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Chapter 5 Outline I. Substances That Exist as Gases A. Group 1A : H2 B. Group 5A : 2 C. Group !A : O2 ". Group #A : $2% Cl2 E.

Group &A : All '(onato(ic) $. Allotrope: O*+ o,one G. Ionic Co(poun-s -o not exist as .ases at 25/C 1. Ex: aCl (elts at &01C

2. To boil it11000C H. Co(poun-s 1. H$ 'H2-ro.en 3luori-e) 2. HCl 'H2-ro.en chlori-e) *. CO 'carbon (onoxi-e) 4. CO2'carbon -ioxi-e) 5. CH4 '5ethane) !. #. &. 6. H* 'a((onia) O 'nitric aci-) O2 'nitro.en -ioxi-e) 2O 'nitrous oxi-e)

10. SO2 'sul3ur -ioxi-e) 11. H2S 'H2-ro.en sul3i-e) 12. HC I. 'h2-ro.en c2ani-e)

7h2sical characteristics o3 all .ases 1. Gases assu(e the 8olu(e an- shape o3 their containers 2. Gases are the (ost co(pressible o3 the states o3 (atter *. Gases 9ill (ix e8enl2 an- co(pletel2

4. Gases ha8e (uch lo9er -ensities than li:ui-s an- soli-s II. 7ressure o3 a Gas

A. SI units o3 pressure ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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$orce< 5ass / Accerlation ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; e9ton< 1 =1>. (?s@2 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 7ascal< 17a< 1 ?(@2 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

B. At(ospheric 7ressure 1. Ato(s an- .ases subAect to .ra8it2 2. The -enser the air is% the .reater the pressure exerte*. At(ospheric pressure+ the pressure exerte- b2 earthBs at(osphere 4. The 8alue o3 at(ospheric pressure -epen-s on location% te(perature% an9eather con-itions. 5. Baro(eter+ instru(ent use- to (easure at(ospheric pressure

!. Stan-ar- at(ospheric pressure '1at() + is e:ual to the pressure that supports the colu(n o3 (ercur2 exactl2 #!0 (( '#! c() at 0/C at sea le8el. #. Stan-ar- at(ospheric pressure< #!0 ((H.

&. 5ano(eter+ a -e8ice use- to (easure the pressure o3 .ases other than the at(osphere. a. Close-+tube (ano(eter+ use- to (easure pressure belo9 at(ospheric pressure b. Open+tube (ano(eter+ better suite- 3or (easurin. pressures e:ual to or .reater then at(ospheric pressure III. The Gas Ca9s A. Boyles law: Pressure- Volume Relationship 1. 7 D < constant 2. 7i Di < 73 D3 *. 7ressure an- 8olu(e 3or a .as is a constant 3or a 3ixe- a(ount o3 .as at a 3ixe- te(perature. 4. This la9 pre-icts ho9 chan.e in pressure 9ill alter the 8olu(e o3 the .as or 8ice 8ersa. This is a t9o state proble(: a. the initial state +subscript i b. 3inal state + subscript f B. Charles and Gay-Lussacs Law: emperature-!olume relationship 1. Charles la9 a. at constant pressure% te(perature is proportional to 8olu(e b. D1?T1<D2?T2 c. Dolu(e?Te(perature<constant 2. Ga2 CussacEs Ca9: a. The pressure o3 a .as is -irectl2 proportional to the .asE absolute te(perature. b. 71?T1<72?T2 c. 7ressure?Te(perature<constant C. A!o"adros Law: Volume-Amount Relationship a. D?n<> 1. D is the 8olu(e o3 the .as 2. n is the a(ount o3 substance o3 the .as

*. > is a proportionalit2 constant. b. 'At the sa(e te(perature an- pressure) e:ual 8olu(es o3 i-eal or per3ect .ases contain the sa(e nu(ber o3 (olecules. #V. #deal Gas $%uation

'e:uations on separate pa.e) D. Gas Stoichio(etr2

DI.

"altonBs Ca9 o3 7artial 7ressures A. 7artial 7ressure+ the pressures o3 in-i8i-ual .as co(ponets in the (ixture

B. "altonBs Ca9 o3 7artial 7ressures+ the total pressure o3 a (ixture o3 .ases represente- as the su( o3 pressures that each .as 9oul- exert i3 it 9ere present alone C. Exa(ple

DII. A.

The Finetic 5olecular Theor2 o3 Gases Ener.2< Gor> -one <3orce/-istance B. Houle SI unit o3 Ener.2 1H< 1>.(@2?s@2 <1 ( C. Application o3 Gas Ca9s 1. Co(pressabilit2 o3 Gases 2. Bo2leBs Ca9 *. CharleBs Ca9 4. A8o.a-roBs nu(ber 5. "altonBs Ca9 o3 7artial 7ressures ". Ioot 5ean S:uare Spee-

E. Gas "i33usion an- E33uision

1. "i33usion+ the .ra-ual (ixin. o3 (olecules o3 one .as 9ith (olesules o3 another .as -ue to their >inetic properties. a. In 1&*2 Graha( 3oun- that% un-er the sa(e con-itions o3 te(perature anpressure% rates o3 -i33usion 3or .ases are in8ersl2 proportional to the s:uare roots o3 (olar (asses b. Graha(Bs Ca9 o3 "i33usion

2. E33usion+ a .as un-er pressure escapes 3ro( one co(part(ent o3 a container to another b2 passin. throu.h a s(all openin.

DIII.

"e8iation 3ro( i-eal beha8ior A. 7 i-eal < 7 real =an@2?D@2 B. '7 real =an@2?D@2)'D+nb)<nIT 1. This is >no9n as the Dan -er Jaals e:uation 2. This is an i-eal .as 3or(ula

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