THERMODYNAMICS 1

EG-161

Prof. Johann Sienz

College of Engineering

Thermodynamics ?
Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you dont understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two points. The third time you go through it, you know you dont understand it, but by that time you are so used to the subject, it doesnt bother you anymore.

(Arnold Sommerfeld)

Sommerfeld (left) and Bohr (1919)

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Course Overview
Prof. Johann Sienz Room 161 Online Blackboard learning environment at bb.swan.ac.uk Assessment: 75 % closed book exam 25 % closed book mid term assessment If Core Module for your degree you would need at least 40% to pass Recommended Texts: Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, engel & Boles, McGraw-Hill (BEng, MEng and BSc students) Property Tables Booklet for use with Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach

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Course Overview
Module average of 42 % 147 students out of 253 passed first exam in 10/11

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

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Thermodynamics I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis Properties of Pure Substances Energy Analysis of Closed Systems Energy and Mass Analysis of Control Volumes The Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Applications Examples

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Applications of Thermodynamics
The human body Air-conditioning systems Airplanes

Car engines
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Power plants
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Refrigeration systems
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Applications Steam Engines

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Application Supersonic Cars

Thrust SSC Project: 763 mph (1229 km/h or 1.02 Ma) Aerodynamic Design

Bloodhound Project: 1000 mph (1609 km/h or 1.3 Ma) Aerodynamic Design Desert Selection Project Logistics
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Application - Thermal Efficiency

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Low speed diesel engine Medium speed diesel engine Combined cycle gas turbine Gas turbine Steam turbine

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Application - Thermal Efficiency

Power=81223.0 kW Torque=7603850.07 Nm Displacement=25.8m3 Stroke=2.49m Bore=0.98m Fuel Consumption=7.5m3/h h>50%

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Application - Collapse

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Energy and Environment

Conversion of energy affects environment Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas are main source of energy Pollution emitted during combustion of fossil fuels are the main cause for smog, acid rain and global warming Serious threat to life on earth

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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

The conversion of energy from one form to another often affects the environment and the air we breathe in many ways, and thus the study of energy is not complete without considering its impact on the environment. Pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for smog, acid rain, and global warming. The environmental pollution has reached such high levels that it became a serious threat to vegetation, wild life, and human health.

Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution. Energy conversion processes are often accompanied by environmental pollution.
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ACARE* targets for 2020

Reduce perceived external noise by 50% Reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 50% per passenger km

Reduce NOX emissions by 80%

* Advisory Council for Aerospace Research in Europe Targets for new aircraft and whole industry relative to 2000

Minimise the industries impact during manufacture, maintenance, overhaul, repair and disposal

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Emission Targets

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Evolution of the Greener Aero Engine

Since 1950 : 4x reduction in noise 70% reduction on fuel burn

2030: 3x passenger kms 2050: aviation - 75% greenhouse gas impact

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Meeting the 50% fuel burn target needs changes in all areas
Contributions to CO2 Reduction 0% -10% -20%

Possible design solutions

-30% -40% -50% Engines Airframe Air traffic management and operations
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Engine Thermodynamics
Intercooled Recuperative Core Engine

Centrifugal HP Compressor
Centrifugal compressor efficiency improvement and high hub-tip-ratio Optimisation of radial compressor/ducting interface Radial/axial compressor comparison

Recuperator
Improved heat exchanger and nozzle arrangement Low loss heat exchanger integration Structural and overall IRA integration aspects

Future innovative core configuration

Variable core cycle Innovative combustion Contra-rotating core Unconventional heat management Thermodynamics 1

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Engine

Intercooled Recuperative Core

Active Core

Intercooled Core
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Flow Controlled Core

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Engine

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