Name : Jaya sir A/P Elengko Question 6 i)Describe the structure of DNA ii)Differentiate between DNA and RNA

NO i) ANSWER Double helix model of DNA is created by Watson and Crick . DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands coiled in a right handed spiral to form double helix. Two strands are antiparallel ,one from 5end to 3end,while the other from 3end to 5end. For each polynucleotide strands, the sequence of deoxyribonucleotides is linked by phospho-diester bonds. Each phosphate group is linked to carbon atom 5 of one deoxyribose and to carbon atom 3 of another deoxyribose by phosphodiester bonds. Repeating the sequence of phosphate-deoxyribosephosphate deoxyribose acts as backbone of DNA. There are four types of nitrogenous bases on DNA,namely ademine (A),thymine(T),guanine(G) and cytosine (C). Each deoxyribonucleotide contains one of the four nitrogenous bases linked to carbon atom 1 of deoxyribose. Two polynucleotide strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base in opposite strands . Base pairing is precise : -Adenine (A) is linked to thymine (T) by two hydrogen bonds . -Guanine (G) IS linked to cytosine (C) by three hydrogen bonds. The two polynucleotide strands are complementary The double helix make one complete turn for every 10 base pairs (3.4nm) of deoxyribonucleotides. The diameter of DNA IS 2.0 nm , and the distance between base pairs is 0.34nm. MARK 1 1 1 1 (8 marks) (7marks) T.MARK

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ii) DNA RNA

Two long polynucleotides strands Two polynucleotides strands coiled around each other to form a double helix Pentose sugar is deoxyribose Four types of nitrogenous bases: Adenine(A) Thymine(T) Cytosine (C) Guanine(G) Only one type of DNA

Shorter single polynucleotide strands No double helix is formed

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Pentose suger is ribose Four types of nitrogenous bases: Adenine(A) Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Exist in three types : rRNA (ribosomal RNA) Mrna (messenger RNA) Trna (transfer RNA)

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Carries genetic information Ratio of purines to pyrimidines = 1:1 Amount is constant in cells ,gametes have the half the amount of DNA compared to parents cells

All three are important in protein synthesis Ratio of purines to prymidine 1:1 Amount varies among cells

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i) State the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells . ii) State the differences between animal and plant cells NO i) ANSWER Prokaryotic cell Examples:Bacteria and cynobacteria Average diameter of cell :0.5 -5m Circular DNA.No histone protein and chromosome Circular DNA is not surrounded by nuclear envelope and found in cytoplasm No membrane bound organelles are present Some bacteria have small circular plasmids Occurs in mesosomes of bacteria or plasma membrane of cyanobacteria ,which contains respiratory enzymes No chloroplast .some prokaryotes are photoautotrophs . No mitosis and meiosis Cell wall contains murein (peptidoglycan) No centrioles and spindle fibres formation 70s ribosomes NO ANSWER Eukaryotic cell Examples:Protoctists,fungi,animals,and plants Average diameter of cell :10 -100m DNA associated with histones forming chromosomes . Chromosomes are found in the nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope . MARK

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Single and double membrane bound organelles are present Plasmids are absent

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No mesosomes .Energy production occurs in mitochondria .

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Chloroplast present in photosynthetic plant cells.

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Both mitosis and meiosis can occur Cell walls of fungi contain chitin ,cell wall pf plants and algae contains cellulose and animal cella have no cell walls Centrioles are present in animal cells .spindle fibre formation occurs during mitosis and meiosis 80s ribosomes

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b) Animal cells No cellulose cell wall and middle lamella No chloroplast Plant cells Cellulose cell wall and middle lamella are present Chloroplast present in photosynthetic cells large and permanent centrally located vacuole filled with cell sap No centriole sare present Contains starch granules for carbohydratye storage No cilia and flagella are present Lysosome is usually absent except in certain insectivorous plants Fixed shape

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Small and temporary vacuoles

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Centrioles present Contains glycogen granules for carbohydrate storage Some cells have cilia or flagella Lysosome present

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Variable shape

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Question 8 :

a) By using labeled diagrams,explain the structure of the following plant tissues i) parenchyma ii) collenchyma iii) sclerenchyma b) Explain how the structure of cells in (a) is related to their functions. NO a) i) ANSWER MARKS T.MARKS

Explanation: Usually spherical ,isodiametric or elongated Only has a thin primary cell wall Large centrally located vacuole with cytoplasm at the periphery Loosely arranged with large amount of intercellular spaces. May contain chloroplast

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ii)

Explanation : Polygonal in shape and elongated Uneven thickening of cell wall,usually thickened at the corners of the cell wall formibg angular collenchyma The cell wall is not lignified Compact arrangement with no intercellular spaces/very small inter-cellular spaces May contain chloroplast iii)

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Explanation: Two types: Sclerenchyma fibres Sclereids (stone cells) Mature cells are dead and contain no protoplast Thick lignified secondary cell walls Small and empty lumen Sclerenchyma fibres are polygonal and elongated with tapered ends Tightly packed with no intercellular spaces b) i) Functions of parenchyma are as follows To act as a major component of the ground tissue of stems and root To provide support when the cells are turgid,created by the large centrally located vacuole If contains chloroplast,photosynthesis is carried out To store food such as starch Functions of collenchyma Collenchymas cells with uneven thickening acts as a supporting tissue by providing mechanical strength and flexibility If the collenchymas contain chloroplast,photosynthesis is carried out Functions of sclerenchyma Thick lignified cell walls of sclerenchyma act as supporting tissues by providing mechanical strength and rigidity to plants Sclereids,which have thick lignified cell walls,protects the seeds

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Question 9 2 a) Explain how the dark reaction occurs in a named CAM plant b) By using a labeled diagram,explain the compensation point of a plant NO 9(a) ANSWER One example of a CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)plant is cactus Dark reaction in CAM plants occurs only in mesophyll cells Stomata of CAM plants are opened at night and closed during the daytime Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the protoplast of mesophyll cells at night Carbon dioxide the combines with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP),a 3-carbon molecule,to produce oxaloacetate (4-carbon molecule) Carboxylation of PEP is catalysed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase PEP carboxylase has a high affinity towards carbon dioxide even at low carbon dioxide concentrations. Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate by receiving 2 hyrogen atom(2H) from NADPH Malate is stored in the cell vacuole at night to prevent decrease of pH of cytoplasm During daytome,malate is oxidized to form pyruvate by removing 2 hydrogen atoms(2H) and carbon dioxide. This increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the stroma of the chloroplast to increase the efficiency of RuBP carboxylase and to prevent photorespiration . Carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle to produce organic molecules The compensation point is the level of light intensity at which no net gain or loss in the amount of sugars occurs in the plant The diagram below show the compensation point of a plant MARKS 1 1 1 1 1 T.MARKS

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(b)

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At the compensation point, -the amount of carbon dioxide produced during respiration equals the amount of carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis. -the amount of oxygen produced during the photosynthesis equals the amount of oxygen used in respiration -no net gaseous exchange occurs between the plants and its environment Different species of plants have different compensation points due to the different chlorophyll concentrations.

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Question 10 : Describe the cyclic phtophosphorylation and non cyclic photophosphorylation NO 10) ANSWER Process that occurs at the granum of chloroplast is light reaction Light reaction takes place in two pathways i) cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation non-cyclic photophosphorylation PSII/P680 absorbed light energy and the electrons become excited The photoactivated electron are accepted by phaephytin (Q),then transferred through plastoquinone and cytochrome b6f complex through electrons transport system Electrons are then transferred to plastocyanin and PSI/P700 The cytochrome b6f complex passes protons from the stroma into thylakoid space and increases the proton gradient inside The flow of electrons provides energy to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane The proton gradient in thylakoid space is used in photophosphorylation of ADP to produced ATP during chemiosmosis in chemiosmosis process PS I/P 700 absorbed light energy and the electrons are excited HIgh electron in P700 is ejected,passes onto electron acceptor ferredoxin and NADP+ reductase NADP+ reductase donates the electron to NADP+ and stabilizes it by adding a proton to form NADPH Water molecules split up/photolysis of water take place Releasing electrons and H+ to replace electrons in PS II/P680 Cyclic photophosphorylation PS I/ P700 absorbed light energy which excite the electrons to a high energy level Electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptors FeS Through electrons transport system Electrons are recycled back to PS I/ P700 MARKS 1 1 T.MARKS

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ATP is produced from ADP

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