1.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this report is to provide a brief overview on Pumps and is intended to provide a detailed understanding on pumping circuits and hydraulics. This report also covers the procedure to be followed for the preparation of a detailed Process Data Sheet with the help of In-house E cel speadsheet. 2. INTRODUCTION: Pump is a mechanical device which is used mainly for two purposes. !ne for transfer of li"uid from one place to another and secondly# it is used to circulate li"uid around a system $e.g. %ooling &ater or 'ubricants through (achines and E"uipment). Pumps come in a variety of si*es for a wide range of applications. They can be classified according to their basic principle of operation as dynamic or displacement pumps. In principle# any li"uid can be handled by any of the pump designs. &hen it comes to the use of different designs of the pump# the centrifugal pump is generally the most economical followed by rotary and reciprocating pumps. +lthough# positive displacement pumps generally are more efficient than centrifugal pumps# the benefit of higher efficiency tends to be offset by increased maintenance costs. The following sections will be describing about various types of pumps in detail. 3. STANDARDS USED: +PI ,-E +PI .,/ 0PS+ 1 Section ,2 1 Pumps 3 4ydraulic Turbines 4. CONTENT: 4.1. CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS: P5(PS

DYNAMIC

POSITIVEDISPLACEMENT

CENTRIFUGAL RECIPROCATING PISTON PLUNGER DIAPHRAGM ROTARY GEAR SCREW MOVING VANE

4.1.1. DYNAMIC PUMPS: Pumps in which the energy is added continuously to the fluid and the fluid is not contained in a set volume. These pumps are used in cases where high volumes are re"uired and a change in flow is not a problem. +s the discharge pressure on a dynamic pump is increased# the "uantity of fluid pumped is reduced. These can be operated for short periods of time with the discharge valve closed.

Centri !"#$ P!%& consists of an impeller fi ed on a rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing# and having an inlet and discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the li"uid by the velocity derived from centrifugal force.

The two main parts of the pump are the impeller and the diffuser. The diffuser $also called as the 6olute) houses the impeller and captures and directs the water off the impeller. The fluid enters the centre $eye) of the impeller and e its the impeller with the help of centrifugal force. +s the fluid leaves the eye of the impeller# a low pressure is created# causing more fluid to flow into the eye. The velocity is developed as the fluid flows through the impeller spinning at high speed. The fluid velocity is collected by the diffuser and converted to pressure by specially designed pathways that direct the flow to the discharge of the pump. The Pressure $4ead) that a pump will develop is in direct relationship to the impeller diameter# the number of impellers# the si*e of impeller eye# and shaft speed. This is described by the +ffinity 'aws.

4.1.1.1. 4.1.2. POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP: Pumps in which the energy is added to the li"uid periodically and the li"uid is contained in a set volume. This is done by trapping li"uid between the pumping elements and a stationary casing. These pumps# unli7e centrifugal pumps# theoretically can produce the same flow at a given 8P( no matter what the discharge pressure is. This is the reason these pumps are also called constant flow machines. 4owever# a slight increase in internal lea7age as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate. + positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump# because it has no shut off head li7e centrifugal pumps. This pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts# the pump is severely damaged# or both. Therefore# a relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is necessary. + relief valve in the discharge line# with a return line bac7 to the suction line or# supply tan7 provides increased safety. The Positive-Displacement Pump can be divided into two main classes# 8eciprocating and 8otary Pumps. Re'i&r('#tin" P!%&) are those in which displacement is by reciprocation of a piston or plunger. These are used only for pumping viscous li"uids. These are basically of three types. a. Piston Pump9 This is one of the most common reciprocating Pump. It is often used in moderate pressure applications i.e. around 2/// psi. In a piston Pump# the sealing system $rings# pac7ing etc.) is attached to the piston and moves with it during its stro7e.

b. Plunger Pump9 It is similar to a piston pump. It is designed for high pressures upto ://// psi. This comprise of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger in it. In the head of the cylinder# the suction and discharge valves are mounted. In the suction stro7e# the plunger pump retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stro7e# the plunger push the li"uid out the discharge valve. &ith only one cylinder the fluid flow varies between ma imum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions and *ero flow when the plunger is in the end positions. + lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. 6ibration and ;water hammers< may be a serious problem. In general the problems are compensated by using two or more cylinders not wor7ing in phase with each other. c. Diaphragm Pump9 In Diaphragm Pumps# the plunger pressuri*es hydraulic oil which is used to fle a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. These are used to pump ha*ardous and to ic fluids.

R(t#r* P!%&) are pumps that move fluid using the principle of rotation. These are very efficient because they naturally remove air from the lines# eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually. Positive displacement rotary pumps also have their wea7nesses.

4.2.

PUMPIN+ SYSTEM:

The main components of a pumping system are9 ,. Pump 1 + mechanical device used to transfer li"uid from one place to another. 2. Piping to carry fluid 1 a. Suction Piping9 (ost Pumps in a suction lift condition re"uire a foot valve on the end of the suction line to prevent the pump from losing prime. (ost foot valves are large globe valves. Isolation valves on the suction side of a pump should only be gate or ball valves. =utterfly valves cause high headloss. +s the piping reaches the pump# it is reduced to meet the pump connection using an eccentric reducer. The eccentric reducer prevents air accumulation in the piping. b. Discharge Piping9 The discharge side of a pump usually starts with a concentric reducer# which ta7es the pipe up to one si*e larger than the pump discharge. +n isolation valve# preferably a gate or ball valve# is normally installed on the discharge. To reduce repair costs# a flange 1 by 1 flange spool or e pansion joint is placed between the isolation valve and the pump. :. (inimum flow circulation line with control valve 1 To control the "uantity of flow through a pump by recirculating discharge li"uid bac7 to suction. -. >86s# %hec7 6alve 1 To prevent the flow of water bac7 through the pump# a chec7 valve is often placed in the discharge valve. If there is a flow or pressure control valve# then a chec7 valve is not necessary. ?. Piping fittings li7e elbow# tee# e panders# strainers or filters etc. 1 These are ta7en into consideration because these fittings contribute to pressure loss in the line.