Office of the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Business)

College of Business: Guidelines for referencing and presentation in written reports and essays

Version: 4

Approved: April 2010

Review date: Not later than December 2011

Contents

Tables
Table Table 1 Table 2 Table ! Tables 4a#d Table $ Table Table " Table % Table & Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 1! Table 14 Table 1$ Table 1 Table 1" Table 1% Table 1& Table 20 Table 21 Title eferencing styles ! type of author eferencing styles ! no author eferencing styles ! boo"s eferencing styles Order of entries in a reference list Other referencing syste#s Co##only used abbre$iations in referencing %irect use of another person&s wor" without citation Paraphrasing without citation Piecing together te'ts and lin"ing the# (ntegrating ideas fro# #ultiple sources )ow to a$oid accusations of plagiaris# *ction+instruction words used in assess#ent tas"s ,ind #apping for essays Chec"list for essays ,ind #apping for reports -ections of a report .'a#ples of the language used in the different sections of a report /or#al $ersus infor#al language eport writing chec"list Glossary Page

" 10 22 2! 24 2 2 2 2" 2" 2& !0 !4 !% 40 4$ 4$ 4" 4&

01

(ntroduction

The written word is the basis o' b(siness comm(nication toda)* whether in a 'ormal b(siness report* a letter* in'ormal memo or email+ As a b(siness pro'essional* )o( will be ,(dged b) how well and how clearl) )o( (se words to comm(nicate+ As well as teaching technical b(siness s-ills in a broad range o' disciplines* R./T 0(siness is also committed to help )o( develop appropriate b(siness writing s-ills 'or the 1niversit) assessments )o( will be re2(ired to s(bmit+ This doc(ment is intended 'or R./T 0(siness TA34 and (ndergrad(ate st(dents* altho(gh postgrad(ate st(dents are enco(raged to (se it as a starting point+ /t details how to 'ormat )o(r written wor- and demonstrates: 5 the di''erences between academic essa)s and b(siness reports6 5 g(idelines 'or their preparation6 5 how to ens(re )o( meet the technical re2(irements6 5 how to cite re'erences6 5 how to avoid plagiarism+ 7o( will 'ind a set o' broad g(idelines to help overcome common problems with grammar* 'ormatting* and (se o' abbreviations+ This doc(ment is intended as an integral re'erence on matters o' st)le and method+ /t will also help )o( '(rther develop )o(r written comm(nication s-ills+ The R./T 0(siness 8(idelines are based on the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 92002:* re'erred to here as Style manual 92002: which is p(blished on behal' o' the ;ommonwealth o' A(stralia* and is the ;ommonwealth 8overnment<s pre'erred st)le+ The Style manual 92002: can be (sed to provide g(idance on areas which are not covered in the R./T 0(siness doc(ment* b(t i' there is an) inconsistenc) )o( sho(ld 'ollow the R./T 0(siness doc(ment+ There ma) be certain other st)le re2(irements p(blished in a co(rse g(ide or indicated b) the lect(rer in charge+ 4=amples (sed in this g(ide are presented in te=t bo=es to ma-e them eas) to 'ollow+

4=ample o' correct in#te=t re'erence (sing 2(otes

>?hilst this wor- has been developing in the 1@A it had ver) di''erent beginnings in 0ritain > 9?right 1&%2* p+ $1:+

Additional s(pport and assistance with essa) writing* writing st)le* and re'erencing can be 'o(nd b) viewing the Aearning Aab Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+

010

Getting started

Do not leave the tas- (ntil the last min(te+ 7o( are (rged to consider the 'ollowing advice in relation to written assessments: 5 5 5 @tart thin-ing abo(t the topic as soon as it has been selected and list the 2(estions )o( believe )o( sho(ld tr) to answer+ Do bac-gro(nd reading* b(t -eep chec-ing the set topic to ens(re that )o( sta) 'oc(sed+ Place the topic o' )o(r answer within the appropriate conte=t+ 3or e=ample* an essa) 2(estion on the macroeconomic policies o' a partic(lar co(ntr) will re2(ire )o( to de'ine >macroeconomic< be'ore )o( can write abo(t policies in di''erent co(ntries+ @o )o( ma) need to complete bac-gro(nd reading be'ore commencing the speci'ic reading related to )o(r written tas-+ ?hat do )o( need to '(ll) answer the 2(estionE Do )o( need to collect data* so(rce more reading materials* anal)se new or e=isting dataE ?here will )o( so(rce this in'ormationE Allow time to sec(re essential re'erences* remembering most libraries o'ten do not have s(''icient m(ltiple copies o' re'erences+ Aearn 2(ic-l) to get the relevant in'ormation 'or )o(r assignment* (sing the table o' contents* chapter s(mmaries* inde=es and reviews+ Alwa)s record the details o' the p(blications in '(ll 'or incl(sion in )o(r notes or plan in case )o( decide to re'er to a so(rce in )o(r essa)+

5 5

7o( sho(ld (se all available research reso(rces incl(ding the /nternet and other electronic so(rces* to both save time and allow )o( to cond(ct international research and data gathering 'rom home or wor-+ Fowever* in (sing these new technologies )o( m(st ens(re that database reso(rces* web pages* email* electronic disc(ssion lists* etc+ are properl) ac-nowledged 9see chapter ! 'or electronic doc(ment re'erencing:+

012

.diting

Do not leave editing (ntil the last min(te* b(t leave s(''icient time to rewrite wor- to improve )o(r e=pression+ Remove irrelevant or red(ndant material+ Re'ine arg(ments to be more concise and 'orce'(l* and to remed) an) other de'iciencies+ Hint: Often, the best way to ensure your writing flows systematically is to read your work aloud. Your natural pauses become your punctuation and paragraph breaks, and sometimes, while reading aloud, it becomes obvious what needs to be deleted and what is missing from your analysis.

013

Confidentiality

/' )o( incl(de con'idential andCor controversial material and do not wish )o(r essa) or report to be viewed b) people other than R./T sta''* )o( sho(ld disc(ss this with )o(r lect(rer or co(rse coordinator+

014

eferencing

5hat is referencing6 5 Re'erencing means ac-nowledging someone else<s wor- or ideas+ /t is sometimes called >citing< or >doc(menting< another person<s wor-+ 5 Re'erencing is a basic 1niversit) re2(irement+ As an R./T 0(siness st(dent* )o( are re2(ired to (se the Farvard re'erencing s)stem as o(tlined in the 'ollowing pages+ This a(thor date s)stem is based on the A(stralian 8overnment 2000* @t)le man(al 'or a(thors* editors and printers* th edn* Gohn ?ile) H @ons* A(stralia+ Note: The Farvard s)stem has man) variations+ 7o( m(st (se this version -nown as the A8P@ st)le+ ?e have created an interactive website to assist )o( in the p(rs(it o' re'erencing to the re2(ired standard+ The site contains e=amples )o( can read as well as sel' help e=ercise with the in'ormation presented in a ,(st in time 'ormat+ /t wo(ld be bene'icial 'ore )o( to boo-mar- the R./T 0(siness online re'erencing reso(rce+ 5hy reference6 5 To draw on the ideas* lang(age* data* andCor 'acts o' others+ 97o( are e=pected to read and research widel)+: 5 To provide depth and s(pport to academic wor- thro(gh citation o' theories or -e) writers whose wors(pports )o(r answer* arg(ment* or contention+ 5 To demonstrate -nowledge o' c(rrent thin-ing in the 'ield+ 5 To s(pport academic writing* essa)s* b(siness reports* and oral presentations+ 5 To demonstrate )o(r abilit) to s)nthesis and anal)se ideas so(rced thro(gh )o(r research+ 5 To ac-nowledge wor- 'rom others that )o( have 2(oted* s(mmarised* paraphrased* s)nthesised* disc(ssed or mentioned in )o(r assignments+ 5 To provide a list o' the p(blication details so that )o(r readers can locate the so(rce i' necessar)+ 5 To demonstrate the level and breadth o' research (nderta-en b) a st(dent+ Re'erences (sed correctl) will bene'it )o(r wor- and ma) add to )o(r 'inal grade+ Note:

5 5 5

?itho(t appropriate re'erencing st(dents are in e''ect IstealingJ the wor- o' others# this is tantamo(nt to academic 'ra(d and is called plagiarism+ 3ail(re to re'erence )o(r wor- means that )o( ma) be 'o(nd g(ilt) o' plagiarism which inc(rs academic penalties+ 3(rther in'ormation can be 'o(nd at R./T Reg(lations +1+1 K @t(dent Discipline+ 3ail(re to (se the correct re'erencing 'ormat ma) a''ect the grading o' )o(r academic wor-+

21

eferencing
21 0 (ntroduction

?henever )o( rel) on someone else<s wor- )o( m(st ac-nowledge that b) providing details o' the so(rce+ Farvard Re'erencing has been developed to provide standard* compact wa)s o' conve)ing this necessar) in'ormation+ /n this s)stem* each re'erence is indicated in two areas o' )o(r wor-: 5 5 in the te=t 9in#te=t citation: b) (sing the name o' the a(thor9s: and the date o' p(blication o' the wor-+ /n the re'erence list* where the '(ll details o' each re'erence* incl(ding the title and p(blishing details are given

212

(n-te't citations

There are two wa)s o' re'erencing in#te=t: 5 5 Paraphrasing Direct 2(otes Paraphrasing

21210

?hen paraphrasing* the ideas o' the a(thor9s: are e=pressed in )o(r own words+

Paraphrasing is (sed to indicate to the reader: 5 5 )o(r (nderstanding o' the content in the re'erence )o( are (sing+ )o(r abilit) to relevantl) and appropriatel) (se ideas and in'ormation to s(pport an arg(ment or an opinion+

2121010 )ow to reference in-te't There are two options 'or in#te=t re'erencing 5 Adding the citation at the end o' the sentence+ 5 1sing the a(thor<s name as part o' )o(r sentence+ 5 ?hen paraphrasing incl(de the a(thor<s name and date o' p(blication+ e+g+ Aac- o' variabilit) in a prod(ct is an important meas(re o' its 2(alit) 9@hannon 200!:+ LR @hannon 9200!: describes the role o' statistics in minimising prod(ct variabilit)+ 21212 %irect 7uotes

?hen 2(oting* the e=act words o' the a(thor9s: are (sed+ Direct 2(otes sho(ld be -ept to a minim(m+

2121210 )ow to reference in-te't There are two options 'or in#te=t re'erencing 5 Adding the citation at the end o' the sentence 5 1sing the a(thor<s name as part o' )o(r sentence 5 ?hen (sing direct 2(otes incl(de the a(thor<s name* date o' p(blication and page n(mber e+g+ @tatistical thin-ing can be de'ined as a >set o' tho(ght processes and val(e s)stems that 'oc(s on (nderstanding* managing and red(cing variation in the o(tp(t o' the 'irm< 9@hannon 200!* p+ $:+ LR @hannon de'ines statistical thin-ing as a >set o' tho(ght processes and val(e s)stems that 'oc(s on (nderstanding* managing and red(cing variation in the o(tp(t o' the 'irm< 9200!* p+ $:+

"

213
5

* reference list
The p(blication details o' ever) item cited C (sed in )o(r writing need to be incl(ded in the re'erence list at the end o' )o(r paper+ An) websites (sed m(st also be doc(mented in '(ll+ This enables the reader to locate the so(rce i' the) wish+ 4ach re'erence list entr) re2(ires a speci'ic 'ormat depending on the re'erence t)pe i+e+ whether it is a boo-* boo- chapter* ,o(rnal article* website* etc+ This is indicated in the 'ollowing tables 9page onwards:+ 7o( m(st (se a variet) o' so(rces in )o(r written wor- e+g+ boo-s* ,o(rnals and websites etc+ This indicates that )o( have researched widel)+

5 5

5hat is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography6 5 A re'erence list details in alphabetical order b) a(thor 'amil) name* all the wor-sCarticlesC,o(rnalsC monographsCweb pages and data so(rces )o( have cited in )o(r written wor-+ 5 A bibliograph) lists* in alphabetical order b) a(thor 'amil) name* all the wor-sCarticlesC,o(rnalsC monographsCweb pages and data so(rces )o( have (sed or accessed to create )o(r written wor-+ Note: R./T 0(siness re2(ires all st(dents to (se a re'erence list in assessment tas-s (nless otherwise instr(cted b) )o(r lect(rers+

21310

eferencing internet sources

Re'erencing o' web reso(rces 'ollows the same principles as 'or printed material+ L'ten it is di''ic(lt to decide how to re'erence a web site* especiall) when it originates 'rom a corporate or government bod)+ /t ma) not be clear: 5 5 who or which part o' an organisation is responsible 'or the content+ 9;hec- the header* 'ooter or IAbo(tJ section o' the site:+ when it was created or last (pdated+ 9.an) sites are contin(o(sl) (pdated K chec- 'or cl(es s(ch as re'erences to events which happened in a partic(lar )ear or loo- 'or a cop)right date+ /' it is clear that a site is contin(o(sl) (pdated (se the c(rrent )ear+: which part to ta-e as the title+ 9Fome pages do not alwa)s re2(ire a title+ 3or s(bordinate pages* choose the most obvio(s heading on the page:+ who is responsible 'or p(blishing it+

5 5

The important thing is to ma-e it clear e=actl) which part o' the site )o( are re'erring to and provide details o' the bodies responsible+ Viewed date As doc(ments on the web are s(b,ect to s(dden change* it is essential to incl(de the date on which )o( accessed the doc(ment* especiall) i' no date can be 'o(nd on the doc(ment itsel'+ 5eb addresses (8 9 - 8nifor# esource 9ocator) Provide the '(ll 1RA 'or the site+ /' )o( are accessing in'ormation via a Aibrar) database* give the name o' the database not the 1RA+

As 1RAs o'ten change* e+g+ when a site is restr(ct(red* )o( need to provide s(''icient in'ormation s(ch as title and a(thor 'or the reader to locate the doc(ment on the site+

.nclose the 8 9 in angle brac"ets e+g+ Bwww+ibisworld+com+a(D+ 'ollowed b) a '(ll stop+ /t is important to (se the 1RA pre'i= to identi') t)pe o' access involved e+g+ http:CC 'tp:CC gopher:CC

General rules for in-te't referencing where the na#e(s) of the authors are gi$en
3or boo-s* ,o(rnals* websites* con'erence papers and newspapers* the general r(le is to (se the 'amil) name and the date+

Table 1 eferencing style ! types of author One author 3amil) name 7ear o' p(blication Two or three authors 3amil) name 7ear o' p(blication /our or #ore authors The name o' the 'irst a(thor 'ollowed b) >et al+< 7ear o' p(blication Note: 3amil) names o' all a(thors* and initials* to be (sed in the re'erence list

(n-te't reference M(mar 9200": arg(ed thatN +++9M(mar 200":+ 0rown and Aee 9200%: o''er the opinion thatN ++++90rown H Aee 200%:+ Ng et al+ 92004: stated thatN N9Ng et al+ 2004:+

3or speci'ic in'ormation regarding re'erencing* re'er to pages %#22 o' this 8(ide or (se the online re'erencing reso(rce Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingCinde=+htmlD+ General rules for in-te't referencing where the na#e(s) of the authors are not gi$en

Table 2 eferencing style ! no author :ewspapers fro# a database or hard copy Name o' paper K in italics Date Page Date viewed Database i' applicable 5ebsites ! corporations + institutions An organisational p(blication with no individ(al a(thor e+g+ a corporate website or report* treat the compan) as the a(thor Name o' a(thoring bod)* corporation C instit(tion 7ear o' p(blication (n-te't reference (n-Te't eference

As stated in the Financial Review 91 A(g(st 200"* p+ 2* viewed 2" A(g(st 200"* 3activa Database:N++ N+ 9Financial Review* 1 A(g(st 200"* p+ 2* viewed 2" A(g(st 200"* 3activa Database:+

Telstra 9200": provided the latestN+ +++*9Telstra 200":+

3or speci'ic in'ormation regarding re'erencing* re'er to pages %#22 o' this 8(ide or (se the online re'erencing reso(rce Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingCinde=+htmlD+

&

214
boo-s+

Boo"s

The 'ollowing table demonstrates how to correctl) re'erence )o(r wor- both in#te=t and in the re'erence list (sing

Table ! eference type Boo" ! one author 3amil) name and initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication Title of book italicised P(blisher Place o' p(blication

Re'erence list @hannon* G 200!* >! companion to business statistics"* Pearson* 3renchs 3orest* N@?+ Note the (se o' (pper and lower case in the titles o' all boo-s

/n#te=t citation

N 9@hannon 200!:+ LR @hannon 9200!: arg(es Note:

'or direct 2(otes enclose the e=act words o' the writer in >single< inverted commas /ncl(de the page n(mber9s:

@hannon 9200!* p+ 4$: de'inesN +++9@hannon 200!* p+ 4$:+ Boo" ! four or #ore authors The name o' the 'irst a(thor 'ollowed b) >et al+< is (sed 'or the in# te=t re'erence+ /n the re'erence list write the names o' all the a(thors+ Motler* P* 0rown* A* Adam* @ H Armstrong* 8 2004* #arketing* th edn* Prentice Fall* 3renchs 3orest* N@?+ N 9Motler et al+ 2004:+ LR Motler et al+ 92004: state +++

:o clear author ?here there is no clear a(thor* enter (nder the title o' the boo-+

@t)le man(al 'or a(thors* editors and printers 2002* th edn* Gohn ?ile) H @ons* A(stralia+

The @t)le man(al 'or a(thors* editors and printers 92002: describes N

.dited boo" @ingle editor

;ortada* G 9ed+: 1&&%* Rise of the knowledge worker, 0(tterworth#Feinemann* 0oston+ ;ope* 0 H .ason* D 9eds: 2001* $ % $& creator to consumer in a digital age, ;ommon 8ro(nd P(blishing* Altona* Vic+

N9ed+ ;ortada 1&&%:+

.(ltiple editors Note: ed+ # editor eds # editors

N9eds ;ope H .ason 2001:+

10

Boo" chapter + article A(thor9s: o' chapter # 'amil) name9s: and initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication >Title< o' chapter # in single inverted commas OinP 4ditor o' boo- 9i' di''erent: Title of book ' italicised 4dition P(blisher Place o' p(blication Page n(mber9s: .-boo" A(thor9s: 'amil) name9s:* /nitial9s: 7ear o' p(blication Title of book* 4dition P(blisher Place o' p(blication viewed da) month )ear database name ?hen the e#boo- is in a librar) database as a page image 9pd':* cite it as i' it were a hard cop) boo-+ To show where the e#boo- was located online* add the date o' viewing and either database name or 1RA+

Ahmad,iian* ;A 200 * >Gapanese b(siness gro(ps: contin(it) in the 'ace o' change* in @ ;hang 9ed+: (usiness groups in )ast !sia, L='ord (niversit) Press* 1M* pp+2&#$2+ Note: The /nitial9s: o' editor9s: comes before their 'amil) name9s:+ /ncl(de the page n(mbers 'or the whole chapter+

Ahmad,iian 9200 : observes that+++ +++9Ahmad,iian 200 :+

Qietlow* G* Fan-in* GA H @eidner* A8 200"* Financial management for nonprofit organi*ations & policies and practices, Gohn ?ile) H @ons* /nc+* Fobo-en* New Gerse)+ or Qietlow* G* Fan-in* GA H @eidner* A8 200"* Financial management for nonprofit organi*ations & policies and practices, Gohn ?ile) H @ons* /nc+* Fobo-en* N+G+* viewed " November 200"* 4boo- Aibrar) database+ Ai(* ; H AlbitR* P 200 * +,S and (-,+* $th edn* L<Reill)* @ebastopol* ;A* viewed " November 200"* Bhttp:CCpro2(est+sa'ariboo-sonlin e+comC0$& 100$"4D+

Qietlow* Fan-in and @eidner 9200": state+++

N+Qietlow* Fan-in H @eidner 200":+

/' the boo- is onl) available on a Aibrar) database as FT.A or plain te=t* then )o( m(st cite the date o' viewing and either the database name or 1RA+

*lternati$ely an anony#ous article e+g+ 'rom an enc)clopedia or dictionar) can be cited in the te=t with no entr) in the re'erence list+

No re'erence needed+

The new .algrave dictionary of money / finance 91&&2: de'ines hedging as N

-e$eral ite#s with sa#e author and year /' )o( are re'erring to more than one wor- written b) the same a(thor in the same )ear* the letters a*b*c etc are added to the date to indicate

Fill* ;?A 2004a* 0lobal business today* !rd edn* .c8raw Fill C /rwin* 0oston+ Fill* ;?A 2004b* Strategic

Fill 92004a: s(ggests that+++ Fill 92004b: s(ggests that+++ +++9Fill 2004b:+ +++9Fill 2004a:+

11

which one )o( mean+ /n the re'erence list the wor-s are listed alphabeticall) according to the title+ /' the title starts with >A<* >An<* or >The<* the alphabetical order is determined b) the second word in the title

management theory& an integrated approach, th edn* Fo(ghton .i''lin* 0oston+

-e$eral ite#s with sa#e first author and year ?hen an a(thor p(blishes more than one wor- in the same )ear* b(t with di''erent co#a(thors* the name o' the second a(thor determines the order in which the wor-s appear in the re'erence list+

Motler* P* 0rown* A* Adam* @ H Armstrong* 8 2004* #arketing* th edn* Prentice Fall* 3renchs 3orest* N@?+ Motler* P H Aee* N 2004* >0est o' breed<* Stanford Social -nnovation Review * vol+ 1* no+ 4* pp+ 14#2!+

Motler et al+ 92004: s(ggested that+++ Motler and Aee 92004: o''er the opinion that+++ N 9Motler et al+ 2004:+ N 9Motler H Aee 2004:+

-econdary citation (citation within a citation) A secondar) citation is when )o( re'er to the wor- o' one a(thor cited b) another a(thor+ Primar) so(rces are pre'erred+ /' the original so(rce is not available )o( m(st incl(de the name o' both writers 'or in#te=t re'erences+ Lnl) the so(rce )o( have read appears in the re'erence list+ Forton* @ 200 * !ccess by design& a guide to universal usability for web designers* New Riders* 0er-ele)* ;ali'ornia+ >3orm ever 'ollows '(nction< 9@(llivan* cited in Forton 200 * p+ 1:+ /n 1%& Ao(is F+ @(llivan observed that >'orm ever 'ollows '(nction< 9cited in Forton 200 * p+ 1:+

12

21410

Printed material and m(ltimedia

Table 4a eference type ;ournal articles A(thor9s: 'amil) name9s:* initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication* >Title o' article<* in single inverted commas 1ournal name ' in italics* month vol(me: vol+ n(mber: no+ iss(e* page n(mber9s:: p+ or pp+ K 'or the whole article Note: @ome ,o(rnals or magaRines are designated b) month and )ear* rather than b) vol(me and iss(e+ Note: 3or ,o(rnal and newspaper names onl)* all ma,or words are in (pper case

Re'erence list Aencioni* P. 2002* >.a-e )o(r val(es mean something<* 2arvard (usiness Review* G(l)* p+ 11!+ @loman* @A* Lver* D* @lova-* A H @tibel* G. 200!* >3re2(enc) ill(sions and other 'allacies<* Organi*ational (ehaviour and 2uman +ecision .rocesses* vol+ &1* no+ 2* pp+ 2& #!0&+ ?eber* T 1&&&* >8andhi* deep ecolog)* peace research and 0(ddhist economics<* 1ournal of .eace Research* vol+ ! * no+ !* pp+ !4&# 1+

/n#te=t citation Aencioni 92002: reported that+++ +++9Aencioni 2002:+

1!

Table 4a eference type ;ournal articles online A(thor9s: o' article # 'amil) name9s: and initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication* >Title o' article<* in single inverted commas Go(rnal name* in italics vol(me: vol+ n(mber: no+ + iss(e * page n(mber9s:: p+ or pp+ viewed da) month )ear* database name or 1RA+ Note: L'ten ,o(rnal articles come 'rom a variet) o' di''erent so(rces+ The) are cited di''erentl)* depending on their 'ormat+ /' a ,o(rnal article appears in a librar) database as a page image 9pd':* cite it the same wa) as the original hard cop) 'ormat+

Re'erence list 0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* pp+ 11!#1!4+ or 0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* pp+ 11!#1!4* viewed 11 November 200"* 4bsco database+

/n#te=t citation 0rewer and @herri'' 9200": s(ggestN +++90rewer H @herri'' 200":+

/' the article was located online* )o( m(st add date viewed and either database name or 1RA+

/' the article is onl) available on a Aibrar) database as FT.A or plain te=t* then )o( m(st cite the date viewed and either the database name or 1RA+ 0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+1* p 11!* viewed 11 November 200"* 3activa database+

/' the article has been located on the internet and not on a database* )o( m(st cite the date viewed and 1RA+

Brewer* P H @herri''* 8
200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* A(stralian Go(rnal o' .anagement* vol !2* no+ 1* viewed 11 November 200"* Bhttp:CCwww+agsm+ed(+a(CSe a,mC0"0 C0 # brewersherri''+htmlD+ Table 4a eference type :ewspaper articles A(thor9s: K 'amil) name9s: and initial9s:*

Re'erence list Memp* @ 200! >Aeap(shes A.P to record

/n#te=t citation Memp 9200!: reported that +++

14

7ear o' p(blication* TTitle o' article< # in single inverted commas Newspaper name K in italics* da) month* page n(mber9s:: p+ or pp+ :ote: i' the newspaper article does NLT have an a(thor then provide details in in#te=t citation onl)* NLT in the re'erence list or bibliograph) :ewspaper articles online A(thor9s: K 'amil) name9s: and initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication >Title o' article< # in single inverted commas ,ewspaper name ' in italics da) month page n(mber9s: p+ or pp+ viewed da) month )ear B1RAD or Bname o' databaseD+ @ee instr(ctions as 'or ,o(rnal articles where citing PD3 or FT.A 'ormats o' newspaper articles Published conference papers A(thor9s: K 'amil) name9s: and initial9s:* 7ear o' p(blication* TTitle o' paper< # in single inverted commasT in 4ditor 9i' applicable:* Title o' p(blished con'erence proceedings* incl(ding place held and date9s: K in italics* P(blisher* place o' p(blication* page n(mber9s:+ Note: The initials o' the editors go in 'ront o' the 'amil) name9s:

low<* The !ge* " A(g(st* p+ 1 90(siness section:+

+++9Memp 200!:+

Not re2(ired+

As stated in The !ge 91" A(g(st 200"* p+ 12: N +++9The !ge 1" A(g(st 200"* p+ 12:+

Mhadem* N 200"* >Aid sta)s on wages growth<* The !ge, 1$ November* p+ 1 90(siness section:* viewed 1 November 200"* B3activa databaseD+

Mhadem 9200": reported that+++ +++9Mhadem 200":+

Dong* 7 2001* >The ;hinese e=perience<* in P Dr)sdale* 9ed+:* The new econom) in 4ast Asia and the Paci'ic: Proceedings o' the 2"th Paci'ic Trade and Development ;on'erence* A(stralian National 1niversit)* ;anberra* 20# 22 A(g(st* 2001* Ro(tledge ;(rRon* Aondon and New 7or-+ pp+ 1!0# 1!&+

Dong 92001: anal)sed +++ +++9Dong 2001:+

Table 4a eference type Online conference papers A(thor9s: K 'amil)Cs(rname9s: and initial9s: 7ear o' p(blication TTitle o' paper< # in single inverted commas 4ditor 9i' applicable: Title of published conference proceedings, including place held and date3s4 ' in italics P(blisher Place o' p(blication

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation

Ga-(bowicR* A+ 2002* TRace vili'ication and comm(nal leadershipT* in ?+ Gonas 9ed+:* Beyond Tolerance: National Conference on Racism, Sydney, 12-13 March 2002, F(man Rights and 42(al Lpport(nities ;ommission* @)dne)* viewed 1" G(ne

Ga-(bowicR 92002: arg(ed thatN N 9Ga-(bowicR 2002:+

1$

viewed da) month )ear database name or B1RAD+ Note: The initials o' the editors go in 'ront o' the 'amil) name9s: 8npublished conference papers or presentations A(thor9s: 3amil) name9s:* /nitial9s: 7ear o' p(blication >Title o' paper< K (se single inverted commas Paper presented to Title o' con'erenceC'or(m Aocation o' con'erenceC'or(m Date o' con'erenceC'or(m Page9s:

2002* Bwww+h(manrights+gov+a(Cr acialUdiscriminationCbe)ond UtoleranceCspeechesC,a-(bo wicR+htmlD+

Pannan* A* van der ;raats* ; H .c8overn* G 2002* T.(lti#level stepwise approach to engaging all academic sta'' in on#line deliver)T* paper presented to 2nd R./T Teaching and Aearning 3or(m* .elbo(rne* 24 Lctober 2002+

Pannam* van der ;raats and .c8overn 92002: described +++ +++ 9Pannam* van der ;raats H .c8overn 2002:+

Theses A(thor K 'amil)Cs(rname and initials 7ear o' preparation o' thesis >Title o' thesis< in single inverted commas Award* /nstit(tion

0a=ter* G@ 2001* TR(ral land (se and val(e in Northern Victoria 1%%0#1& 0T* PhD thesis* R./T 1niversit)+

0a=ter 92001: investigatedN++ N90a=ter 2001:+

Table 4a eference type Theses online A(thor K 'amil)Cs(rname and initials 7ear o' preparation o' thesis* >Title o' thesis<* Award* /nstit(tion* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD or Bname o' databaseD+ Go$ern#ent publications These incl(de departmental reports* reports o' commissions o' in2(ir)* committees o' review and committees o' parliament+ A(thor or organisation name 7ear o' p(blication* Title of report, catalog(e+ no+* P(blisher* Place o' p(blication* viewed da) month )ear* 8overnment p(blications can be reported in a variet) o' wa)s+ @ee the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002* pp+ 220 K 22! 'or '(rther e=amples+ Go$ern#ent publications online A(thor or organisation name 7ear o' p(blication* Title of report, cat+ no+* P(blisher* Place o' p(blication* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD+ .an) government p(blications are available on the /nternet+ The wa) )o( access a doc(ment a''ects )o(r citation+

Re'erence list Mhanh* VA 200 + >;(stomer Ao)alt) in ?eb#based Retailing<* PhD thesis* R./T 1niversit)* 14 November 200"* BADT databaseD+

/n#te=t citation Mhanh 9200 : e=plored+++ +++9Mhanh 200 :+

A(stralia* Parliament 200!* Fraud control arrangements in the !ustralian $ustoms Service* Parliamentar) Paper !2* ;anberra+

9A(stralia* Parliament 200!:+

A(stralian National A(dit L''ice 200!* Fraud control arrangements in the !ustralian $ustoms Service* viewed 4 A(g(st 200!* Bwww+anao+gov+a(C ?eb@ite+ns' P(blicationsC 23%341D!& 1!A%0%;A2$ ;3!00"0&A 2D+ Note: 4nclose the 1RA address with B D+ A(stralian 0(rea( o' @tatistics 2004* #ental 2ealth in !ustralia& ! Snapshot, cat+ no+ 4%24+0+$$+001+ A0@* ;anberra* viewed 1% A(g(st 200$* Bwww+abs+gov+a(D+

N 9A(stralian National A(dit L''ice 200!:+

+++9A(stralian 0(rea( o' @tatistics 2004:+

Table 4a eference type Co#pany or (ndustry (nfor#ation ;ompan) name 7ear o' p(blication Title o' report in italics P(blisher* Place o' p(blication

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation

;oles .)er Atd 200$* $orporate social responsibility report %556* ;oles .)er* Tooronga* Vic+

+++9;oles .)er Atd 200$:+

1"

Co#pany or industry infor#ation online ;ompan) name 7ear o' p(blication Title o' report in italics P(blisher* Place o' p(blication* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD+

/0/@?orld 200$* 7ine #anufacturing in !ustralia 3$%89:4* /0/@?orld Pt) Atd* viewed 2% November 200$* Bwww+ibisworld+com+a(D+

Altho(gh the domestic wine mar-et is e=pected to be stagnant 'rom 200 # 2010* wine e=ports will contin(e to grow* altho(gh at a lower rate than previo(sl) 9/0/@?orld 200$:+ The ?est'ield 8ro(p has interests in 12& shopping centres in A(stralia* New Qealand* the 1M and 1@A 9Datamonitor 200$:+

Datamonitor 200$* 7estfield 0roup 3!ustralia4& company profile* Datamonitor* viewed 2! Gan(ar) 200 * 0(siness @earching /nter'ace 940@;L: database+ C%- O, A(thor9s:Ceditor9s: name9s:* /nitial9s: 7ear Title 3in italics4 4dition ;D#RL. P(blisher Place o' p(blication No a(thor or editor Note: the in#te=t re'erence wo(ld be to the title o' the ;D in italics+

De0olt* V+ 200"* #astering integrated 2T#; and $SS* ;D#RL.* ?ile) P(blishing* /ndianapolis* 1@A+

Debolt 9200": s(ggested thatN+ N9Debolt 200":+

0est practice in sport and recreation 'or to(rism development within AP4; economies 2001* ;D# RL.* AP4; @ecretariat* @ingapore+

AP4; has provided g(idelines 'or developing sports 'acilities in the region 9(est practice in sport and recreation for tourism development within !.)$ economies 2001:+

1%

Table 4a eference type Videorecordings and tele$ision progra#s Title of program ' italicised '3if part of an ongoing series, list the episode title first, then the series name4 )ear o' recording 'ormat p(blisherCdistrib(tor place o' recording date o' recording 9i' applicable: viewed da) month )ear 9i' applicable: database name or B1RAD 9i' applicable: Note: the in#te=t re'erence wo(ld be to the title o' the program* also in italics+

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation

!ccounting for the environment 1&&4* videorecording* 4d(cational .edia A(stralia* @o(th .elbo(rne+ )conomy records strongest growth and shows no sign of slowing, another rate rise predicted& ;ateline (usiness 200"* television program* A0; Television* .elbo(rne* 4 @eptember* viewed 11 Gan(ar) 200%* TVNews Database+ <.:5 Report 200$* television program* A0;* 20 November+ (usiness Sunday 200$* television program* Nine Networ-* 20 November* viewed 2 December 200$* Bhttp:CCb(sinesss(nda)+nine msn+com+a(Cmediapop(p+as p=Emedia/DV1 %0 D+

Acco(nting techni2(es are increasingl) being applied to problems o' poll(tion and land (se 9!ccounting for the environment 1&&4:+ ;ateline (usiness 9200": Ln ;ateline (usiness 9200": it was stated that A(stralian economic growthN+

?hen interviewed on <.:5 Report 9200$: the Treas(rer said N @everal b(sinesses are sponsoring environmental research on Feron /sland 9(usiness Sunday 200$: N

Personal co##unications including e#ail< -,-< con$ersations< inter$iews Personal comm(nications sho(ld be cited in the te=t* b(t do not need to appear in the list o' re'erences

Not re2(ired+

This was con'irmed in an email 'rom ;+ ;osta on $ November 200"+

3(rther details o' this ma) be given in the list o' re'erences i' )o( wish the reader to be able to 'ollow (p the re'erence+ To avoid breaching privac) )o( sho(ld obtain permission o' the person be'ore doing this+ @ender<s name* )ear* email* date month* BsenderTs email addressD+

;osta* ; 200"* email* $ November 200"* Bcath)+costaWrmit+ed(+a(D+

Table 4b eference type )o#e pages These do not alwa)s have a title+ The) sho(ld 'ollow the 'ormat: Name o' the organisation

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation

Telstra 200$* Telstra* .elbo(rne* viewed 2 December 200$*

.an) corporate web sites provide in'ormation to a variet) o' (ser gro(ps 9e+g+

1&

date Title 3if any, written in italics4 name o' organisation responsible 'or p(blishing site 9o'ten the same: place o' p(blication 9(s(all) the location o' the registered o''ice: viewed date B1RAD+

Bhttp:CCtelstra+com+inde=+,spD+

Telstra 200$* Vodaphone 200$:+

b(siness+gov+a( 200$* Department o' /nd(str)* To(rism and Reso(rces* ;anberra* viewed 2 December 200$* Bwww+b(siness+gov+a(C0(si nessX4ntr)XPointD+ Note that there is no single correct method o' re'erencing the above site+ /t is important to be consistent+ Lne o' several acceptable alternatives wo(ld be: 0(siness 4ntr) Point 200$* business.gov.au* viewed 2 December 200$* Bwww+b(siness+gov+a(C0(si nessX4ntr)XPointD+

The A(stralian 8overnment<s b(siness gatewa) 9b(siness+gov+a(* 200$: provides in'ormation on starting or r(nning a small b(siness+

OPT(O:*9 Fome page addresses can be provided directl) in the te=t witho(t appearing in the re'erence list+ Fowever pages which are part o' a larger site sho(ld be re'erenced as below

The A(stralian 8overnment<s b(siness gatewa) 9200$: Bwww+b(siness+gov+a(D provides in'ormation on starting or r(nning a small b(siness+

20

Table 4b eference type %ocu#ent on a web site A(thor9s: Ceditor9s: 7ear o' doc(ment* Title of document ' in italics name o' the sponsor o' the so(rce date o' viewing B1RAD+ /' a doc(ment is available as a PD3 9page image: 'ile* this is o'ten easier to cite as it is closer to a printed 'ormat+ /t also allows )o( to speci') partic(lar page n(mbers

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation .an) government departments do not manage their emplo)ees< leave within the terms o' their 4nterprise Agreements 9A(stralian National A(dit L''ice 200$* p+ 10:+ LR

A(stralian National A(dit L''ice 200$* The management and processing of leave* viewed 2 December 200$* Bwww+anao+gov+a(C?eb@ite+ ns'CNewA(ditReportsCD%" 1 40D"2D3;4 0;A2$"00000!"010!CY'ile CA(ditXReportX1 +pd'D+ Telstra n+d+* !udit governance and financial reporting* Telstra* viewed 1 December 200$+ Bwww+telstra+com+a(Cabo(tt elstraCcorpCaUgovernance+c' mD+

The A(stralian National A(dit L''ice reports that man) government departments do not manage their emplo)ees< leave within the terms o' their 4nterprise Agreements 9200$* p+ 10:+

Altho(gh the Telstra !ct ma-es the A(ditor#8eneral o' A(stralia responsible 'or a(diting Telstra* certain '(nctions are carried o(t b) an agent 9Telstra n+d+:+

Co#pany or industry infor#ation on a website or database /' this in'ormation is so(rced 'rom a librar) database it is better to incl(de the database name rather than the 1RA /0/@?orld 200$* 7ine #anufacturing in !ustralia 3$%89:4* /0/@?orld Pt) Atd* viewed 2% November 200$* Bwww+ibisworld+com+a(D+

Altho(gh the domestic wine mar-et is e=pected to be stagnant 'rom 200 #2010* wine e=ports will contin(e to grow* altho(gh at a lower rate than previo(sl) 9/0/@?orld 200$:+

Datamonitor 200$* 7estfield 0roup 3!ustralia4& company profile* Datamonitor* viewed 2! Gan(ar) 200 * 0(siness @earching /nter'ace 940@;L: database+ 5i"i entry As wi-is are a collaborative so(rce* (s(all) there is no named a(thor+ >Title o' article< 7ear* Title* # in italics 'ormat* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD+

The ?est'ield 8ro(p has interests in 12& shopping centres in A(stralia* New Qealand* the 1M and 1@A 9Datamonitor 200$:+

>The e=ponential power o' connectedness< 200"* $onnectedintelligence* wi-i article* viewed 11 November 200"* Bhttp:CCconnectedintelligence +wi-ispaces+comC 4=ponentialXPowerXo'X ;onnectednessD+

/n 9$onnectedintelligence 200": N

21

Table 4b eference type 5eblog site A(thor9s: o' weblog K 3amil) name9s: and initial9s: 7ear* 7eblog name* 'ormat* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD+ 5eblog post A(thor9s: # 'amil) name9s: and initial9s: 7ear* >Title o' post<* 7eblog name* in italics 'ormat* date o' posting da) month* viewed da) month )ear* B1RAD+ (ntranet+course notes 3ormat: A(thor9s: 'amil) name9s: and /nitial9s: 7ear o' p(blication* Title of work K in italics co(rse notes 'rom 9;o(rse ;ode:* P(blisher* Place o' p(blication* viewed da) month )ear* LnlineWR./T+

Re'erence list ?ebber+ @ H 0oon* @ 200 * -nformation literacy weblog* weblog* viewed 10 Gan(ar) 200%* Bhttp:CCin'ormation# literac)+blogspot+comD+

/n#te=t citation 9?ebber H 0oon 200 :+

?ebber+ @ 200%* >4vents 'rom ;/A/P<* -nformation literacy weblog* weblog post* & Gan(ar)* viewed 11 Gan(ar) 200%* Bhttp:CCin'ormation# literac)+blogspot+comD+

?ebber 9200%: posted the 'ollowing in'ormation+++

@mith* F 200$* #etadata* co(rse notes 'rom /@7@ $$* R./T 1niversit)* .elbo(rne* viewed % G(l) 200$* LnlineWR./T+

22

21412

.lectronic =ournal articles

Table 4c eference type ;ournal articles online /' a ,o(rnal article appears in a librar) database as a page image 9pd':* )o( ma) cite it the same wa) as the original hard cop) 'ormat+

Re'erence list

/n#te=t citation

/' )o( wish to show where the article was located online* )o( ma) add date o' access and either database name or 1RA+

0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* pp+ 11!#1!4+ LR 0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* pp+ 11!#1!4* viewed 11 November 200"* 4bsco database+

0rewer and @herri'' 9200": s(ggestN

N90rewer and @herri'' 200":+

/' the article is onl) available on a Aibrar) database as FT.A or plain te=t* then )o( will need to cite the date o' access and either the database name or 1RA+

/' the article has been located on the internet and not on a database* )o( will need to cite the date o' access and 1RA+

0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* p 11!* viewed 11 November 200"* 3activa database+

0rewer* P H @herri''* 8 200"* >/s there a c(lt(ral divide in A(stralian international tradeE<* !ustralian 1ournal of #anagement, vol+ !2* no+ 1* viewed 11 November 200"* Bwww+agsm+ed(+a(CSea,mC0 "0 C0 #brewersherri''+htmlD+

2!

21414

9egislation and legal cases

?hen re'erring to legislation incl(ding Acts* Lrdinances and Reg(lations* the title m(st be reprod(ced e=actl)* witho(t changing the capitalisation or spelling+ The words Act and 0ill are generall) written with a capital letter+ An Act or Lrdinance ma) be cited b) the short title* which is (s(all) dra'ted into modern legislation+ The first reference must always include the short title in italics+ @(bse2(ent re'erences ma) re'er to it b) an (ndated* descriptive title in Roman t)pe 9normal or reg(lar t)pe:+ Aegislation or legal cases are onl) incl(ded in the re'erence list i' the) are important to the (nderstanding o' the wor-+ /n this case it is best to set the list apart 'rom the main bod) o' the re'erence list and (se the heading 9egislation or 9egal authorities1 3(rther g(idance is provided in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002* pp+ 224#%+

Table 4d eference type 9egislation An Act or Lrdinance ma) be cited b) the given short title+ The 'irst re'erence m(st alwa)s incl(de the short title in italics+ @(bse2(ent re'erences ma) re'er to it b) an (ndated* descriptive title in roman i+e+ normal or reg(lar t)pe+ The ,(risdiction m(st be made clear* either b) incl(ding it in the bod) o' the te=t or in abbreviated 'orm in brac-ets a'ter the act title+

Re'erence list Not generall) re2(ired+

/n#te=t citation The Trade .ractices !ct 8=<> 9;ommonwealth: provides that N Lne o' the shortcomings o' the Trade Practices Act is N

Not generall) re2(ired+

The Fair Trading !ct 8=== 9Vic: covers N LR /n Victoria this is covered b) the Fair Trading !ct 8=== $ommercial (ank of !ustralia ;td v. !madio 38=9:4 868 $;R >>< This case appeared in 1&%! in the ;ommonwealth Aaw Reports* vol(me 1$1* starting on page 44"+

9egal cases To '(ll) cite legal a(thorities list name of case in italics 9date: or vol(me n(mber* or both6 abbreviated name o' report series6 and beginning page+ No commas are (sed+ 9egal referencing /' )o( have been instr(cted b) )o(r lect(rer to (se 'ootnotes in )o(r re'erencing* re'er to the lin- given+

Not generall) re2(ired+

http:CCm(lr+law+(nimelb+ed(+a (C'ilesCaglcdl+pd'

24

2141>

Order of entries in a reference list

Note: The 'ollowing provide e=amples o' how to order )o(r re'erence list+ No '(ll stops are (sed between an a(thor<s initials* and no comma is (sed a'ter the last a(thorTs initials+ The dots 'ollowing the entries< names indicate the details o' the re'erence that sho(ld 'ollow+

Table $ eference list order rules The re'erence list is arranged 'irst alphabeticall) b) a(thor* and i' the a(thors are the same then b) date+ eference list

Gones* A0 2000* +++ Lrigin 4nerg) 200$* N @mith* AM 1&&0* +++ @mith* AM 1&&&* N @mith* AM 2004* N

A re'erence with m(ltiple a(thors 'ollows single a(thor entries beginning with the same a(thor name+

?here an item has no a(thor it is listed b) its title+ ?here several wor-s have the same a(thor and )ear o' p(blication* add the letters a* b* +++ etc according to the alphabetical order o' the titles in the re'erence list* ignoring the initial articles A* An or The+

@tein* 0 200!* N9single a(thor entr): @tein* 0* Aee* FM* 7in* ;Z H @ingh* 8@ 2000* N 9pl(ral and alphabetical a(thor entr)* that is* Aee comes be'ore Re)nolds in the 4nglish alphabet+: @tein* 0 H Re)nolds* G@ 1&&$* N @tein* 0 H Re)nolds* G@ 2000* N 9This re'erence is sorted b) its date* it has the same a(thors as the re'erence be'ore it b(t was written at a later date:N Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002* +++ 7o(ng* G; 1&%%a* )conomic indicators N 7o(ng* G; 1&%%b* ! ?uick guide N 94conomic comes be'ore 2(ic- in the 4nglish alphabet: 7o(ng* G; H @mith* AM 1&%%* N

2$

21>

Other referencing syste#s

Altho(gh )o( are normall) re2(ired to (se the st)le described above* )o( will come across man) other methods o' re'erencing+ These incl(de other versions o' the A(thor#date or Farvard s)stem as well as Note s)stems+ 3(rther details o' some o' these st)les are available via the Aibrar) website at www+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)Cre'erenceCman(als or in st)le man(als in the Aibrar)+

Table eferencing syste# Other author-date styles There are man) other versions o' the A(thor#date or Farvard st)le apart 'rom that described above+ The main similarit) is that the) (se in#te=t citations and a re'erence list+ Fowever the) ma) di''er in their (se o' p(nct(ation* brac-ets* italics* (nderlined or bold 'ormatting* method o' designating vol(me* iss(e and pages n(mbers* etc+ Lnl) (se a di''erent a(thor#date st)le i' )o(r lect(rer speci'icall) re2(ests it* and ma-e s(re )o( 'ollow the re2(ired st)le closel)+ Reword to incl(de e=ceptions eg Aaw+ :ote syste#s ?hile it is not R./T 0(siness st)le* )o( ma) at some stage be as-ed to (se the Note s)stem o' re'erencing* either 'ootnotes or endnotes+ This s)stem is commonl) (sed in law* as well as sciences and h(manities+ 4=amples o' st)les (sing a Note s)stem are shown opposite+ Lnl) (se a Note st)le i' )o(r lect(rer speci'icall) re2(ests it* and ma-e s(re )o( 'ollow the re2(ired st)le closel)+ 4=amples APA st)le* as described in the .ublication manual of the !merican .sychological !ssociation 2001* $th edn* APA* ?ashington* D;+ This st)le is widel) (sed internationall) in the social sciences+

.an) academic ,o(rnals have their own a(thor# date st)le+

.an) st)le man(als e+g+ ;hicago* .AA and T(rabian incl(de an a(thor#date st)le+

A(stralian Aegal ;itation @t)le* as described in !ustralian guide to legal citation 2002* 2nd edn* .elbo(rne 1niversit) Aaw Review Association and at http:CCm(lr+law+(nimelb+ed(+a(C'ilesCaglcdl+pd' Doc(mentar) note st)le as described in Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002* th edn* Gohn ?ile) H @ons* A(stralia* pp+ 20%#1$+ Vanco(ver st)le as described in Style manual for authors, editors and printers* 2002* th edn* Gohn ?ile) H @ons* A(stralia* pp+ 21$#% or other so(rces+

21?

Co##only used abbre$iations in referencing

The abbreviations listed below ma) appear in other bibliographies* lists o' re'erences* 'ootnotes and endnotes:

Table " *bbre$iation art+ app+ c+ 9Aatin circa: e+g+ c+ 1%!$ c'+ ch+* chs col+* cols edn 9note: no '(ll stop: ed+* eds e+g+ et al+ '+* ''+ 'ig+* 'igs id+ i+e+ n+d+ no+* nos p+* pp+ para+* paras rev+ 2nd 9note: no '(ll stop K see ch+%+2 on n(mbering: sec+* s+* ss+ vol+* vols article appendi= appro=imatel)* abo(t compare chapter9s: col(mn9s: edition editor9s: 'or e=ample and others and the 'ollowing pages 'ig(re9s: the same that is no date n(mber9s: page9s: paragraph9s: revised second 9edition: section 9s+ 'or section* ss+ 'or s(bsection o' legislation: vol(me9s:

21@

8sing .nd:ote with ,(T Business style

4ndNote is a so'tware program that helps )o( -eep trac- o' the details o' boo-s* articles* websites or other in'ormation so(rces which )o( ma) need to re'er to in )o(r assignments or thesis+ /t is partic(larl) recommended 'or (se b) sta'' and postgrad(ate st(dents+ 4ndNote allows )o( to 5 5 5 create* store and manage re'erences to boo-s* ,o(rnal articles* web sites* con'erence papers* m(ltimedia and other so(rces o' in'ormation insert selected re'erences directl) into a word processed doc(ment and a(tomaticall) create and 'ormat bibliographies in a chosen st)le search and retrieve records 'rom remote catalog(es and databases

R./T has a site licence 'or 4ndNote* which allows )o( to (se it at R./T and on )o(r own comp(ter+ 3(rther details are available on the Aibrar)Ts 4ndNote t(torial at www+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)Cendnote+ This site also has an o(tp(t st)le available 'or download* labelled [Farvard ed [ which 'ollows Style manual 92002: as (sed at R./T 0(siness+

2"

31

Plagiaris#
310 ,(T 8ni$ersity definition of plagiaris#

R./T has an assessment charter* which elaborates -e) responsibilities common to all sta'' and st(dents in relation to assessment and de'ines the 1niversit)<s polic) on plagiarism+ Plagiarism is de'ined 9R./T 1niversit) 200!a: as stealing somebod)<s intellect(al propert) 9/P: b) presenting their wor-* tho(ghts or ideas as tho(gh the) are )o(r own+ /t is cheating+ /t is a serio(s academic o''ence and can lead to e=p(lsion 'rom R./T+ Plagiarism can ta-e man) 'orms # written* graphic and vis(al 'orms* and incl(des (se o' electronic data and material (sed in oral presentations+ Plagiarism ma) even occ(r (nintentionall)* s(ch as when the origin o' the material (sed is not properl) cited+

31010

5hat constitutes plagiaris#6

1nder the charter* )o( ma) be acc(sed o' plagiarism i' )o( do any o' the 'ollowing: 5 ;op) sentences or paragraphs word#'or#word 'rom an) so(rce* whether p(blished or (np(blished 9incl(ding* b(t not limited to boo-s* ,o(rnals* reports* theses* websites* con'erence papers* co(rse notes* etc+: witho(t proper citation+ ;losel) paraphrase sentences* paragraphs* ideas or themes witho(t proper citation+ Piece together te=t 'rom one or more so(rces and add onl) lin-ing sentences witho(t proper citation+ ;op) or s(bmit whole or parts o' comp(ter 'iles witho(t ac-nowledging their so(rce+ ;op) designs or wor-s o' art and s(bmit them as )o(r original wor-+ ;op) a whole or an) part o' another st(dent<s wor-+ @(bmit wor- as )o(r own that someone else has done 'or )o(+

5 5 5 5 5 5

4nabling Plagiarism is >the act o' assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise or to cop) )o(r own wor-< 9R./T 200!a:+ /t is also a serio(s academic o''ence+ .ore detail on what constit(tes plagiarism is 'o(nd in the Gan(ar) 200! Polic) on Plagiarism 31012 5hat is the penalty for plagiaris#6

Plagiarism is not permitted in R./T 1niversit)+ An) (se o' another person<s wor- or ideas m(st be ac-nowledged+ /' )o( 'ail to do this* )o( ma) be charged with academic miscond(ct and 'ace a penalt) (nder R./T Reg(lations +1+1 K @t(dent Discipline+ This ma) be viewed at http:CCmams+rmit+ed(+a(C"w2(ew"i v2+pd'

Penalties 'or plagiarism 9R./T 1niversit) 200!b: incl(de: 5 5 5 5 recording o' a 'ail(re 'or the assignment or co(rse+ cancellation o' an) or all res(lts+ s(spension 'rom the program+ e=p(lsion 'rom the program+

2%

312

.'a#ples of plagiaris#

R./T 1niversit)<s Aearning @-ills 1nit has developed a range o' e=amples to help )o( identi') the most common 'orms o' plagiarism* s(ch as:

Table % %irect use of another person&s wor" without citation /' the sentence opposite appeared in an assessment : /t is plagiarism beca(se the words have been copied directl) 'rom a booA properl) re'erenced paper wo(ld (se the sentence this wa): ?or- motivation and per'ormance increase when emplo)ees 'eel personall) acco(ntable 'or the o(tcomes o' their e''orts+

.c@hane and Travaglione 9200! p+1&&: state that >wor- motivation and per'ormance increase when emplo)ees 'eel personall) acco(ntable 'or the o(tcomes o' their e''orts<+

Table & Paraphrasing sentences< paragraphs and ideas without citation These are )o(r words b(t not )o(r ideaCin'ormation+ 7o( .1@T show where the idea came 'rom+ FenceN Note: no page n(mber needed as not a direct 2(ote+ ?hen emplo)ees 'eel responsible 'or their wor-* the) tend to be more motivated which res(lts in higher per'ormances+ ?hen emplo)ees 'eel responsible 'or their wor-* the) tend to be more motivated which res(lts in higher per'ormances 9.c@hane H Travaglione 200!:+

Table 10 Piecing together te'ts fro# one or #ore sources and lin"ing the# The 'ollowing in a paper is plagiarism: 4mplo)ees m(st be given control o' their wor- environment to 'eel responsible 'or their s(ccesses and 'ail(res+ This is called emplo)ee involvement* designed to enco(rage increased commitment to the organisation<s s(ccess+ >4mplo)ees m(st be assigned control o' their wor- environment to 'eel responsible 'or their s(ccesses and 'ail(res< 9.c@hane H Travaglione 200!* p+ 1&&:+ Robbins* et al+ 92001 p+ 2!": call this >emplo)ee involvement Ndesigned to enco(rage increased commitment to the organisation<s s(ccess<+

A correct wa) o' re'erencing the paragraph is:

2&

Table 11 (ntegrating ideas fro# #ultiple sources A good model o' how to integrate ideas 'rom m(ltiple so(rces+ Read thro(gh the e=ample+ Note: 1 1s(all) the 'irst sentence is a statement o' proposition introd(cing the ideas that )o( want to p(t 'orward in the paragraph+ 2 Then s(pport the proposition b) at least one or more a(thorities+ ! /ncl(de a statement o' opinions contrar) to the proposition 9demonstrates that )o( have considered all sides to the arg(ment:+ 4 @(mmarise )o(r arg(ment or proposition in )o(r own words+ 4(nson 91&%"* p+ ": de'ines motivation as >what is important to )o(<* and e'plores the i#portance o' >mone) as a motivator<+ )owe$er* recent st(dies o(tlined b) Aeonard* 0ea(vais and @choll 91&&&: s(ggest that personalit) and disposition pla) an e2(all) important role in motivation+ Con$ersely Robbins et al+ 91&&4* p+ 241: put forward the idea that >motivation is a set o' processes that stim(late* direct and maintain h(man behavio(r towards attaining a goal< (n other words >motivation< is a comple= concept* which encompasses a variet) o' competing theories+ There are man) reasons wh) people behave di''erentl) in the wor-place* b(t it is beca(se these di''erences e=ist that managements pa) attention to the theories* which provide them with 'ramewor-s 'or problem solving+

313

)ow to a$oid plagiaris#

1se this chec-list to ens(re )o( avoid acc(sations o' plagiarism: Table 12 )ow to a$oid accusations of plagiaris# DL NLT directl) cop) phrases and C or passages 9transcribe: witho(t a re'erence and C or 2(otation mar-s DL NLT paraphrase other writers< wor- in )o(r written wor- witho(t citing re'erences+ DL NLT ma-e a direct re'erence to an a(thor or a(thors )o( have not read* even i' )o( ma) have read abo(t them+ 9?hile the (se o' secondar) so(rces is not enco(raged* i' the primar) p(blication is o(t o' print or di''ic(lt to obtain* )o( sho(ld cite the secondar) so(rce )o( have act(all) read rather than the original that )o( have not read+: DL NLT cop) another person<s wor-* in part or in whole* or allow someone else to cop) part or all o' wor- )o( have completed+ DL NLT write )o(r wor- in con,(nction with other st(dents witho(t prior permission+ 94=cept in gro(p assignments where wider cons(ltation is e=pected* )o( sho(ld onl) meet with other st(dents initiall) to disc(ss the essa) topic andCor anal)se the 2(estion+: DL NLT s(bmit written wor- alread) s(bmitted 'or assessment in an) other co(rse+

4=amples based on in'ormation available on R./T Aibrar) re'erencing section+

3(rther in'ormation is available online 'rom the @t(d) and Aearning ;entre+

!0

41

.ssay writing

5hat is an essay6 An essa) is: 5 a contin(o(s piece o' writing that sets o(t to disc(ss or arg(e a point o' view or opinion+ 5 in'ormation presented 'ormall) o'ten with the intention o' de'ending or promoting a partic(lar point o' view+ 5 5hy are you re7uired to write essays6 5 5 5 5 5 to demonstrate -nowledge and e=pertise in a s(b,ect area+ to appl) theories and models to given topicsC 2(estionsC iss(es # to s(pport the proposition )o( are p(tting 'orward+ to demonstrate )o(r abilit) to s)nthesise vario(s so(rces o' in'ormation in a coherent and concise piece o' writing enabling the reader to easil) 'ollow the 'low o' ideas+ to develop )o(r abilit) to arg(e* pers(ade* e=plain* in'orm andCor disc(ss+ to convince the reader b) the logic o' the arg(ment presented+

* -tep By -tep Guide to .ssay 5riting

-tep 0 Choose your topic /' )o( have a choice o' topics K select the one that interests )o( the most or that has relevance to )o(r chosen career+

/' )o( are allowed to create )o(r own essa) topic* choose a s(b,ect that )o( want to learn more abo(t and which interests )o(+ -tep 2 ead the instructions< relating to your assess#ents as set down in your Course Guide

Alwa)s chec- )o(r ;o(rse 8(ide to ens(re that )o( are clear abo(t what )o( are re2(ired to do: 5 5 5 5 5 ?hen is the essa) d(eE Fow long is itE ?hat is the 'ormatE Fow does this topic relate to the co(rseE Fow does this topic relate to the c(rrent area being st(diedE *nalyse the topic

-tep 3

0rea- the topic into its component parts to (nderstand what the main elements o' the tas- are+ 4ssa) topics can (s(all) be divided into three sections: 5 5 5 Content (nstruction -cope ?hat is the topic abo(tE ?hat have )o( been as-ed to do in relation to the topicE Fow has the topic been limited K is there a 'oc(s on partic(lar organisationsC co(ntries* C)ear9s:E

1nderline -e) words and draw circles aro(nd the actionCinstr(ction words+ 0elow is an e=ample o' an essa) 2(estion+

Co#pare and contrast the financial reports and ratios of two *ustralian co#panies
/t is important that )o( '(ll) (nderstand what the instr(ction words are telling )o( to do+

Table 1! provides a list o' words and de'initions that are o'ten (sed in )o(r assessment tas-s+

!1

Table 1! *ction+instruction words used in assess#ent tas"s *nalyse

%efinitions

@eparate or brea- the s(b,ect matter into its parts to discover their nat(re* proportion* '(nction and relationships+ @)stematicall) s(pport or re,ect a position b) presenting reasons and evidence 'or acceptance or re,ection* while indicating )o(r awareness o' opposing points o' view+ .a-e critical observations abo(t the s(b,ect matter6 be care'(l not to cast too wide a net here* or to write in too man) generalisations+ 3ind similarities and di''erences between two or more ideas* events* interpretations etc+ 4ns(re )o( (nderstand e=actl) what )o( are being as-ed to compare+ The remar-s on >compare< also appl) to >contrast<+ 1s(all) the di''erence is that )o( sho(ld concentrate on dissimilarities+ Provide clear* concise* a(thoritative meanings* in which )o( address the nat(re or essential 2(alities+ Details are not necessaril) re2(ired* b(t )o( ma) wish to cite the bo(ndaries or limitations o' the de'inition* since meanings can e=tend be)ond simple de'initions+ Recall 'acts* processes or events+ 7o( are not as-ed to e=plain or interpret+ Tr) to provide a thoro(gh description* emphasising the most important points+ Present a point o' view* that o' others andCor )o(r own+ This is li-el) to entail both description and interpretation+ 7o(r opinion sho(ld be s(pported b) arg(ments and evidence+ Fere )o( are as-ed to appraise in order to ma-e a ,(dgment* which means considering both strengths and wea-nesses+ ;lari')* e=empli') or el(cidate b) presenting a 'ig(re* pict(re* diagram or concrete e=ample+ 8ive an organised description or an ordering o' in'ormation in which )o( state the main point* b(t omit details+ Present the in'ormation in a s)stematic arrangement or classi'ication+ Re#e=amine* anal)se and comment brie'l) 9in an organised se2(ence: on the ma,or points o' an iss(e+ Provide a brie' statement or an acco(nt covering the main points in se2(ence or b) assimilating parts into a general comment: omit details+

*rgue

Co##ent

Co#pare

Contrast

%efine

%escribe

%iscuss

.$aluate

(llustrate Outline

e$iew -u##arise

!2

-tep 4 5 5 5

Brainstor# - 5hat do you already "now about the topic6

1sing )o(r reading* lect(res and )o(r own e=periences thin- abo(t what )o( alread) -now abo(t the topic+ Ln a blan- piece o' paper* write down all the ideas that )o( thin- might be related to the topic+ A brainstorm is the beginning o' a mind map K these random ideas can be organised into a str(ct(red mind map that will provide )o( with a g(ide 'or )o(r research and )o(r writing+ -tep > -tarting your research

Altho(gh )o( are re2(ired to read and research widel)* it is better to gain an overview o' the topic b) 'irstl) reading the recommended te=ts K don<t go straight online (nless instr(cted to do so b) )o(r lect(rer C t(tor+

The te=ts will give )o( a broad (nderstanding o' the main ideas* writers and theories associated with the topic+

0) 'amiliarising )o(rsel' with the -e) concepts* the ne=t stage o' )o(r research will be more targeted+ -tep ? ,ind #apping

A mind map is a vis(al wa) o' gathering )o(r ideas abo(t a partic(lar topic+

.ind maps help )o( to identi') the main ideas and what research needs to be cond(cted to provide the evidence that s(pports these ideas+

7o(r mind map is a good time management reso(rce+ /t will help )o( to 'oc(s )o(r search 'or in'ormation more e''icientl) and to organise )o(r ideas into a coherent arg(ment when )o( write )o(r essa)+

Table 14 ,ind #apping for essays Topic 2(estion Me) ideas Ln a blan- piece o' paper* write down the topic+ 1se the brain storming notes and in'ormation gained 'rom general reading to ,ot down the -e) ideas+ This is the 'irst step in developing a mind map+ As )o( contin(e to do research* start to p(t the in'ormation into gro(ps so that )o( can see the connections between ideasCtheories+ This will help )o( to sort o(t which are the -e) ideas and what is the s(pporting in'ormation+ Lnce )o( have completed this tas-* )o( can delete an) (nnecessar) ideas that )o( have now identi'ied as irrelevant+ Meep )o(r mind map to a single page+

Research

Delete an) (nnecessar) ideas

@ingle page

3or more in'ormation on mind mapping go to the Aearning Aab # @t(d) @-ills Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ -tep @ /ocus your research

As 0(siness st(dents )o( need to be 'amiliar with c(rrent trends and thin-ing+ ?ebsites* newspapers and ,o(rnals will be important reso(rces 'or )o(r research+

!!

?hen )o( are (sing the online reso(rces (se the search engines provided b) the (niversit) s(ch as 3activa* Pro2(est* 0lac-well @)nerg)* /0/@ world* /n'ormit+ These will provide )o( with so(rces that can be relied on 'or acc(rac) and integrit)+ At this stage )o( m(st read with a p(rpose and onl) ma-e notes when )o( are s(re that the te=t has the in'ormation )o( need to (se in )o(r assessment tas-+ Alwa)s ma-e s(re )o( have recorded the '(ll re'erence list entr) details K )o( will need this in'ormation later+ 3or more in'ormation on recording )o(r research go to the interactive online re'erencing reso(rce 'or 0(siness st(dents Bhttp:CCwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ Re'er to )o(r co(rse g(ide 'or recommended reading lists+ /' there are no recommended te=ts* )o( will need to (se reso(rces available thro(gh the Aibrar) data bases Bhttp:CCwww+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)D+ Hints and Tips on Efficient Reading Strategies Lnce )o( have identi'ied the -e) words and concepts relating to the topic* (se these reading strategies to ma-e )o(r research more e''icient and to ma=imise the (se o' )o(r time+ @-im and scan+ 1se -e) words and concepts to 2(ic-l) locate in'ormation

1se chapter headings* abstracts* introd(ctions* concl(sions to 'ind the main ideas the writer is e=ploring
K i' the) are relevant K contin(e .a-e notes when -e) in'ormation has been identi'ied ;ontact the Aibrar) Aiaison L''icer 'or )o(r co(rse i' )o( need assistance+ 3or additional help with reading more e''icientl) visit the Aearning Aab Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ Hints and Tips on Critical Reading Lne o' )o(r tas-s when researching is to determine the validit)* acc(rac) and credibilit) o' )o(r so(rces+ This re2(ires )o( to consider care'(ll) what )o( are reading+ /t is alwa)s important to criticall) e=amine the statements being made and the evidence being (sed+ 3or )o(r assessment tas-s )o( will o'ten be (sing the websites o' companies and organisations+ The in'ormation the) provide will be positive and promotional so it is important to 2(estion the ob,ectivit) and reliabilit) o' the data+ Do this b) considering the 'ollowing 2(estions:#

?ho is the writerE ?hen was the article writtenE ?hat evidence has the writer provided to s(pport their arg(mentE Fow convincing is itE ?h)E # ?hat are the gro(nds 'or sa)ing soE Fow logical is itE # Again* what are the gro(nds 'or sa)ing soE ?hat ass(mptions C overgeneraliRations does the writer ma-eE ?hat are the implications o' this wor-E ?hat has the writer 'ailed to considerE ?here are the gapsE /s there evidence o' biasE Do )o( agree or disagree with this writer<s standpointE ?ith which parts o' the arg(ment do )o( agreeCdisagree* and 'or what reasonsE /s the methodolog) C the anal)sis appropriateE Are there an) wea-nesses or errors in the writing or calc(lationsE

!4

5hat are pri#ary infor#ation sources6 @t(dents are re2(ired to (se pri#ary so(rces whenever possible+ This means that )o( read and re'erence the original wor-s o' the a(thors+ /n'ormation )o( have gathered 'rom 'irst hand e=perience K eg+ an interview or s(rve) K is also a primar) so(rce+

5hat are secondary infor#ation sources6 ?hen )o( (se the ideas Cwords o' one a(thor that have appeared in another writer<s te=t )o( are (sing a secondary so(rce+

0elow are two e=amples o' how to (se a secondar) so(rce in a sentence:

91: 0artlett and 8hoshal 9cited in Da't 2004: s(ggest that companies e=panding into global mar-ets are 'orced to do so beca(se o' economic* technological and competitive 'actors* which relate to economies o' scale* economies o' scope and cheaper prod(ction 'actors+ 92: ;ompanies e=panding into global mar-ets are 'orced to do so beca(se o' economic* technological and competitive 'actors* which relate to economies o' scale* economies o' scope and cheaper prod(ction 'actors 90artlett H 8hoshal* cited in Da't 2004:+ Note: ?herever possible* (se primar) so(rces -tep A %raw up a detailed plan

0e'ore writing the 'irst dra't o' )o(r essa) (se )o(r mind map and )o(r s(mmarised notes to draw (p a detailed essa) plan identi')ing the main ideas and the evidence that s(pports those ideas+

A detailed plan can help )o( to have con'idence when )o( start to write+ 7o( -now what )o( want to write* wh) )o( are incl(ding it and the logical order in which to present it+ -tep B 5riting the .ssay

.ssay -tructure An essa) is a str(ct(red 'orm o' writing+ 7o(r p(rpose in writing an essa) is to demonstrate to the reader that )o( (nderstand the topic and can (se research to s(pport )o(r arg(ment+

An essa) has ! parts#: 5 5 5 the introd(ction the main section where the arg(ment is developed* and the concl(sion

@ee Diagram 1 below 'or a detailed o(tline on what each part sho(ld contain+

!$

Diagram 1 .ssay -tructure

Introduction
an outline for the reader 5 0egins with a brie' general statement setting the essa)Cassignment in the conte=t o' the assessment 2(estion+ 5 /ndicates the areas and perspectives to be disc(ssed in the essa)+ 5 Aeads to a statement* which s(mmarises the essa) and indicates the writer<s point o' view+ Terms or de'initions that are critical to an (nderstanding o' the essa) sho(ld be introd(ced at the beginning+

,ain section
the development of the discussion or argument 5 4ach paragraph contains one main idea* which is e=pressed in a topic sentence 9(s(all) the 'irst sentence:+ 5 The topic sentence contains the -e) idea disc(ssed in the paragraph and sho(ld relate directl) bac- to the assessment 2(estion+ 5 The rest o' the paragraph e=pands on the topic sentence or gives evidence or e=amples+ 5 4ach paragraph needs to be lin"ed to the 'ollowing one to create a logical development o' the arg(ment 'or the reader+

Conclusion
/n the concl(sion the main points or arg(ments made in the essa) are s(mmarised and the main point o' view is restated+

A concl(sion ma) also incl(de: 5 5 5 /mplications Predictions Recommendations

/t sho(ld alwa)s relate bac- to the assignment topic or the ob,ectives set o(t at the beginning o' )o(r essa)+

Do :OT introd(ce new ideas in )o(r concl(sion+

!"

Paraphrasing< -ynthesising and %irect Cuotations ?hen )o( write )o(r essa)* )o( will need to (se techni2(es s(ch as paraphrasing and s)nthesising+ Paraphrasing is e=pressing in )o(r own words the ideas o' another writer+ Synthesising is the abilit) to e=press in )o(r own words the similarities or di''erences in the ideas o' a n(mber o' a(thors+ 7o( m(st alwa)s ac-nowledge the so(rces 'or )o(r ideas even when )o( (se )o(r own words+ 3or more in'ormation on how to paraphrase and s)nthesise go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ 3or more in'ormation on how to re'erence when paraphrasing go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ Direct quotations are when )o( (se the e=act words o' the a(thorCso(rce+ 7o( ma) (se direct 2(otation in )o(r assessment tas-s* b(t these sho(ld be -ept to a minim(m+ ?henever 2(oting 'rom an) so(rce )o( m(st correctl) re'erence the wor-+ 3or '(rther in'ormation on how to re'erence direct 2(otes* go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ 3or more in'ormation on direct 2(otes* go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ Note: %o :OT ,(st c(t and paste in'ormation 'rom so(rces\ To ,(st (se the words o' an a(thor does not demonstrate )o(r (nderstanding or abilit) to create a logical arg(ment+ The 2(alit) o' )o(r wor- will be better i' )o( paraphrase and s)nthesis )o(r research* as this will show that )o( are able to interpret and criticall) anal)se what )o( have read in relation to the topic+ -tep 0D 5riting the first draft

1sing the detailed plan )o( have now developed* set aside a bloc- o' time to write the 'irst dra't o' )o(r essa)+ Aim to write the whole essa) in the time )o( have set aside as this will give )o(r wor- a clear 'low+ Do not be concerned at this stage with correct grammar* spelling* re'erencing as this will be done at the editing stage+

Lnce )o( have written this 'irst dra't it will be m(ch easier to see where evidence is lac-ing* and where in'ormation co(ld be more logicall) re#organised+

As )o( will probabl) need to write several dra'ts be'ore the essa) is read) 'or s(bmission* ma-e s(re )o( have allowed s(''icient time to do this+

;onsider the items below to ens(re )o(r essa) is a well written and well constr(cted piece o' writing+

Table 1$ Chec"list for essays 4ach paragraph contains one central idea The above idea is s(pported b) s(''icient evidence 'rom )o(r research The last sentence in each paragraph lin-s to the main idea o' the ne=t paragraph The writing: 5 has a logical str(ct(re and the overall arg(ment is eas) to 'ollow 5 presents a reasoned and s(pported arg(ment 5 (ses onl) relevant in'ormation which is acc(rate K precise C speci'ic 5 (ses impersonal lang(age K do not (se personal prono(ns s(ch a >/< or >we< (nless )o( are given permission to do so 5 is ob,ective and (nbiased

!%

(ses 'ormal 4nglish K do not (se abbreviations or collo2(ialisms or @.@ lang(age

-tep 00

.diting your final draft

7o( need to edit )o(r dra't be'ore s(bmitting the 'inal version+ Read )o(r ;o(rse 8(ide care'(ll) to ens(re that )o( have met the re2(irements o' the assignment+ Lbserve the word limit or )o( ma) be penalised+ ?ord limits as the words impl) set the limit on the n(mber o' words that can be (sed+ The topic has been designed so that the iss(es and comple=ities can be e=plored within this word limit+ 1sing >Tools< on the men( bar in .icroso't ?ord* chec- )o(r spelling and grammar and ma-e the necessar) changes e#e#ber: 8ood academic writing is clear* straight'orward and grammaticall) correct+ @entences do not have to be overlong or (se ver) comple= vocab(lar)+ eferencing All essa)s m(st be re'erenced according to the g(idelines set o(t Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingCinde=+htmlD+ or Bhttp:CCprodmams+rmit+ed(+a(Cs&s=$$&h(rvc+rt'+D+ or Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+

!&

>1

eport 5riting

5hat is a business report6 A report is a doc(ment that: 5 5 5 5 5 5 records an investigation into a speci'ic problem9s:C s(b,ect+ anal)ses researched in'ormation+ contains 'act(al C statistical in'ormation+ ma-es recommendations abo(t how to resolve the problems that have been addressed+ andCor the t)pe o' action that sho(ld be ta-en+ sets o(t in'ormation in a 'ormal and str(ct(red manner (sing n(mbered headings and s(b#headings to ma-e it easier to read and access the in'ormation+

A b(siness report is written in a simple* ordered and precise manner to ens(re that the in'ormation provided is eas) to read and to access+ 5hat is the purpose of a business report6 Reports are (s(all) written 'or speci'ic readers to comm(nicate in'ormation which has been compiled as a res(lt o' research and anal)sis o' data+ 5hy are you re7uired to write reports6 5 To develop the abilit) to thoro(ghl) research a problem or an iss(e 5 To anal)se the res(lts 5 To record and draw concl(sion 'rom the anal)sis 5 To comm(nicate that in'ormation clearl) and concisel) 4mplo)ers val(e people who have developed these s-ills in written comm(nication+

/n organisations and b(sinesses* reports are o'ten (sed as the basis on which ma,or decisions are made+ 5hat are the different types of reports6 There are man) di''erent t)pes o' reports+ The) var) according to the reasonCs 'or the report and 'or the p(rpose it will serve 'or the intended reader+

/n the ;ollege o' 0(siness* )o( are re2(ired to develop the s-ills o' report writing (sing investigative methods and research 'rom a variet) o' so(rces :ote: *lways chec" your Course Guide for the re7uired report for#at to ensure that you are #eeting the specific assess#ent criteria1

40

* step by step guide to report writing

-tep 0 Choose your topic /' )o( are given a list o' topics 'rom which to choose* select the one that interests )o( the most or that ma) have relevance to )o(r chosen career+

/' )o( are allowed to create )o(r own report topic choose a s(b,ect that )o( want to learn more abo(t and that interests )o( or is a c(rrent problem in )o(r wor-place that )o( wish to address+

-tep 2

ead the instructions relating to your assess#ents as set down in your Course Guide

Alwa)s chec- )o(r co(rse g(ide to ens(re that )o( are clear abo(t what )o( are re2(ired to do+ 5 5 5 5 5 5 ?hen is the report d(eE Fow long is itE ?hat is the 'ormatE ?hat is the str(ct(reE Fow does this topic relate to the co(rseE Fow does this topic relate to the c(rrent area being st(diedE -tep 3 *nalyse the topic

0rea- the topic into its component parts to (nderstand what the main iss(e is that m(st be addressed+

Report topics can (s(all) be divided into three sections: 5 5 5 Content (nstruction -cope ?hat is the iss(e or problem to be addressedE ?hat have )o( been as-ed to do in relation to the topicE Fow has the topic been limited K is there a 'oc(s on partic(lar organisationsC co(ntries C)ear9s:E

1nderline -e) words and draw circles aro(nd the actionCinstr(ction words+

/t is reall) important that )o( (nderstand what the instr(ction words are telling )o( to do+ -tep 4 Brain stor# ! what do you already "now about the issue6

A brainstorm is the beginning o' a mind map K these random ideas can be organised into a str(ct(red mind map that will provide )o( with a g(ide 'or )o(r research and )o(r writing+ 5 5 5 1sing )o(r reading* lect(res and )o(r own e=periences thin- abo(t what )o( alread) -now abo(t the problemCiss(e+ Ln a blan- piece o' paper* write down all the ideas that )o( thin- might be related to the s(b,ect (nder review ?rite down where )o( thin- )o( need to go to get in'ormation other than 'rom boo-s* ,o(rnals websites etc+ Thin- abo(t who )o( -now in b(siness who )o( might be able to interview+ -tep > -tarting your research

Altho(gh )o( are re2(ired to read and research widel)* it is better to gain an overview o' the topic b) 'irstl) reading the recommended te=ts K don<t go straight online (nless instr(cted to do so b) )o(r lect(rer or t(tor+

The te=ts will give )o( a broad (nderstanding o' +the main ideas* writers and theories associated with the iss(e+

0) 'amiliarising )o(rsel' with the -e) concepts* the ne=t stage o' )o(r investigation will be more targeted+

41

-tep ?

,ind #apping

A mind map is a vis(al wa) o' gathering )o(r ideas abo(t a partic(lar topic+

.ind maps help )o( to identi') the main ideas and what research needs to be cond(cted to provide the evidence that s(pports these ideas+

7o(r mind map is a good time management reso(rce+ /t will help )o( 'oc(s )o(r search 'or in'ormation more e''icientl) and to organise )o(r ideas into a coherent and logical str(ct(re when )o( write )o(r report+

Table 1 ,ind #apping for reports Topic 2(estion Me) ideas Ln a blan- piece o' paper* write down the topic+ 1se the brain storming notes and in'ormation gained 'rom general reading to ,ot down the -e) ideas+ This is the 'irst step in developing a mind map+ As )o( contin(e to do research* start to p(t the in'ormation into gro(ps so that )o( can see the connections between ideasCtheories+ This will help )o( to sort o(t which are the -e) ideas and what is the s(pporting in'ormation+ Lnce )o( have completed this tas-* )o( can delete an) (nnecessar) ideas that )o( have now identi'ied as irrelevant+ Meep )o(r mind map to a single page+

Research

Delete an) (nnecessar) ideas

@ingle page

3or more in'ormation on mind mapping go to the Aearning Aab # @t(d) @-ills Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ -tep @ /ocus your research

As 0(siness st(dents )o( need to be 'amiliar with c(rrent trends and thin-ing+ ?ebsites* newspapers and ,o(rnals will be important reso(rces 'or )o(r research+

?hen )o( are (sing the online reso(rces (se the search engines provided b) the (niversit) s(ch as 3activa* Pro2(est* 0lac-well @)nerg)* /0/@ world* /n'ormit+ These will provide )o( with so(rces that can be relied on 'or acc(rac) and integrit)+ At this stage )o( m(st read with a p(rpose and onl) ma-e notes when )o( are s(re that the te=t has the in'ormation )o( need to (se in )o(r assessment tas-+ Alwa)s ma-e s(re )o( have recorded the '(ll re'erence list entr) details K )o( will need this in'ormation later+ 3or more in'ormation on recording )o(r research go to the interactive online re'erencing reso(rce 'or 0(siness st(dents Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ Re'er to )o(r co(rse g(ide 'or recommended reading lists+ /' there are no recommended te=ts* )o( will need to (se reso(rces available thro(gh the Aibrar) data bases Bwww+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)D+ Hints and Tips on Efficient Reading Strategies Lnce )o( have identi'ied the -e) words and concepts relating to the topic* (se these reading strategies to ma-e )o(r research more e''icient and to ma=imise the (se o' )o(r time+ @-im and scan+ 1se -e) words and concepts to 2(ic-l) locate in'ormation

42

 1se chapter headings* abstracts* introd(ctions* concl(sions to 'ind the main ideas the writer is e=ploring
K i' the) are relevant K contin(e

.a-e notes when -e) in'ormation has been identi'ied

;ontact the Aibrar) Aiaison L''icer 'or )o(r co(rse i' )o( need assistance+ 3or additional help with reading more e''icientl) visit the Aearning Aab Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+

4!

Hints and Tips on Critical Reading Lne o' )o(r tas-s when researching is to determine the validit)* acc(rac) and credibilit) o' )o(r so(rces+ This re2(ires )o( to consider care'(ll) what )o( are reading+ /t is alwa)s important to criticall) e=amine the statements being made and the evidence being (sed+ 3or )o(r assessment tas-s )o( will o'ten be (sing the websites o' companies and organisations+ The in'ormation the) provide will be positive and promotional so it is important to 2(estion the ob,ectivit) and reliabilit) o' the data+ Do this b) considering the 'ollowing 2(estions:#

?ho is the writerE ?hen was the article writtenE ?hat evidence has the writer provided to s(pport their arg(mentE Fow convincing is itE ?h)E # ?hat are the gro(nds 'or sa)ing soE Fow logical is itE # Again* what are the gro(nds 'or sa)ing soE ?hat ass(mptions C overgeneraliRations does the writer ma-eE ?hat are the implications o' this wor-E ?hat has the writer 'ailed to considerE ?here are the gapsE /s there evidence o' biasE Do )o( agree or disagree with this writer<s standpointE ?ith which parts o' the arg(ment do )o( agreeCdisagree* and 'or what reasonsE /s the methodolog) C the anal)sis appropriateE Are there an) wea-nesses or errors in the writing or calc(lationsE
5hat are pri#ary infor#ation sources6 @t(dents are re2(ired to (se pri#ary so(rces whenever possible+ This means that )o( read and re'erence the original wor-s o' the a(thors+ /n'ormation )o( have gathered 'rom 'irst hand e=perience K eg+ an interview or s(rve) K is also a primar) so(rce+

5hat are secondary infor#ation sources6 ?hen )o( (se the ideas Cwords o' one a(thor that have appeared in another writer<s te=t )o( are (sing a secondary so(rce+

0elow are two e=amples o' how to (se a secondar) so(rce in a sentence:

(1) (2)

0artlett and 8hoshal 9cited in Da't 2004: s(ggest that companies e=panding into global mar-ets are 'orced to do so beca(se o' economic* technological and competitive 'actors* which relate to economies o' scale* economies o' scope and cheaper prod(ction 'actors+ ;ompanies e=panding into global mar-ets are 'orced to do so beca(se o' economic* technological and competitive 'actors* which relate to economies o' scale* economies o' scope and cheaper prod(ction 'actors 90artlett H 8hoshal* cited in Da't 2004:+ -tep A %raw up a detailed plan

;ollecting the data 'or a report ta-es place over an e=tended period o' time+ 0e'ore )o( start writing* )o( need to (se )o(r mind map* )o(r notes 'rom vario(s so(rces* te=ts* websites* s(rve)s* interviews and more to draw (p a report plan identi')ing the main ideas and the evidence that s(pports those ideas+

A plan is li-e a road map which allows )o( to have a clear (nderstanding o' the direction )o(r report is going to ta-e+ A detailed plan can help )o( to have con'idence when )o( start to write+ 7o( -now what )o( want to write* wh) )o( are incl(ding it and the logical order in which to present it+

44

-tep B

5riting the report

eport -tructure /t is important to 'ollow )o(r co(rse g(idelines or compan) Corganisation instr(ctions 'or )o(r ind(str) pro,ects as g(idelines 'or how to present )o(r report are generall) given to )o(+ Fowever* i' )o( have not been given instr(ctions abo(t the 'ormat o' )o(r report* below is listed the str(ct(re o' a b(siness report+

Reports are generall) divided into the 'ollowing sections:# 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ;over sheet 9(se the R./T cover sheet as per )o(r co(rse g(ide: Title page Ac-nowledgements 9i' necessar): Table o' contents 4=ec(tive @(mmar) /ntrod(ction .ain section9s: o' the report ;oncl(sion Recommendations Appendices 8lossar) Re'erence Aist

Table 1" covers each part in detail+ Table 1" -ections of a report ;over sheet Download 'rom the ;o(rse 8(ide Title page

4=planation 4ver) assignment m(st have the cover sheet stapled to the 'ront o' )o(r assignment+ @ee Bhttp:CCmams+rmit+ed(+a(C"-s,&bbov0&4+docD+ The title o' the report copied 'rom the ;o(rse 8(ide+ /' )o( have created )o(r own pro,ect then the title needs to be a clear e=planation o' what the report is abo(t The title page also incl(des:# 5 @t(dent name and n(mber 5 Aect(rer<s name or the manager who re2(ested the report 5 Date the report was s(bmitted 5 Name and n(mber o' the co(rse The Table o' ;ontents provides the reader with an eas) g(ide to where in'ormation is located in the report+ An) report that is longer than a 'ew pages needs a Table o' ;ontents+ The Table o' ;ontents lists 5 sections* s(b#sections o' the report and the corresponding page n(mbers+ 5 diagrams and appendices+

Table o' ;ontents

.
The Table o' ;ontents sho(ld be written when the 'inal dra't has been completed to ens(re that the page n(mbers and headings match+ All n(mbering m(st be consistent and acc(rate+ 3or instr(ctions on how to generate an a(tomated Table o' ;ontents in .icroso't ?ord go to Bhttp:CCo''ice+microso't+comCen#a(CwordCFP0$1%&2&!10!!+asp=D+ This enables )o( to match headings and page n(mbers into )o(r Table o' ;ontents+

4$

AbstractC 4=ec(tive @(mmar)

/n companies and organisations* the 4=ec(tive @(mmar) is criticall) important as managers tend to read this section 'irst to gain an overview o' the whole report+ The 4=ec(tive @(mmar) 5 provides a short and comprehensive s(mmar) o' the whole report+ 5 gives the bare 'acts o' the report incl(ding the 'indings and concl(sions+ 5 provides eno(gh detail 'or the reader to have a clear (nderstanding o' the main 'acts and critical 'indings+ 5 is t)picall) ver) short+ 5 is written in the past tense as it is a record o' what has been done+ Altho(gh the 4=ec(tive @(mmar) appears at the beginning o' the report* this section sho(ld be written a'ter the report has been 'inalised and )o( have had time to re'lect on the report as a whole+

/ntrod(ction

The /ntrod(ction provides a brie'* acc(rate bac-gro(nd 'or the main section o' the report+ /ntrod(ctions t)picall) incl(de 5 the p(rpose o' the reportC bac-gro(nd 5 the scope* methods (sed K iss(es coveredCnot covered 5 the limitations o' the report and o(tlines terms o' re'erenceCde'initions ](estions to be considered# 7hat is the situation that has made an investigation into the issue or problem necessary@ 2ow will the research be carried out@ 7hat are the aimsA obBectives@ 7hat are you setting out to do@ 3These obBectives will be addressed throughout the report and provide the framework for the research and the conclusions4. @cope# L'ten an iss(e will be e=tremel) broad and )o( will need to narrow the 'oc(s to the speci'ic areas to be investigated+ There will be other 'actors that limit the scope o' the report+ @tate what the) are e+g+ time* b(dget* geographical location* client availabilit)* a partic(lar compan) N Terminolog) # /' there are terms or words that are critical to an (nderstanding o' the report b(t ma) be (n'amiliar to the reader* introd(ce them and de'ine what the) mean as (sed within the report.

.ain section9s: o' the report may include& 5 a literat(re review 3optional depending on assessment instructions4 5 .ethodolog) 5 3indings 5 Anal)sis

There is no partic(lar 'orm(la 'or this section o' the report+ ?hat )o( are re2(ired to do is to thoro(ghl) investigate* e=amine and anal)se the 'actors that impact the c(rrent sit(ation+ There is o'ten a 9iterature e$iew as a component o' )o(r report+

The research #ethodology(ies) and the reasons wh) )o( have chosen them need to be e=plained+ A variet) o' methods can be (sed depending on the problem being investigated+ 4=amples o' methodologies incl(de 2(estionnaires* 'oc(s gro(ps* interviews* e=periments* literat(re searches+ The findings + results 'rom the research are doc(mented and analysed+ 7o(r research needs to be presented in a logical se2(ence (sing n(mbered

headings that clearl) show the reader what in'ormation is contained in each paragraph+ :ote: efer to your Course Guide to ensure that your report #eets the assess#ent criteria1 ;oncl(sion The concl(sion s(mmarises the main points investigated and comments on the signi'icance o' the 'indings+ The concl(sionCs are based on the res(lts o' the research )o( have cond(cted and not on )o(r personal opinion+ All the concl(sions m(st be s(pported b) the material C 'acts )o( have presented in the report+ Remember the concl(sionCs sho(ld alwa)s relate bac- to the stated ob,ectives o' the report+ Do not introd(ce new ideas CtheoriesC iss(es in the concl(sion+ Recommendations The recommendations are based on the concl(sions and provide possible sol(tions or co(rses o' action to resolve the problems e=amined in the report+ when and how action sho(ld be ta-en Faving completed the report* recommendations ma) incl(de an) o' the 'ollowing 5 what action sho(ld be ta-en and who sho(ld be involved in its implementation 5 what co(ld have been done di''erentl) to achieve better more comprehensive o(tcomes 5 what possible costs or ris-s are involved in carr)ing o(t )o(r recommendations 5 what ma-es this the best sol(tion 5 what '(rther research might be cond(cted 'or contin(o(s improvement /n'ormation that is not essential to the general (nderstanding o' the report b(t ma) be important in s(ppl)ing '(rther in'ormation 'or the reader is placed in an Appendi=: 5 5 5 a cop) o' the 2(estionnaire )o( have (sed when interviewing a 'inancial statement C ann(al reports technical data

Appendi= C Appendices

The in'ormation in the Appendi= m(st be disc(ssed in the main part o' )o(r report and the reader directed to both the Appendi= n(mber and the page where it can be 'o(nd+ 8lossar) /' )o( have (sed words* phrases and terms which ma) not be 'amiliar to the reader* )o( need to place these in an alphabetical list accompanied b) a short e=planation+ /' the) are (n(s(al or essential to an (nderstanding o' the te=t* s(ch terms sho(ld be de'ined at the beginning o' the report or the reader sho(ld be directed to re'er to the glossar)+ Re'erence Aist All the re'erences (sed n )o(r report m(st be doc(mented '(ll) in the re'erence list (sing the Farvard s)stem (sed b) R./T ;ollege o' 0(siness+ The g(ide to R./T re'erencing can be 'o(nd at Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ /' )o( have not (sed Farvard re'erencing be'ore* the online t(torial on Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ will help )o(+ -tep 0D 8sing your plan to start writing

4"

/n @tep % )o( wrote a detailed plan which incl(ded the vario(s so(rces* te=ts* websites* s(rve)s* interviews that )o( researched 'or )o(r report+ 7o(r plan has identi'ied the main ideas and the evidence that s(pports those ideas+

@ort )o(r plan into sections so that )o( -now what )o( want to incl(de in the introd(ction* the vario(s paragraphs in the main part o' )o(r report* the concl(sion and recommendations+ The more organised this plan is* the easier it will be to write the report+ -tep 00 5riting the first draft

1sing the detailed plan )o( have now developed* set aside a bloc- o' time to write the 'irst dra't o' )o(r report+ Aim to write the whole report in the time )o( have set aside as this will give )o(r wor- a clear 'low+ Do not be concerned at this stage with headings* n(mbering s)stems* correct grammar* spelling* or re'erencing as this will be done at the editing stage+

Lnce )o( have written this 'irst dra't it will be m(ch easier to see where evidence is lac-ing* and where in'ormation co(ld be more logicall) re#organised+ Then )o( can start to create headings and s(bheadings related to each section o' in'ormation+

Aeave the n(mbering o' each section (ntil )o( have a 'inal dra't+

As )o( will probabl) need to write several dra'ts be'ore the report is read) 'or s(bmission* ma-e s(re )o( have allowed s(''icient time to do this+

?hen )o( write )o(r essa)* )o( will need to (se techni2(es s(ch as paraphrasing and s)nthesising+ Paraphrasing is e=pressing in )o(r own words the ideas o' another writer+ Synthesising is the abilit) to e=press in )o(r own words the similarities or di''erences in the ideas o' a n(mber o' a(thors+ 7o( m(st alwa)s ac-nowledge the so(rces 'or )o(r ideas even when )o( (se )o(r own words+ 3or more in'ormation on how to paraphrase and s)nthesise go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ 3or more in'ormation on how to re'erence when paraphrasing go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ Direct quotations are when )o( (se the e=act words o' the a(thorCso(rce+ 7o( ma) (se direct 2(otation in )o(r assessment tas-s* b(t these sho(ld be -ept to a minim(m+ ?henever 2(oting 'rom an) so(rce )o( m(st correctl) re'erence the wor-+ 3or '(rther in'ormation on how to re'erence direct 2(otes* go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingD+ 3or more in'ormation on direct 2(otes* go to Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+

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-tep 02

/or#atting your report

)eadings A report is divided into n(mbered sections (sing headings and s(bheadings which highlight the main parts and ideas within the report+ Feadings need to be brie' and in'ormative+

Feadings are (sed to: 5 5 5 separate the te=t into smaller* more manageable (nits that s(mmarise the content o' each headed section+ assist the reader to 'ind in'ormation 2(ic-l) and easil)+ present a new idea C aspect o' the content+

A sub-heading is (sed when this idea is e=tended and '(rther e=plored+ :u#bering syste# 7o( need to (se a consistent n(mbering s)stem to identi') the di''erent sections o' a report+ /t is recommended that )o( (se the decimal s)stem as shown in the e=ample below+

MANUFACTURING 1.1 Staff 1.1.1 Recruitment 1.1.2 Training 1.1.3 Salar 1.1.! "r#m#ti#n 1.2 $%ui&ment 1.2.1 C#'ting(an)(*u)geting 1.2.2 +r)ering 1.2.3 Re&air(an)(maintenance 1.3 In,ent#r 1.3.1 (Ra-(material' 1.3.2( C#m&#nent(&art' 1.3.3( In,ent#r (management 1.! +ut&ut 1.!.1 .#r/(in(&r#gre'' 1.!.2 Fini'0e)(g##)'( 2(((((SA1$S 2.1 Staff 2.1.1 Recruitment(2

All n(mbered sections and headings m(st all be incl(ded in the Table o' ;ontents and m(st match with the respective page n(mbers+ This ens(res that the reader can access in'ormation easil)+

Remember each page o' )o(r report m(st also be n(mbered+ -tyle of language Reports are intended to be read easil) and to provide 2(ic- access to in'ormation+ 7o( are writing abo(t 'acts or relevant pieces o' in'ormation+ There'ore the st)le o' lang(age is simple and direct+

@entences sho(ld not be complicated # state the point )o( are ma-ing clearl) and directl)+

A report is written in an ob,ective and impersonal manner as it is presenting 'acts+ 1nless )o( have been as-ed 'or )o(r personal opinion )o( sho(ld not be (sing personal prono(ns s(ch as <)o(<*< we< and >/<+ Do not o''er )o(r own personal point o' view+

4&

Aang(age needs to be 'ormal+ Do not (se abbreviations or slang or @.@+

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Table 1% .'a#ples of the language used in the different sections of a report Reasons 'or the report This report was commissioned as a res(lt o' ongoing concerns abo(t++ The report sets o(t to e=amine the reasons 'or N This report investigated++ This report aims to e=plore the options available+++ The main ob,ectives o' the report are to e=amine the reasons N This report e=amines the relationship between N /n order to review c(rrent proced(res N @ta'' members were as-ed to complete an on#line 2(estionnaireN The investigation clearl) showed that N /nitial 'indings s(ggest that N+ Anal)sis o' the data showed that N The 'ollowing concl(sion can be drawn 'rom the investigation N /t is recommended that N 0eca(se o' the N* it is s(ggested that the 'ollowing actions be considered+

Lb,ectives

.ethodolog)

3indings ;oncl(sions

Recommendations

%o :OT (se in'ormal lang(age+ Note the wa) impersonal and passive lang(age has been (sed in Table 1&+

Table 1& (nfor#al $ersus for#al language Informal / thin- that this sort o' thing sho(ld never happen again+

ormal ;orrect proced(res* as set o(t in the @ta'' .an(al* m(st be 'ollowed so that s(ch incidents do not occ(r again+ ?hen complaints are made* the problem needs to be reported and the sit(ation monitored+ The min(tes 'or the A8. has been circ(lated to all participants+ The committee will meet tomorrow+

/ rec-on i' c(stomers are (nhapp) abo(t the service or o(r prod(ct* the boss needs to -now+ 7o( sho(ld have got the min(tes b) now+ ;(l%r

Bullet points /n some reports* b(llet points are acceptable+ Chec" that the) are allowed in )o(r report+

?hen )o( (se b(llet points as part o' the sentence* each b(llet point is in lower case and sho(ld be grammaticall) correct* e+g+ The success of a report depends on& the obBectivity of the presentation

the value of the research the analysis of relevant information the ease with which information can be accessed

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8se of $isual #aterial 8raphic materials* e+g+ 'ig(res* tables* ill(strations and charts are a ver) (se'(l wa) o' presenting in'ormation+

/' (sed in the te=t* vis(al material sho(ld be positioned as close as possible to the disc(ssion and cited appropriatel)* both in the te=t and the re'erence list+

/' (sed in the Appendices* the) sho(ld be clearl) labelled and re'erred to in the disc(ssion within the report+ The) m(st also be cited appropriatel) and listed in the Table o' ;ontents+

/n )o(r disc(ssion* )o( will need to in'orm the reader what the graphic material represents* e+g+ point o(t an) important trends or generalisations and highlight the signi'icant point9s: )o( are ma-ing+

%ifferent types of figures and tables fulfill different functions+ 7o( sho(ld alwa)s choose the most appropriate t)pe o' ill(stration 'or )o(r p(rpose+ 3or e=ample:# 5 5 5 line graphs are (se'(l 'or showing trends* bar graphs clearl) show comparisons pie charts can be (sed to show s(b#categories in relation to the whole e+g+ the percentage o' st(dents attending R./T 1niversit) classi'ied b) nationalit)+

/' )o( are giving the report orall)* pie charts and graphs are easier to read and (nderstand than tables+

Re'er toBwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(CcontentC2UAssessmentTas-sCassessUt(tsC3ormatUAAC'ig(res+htmlD+ .diting your final draft 7o( need to edit )o(r dra't be'ore s(bmitting the 'inal version+ Read )o(r ;o(rse 8(ide care'(ll) to ens(re that )o( have met the re2(irements o' the assignment+ Lbserve the word limit or )o( ma) be penalised+ ?ord limits* as the words impl)* set the limit on the n(mber o' words that can be (sed+ The topic has been designed so that the iss(es and comple=ities can be e=plored within this word limit+ 1sing >Tools< on the men( bar in .icroso't ?ord* chec- )o(r spelling and grammar and ma-e the necessar) changes+

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eport writing chec"list Fave )o( 'ollowed the instr(ctions on report 'ormatting set o(t in )o(r co(rse g(ideE Table 20 eport 5riting Chec"list Details eature Title page 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Title o' the assignment A(thor<s name Receiver<s name Name o' co(rse Date o' s(bmission Acc(rate re'lection o' str(ct(re Aist o' tablesC'ig(res Feadings that match page n(mbers A separate page Feading @(mmar) o' the main points in whole assignment N(mbering De'inition o' the topic and -e) terms Delineate the scope and 'oc(s o' the topic /ndicate the writing tasPresent a plan o' the arg(ment @how the writer<s theoretical approach An introd(ctor) section Aogical developments o' problem and research 1se 2(otations as evidence 1se secondar) and primar) research ;oncl(sions Recommendation Restate the main ideas 8ive the writer<s personal opinion on the matter @tate implications Relate to the concl(sions Are the) speci'ic Are the) action orientated Feaded N(mbered @paced as instr(cted 9X margins: @pell chec-ed 8rammar chec-ed K electronicall) and personall)

Table of Contents

.'ecuti$e -u##ary

(ntroduction

,ain section of the report

Conclusion

eco##endations

9ayout of the report

/inal edit

3or more in'ormation on report writing* go to the learning lab Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+ eferencing All reports m(st be re'erenced according to the g(idelines set o(t at Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cb(sCp(blicCre'erencingCinde=+htmlD+ or Bhttp:CCprodmams+rmit+ed(+a(Cs&s=$$&h(rvc+rt'D+ or Bwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(D+

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eference list
;ortada* G 9ed:+ 1&&%* Rise of the knowledge worker, 0(tterworth#Feinemann* 0oston+ R./T 0(siness 2004 R#-T (usiness assignment cover sheet* R./T 1niversit)* viewed 20 Gan(ar) 200 * BFtmlResAnchor http:CCmams+rmit+ed(+a(C"-s,&bbov0&4+docD+ R./T 1niversit) 200!a* .olicy&.lagiarism* Academic Registrar< s 8ro(p* R./T 1niversit)* viewed 2$ A(g(st 200!* BFtmlResAnchor http:CCmams+rmit+ed(+a(C1oavdg0bdd1+pd'D+ R./T 1niversit) 200!b* R#-T Regulations C.8.8 ' Student +iscipline* R./T Lnline* viewed 1& A(g(st 200!* BFtmlResAnchor http:CCmams+rmit+ed(+a(C,4lb %==! o,1+pd'D+ @hannon* G 9200!:* ! companion to business statistics, Pearson* 3renchs 3orest* N@?+ @t)le man(al 'or a(thors* editors and printers 2002* th edn* Gohn ?ile) H @ons* A(stralia+

Bibliography
The !ustralian ODford dictionary 2004* 2nd edn* L='ord 1niversit) Press* @o(th .elbo(rne $ollins !ustralian dictionary 200!* $th edn* Farper;ollins* P)mble* N@?+ #ac?uarie dictionary 200$* 4th edn* .ac2(arie Aibrar)* North R)de* N@?+ R./T Academic RegistrarTs 8ro(p 200$* .lagiarism 3and how to avoid it4& resources for students* R./T 1niversit)* viewed 3ebr(ar) 200 * Bhttp:CCwww+rmit+ed(+a(Cacademic#polic)CplagiarismUreso(rcesD+ 3ebr(ar) 200 *

R./T 1niversit) Aearning @-ills 1nit 200 * ;earning ;ab* R./T 1niversit)* viewed Bhttp:CCwww+dlsweb+rmit+ed(+a(Cls(CD+

)int: ;lic- on lin- to 0(siness at bottom o' page 'or t(torials on literat(re reviewing* report writing and re'erencing+ R./T 1niversit) Aibrar) 200$* $opyright, plagiarism and fair use* R./T 1niversit)* viewed Bhttp:CCwww+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)Cin'o#tre-Ccop)rightD + R./T 1niversit) Aibrar) 200$* Referencing resources* R./T 1niversit)* viewed Bhttp:CCwww+rmit+ed(+a(Clibrar)Cin'o#tre-Cre'erencingD+ R./T 1niversit) Teaching and Aearning 200$* !cademic -ntegrity E R#-T* R./T 1niversit)* viewed Bhttp:CCwww+rmit+ed(+a(Cacademicintegrit)D+ 3ebr(ar) 200 * 3ebr(ar) 200 * 3ebr(ar) 200 *

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Glossary
/nstr(ction words K li-el) to occ(r in the topic 2(estion o' an essa) or b(siness report:

Table 21 (nstruction words Anal)se Arg(e 4=planation @eparate or brea- the s(b,ect matter into its parts to discover their nat(re* proportion* '(nction and relationships @)stematicall) s(pport or re,ect a position b) presenting reasons and evidence 'or acceptance or re,ection* while indicating )o(r awareness o' opposing points o' view .a-e critical observations abo(t the s(b,ect matter6 0e care'(l not to write too man) generalisations 3ind similarities and di''erences between two or more ideas* events* interpretations etc+ 4ns(re )o( (nderstand e=actl) what )o( are being as-ed to compare+ @imilar to ;ompare* the di''erence is that )o( sho(ld concentrate on dissimilarities Provide clear concise* a(thoritative meanings* in which )o( address the nat(re or essential 2(alities o' the 2(estion+ Details are not necessar) b(t )o( ma) wish to cite the bo(ndaries or limitations o' the de'inition* since meaning can e=tend be)ond simple de'initions Recall 'acts* processes or events+ Tr) to provide a thoro(gh description emphasising the most important points+ 7o( are not as-ed to e=plain or interpret Present a point o' view* that o' others andCor )o(r own+ This will entail both description and interpretation+ 7o(r opinion sho(ld be s(pported b) arg(ments and evidence+ Provide a list or o(tline 'orm o' repl)+ /n s(ch essa)s )o( sho(ld reco(nt one b) one* b(t concisel)* the points re2(ired To appraise in order to ma-e a ,(dgment which re2(ires consideration o' strengths and wea-nesses+ ;lari')* e=empli') or el(cidate b) presenting a 'ig(re* pict(re* diagram or concrete e=ample Provide an itemised series or tab(lation # o'ten e=pressed in point 'orm+ 8ive an organised description or an ordering o' in'ormation in which )o( state the main point* b(t omit details+ Present the in'ormation in a s)stematic arrangement or classi'ication ?hen showing relationships )o(r answer sho(ld emphasise connections and associations in a descriptive manner+ Re#e=amine* anal)se and comment brie'l) 9in an organised se2(ence: on the ma,or points o' an iss(e 3ormall) set 'orth a position or declare de'initel)+ Details and e=amples can be omitted Provide a brie' statement or acco(nt covering the main points in se2(ence* or assimilate parts into a general comment+ Lmit details

;omment ;ompare

;ontrast De'ine

Describe

Disc(ss

4n(merate 4val(ate /ll(strate Aist L(tline

Relate Review

@tate @(mmarise

*c"nowledge#ents
The ;ollege o' 0(siness 8(idelines 'or re'erencing and presentation in written reports and essa)s has been designed and developed b) the Academic Development 8ro(p* ;ollege o' 0(siness* in partnership with the @t(d) and Aearning ;entre+

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