Knowledge Representation

Chapter 6

What is KR?
R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): What is a knowledge representation?

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2 03 April 2010

What is KR?
R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): 1. A surrogate 2. A set of ontological commitments 3. A fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning 4. A medium for efficient computation 5. A medium of human expressions

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Representation and Mapping

Facts: things we want to represent. Representations of facts: things we can manipulate.

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4 03 April 2010

Representation and Mapping

reasoning programs Facts English understanding English Representations Internal Representations English generation

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5 03 April 2010

Representation and Mapping

Initial facts desired real reasoning Final facts

forward representation mapping Internal representations of initial facts

backward representation mapping Internal representations of final facts

operation of program

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6 03 April 2010

Representation and Mapping

Spot is a dog Every dog has a tail

Spot has a tail

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Representation and Mapping

Spot is a dog
dog(Spot)

Every dog has a tail

"x: dog(x) hastail(x)

hastail(Spot) Spot has a tail

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Representation and Mapping

Fact-representation mapping is not one-to-one. Good representation can make a reasoning program
trivial.

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9 03 April 2010

Representation and Mapping

The Multilated Checkerboard Problem Consider a normal checker board from which two squares, in opposite corners, have been removed. The task is to cover all the remaining squares exactly with donimoes, each of which covers two squares. No overlapping, either of dominoes on top of each other or of dominoes over the boundary of the multilated board are allowed. Can this task be done?

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Representation and Mapping

No. black squares = 30 No. white square = 32

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Representation and Mapping

Good representation:

Representational adequacy Inferential adequacy Inferential efficiency Acquisitional efficiency

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Approaches to KR
Simple relational knowledge:

Provides very weak inferential capabilities. May serve as the input to powerful inference engines.

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13 03 April 2010

Approaches to KR
Inheritable knowledge:

Objects are organized into classes and classes are

organized in a generalization hierarchy.

Inheritance is a powerful form of inference, but not

adequate.

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14 03 April 2010

Approaches to KR
Inferential knowledge:

Facts represented in a logical form, which facilitates

reasoning.

An inference engine is required.

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15 03 April 2010

Approaches to KR
Procedural knowledge:

Representation of how to make it rather than what

it is.

May have inferential efficiency, but no inferential

adequacy and acquisitional efficiency.

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16 03 April 2010

Approaches to KR
Choosing the Granularity:

High-level facts may not be adequate for inference. Low-level primitives may require a lot of storage.

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17 03 April 2010

Homework
Reading
R. Davis, H. Schrobe, P. Szolovits (1993): What is a knowledge representation?

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18 03 April 2010