Watcher (Angel) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Watcher (angel) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcher_(angel)
Watcher (angel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Watcher (Aramaic, !"#$, iyr; Theodotian trans: ir; from the root of Heb. `er, "awake, watchful";[1] Gk. !"#$"%#%&, trans: egr'goroi; Slav transliteration, Grigori,[2] "Watchers", "those who are awake"; Chaldean, "guard", "watcher"[3]) is a term used in connection with biblical angels. Watcher occurs in both plural and singular forms in the Book of Daniel (2nd century BC), where reference is made to their holiness. The apocryphal Books of Enoch (1st and 2nd centuries BC) refer to both good and bad Watchers, with a primary focus on the rebellious ones.
Watching angel on the spire of St Michael's church, Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire, England
Contents
1 Daniel 2 Books of Enoch 2.1 Book of Enoch 2.2 Second Book of Enoch 3 Philo 4 Jubilees 5 Damascus Document 6 Kabbalah 7 Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin 8 Footnotes 9 References
Daniel
In the Book of Daniel 4:13, 17, 23[4] there are three references to the class of "watcher, holy one" (watcher, Aramaic `iyr; holy one, Aramaic
1 von 10 11.03.14 00:36
qaddiysh). The term is introduced by Nebuchadnezzar who says he saw "a watcher, a holy one come down (singular verb) from heaven." He describes how in his dream the watcher says that Nebuchadnezzar will eat grass and be mad and that this punishment is "by the decree of the Watchers, the demand by the word of the Holy Ones" - "the living may know that the Most High rules in the kingdom of men." After hearing the king's dream Daniel considers for an hour and then responds: "And whereas the king saw a watcher, a holy one coming down from heaven, and saying, Hew the tree down, and destroy it; yet leave the stump of the roots thereof in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the eld; and let it be wet with the dew of heaven, and [let] his portion [be] with the beasts of the eld, till seven times pass over him; This is the interpretation, O king, and this is the decree of the most High, which is come upon my lord the king."[5] Lutheran Protestant reformer Johann Wigand viewed the watcher in Nebuchadnezzar's dream as either God himself, or the Son of God. He promoted Trinitarian thinking by linking verse 17 ("This matter is by the decree of the watchers") with verse 24 ("this is the decree of the most High").[6] Secular scholars view these "watchers, holy ones" as perhaps showing an inuence of Babylonian religion, that is an attempt by the author of this section of Daniel to present Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonian gods recognizing the power of the god of Israel as "Most High."[7] The Greek Septuagint version differs from the Aramaic Massoretic Text: for example, the Aramaic text is ambiguous about who is telling the story of verse 14, whether it is Nebuchadnezzar himself, or the watcher in his dream.[8]
Books of Enoch
In the Books of Enoch, the rst Book of Enoch devotes much of its attention to the fall of the Watchers. The Second Book of Enoch addresses the Watchers (Gk. egr'goroi) who are in fth heaven where the fall took place. The Third Book of Enoch gives attention to the unfallen Watchers.[9]
2 von 10
11.03.14 00:36
The use of the term "Watchers" is common in the Book of Enoch. The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 6-36) occurs in the Aramaic fragments with the phrase irin we-qadishin, "Watchers and Holy Ones", a reference to Aramaic Daniel.[10] The Aramaic irin "watchers" is rendered as "angel" (Greek angelos, Coptic malah) in the Greek and Ethiopian translations, although the usual Aramaic term for angel malakha does not occur in Aramaic Enoch.[11] The dating of this section of 1 Enoch is around 2nd-1st Century BCE. This book is based on one interpretation of the Sons of God passage in Genesis 6, according to which angels married with human females, giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim. The term irin is primarily applied to disobedient Watchers who numbered a total of 200, and of whom their leaders are named, but equally Aramaic iri ("watcher" singular) is also applied to the obedient archangels who chain them, such as Raphael (1 Enoch 22:6).
Book of Enoch
In the Book of Enoch, the Watchers (Aramaic. %"!"# # $, iyrin), are angels dispatched to Earth to watch over the humans. They soon begin to lust for human women and, at the prodding of their leader Samyaza, defect en masse to illicitly instruct humanity and procreate among them. The offspring of these unions are the Nephilim, savage giants who pillage the earth and endanger humanity. Samyaza and his associates further taught their human charges arts and technologies such as weaponry, cosmetics, mirrors, sorcery, and other techniques that would otherwise be discovered gradually over time by humans, not foisted upon them all at once. Eventually God allows a Great Flood to rid the earth of the Nephilim, but rst sends Uriel to warn Noah so as not to eradicate the human race. The Watchers are bound "in the valleys of the Earth" until Judgment Day. (Jude verse 6 says that these fallen angels are kept "in everlasting chains under darkness" until Judgement Day.) The chiefs of tens, listed in the Book of Enoch, are as follows: 7. And these are the names of their leaders: Smazz, their leader, Arkba, Rml, Kkabl, Tml, Rml, Dnl, zql, Barqjl, Asl, Armrs, Batrl, Annl, Zaql, Samspl, Satarl, Trl, Jmjl, Saril. 8. These are their chiefs of tens.
3 von 10 11.03.14 00:36
R. H. Charles translation, The Book of the Watchers, Chapter VI. The book of Enoch also lists leaders of the 200 fallen angels who married and commenced in unnatural union with human women, and who taught forbidden knowledge. Some are also listed in Book of Raziel (Sefer Raziel HaMalakh), the Zohar, and Jubilees. Araqiel (also Arakiel, Araqael, Araciel, Arqael, Sarquael, Arkiel, Arkas) taught humans the signs of the earth. However, in the Sibylline Oracles, Araqiel is referred to not as a fallen angel, or Watcher, but as one of the 5 angels who lead the souls of men to judgement, the other 4 being Ramiel, Uriel, Samiel, and Azazel. Armaros (also Amaros) in Enoch I taught men the resolving of enchantments. Azazel taught men to make knives, swords, shields, and how to devise ornaments and cosmetics. Gadreel taught the art of cosmetics, the use of weapons and killing blows. It was he who led Eve astray in the garden of eden.[citation needed] Baraqel (Baraqiel) taught men astrology Bezaliel mentioned in Enoch I, left out of most translations because of damaged manuscripts and problematic transmission of the text. Chazaqiel (sometimes Ezeqeel or Cambriel) taught men the signs of the clouds (meteorology). Kokabiel (also Kakabel, Kochbiel, Kokbiel, Kabaiel, and Kochab), In the Book of Raziel he is a high-ranking, holy angel. In Enoch I, he is a fallen Watcher, resident of the nether realms, and commands 365,000 surrogate spirits to do his bidding. Among other duties, he instructs his fellows in astrology. Penemue "taught mankind the art of writing with ink and paper," and taught "the children of men the bitter and the sweet and the secrets of wisdom." (I Enoch 69.8) Sariel (also Suriel) taught mankind about the courses of the moon (at one time regarded as forbidden knowledge). Samyaza (also Shemyazaz, Shamazya, Semiaza, Shemhazi, Semyaza and Amezyarak) is one of the leaders of the fall from heaven in Vocabulaire de l' Angelologie. Shamsiel, once a guardian of Eden as stated in the Zohar, served as one of the two chief aides to the archangel Uriel (the other aide being Hasdiel) when Uriel bore his standard into battle, and is the head of 365 legions of angels and also crowns prayers, accompanying them to the 5th heaven. In Jubilees, he is referred to
4 von 10
11.03.14 00:36
as one of the Watchers. He is a fallen angel who teaches the signs of the sun. Yeqon (also Jeqon or Yaqum, &'() ", "he shall rise") was the ringleader who rst tempted the other Watchers into having sexual relations with humans. His accomplices were Asbeel, Gadreel, Penemue, and Kasdaye (or Kasadya). Together, they were known as the Five Satans. The account of the Book of Enoch has been associated with the passage in Genesis 6:1-4, which speaks of Sons of God instead of Watchers: When men began to multiply on earth and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw how beautiful the daughters of man were, and so they took for their wives as many of them as they chose. Then the Lord said: "My spirit shall not remain in man forever, since he is but esh. His days shall comprise one hundred and twenty years." At that time the Nephilim appeared on earth (as well as later), after the sons of God had intercourse with the daughters of man, who bore them sons. They were the heroes of old, the men of renown. Genesis 6:1-4 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender /?book=Genesis&verse=6:1-4&src=NAB)
Second Book of Enoch

For the masculine given name, see Grigori (given name) and Grigory The Jewish pseudepigraphon Second Book of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) refers to the Grigori, who are the same as the Watchers of 1 Enoch.[2] The Slavic word Grigori used in the book is a transcription[12] of the Greek word !"#$"%#%& egr'goroi, pronounced /'()ri)*ri/ in post-classical times, meaning "wakeful".[13] The Hebrew equivalent is &"!"$, meaning "waking", "awake".[14] Chapter 18 presents the Grigori as countless soldiers of human appearance, "their size being greater than that of great giants". They are located in the fth heaven and identied as "the Grigori, who with their prince Satanail rejected the Lord of light".[15] One version of 2 Enoch
5 von 10
11.03.14 00:36
adds that their number was 200 myriads.[16][17][18] Furthermore, some "went down on to earth from the Lord's throne" and there married women and "befouled the earth with their deeds", resulting in connement under earth.[15][19] The number of those who descended to earth is generally put at three,[20] but Andrei A. Orlov, while quoting the text as saying three,[12] remarks in a footnote that some manuscripts put them at 200 or even 200 myriads.[2] Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation, before the creation of human beings, says that "one from out the order of angels"[21] or, according to other versions of 2 Enoch, "one of the order of archangels"[22] or "one of the ranks of the archangels"[23] "conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to [the Lord's] power. And [the Lord] threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was ying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Although in this chapter the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in a heading added in one manuscript, [18][24] this chapter too is often understood to refer to Satanail and his angels, the Grigori.[18][23] The Mercer Dictionary of the Bible makes a distinction between the Grigori and the fallen angels by stating that in fth heaven, Enoch sees "the giants whose brothers were the fallen angels."[25] The longer recension of 2 Enoch 18:3 identies the prisoners of second heaven as the angels of Satanail.[26]
Philo
According to PrEv 1.10.1-2 of Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon mentioned "some living beings who had no perception, out of whom intelligent beings came into existence, and they were called Zophasemin (Heb. ()p*-+,mayim, that is, 'Watchers of Heaven'). And they were formed like the shape of an egg."[9]
Jubilees
6 von 10 11.03.14 00:36
The term "Watchers" occurs in the Book of Jubilees (Jub. 4:15, 5:1).
Damascus Document
A reference to the "fall of the watchers from heaven" is found in Hebrew in the Damascus Document 2:18 echoing 1 Enoch 13:10.[19]
Kabbalah
The Zohar makes reference to the "watchers" of Nebuchadnezzar's dream.
Possible Babylonian/Aramaic origin

According to Jonathan Ben-Dov of the University of Haifa, the myth of the watchers began in Lebanon when Aramaic writers tried to interpret the imagery on Mesopotamian stone monuments without being able to read their Akkadian text.[27]
Footnotes
1. ^ SDA Commentary on Daniel 1980 reprint, pp. 789, 780 2. ^ a b c Orlov 2011 3. ^ "Strong's H5894" (http://www.blueletterbible.org /lang/lexicon /Lexicon.cfm?strongs=H5894). Blueletterbible.org. Retrieved 2012-07-03. 4. ^ Daniel 4:1-37 (http://tools.wmabs.org /bibleversender/?book=Daniel& verse=4:1-37&src=ESV) 5. ^ Daniel 4:23-24 (http://tools.wmabs.org /bibleversender/?book=Daniel& verse=4:23-24&src=KJV) 6. ^ Beckwith, edited by Carl L. Ezekiel, Daniel. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 285. ISBN 0830829628. 7. ^ Porteous 1965, p. 69: "... of the watchers, the decision by the words of the holy ones' may reect the inuence of the Babylonian belief" 8. ^ Meadowcroft 1995, p. 45: "14 of the MT the reader wonders who is telling the story, the watcher or Nebuchadnezzar. For a brief moment it does not seem to matter because the dream and its reason ('so that the living might know..." 9. ^ a b Charlesworth 2010, p. 130
7 von 10
11.03.14 00:36
10. ^ Boccaccini 2005, p. 157: "Exceedingly common in 1 Enoch is the term "Watchers," which gives its name to an entire book of Enoch (1 En 6-36). It occurs in the phrase 'irin we-qadishin, "Watchers and Holy Ones," 11. ^ Nickelsburg 2004, p. 44 12. ^ a b Andrei A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors (SUNY Press 2011 ISBN 9781438439518), p. 93 (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22three+of+them+descended %22+orlov) 13. ^ Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940. p. 474 14. ^ Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Dictionary (http://concordances.org/hebrew /5894.htm) 15. ^ a b 2 Enoch 18:1-7 in The Forgotten Books of Eden (http://www.sacred-texts.com /bib/fbe/fbe125.htm) and in many other editions (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22these+are+the+Grigori+wh o+with%22) 16. ^ Books by Andrei A. Orlov (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=orlov+%22200+myriads+togeth er%22)
17. ^ Julia Cresswell, The Watkins Dictionary of Angels (Duncan Baird 2006 ISBN 9781780283609), entry "Grigori" (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=Cresswell+%22200+myriads%2 2) 18. ^ a b c Robert Charles Branden, Satanic Conict and the Plot of Matthew (Peter Lang 2006 ISBN 9780820479163), p. 30 (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=Branden+%22heading+in+a+lat er+manuscript%22) 19. ^ a b DDD 1998, p. 893 20. ^ Sources using one version of 2 Enoch (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=grigori+%22three+of+them+we nt%22) and sources using a different version (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22three+of+them+descended %22+Grigori) 21. ^ Most sources (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22equal+in+rank+to+my+pow er%22) 22. ^ Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature (Penn State University Press 1997 ISBN 9780271016054), p. 141 (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22thought+up+an+impossible +idea%22) and other sources (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22Order+of+the+archangels+ deviated%22)
8 von 10
11.03.14 00:36
23. ^ a b James Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible (1898 edition reproduced 2004 by the University Press of the Pacic ISBN 9781410217288), vol. 4, p. 409 (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=Hastings+%22ranks+of+the+ar changels%22) 24. ^ James H. Charlesworth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha-set (Hendrickson 2010 ISBN 9781598564891), p. 149 (http://www.google.com /search?tbm=bks&hl=en& q=%22Satanail+is+present%22+C harlesworth)
25. ^ Mercer, General editor, Watson E. Mills ; associate editor, Roger Bullard ... [et (1997). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (3rd and corr. printing. ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0865543739. 26. ^ Orlov, Andrei A. (2005). The Enoch-Metatron tradition. Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 221. ISBN 3161485440. 27. ^ Jonathan Ben-Dov (October 18, 2013). "Turning to the angels to save Jewish mythology" (http://www.haaretz.com/weekend /.premium-1.553219). Haaretz.
References
Boccaccini, edited by Gabriele (2005). Enoch and Qumran origins : new light on a forgotten connection ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Grand Rapids (Mich.): W. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802828787. Charlesworth, edited by James H. (2010). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN 1598564919. DDD, Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst, (1998). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (DDD) (2., extensively rev. ed. ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004111190. Meadowcroft, T. J. (1995). Aramaic Daniel and Greek Daniel : a literary comparison. Shefeld: Shefeld Acad. Press. ISBN 1850755515. Nickelsburg, George W.E. (2004). 1 Enoch : a new translation : based on the Hermeneia commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 0800636945. Orlov, Andrei A. (2011). Dark mirrors : Azazel and Satanael in early Jewish demonology. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 1438439512. Platt, Rutherford H. (2004). Forgotten Books of Eden. (Reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 239. ISBN 1605060976. Porteous, Norman W. (1965). Daniel : a commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0664223176. SDA Commentary on Daniel (1980). Commentary on Daniel and the Revelation : from the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. (Reprint ed.). Hagerstown, Md.: Review and Herald Pub.
9 von 10 11.03.14 00:36
Association. ISBN 0828023808. Ward, Andrew Collins ; additional research by Richard (2001). From the ashes of angels : the forbidden legacy of a fallen race. Rochester, Vt.: Bear & Co. ISBN 978-1-879181-72-4. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org /w/index.php?title=Watcher_(angel)&oldid=598866228" Categories: Book of Enoch Classes of angel Fallen angels Demons in Christianity Demons in Judaism Demons in the Apocrypha Primordial teachers Angels in Judaism Hebrew Bible words and phrases Book of Daniel This page was last modied on 9 March 2014 at 18:19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prot organization.
10 von 10
11.03.14 00:36

Watcher (Angel) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Watcher (Angel) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Watcher (angel) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia