WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Geeta Shirke.
M.E. (Elect. and Tel) V. E. S. I. T. Mumbai

Prof. Mrs. Shoba Krishnan.

H.O.D. Dept. of Elect. and Telecomm V. E. S. I. T. Mumbai

Abstract- In recent years, the growing interest in the WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WISENET) is increases. The research is concerned with Scalar Sensor networks that measures and conveyed through low-bandwidth and delay-tolerant data stream of physical phenomena, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, or location of objects. Recently, the focus has shifted towards research aimed at revisiting the sensor network hypothesis to enable delivery of multimedia content, such as Audio and Video streams and still images, as well as scalar data. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has been successfully applied to energy saving applications in many places, and plays a significant role in achieving power conservation.

calculate the received power (Pr) signal. The current location of the target node, the location of the sensor node at the time of generating the signals, and the power with which the stimulus was generated are included in the query. If received power (Pr) is below a certain getting threshold (which is one of the part variables of Sensor Phy), the signal is deleted; otherwise, it is forwarded up to the higher layer in the sensor protocol stack. Sensor Agent known as the sensor layer. Sensor Agent receives the signals from the lower layer (Sensor Phy) in the sensor protocol stack, its role is to computes/extracts the application-specific data (e.g., the power and duration of the signals, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or the location of the target node), and transmitted it up to the sensor application layer. B.Sensor Application and Transport Layers Sensor App implements the sensor application layer. SensorApp receives the application specific data from SensorAgent, performs certain in-network processing tasks, and passes the resulting data digest down to the transport layer. The digest goes through the wireless protocol stack and will eventually be transmitted over the wireless channel to the sink node. Sensor Packet known as the data packet that will be transmitted over the wireless channel. SensorPacket can be either unicast to a definite target (e.g., the sink node) or broadcast. SensorPacket is a subclass of Packet, which is transmitted over wired/wireless networks. Wireless Agent known as a transport layer between the sensor application layer and the wireless protocol stack of a sensor node. Wireless Agent is a subclass of Protocol, for implementing transport protocols. C. Wireless Protocol Stack of a sensor node is built in a plugand-play fashion. PktDispatcher it provides the functionality of the IP layer (i.e., the data delivery services to the upper/lower of IP layer protocols). Specially, it forwards incoming packets to suitable set of output ports an attached to either an upper layer protocol or a lower layer component.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Wireless sensor network (WISENET) is extensively considered as one of the most important technologies of the twenty-first century. The sensing electronics measure the ambient conditions related to the atmosphere surrounding the sensors and convert them into an electrical signal. A wireless sensor network (WISENET) consists of computing, data processing, and communicating components with battery-operated sensor devices. In a WSN, the sensor nodes can be deployed in prohibited environments, such as factories, homes, or hospitals, etc. They also can be deployed in uninhibited environments, such as disaster or hostile areas or in a particular battlefield, where monitoring and observation is crucial. Clearly, security in a WSN is tremendously essential for both prohibited environments (e.g., health-care, automation in transportation, etc.) and uninhibited and hostile environments (e.g., environmental monitoring, military command and control, battlefield monitoring, etc.). . II. SENSOR NODE In order to realize a sensor node (Fig. 1), it is implemented the following classes: A. Sensor Protocol Stack includes the following classes: Sensor Phy known as the sensor physical layer. [6] If Sensor Phy exists in the protocol stack of a sensor node, its role is to receive a stimulus (signal) from the sensor channel generated by a target node, the location of the target node and power at the time of generating the stimulus was generated. Sensor Phy then queries the sensor transmission model to

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ID

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CPU Model Battery Model Radio Model

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Sensor Propagation Model Queue Sensor Node MAC_802_11 Wireless Propagation Model Sensor Phy

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Sensor Mobility Model

Sensor Node Position Tracker Sensor Channel

Medium Wireless Channel Node Position Tracker

Fig.1. Architecture of a sensor node (dashed line) with its connections to other components.

ARP known as the address resolution protocol (ARP). It maintains an ARP Table; each entry in that table proceedings the IP address of a node and the MAC address of the receiving wireless card of that node. ARP updates ARP Table by sending/receiving ARP demand and reply packets to/from the neighboring nodes. LL known as the link layer functions. It receives queries ARP (by doing an ARP resolve) to find out the MAC address of the next hop and unicast internet protocol (IP) packets to which the this packet should be forwarded. Specifically, link layer (LL) constructs an ARP indenture. Message aim as an ARP resolve packet and sends it to ARP. Upon receiving that resolve demand, ARP looks up its ARP Table to find out a consequent entry. If a related entry cannot be found, ARP initializes an ARP request and reply process to determine the correct mapping of IP address and medium access control (MAC) address.

Queue is a subclass of Active Queue, a queue that interacts with a data pulling element. Specially, Active Queue accepts a illogical signal from the data pulling element, which triggers a dequeue. The dequeued data is sent at an output port, if the queue is empty, Active Queue actively sends out the data having to do the pulling again. (Multiple pulling when the queue is empty results in only one time of active sending.) Mac_802_11 generates the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Outgoing IP and ARP packets are buffered in the Queue element. Whenever Mac_802_11 finishes the propagation of an outgoing packet, it sends a illogical signal to Queue. In addition, Mac_802_11 sends link collapse announcement messages to the ad hoc routing component in the case of link failures. Wireless Propagation Model is nothing but the radio propagation model over the wireless channel. There are three radio transmission models that have been created in the wireless network extension: Free Space Model, Two-ray Ground Model, and Irregular Terrain Model.

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Application Layer Application API Control Plane Controller

Sensor Open Flow Data Plane Match Sensing h/w Traf-gen In-net proc SRC CAV1 DST CAV2 Action

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port1 Drop Ctrler

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Fig.2. Software-defined wireless sensor network.

Wireless Phy known as functionalities of the wireless physical layer of a wireless card. Wireless Phy sends MAC frames over the wireless channel. Different propagation powers can be defined in Wireless Phy. The consignment (Inlet-Packet or ARP packet) of the received MAC frame is then forwarded to link layer (LL). Link Layer dispatches the consignment to ARP if it is an ARP packet; otherwise, it forwards it to PktDispatcher if it is an Inlet-Packet. The sensor node also includes the battery, CPU and radio model. When a MAC frame is received over the wireless channel, Wireless Phy queries Wireless Propagation Model to find out whether that MAC frame can be decoded, sensed or not. If it can be decoded properly or exceeds the carrier sense sensitivity threshold, the MAC frame is passed to Mac_802_11.

same flow and be imposed an Action (e.g., send to port 1) entry, or flow entry for short. The IP source address is 10.0.*.*, and packets that match it will be treated as in the specified by the same flow entry. B. Control Plane: SOF Channel An Open Flow channel is used to transmit control messages between a controller and a switch an end-to-end connection. An SOF channel is similarly defined. However, this channel have to give TCP/IP connectivity for unfailing end-to-end inorder message release, and the two end-parties are recognized using IP addresses. These are usually not available in WSN and need to be addressed. C. Overhead of Control Traffic SDN can multitude the Open Flow channel out of band, i.e., using a separate committed network. This is usually not sensible for WSN and the SOF channel has to be hosted in band i.e., by the WSN itself. Thus, the resource constrained WSN will have to furthermore carry control traffic between controllers and sensors. D. Traffic Generation End-users are considered marginal to SDN and hence out of the scope of Open Flow. On the dissimilar, sensor nodes behave like end-users by generating data packets, in addition to just forwarding data as Open Flow switches do. E. In-Network Processing At times, WSN have to process data in-situ, e.g. execute data aggregation or decision fusion, in order to reduce data

III SOFTWARE-DEFINED WSN (SD-WSN) Software-Defined WSN (SD-WSN), a structural design featuring a comprehensible division between a data and a control plane, and Sensor Open Flow (SOF), the core component of SD-WSN as a standard communication protocol between the two planes. This structural design [4], [3] is depicted in Fig.2. The whole idea is to make the original network (i.e., data plane) programmable by manipulating a user-customizable flow table on each sensor via SOF. A. Data Plane: Creating Flows In the data plane, as per flows packets are handled. A flow is user-customizable (i.e. programmable) set of packets that share certain properties precise by a Match in a flow-table

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redundancy and protect network resource such as bandwidth and energy. This is another feature missing in SDN. F. Backward and Peer Compatibility Sensor Open Flow be supposed to desirably make available backward compatibility, with respect to traditional (non-Open Flow and non-SOF) networks, so as to guard birthright investments. It is also attractive for SOF to offer peer compatibility, i.e. to be compatible with Open Flow networks which are parallel being developed and uniform, for interoperability purposes.

Asynchronous Communication A different key proposal of the ARE scheme is asynchronous communication. In order to preserve energy, all the High Power (HP) nodes are designed to stay in the SLEEP mode on every time possible. ARE scheme provides an asynchronous move toward sandwiched between the sink and the nodes (we assume there is no travel clock on the nodes in this work).

IV. PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK RARE PROTOCOL General idea of Robust Asynchronous Resource Estimation (RARE) [1], [2] is a MAC layer protocol structure designed to manage the process of the low cost, low power and heavily deployed hybrid WSN within a single-hop communication range. As shown in Fig.3, the RARE structure made up of CORE stack and optional FEATURE stack. It handles the transmit-only nodes and standard nodes in different ways: transmit-only low power (LP) nodes admittance the channel randomly and will respond to no sink control as designed in underlying Qos Aware MAC Protocol using Optimal Retransmission (QoMoR), while channel admittance of the standard High power (HP) nodes is managed by the sink. From the perception of operation phase, the RARE structure consists of two phases, the initialization phase and the stable phase.
Fig.3. RARE Protocol Framework.

A. The QoMoR Scheme The QoMoR scheme is the essential element in the core stack and governs the random communication. The optimal number of transmissions is recalculated based on the system prerequisite (e.g., data delivery probability, transmission rate, packet size, etc.) B. The Asynchronous Resource Evaluation of Asynchronous Resource (ARE) Scheme, it is another fundamental component in the core stack and serves as an abstraction layer of the fundamental components. It defines the asynchronous message and supports resource inference that is performed during the initialization phase and used by the scheduling scheme. Resource Estimation The empty time slots are definite as the resource of the planned RARE structure. The sink estimates the empty time space and generates the empty time slots for the complete function through the ARE scheme. In the ARE scheme, accident-free scheduling is achieved through low power (LP) data transmission inference. This is because in QoMoR each low power (LP) node uses a Pseudo random Number Generator (PRNG) with a separate seed to pick its random communication time.

C. Constrained Scheduling Scheme The constrained scheduling scheme is the most important element of the core stack, throughout which the sink manages all interactions of the High Power (HP) nodes. The improvement components in the upper feature stack also rely on this scheme to program unusual operations contained by the available time slots during each intermission. The Stable Phase The stable phase starts from the subsequently intermission immediately after the initialization phase. The High Power (HP) nodes will pursue the finest communication schedule generated by the sink whereas the Low Power (LP) nodes still execute best possible random transmission within each Time slot (T). Note that unusual purpose scenarios may result in different scheduling schemes. Below we describe the Scheduled drag move toward used by this work. The Scheduled Pull Approach The sink receives data packets and sends Pull commands to each High Power (HP) node throughout the available time slots. Dissimilar from predictable pull style approaches, this approach eliminates energy dissipate on channel sensing and idle listening through

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the Prescheduled process. The approach contains three steps: scheduling; transmission and reception check; and other rounds of transmission and reception check if necessary. D. The ROBUST Scheme The ROBUST scheme is an improvement module on the FEATURE stack to address these issues and to assurance the nodes of high priority category will still get together highperformance requirement. Fundamentally, it utilizes the available time slot resource in each intermission and redundancy in the packet formation to handle possible packet loss and support dynamic network change. E. The HP Assist Scheme The HP Assist scheme is another development that works on the FEATURE stack. The purpose of this scheme is to develop the data delivery ability of the Lower Power (LP) nodes with the assistance of selected High Power (HP) nodes. Purposely, as shown in Fig. 4: The sink predicts the probable failed Lower Power (LP) data transmission by checking the overlap of all the transmissions during current time slot (T), and identifies the probable unsuccessful Lower Power (LP) nodes (that might not have at least one data packet delivered during the interval); then the sink tries to allocate each of these unsuccessful Lower Power (LP) nodes to the existing active High Power (HP) nodes. A available time slot at the end of the intermission is also programmed for each assigned High Power (HP) node to send the received Lower Power (LP) data to the sink (call this relay transfer); before sending the Pull command, the sink attaches the data relay time (e.g., t3) and propagation time of the assigned Lower Power (LP) node (e.g., t1; t2).

available time slot data from the MAC layer for more efficient and reliable communications, as well as improved function strategies.

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The flexibility, fault tolerance, high sensing fidelity, low cost, and rapid deployment characteristics of sensor networks create many new and exciting application areas for remote sensing. In the future, this wide range of application areas will make sensor networks an integral part of our lives. However, realization of sensor networks needs to satisfy the constraints introduced by factors such as fault tolerance, scalability, cost, hardware, topology change, environment, and power consumption. Since these constraints are highly stringent and specific for sensor networks, new wireless ad hoc networking techniques are required. Many researchers are currently engaged in developing the technologies needed for different layers of the sensor networks protocol. Future work includes implementation of protocol to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed protocol in real time environment. The sensor node capture attack but it also provides sufficient defence against it, to achieve and maintain good security level.

REFERENCES
[1] Jia Zhao, Student Member, IEEE, Chunming Qiao, Fellow, IEEE, Raghuram S. Sudhaakar, Member, IEEE, and Seokhoon Yoon, Member, IEEE,Improve Efficiency and Reliability in Single-Hop WSNs with Transmit-Only Nodes IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 24, NO. 3, MARCH 2013. Subramanian Ganesh and Ramachandran Amutha, Efficient and Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks through SNR Based Dynamic Clustering Mechanisms JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS, VOL. 15, NO. 4, AUGUST 2013. Azrina Abd Aziz, Y. Ahmet Sekercioglu, Paul Fitzpatrick, and Milosh Ivanovich, A Survey on Distributed Topology Control Techniques for Extending the Lifetime of Battery Powered Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 15, NO. 1, FIRST QUARTER 2013. Tie Luo, Hwee-Pink Tan, and Tony Q. S. Quek, Sensor OpenFlow: Enabling Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks , IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS, VOL. 16, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012. Yi qian and keijie lu, university of Puerto rico Mayaguez david tipper, university of pittsburh, A Design for Secure and Survivable Wireless Sensor Network, 1536 1284/07/$20.00 2007 IEEE. Ahmed Sobeih, Jennifer C. Hou, Lu-Chuankung, Ningli, And Honghai Zhang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Wei- Peng Chen, Fujitsu Labs of America Hung Tyan , National Sun Yat- Sen University,J-SIM: A Simulation And Emulation Environment for Wireless Sensor Network,IEEE Wireless Communications August 2006.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] Fig.4. Description of the HP Assist Scheme.

F. Layer Protocol Design Support Finally is the support for the cross-layer protocol proposed for upper layer protocols. Get multi cluster communication for paradigm, due to the arbitrary nature of the Low Power (LP) node propagation, any sloppy communication between the hybrid WSN clusters could be damaged and affect obtainable propagation too. All upper layer protocols should use the

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