CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT

MEC-494

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR SUBMITTED BY Name of Student(s) Vinu Thomas John Atul Sharma Anmol Rattan Rahul Singh Yaman Rajput University Roll No. 11003876 11003340 11012753 11004563 11000346

Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar

PUNJAB

ABSTRACT

"Technology is the campfire around which we tell our stories." - Laurie Anderson All the modern day vehicles have a majority of dependence on fuels or to be precise nonrenewable energy resources such as petrol, diesel etc. Although there has been commendable development over the past decade in designing vehicles that use electricity or other renewable sources as the modes that would compensate for the existing scenario, but we still are left with a majority of vehicles all over the world that are leading to the depletion of fuel resources. Now when thinking practically to make a change in this scenario it is quite a challenge for the human race and for this to happen a revolution is needed. As nowadays new technologies are being designed and developed that would work on renewable sources of energy and also giving better efficiencies day by day, the above thinking seems legit to us and hence as a group we are trying to develop a vehicle that would have its motion purely on the basis of hydraulics and to add to this it would also carry certain amount of loads for over short distances. It also doesnt use any kind of fuel for its motion neither any battery power for the locomotive rather as mentioned it would be manually travelled using the sole principle of hydraulic energy. The hydraulic prototype will consist of two parts as a whole i.e. the base and the hydraulic arm mounted over the base. The base will be used for the motion of the vehicle as it will consist of locomotive setup with syringes that would be controlled manually using syringe controllers and the hydraulic arm would carry loads across some given small distance.

DECLARATION

We, Vinu Thomas John, Atul Sharma, Yaman Rajput, Anmol Rattan and Rahul Singh students of B.Tech (M.E.) under Department of Sciences and Technology of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on our own intensive research and is genuine. This dissertation / report do, to the best of our knowledge, contain part of our work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this university or any other university without proper citation.

Date: VINU THOMAS JOHN (11003876) ATUL SHARMA YAMAN RAJPUT ANMOL RATTAN RAHUL SINGH (11003340) (11000346) (11012753) (11004563)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are many people to whom we owe thanks for their help, gracious advice, and suggestions during the various stages of this project. It is a combined effort of those who inspire and guide, of those who participate and of those who support you when you stumble. Working on our project has been both challenging and interesting for us. The difficulties we met during this study were made into challenges to be met by those who guided our way through. With deep gratitude and immense pride, we would like to acknowledge the guidance and encouragement given to us by our mentor and guide Mr. SUNIL SHARMA. His guidance has been inspiring and ever encouraging. His encouragement has been there with us at every step that we have taken to fulfill the present work. At last but not the least we give our gratitude to the entire Lab in charges and the supporting lab technicians for providing us with the required machine when needed and guiding us throughout, without them this wouldnt have been possible.

Vinu Thomas John (11003876) Atul Sharma (11003340) Yaman Rajput (11000346) Anmol Rattan (11012753) Rahul Singh (11004563)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vinu Thomas John, Atul Sharma, Yaman Rajput, Anmol Rattan and Rahul Singh bearing Registration numbers: 11003876, 11003340, 11000346, 11012753 and 11004563 have completed their Capstone project titled, Design and Development of a hydraulic vehicle operated by hydraulic syringes for moving heavy loads over short distances. under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of their original investigation and study. No part of the work has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University. The project is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the

conditions for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology Mechanical Engineering.

Signature____________________________________ Name of the Research Supervisor: Mr. Sunil Sharma UID: 16727 Designation: Assistant Professor ME
School of Mechanical Engg.

School of Mechanical Lovely Professional University Phagwara, Punjab.

Date:

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature i. ii. iii. iv. v. Introduction to Fluid Power Advantages of Fluid Power Pneumatics Uses of Hydraulics Forces in Liquid

3. Problem Statement 4. Objectives Of Study I i. ii. iii. Basic components Selection of materials Cost analysis Pascals Law Pressure and Force in fluid power systems Finding the Centre of Gravity of the Vehicle Weight distribution among the wheels

5. Objectives Of Study II i. ii. iii. iv.

6. Vehicle Design i. ii. Catia Design Manual Sketching

7. Working of Hydraulic Base 8. Flowchart and complete timeline of work plan 9. Conclusion/ Summary of work done 10. References

INTRODUCTION

"Any

sufficiently

advanced

technology

is

indistinguishable from - Arthur C. Clarke

magic."

In the quest of endeavoring new dimensions of the world, mankind has never put its swords down. In the journey, many ordinary thought the world to be obvious and there were very few who questioned this obvious and opened up the new dimension of science in the quest of existence. The path was not very easy for those who tried to take us closer to the answer. Some were slaughtered and some were prisoned for life but shall be remembered forever for their contribution. Rumors say that the Earth might get submerged into oceans very soon and there will be water all over the planet, but humans have to survive in any case. It has always been our habit that we adapt to the changes that take place but when such a drastic changes occur, mitigation is never an option. We should be ready for the every problem that we can face in the near future. Humans have always sought ways to convert present situations into viable opportunities. So, now we have to be clever and innovative to utilize the enormous amount of water on earth to run our vehicles. As the project topic suggests we are trying to build a hydraulic vehicle as water is abundant in nature that could be operated by hydraulic syringes for moving about a definite amount of load over short distances. This Capstone project focuses on the concept of using hydraulic energy effectively for the locomotion of vehicles especially heavy load bearing vehicles. The biggest challenge that was faced was to convert the hydraulic energy to make the prototype get into motion. As mentioned there will be two parts of the project that will be taken into account independently at first and then combining the efforts of both into one by assembling them to get the desired results or to achieve the objectives of our project work. A New dimension of thinking is what this project means to us. As we move ahead through the report there are reviews of literature, the scope of study, the methodology that was followed which was instructed by our mentor during the whole thought making process to go smoothly, the surveys that were conducted and the complete work plan.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The Principles of Hydraulics :

The word hydraulics generally refers to power produced by moving liquids. Modern hydraulics is defined as the use of confined liquid to transmit power, multiply force, or produce motion. Though hydraulic power in the form of water wheels and other simple devices has been in use for centuries, the principles of hydraulics werent formulated into scientific law until the 17th century. It was then that French philosopher Blaise Pascal discovered that liquids cannot be compressed. He discovered a law which states: Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted in all directions with equal force on equal areas. To better understand Pascals Law; lets use a bottle full of liquid as an example. Lets say the bottle has a 1 square inch opening. If we were to apply 10 pounds of force on a cork at the opening, 10 pounds of force would be applied equally to all sides of the bottle. This is expressed as 10 psi or10 pounds of force per square inch. 10 psi represents the fluid pressure of the system.

Though impressive on paper, Pascals Law wasnt put into practical application until the Industrial Revolution when Joseph Bramah, a British mechanic, built a hydraulic press using pressure, force and confined fluid in a lever-like system. A closed hydraulic system such as the one diagrammed here provides a mechanical advantage similar to that of a simple lever.

fig 1 Bramah discovered that in a closed fluid system a small force exerted on a small cylinder could balance a large force on a large cylinder. For example, 1 pound of force applied to a 1 square inch cylinder can balance 100 pounds of force on a 100 square inch cylinder. This is how we can move a 100 pound weight using only 1 pound of force. The distance the 100 pounds will travel is inversely proportional to the distance the applied force travels. That means if we move a 1 square inch cylinder a distance of one inch, we only move the 100 square inch cylinder 1/100th of an inch.

Hydraulic systems contain the following key components: Fluid - can be almost any liquid. The most common hydraulic fluids contain specially compounded petroleum oils that lubricate and protect the system from corrosion. Reservoir - acts as a storehouse for the fluid and a heat dissipater. Hydraulic pump - converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by forcing hydraulic fluid, under pressure, from the reservoir into the system. Fluid lines - transport the fluid to and from the pump through the hydraulic system. These lines can be rigid metal tubes, or flexible hose assemblies. Fluid lines can transport fluid under pressure or vacuum (suction). Hydraulic valves - control pressure, direction and flow rate of the hydraulic fluid.

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Actuator - converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to do work. Actuators usually take the form of hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic cylinders are used on agricultural, construction, and industrial equipment.

Where Hydraulics is used?

1. Oil & Gas Drilling:

(Oil and Gas drilling rigs) Fig 2 2. Agricultural Equipment :

(Combines/Harvesters) Fig 3

(Midsize to Large Tractors) Fig 4

(Lawn and Garden Tractors) Fig 5 3. Construction Equipment:

(Loaders) Fig 6

(Hauler Trucks) (Cement Trucks) Fig 7 Fig 8

(Dozers) Fig 9

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(Backhoes) Fig 10

(Excavators)

Fig 11

(Scrapers) Fig 12

(Rollers) Fig 13 4. Manufacturing Maintenance, Repair, Operations:

(Forklifts) Fig 14

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID POWER

Fluid power is a term which was created to include the generation, control, and application of smooth, effective power of pumped or compressed fluids (either liquids or gases) when this power is used to provide force and motion to mechanisms. This force and the motion maybe in the form of pushing, pulling, rotating, regulating, or driving. Fluid power includes hydraulics, which involves liquids, and pneumatics, which involves gases. Liquids and gases are similar in many respects. ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER The extensive use of hydraulics and pneumatics to transmit power is due to the fact that properly constructed fluid power systems possess a number of favorable characteristics. They eliminate the need for complicated systems of gears, cams, and levers. Motion can be transmitted without the slack inherent in the use of solid machine parts. The fluids used are not subject to breakage as are mechanical parts, and the mechanisms are not subjected to great wear. The different parts of a fluid power system can be conveniently located at widely separated points, since the forces generated are rapidly transmitted over considerable distances with small loss. These forces can be conveyed up and down or around corners with small loss in efficiency and without complicated mechanisms.

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Very large forces can be controlled by much smaller ones and can be transmitted through comparatively small lines and orifices. If the system is well adapted to the work it is required to perform, and if it is not misused, it can provide smooth, flexible, uniform action without vibration, and is unaffected by variation of load. In case of an overload, an automatic release of pressure can be guaranteed, so that the system is protected against breakdown or strain. Fluid power systems can provide widely variable motions in both rotary and straight-line trans-mission of power. The need for control by hand can be minimized. In addition, fluid power systems are economical to operate. The question may arise as to why hydraulics is used in some applications and pneumatics in others. Many factors are considered by the user and/or the manufacturer when determining which type of system to use in a specific application. There are no hard and fast rules to follow; however, past experience has provided some sound ideas that are usually considered when such decisions are made. If the application requires speed, a medium amount of pressure, and only fairly accurate control, a pneumatic system may be used. If the application requires only a medium.

Fluid Power Gas Pneumatics Liquid Hydraulics

PNEUMATICS

The word pneumatics is a derivative of the Greek word pneumatic, which means air, wind, or breath. It can be defined as that branch of engineering science that pertains to gaseous pressure and flow. As used in this manual, pneumatics is the portion of fluid power in which compressed air, or other gas, is used to transmit and control power to actuating mechanisms. Here it is discussed for the origin of pneumatics. It discusses the characteristics of gases and compares them with those of liquids. It also explains factors which affect the properties of gases, identifies and explains the gas laws, and identifies gases commonly used in pneumatics and their pressure ranges. It also discusses hazards of pneumatic gases, methods of controlling contamination, and safety precautions associated with compressed gases

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Use of Hydraulics The hydraulic press, invented by English man John Brahmah, was one of the first workable pieces of machinery developed that used hydraulics in its operation. It consisted of a plunger pump piped to a large cylinder and a ram. This press found wide use in England because it provided a more effective and economical means of applying large forces in industrial uses. Today, hydraulic power is used to operate many different tools and mechanisms. In a garage, a mechanic raises the end of an auto-mobile with a hydraulic jack. Dentists and barbers use hydraulic power, through a few strokes of a control lever, to lift and position their chairs to a convenient working height. Hydraulic doorstops keep heavy doors from slamming. Hydraulic brakes have been standard equipment on auto-mobiles since the 1930s. Most automobiles are equipped with automatic transmissions that are hydraulically operated. Power steering is another application of hydraulic power. Construction workers depend upon hydraulic power for the operation of various components of their equipment. For example, the blade of a bulldozer is normally operated by hydraulic power. During the period preceding World War II, the Navy began to apply hydraulics to naval mechanisms extensively. Since then, naval applications have increased to the point where many ingenious hydraulic devices are used in the solution of problems of gunnery, aeronautics, and navigation. Aboard ship, hydraulic power is used to operate such equipment as anchor windlasses, cranes, steering gear, remote control devices, and power drives for elevating and training guns and rocket launchers. Elevators on aircraft carriers use hydraulic power to transfer aircraft from the hangar deck to the flight deck and vice versa. Hydraulics and pneumatics are combined for some applications. This combination is referred to as hydro pneumatics. An example of this combination is the lift used in garages and service stations. Air pressure is applied to the surface of hydraulic fluid in a reservoir. The air pressure forces the hydraulic fluid to raise the lift. FORCES IN LIQUIDS The study of liquids is divided into two main parts: liquids at rest (hydrostatics) and liquids in motion (hydraulics).The effects of liquids at rest can often be expressed by simple formulas. The effects of liquids in motion are more difficult to express due to frictional and other factors whose actions cannot be expressed by simple mathematics. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their containing vessel. There are two additional characteristics we must explore prior to proceeding. Liquids are almost incompressible. For example, if a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch (psi) is applied to a given volume of water that is at atmospheric pressure, the volume will decrease by only 0.03 percent. It would take a force of approximately 32 tons to reduce its volume by 10 percent; however, when this force is removed, the water immediately returns to its original volume. Other liquids behave in about the same manner as water. Another characteristic of a liquid is the tendency to keep its free surface level. If the surface is not level, liquids will flow in the direction which will tend to make the surface level.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Design & Development of a Hydraulic vehicle operated by hydraulic syringes for moving heavy loads over short distances While progressing to the objectives we encounter two major challenges for the design and development of the proposed prototype i.e. I. Motion of vehicle using hydraulics: So as to have the motion of the vehicle we first need to determine how the hydraulic pressure in the syringes could be used so as to produce motion in the vehicle or we may say we need to figure out how to convert the pressure energy available in the syringes into rotatory motion of the wheels of base. To get to final picture we first need to test on how the syringes would be exerting forces over the base while on motion and most importantly the design of base which includes the main frame, the connecting shafts for wheels, the wheels, bearing setup in the frame, finding the Centre of Gravity of the base as per the dimensions used, placement of the hydraulic arm base over which the hydraulic arm will be mounted and finally to have a synchronized way to obtain the controlled motion of the base. These are the major objective that has to be taken care of in the base section.

II.

Carrying heavy loads using hydraulic arm: Now considering the Hydraulic arm its main purposes that it would satisfy are as follows: It will Reach the greatest distance to deliver a given object. Pick up the heaviest possible object. Deliver the most objects in a given amount of time. Function in an assembly line. Have a system to weigh the object it picks up. Battle against another arm for an object. Rotate as well as reach and grab. Dig and recover objects.

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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
(I)

As it has been mentioned earlier that our project is divided into two sub categories and will be worked upon independently and then finally would be assembled to achieve our objectives. To proceed further we need to go step by step over the design and development of the Vehicle such as: a) Materials Used b) Quantity of materials c) Dimensions d) Cost Analysis The following section contains the specifications of the Hydraulic Vehicle: 1. Base Components

S. No.

Part Name/ Materials Required Base Wheels

Dimensions

Quantity

1.

Area: 35 by 35 cm Thickness : 6cm Dia: 12cm Length: 4cm Length: 23cm Length: 40cm As per design 20 ml As per dia of syringe

1 6 6 4 4 2 packets 6 2m

2. Cranks 3. Coupling Rods 4. Shafts 5. Nuts & Bolts 6. Industrial Syringes 7. Pipes or tubes 8.

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2. Hydraulic Arm Components S. No. Part Name/ Materials Required Base 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Roller Bearings Wooden planks Industrial syringes Claws Dimensions Area: 16 by 12 cm Thickness: 5cm Dia: 3cm As Required 20ml As per Design 8 Quantity 1 4

Selection of Materials

Selection of material for each component is done on the basis of the materials availability and cost in the market.

S. No. 1.

Part Base both vehicle and hydraulic arm Wheels

Material Aluminium bars/ Wooden planks

Images

Fig 15 2. Plastic or Rubber/ Wooden Planks Fig 16

17

3.

Crank

Steel

Fig 17 4. Coupling Rods Steel

Fig 18 5. Shafts Steel

Fig 19 6. Nuts & Bolts Carbon Steel

Fig 20 7. Syringes Industrial Syringe (Plastic) Fig 21 8. Pipes or tubes Plastic or rubber

Fig 22

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Cost Analysis

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Part or Material Base Of Wood Wheels and Labour Crank, Coupling rods, shafts Nuts & Bolts Industrial Syringes Pipes or Tubes Roller Bearings/ Simple bearings Sum Total Expense

Amount (Rs.) 500 150 Self-Developed in Labs 40 240 100 80 1110/-

(II)

With that we wrap up the market survey and figure out which materials to be used along with the quantity required of each item as per dimensions and the estimated cost also. Objectives have been studied and it looks feasible to develop a hydraulic vehicle with a hydraulic arm assembled over it. Now that we have considered the material aspect of the project we next move on to the theory that gives us the proof of how our vehicle would actually be working using certain scientific principles and theories that are discussed as follows: a. b. c. d. e. Pascals Law Finding the Centre Of Gravity Height Of Centre Of Gravity Side Location COG Weight distribution on the wheels

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Pascals Law:

The foundation of modern hydraulics was established when Pascal discovered that pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions. This pressure acts at right angles to the containing surfaces. If some type of pressure gauge, with an exposed face, is placed beneath the surface of a liquid at a specific depth and pointed in different directions, the pressure will read the same. Thus, we can say that pressure in a liquid is independent of direction. Pressure due to the weight of a liquid, at any level, depends on the depth of the fluid from the surface. If the exposed face of the pressure gauges are moved closer to the surface of the liquid, the indicated pressure will be less. When the depth is doubled, the indicated pressure is doubled. Thus the pressure in a liquid is directly proportional to the depth. Consider a container with vertical sides that is 1 foot long and 1 foot wide. Let it be filled with water 1 foot deep, providing 1cubic foot of water. We learned earlie r in this chapter that 1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.4pounds. Using this information and equation, P = F/A, we can calculate the pressure on the bottom of the container.

Since there are 144 square inches in 1 square foot

This can be stated as follows: the weight of a column of water 1 foot high, having a crosssectional area of 1 square inch, is 0.433 pound. If the depth of the column is tripled, the weight of the column will be 3 x 0.433, or 1.299pounds, and the pressure at the bottom will be1.299 lb/in2 (psi), since pressure equals the force divided by the area. Thus, the pressure at any depth in a liquid is equal to the weight of the column of liquid at that depth divided by the cross-sectional area of the column at that depth. The volume of a liquid that produces the pressure is referred to as the fluid head of the liquid. The pressure of a liquid due to its fluid head is also dependent on the density of the liquid. If we let A equal any cross-sectional area of a liquid column and h equal the depth of the column, the volume becomes Ah. Using equation2-4, D = W/V, the weight of the liquid above area A is equal to AhD.

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Since pressure is equal to the force per unit area, set A equal to 1. Then the formula pressure becomes P = h D . . . . . . . . . . Equation (2). It is essential that h and D be expressed in similar units. That is, if D is expressed in pounds per cubic foot, the value of h must be expressed in feet. If the desired pressure is to be expressed in pounds per square inch, the pressure formula, equation 2-5, becomes . . . . . . . . . . . Equation (3). Pascal was also the first to prove by experiment that the shape and volume of a container in no way alters pressure. Thus in figure2-8, if the pressure due to the weight of the liquid at a point on horizontal line H is 8 psi, the pressure is 8 psi everywhere at level H in the system. Equation 2-5 also shows that the pressure is independent of the shape and volume of a container.

Fig 23 Pressure and Force in Fluid Power Systems Recall that, according to Pascals law, any force applied to a confined fluid is transmitted in all directions throughout the fluid regardless of the shape of the container. Consider the effect of this in the system shown in figure 2-9. If there is a resistance on the output piston and the input piston is pushed downward, a pressure is created through the fluid, which acts equally at right angles to surfaces in all parts of the container. If force 1 is 100 pounds and the area of the input piston is 10 square inches, then the pressure in the fluid is 10 psi

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Fig 24 Force transmitted through fluid NOTE: Fluid pressure cannot be created without resistance to flow. In this case, resistance is provided by the equipment to which the output piston is attached. The force of resistance acts against the top of the output piston. The pressure created in the system by the input piston pushes on the underside of the output piston with a force of 10 pounds on each square inch. In this case, the fluid column has a uniform cross section, so the area of the output piston is the same as the area of the input piston, or 10 square inches. Therefore, the upward force on the output piston is 100 pounds (10 psi x 10 sq. in.), the same as the force applied to the input piston. All that was accomplished in this system was to transmit the 100-pound force around the bend. However, this principle underlies practically all mechanical applications of fluid power. At this point you should note that since Pascals law is independent of the shape of the container, it is not necessary that the tube connecting the two pistons have the same cross-sectional area of the pistons. A connection of any size, shape, or length will do, as long as an unobstructed passage is provided. Therefore, the system shown in figure 2-10, with a relatively small, bent pipe connecting two cylinders, will act exactly the same as the system shown in Figure.

FINDING THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY: Centre of gravity location may be defined as: The balance point of an object. The point through which a force will come pure translation. The point about which gravity moments are balanced. The point which if the body is hanged from it will stay balanced.

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POSITION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY:

Side View

Front View

Here, Rf= Ground reaction of frontal axle weight=wf Rr= Ground reaction of the rear axle weight=wr RR= Ground reaction of the right wheels weight=wR RL= Ground reaction of the left wheels weight=wL L= Distance between the front and rear wheels. T= Distance between the center of wheels on the same axle. a= location of CG behind the frontal axle. b= location of CG front of rear axle. x= location of CG away from the right wheels. y= location of CG away from the left wheels.

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From the side view of the vehicle, L=a+b a=L-b ---------------1 ---------------2

FY=0 (Summation of forces in vertical direction) w-(Rf+Rr)=0 -------------3 w=Rf+Rr ------------------4 from the figure we can see that wf=Rf and wr=Rr Calculating the values of Rf and Rr, we find that the weight of the vehicle i.e. w. Taking moments about point E, Me =0 Rf.L-wb=0 Rf.L=wb B=L(Rf/w)-------------5 From Eqn 5 we can find out the distance b, then to find the distance a by substituting the values of b from 5 in Eqn 2. This was the longitudinal location of Centre of gravity (CG).

HEIGHT OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY: The front wheels are raised up a small H(h1), r is the wheel radius, h is the unknown distance of the CG height. Fy=0 Rf1+Re1-w=0 Rf1=w-Rr1, Summation of moments about any point is zero, Ma=0 Rf1(Lcos)-w(AB)=0 Rf1(Lcos)=w(AB) From the figure above ----------6

24

AB=AC-BC AC=bcos, BC=ED= (h-r)sin Then, AB=bcos-(h-r)sin, Substitute this in Eqn 6 Rf1(Lcos)=w(bcos-(h-r)sin) Rf1(Lcos)= wbcos- w(h-r)sin w(h-r)sin=wbcos-Rf1(Lcos) h-r= { b-L(Rf1/w)}cot h= { b-L(Rf1/w)} cot+r --------------7 --------------8

We find h= distance of CG above the ground.

WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION ON FOUR WHEELS: The weight on front axle can be given as

Weight front= weight of vehicle * (R/wB) = 1.5*(12/24)= 0.75N Weight Rear= 1.5*(12/24)= 0.75N Front weight percentage= 12/24*100=50% Rear weight percentage= 12/24*100=50%

Weight on left side= 18/36*1.5=0.75N Weight on right side= 18/36*1.5=0.75N Weight on left front tyre= 1.5*(18/36)*(12/24) =0.375N Similarly for right front, left rear and right rear tyres the weight comes out to be the same.

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VEHICLE PROTOTYPE DESIGNED ON CATIA

(Vehicle Base)

(Hydraulic Arm)

26

VEHICLE DRAWINGS

(Front View sketching)

27

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WORKING OF THE HYDRAULIC BASE

The wheels are arranged as below

Syringe B

Coupling rod 1

There are two phases of working principle: 1. Motion of the vehicle. 2. Hydraulic Arm (Installed over the vehicle). STEPS FOLLOWED FOR THE MOTION OF THE VEHICLE: To give motion to the vehicle we will be using syringes that would provide the linear pressure which then will be converted to rotator motion onto the wheels. Lets assume there are two syringes A and B. Now both are connected to each other through their openings with the help of tubes between which fluid is present. This arrangement will work as we push syringe A the displacement will be noticed in syringe B.

Now when this displacement is obtained our next objective is to transfer this motion onto the wheels so as it to start moving. To achieve this, the piston of Syringe B will be connected to the connecting rod at the center of the rod and due to the displacement in syringe B the connecting rod will start moving downwards.

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The force will be applied on syringe A and the pressure due to the fluid will be exerted on the connecting rod through the connection of syringe B and the rod. Now the question arises that is the force exerted on the connecting rod sufficient enough to make the wheels rotate? Here is the answer we know that the force exerted on the connecting rod will give the wheels a half rotation and therefore for the other half rotation we will provide another set of syringes C and D on the other side of the vehicle with the second connecting rod which is present on the other two wheels.
Syringe D

Coupling rod 2

Syringe C will be connected to syringe D and further to the connecting rod on the other side of the vehicle which will be in the position as shown above. As the syringe B will exert pressure on the connecting rod simultaneously the connecting rod on the other side will exert pressure on syringe D and syringe C will get filled with water. For the next motion of the vehicle syringe C will be pushed which will exert pressure on the second connecting rod attached with syringe D and syringe A will be filled with water. The vehicle will continue to move with same mechanism applied with every single rotation of the wheels.

As we will exert pressure on syringe A i.e. we push syringe A, syringe C will be filled with water and vice versa.

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FLOW CHART OF WORK PLAN

To achieve the objectives and to make constant progress throughout the project we first plan how the steps are to be taken, they are as follows:

Requiremnents

In this we compute the requirements as compared to the project topic

Design

Designing in catia and determining various aspects that could affect the performance of the hydraulic vehicle.
Finally we incorporate all the findings and taking under considerations different calculations done.

Implementing

SURVEY AND PURCHASE OF MATERIALS AS PER DESIGN ASSEMBLY OF BASE

MATERIALS REQD.

AS PER DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OF ARM

BASE COMPLETED

HYDRAULIC ARM COMPLETED

HYDRAULIC VEHICLE ASSEMBLED WITH HYDRAULIC ARM

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CONCLUSION / SUMMARY OF WORK DONE

Our design uses extremely simple ideas and mechanisms to achieve a complex set of actions and is intended to imitate the actions of the operators. However, these hydraulic arms are expensive for small scale industries. If the major problem of high initial cost is addressed, a robotic hydraulic arm can be introduced in any industry to bring in automation. The mechanical links and parts that have been fabricated are extremely simple. That Hydraulic Arm will Reach the greatest distance to deliver a given object. Pick up the heaviest possible object. Deliver the most objects in a given amount of time. Function in an assembly line. Have a system to weigh the object it picks up. Battle against another arm for an object. Rotate as well as reach and grab. Dig and recover objects. Now as far as the hydraulic vehicle is concerned it helps the hydraulic arm to carry the loads over a certain defined distances. The idea of using a mechanism that does not use any kind of fuel or battery power was to showcase how simple a complex set of actions can be performed with the help of normal syringes pressure. Though when it is considered in large scale the cost of the vehicle will be increased but as mentioned above it may not be appropriate for small scale industries whereas large scale industries could afford them. Not also the cost but also we cannot manually push or give motion to the vehicle as it would require a certain amount of pressure for the locomotion to occur and that can be provided by means of solar panel charging which would charge and store energy in the battery and also would constantly give supply of electricity to the vehicle so that it can maneuver about. This is only possible in sunny areas whereas in colder regions or coastal regions we may use the natural sources for the mechanism of the vehicle.

Apart from all the manufacturing related machineries using this technique it can also be used to create light mobility chair vehicles for the old aged patients so that they could travel without being dependent on others for help. In these wheelchairs we could use battery powered by solar energy as it is the most highly available resources at the current scenario.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFEREENCES
http://www.gates.com/india/index.html Fig1: http://pascalteam.hu/en_pascal_law.php Fig2: http://vector-magz.com/clip-art-2/oil-rig-clipart-item-3/ Fig3: http://thumbs.gograph.com/gg60057555.jpg Fig4: http://us.cdn3.123rf.com/168nwm/maximmmmum/maximmmmum1105/maxi mmmmum110500017/9507485-simple-illustration-with-a-tractor.jpg 6. Fig5: http://www.graphicsfactory.com/clipart/image_files/tn_image/4/773154-tn_Hrdwr017.jpg 7. Fig6: http://www.vectorart.com/store/index.cfm?q=front%20end%20loader 8. Fig7: http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/364936/124031122/stoc k-vector-trucks-icons-set-vector-silhouettes-of-vehicles-124031122.jpg 9. Fig8: http://us.cdn3.123rf.com/168nwm/alliedcomputergraphics/alliedcomputergrap hics1206/alliedcomputergraphics120600327/13981189-cement-mixer-truckvinyl-ready.jpg 10. Fig9: http://us.cdn3.123rf.com/168nwm/alliedcomputergraphics/alliedcomputergraphic s1206/alliedcomputergraphics120600325/13981209-bulldozer-vinyl-ready.jpg 11. Fig10: http://cdn2.lsw.mx/embroideryclipart/Construction.Backhoe.(HE015).(1.66x3.65 ).2952.gif 12. Fig11: http://thumbs.gograph.com/gg58663044.jpg 13. Fig12: http://www.fotosearch.com/UNC307/u11852137/ 14. Fig13 http://www.fotosearch.com/UNC108/u19777445/ 15. Fig14: http://illpop.com/img_illust/car/construct_m19.png 16. Fig15: http://turkish-manufacturers.com/products/aluminium-spacer-bars.html 17. Fig16: http://lookingforpartworntyres.blogspot.in/2012/10/checking-tyre-forunusual-damages.html 18. Fig17: http://www.rampworxshop.com/dk-bmx-social-crankschrome.ir?cName=bmx-cranks 19. Fig18: http://5at.co.uk/index.php/engineering/drawings.html 20. Fig19: http://www.westgarage.co.uk/forsale/kits/shafts.html 21. Fig20: http://blogs.wofford.edu/thespace/2013/05/01/the-new-job-search-nutsand-bolts/ 22. Fig21: http://www.cmlsupply.com/dispensing-needles-syringes.html 23. Fig22: http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/brewing/brewing-materials.php 24. Fig23 & Fig24: http://www.scribd.com/doc/93124305/Hydraulic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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