Chapter #14- Energy: Some Basics 1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare

to the oil crisis today? Explain. As their local supplies ran out, they had to import the resource from other areas, whereas the US now has to import oil from other countries in much the same way Energy Basics 2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation. Exerting force over a distance, Force x Distance = Work Define the following: * Chemical Energy: the potential of a substance to transform through a chemical reaction * Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion * Heat Energy: energy that flows between matter because of the differences in temperature * Potential Energy: Stored energy 3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? Energy can neither be created or destroyed 4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? It is more easily converted to work 5: What is the second law of thermodynamics? Energy always tends to go from a more usable form to a less usable form Energy Efficiency 6: Define: First-Law Efficiency Deals with the amount of energy without any consideration of the quality or availability of the energy, Ratio: amount of energy delivered/amount of energy supplied 7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency Refers to how well matched the energy end use is with the quality of the energy source Energy Units 8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined? A joule: force of 1 newton applied over 1 meter 9: What is POWER? How is it expressed? Rate of energy used, joules per second, or in watts (1 joule per second = 1 Watt)

10: What is thermal efficiency? The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine 11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? A wires natural resistance to electrical flow, causes some electrical energy to be changed into heat, losing some energy in this way Energy Sources and Consumption 12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels? 90% 13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? 50% Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration Define the following: 14: Conservation: Using less energy and adjusting our energy needs and uses to minimize the amount of high quality energy necessary for a given task 15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): A number of processes designed to capture and use waste heat, a natural gas combined cycle power plant 16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating, industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly 60% of the total energy use Building Design 17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples. A system that collects solar energy without using moving parts, placing windows with overhangs that shield and cool the house in the summer, while the suns rays heat the house in the winter 18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient? Insulation, caulking, weather stripping, installing overhangs and storm windows, and maintenance Industrial Energy 19: U.S. Industry consumes about one third of the energy produced. Values, Choices and Energy Conservation 20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy Carpooling, purchasing hybrid cars, turning off lights when leaving rooms

21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management? No single energy source can provide all the energy required by the various countries of the world, so there should be a move towards sustainable energy development on the local level Micropower 22: What is the concept of micropower? Use of many small sources of electricity to provide power in an area Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030 23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global energy use to be in 2030? 2010: 250 EJ, 2030: 680 EJ 24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year? 100 x .25 = 25 watts from the brain x 365 days = 9125 watts from the brain in one year 25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage? How? Yes, by using more passive and conservational sources of energy that allows the energy usage to decrease, leaving the amount of energy available from production to increase. 26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States? Passive solar energy, less automobile use, renewable sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric) Chapter #15: Fossil Fuels and the Environment 1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil? Time when one-half of Earths oil has been exploited, a gap will grow between demand and production Fossil Fuels 2: How were fossil fuels created? Plants convert solar energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis, Formed from incompletely decomposed organic matter converted by chemical reactions 3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they provide approximately 90% of the energy consumed worldwide. Crude Oil and Natural Gas 4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created? Organic matter buried in depositional basins, Primarily found along plate boundaries, At least 500 m depth

5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks? The gas is light, meaning it would have had ample time to escape into the atmosphere/surface where it could be vaporized 6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits? An anticline (arch-shaped fold) or a fault (fracture where displacement has occurred) Petroleum Production 7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production? 25% 8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits? Steam, water, or chemicals injected into the reservoir to push oil towards wells 9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found? Middle East 10: When will world oil production likely to peak? Between 20202050 Natural Gas 11: How is natural gas primarily transported? Pipelines 12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel? Burns cleaner by producing less emissions Coal-Bed Methane 13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this represent?) Methane stored within coal, 20 trillion cubic meters, five year supply 14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane? Pros: Produces much less carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum, Reduces the amount of methane released into the atmosphere Cons: Disposal of large volumes of salty water, Migration of methane, which may contaminate surrounding areas

Black Shale Natural Gas 15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas? Water pollution from escaping gas, leaking wastewater Methane Hydrates 16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed? Made up of molecules of methane gas trapped in ice, Form as a result of microbial decomposition on the sea floor 17: Where do methane hydrates form? Beneath the seafloor at depths >500m, Also found on land in permafrost The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas 18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas? Pollution of surface waters and groundwater, Accidental release of air pollutants, Land subsidence, Loss or disruption of and damage to fragile ecosystems, such as wetlands 19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas? Hydrocarbons released, polluting soil and ground water, Variety of chemicals used in the industrial process which have the potential to pollute 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas? Danger of oil spill, Air pollution from combustion, Contributes to urban smog 21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge)? For: Large resource harvesting, needs the oil, reduces foreign dependence, brings jobs Against: Will cause permanent changes, disrupts life, requires large amounts of water, trucks scar the ground Coal 22: What is COAL? How is it created? Partially decomposed vegetation, Slowly transformed in solid, brittle carbonaceous rock if buried in a sedimentary environment 23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest? Anthracite (highest), Lignite (lowest)

Coal Mining and the Environment 24: What is strip mining? Surface process where overlying layers of soil and rock are stripped off to reach the coal 25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining? Acid mine drainage, Acid pollutes streams and groundwater, Soils thin and water scarce Mountaintop Removal 26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal? Flood hazard increases, Coal waste sludge dams formed by mine waste, Toxic waste water is stored, Also produces large amounts of coal dust 27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require? Mined land is restored to support pre-mining use Underground Mining 28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately 40% of the coal mined in the United States 29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining? Coal fires in underground mines, toxic gasses 30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining? Acid mine drainage and waste piles pollute streams, Land subsidence can occur over mines Transporting Coal 31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States? Freight trains, Slurring pipelines The Future of Coal 32: The burning of coal produces nearly 50% of the electricity used and about 25% of the total energy consumed in the United States today 33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.? 70% of sulfur dioxide, 30% of nitrogen oxides, 35% of carbon dioxide 34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate? Reducing coal emissions 35: What is allowance trading? Tradable allowances for polluting, 1 allowance good for 1 ton of sulfur dioxide, Can be traded and sold by brokers

Oil Shale and Tar Sands 36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found? Fine grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter, located in the US in the Green River formation, When heated to 500C oil shale yields oil 37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale? Leaking of wastes, waste disposal is not plausible Tar Sands 38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods? The oil is too viscous (thick) to flow easily 39: How are tar sands processed? Recovered by mining sands and washing the oil out with hot water