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Sport Sociology Sport Sociology defined !!Briefly stated, sport sociology involves looking at social units of society and investigating the role sport plays in each of those social groups Socialization !!Process of assuming an accepted role in ones culture !!Early on, we learn what are accepted social roles !!In what ways have you been socialized? !!Cultural differences? What about gender socialization? !!Gender is not a biological category, but a socially defined role !!Gender is defined as the norms or expectations about how we behave according to societal expectations about being male and female. !!What were the traditional roles assigned to women in this country during the 18th and 19th centuries? !!What words do you use to describe women and men in todays society? !!Are those roles different today? How do we socialize women today? What about sport socialization? !!Do we socialize our children into sport in our country? !!Does this differ between males and females? !!Are there cultural and ethnic differences? Socialization, cont.Two examples from Sports and Racial Divide: African American and Latino Experience in an Era of Change by Lomax !!African-American women In the late 1930s, black women moved into track and field, a sport largely abandoned by middle-class women (Lomax xxiii). !!Latino males To Latinos, sport was a vehicle for community celebrations, a way to express pride in ethnic and religious heritages' (Lomax 204).

Socialization, cont.Two examples from Sports and Racial Divide: African American and Latino Experience in an Era of Change by Lomax !!African-American women In the late 1930s, black women moved into track and field, a sport largely abandoned by middle-class women (Lomax xxiii). !!Latino males To Latinos, sport was a vehicle for community celebrations, a way to express pride in ethnic and religious heritages' (Lomax 204).

Goals of sport sociology Look with a penetrating gaze at sport !!Attempts to be value free !!At first glancescholarship opportunities for minority athletes !!At first glanceTitle IX and coaching and administrative roles Goals, cont. Identify and analyze patterns of change in sport !!Do social inequities have an influence on participation in sport? !!The participation level of kids in sports has sky rocked, but why do we have such high rates of obesity? Goal, cont. Critique programs and recommend change !!If we know that overuse injuries are prevalent in youth sports !!If we know that a wide variety of opportunities during childhood produces this circle of competence Women and Sport Why has the growth been so slow? Why have women been socialized out of sport traditionally? !!Medical concerns (physical) !!History of sport in our country (social) Socialization, cont. Olympics/major events seen as evidence of this slow growth !!1896 !!1922 !!1928 !!1984 !!1996 !!World Cup (1999)

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!!History of sport in our country (social)

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Socialization, cont. Olympics/major events seen as evidence of this slow growth !!1896 !!1922 !!1928 !!1984 !!1996 !!World Cup (1999) !!2012

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1928 Olympics Womens marathon History of Title IX: evidence that changes in how we socialize women is having an effect! Facts: !!1971 only 18% of women completed college compared to 26% of males !!Over 60% of bachelors and masters degrees now earned by women !!In 1971, only 8% of high school athletes were female. By 2009, 41% were female. !!In the first decade after Title IX was passed, there was a 400% increase in participation of high school and college age women participating in sports. By 2007, there was a 904% increase! !!Women receive 37% of sports dollars on college campuses, although they make up 57% of students and 43% of athletes on campus (cited in Title IX at 35). Title IX: What is it? !!Section of the Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting gender discrimination in federally funded programs. !!No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational programs or act receiving Federal financial assistance. !!Enforced by the Office of Civil Rts. Compliance requirements for sport !!Scholarships !!Equipment !!Tutoring services, practice and competitive schedules

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!!Section of the Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting gender discrimination in federally funded programs. !!No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational programs or act receiving Federal financial assistance. !!Enforced by the Office of Civil Rts.
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Compliance requirements for sport !!Scholarships !!Equipment !!Tutoring services, practice and competitive schedules !!Locker rooms !!Sports medicine facilities !!Publicity !!Travel/food/lodging What is gender equity practically defined? An athletic program is gender equitable when either the mens or womens sport programs would be pleased to accept as it own the overall program of the other gender (NCAA, 1993). Enforced by the Office of Civil Rights 3 Prong Requirement !!Proportionality !!History and continuing practice !!Accommodate the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex What about gender equity for males? Does Title IX mandate that colleges should eliminate mens sports in order to comply with the 3 prong requirement?

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Important history of court cases !!1984: Grove City ruling !!1988: Civil Rights Restoration Act !!1995: Cohen v Brown University !!2003: National Wrestling Coaches Association !!2003 Commission to revisit 3 prong requirement Grove City ruling: 1984 Key points: !!Christian college in Pennsylvania !!Refused to sign a compliance form for Title IX based on the assumption that they did not receive federal funding

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Important history of court cases !!1984: Grove City ruling !!1988: Civil Rights Restoration Act !!1995: Cohen v Brown University !!2003: National Wrestling Coaches Association !!2003 Commission to revisit 3 prong requirement Grove City ruling: 1984 Key points: !!Christian college in Pennsylvania !!Refused to sign a compliance form for Title IX based on the assumption that they did not receive federal funding !!Court ruled that Title IX did apply, but only to those areas on campus that received direct funding !!Hundreds of cases dropped as a result !!Civil Rts. Restoration Act 1988 Cohen v Brown University: 1995 !!1991 two mens teams and 2 womens teams were dropped to club status !!Lawsuit brought against Brown University based on Title IX !!Judge ordered female teams reinstated. Why? !!None of the 3 prong requirements were met: !!Female enrollment at Brown was 48% and only 38% of athletes were female !!No female teams added since 1982 !!Teams demoted to club level had participants who had the interest and ability to compete at the varsity level

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