Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement.

The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can e created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Traditional animation Traditional animation !also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation" was the process used for most animated films of the 2#th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one efore it. The animators$ drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one- y-one onto motion picture film against a painted ackground y a rostrum camera. The traditional cel animation process ecame o solete y the eginning of the 2%st century. Today, animators$ drawings and the ackgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. &arious software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 3' mm film and newer media such as digital video. The (look( of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators$ work has remained essentially the same over the past )# years. *ome animation producers have used the term (tradigital( to descri e cel animation which makes e+tensive use of computer technology. Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausi le movement. ,ully animated films can e done in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works such as those produced y the -alt Disney studio !.eauty and the .east, Aladdin, /ion 0ing" to the more $cartoony$ styles of those produced y the -arner .ros. animation studio. Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and1or more styli2ed drawings and methods of movement. 3ioneered y the artists at the American studio 4nited 3roductions of America, limited animation can e used as a method of styli2ed artistic e+pression, as in 5erald 6c.oing .oing !4*, %7'%", 8ellow *u marine !40, %79:", and much of the anime produced in ;apan. <ts primary use, however, has een in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television !the work of =anna.ar era, ,ilmation, and other T& animation studios" and later the <nternet !we cartoons". >otoscoping is a technique, patented y 6a+ ,leischer in %7%), where animators trace live-action movement, frame y frame. The source film can e directly copied from actors$ outlines into animated drawings, as in The /ord of the >ings !4*, %7):", or used in a styli2ed and e+pressive manner, as in -aking /ife !4*, 2##%" and A *canner

Darkly !4*, 2##9". *ome other e+amples are? ,ire and <ce !4*A, %7:3" and =eavy 6etal !%7:%". Live-action/animation is a technique, when com ining hand-drawn characters into live action shots. @ne of the earlier uses of it was 0oko the Alown when 0oko was drawn over live action footage. @ther e+amples would include -ho ,ramed >oger >a itB !4*A, %7::", *pace ;am !4*A, %779" and @smosis ;ones !4*A, 2##2". Stop motion *top-motion animation is used to descri e animation created y physically manipulating real-world o Cects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation. Aomputer software is widely availa le to create this type of animation. Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting with each other in a constructed environment, in contrast to the real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as well as constraining them to move at particular Coints. D+amples include The Tale of the ,o+ !,rance, %73)", The Eightmare .efore Ahristmas!4*, %773", Aorpse .ride !4*, 2##'", Aoraline !4*, 2##7", the films of ;iFG Trnka and the T& series The -u ulous -orld of Dr. *euss!4*, %779-%77)", and >o ot Ahicken !4*, 2##'Hpresent". 3uppetoon, created using techniques developed y 5eorge 3al, are puppet-animated films which typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one e+isting puppet. Clay animation, or 3lasticine animation often a reviated as claymation, uses figures made of clay or a similar mallea le material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside of them, similar to the related puppet animation ! elow", that can e manipulated in order to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may e made entirely of clay, such as in the films of .ruce .ickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. D+amples of clay-animated works include The 5um y *how !4*, %7')H%79)" 6orph shorts !40, %7))H2###", -allace and 5romit shorts !40, as of %7:7", ;an IvankmaCer$s Dimensions of Dialogue !A2echoslovakia, %7:2", The Trap Door !40, %7:J". ,ilms include -allace K 5romit? The Aurse of the -ere->a it, Ahicken >un and The Adventures of 6ark Twain. Model animation refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and e+ist as a part of a live-action world. <ntercutting, matte effects, and split screens are often employed to lend stop-motion characters or o Cects with live actors and settings. 5o motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion lur etween frames of film, which is not present in traditional stopmotion.

@ Cect animation refers to the use of regular inanimate o Cects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items. 5raphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material !photographs, newspaper clippings, maga2ines, etc." which are sometimes manipulated frame- y-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action. 3i+ilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters. This allows for a num er of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other such effects. Computer animation Aomputer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor eing that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation figures are created and1or edited on the computer using 2D itmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computeri2ed versions of traditional animation techniques such as of, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping. 2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, ,lash animation and 3ower3oint animation 3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated y an animator. <n order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal structure that can e used to control the mesh. This process is called rigging. &arious other techniques can e applied, such as mathematical functions !e+. gravity, particle simulations", simulated fur or hair, effects such as fire and water and the use of motion capture to name ut a few, these techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics. -ell-made 3D animations can e difficult to distinguish from live action and are commonly used as visual effects for recent movies 3hoto realistic animation, is used primarily for animation that attempts to resem le real life. 4sing advanced rendering that makes detailed skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. to mimic real life Ael-shaded animation, is used to mimic traditional animation using A5 software. *hading looked stark and less lending colors. 6otion capture, is used when live action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into A5 characters. D+amples include 3olar D+press !2##J, 4*A",.eowulf !2##), 4*A", Disney$s A Ahristmas Aarol !2##7, 4*A" 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually uild virtual worlds in which characters and o Cects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer. @ther animation techniques

Drawn on film animation? a technique where footage is produced y creating the images directly on film stock 3aint-on-glass animation? a technique for making animated films y manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass Erasure animation: a technique using tradition 2D medium, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. ,or e+ample, -illiam 0entridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster. 3inscreen animation? makes use of a screen filled with mova le pins, which can e moved in or out y pressing an o Cect onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has een used to create animated films with a range of te+tural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation. *and animation? sand is moved around on a ack- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated ecause of the light contrast. ,lip ook? A flip ook !sometimes, especially in .ritish Dnglish, called a flick ook" is a ook with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the ne+t, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate y simulating motion or some other change. ,lip ooks are often illustrated ooks for children, ut may also e geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. ,lip ooks are not always separate ooks, ut may appear as an added feature in ordinary ooks or maga2ines, often in the page corners. *oftware packages and we sites are also availa le that convert digital video files into custom-made flip ooks.

2D AND 3D AN MAT !N

Animation is a field of art or science that has the capability to impart life and zeal to non living characters. Basically it is based on the phenomenon of persistence of vision that allows the visual illusion of the objects. It is a phenomenon of an eye in which an image continues to appear in ones vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. This happens for about one twenty fifth of a second. In early days animation was restricted to only hand drawings. But with the advent of technological !now how animation has got a new face that is !nown as two dimensional and three dimensional animations. A three dimensional animation is far better than two dimensional. It adds more vigor and Bvivacity to animation.Animation is simulation of movement created by a series of pictures or frames. It starts with drawing independent pictures and putting them together in a frame to form the illusion of continuous motion. Two dimension means that the picture is drawn with help of two coordinates of geometry. These are designated as x "horizontal# coordinate and y "vertical# coordinate. $% is flat which means that if a picture is turned to the side then it becomes a line. &hereas '% includes an extra dimension !nown as z coordinate which stands for rotation and depth. The basic difference between $d and 'd can be illustrated by drawing a rectangle and a cube. (ectangle is a $% figure whereas cube is a '% figure. '% presents the object from every possible

direction li!e in real life. $% bitmap or vector graphics are used to create $% animation figures. Q:-What is Animation? A:-Animation is a type of optical illusion) it is the process by which we see still pictures move. It involves the appearance of motion caused by displaying still images one after another at the rate of $* pictures per second. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program+ although several other forms of presenting animation also exist. Q:-What are the fields in which animation is used? A:-Animation is used for entertainment purposes. In addition to its use for entertainment+ animation is considered a form of art. It is often displayed and celebrated in film festivals throughout the world. Also used for educational purposes+ animation has a place in learning and instructional applications as well. Q:-What is the difference in animation 2d and 3d? A:-The most obvious difference between the two genres of animation is of course the three dimensional characteristics or the appearance of depth. &hile $% animation is a flat animation and all the actions happen in the x y axes+ '% animation includes an extra dimension and that is the z axis. The wor!ing method for creating $d cartoon characters and 'd animated figures are entirely different. &hile in $% animation the process of cartoon character creating involves s!etching the character from different sides with the help of onion s!in tools. ,reating a 'd model re-uires digital modeling and is more similar to sculpting a character than drawing one. An animator wor!ing in 'd dimensional environment constantly has to be aware of how his.her changes to the model side view affect the front view or any other view for that matter. ,reating a perfect loo!ing model is a difficult tas! since all the different views have to be ta!en into the consideration. ,reating a 'd model is often based on a pre made two dimensional s!etches of the character from different views. After the model is created a material has to be assigned to it and the model has to be textured properly. Although the process of character creating for '% animation is usually ta!ing more time than $% character creation+ the process of creating the animation itself can be considered easier by many animators. In $d animation the animation is created by drawing almost every frame of the animated movie. In '% + the animation is created by changing the poses and the placement of already created 'd models. The created scene can be viewed from different angles and by that it is easier and faster to create an illusion of change in the environment. Q:-What are the various techniques used in creating 2D and 3D animation? A:-/arious techni-ues that are acclimated in creating $% abstracts are morphing+ twining+ onion s!inning+ Anime+ and amid rotoscoping. Admitting '% action involves agenda clay of characters. /arious accomplish that are complex in '% action are appearance s!etching+ appearance modeling++ Anime+ arena building+ texturing+ abating and camera setup+ rendering+ abating and camera setup+ rendering+ alteration and bond etc. 0ther techni-ues+ Anime that can be activated are the use of algebraic functions+ apish fur or hair and the use of motion capture. In this way we can abstract greater use of multimedia through $% and '% animation.