Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Executive Summary 01
1: Introduction 02
2: Historical Energy Consumption 03
2.1: Gas Purchase History 04
2.2: Electricity Purchase History 05
2.3: Energy Use Index 11
2.4: Tariff Analysis 11
3: Energy end‐uses 14
3.1: Summary of HVAC operation 15
3.2: Space Heating 17
3.3: Lighting 18
3.4: Other Electrical End‐Uses 20
4: Energy Management 21
4.1: Monitoring and Targeting 21
4.2: Investment 21
4.3: Policy 21
4.4: Technical 22
5: Recommendations 23
Appendix A: Energy Purchase Records and Pricing Details 26
Appendix B: Energy Balance 31
Appendix C: Schematic of the plant 33
Appendix D: Product Information 34
Executive Summary
This report documents the savings opportunities and assesses the energy consumption found
during the energy audit of the Pataka Building situated in Porirua, Wellington.
Total annual energy use is shown below:
The price that the building pays for natural gas is about what one would expect however; for
electricity savings could be made after the negotiated contract is over.
The energy use index (EUI) for the Pataka building is 176 kWh/m2yr (as calculated in section
2.3). This is below the typical figure for commercial buildings in New Zealand, which generally
use about 200 kWh/m2yr. As the library and the museum use the most energy, the EUI for just
those particular areas is about 278 kWh/m2yr, which is higher than the benchmark.
The distribution of energy by end‐use is shown in the pie chart below.
Figure 1: Distribution of Energy Use by End‐Use
Recommendations are documented through the observations being made which include:
‐ Turning unnecessary lights off and using natural light efficiently.
‐ Replacing existing lights with eco energy efficiency lights.
‐ Maintaining services regularly and repairing damage as soon as possible.
1
1: Introduction
This report describes the energy consumption and savings opportunities for the Pataka Building
located at Paramoana Street, Porirua.
The Pataka building consists of a library, a museum, a performance space, a foyer space and a
café, all contributing to the annual energy use of the building. The building is owned by the
Porirua City Council and therefore; is a building for the people of Porirua City and the general
public. It provides recreational and leisure activities for the general public and a place to
experience the art and the culture of Porirua City.
The walk through of the building services took place on 24 March 2008 with subsequent
daytime visits till date. Observations and measurements were carried out to assess the current
situation and provide recommendations based on the assessments.
The building covers two levels and has a floor area of approximately 6014m2. It consists of
materials that provide potential for thermal mass and has an exposed northern façade and a
roof top which catches full sun and provides sufficient daylighting into the library and the foyer
space. This also, provides substantial solar gain into the spaces creating over heating issues
during summer but comfort during winter.
The main finding of the audit is that the energy consumption of the building has increased
compared to previous years. This could be caused by the services not running properly. The
BMS needs to be properly configured and maintained for different seasons in order to provide
comfort and reduce energy use. There are many opportunities to reduce the energy usage at
low or no cost. The building poses some interesting challenges in energy management as it
comprises of different usage of spaces within the fabric of the building. It consists of different
spaces which have their own individual needs to provide comfort.
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2: Historical Energy Consumption
The Pataka Building in Porirua, Wellington uses both natural gas and electricity as its sources of
purchased energy. The annual energy use and cost (excluding GST) from the available data (as
shown in Appendix A) is summarized in Table 2 below.
Table 2: Annual Energy Consumption
Annual electricity and gas use is based on the consumption from 1 January 2007 to 31
December 2007.
The contribution of each energy source to both annual energy use and annual energy cost is
shown in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: Energy sources as a percentage of annual use (left) and annual cost (right)
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2.1: Gas Purchase History
Historic gas use is plotted in Figure 3 below, as the average kWh/day. The data for this graph is
in Appendix A.4.
Figure 3: Average Daily Natural Gas Consumption from Jan 05‐Dec07
As expected, the gas use is significantly higher in winter than in summer. This is because all of
the natural gas is used for space heating purpose and therefore; winter loads are much higher
compared to summer loads. The annual gas usage is up by 4% from 2005‐2006 however, the
gas usage from 2006‐2007 is down by 15%, as shown in Appendix A.4. This decrease could have
caused, due to outside temperatures being higher and as a result, space heating is not needed
as much.
The annual daily gas consumption in 2006 and 2007 is plotted against outside temperatures as
shown in Figure 4. This provides a much better understanding of gas use compared to outside
temperature. The graph was taken from the e‐bench website which records daily climatic
conditions and gas usage for the site.
Gas use is highly seasonal, with average winter use being 1830 kWh/day, approximately 3‐4
times higher than the average summer use being 580 kWh/day.
4
Figure 4: Annual Daily Gas Consumption in 2006 and 2007 plotted against outside mean temperature
2.2: Electricity Purchase History
Historic electricity use is plotted in Figure 5 below, as the average kWh/day. The data for this
graph is in Appendix A.1.
Figure 5: Average Daily Electricity Use from Jan 05‐Dec07
5
The graph shows a reverse seasonal pattern. Usually, electricity loads are higher in winter
compared to summer however; for this case, the electrical energy is being used more in
summer than winter. This is because the electricity is being used by the air conditioning units
during summer for cooling and therefore; the loads are slightly higher during the summer
months.
The electricity usage from 2005‐2007 has remained quite constant. It has only increased by 4%.
The average electricity use (approximately 1,708 kWh/day) would mostly be used for cooling,
lighting and heating water.
On the other hand, annual electricity cost has increased 17% over the same frame due to
increased electricity charges. The daily cost of electricity has also increased significantly from
2005‐2006 but a slight increase from 2006‐07 as represented by Figure 6 below.
Figure 6: Average daily cost of electricity use from 2005‐2007
The half‐hourly electricity use for February 2007 is plotted in Figures 7 and 8 below. These show
the day‐to‐day and hour‐to‐hour patterns of electricity use during a summer month.
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Figure 7: February 2007 Electricity Use
Figure 7 shows the electric energy use in the middle of summer. The point directly above the
mark on the time axis represents midnight, and the space between the peaks, 24 hours. The
daily patterns are quite consistent.
Figure 8 shows the same data, but all the daily load patterns have been plotted on top of each
other to establish an average load profile. This can therefore determine hour‐to‐hour trends as
shown below.
Figure 8: February 2007 Electricity Use – Average Daily Patterns
7
The solid bold black line represents the average weekday loads, whilst the dashed line
represents the average weekend load. As can be seen, average electricity demand in the
evening and the early morning is at its minimum of about 38kW. The rise in electricity use starts
at about 8am and climbs to approximately 115kW during the midday period where it is at its
peak. The load remains consistent after that however; it starts to decline slowly and then a
significant drop as the demand for electricity reduces. This is because the main areas of the
building which include the library and the museum close after 5.30pm and as a result, less
electricity demand is needed. The graph for weekend use follows the same pattern however;
less demand is used due to the less occupancy in the building. Offices and other management
areas are closed therefore; less energy is consumed.
Figures 9 and 10 represent the half‐hourly patterns of electricity use for July 2007. These show
the day‐to‐day and hour‐to‐hour patterns of electricity use during a winter month.
Figure 9: July 2007 Electricity Use
8
Figure 9 shows the electric energy use in the middle of winter. The daily patterns are quite
consistent and similar to the February patterns. The load variability remains consistent
throughout the month and there is no significant peak or drop noticed compared to the
February month.
Figure 10 shows the same data, but all the daily load patterns have been plotted on top of each
other to establish an average load profile for the winter month. This can therefore determine
hour‐to‐hour trends as shown below.
Figure 10: July 2007 Electricity Use – Average Daily Patterns
As can be seen, average electricity demand in the evening and the early morning is at its
minimum of about 50kW. The rise in electricity use starts at about 8am and climbs to
approximately 125kW during the midday period where it is at its peak. The load starts to
decline slowly and then a significant drop as the demand for electricity reduces. The graph for
weekend use follows the same pattern however; the peak demand reaches at 125kW at
approximately 11am and slowly drops as the day progresses.
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From the established load profiles for February and July, it can be seen that energy demand
increases during the winter month compared to the summer month. This is most possibly due
to the heating pumps and humidifiers utilizing more energy during the winter month. The
humidifiers would be operating more as the outside temperature and humidity affect the
museum spaces. Also, there are three hot water cylinders which would increase the demand for
electricity during the winter month.
The breakdown of annual electricity consumption by area was also determined as shown in
Figure 11 below. This data was established through the various sub meters which record
electricity consumption by each area. The data was given by the Library manager who keeps
records of the energy use by area (shown in Appendix A.3).
Figure 11: Breakdown of Annual Electricity Consumption by Area within the Building
As can be seen, the museum consumes a substantial amount of electrical energy compared to
the other areas of the building. This is quite unusual as the museum is less occupied than the
library. However, services such as humidifiers are running all day throughout the whole year to
provide comfort and prevent damage. Also, the artifacts room has to be well controlled in order
to prevent damage.
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2.3: Energy Use Index
The energy use index (EUI) is the annual energy consumption of the building, divided by its floor
area. The net area of the building is approximately 6014m2. The total annual energy
consumption is approximately 1,056,664 kWh, consisting of 650,008 kWh of electricity and
406,656 kWh of gas. Therefore, the energy use index is:
1,056,664kWh/yr / 6014m2 = 176 kWh/m2.yr
A typical EUI for commercial buildings is 200kWh/m2.yr of Net Lettable Area. 1 The EUI for the
Pataka building is 176 kWh/m2.yr, which is slightly lower than the benchmark.
As the library and the museum use the most energy, the annual energy use of the main areas
can be carried out to determine the EUI for those particular areas of the building. The net area
of the two main spaces is approximately 3796 m2 and therefore; the EUI can be calculated to be
approximately 278 kWh/m2.yr, which is higher than the benchmark however; further
investigation is needed to carry out an accurate EUI for the two main energy consuming areas
of the building.
2.4: Tariff Analysis
Electricity
The electricity for the Pataka Building is supplied by Meridian Energy. Porirua City Council (PCC),
the owners of the building have negotiated an electricity supply contract with Meridian Energy.
The contract prices are 100% fixed for three years, though the rates vary for different times of
the day, weekday to weekend day and month to month.
The prices negotiated are in four hour blocks during business and non‐business day with higher
prices during the time between 8am – 12 pm and 4pm – 8pm as shown in Appendix A.2. The
prices are higher when the peak demand is high as shown in the load profile graphs (figures 8
and 10).
1
AS/NZS 4220: 1982 Energy Conservation in Non‐Residential Building, p.9
11
Over the past year the average electricity paid by PCC has been averaged 12.52 c/kWh inclusive
of both energy and fixed charges. Each month has also, been calculated which can be viewed in
Appendix A.
Network services are provided by Vector Networks. The Pataka building has been on the G46
rate which is for sites with dedicated transformers greater than 300kVA. The G46 rate includes:
‐ A fixed rate of 0.0337 $/day
‐ anytime maximum demand rate of 8.0151 $/kVA/month – based on the single highest
demand in each month – any time of the day
‐ coincident maximum demand rate of 3.3996 $/kVA/month – based on the single highest
demand occurring between 7.30am and 9.30am, and 5.30pm and 7.30pm on weekdays
(including public holidays).
‐ Capacity rate of 0.5223 $/KVA/month – based on the installed transformer capacity, in this
case 300kVA.
This particular rate was the best option for the Pataka building to be on however; new charges
as at 1 April 2008 have been made which is shown below.
‐ A fixed rate of 16.4835 $/day
‐ Anytime maximum demand rate of 5.3476 $/kVA/month – based on the single highest
demand in each month – any time of the day
‐ Capacity rate of 0.0137 $/KVA/month – based on the installed transformer capacity, in this
case 300kVA.
‐ A variable charge is introduced at 0.58 c/kWh.
These changes are shown below in Table 3. The new network charges are lower by $200 per
month and there is less incentive to control the maximum demand.
Table 3: Comparison of old and new network charges
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Gas
Gas is supplied by Nova Gas. Over the past year the average electricity paid by PCC has been
averaged 3.61 c/kWh inclusive of both energy and fixed charges. Each month has also, been
calculated which can be viewed in Appendix A.4.
Gas charges include:
‐ Consumption charge of 9.9614 $/GJ = 3.4 c/kWh
‐ Gas Industry Company Levy of 0.0178 $/GJ
‐ ICP Levy of 0.0173 $/day
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3: Energy end‐uses
The layout of the Pataka building is shown in Figure 12 below. Office spaces within the library
and the museum are shaded. The void area is an outdoor open area mainly used by the café.
The layout shows where each space is within the building and represents the spaces which
consume the most energy apart from the void.
Figure 12: Layout of the Building
The Pataka building uses both natural gas and electricity. The gas is used for space heating and
all the other end‐uses consume electricity. The estimated distribution of energy end‐uses on an
annual basis is shown in Figure 13 below.
Figure 13: Estimated Annual Distribution of Energy End‐uses
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The energy distribution graph is determined from the energy balance carried out for the
building, as described in Appendix B. As can be seen, space heating is the largest energy end‐
use, accounting for 39% of the total annual energy consumption. The second largest end‐use is
the HVAC, which consumes 27% of the total energy. The lighting uses about 23% of the total
energy and office equipment, other equipment, kitchen equipment and the Library HVAC make
up the rest of the energy use. Each major end‐use is discussed separately, in the following
section.
3.1: Summary of HVAC operation
Library
The library area is heated by air conditioning units, under floor heating (only in the children’s
section) and hot water radiators. It is cooled by the air conditioning units. The radiators and the
under floor heating are turned off during summer.
The library has its own HVAC system mainly for cooling and ventilation therefore; a separate
energy balance for this particular end‐use is carried out as shown in Figure 3 and Appendix B.1.
Pumps
There are 4 main pumps which provide heating and ventilation throughout the various spaces
of the building. They include: P1‐ Primary Pump, P2‐ Heating System, P3‐ Ventilation Plant and
P4‐ Heating System.
During the site visit, Amp readings were measured to examine whether they were operating or
not. The Amp readings are as follows: P1‐ 5.1 amps, P2‐ 2.7 amps, P3‐ 2.9 amps and P4‐ 2.4
amps.
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Air Handling Units
AHU1 – Air Handling Unit 1: This supplies one of the exhibit areas within the museum. Fresh
and recycled air comes into the air handling unit which is heated by a hot water or cooled by a
chilled water system. There is a humidifier attached to add humidity if required and also, an
electric reheat. The target temperature is 20°C and 50‐60% relative humidity. If humidity levels
are high then cooling will lower the humidity and the electric reheat brings the temperature up.
The unit runs 24 hrs per day, 365 days per year.
If outside temperature exceeds 15°C then the hot water heating does not work. During the
occupied hours, the mixture of fresh and recycle air is varied based on the internal and external
conditions. A minimum of 33% fresh air is introduced. When unoccupied, the system goes to
100% recycle.
During the site visit, the amp reading for this unit was measured to be 4.1 amps.
AHU2‐ Air Handling Unit 2: This supplies exhibition galleries and the foyer space. Fresh and
recycled air comes into the air handling unit which is heated by a hot water radiator. A new
humidifier is attached to add humidity control if required. The target temperature is 20°C and
50‐60% relative humidity. If outside temperature exceeds 15°C then the hot water heating does
not work.
Fresh air ranges from 33% to 100%. It is at 50% if the outside temperature is below 15°C and
100% when outside temperature is between 18°C ‐ 20°C and at 33% when outside temperature
is at 23°C.
During the site visit, the amp reading for this unit was measured to be 5.4 amps.
AHU3‐ Air Handling Unit 3: This supplies the artifacts room within the museum which requires
very stable conditions. Recycled air comes into the unit and is heated, cooled, dehumidified or
humidified. Target temperatures are between 16°C ‐ 20°C and 50‐60% rh.
During the site visit, the amp reading for this unit was measured to be 4.4 amps.
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AHU4‐ Air Handling Unit 4: This supplies the performance area and has 100% fresh air which is
heated to 20°C. The performance space has an extract fan removing air to the outside. This
particular system operates based on time set in the BMS.
If the outside temperature is above 15°C, then the hot water heating will not work. If the
internal temperature exceeds 22°C when outside temperature is above 18°C, then the AHU
supply fan and the room extract fan will both switch to high speed. This system does not have
any cooling thus; cooling is not available in the performance space.
During the site visit, the amp reading for this unit was measured to be 3.5 amps.
A schematic diagram of how the system works is in Appendix C.
3.2: Space Heating
A single 500kW gas‐burning boiler producers hot water for radiator heating and provides pre
heat for the air handling units. Heating is available twelve months of the year and is controlled
by the Building Management System (BMS).
There are also, three hot water cylinders installed to provide hot water for the offices and the
public toilets.
The only end‐use of gas is for space heating from the boiler. Gas consumption has been
calculated at about 406,656 kWh/yr costing almost $14,689/yr.
During the visit in the boiler room, the surface temperature of the boiler was measured to be
31°C and room temperature was measured to be 27°C. It seemed very unpleasant and hot.
When moving around to the various spaces of the building, variations in temperatures were
felt. In the library, it was quite pleasant, warm and comfortable with the average temperature
being about 23°C. However, in the museum spaces, variations were found. Some of the spaces
felt warm and some felt quite cold. Temperatures ranged between 15°C ‐23°C. This was
probably due to the HVAC system not working properly.
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3.3: Lighting
Various types of lamps are present in the Pataka building. The library and the offices mainly
consist of T8 fluorescent lamps in a triple light fitting. The library also, consists of several focal
floodlights with tungsten halogen lamps in order to enhance some of the spaces within the
area.
The museum consists of several different lamps in order to provide a range of variety for their
exhibits. The lamps include: spotlights, wall washers, focal floodlights and down lights all with
low voltage halogen lamps. A light track in each of the gallery spaces provides easy installation
for the light fittings. The types of lamps and luminaires in use are provided in the energy
balance calculation (Appendix B) for each major area, as well as when each area is used.
The building generally is very well lit, with illumination (lux) levels well above the recommended
level.
For reference, the standard illumination levels from NZS 6703:1984 are listed in the table
below:
Measured
Area Average Lux Fraction of Recommended Recommended Lux Level
Library ‐ By bookshelves 750 150% 500
Library ‐ By work desks 1700 340% 500
Museum 180 1800% 10
Foyer Space 1520 1520% 100
Performance Space 780 156% 500
Café 850
850% 100
Table 4: Standard illumination levels
As can be seen, the spaces are highly lit in all of the spaces. This is generally due to the effects
of natural light. The working area within the library, the foyer space and the café are all daylit
spaces however; artificial lighting is still used to illuminate these spaces. This is one of the
issues which could be improved in order to save energy. Further discussion can be read in the
Recommendations section pg. 23. The museum does not have a recommended lux level as it
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depends on the various exhibits however; a minimum of 10 lux is needed for people to walk
around.
The lighting densities for each major area are listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Lighting Densities
As can be seen, the Library is the most energy intensive area however; most of the other spaces
do not need lighting as they are well daylit spaces. In this case, the use of natural light is well
used but while observing the spaces particularly the foyer space, although it was a bright sunny
day, the lights were still turned on and when I asked one of the staff members, he simply said
that they forgot to turn them off.
The lighting power density limit is generally between 11‐12 W/m2 therefore; many of these
areas are less lit however; the library is lit well. The foyer space and the café do not need much
artificial lighting as it is daylit and as a result, the lighting densities for these spaces are low. The
performance space needs a bit improvement however; this space also depends on the type of
performance being carried out.
Generally, none of the lights in and out of the building are turned on after working hours
however; security lights in the foyer space which include T8 fluorescent lamps are left on.
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3.4: Other Electrical End‐Uses
Other electrical end‐uses make up the whole distribution of energy end uses of the building.
This includes: Office Equipment (1%), Other Equipment (5%) and Kitchen Equipment (1%).
These end‐uses are very small and do not have a great potential for energy savings.
Office Equipment includes: computers, printers and photocopiers. They are all switched off
after working hours to reduce energy consumption. The computers are all new with LCD
screens which provide the benefits of energy efficiency.
Other Equipment includes: warm air curtains, sewing machines, security cameras, hand dryers
and a fish tank. The warm air curtains consume most of the energy as they operate 24 hrs a
day, 365 days a year. Also, the security cameras operate everyday however; this is a necessity
for the building owners.
Kitchen Equipment includes: toasters, chill water unit, fridges, microwaves, stove and
dishwasher. These do not consume much of the overall energy however; the fridges should be
carefully monitored. Older fridges are not very efficient thus; increasing the energy
consumption. Also, the dishwasher should only operate when it is completely full to minimize
hot water usage.
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4: Energy Management
4.1: Monitoring and Targeting
The Pataka building is controlled by a Building Management System (BMS) which is monitored
by Aquaheat. They provide the services which allows them to check on the settings remotely
and respond to alarm conditions.
The system is setup to provide a strong focus on energy efficiency if it works correctly. During
the past few months, there have been a few issues with new equipment installed and lack of
response to room control in the artifacts room.
Monthly gas and electricity invoices are kept and managed by Energy and Technical Services
(ETS). They also, record gas and electricity use in order to provide details on energy
management including its operation, efficiency and cost. All the data collected is recorded into
a website: http://www.e‐bench.com/eBench/index.jsp which can be viewed by the facilities
manager of the Pataka building. ETS monitor the energy and compare it to other industry
benchmarks or the energy use of previous years.
4.2: Investment
The Pataka building is relatively new and thus there has not been a need for major investment
in the mechanical services of the building. However to improve efficiency, a new humidifier and
an air conditioner has been installed.
4.3: Policy
There is no formal energy policy however; the management of the system has been designed in
order to provide improvements through other delegated companies such as ETS and Aquaheat.
Level 2 Energy Audits are also done for the building by Smart Power in order to provide further
assessments and analysis.
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4.4: Technical
The equipment is in good condition however some of the equipments have not been working
correctly. The maintenance program is planned and in place which provides details on issues
regarding the plant. During the recent maintenance check it was found that:
‐ The new AHU2 humidifier set points were very tight, between 47‐49%.
‐ AHU1 humidifier was drawing current but was not producing any steam.
‐ AHU3 humidifier seemed faulty and needs to be replaced.
In general, the building is well managed and has an incentive to be energy efficient.
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5: Recommendations
The Pataka building is well managed and has a sufficient BMS in order to provide energy
efficiency measures. It has various companies monitoring its services to control efficiency and
improve standards.
The recommendations provided below are from the various observations being made. These
recommendations need to be further investigated and assessed in order to provide potential
energy savings in dollar terms.
‐ In the library where work desks are placed, the space is very well lit by natural light. During
sunny days, direct sunlight penetrates through the north facing glazed façade. The light
levels in this space are extremely high (1200‐2000 lux) and therefore; artificial lighting is not
needed during a sunny day. From the several site visits observed during a sunny day, the
lighting was turned on which did not have any effect as direct light was streaming into the
space.
The lighting in this area consists of approximately 55 T8 fluorescent lamps with a wattage
output of 58W. These could all be turned off by a single switch during a sunny day when
direct sunlight penetrates through the glazed façade all day long. Potential savings could be
made thus; reducing the energy use. Also, daylight can be controlled all day through the
venetian blinds to increase the intensity of light entering the space and reducing glare effects
in some of the areas.
‐ In the pacific and the magazine section, there are indoor flood lights with tungsten halogen
lamps mounted on the ceiling. These floodlights are positioned to direct light onto the wall
surface. It does not provide any light to the work desks and the shelves. They are kept on for
no particular reason and as a result, they should be turned off or positioned in a way to
enhance the architectural experience of the space, if that is the motive. The floodlights seem
pointless and do not provide any benefits. Simply turning them off could have a huge impact
on the annual energy costs.
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‐ The library consists of a substantial amount of 58W T8 fluorescent lamps. These could be
replaced by energy saving fluorescents. There is a new product in the market by Philips
called the Mater TL‐D Eco lamps which would provide a number of benefits. This includes:
savings of more than 10% and reduction in CO2 emissions. A 51W Master TL‐D Eco lamp can
provide the same number of lumens in a 58W fluorescent lamp thus; reducing energy costs.
Further information on this product can be found in Appendix D. All the fluorescent lamps in
the building should be replaced by this particular lamp in order to reduce energy costs.
‐ The foyer space is also, very well daylit and does not need any artificial lighting during the
day. When observed during a sunny day, the lighting was turned on which did not make any
sense therefore; a staff member was interviewed in order to provide details on this situation.
The staff member simply had no explanation and said that they forgot to turn them off. As a
result, simple measures should be taken in order to minimize mistakes which could
potentially increase energy use. The lights could be on a timer which could automatically
switch them off.
‐ Museum lighting varies quite a lot depending on the exhibits. The types of lamps used in the
different luminaires appeared to be the same. The lamps used are mostly standard low‐
wattage dichroic halogen lamps. These should be replaced by the new Philips MATERLine ES
halogen lamps. The benefits include: savings of more than 30% on energy costs, less carbon
emissions and more lamp life. Also, a 45W MATERLine ES can provide up to 80% more light
than a standard 50W dichroic lamp. Further information on this product can be found in
Appendix D.
‐ The museum uses the most of the electrical energy compared to the rest of the areas in the
building. It uses 55% of the total electricity consumption which is substantial compared to
the other areas of the building, as shown in Figure 11 pg. 10. The museum is not used as
much as the library however; it consumes the most of the electricity. This is due to the
various precautions being made in order to keep all the paintings and sculptures safe and
secure. Humidifiers and the HVAC system work 24 hours a day 365 days a year in order to
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prevent damage and provide comfort. However, it is recommended that further assessments
should be taken as to why the museum is consuming so much energy.
‐ During the recent maintenance check it was found that the new AHU2 humidifier set points
were very tight, between 47‐49%. If the gallery humidity control can be relaxed, then
significant savings could be made as the humidifier is currently running at 100% all the time.
‐ One of the humidifiers was drawing current but was not producing any steam. This should be
turned off until repaired.
‐ Services should be regularly maintained and repaired as soon as possible.
‐ The BMS needs to be properly configured, monitored and maintained for different seasons
in order to provide comfort and reduce energy use however, this needs further investigation.
‐ The Pataka building has a negotiated contract for electricity purchase with Meridian Energy.
On contract renewal, spot market prices should be considered which could save annual
costs.
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Appendix A: Energy Purchase Records and Pricing Details
A.1: Electricity Purchases
Electricity invoices for the Pataka building were collected from the website provided by ETS and
recorded into a spreadsheet showing consumption and cost as shown in Table 6 below:
Electricity Consumption and Prices
Consumption 2007
(kWh) 2007 ($) exc GST Average Price (c/kWh)
January 46,854.66 5,268.09 11.24
February 47,302.64 6,034.07 12.76
March 58,422.80 7,628.32 13.06
April 52,454.40 6,412.25 12.22
May 55,373.92 7,350.65 13.27
June 54,504.38 7,937.66 14.56
July 56,967.90 8,074.33 14.17
August 58,230.18 8,132.59 13.97
September 53,832.44 6,778.59 12.59
October 53,592.10 6,483.32 12.10
November 53,124.66 5,560.71 10.47
December 59,348.36 5,858.85 9.87
TOTAL 650,008.44 81,519.43 12.54
Average 54167.37 6793.29 12.52
Table 6: Electricity Consumption and Prices
From the given data, Average Price (c/kWh) including energy and fixed charge was calculated
for the year and for each month.
The invoice is for the year ending 2007.
Table 7 and 8 below shows electricity cost and consumption for years 2005‐2007. This was used
for the daily graphs and percentage increase in electricity.
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Electricity Costs for years 2005‐2007
2007 2006 2005
January 5,268 5,303 4,838
February 6,034 6,903 5,709
March 7,628 7,354 6,249
April 6,412 6,612 5,639
May 7,351 7,674 6,108
June 7,938 8,235 6,401
July 8,074 7,998 6,233
August 8,133 8,097 6,355
September 6,779 6,901 5,728
October 6,483 6,806 5,599
November 5,561 5,957 5,133
December 5,859 5,128 5,192
Running Total 81,519 82,968 69,183
Table 7: Electricity Costs for years 2005‐2007
Electricity Consumption Comparison (kWh)
2007 2006 2005
January 46,855 56,048 52,943
February 47,303 57,512 53,972
March 58,423 55,446 57,240
April 52,454 48,793 49,794
May 55,374 53,539 50,945
June 54,504 52,191 48,830
July 56,968 52,632 49,465
August 58,230 52,417 50,047
Table 8: Electricity Consumption Comparison
A.2: Electricity Tariffs
The Pataka Building is currently supplied electricity from Meridian Energy. They have a three
year contract which 100% is fixed, though the rates vary for different times of the day, weekday
to weekend day and month to month as explained in Section 2.4
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The pricing details are based on the July 2007 electricity invoice.
The time of use pricing structure is as follows (all prices exclude GST):
A.3: Breakdown of Annual Electricity Consumption by Area
The graph for the breakdown of annual electricity use by area was provided by the library
manager, who records the data into a spreadsheet. The data is from the various sub meters
installed. Table 10 below shows the data given:
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A.4: Gas Purchase
Gas invoices for the Pataka building were collected from the website provided by ETS and
recorded into a spreadsheet showing consumption and cost as shown in Table 11 below:
Gas Consumption and Prices
Consumption (kWh) 2007 ($) exc GST Average Price (c/kWh)
January 5,368.34 193.07 3.60
February 5,310.66 190.96 3.60
March 7,453.90 267.87 3.59
April 23,134.58 830.23 3.59
May 32,064.46 1,150.50 3.59
June 59,636.98 2,139.81 3.59
July 71,696.86 2,572.42 3.59
August 54,578.33 1,958.38 3.59
September 41,491.12 1,488.93 3.59
October 52,362.19 1,926.02 3.68
November 29,289.61 1,077.64 3.68
December 24,268.89 893.05 3.68
Running Total 406,655.91 14,688.88 3.61
Average 33,887.99 1,224.07 3.61
Table 10: Gas Consumption and Prices
From the given data, Average Price (c/kWh) including energy and fixed charge was calculated
for the year and for each month.
The invoice is for the year ending 2007.
Table 11 and 12 below shows gas consumption and costs for years 2005‐2007. This was used
for the daily graphs and percentage increase and decrease in gas consumption.
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Gas Consumption Comparison
2007 2006 2005
January 5,368 ‐ 26,959
February 5,311 1,185 3,714
March 7,454 36,260 6,707
April 23,135 25,979 44,323
May 32,064 45,602 48,155
June 59,637 76,764 78,270
July 71,697 80,235 65,204
August 54,578 62,659 62,345
September 41,491 46,200 56,486
October 52,362 49,257 38,822
November 29,290 25,637 22,970
December 24,269 27,556 1,644
Running Total 406,656
477,333 455,598
Table 11: Gas Consumption Comparison
Gas Cost Comparison
2007 2006 2005
January 193 0 844
February 191 38 116
March 268 1,199 210
April 830 859 1,587
May 1,150 1,508 1,724
June 2,140 2,539 2,458
July 2,572 2,637 2,047
August 1,958 2,060 1,958
September 1,489 1,519 1,824
October 1,926 1,767 1,284
November 1,078 920 760
December 893 989 54
Running Total 14,689 16,036 14,866
Table 12: Gas Cost Comparison
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Appendix B: Energy Balance
The spreadsheet for the energy end use graph is recorded below:
Table 13: Calculated Energy Balance
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All the information for the energy balance was gathered from observations and documents
received by the building owners and companies monitoring the energy management of the
building.
B.1: Calculation for Library HVAC
To calculate the library HVAC the information from its sub meter was used. The Library has its
own cooling and ventilation but does not include heating as it comes from the main plant.
Electricity in the library is used for: Lighting, kitchen equipment, office equipment and fans. As a
result, an energy balance for just the library was carried out to determine the HVAC use. Table
14 and 15 below summarizes the calculation being made.
Days per Weeks per
Lighting for Library kW Quantity kW Utilisation Hours/day week year kWh pa
fluorescents 0.06 520 31.2 95% 12 7 52 129,467.52
floodlights 0.1 20 2 95% 12 7 52 8,299.20
Lighting Total 137,767
Kitchen equipment (From Total
Energy Balance) 10,000
office equipment
pc 0.1 40 4 60% 10 5 50 6,000
Printers and photocopiers 0.02 10 0.2 20% 10 5 50 100
Office Equipment Total 6,100
fans 1 4 4 15% 24 7 52 5,242
Sub TOTAL
159,108
Table 14: Library Energy Balance
Total Energy Consumption from library sub meter (Appendix A.3) 205,184.00
Estimated Energy from other sources 159,108.00
Therefore: Library HVAC 46,076.00
Table 15: Library HVAC calculation
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Appendix C: Schematic of the plant
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Appendix D: Product Information
Product brochures which show information on potential energy savings. Further information
can be found on: www.philips.com/eco
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