measures, and keeping Members authorized by the Senate; and
informed regarding proposed action on certification to the President of the
pending business. Each leader serves as United States of the advice and consent
an ex officio member of his party’s of the Senate to ratification of treaties
policymaking and organizational bodies and the names of persons confirmed or
and is aided by an assistant floor leader rejected upon the nomination of the
(whip) and a party secretary. President.
The House leadership is structured The Sergeant at Arms, elected by vote
essentially the same as the Senate, with of the Senate, serves as the executive,
the Members in the political parties chief law enforcement, and protocol
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 29
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30 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 31
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32 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
—the approved bill or resolution is the President vetoes the bill, it cannot
reported to the Senate, and if passed by become a law unless it is re-passed by a
that body, is returned to the House; two-thirds vote of both Houses.
—if one body does not accept the Electronic Access Specific information
amendments to a bill by the other body, and legislation can be found on the
a conference committee comprised of Internet at http://thomas.loc.gov, http://
Members of both bodies is usually
clerk.house.gov, or www.senate.gov.
appointed to effect a compromise;
—when the bill or joint resolution is Publications The Congressional
finally approved by both Houses, it is Directory, the Senate Manual, telephone
signed by the Speaker (or Speaker pro directories for the U.S. Senate and the
tempore) and the Vice President (or House of Representatives, and the House
President pro tempore or acting Rules and Manual may be obtained from
President pro tempore) and is presented the Superintendent of Documents,
to the President; and Government Printing Office,
—once the President’s signature is Washington, DC 20402. Internet,
affixed, the measure becomes a law. If www.gpoaccess.gov/databases.html.
Senators
[Democrats in roman (49); Republicans in italic (48); Independents in bold (2); vacancy (1); total, 100]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers preceded by SR are in the Russell Office Building (Delaware and Constitution Avenues);
those preceded by SD are in the Dirksen Office Building (First Street and Constitution Avenue); and
those preceded by SH are in the Hart Office Building (Second and C Streets). Members’ offices may be
reached by phone at 202–224–3121.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 33
Senators—Continued
[Democrats in roman (49); Republicans in italic (48); Independents in bold (2); vacancy (1); total, 100]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers preceded by SR are in the Russell Office Building (Delaware and Constitution Avenues);
those preceded by SD are in the Dirksen Office Building (First Street and Constitution Avenue); and
those preceded by SH are in the Hart Office Building (Second and C Streets). Members’ offices may be
reached by phone at 202–224–3121.
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34 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
Senators—Continued
[Democrats in roman (49); Republicans in italic (48); Independents in bold (2); vacancy (1); total, 100]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers preceded by SR are in the Russell Office Building (Delaware and Constitution Avenues);
those preceded by SD are in the Dirksen Office Building (First Street and Constitution Avenue); and
those preceded by SH are in the Hart Office Building (Second and C Streets). Members’ offices may be
reached by phone at 202–224–3121.
Representatives
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 35
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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36 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 37
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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38 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 39
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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40 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 41
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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42 U.S. GOVERNMENT MANUAL
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 43
Representatives—Continued
[Democrats in roman (232); Republicans in italic (201); Independents in bold (0); vacancies (2); total, 435]
Members who have died or resigned appear in bold brackets [ ]
Room numbers with three digits are in the Cannon House Office Building (New Jersey and Independence
Avenues), four digits beginning with 1 are in the Longworth House Office Building (between South Cap-
itol Street and New Jersey Avenue on Independence Avenue), and four digits beginning with 2 are in
the Rayburn House Office Building (between First and South Capitol Streets on Independence Avenue).
Members’ offices may be reached by phone at 202–225–3121. The most current listing of House Mem-
bers can be found on the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov.
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