Bao Cao HNKH Truong Mo

HI NGH KHOA HC LN TH 20
TRNG I HC M - A CHT

BAN T CHC

Trng ban: PGS.TS. Trn nh Kin
Ph trng ban: PGS.TS. L Hi An
y vin th k: PGS.TS. Nguyn Quang Lut
y vin: TS. Nguyn Ph V
PGS.TS. Nguyn Trng Xun
TS. Trn Thy Dng
TS. Phm Quang Hiu
GS.TS. V Trng Hng
TS. Nguyn Duy Lc
PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lm
PGS.TS. Bi Xun Nam
PGS.TS. Nguyn Phng
TS. Trn nh Sn
TS. Nguyn Ch Tnh
PGS.TS. Nguyn Bnh Yn
TS. Trn Xun Trng
TS. Phm c Thin
ThS. inh Th Xun

BAN BIN TP

Trng ban: TS. inh Vn Thng
y vin: ThS. Nguyn Th Ngc Dung
ThS. Hong Thu Hng
TS. Nguyn Anh Dng
TS. Trn Vn Anh
TS. Vn Bnh
PGS.TS. ng V Ch
PGS.TS. Trn Thanh Hi
TS. L Thanh Hu
TS. Nguyn c Khot
PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Sn
TS. V B Dng
TS. Phan Th Thi
ThS. Nguyn Ti Tin

LI NI U

Hi ngh Khoa hc ln th 20 Trng i hc M - a cht c t chc vo ngy
15 thng 11 nm 2012 nhn d p k nim 46 nm ngy thnh lp Trng (15/11/1966-
15/11/2012). Hi ngh l din n cc nh khoa hc, cc chuyn gia trong nc v quc t
gp g trao i, cng b cc kt qu nghin cu, tho lun v cng hp tc gii quyt nhng
vn v khoa hc v cng ngh ang t ra i vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nc ta
trong thi k Hin i ha, Cng nghip ha v Hi nhp quc t. Hi ngh khoa hc ln th
20 cng l mc nh du s trng thnh vt bc ca Nh trng trong cc hot ng
nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn giao cng ngh phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi, gp phn
thc hin thng li Ngh quyt i hi ng ln th XI v Gio dc - o to v Khoa hc -
Cng ngh.

Ban T chc Hi ngh nhn c s hng ng tch cc ca cc thy, c gio, cc
nghin cu sinh v hc vin cao hc ca Trng v c bit c s tham gia nhit tnh ca
nhiu nh khoa hc ang cng tc ti cc c quan nghin cu, cc c s sn xut trong c
nc. Ban Bin tp cng cc tiu ban chuyn mn tuyn chn 235 bo co khoa hc c ni
dung a dng, phong ph, phn nh nhng kt qu nghin cu khoa hc thuc nhiu lnh vc
khc nhau cng b trong Tuyn tp cc Bo co khoa hc ti Hi ngh theo cc lnh vc:

1 - C in
2 - Cng ngh thng tin
3 - Du kh
4 - a cht
5 - Khoa hc c bn
6 - Kinh t v QTKD
7 - Khai thc m - Tuyn khong
8 - L lun chnh tr
9 - Mi trng
10 - Trc a
11 - Xy dng

m bo tnh thi s ca thng tin khoa hc v kp thi phc v Hi ngh, cc
thnh vin Ban Bin t p v cc Tiu ban chuyn mn ht sc c gng trong vic tuyn
chn v bin tp cc bo co khoa hc. Trong qu trnh bin tp do nhiu yu t khch quan,
nht l thi gian rt gp nn khng th trnh khi nhng li k thut, rt mong nhn c s
thng cm ca tc gi bo co v bn c.

Trng i hc M - a cht xin chn thnh cm n cc nh khoa h c trong v
ngoi trng gi bo co khoa hc ti Hi ngh, s hp tc nhit tnh, c hiu qu ca cc
c quan gp phn vo s thnh cng ca Hi ngh. Mong rng trong cc k hi ngh tip
theo, Trng i hc M - a cht tip tc nhn c s hp tc nhiu hn na ni dung
Hi ngh khoa hc c phong ph hn.

BAN BIN TP

1
Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh Khoa hc ln th 20, i hc M - a cht, H Ni, 15/11/2012

MC LC
KHOA A CHT

Trang
TIU BAN A CHT CNG TRNH A CHT THY VN
1. Phng Hu Hi, Bi Vn Bnh, Dng Vn Bnh, Nguyn Ngc Dng. Mt s kt
qu nghin cu c trng bn v bin dng ca t h tng Thi Bnh khu vc huyn
K Anh H Tnh bng th nghim nn ngang
4
2. Phm Th Vit Nga, Nguyn Vn Phng. Nghin cu s b v tnh xc bin ca t
yu h tng Hi Hng vng H Ni
11
3. Nguyn Th Thanh Nhn, Nguyn Thanh, T c Thnh. nh gi, d bo v phn
vng cng hot ng trt l t trn sn v mi dc vng i ni Qung Tr -
Tha Thin Hu bng phng php m hnh ton bn vi s tr gip ca cng ngh
GIS
16
4. Nguyn Th N, Minh Ton, Nguyn Vit Tnh. Bi ton c kt thm phng
tng ng trong thit k x l nn t yu bng gii php thot nc thng ng, ng
dng tnh ton cho mt ct Km3+130 ng ni V Thanh Cn Th
29
5. Nguyn Vn Phng. Xc nh mt s ch tiu c l ca t loi st phn b ph bin
ng bng Bc B bng th nghim xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng (CPTu)
40
6. Minh Ton, Nguyn Th N. c im sc khng ct ca t loi st yu bo ha
phn b cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng cu long
50
7. L Trng Thng, Nguyn Vn Phng. Bc u nghin cu thng s ng hc ca
t bng th nghim ba trc ng
59
8. on Vn Cnh, Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, Phm Qu Nhn, Nguyn Th H,
Tng Ngc Thanh, Bi Trn Vng. S bin ng ti nguyn nc di t lnh th
Vit Nam: nhng thch thc v gii php
69
9. Phan Th Thy Dng, Dng Th Thanh Thy, Kiu Th Vn Anh. nh gi kh
nng t bo v tng cha nc nt n - karst trong thnh to cacbonat tui Cacbon
Pecmi vng Bc Sn Lng Sn
84
10. Hong Vn Hoan, Phm Qu Nhn, Flemming Larsen, Trn V Long, Nguyn
Th Chuyn, Trn Th Lu. nh hng ca qu trnh khuch ton ti s phn b
mn ca nc l rng trong lp trm tch bin tui T khu vc Nam nh
94
11. Nguyn Minh Khuyn. Nghin cu nh hng ca a hnh mt gc n kh nng
tr nc di t trong tng cha nc b ri nm trn vng lu vc sng Ci, vng Phan
Rang, tnh Ninh Thun
107
12. Nguyn Ch Ngha, ng Hu n, Nguyn Vn Lm, Trn Th Thanh Thu,
Nguyn Th Ho. Phng php nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc
ngm v kh nng p dng ca chng ti H Ni
116
13. Trn Th Thanh Thy, Nguyn Ch Ngha. Nghin cu s nh hng ca kh tng
n dao ng mc nc di t tnh Thi Bnh
124

2

14. Trn Quang Tun, Nguyn Vn Lm, Nguyn Kim Ngc. Xc nh tiu ch khoanh
nh vng cm khai thc, vng khai thc hn ch v vng c php khai thc nc di
t, p dng th nghim trn a bn thnh ph H Ni

131

15. Trn Quang Tun, V Thu Hin. p dng th nghim thit b Riversurveyor Core
System M9 v phn mm Riversurv eyor Live trong vic o vn tc, lu lng v mt ct
ca cc dng sng cho trm thy vn Thng Ct
141
TIU BAN A CHT KHONG SN
16. Khoanta Vorlabood, Trn Thanh Hi, Trn Bnh Ch. Mt s du hiu ch s dch
chuyn trong i trt vng Pha King Nam Bo, Muang Long, Luang Nam Tha,
CHDCND Lo
150
17. V Xun Lc, Trn Thanh Hi, Lng Quang Khang ,Yoonsup Kim. Tin ha kin
to ca cc thnh to trm tch bin cht vng trung tm np li T Khoa v ngha ca n
trong l ch s a cht Ty Bc B
155
18. Hong B Quyt. Tnh lin tc a tng trm tch Devon khu vc x Vn An, huyn
H Qung, tnh Cao Bng
170
19. Bi Vn Chnh, Ng Xun c. c im thnh phn khong vt, cu to v kin
trc qung t him m Nam Nm Xe, Lai Chu
183
20. Trn Bnh Ch, Ng Xun c, Hong Th Thoa. c im cu to kin trc
qung st min Bc Vit Nam v nh hng s dng
192
21. Hong Th Thoa, Phm Minh Nam, Ng Xun c. c im thnh phn khong
vt, cu to v kin trc qung thic vonfram m Ni Pho, i T - Thi Nguyn
200
22. Nguyn Vn Ph, Seulgi Moon, Youngsook Huh, Jinhua Qin. Tc phong ha
ha hc cc silicat ti lu vc Sng Hng v mc tiu th CO
2

205
23. La Mai Sn,

L Tin Dng, Phm Trung Hiu. Tui U Pb zircon trong gneis
phc h Sin Quyn i Phan Si Pan v ngha a cht
217
24. Nguyn Trung Thnh, Nguyn Khc Ging, Phm Th Vn Anh, L Th Ngc
T. c im cht lng cc thnh to cacbonat khu vc ng H, Thi Nguyn v kh
nng s dng
224
25. nh Tot, Vn Nhun, Nguyn Kim Long, Nguyn Vn Hch, L Vn
Chinh. Trin vng puzzolan tnh Kon Tum v nh hng s dng
231
26. Nguyn Hu Trng, H Thnh Nh, Ng Xun c. c im a cht v thch
hc cc magma Mesozoi mun khu vc Ty Kon Tum v k Rng A li
245
27. ng Th Vinh, Nguyn Khc Ging, Ng Xun c. c im ha l mi trng
nc mt khu vc ty nam h lu Sng y
259
28. Mnh An, Nguyn Tin Dng, Bi Hong Bc, Khng Th Hng, Nguyn
Duy Hng, Trng Hu Mnh. ng dng cng ngh GIS trong tm kim khong sn
wonfram khu vc Pleimeo, tnh Kon Tum
271
29. Nguyn Tin Dng, Nguyn Tin Phng. c im cht lng ct trng Phong
Ha Phong Chng, Tha Thin Hu v kh nng s dng trong cc lnh vc cng
nghip
282
30. Khng Th Hng, Phm Trung Hiu. Bn lun v mt s phng php nh tui
thnh to khong ha
295

3

31. Nguyn Vn Lm, Nguyn Khc Du, Phm Nh Sang, Hong Nh L, Trn
Xun Ton, Nguyn Bin Thy. Mt s kt qu nghin cu bc u v mi quan h
gia hin tng trt l v khai thc ct si Sng L trn a bn tnh Ph Th
304
32. Nguyn Quc Phi, Bi Vit Sng, Nguyn Phng, Phm Hng, Nguyn Vn
Nguyn. p dng mt s bi ton a cht x l ti liu nng cao hiu qu cng tc tm
kim qung a kim khu vc Sui Thu Sng Thn, H Giang
311
33. Nguyn Phng, Vn Thanh, Trn Vn Thnh. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v
c im qung ha mica vng Khun Lu, tnh H Giang
320
34. Nguyn Phng, Vn Thanh, Nguyn Vn Dng. c im phn b v cht
lng qung mangan khu vc Tr Lnh Trng Khnh, Cao Bng
327
35. Phan Vit Sn, Nguyn Tin Dng, Nguyn Duy Hng, Trng Hu Mnh,
Nguyn Xun n. p dng phng php ton logic v phng php phn tch dengramm
trong x l ti liu a ha nguyn sinh khu m ng T Phi, Lo Cai
339
36. Nguyn Anh Tun, Lng Quang Khang. c im qung ha v tim nng qung
ch km khu vc Bn Vai Bn Ran, Cao Bng
344
37. Nguyn Trng Toan, Phan Vit Sn, Trng Hu Mnh. c im cht lng v kh
nng s dng st lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng khu vc Ngc Lc Thanh Ha
350
38. Phm Th Thanh Hin, Nguyn Khc Du, Phm Nh Sang. Mt s c im ngc
hc ca turmalin khu vc Khai Trung, Lc Yn, Yn Bi
357
39. T Th Ton, Nguyn Khc Du. Thnh phn pha trong sn phm s dn dng ca s
Bt Trng
364

4

MT S KT QU NGHIN CU C TRNG BN
V BIN DNG CA T H TNG THI BNH KHU VC HUYN
K ANH H TNH BNG TH NGHIM NN NGANG
Phng Hu Hi, Bi Vn Bnh, Dng Vn Bnh
Nguyn Ngc Dng, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Th nghim nn ngang (PMT) l th nghim hin trng tin tin, quy trnh n gin
hin ang c s dng ti Vit Nam. Kt qu t th nghim PMT cung cp cc chi tiu c hc
ca t ph hp hn vi iu kin lm vic thc t ca t nn, c bit l ca t ri m th
nghim trong phng cn hn ch. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti i vt t thuc h tng Thi
Bnh khu vc huyn K Anh, H Tnh bng PMT xc nh c gi tr ca mt s ch tiu
a cht cng trnh ca cc lp 2 - st pha do chy chy, 3 - st pha do mm do cng v
lp 4 ct ht mn cht va. Cc gi tr ny c s dng trong tnh ton tht k nn mng
cng trnh nh tnh ln v sc chu ti ca nn. Cc ch tiu xc nh t kt qu PMT c
quan h tng quan cht vi cc ch tiu th nghim trong phng v ngoi tri khc. S dng
phng trnh tng quan ny c th nh gi c trng thi, sc chng ct ca t v ngc
li c th ni suy kh nng bin dng theo phng ngang ca t nn khi xy dng cc cng
trnh c bin dng ngang. Kt qu nghin cu cho t h tng Thi Bnh khu vc K Anh
xc nh c h s tng quan R>0.75 v h s ( =P
l
/S
u
) 17 v 20 cho l p 2 v lp 3;
quan h gia m un nn ngang v m un thng ng E
P
= 0,57 x E
0
i vi lp 2, E
P
= - E
0

+30,4 i vi lp 3, v E
P
=1.1xE
spt
23,7 i vi lp 4.
1. M u
Ch tiu bn, bin dng l nhng ch tiu cn thit v quan trng trong thit k, x l
nn cng trnh. Th nghim nn ngang (PMT) l mt trong nhng thit b th nghim hin i,
quy trnh n gin, thc hin trong iu kin trng thi t nhin ca t nn nn cc ch tiu ca
t nn xc nh t kt qu th nghim l ng tin cy v ph hp. Mt khc, i vi nhng lp
t ri phng php th nghim trong phng hin cha cung cp c cc ch tiu phc v thit
k th phng php th nghim nn ngang gii quyt c phn no hn ch ny ca th
nghim trong phng. V vy, nhng kt qu tnh ton trc tip hoc gin tip t kt qu th
nghim PMT l ng tin cy v ph hp, c bit l i vi nhng cng trnh c ti trng
ngang.
Cc nghin cu ch ra i vi mi mt loi t ty theo tui, ngun gc, thnh phn,
trng thi v khu vc phn b s c mt gi tr c trng cho bn, bin dng. Khu vc huyn
K Anh - H Tnh l ni hot ng xy dng ang din ra mnh m, trong trng tm l khu
cng nghip vng ng. Mt khc, t trm tch h tng Thi Bnh c b dy ln, chim phn
ln din tch khu vc nghin cu, l i tng chu tc dng ca ti trng cng trnh c bit l
cc cng trnh va v nh nh ng giao thng, ng ng, b cha v.v... V vy, vic xc
nh gi tr c trng cho bn, bin dng ca t trm tch h tng Thi Bnh t kt qu th
nghim PMT v th nghim trong phng v ngoi tri khc l cn thit. Theo ti liu kho st
a cht cng trnh v bn a cht t l 1: 200.000 khu vc huyn K Anh cc trm tch c
tui Holocen phn b ch yu t su 0,0 m n 5,0m, c phn chia thnh 3 lp t, cc
lp t ny c sp xp theo th t t trn xung di nh sau |2|:
- Lp 1(lp t th nhng): st pha, mu xm nu, trng thi do mm, ln thc vt;
- Lp 2: St pha, mu xm en, trng thi do chy n chy;
- Lp 3: St, mu xm vng, xm nu, trng thi do mm n do cng;

5
- Lp 4: Ct ht mn ht nh, mu xm vng, trng thi xp;
- Lp 5: Lp t tn tch xm vng, nu vng, trng thi na cng.
Kt quth nghim PMT khng ch cung cp cc ch tiu trc tip nh m un nn
ngang, p lc gii hn m thng qua vic s dng phng trnh tng quan cn cung cp cc
ch tiu gin tip nh sc khng ct khng thot nc, ch s qu c kt cho thit k. Trong xy
dng, quy hoch, nhng giai on u i vi cc cng trnh c ti trng ngang c th s
cc phng trnh tng quan xy dng tnh ton cc ch tiu theo phng ngang t cc
ch tiu theo phng thng ng ca t nn. iu ny l ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca
cng trnh v tit kim chi ph.
V vy, xc nh bn, bin dng ca t nn t kt qu th nghim PMT, ch ra cc
mi quan h tng quan v lp phng trnh tng quan tng ng, nh gi mc tin cy
ca n cho t nn ni chung, t h tng Thi Bnh phn b khu vc huyn K Anh H Tnh
ni ring l cn thit. Kt qu nghin cu l ti liu tham kho quan trng cho cng tc kho st
a cht cng trnh, cng tc quy hoch xy dng; ng thi l t liu tt phc v cng tc
ging dy v nghin cu khoa hc.
2. c trng bn, bin dng xc nh t kt qu th nghim nn ngang
c trng bn, bin dng xc nh t kt qu th nghim PMT c thc hin bng
phng php th, phng php ny tin hnh nh sau |3|,:
- Biu th nghim PMT gm 3 ng, vi nhng th nghim t yu cu k thut th
cc ng (1), (2) v (3) c dng nh trn hnh 1, (1): ng chun gen, (2): ng th nghim
(P-V
60
), (3): ng hiu (V
60
-V
30
).
- ng (2) c chia ra lm 3 on: 0A, AB v BC. Ba on ny tng ng vi ba
giai on lm vic ca t xung quanh ng nn: on 0A (giai on 1) tng ng vi giai
on lm trn, phng thnh h khoan, on AB (giai on 2 - tuyn tnh) tng ng vi trng
thi lm vic tuyn tnh ca t nn, on BC (giai on 3) th hin bin dng do c a t.

1. ng
chun gen
2. ng
th nghim
(P-V
60
)
3. ng
hiu V
60
-V
30

Hnh 1.
Biu th
nghim nn
ngang
P, Bar
V,cm
3

1
3
2
A
B
C
P
0
P
f

A
A
B
P
f

2V
0
+V
c

P
l

P
0

D
B

6
- xc nh c ba on 0A, AB, BC cn v ng hiu (V
60
-V
30
), ng 3. ng
(3) c dng nh hnh 1, trn ng (3) cn xc nh c cc im A, B. T hai im A, B
k hai ng thng song song vi trc tung ct ng (2) ti hai im A v B. Hai im A, B
chia ng (2) thnh 3 on 0A, AB v BC nh hnh 1.
a) Xc nh p lc gii hn th nghim
P
0
, P
f
, P
l
l cc p lc gii hn cn xc nh t kt qu ca th nghim PMT.
T im A, B k ng thng song song vi trc tung ct trc honh ti P
0
, P
f
(P
0
l p lc
bt u ca pha n hi, P
f
l p lc cui cng cng ca pha n hi)
Trn trc tung ti im c ta (0, 2V
0
+V
c
) k ng thng song song vi trc honh ct
ng (2) ti D. T D k ng thng song song vi trc tung ct trc honh ti P
l
(P
l
l p lc
gii hn chy, V
c
l th tch ca bung o, V
0
th tch ban u ca bung o, tng ng vi
p lc P
0
).
b) Xc nh p lc gii hn thc t
T A, B, D k cc ng thng song song vi trc honh, ct ng (1) ti cc im A,
B v D. Honh ca cc im ny ln lt l P
0
, P
f
v P
l
gi l cng tng ng ca
mng. p lc gii hn thc t c xc nh theo cng thc:
P
i
=P
i
- P
i
+P
t
(1)
trong : P
i
l p lc gii hn thc t cn xc nh, P
i
l p lc gii hn th nghim, P
i
l
ng tng ng ca mng, P
t
l p lc thy tnh c,c xc nh bng: P
t
=
nx
h, h c xc
nh theo cng thc: h = a + b, a: l chiu cao my, b: l chiu su mc nc di t khi th
nghim.
Vy, p lc gii hn thc t ln lt l P
0
, P
f
v P
l
. p lc gii hn thc t c s dng
trong tnh ton v thit k.
c) Xc nh m un nn ngang E
p

M un nn ngang (E
p
) xc nh t kt qu th nghim PMT c tnh theo cng thc:
E
p
=2,66 (V
c
+V
m
) (2)
trong :Vc l th tch ca bung o, V
m
=
2
V V
0 f

, V
f
, V
0
tng ng vi P
f
, P
0
, d
p
=P
f
P
0
Bng 1. Tng hp gi tr cc ch tiu ca lp 2 xc nh t kt qu TN PMT

,
d
v
=V
f
V
0
.
p dng phng php x l thng k, th ( trnh by trn) xc nh cc c trng
bn, bn dng (P
0
, P
f
, P
l
, E
p
) v tnh ton cc thng s thng k ( lch bnh phng trung
bnh, h s bin i, gi tr tiu chun, gi tr tnh ton) tng ng cho t h tng Thi Bnh
phn b khu vc huyn K Anh H Tnh t 60 biu kt qu th nghim PMT ca 3 lp
(lp 2: St pha mu xm en, trng thi do chy, lp 3: St pha mu xm vng, trng thi do
do cng v lp 4: Ct ht nh mu xm vng, trng thi cht va) phn b cc su khc
nhau. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 1, 2, 3.
Ch tiu
Gi tr
p lc bt u
ca pha n hi
p lc cui cng
ca pha n hi
p lc gii hn
chy
M un nn
ngang
K hiu P
0
P
f
P
l
E
p

n v x10
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
Pa
S lng im TN 11
Gi tr trung bnh 0,77 1,17 1,72 6,12
Gi tr tiu chun 0,77 1,17 1,72 6,12
H s bin i 0,43 0,33 0,24 0,40
GT TT theo gi i hn I 0,60 0,97 1,51 4,90
GT TT theo gi i hn II 0,67 1,05 1,59 5,40

7
Ch tiu

Gi tr
p lc bt u
ca pha n hi
p lc cui
cng ca pha
n hi
p lc gii
hn chy
M un nn
ngang
K hiu P
0
P
f
P
l
E
p

n v x10
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
Pa
S lng im TN 25
Gi tr trung bnh 0,80 1,97 3,44 17,1
Gi tr tiu chun 0,80 1,77 3,09 14,7
H s bin i 0,41 0,54 0,40 0,45
GT TT theo gii hn I 0,69 1,45 2,34 10,2
GT TT theo gii hn II 0,74 1,57 2,63 11,9

Ch tiu

Gi tr
p lc bt u
ca pha n hi
p lc cui
cng ca pha
n hi
p lc gii
hn chy
M un nn
ngang
K hiu P
0
P
f
P
l
E
p

n v x10
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
x10 Pa
5
Pa
S lng im TN 14
Gi tr trung bnh 1,31 2,73 4,78 32,2
Gi tr tiu chun 1,31 2,73 4,78 27,0
H s bin i 0,28 0,34 0,31 0,44
GT TT theo gii hn I 1,14 2,32 4,10 21,6
GT TT theo gii hn II 1,21 2,48 4,40 23,7

3. Lp phng trnh tng quan gia cc ch tiu tnh t kt qu th nghim PMT vi cc
ch tiu th nghim trong phng v ngoi tri khc
3.1. M un nn ngang vi cc ch tiu th nghim trong phng v ngoi tri
Ch tiu m un nn ngang E
p
xc nh t kt qu th nghim PMT l mt trong nhng
ch tiu quan trng nht ca th nghim. Hin nay, vi xu hng ngy cng s dng nhiu cc
cng trnh c pht sinh p l c ngang nh cng trnh c thit k tng hm, ng hm, cng
ngm, iu t ra nhim v cho cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh l phi cung cp
thm cc ch tiu theo phng ngang ca t nn khi xy dng cc cng trnh . Vi nhng
giai on m ta ch c cc ch tiu theo phng thng ng ca t nn, nh gi c kh
nng bin dng theo phng ngang ca t nn cn s dng phng trnh tng quan xy
dng gia cc ch tiu theo p hng thng ng v i m un b in d ng ngang. V v y, lp
phng trnh tng quan gia E
p
tnh t kt qu th nghim PMT vi ch tiu th nghim trong
phng v ngoi tri khc, s dng phng trnh tng quan ny nh gi kh nng bin dng
theo phng ngang ca t nn khi xy dng cc cng trnh c ti trng ngang trong nhng giai
on u ca d n hay nhng nghin cu khu vc phc v cho quy hoch l cn thit |1|. p
dng xy dng phng trnh tng quan gia E
p
vi cc ch tiu th nghim trong phng v
ngoi tri ca t h tng Thi B nh phn b khu vc K Anh H Tnh, mt s phng
trnh tng quan xy dng c trnh by trong hnh 2.

8

Hnh 2. Mt s quan h tng quan gia E
p
vi cc ch tiu khc ca lp 2, 3 v 4.

Nhn xt: Quan h tng quan gia E
p
v E
0
hay E
p
vi N
30
c dng ng thng, cc
quan h tng quan ny l rt cht (h s quan h tng quan R bin i t 0,85 n 0,96).
3.2. Lp phng trnh tng quan gia p lc gii hn chy vi cc ch tiu th nghim
trong phng v ngoi tri khc
p lc gii hn l mt thng s quan trng lin quan n cng ca t nn. T gi
tr p lc gii hn c th tnh ton mt s thng s khc ca t nn theo cc cng thc thc
nghim ca mt s tc gi. Quan trng hn, gi tr p lc gii hn chy (P
l
) cn c s dng
trc tip tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn mng theo cng thc thc nghim ca Mnard|4|.
Mt khc, nh gi trng thi hay sc khng ct khng thot nc (S
u
), trng thi ca t
thng qua kt qu th nghim PMT v ngc li cn thit lp cc phng trnh tng quan gia
P
l
vi cc ch tiu trng thi ca t trong phng v ngoi tri |1|.
ng dng, xy dng quan h tng quan gia P
l
vi I
S
, P
l
vi N
30
, P
l
vi S
u
cho cc l p t
2, 3 v 4 phn b khu vc huyn K Anh H Tnh. Mt s kt qu c trnh by trong hnh 3.

E
P
=0.57 x E
0,
R=0.91
PT TQ E
P
v E
0
ca lp 2
E
P

E
0

E
P
= - E
0
+30, R=0.96
PT TQ E
P
v E
0
ca lp 3

E
P

E
0

E
P
=2.68 xN
30
-15, R=0.90
PT TQ E
P
v N
30
ca lp 3

E
p

E
30

E
P
=3.66 x N
30
, R=0.85
PT TQ E
P
v N
30
ca lp 4

E
p

N
30

9

Hnh 3. Mt s phng trnh tng quan gia P
l
vi I
s
, N
30
ca cc lp 2, 3 v 4.

Nhn xt: Ch tiu P
l
c quan h tng quan cht vi ch tiu trng thi I
s
v sc khng
ct khng thot nc S
u
ca t loi st (h s quan h tng quan R bin i t 0,8 n 0,93).
Cc phng trnh quan h tng quan c dng ng thng.

4. Kt lun v kin ngh
Kt lun
1. Nghin cu c trng , bn bin dng ca cc lp 2, 3 v 4 ph n b khu vc
huyn K Anh H Tnh bng kt qu ca th nghim PMT l ph hp v cn thit v cc lp ny
c din phn b tng i rng, chim din tch ch yu khu vc ven bin, ph hp l nn ca
cc cng trnh va v nh nh ng ni th, b cha, ng ng.
2. Nghin cu , bn bin dng ca t bng kt qu th nghim PMT gip cung cp
cc ch tiu ca t ph hp hn vi iu kin lm vic ca t nn trng thi t nhin v ch
tiu c l ca mt s loi t nh t ct, dm sn, dm sn ln st, m th nghi m trong
phng cn hn ch.
3. Kt qu nghin cu ch ra:
- P
0
, P
f
, P
l
- Cc ch iu xc nh t kt qu th nghim PMT nh P
l
, E
p
c quan h tng quan
cht vi cc ch tiu c l trong phng v ngoi tri khc c bit l cc ch tiu c trng cho
trng thi v bn ca t nh st (I
S
), N
30
, sc khng ct khng thot nc S
u
. C th s
dng cc quan h tng quan ny nh gi trng thi, xc nh S
u
ca t qua kt qu th
v E
p
l cc ch tiu quan trng tnh trc tip t th nghim nn ngang, gi
tr tiu chun, gi tr tnh ton ca cc lp 2, 3 v 4 c trnh by trong bng 1, 2 v 3.

P
l
= -1.7 I
s
+3.5, R = 0.78
PT tng quan P
l
v I
s
ca lp 2

P
l

I
s

P
l
=3 x I
s
, R = 0.92
PT tng quan P
l
v I
s
ca lp 3

P
l

Is

P
l

S
u

P
l
=17
x
S
u
,R = 0.9
PT tng quan P
l
v S
u
ca lp 2

P
l
=20
x
S
u
,R = 0.93
PT tng quan P
l
v S
u
ca lp 3
S
u

P
l

10
nghim PMT hay ngc li, i vi cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh phc v quy hoch
xy dng, thit k cng trnh c ti trng ngang giai on u c th s dng ti liu th
nghim trong phng v ngoi tri khc nh gi ch tiu bin dng ngang ca t (E
p
).
Kin ngh:
nng cao tin cy ca kt qu nghin cu cn b sung thm ti li u kho st a
cht cng trnh trong phng v ngoi tri, tc gi kin ngh:
- Gi tr tiu chun v tnh ton ca mt s ch tiu xc nh t kt qu th nghim PMT
khi nh gi i u kin a cht cng trnh khu vc huyn K Anh giai on s b i vi
cng trnh c ti trng ngang nh trnh by trong bng 1, 2 v 3.
- H s ( =P
l
/S
u
) ca lp 2 v lp 3 ln lt l 17 v 20.
- Quan h gia m un nn ngang v m un thng ng, s dng phng trnh E
P
=
0,57 x E
0
i vi lp 2, phng trnh E
P
=- E
0
+30,4 i vi lp 3,phng trnh E
P
=1.1xE
spt

23,7 i vi lp 4.

TI LIU THAM KHO
|1|. Phm Vn Minh, 2005. Nghin cu v nh gi kh nng ng dng ca phng php th
nghim nn ngang trong kho st a cht cng trnh. Lun vn thc s k thut, Trng i hc
M - a cht.
|2|. Phng Hu Hi, 2012. Xc nh c trng bn v bin dng ca trm tch h tng Thi
Bnh (aQ
2
3
tb) khu vc K Anh, H Tnh bng thit b nn ngang (pressurmeter PMT). ti
NCKH cp c s. Trng i hc M - a cht.
|3|.Trn Vn Vit, 1998. Cm nang dng cho k s a k thut. NXB Xy dng.
|4|.V Cng Ng, Nguyn Thi, 2006. Th nghim t hin trng v ng dng trong phn tch
nn mng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut.

SUMMARY
Some results of the research on durability and deformation of soils of Thai Binh
Formation in Ky Anh district, Ha Tinh province by PMT method
Phung Huu Hai, Bui Van Binh, Duong Van Binh, Nguyen Ngoc Dung
University of Mining and Geology
Pressure meter test (PMT) is an advanced and simple in-situ test that is currently used
in Vietnam. The PMT results provide the mechanic parameters of soils in accordance with the
real working condition of soil, especially for loose soils that laboratory tests are can not be
precisely defined. Results of PMT applied to Thai Binh formation in Ky Anh district had defined
the some geo-engineering parameters in layer 2- very soft to soft sandy clay; layer 3- moderate
rigid to rigid sandy clay, and layer 4- moderate rigid fine-grained sand. The paramaters
determined by PMT are well correlated and other parameters determined by laboratory and
other field testing.. These correlative equations can be used to evaluate the state, the shear
strength of soil and on the other handsthey can also be used to evaluate the horizontal
deformation capacity of the ground when the constructions have horizontaldeformation. Results
of PMT testing on various types of soil of Thai Binh Formaiton in Ky Anh area have shown that
the correlative coefficient R >0.75;

coefficient

Ngi bin tp: TS. Nguyn Vit Tnh

( =P
l
/S
u
) of layer 2 and 3 is 17 and 20,
respectively. The relationship between vertical module and horizontal module is E
P
= 0.57 x E
0

for layer 2; E
P
= - E
0
+30.4 for layer 3 and E
P
=1.1xE
spt
- 23.7 for layer 4.

11
NGHIN CU S B V TNH CHT XC BIN
CA T YU H TNG HI HNG VNG H NI
Phm Th Vit Nga, Nguyn Vn Phng, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Bi bo ny trnh by mt s kt qu th nghim ban u xc nh tnh cht xc bin
ca t yu h tng Hi Hng khu vc H Ni. Tnh cht xc bin l tnh cht th hin kh nng
bin i bn thun nghch theo thi gian ca t loi st sau khi b xo ng. Theo , sau
khi mu chu tc ng ca ti trng c tnh chu k vi tn s 5Hz v bin ng sut dc trc
20kPa, cng khng ct ca mu b suy gim. Tuy nhin mc suy gim gia cc mu c
trng thi khc nhau l khc nhau. Lng gim
max
ca mu st do chy t n 28%, mu
bn st pha l 10% v st pha do chy l 9%.Cng khng ct ca mu phc hi dn theo
thi gian vimc hi phc din ra nhanh trong vng 24h sau ch m dn. S hi phc
khng ch th hin trn gi tr
max
m c gc dc ca ng ng sut ct.
1. M u
Thut ng xc bin hay hin tng xc bin c s dng ban u ch hin
tng chuyn i thun nghch sol-gel ca cc h phn tn keo khi chu tc dng c hc. Tuy
nhin, khi nim ny c tng qut ha. Trong a cht cng trnh, khi nghin cu cc tnh
cht ca t ngi ta thy nhiu loi t st b ha lng hoc ha mm khi b xo ng hay chu
tc dng ca cc tc ng c hc khc, nhng sau khi ngng cc tc ng , li t khi phc
c trng thi v bn ban u vi mt tc no . V.D.Lomtadze gi hin tng bin
i bn c tnh thun nghch khi chu cc tc ng c hc l hin tng xc bin. Theo
V.D.Lomtadze, tnh cht xc bin c nhiu t loi st khc nhau: ct pha, ct ht mn v ht
nh ln bi, st pha v st c m cao, st khng n nh, c bit l cc t loi st c
st chy, chy nht, do dnh v i khi c th hin c t na cng trong iu kin chn
ng mnh [1].
Hin tng xc bin xy ra lm thay i trng thi ca t t cng sang mm ri li
cng, c th lm thay i qu mc bn v n nh ca t loi st khi chu tc dng ti
trng tnh v ng. Do , n c th ph hoi n nh ca cng trnh, gy ln nhiu, gy
trt, lm trng thi ca t xu i, c bit nhng phn t phi chu tc dng ca ti trng
c tnh chu k.
Hin nay, H Ni ang c tc xy dng v pht trin c s h tng rt mnh m.
Trong , nhiu cng trnh, c bit l cc cng trnh dn dng v giao thng v ang c
xy dng trn khu vc c s phn b ca cc loi t yu, c kh nng pht sinh hin tng xc
bin. V vy, vic nghin cu tnh cht xc bin ca loi t ny cn c ch , nhm b sung
thng tin y cho thit k nn v mng cng trnh. Vic nghin cu tnh cht xc bin Vit
Nam n nay mi ch dng vic nghin cu l thuyt m cha c cc phng php thc
nghim. Bi bo ny trnh by nghin cu bc u v tnh cht xc bin, phng php xc
nh v kt qu th nghim trn mt s mu t yu trong khu vc H Ni.
2. Phng php lun
i tng nghin cu c chn l t yu thuc h tng Hi Hng. y l cc thnh
to trm tch phn b kh rng ri trong khu vc H Ni, c thnh phn khng ng nht, tnh
bt ng hng rt r rt, tnh bin dng ln, bn nh v bin i trong khong rng [2]. Th
nghim c tin hnh trn cc mu bn st pha, st v st pha do chy thuc h tng Hi
Hng ti H Ni. Cc ch tiu vt l ca mu t c trnh by trong bng 1.
xc nh tnh cht xc bin ca cc vt liu c trng thi chy nht, cch tin hnh
thng l xc nh nht thun nghch ca vt liu trc v sau khi rung, cn i vi cc vt

12
liu cng hoc t hin cha c mt phng php tiu chun no. Tnh cht xc bin thng
c nghin cu bng cch kt hp cc phng php nghin cu khc nhau nh xuyn, ct
xc nh bn ca mu t trc v sau khi b xo ng bng cch rung hoc lc
[3;4;5;6;7].
Trong trng hp ny, xc nh tnh cht xc bin ca t, bn ca mu c xc
nh thng qua cng khng ct
max
xc nh bng th nghim ct phng vi hai trng thi:
nguyn dng v xo ng vi cng mt cp p lc = 0,5kG/cm
2
S
hiu
mu
. Mu xo ng c tin hnh
bng cch rung mu trn my 3 trc ng vi tn s 5Hz v bin ng sut dc trc
a
=20kPa.
Cng khng ct ca cc mu c xc nh ngay sau khi rung v sau cc khong thi gian
ngh khc nhau, ti a l 7 ngy.
3. Kt qu th nghim
Trn c s tng hp, phn tch cc kt qu th nghim v ch tiu vt l, cng khng
ct trc v sau khi rung, cc biu th hin s suy gim v phc hi cng khng ct
c thnh lp v trnh by trong cc bng v hnh v di y (bng 1, hnh 14).
Bng 1. Cc ch tiu vt l ca cc mu t th nghim (TCXD 45-78)
Tn ch tiu

m
Khi
lng th
tch t
nhin
Khi
lng
th tch
kh
Khi
lng
ring
H s
rng
t
nhin
l
rng

bo
ha
Gii
hn
chy
Gii
hn
do
Ch s
do

st
W
w

c

s
e
0
n G W
L
W
P
I
P
I
S

% g/cm g/cm
3
g/cm
3

3
% % % % %
Y4 68,5 1,50 0,89 2,66 1,989 66,5 91,6 74,0 47,7 26,3 0,79
Y5 46,7 1,68 1,14 2,67 1,333 57,1 93,5 42,1 31,8 10,3 1,44
Y6 23,6 2,01 1,62 2,68 0,652 39,5 97,0 23,9 14,0 9,9 0,97
Cng khng ct ca c ba mu u gim sau khi rung, tuy vi mc gim khc nhau.

Hnh 1. Biu ng ng sut ct trc v sau khi rung
mu Y4 ; b) mu Y5 ; c) mu Y6
Vi khong thi gian ngh ti a 7 ngy, s hi phc cng khng ct ca cc mu
c th hin r rt, tuy mc hi phc ca tng mu khc nhau.

13

Hnh 2. Biu biu din ng sut ct hi phc theo thi gian- mu Y4


14

Khng ch cng khng ct m h s gc dc ca cc ng ng sut ct cng tng
theo thi gian.

Hnh 5. Biu tng h s gc dc theo thi gian
a) mu Y4 ; b) mu Y5
4. Nhn xt v kt lun
T cc kt qu nghin cu c th rt ra mt s nhn xt v kt lun sau:
- Cc mu t yu thuc h tng Hi Hng c th hin tnh cht xc bin.
- Vic xc nh tnh cht xc bin ca t bng phng php ct phng vi hai trng thi
nguyn dng v xo ng l kh thi.

15
- Di tc dng ca ti trng c tnh chu k vi tn s 5Hz v bin ng sut dc trc
20kPa, cng khng ct ca c ba mu u gim sau khi rung, tuy vi mc gim khc
nhau. gim
max
ca mu st do chy t n 28%, mu bn st pha l 10% v st pha do
chy l 9%.
- Theo thi gian ngh khc nhau, ti a 7 ngy, cng khng ct ca cc mu dn hi
phc. Tc hi phc bn th gim dn theo thi gian. bn tng nhanh trong khong thi
gian 24h ngay sau rung v gim dn theo thi gian. Vi khong thi gian 7 ngy, cng
khng ct phc hi xp x cng khng ct trng thi nguyn dng.
- Da trn cc ng biu din cng khng ct c th thy, khng ch gi tr
max
tng theo thi gian m c gc dc ca ng ng sut ct cng tng dn theo thi gian.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. V.D.Lomtadze, 1978. a cht cng trnh Thch lun cng trnh. NXB H v THCN, H
Ni.
[2]. Nguyn Vit Tnh, 2001. c tnh a cht cng trnh cc thnh to Holoxen di-gia
ngun gc h - m ly ph tng Hi Hng di (lbQ
IV
1-2
hh
1
), nh gi kh nng s dng v
d bo bin i ca chng di tc dng cc hot ng cng trnh v pht trin th, ly v d
cho khu vc H Ni. Lun n Tin s a cht, H Ni.
[3]. Ernst Ackermann, 1950. Thixotropy and flow properties of fine grained soils. National
research council of Canada, Ottawa.
[4]. Garth Chapman, 1949. The thixotropy and dilatancy of a marine soil. Queen Mary College,
London.
[5]. J.Abraham Daz-Rodrguez and J.Carlos Santamarina, 2001. Thixotropy: The case of
Mexico city soils.
[6]. K.Wichmann et al, 2003. Physical properties-Solidity, Thixotropic behaviour and Piling
behaviour. Report No.22 of Horizontal project, Germany.
[7]. Vitalijs Lakeview et al, 2011. Thixotropic properties of Latvian clays. Proceedings of the
8
th


International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume 1, Latvia.
SUMMARY
Initial study on thixotropic properties of the soft soils
of Hai Hung Formation in Ha Noi area
Pham Thi Viet Nga, Nguyen Van Phong, University of Mining and Geology
This paper presents preliminary experimental results to determine the thixotropy of soft
soils of Hai Hung Formation in Hanoi. Thixotropy implies the reversible to decline and
recovery initial conditions of clayey soil after remolding. With this principle, when affected by
cyclic load with frequency 5Hz and axial stress 20kPa,shear strength of the samples decreased
but the rate of decline between the samples with different states are different. The reduction in
max
of reaches 28% for soft clay samples, 10% for sandy clay mud and 9% for soft sandy clay.
The shearing resistance increases with time in which the degree of recovery occurs rapidly
within 24 hours and then gradually slows down. The recovery is not only reflected by the value
of
max
but also by the slope angle of the stress-strains curve.

16

NH GI, D BO V PHN VNG CNG HOT NG
TRT L VNG I NI QUNG TR - THA THIN HU BNG
PHNG PHP M HNH TON - BN
VI S TR GIP CA CNG NGH GIS

Nguyn Th Thanh Nhn, Nguyn Thanh, Trng i hc Khoa hc Hu
T c Thnh, V Khoa hc Cng ngh, B Gio dc - o to

Tm tt: Phng php m hnh ton - bn vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GIS c p
dng d bo nguy c trt l t trn c s thnh lp bn phn vng nguy c trt l
t vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy vng i
ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu nguy c trt l cp mnh chim u th (chim
32,07%); vng c nguy c trt l trung bnh chim 10,86%; vng c nguy c trt l yu
v rt yu chim 53,88%. Trt l tp trung ln nht cc x Hng Lp, Hng Vit,
Hng Phng, Hng Linh, Dakrong, T Long, Hc Ngh, Hng Thy, A Rong vi mt t
15 - 25 khi trt/100km
2
Vit Nam, cng tc nh gi, d bo mc nhy cm (tn thng) hay nh gi
cng hot ng a ng lc trt l t trong vi thp k tr li y c nhp
ni v p dng ngy cng su rng hn nh: phng php t liu vin thm, phng php
GIS, c bit l phng php phn tch a ch tiu (Trn Thanh H 2007, Trn Mnh Liu
2008, Nguyn Thanh Sn 1996). Trn nn tng ca phng php tip cn a ch tiu, mt s tc
gi s dng cc phng php ma trn nh lng (Nguyn c L 2010, Nguyn Th Thanh
Nhn 2008), phng php phn tch quy trnh th bc Saaty T.L. (Trn Anh Tun 2005,
Nguyn Quc Thnh 2006, Trn Thanh H 2007, Nguyn Th Thanh Nhn 2008); phng
php Sinmap (Hong Anh Tun 2008, L Cng Tun & nnk 2008,); phng php xc sut
gy nh hng ln n giao thng v cuc sng ca cng ng a
phng.
1. Khi qut v xut phng php d bo trt l t i vi vng i ni Qung
Tr - Tha Thin Hu
Trc y, nghin cu cc qu trnh dch chuyn trng lc trn sn dc, ngi ta
thng s dng h phng php nghin cu truyn thng nh: phng php phn tch lch s
t nhin, phng php ng dng a cht cng trnh, phng php m hnh ha, T gia th
k 20 cho n ngy nay, vic nh gi mc nhy cm (tn thng) v d bo kh nng pht
sinh tai bin trt l t trn sn dc c s pht trin mnh m v a dng. Tuy
phng php tip cn trong nh gi, d bo trt l t t nhiu c s khc nhau, nhng
vn c th ghp gp thnh 5 nhm phng php nh gi, phn vng mc nhy cm sau
y [2,3,5]:
- Phng php phn tch b n a mo (Verstappen H.T. 1983, Cardinali M. 2002,)
- Phng php vin thm - GIS (Guzzetti F. 1999 - 2006, Moreiras S.M. 2005,
Wieczorek G.F. 1984,...).
- Phng php pht hin hay heuristic (Anbalagan R. 1992, Nagarazia R., 2000,
Pachauri A.K. 1998, Saaty T.L. 1972 - 2000, Saha A.K. 2002,...).
- Phng php thng k xc sut (Carrara A. 1983, Lee S. 2006, Van Westen C.J. 1997,...).
- Phng php quyt nh hay Deterministic (Dietric W.E. 1995, Montgomery
D.R.1994, Pack R.T. 2005,...).

17
thng k vi s tr gip GIS (Nguyn Quc Thnh 2006, T c Thnh 2010, Phm Vn Hng
2011) nh gi v d bo qu trnh a cht ng lc ny [1,2,3,5].
C th ni vic xut cc phng php d bo mi a vo th nghim nc ta
trong thi gian qua kh phong ph v hin i. Xt v bn cht, nhng phng php u
xut pht t phng php phn tch a ch tiu cc nguyn nhn, iu kin pht sinh - pht trin
vi cch tip cn, gii quyt bi ton khc nhau. Tuy nhin, kh nng p dng, mc tin cy
cc kt qu d bo ca tng phng php hon ton khng ging nhau do c s khc bit v
bn cht, c ch cc tai bin trn sn dc, cng nh vic la chn yu t v thang bc nh
gi, d bo mc nhy cm ca chng.
Trn c s tnh c th v iu kin t nhin v nhn to, cng nh nhng yu t nh
hng trc tip n cc tai bin sn dc vng nghin cu, chng ti xut vn dng
phng php m hnh ton - bn vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GIS lp bn phn
vng d bo nguy c trt l t cho vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu. Ni dung
chi tit ca phng php v kt qu nghin cu s c trnh by nh di y.
2. Xy dng bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t trn sn dc, mi dc
vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu
Bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t c xy dng trn c s la chn
cc yu t l cc nguyn nhn hoc iu kin nh hng trc tip n qu trnh trt l t ,
ng thi xc nh tm quan trng, mc nh hng (vai tr) ca tng yu t trong tng hp
cc yu t tc ng i vi qu trnh trt l t trn c s cho im v tnh trng s, hin th
kt qu theo quy m v cng tc ng (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. S tch hp m hnh trng s vo GIS xy dng bn phn vng
d bo nguy c trt l t .
2.1. Xy dng h thng cc ch tiu nh gi ch yu quyt nh n qu trnh trt l t
vng i ni
2.1.1 La chn yu t mi trng t nhin - k thut a vo ma trn nh gi tng tc
Vic xc nh cc yu t tc ng phi khoa hc, c cn c, cc yu t c a vo
tuyn chn phi mang tnh i din cao v quan trng i vi qu trnh trt l t . Thc
tin nghin cu trt l t ca nhiu nh nghin cu cho thy s lng cc yu t hnh thnh
trt l t c chn vo khong 10 - 20, ph bin nht l 13 - 16. Trn c s xem xt mi
tng tc gia thch quyn, kh quyn, thu quyn, sinh quyn v quyn k thut la chn ra
nhng yu t thuc cc quyn ny bao gm cc yu t tc ng v kh tng - thy vn, a
cht, a hnh - a mo, a cht thu vn, tnh cht c l t , hot ng kinh t - cng
trnh v.v.. thuc vng i ni. Bn cnh , kt hp phng php chuyn gia, kt qu th
nghim, quan trc thc t cng vi vic tham vn kin ca nhiu nh khoa hc, nh gi
cng hot ng a ng lc tai bin trt l t taluy ng H Ch Minh i qua lnh

18
th i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu, tc gi la chn 11 yu t hnh thnh tai bin
trt l v c trnh by bng 1 [1,2,3,4].
Bng 1. Chn la cc yu t tc ng chnh trong mi trng t nhin k thut vng
i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu
1 - Lng ma trung bnh nm(A)
2 - Hot ng kinh t - cng trnh (B)
3 - c imthch hc v cu trc ca t (C)
4 - Mt ph hy kin to, chn on (D)
5 - B dy, bn khng ct t phong
ha mnh v hon ton (E)
6 - phong ph nc (G)
7 - dc mi dc, sn ni i (H)
8 - Phn ct su ca a hnh (I)
9 - Lp ph thc vt (K)
10 - Vn ng tn kin to (L)
11 - Phn ct ngang ca a hnh (M)
2.1.2. nh gi cng tc ng ca cc yu t hnh thnh trt l t theo mc nhy
cm (rt yu, yu, trung bnh, mnh, rt mnh) v thnh lp bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt
l t theo tng yu t (Bn thnh phn) t l 1:50.000
a. Lng ma nm
Yu t lng ma nm l quan trng nht trong cc yu t, n nh hng trc tip n
hot ng trt l t sn dc, mi dc vng i ni. Yu t lng ma ny thng lin
quan vi bo, p thp nhit i v gi ma ng Bc nn c chn h s tm quan trng cao
nht (I
A
=9). Trn c s s liu, xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t
theo lng ma trung bnh nm v phn thnh 5 cp gi tr tng ng vi mc tc ng
ca n n tai bin trt l t lnh th nghin cu. Kt qu phn cp v nh gi yu t
lng ma trung bnh nm c th hin chi tit bng 2.
Bng 2. Phn cp v nh gi yu t lng ma trung bnh nm
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc ng
(mc nh hng)
M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt
l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Lng
ma
trung
bnh
nm
R,
mm/nm
A
R < 2200 mm/nm
Rt
yu 43
1079,59 13,81 0,0398 1
0,2141
0,2141
R =2200 - 2600 mm/nm Yu 125 2204,57 28,21 0,0567 3 0,6423
R =2600 - 3000 mm/nm
Trung
bnh 45
1962,20 25,11 0,0229 5 1,0705
R =3000 - 3400 mm/nm Mnh 27 1274,33 16,30 0,0212 7 1,4987
R > 3400 mm/nm
Rt
mnh 180
1294,99 16,57 0,1390 9 1,9269
b. Hot ng kinh t cng trnh
Cc hot ng kinh t - cng trnh trn sn dc, mi dc c tc ng mnh, nh hng
trc tip v lm phc tp ha thm qu trnh trt l t trn sn dc. Hot ng ny din
ra kh a dng, ph bin v bao trm trn khp cc sn dc, mi dc nn chn h s tm quan

19
trng cao (I
B
=9). sp xp cc hot ng kinh t - cng trnh mt cch c h thng, trnh
trng lp v thun li cho vic nh cp cng tc ng v xy dng bn phn vng d
bo cng trt l t theo mc tc ng ca hot ng kinh t - cng trnh, chng ti
gp li mt s yu t k thut c tc ng tng t, ng thi ch chn lc nhng hot ng
mang nt c trng, ni bt v c nh hng mnh n qu trnh trt t trn sn dc, mi
dc. Kt qu phn cp v nh gi chi tit yu t hot ng kinh t - cng trnh c c
phn tch v th hin chi tit bng 3.

Bng 3. Phn cp v nh gi yu t hot ng kinh t - cng trnh
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc
ng
(mc nh
hng) M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Hot
ng
kinh
t -
cng
trnh
B
Lnh th (rng)
nguyn sinh
Rt yu 0 83,97 1,07 0,0000 1
0,2141
0,2141
Khu vc t b tc
ng kinh t, hoc
canh tc khoa hc
Yu 35 3805,78 48,69 0,0339 3 0,6423
Khu vc canh tc
ba bi, cht ph
t rng ph bin
Trung
bnh
67 2843,16 36,38 0,0236 5 1,0705
Lnh th khai thc
khong sn, xy
dng cng trnh
dn dng, ng
dy cao th
Mnh 313 1032,69 13,21 0,0822 7 1,4987
Lnh th xy dng
cc tuyn ng
giao thng, cc h
thng thy in -
thy li
Rt
mnh
5 50,08 0,64 0,0998 9 1,9269
c. c im thch hc v cu trc ca t
c im thch hc v cu trc ca t c quyt nh bi ngun gc, iu kin
thnh to, mc thnh , qu trnh bin i biu sinh, y l nhng yu t c vai tr quan
trng, quyt nh n nh ca mi trng a cht di tc ng ca ma v cc yu t khc,
nn tc gi chn h s tm quan trng I
C
=7. Trn c s bn a cht khu vc, quan trc
thc t, kt qu nghin cu bn thn v tham kho t cc chuyn gia, da vo ngun gc thnh to,
c im phong ha, mc nguyn ti v vn nt ca t , nh bc cng tc ng,
mc nh hng v xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t theo theo c
im thch hc v cu trc ca t . Kt qu phn cp v nh gi chi tit yu t c im
thch hc v cu trc ca t c c phn tch v th hin chi tit bng 4.

20

Bng 4. Phn cp v nh gi yu t c im thch hc v cu trc ca t
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc
ng
(mc nh
hng) M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
nh
gi
Trng s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

c
im
thch
hc v
cu
trc
ca t

C
cu to khi,
phn lp rt dy >
1,0m
Rt yu
33
918,35 11,75 0,0359 1
0,0892
0,0892
phn lp vi
b dy lp 1,0 -
0,2m
Yu
85
673,35 8,62 0,1262 3 0,2676
phn lp
mng, phn phin
(0,2 - 0,01m)
Trung
bnh
178
1908,85 24,42 0,0932 5 0,4460
phn phin
(phin mng <
0,01m)
Mnh
117
3374,36 43,17 0,0347 7 0,6244
t mm ri Rt mnh 7 940,77 12,04 0,0074 9 0,8028
d. Mt cc i ph hy kin to v chn on
Mt cc i ph hy kin to v chn on l dng ph hy km theo s dch
chuyn ca cc phn b t tch ra ca th a cht. Do lnh th nghin cu c a hnh phn
ct su mnh vi h thng cc t gy ln ang hot ng nn yu t ny nh hng kh r
rt n qu trnh trt t , do chn h s tm quan trng I
D
=7. Trn c s bn a
cht, bn kin to ca khu vc, ti liu thc t cc im trt l phn b trong lnh th
nghin cu v kin tham kho ca cc chuyn gia u ngnh, chng ti tin hnh phn
cp, nh gi v xy dng bn phn vng cng tc ng, v mc nh hng ca yu t
ny n tai bin trt l t . Chi tit c trnh by bng 5.
Bng 5. Phn cp v nh gi yu t mt ph hy kin to, chn on
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c
tc ng (mc
nh hng)
M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Mt
ph hy
kin
to,
chn
on D
f
,
km/km
D
2

D
f
< 0,15
km/km
Rt yu
2

253 6116,18 78,26 0,0414 1
0,0892
0,0892
D
f
=0,15 -
0,30 km/km
Yu
2

15 147,12 1,88 0,1020 3
0,2676
D
f
=0,31 -
0,45 km/km
Trung
bnh
2

8 176,08 2,25 0,0454 5
0,4460
D
f
=0,46 -
0,60 km/km
Mnh
2

4 164,14 2,10 0,0244 7
0,6244
D
f
>0,60
km/km
Rt
mnh
2

140 1212,16 15,51 0,1155 9
0,8028

e. Bdy, bn khng ct ca t phong ha mnh v hon ton
B dy, bn khng ct ca t phong ha mnh v hon ton l nhng yu t mi
trng c vai tr quan trng, quyt nh n nh ca MTC nn chng ti chn h s tm

21
quan trng I
E
=7. Thc t cho thy trt t thng xy ra nhng khu vc c b dy v
phong ho tng i dy (>25m) thuc cc thnh to Bn Ging - Qu Sn, Long i, A Lin,
Tn Lm, A Vng, cc i ph hy kin to dc theo cc t gy, cc thnh to Q. Vng i
ni Tr Thin trt l thng xut hin phong ha mnh n hon ton dy 25,1 - 35m.
=30 - 24
0
, C =0,50 0,19 kG/cm
2
. Trn c s bn a cht vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha
Thin Hu t l 1:50.000 c thnh lp, chng ti da vo thnh phn thch hc, tui,
ngun gc ca cc h tng, phc h thnh lp bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t
theo b dy, bn khng ct t phong ha mnh v hon ton. Vic nh cp v nh
gi chi tit yu t ny c trnh by bng 6.
g. phong ph nc
phong ph nc l kh nng cha nc ca t , vi ngun cp ch yu l nc ma,
nc mt, nc di t. Tc ng ca nc di t c xem nh l nguyn nhn trc tip gy
ra tai bin trt l t , nht l t phong ha cc i tn - sn tch edQ, i phong ha
hon ton IA
1
v i phong ha mnh IA
2
, nn chng ti chn h s tm quan trng I
G
=7. Trn
c s xc nh lu lng cc l khoan bm ht nc trong t , iu tra CTV vng i ni,
ch yu trin khai theo cc l trnh, quan trc vt l nc di t, cng tc khoan o thm d,
bm ht nc th nghim ca cc n v a tng CTV xc nh c lu lng (Q) ca cc
thnh to (h tng, phc h) t v s xut hin cc im trt l trong cc h tng tc gi
thnh lp bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t theo phong ph nc v c
phn chia theo 5 cp t rt yu n rt mnh. C th c th hin chi tit trong bng 7.

Bng 6. Phn cp v nh gi yu t b dy, bn khng ct t
phong ha mnh v hon ton.
Yu t
nh hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc ng
(mc nh hng) M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin trt
l
S
im
trt l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

B dy,
bn
khng
ct t

phong
ha
mnh
v hon
ton
E
phong ha mnh v
hon ton dy <5m c
gi tr ph bin ca
=35 - 27
0
, C =1,5 -
0,25 kG/cm
Rt yu
2

6 117,09 1,50 0,0512 1
0,0892
0,0892
phong ha mnh
v hon ton dy 5m -
15m, gi tr ph bin
ca =34 - 26
0
, C =
1,0 - 0,23 kG/cm
Yu
2

124 1442,40 18,46 0,0860 3 0,2676
phong ha mnh
dy 15,1 - 25m, =
32 - 23
0
, C = 0,75 -
0,21 kG/cm
Trung
bnh
2

107 4149,14 53,09 0,0258 5 0,4460
phong ha mnh
n hon ton dy 25,1
- 35m, =30 - 24
0
, C
=0,50 - 0,19 kG/cm
Mnh
2

176 1165,27 14,91 0,1510 7 0,6244
phong ha mnh
v hon ton dy >
35m, =27 - 18
0
, C
=0,25 - 0,17 kG/cm
Rt
mnh
2

7 941,78 12,05 0,0074 9 0,8028
Bng 7. Phn cp v nh gi yu t phong ph nc

22
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc ng
(mc nh hng) Mij
Cp nh
hng n
tai bin
trt l
S
im
trt l
Din tch
(km
2
Din tch
(%) )
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
WiXij

phong
ph
nc

G
Thnh to st, cng
cht st, t mmri ma
kh vi Q <0,01 - 0,1l/s
Rt yu 0 645,13 8,25 0,0000 1
0,0892
0,0892
Trmtch lc nguyn, lc
nguyn phun tro c Q =
0,11 -0,25l/s
Yu 183 1990,12 25,46 0,2837 3 0,2676
Thnh to bin cht, trm
tch lc nguyn, xm
nhp vi Q = 0,26 -
0,40l/s
Trung bnh 95 4147,57 53,07 0,0477 5 0,4460
Lc nguyn th, phun
tro bazan, lc nguyn -
cacbonat vi Q =0,41 -
0,60l/s
Mnh 131 1032,86 13,22 0,0316 7 0,6244
t nt n mnh,
vi Karst ha vi Q >
0,60l/s
Rt mnh 11 645,13 8,25 0,0107 9 0,8028
h. dc
dc a hnh l mt trong nhng tc nhn ch yu ph v s cn bng ca khi t
cu to nn sn dc. nhng ni cao ca sn dc cng ln th cng d pht sinh
dch chuyn t trn sn dc. Hu ht cc im dch chuyn t xy ra nhiu nhng
khu vc c cao 500m - 800m, >800m vi gc dc t 26
0
n 45
0
, v >45
0
. y l yu t
c vai tr quan trng, nh hng n n nh ca sn dc, mi dc di tc ng ca ma nn
tc gi chn h s tm quan trng I
H
=7.
Da vo bn m hnh s a hnh t l 1:200.000 chng ti phn tch bng modul
Slope ca phn mm ARC/INFO thnh lp bn dc. Trn c s bn m hnh s a
hnh, thc t kho st, kt hp vi s lng cc im trt xut hin trong lnh th vng i ni
Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu, xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t
theo dc vi 5 cp nh hng t rt yu n rt mnh chi tit c trnh by bng 8.
Bng 8. Phn cp v nh gi ca yu t dc
Yu t
nh hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c
tc ng
(mc nh
hng) M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt
l
S
im
trt l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch (%) )
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

dc
mi dc,
sn ni
i
,

H
<15
Rt
yu
0
124 4220,19 54,00 0,0294 1
0,089
2
0,0892
=15 - 25 Yu
0
98 1640,35 20,99 0,0597 3 0,2676
=26 - 35
Trung
bnh
0
126 1335,97 17,09 0,0943 5 0,4460
=36 - 45 Mnh
0
64 572,99 7,33 0,1117 7 0,6244
>45
Rt
mnh
0
8 46,18 0,59 0,1732 9 0,8028
i. Mt phn ct su

23
Mt phn ct su a hnh (phn nh nng lng a hnh). Yu t ny c vai tr nht
nh trong qu trnh pht sinh trt l t nn chn h s tm quan trng I
I
=5. Vng i
ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu phn ct su mnh, thng ph bin trong khong t 301 -
500 m/km
2
cho n 501 - 700 m/km
2
. Khi tnh ton trn GIS ch tiu ny c xc nh bng
vic tnh chnh cao ti mi li da vo m hnh s a hnh. Trn c s bn a hnh,
kinh nghim ca cc chuyn gia kt hp vi s lng cc im trt xut hin trong khu vc
nghin cu, xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t theo phn ct su
theo 5 cp nh hng t rt yu n rt mnh chi tit c trnh by bng 9.
Bng 9. Bng phn cp v nh gi ca yu t mt phn ct su
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc ng
(mc nh hng)
M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Phn
ct su
ca a
hnh
E
d
,
m/km
I
2

E
d
<100 m/km Rt yu
2
21 2216,12 28,35 0,0095 1
0,0359
0,0359
E
d
=100 - 300 m/km Yu
2
195 3645,19 46,64 0,0535 3 0,1077
E
d
=301 - 500 m/km
Trung
bnh
2

172
1730,21 22,14 0,0994 5 0,1795
E
d
=501 - 700 m/km Mnh
2
32 224,16 2,87 0,1428 7 0,2513
E
d
>700 m/km
Rt
mnh
2

0
0,00 0,00 0,0000 9 0,3231
k. Lp ph thc vt
i vi lnh th nghin cu lp ph thc vt c vai tr nht nh trong qu trnh pht
sinh trt l t nn tc gi chn h s tm quan trng I
K
=5. y, trt l t tp trung
ch yu cc x Hng Phng, Hc Nghi, T Rt, A Rong, nhng khu vc ny rng ch
yu l cy thn bi, c tranh,..tn che 30 - 10% v nhng khu t trng cy cng nghip, cy
nng nghip. Trn c s tham kho bn thm thc vt hai tnh Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu,
kt hp vi s lng cc im trt l xut hin, tin hnh xy dng bn phn vng d
bo cng trt l t theo lp ph thc vt. Chi tit c trnh by bng 10.
Bng 10. phn cp v nh gi yu t lp ph thc vt
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c tc
ng
(mc nh hng)
M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin
trt
l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Lp
ph
thc
vt %
tn
che
K
Thc vt rng dy,
tn che >50
Rt
yu
%
294 3592,90 45,97 0,0818 1
0,0359
0,0359
Thc vt hn giao, tn
che50 - 30%
Yu 116 3540,60 45,30 0,0328 3 0,1077
Cy thn bi, c
tranh,,,tn che30- 10%
Trung
bnh
7 463,08 5,93 0,0151 5 0,1795
t trng cy cng
nghip, cy nng
nghip
Mnh 1 119,23 1,53 0,0084 7 0,2513
t trng, i trc,
Rt
mnh
2 99,87 1,28 0,0200 9 0,3231

24
l. Vn ng tn kin to
Vn ng nng h kin to l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh trt l t v qu trnh
nng h lm thay i c trng hnh hc ( cao, dc), ph hy trng thi cn bng ng sut
trng lc, gy mt n nh sn dc. y l yu t ny c vai tr nht nh trong qu trnh pht
sinh trt l t nn tc gi chn h s tm quan trng I
L
=5.
Da vo c im s phn bc a hnh v cn c vo ngun ti liu c t nh khu vc, tc
gi phn cp v xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t theo c im
vn ng tn kin to theo 5 cp nh hng t rt yu n rt mnh (bng 11).
Bng 11. Phn cp v nh gi yu t vn ng tn kin to
Yu t
nh hng
K
hiu
Cp nguy c
tc ng
(mc nh
hng) M
ij

Cp
nh
hng
n tai
bin trt
l
S
im
trt
l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch
(%)
)
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Vn
ng tn
kin to
Tc
V
rt
,
mm/nm
L
V
rt
< 0,10
mm/nm
Rt yu 5 1762,20 22,55 0,0028 1
0,0359
0,0359
V
rt
= 0,11 -
0,20 mm/nm
Yu 103 3311,28 42,37 0,0311 3
0,1077
V
rt
= 0,21 -
0,30 mm/nm
Trung
bnh
299 2520,50 32,25 0,1186 5
0,1795
V
rt
= 0,31 -
0,40 mm/nm
Mnh 13 221,70 2,84 0,0586 7
0,2513
V
rt
> 0,40
mm/nm
Rt mnh 0 0,00 0,00 0,0028 9
0,3231
m. Mt phn ct ngang
Mt phn ct ngang a hnh (phn nh tnh khng lin tc ca t ). Vng i ni
Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu, yu t ny nh hng khng ng k n qu trnh dch trt l
t nn tc gi chn h s tm quan trng I
M
=3. Trn c s bn mng li sng sui, kt
hp vi s lng cc im trt xut hin trong lnh th vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha
Thin Hu, tc gi tin hnh xy dng bn phn vng d bo cng trt l t theo
mt phn ct ngang vi 5 cp nh hng t rt yu n rt mnh (bng 12).
Bng 12. Phn cp v nh gi yu t phn ct ngang a hnh
Yu t
nh
hng
K
hi
u
Cp nguy c
tc ng (mc
nh hng)
M
ij

Cp
nh hng
n tai
bin trt
l
S im
trt l
Din tch
(km
2
Din
tch (%) )
Mt
im
s
Trng
s
im
tnh
W
i
X
ij

Phn ct
ngang
ca a
hnh
E
l
,
km/km
M
2

E
l
< 0,5
km/km
Rt yu
2

197 4820,12 61,67 0,0409 1
0,0184
0,0184
E
l
=0,5 - 1,0
km/km
Yu
2

63 1050,11 13,44 0,0600 3
0,0552
E
l
=1,1 - 1,5
km/km
Trung
bnh
2

138 1460,04 18,68 0,0945 5
0,0920
E
l
= 1,6 - 2,0
km/km
Mnh
2

17 330,26 4,23 0,0515 7
0,1288
E
l
> 2,0
km/km
Rt mnh
2

5 155,15 1,99 0,0322 9
0,1656
2.2. Xy dng bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t vng i ni Qung
Tr - Tha Thin Hu, t l 1:50.000
Bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin
Hu c xy dng da trn s hiu bit v cc chuyn ng phc tp trn sn v mi dc.
Trong , cc yu t gy ra qu trnh trt l c la chn v phn tch, t thnh lp

25
bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t thnh phn hay yu t.
Vic khoanh v cc khu vc hin thi cha b tc ng ca qu trnh trt l t da
trn gi thit rng qu trnh trt l trong tng lai s din ra trong cng mt iu kin v i
cc im trt l t quan st c xy ra trc . vch ra ranh gii cc vng nguy
c trt l xut pht t xc sut xy ra hin tng, t s tng ng ca cc yu t tc ng
[1,3]. Do , vic nh lng cp nguy c trt l t l kt qu ca s tch hp cc yu
t tc ng pht sinh trt l t theo cng thc:

) m ,.... 2 , 1 j ; n ,.... 2 , 1 i )( X * W ( LSI
ij
m , n
1 j , i
t
= = =

=
(1)

trong : LSI (Landslide Susceptibility Index): ch s nhy cm trt l
X
ij
: l gi tr cng tc ng ca lp th j trong yu t gy trt i
W
i
: trng s gn cho lp thnh phn i
n: s cc lp thnh phn la chn cho qu trnh phn tch (n =1,2,3,..11)
m: mc phn cp trong mi lp thnh phn (m =1,2,3,4,5 )
Bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t nghin cu c xy dng theo
nguyn tc chng xp tch hp cc bn thnh phn c trng s, vi s tr gip ca cng
ngh GIS m phn mm s dng ch yu l ArcGis 10.0. Trn c s tch hp 11 bn thnh
phn (11 yu t c la chn) theo biu thc (2):

LSI =0.2141* a +0.2141* b +0.0892 * c +0.0892 * d +0.0892 * e +0.0892 * g +0.0892 *
h +0.0359 * i +0.0359 * k +0.0359 * l +0.0184 * m (2)
Vi a, b, c, d,, m l cc bn thnh phn (yu t tc ng)
Qu trnh nh gi cc yu t thnh phn v tnh im s, trng s cc lp thng tin
c m ha thnh dng s v chng ghp theo cng thc 1. Kt qu x l tch hp s hin
th bn gi tr s vi mi pixel ng vi mt gi tr LSI. Cc gi tr LSI c tnh cho mi
lp thnh phn (yu t tc ng) trong vng nghin cu. Sau khi tnh c gi tr LSI ca mi
cp cho tt c cc lp, tip tc chng xp tng cp li vi nhau theo quy tc tch hp c
minh ha trn hnh 2. T , tin hnh xy dng bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l
t vng i ni Tr Thin theo cc cp gi tr LSI c phn chia trn bn gi tr s.

Hnh 2. Quy trnh thnh lp bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t
vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu.

26

Phn nhm

Cp mc
nhy cm
trt LSI

Din tch
(ha)

Din
tch (%)

im
s
Cp
nguy c
tai bin
t t

Mu th
hin trn
bn

Ch s
nhy cm
trt
LSI
<

1849.62 23.67 1 Rt yu Xanh thm
2.37 - 3.29 2361.24 30.21 3 Yu Xanh ngc
3.30 - 4.22 848.52 10.86 5 Trung bnh Vng
4.23 - 5.15 2506.87 32.07 7 Mnh Da cam
>

249.43 3.19 9 Rt mnh

Kt qu tnh ton t m hnh trn cho mt file d liu kt qu vi gi tr LSI trong ton
b vng nghin cu bin thin t 1.41 n 6.04. T cc ch s LSI theo phng php ngt t
ng, cho php tc gi la chn v phn thnh 5 nhm theo cc cp nguy c (rt yu, yu,
trung bnh, mnh v rt mnh) thnh lp bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t
vng i ni Tr - Thin v c trnh by bng 13, hnh 3

Bng 13. Phn cp nguy c trt l t vng i ni Tr - Thin theo ch s
mc nhy cm trt LSI.

Hnh 3. Bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t vng i ni
Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu

27
3. Kt lun
1. nh gi, d bo mc nhy cm (tn thng) hoc cng hot ng a
ng lc ca trt l t vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu, c th s
dng phng php m hnh ton - bn vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GIS lp bn
phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t cho vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu.
2. Bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t vng i ni Qung Tr -
Tha Thin Hu c thnh lp theo nguyn tc chng xp tch hp 11 bn thnh phn
c trng s vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GIS. T , ch ra c cc vng v c
th xy ra trt l t theo cc cp (rt yu, yu, trung bnh, mnh v rt mnh). C
th: vng c nguy c trt l mnh v rt mnh phn b ch yu vng i ni pha Ty
trn tuyn ng H Ch Minh qua cc huyn Hng Ha, Dakrong, A Li v cc vng
i ni khc thuc cc huyn Phong in, Nam ng, Ph Lc; vng c nguy c trt l
trung bnh phn b ch yu mt s x thuc cc huyn Hng Ha, Dakrong, Phong
in, Hng Thy, A Li v huyn Ph Lc; vng c nguy c trt l yu v rt yu
phn b cc x ven ra vng i ni v ng bng ven bin.
3. Kt qu thnh lp bn phn vng d bo nguy c trt l t vng i ni
Tr - Thin c th nhn thy trn lnh th nghin cu vng c nguy c trt l t cp
mnh chim u th. Vng c nguy c trt l mnh chim 32.07%; vng c nguy c
trt l trung bnh chim 10.86%; vng c nguy c trt l yu v rt yu chim 53.88%
din tch lnh th nghin cu.
4. Vng i ni Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu l mt trong nhng tnh c tuyn ng
H Ch Minh i qua, v y l a bn c mt trt l xy ra kh mnh v dy c. Hu
ht qu trnh trt l u xy ra ch yu khu vc pha Ty vng i ni ni c tuyn ng
H Ch Minh i qua vi mt trung bnh 10 - 15 khi trt/100km
2
. Mt trt l tp trung
ln nht cc x Hng Lp, Hng Vit, Hng Phng, Hng Linh, Dakrong, T Long,
Hc Ngh, Hng Thy, A Rong vi mt trt l t 15 - 25 khi trt/100km
2
. cc x A
Ngo, T Rt, Hng Vn, Hng Trung, Bc Sn, Sn Thy, Hng H, Hng Phong, Thng
Qung, Thng Nht, Thng L, Hng Ph, nhnh ng ng H Ch Minh, Quc L 9,
49, 1A ... th mt cc im trt l thp hn nhiu, trong khong t 5 - 10 khi
trt/100km
2
.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Phm Vn Hng, 2011. nh gi hin trng v phn vng cnh bo nguy c trt l
t tnh Qung Nam, Tp ch cc khoa hc v tri t, S 33 (3B) trang 518 - 525 H
Ni, 11/2011.
[2]. Nguyn Th Thanh Nhn, Nguyn Thanh, T c Thnh, 2011. Thit lp v nh gi
cng hot ng trt t vng i ni Ty Tha Thin Hu bng phng php tip
cn a ch tiu. Tp ch Khoa hc k thut M - a cht s 35 thng 7/2011, tr24 - 31. H
Ni, 2011.
[3]. Nguyn Quc Thnh, 2006. Nghin cu xy dng cc bn tai bin mi trng trt t
lnh th Vit Nam, Bo co tng kt ti. M s KC - 08 - 01, H Ni.
[4]. V.D Lomtadze , 1982, a cht cng trnh - a cht ng lc cng trnh, NXB H
& THCN, H Ni.
[5]. Saaty T.L., 2000. Fundamentals of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, RWS
Publications, 4922 Ellsworth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15413.

28
SUMMARY
Asscessment, prediction and zoning of intensity of landslide at mountainous area in
Quang Tri - Thua Thien Hue by map - mathematical model with the support of GIS
technology

Nguyen Thi Thanh Nhan, Nguyen Thanh, Hue College of Science
Ta Duc Thinh, Science - Technology Department, Ministry of Education and Training

Map - mathematical modeling methods with the support GIS technology were applied to
estimate and predict landslide potentials based on landslide zoning mapping for the mountainous
areas in Quang Tri-Thua Thien Hue.. The result shows that the mountainous areas in Quang Tri -
Thua Thien Hue are of high landslide potential (account for 32.07%), moderate landslide
potential area accounts for 10.86% a n d t h e ar e a s of l o w t o very low l a nds l i d e
pot ent i al a c c55.88%, respectively. The strongest l a n d slides with intensity of 15 - 25m3/100km
2


occur in Hng Lp, Hng Vit, Hng Phng, Hng Linh, Dakrong, T Long, Hc Ngh,
Hng Thy, and A Rong communes, which negatively affect the transportation systems as well as the
well-being of the local communities.

29

BI TON C KT THM PHNG TNG NG TRONG THIT
K X L NN T YU BNG GII PHP THOT NC THNG
NG, NG DNG TNH TON CHO MT CT KM3+130
NG NI V THANH - CN TH
Nguyn Th N, Minh Ton, Nguyn Vit Tnh
Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Bi bo ny gii thiu phng php chuyn i t bi ton c kt thm i
xng trc sang c kt thm phng thit k x l nn t yu bng cc bin php thot
nc thng ng kt hp gia ti trc hoc cng ngh ht chn khng Bo co cng
trnh by kt qu x l nn t yu bng ging ct kt hp vi p ng theo giai on
ti mt ct Km3+130 ng ni V Thanh - Cn Th bng phng php tnh ton thng
thng, sau chuyn sang bi ton c kt phng s dng phn mm Plaxis. So snh cc
kt qu cho thy, thit k x l nn t yu da trn bi ton c kt thm phng tng
ng cho gi tr tng ng vi phng php gii theo bi ton c kt i xng trc v
kt qu quan trc ngoi thc t.

1. t vn
Cng ngh x l nn t yu bng cc bin php thot nc thng ng kt hp gia ti
trc hoc cng ngh ht chn khng ang c ng dng trn th gii v Vit Nam. i
vi bi ton thit k x l nn bng cc thit b tiu thot nc thng ng, hu ht cc
phng php tnh u da vo li gii bi ton c kt thm ca ging n (Barron, 1948;
Hansbo, 1981). Tuy nhin cn mt s hn ch nh cha xt nh hng ca chiu su ging,
b qua s khc nhau v tnh nn ca mi trng t v vt liu trong ging. Mt khc, i vi
ging ct, ln cui cng ca nn t sau x l cng ch c xc nh theo cng thc gn
ng ca Evgenev, Hong Vn Tn |1|. Trong tiu chun 22TCN262-2000 |2|, ch cp n
kh nng thot nc ca ging m khng cp n s gim ln khi x l nn bng ging
ct, b qua cng ca ging ct.
Hin nay, gii cc bi ton thc t khi x l nn bng cc thit b tiu thot nc
thng ng, phng php phn t hu hn trn cc phn mm my tnh in t ang c
nhiu tc gi trn th gii s dng. Vit Nam, vic tnh ton cn nhiu hn ch. Phng
php ny c nhng u im nh m phng nn t thnh cc li phn t, da vo phng
php cn bng lc thng qua mi quan h gia ng sut v bin dng, t xc nh c
chuyn v ca cc nt phn t, xc nh trng thi ng sut v bin dng ca t nn. Phng
php phn t hu hn c th s dng trong trng hp bi ton c kt thm khng gian hoc
bi ton c kt thm phng. i vi bi ton c kt thm khng gian, thi gian tnh ton di,
cn dung lng my tnh ln, nn t c ng dng. V vy, vn t ra l cn phi chuyn
bi ton c kt thm khng gian thnh bi ton c kt thm phng nhng phi m phng ng
thc t lm vic ca nn. Chuyn i gia hai bi ton ny c Hird v nnk (1992) cp
u tin vi iu kin b qua cc nh hng ca vng xo ng v sc cn ca ging. Nm
1997, Indraratna v nnk, xy dng l thuyt cho trng hp bi ton phng c kt bng
ging thot nc thng ng c xt n cc yu t nh hng kh nng thot nc ca ging.
Nm 2005, Indraratna v nnk tip tc a ra l th uyt c kt thm bng phng php ht
chn khng v gii bi ton c kt thm phng trong trng hp ht chn khng kt hp vi
ging thot nc thng ng.

30
2. L thuyt bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng thit k x l nn t yu bng
cc bin php thot nc thng ng
2.1. S lc v nghin cu bi ton c kt thm ba chiu
L thuyt c kt thm hng tm khi s dng thit b tiu thot nc thng ng c
da trn l thuyt c kt mt trc ca Terzaghi. Nghin cu u tin l li gii ca Kjellman
(1948) da trn l thuyt bin dng thng ng u v gi thit trong qu trnh c kt tn ti
s di chuyn ca nc theo phng ngang. Sau , Barron (1948) gii bi ton c kt
hng tm cho ging thot nc trong hai trng hp bin dng t do v bin dng u v c
cp n nh hng ca sc cn ca ging v vng xo ng n tc c kt. Takagi
(1957) pht tri n l thuyt ca Barron trong trng hp tc cht ti khc nhau. Richat
(1959) a ra bi u nh hng ca vng xo ng, nh hng ca h s rng khc nhau
trong qu trnh c kt. Hansbo (1960) ch ra rng nh lut Darcy s khng c hiu lc trong
trng hp gradient thy lc c ln khc nhau trong qu trnh c kt, tuy nhin, trong
trng hp bin dng u, nh hng ca xo ng v sc cn ca ging khng c cp.
Bi ton c gii cho tt c cc trng hp ca Barron bi Hansbo (1979,1981) v cc tc
gi Yoshikuni, Nakamodo (1974), Onoue (1988) a ra gii quyt trit trng hp l
thuyt bin dng t do.Tip tc pht trin l thuyt ny, Indraratna v nnk (2005) xc l p
bi ton c kt thm i xng trc cho trng hp ht chn khng - gia ti kt hp vi ging
thot nc thng ng.
2.2. Bi ton c kt thm phng trong trng hp ch s dng ging thot nc thng
ng
phc v cho gii bi ton x l nn t yu bng cc bin php thot nc thng
ng theo phng php phn t hu hn, Indraratna v Redana (1997) chuyn i bi ton
c kt thm i xng trc ca Barron v Hansbo thnh bi ton c kt thm phng tng
ng.
Theo Indraratna v Redana (1997), c kt trung bnh theo phng ngang t i su
(z) bt k trong iu kin bi ton phng (
hp
U ):
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
p
hp
0
p h
T 8
exp 1
u
u
1 U
(1)
trong :
0
u -p lc nc l rng ban u; u -p lc nc l rng ti thi im t.
T
hp
-nhn t thi gian theo phng ngang trong bi ton phng v

(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
2
z z . l 2
hp
' k
hp
k
p
;
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
s s s
B 3
b
B
b
1
B
b 2
3
2

( ) ( )
2
s
2
w
2
s
2
w s
2
b b 3
B 3
b
b b
B
1
+ = ; |
.
|
\
|
=
B
b
1
B q ' k
k 2
w
z hp
2
hp

q
z
- kh nng thot nc trong iu kin bi ton phng.
k
hp
v k
hp
ln lt l l h s thm ca t v ca vng xo ng trong iu kin bi
ton phng.
l- chiu su ging thot nc thng ng;
B, b
s
, b
w
-ln lt l na b rng ca n v t tng ng, vng xo ng v ging
thot nc;
p th hin iu kin phng;
Theo s chuyn i sang bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng (hnh 1), c th
gi thit c kt ti cng mt thi im bt k vi cng ti trng tc dng cho c hai trng
hp c kt thm i xng trc (
h
U ) v c kt thm phng tng ng (
hp
U ) l bng nhau:
(
h
U ) =(
hp
U ) (2)

31
Khi h s thm vng xo ng v vng t nguyn trng cho bi ton c kt thm
phng c chuyn i t bi ton c kt thm i xng trc theo cc cng thc sau:
( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
=
w
q
h
k
2
z z . l 2
4
3
s ln
h
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
2
z z . l 2
hp ' k
hp
k
h
k
hp
k
(3)

( ) +
=
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
s ln
h
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
h
k
hp
k
hp
k
hp
' k
(4)

Hnh 1. Chuyn i t bi ton i xng trc sang bi ton phng
(d
w
=2b
w
, d
s
=2b
s
, d
e
=2B vi d
e
, d
s
, d
w
ln lt l ng knh tr t tng ng, vng
xo ng v ging thot nc;(Indraratna v Redana ,1997)
trong : n =
w
b
B
; s- xo ng; ; q
w
- lu lng ring ca ging; k
h
- h s thm ngang ca
t nn; k
( ) | | 75 , 0 n ln
67 , 0
k
hp
k
h
=
h
- h s thm ngang ti vng t xo ng ;
Khi b qua sc cn ca ging v vng xo ng xung quanh bc thm, t s gia h
s thm cho bi ton phng v bi ton i xng trc ti vng nguyn trng (Hird v
nnk,1992) nh sau :
(5)
Kh nng thot nc ca ging trong iu kin bi ton phng (q
z
) c chuyn i
theo cng thc:

w z
q
B
2
q
= (6)
2.3. Bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng trong trng hp ging thot nc thng
ng kt hp phng php ht chn khng - gia ti trc
Indraratna v nnk (2005) xc l p bi ton c kt thm cho trng hp x l nn
bng phng php ging thot nc thng ng kt hp vi ht chn khng v gia ti trc
da trn cc gi thuyt sau:

32
- t hon ton bo ha nc v ng nht, nc chy tng tun theo nh lut Darcy.
Ti bin ngoi ca tr, dng thm khng xut hin, dc thit b tiu thot nc thng ng,
ch c dng chy hng tm (chy ngang).
- Tun theo l thuyt bin dng u (Barron, 1948). T l gia h s thm ca vng
xo ng v vng t nguyn trng khng i trong qu trnh c kt.
- Trong qu trnh c kt, ti su bt k giai on c kt thng thng quan h
gia h s rng trung bnh e v logarit ca ng sut hu hiu trung bnh trong giai on c kt
thng thng xc nh theo cng thc )
'
log( C e e
i
c 0
= (hnh 2.a); Khi ng sut hu hiu t

nhin nh hn p lc tin c kt p
c
, ch s nn li Cr thay cho ch s nn Cc.
- Trong khi thot nc ngang, h s thm theo phng ngang gim cng vi h s
thm trung bnh (hnh 2.b); )
k
k
log( C e e
hi
h
k 0
+ = , (Tavenas, 1983).

Hnh 2. a. th ng cong nn ln e-log; b, quan h gia e-logk
h
(B. Indraratna,2005)
- p lc ht chn khng (p
0
) gim xung dc chiu di bc thm theo quy lut ng
thng t -p
0
n -k
1
p
0
(hnh 3); k
1
- t s gia p lc chn khng ti nh v y bc thm.

Hnh 3.S c kt chn khng kt hp vi thit b tiu thot nc thng ng
(B. Indraratna,2005)
i vi bi ton i xng trc, t s tc tiu tn p lc nc l rng d trung bnh
R
u
= p / u
t
ti nhn t thi gian bt k T
h
cho trng hp ging thot nc thng ng kt
hp vi gia ti v ht chn khng tnh theo phng trnh:

33
( ) ( )
2
k 1
p
p T 8
exp
2
k 1
p
p
1 R
1 0 h 1 0
u
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ = (7)
trong : T
h
*
2
e
hi
h
d
t c
T =
=P
av
*T
h
- nhn t thi gian c kt theo phng ngang trong trng hp ht
chn khng -gia ti kt hp ging thot nc thng ng;
p - p lc do gia ti trc;

-nhn t thi gian c kt theo phng ngang

( )
(
+ + + + =

k c
C / C 1
'
i 1 0
'
i av
2 / ) k 1 ( p / p 1 1 5 , 0 P

-H s nh hng bi sc cn ca ging v vng xo ng;

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
= 1
2
s
2
n 4
1
4
s
1
2
n
1
' k
h
k
2
n 4
2
s
1
1
2
n
2
s
4
3
) s ln(
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
1
2
n
2
n
h h

w
e
d
d
n=
;
w
s
d
d
s=
;
vi
w hi
hi
m
k
c

=

c
hi
- H s c kt theo phng ngang ca t;
m
vi
- h s nn th tch;
w
- khi lng ring ca nc;
B qua sc cn ca ging ,
4
3
) s ln(
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
h
+ = |
.
|
\
|

B qua sc cn ca ging v nh hng ca xo ng:
75 , 0
s
n
ln = |
.
|
\
|

Khi C
c
/C
k
=1 v p
0
= 0, phng trnh (7) ging vi phng trnh ca Hansbo (1981):
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
h
u
T 8
exp R (8)
c kt trung bnh theo phng ngang U
h
ti nhn t thi gian bt k xc nh theo
cng thc :
100
R 1
R 1
U
t , u
u
h
=
=

Khi ch c ht chn khng kt hp vi bc thm (khng c cht ti), t s p lc nc
l rng d trung bnh u ti thi im t :
( ) ( )
2
p k 1 T 8
exp
2
p k 1
1 u
0 1 h 0 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ = (9)
xc lp bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng, B. Indraratna v nnk (2005)
a ra h s p lc nc l rng d trung bnh
p
u
p
cho ht chn khng nh hng ca ti

trng gia ti ti thi im t di iu kin bi ton phng:

( ) ( )
2
k 1
p
p
T 8
exp
p 2
k 1
p 1
p
u
1 0
p
p h
1
o
p
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
(10)

34
vi
(
(
(
+ + = ) ln(
hp
' k
hp
k
p
;
( )
( ) 1 n n
s n
3
2
2
3
= ;
( )
( )
( ) ( )
(
+ + +
= 1 s s
3
1
1 s n n
1 n n
1 s 2
2
2
;
2
z
hp
l
n
1
1
Bq 3
k 4
|
.
|
\
|
= ;
w
b
B
n= ;
w
s
b
b
s=

Khi ch s dng phng php ht chn khng kt hp vi bc thm (khng c cht
ti), t s p lc nc l rng d trung bnh u ti thi im t trong iu kin bi ton phng:
( ) ( )
2
p k 1
T 8
exp
2
p k 1
1 u
0 1
p
hp
0 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ =
(11)
Theo s chuyn i sang bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng (hnh 1), c th
gi thit c kt ti cng mt thi im bt k vi cng ti trng tc dng cho c hai trng
hp c kt thm i xng trc (
h
U ) v c kt thm phng tng ng (
hp
U ) l bng nhau:
(
h
U ) =(
hp
U ) (12)
H s thm vng xo ng v vng t nguyn trng cho bi ton c kt thm phng
tng ng c chuyn i t bi ton c kt thm i xng trc theo cc cng thc sau

( )
( )
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
(
(
+ +
+ +
=
2
l
w
q 3
h
k 2
4
3
s ln
h
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
ln
hp
' k
hp
k
h
k
hp
k
(13)
( ) +
=
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
3
s ln
h
' k
h
k
s
n
ln
h
k
hp
k
hp
k
hp
' k
(14)
Khi b qua sc cn ca ging v vng xo ng xung quanh bc thm, t s gia h
s thm cho bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng v bi ton c kt thm i xng trc ti
vng t nguyn trng:

( )
( ) | | ( ) | | 75 , 0 n ln
67 , 0
75 , 0 n ln
2
n
2
1 n
3
2
h
k
hp
k
=
(15)
3. ng dng bi ton c kt thm phng tng ng thit k x l nn t yu bng
ging ct kt hp p ng theo giai on trn phn mm Plaxis 8.2
3.1. Thit k x l nn bng ging ct kt hp p ng theo giai on bng phn mm
Plaxis
D n xy dng on ng p trn nn t yu ti km3+130 ng ni th x V
Thanh vi thnh ph Cn Th vi thng s thit k nn ng b rng 11,8m, h s mi dc
1:2, chiu cao nn p l 4,8m. ng c thi cng theo hai giai on, giai on 1 p trong
40 ngy vi tc p 10cm/ngy, thi gian ch c kt l 60 ngy; giai on 2 p trong 30
ngy vi tc p 6cm/ngy, thi gian ch c kt l 120 ngy. Tng thi gian thi cng l
250 ngy (d n hon thnh nm 2010), n n c x l bng ging ct n ht chiu dy
lp t yu vi cc thng s cho trong bng 1.

35
Bng 1. Cc thng s thit k ging ct
TT Cc thng s thit k ging ct
1 Khong cch ging L =1,8m
2 ng knh ging D =0,4m
3 Chiu su ging H =14m
4 Ging ct c b tr theo kiu tam gic u
5 H s t l khong cch n =L/D =4,5
6 Nhn t nh hng bi khong cch b tr F(n) =n
2
/(n
2
-1) ln(n) (3n
2
-1) /4n
2
=0,845
Nn t trong phm vi 30m gm 3 lp, t bn st dy 14m, st do cng dy 6m v st,
na cng dy 10m. Mc nc ngm su - 4m. Nhm la chn cc thng s tnh ton,
ngoi cc ch tiu c l do n v kho st cng cp, cn cc thng s ca t nn dng trong
gii bi ton c tin hnh th nghim ti phng th nghim a k thut Cng trnh thuc b
mn a cht cng trnh - Trng i hc M- a cht nm 2009, h s thm ngang ca t
c xc nh bng thit b nn c kt trong phng theo kiu hng tm. Cc gi tr lc dnh kt
hu hiu v gc ma st trong hu hiu c xc nh bng th nghim nn ba trc theo s
CU. H s thm ngang ca nn sau x l bng ging ct c tnh ton da trn bi ton c kt
thm phng tng ng. Kt qu c trnh by bng 2.
Bng 2.Ch tiu c l ca cc lp t
Cc ch tiu c l t p Bn st
St, do
cng
St, na
cng
Ging
ct
M hnh vt liu
Mohr
Coulomb
Soft soil
model
Soft soil
model
Soft soil
model
Mohr
Coulomb
Khi lng th tch t nhin,
usat
,kN/m 17,6
3
15,9 19,7 20,1 17,6
Khi lng th tch bo ha,
sat
,kN/m 20,0
3
16,0 19,8 20,3 20,0
H s thm theo phng thng ng,
ky,m/ngay
0,5 4,16.10 1,02.10
-4
2,12.10
-5
10
-5

H s thm theo phng thng ngang,
kx,m/ngay
0,5 1,25.10 1,53.10
-3
3,19.10
-5
10
-5

H s thm theo phng thng ng,
ky,m/ng (nn x l bng ging ct, n =
4,5)
0,5 4,16.10 1,02.10
-4
2,12.10
-5
10
-5

H s thm theo phng thng ngang,
kx,m/ng(nn x l bng ging ct n =
4,5)
0,5 1,11.10 1,53.10
-3
3,19.10
-5
10
-5

M un n hi,E,(kN/m
2
30000 ) 553,4
H s poatxong, 0,30 0,30
Gc ma st trong hu hiu,, 20 19 23 25 30
Lc dnh kt hu hiu,C' (kN/m
2
1 ) 10 12 14 1
Gc gin n () 0 0 0 0 0
Ch s nn 0,90 0,15 0,11
Ch s n 0,20 0,03 0,02
H s rng ban u,e 1,817 0,758 0,827
p lc tin c kt,Pc (T/m
2
)

4,5 11,0 13,0
So snh kt qu tnh ton ln n nh, p lc nc l rng ln nht v thi
gian c kt gia trng hp khng x l nn v x l nn bng ging ct c th hin
trong bng 3.

36
Bng 3. Kt qu tnh ton ln cha x l v x l nn
(ng p hai giai on n chiu cao 4,8m )
Tham s
Cha x l nn X l nn bng
ging ct, m (tnh
bng phn mm
Plaxis)
Kt qu quan trc ngoi
hin trngti km3+130
Tnh theo
22TCN262-2000
Tnh theo
phn mm
Plaxis
ln n nh, Uy(m) 2,083 2,024 1,801 -
p lc nc l rng
U(kN/m
2
-
)
60,71 48,16 -
Thi gian t c kt
90%, t
90
(ngy)
16008 3450 126 -
ln ng vi thi gian
250 ngy
1,684 1,620
T kt qu bng 3 cho thy, s dng m hnh bi ton c kt thm phng tng
ng cho kt qu kh st vi vic tnh ton theo bi ton c kt thm i xng trc thng
thng v tng i ph hp vi kt qu quan trc ngoi hin trng.
Theo bng 3 cho thy, so vi trng hp cha x l nn, x l nn bng ging ct,
ln n nh cn li l Uy =1,801m v thi gian t c kt 90% =160 ngy. Vi thi
gian thi cng 250 ngy, ln t c 1,684m v c kt ca nn 93,5%. Sau thi gian
thi cng 250 ngy, p lc nc l rng ca nn sau khi x l gim t 68,59kN/m
2
xung
51,38kN/m
2
v nm cch xa y cng tr nh nn s nh hng khng nhiu n s n
nh ca cng trnh (hnh 4,5). Nh v y, ging ct khng nhng rt ngn thi gian thi
cng m cn lm gim rt nhiu ln ca cng trnh.

Hnh 4. p lc nc l rng ca nn t nhin sau khi p ng

37

Hnh 5. p lc nc l rng ca nn sau khi x l bng ging ct 250 ngy
3.2. nh hng ca cc thng s ging ct
3.2.1.Chiu su t ging ct
Khi thay i chiu su t ging ct, trong khi khng thay i cc thng s khc nh
ng knh ging D =40 cm, khong cch cc ging ct l 1,8m. Chiu su ca ging ct
tng ng l 10m, 14m, 20m th ln thay i nh hnh 8.
Kt qu phn tch cho thy khi tng chiu su ging ct th lm gim ln v gim
thi gian c kt, gim s gia tng p lc nc l rng.
T biu trn nhn thy vi chiu su ging ct bng 14m v 20m th ln trong
hai trng hp ny thay i khng nhiu. Khi cm vo lp st, do cng ln ca nn cng
khng gim nhiu, do ch cn cm ht chiu su t yu, khng cn thi cng n ht vng
hot ng nn p vo trong lp t do cng- na cng.

Hnh 6. ln n nh khi chiu su ging ct khc nhau
3.2.2. Khong cch ging ct
Gi nguyn ng knh ging ct D =40 cm, chiu di ging L = 14m v thay i
khong cch gia cc ging ct c =1,6m; c =1,8m v c =2,2m. Kt qu hnh 9 cho thy khi

38
khong cch ging ct tng ln th s lm tng ln ca cng trnh. Chnh lch ln gia
trng hp c =1,6m v c =1,8m l khng nhiu. Tuy nhin chnh lch ln gia trng
hp c =1,8m v c =2,2m l ln hn.

Hnh 7. ln n nh khi khong cch ging ct khc nhau
3.2.3. Khong cch ging ct
Gi nguyn khong cch ging D =1,8 cm, chiu di ging L = 14m v thay i
ng knh ging ct D =30cm; D =40cm v D =50cm. Kt qu th hin hnh 10. Ta thy,
ln cng nh thi gian ln n nh hu nh khng thay i.

Hnh 8. ln n nh khi ng knh ging ct khc nhau
4. Kt lun
Trn c s nghin cu l thuyt v p dng thc t, rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
1. Hin nay, phng php phn t hu hn ang c p dng trn th gii theo m
hnh bi ton phng 2D hoc 3D, chnh v vy cc nh khoa hc a ra cch chuyn i
sao cho tng ng nhau t bi ton c kt thm i xng trc sang bi ton c kt thm
phng sau p dng phng php phn t hu hn gii ton trong thc t. Qua nghin
cu ca Hird, Indraratna v nnk, chuyn i bi ton c kt thm ch cn chuyn i h s
thm theo phng ngang gia hai bi ton vi nhau sao cho c kt ca nn ging nhau.T
, c th s dng tnh ton thit k x l nn t yu.
2. Trn c s xy dng m hnh bi ton c kt thm phng cho nn t trc v sau
khi x l bng ging ct kt hp vi p ng theo giai on cho on ng p ti mt ct
km3+130 d n ng ni th x V Thanh vi thnh ph Cn Th v thit k x l bng
phn mm Plaxis 8.2 cho thy: c th p dng m hnh bi ton c kt thm phng tng
ng c chuyn i t bi ton c kt thm i xng trc i vi vic x l nn bng
ging ct.
3. Khi m phng t nn x l bng ging ct theo s bi ton c kt phng tng

39
ng sau gii bi ton bng phng php phn t hu hn, cho php ta suy on c p
lc nc l rng pht trin trong qu trnh thi cng v sau khi cng trnh i vo s dng cng
nh nhn thy s nh hng ca cc yu t chiu su, khong cch ca ging thot nc
khng nhng nh hng ti thi gian c kt m cn nh hng ti ln ca nn ci to.

TI LIU THAM KHO
|1|. Hong Vn Tn v nnk, 2006. Nhng phng php xy dng cng trnh trn nn t yu,
H Ni.
|2|. 22TCN262-2000, Quy trnh kho st thit k nn ng t p trn t yu.
|3|. Barron, R. A. (1948),Consolidation of fine-grained soils by drain wells, Proc. ASCE,
Paper No. 2346, pp. 718-742.
|4|. Brinkgreve, R. B. J., 2002. Plaxis 2D-Version 8 Manual, Balkema.
|5|. Hansbo, S., 1981. Consolidation of fine-grained soils by prefabricated drains. Proc. 10th
Int. Conf. Soil Mech., Stockholm, Vol. 3, Paper 12/22. pp. 677-682.
|6|. Hird, C. C., Pyrah, I. C., Russell, D., 1992. Finite element modeling of vertical drains
beneath embankments on soft ground, Geotechnique, 42 (3), pp. 499511.
|7|. Indraratna, B., and Redana, I. W., 1997. Plane strain modeling of smear effects associated
with vertical drains, J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE, 123(5), pp.474 - 478.
|8|. Indraratna, B., Rujikiatkamjorn C., and Sathananthan, I., 2005a. Analytical and numerical
solutions for a single vertical drain including the effects of vacuum preloading, Canadian
Geotechinical Journal, 42: 994-1014.
|9|. Indraratna, B., Sathananthan, I., Rujikiatkamjorn C. and Balasubramaniam, A. S. 2005b,
Analytical and numerical modelling of soft soil stabilized by PVD incorporating vacuum
preloading, International Journal of Geomechanics, Vol. 5 No.2, 114-124
SUMMARY
Equivalent plane strain solution to design soft soil improvement
by vertical drain, applying for km13+130 of Vi Thanh - Can Tho highway
Nguyen Thi Nu, Do Minh Toan, Nguyen Viet Tinh
This paper presents the method of transition from the Axisymmetric Condition
solution to Equivalent Plane Strain Solution to design the soft clay stabilization by
vertical drains, or incorporating vacuum preloading approach. . This paper also
presented the result of soft soil improvement by sand well combined with staged
embankment construction in Km3+130 of Vi Thanh - Can Tho highway using
conventional calculating method, then converted to the Equivalent Plane Strain
Solutionusing PLAXIS software. Comparison of the results showed that soft ground
treatment design based on Equivalent Plane Strain Solution provided similar data
compared to the data acquired by Axisymmetric Condition and field-based monitoring
methods.

Ngi bin tp: TS. T Xun Vu

40

XC NH MT S CH TIU C L CA T LOI ST PH
BIN NG BNG BC B BNG TH NGHIM XUYN TNH
C O P LC NC L RNG (CPTu)
Nguyn Vn Phng, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Bi bo gii thiu cc phng php xc nh khi lng th tch t nhin (), p
lc tin c kt (
c
), sc khng ct khng thot nc (Su), mun nn khng n hng (M) v
mt s ch tiu ng hc ca t bng th nghim th nghim xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l
rng (CPTu)p dng cho t loi st phn b khu vc Thanh Tr ( H Ni), Thu Nguyn,
nh V (Hi Phng) v d n Nhit in Thi Bnh I. Mt s h s thc nghim bc u
c xc nh gm h s thc nghim khi xc nh
c
v t s qu c kt (OCR) vi t yu
k= 0.20.25; h s thc nghim khi xc Su N
kt
bng 10-13 cho t st yu v bng 15-17 cho
t st pha yu, t tt th N
kt
>20; khi xc nh M, h s thc nghim m bng t 4- 6 cho t
yu.
1. M u
Th nghim xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng (CPTu) c bit n nh mt phng
php th nghim hin trng xc nh c nhiu thng tin a cht cng trnh (CCT) mt
cch lin tc, cho kt qu nhanh v chnh xc. S dng kt qu th nghim CPTu cho php
phn loi t v xc nh c cc ch tiu tnh cht c l ca t mt cch lin tc theo chiu
su. Mt khc, th nghim c tin hnh trong iu kin lm vic thc t ca t nn, thi
gian th nghi m nhanh, cho kt qu ngay nn c th p ng c cc yu cu kht khe v
kinh t, k thut v thi gian trong thi i cng nghip ho nh ngy nay. Tuy nhin, vic
xc nh cc ch tiu c l ca t t th nghim ny l gin tip v thng lin quan n cc
h s thc nghim. ng dng c hiu qu phng php th nghim CPTu, cn xc nh
c cc h s thc nghim v phng php ph hp cho tng loi t khu vc khc nhau.
nc ta, vic ng dng th nghim CPTu v s dng kt qu ca n cn hn ch. Hu
ht cng trnh s dng phng php th nghim ny u l cc cng trnh c vn u t
nc ngoi hoc thu t vn thit k nc ngoi. Trong vi nm gn y, c mt s ti
lun vn cao hc v bi bo [1; 2; 3; 4] gii thiu phng php cng nh bc u a ra
nh gi so snh v phn loi t v xc nh mt s ch tiu c hc ca t bng th nghim
CPTu Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, tin cy cha cao do s liu thc nghim cn t. Ni dung bi
bo ny tip tc gii thiu nhng kt qu nghin cu thc nghim mi trong nc.
2. Cc phng php xc nh ch tiu c l ca t t kt qu th nghim CPTu
2.1. Xc nh mt s ch tiu vt l ca t
2.1.1. Cc phng php xc nh khi lng th tch t nhin ()
Nm 1991, Larsson v Mulabdic a ra biu xc nh cho t st Thu in
da vo sc khng mi thc (q
n
=q
t
-
vo
; vi q
t
l sc khng mi hiu chnh,
vo
l p lc a
tng) v t s p lc nc l rng Bq (hnh 1). Sau (1997), Lunne v nnk ngh phng
php d tnh da vo loi t theo bng phn loi ca Ropertson [4; 7] nh hnh 2 v bng 1.
Mayne (2007) ch ra rng k hi lng th tch ca t ph thu c c vo sc khng
xuyn mi hiu chnh q
t
v ma st thnh f
s
v a ra quan h xc nh khi lng th tch kh
ca t ri theo q
n
. Tuy nhin, ng cng cho rng biu thc ny ch tng i v cn ph
thuc nhiu vo thnh phn khong vt. T , ng ngh mt lin h tin cy hn xc
nh da vo vn tc sng ct (Vs):

41
=4,7 ln(V
s1
) 4,03 (1)
trong , V
s1
=V
s
(p
a
/'
vo
)

Hnh 1. Biu xc nh ca Larsson v Mulabdic (1991)

0.25

p
a
l p sut kh quyn, /'
vo
- p lc a tng hiu qu.
Khi s dng biu thc 1, cn phi bit Vs v Ropertson (2009) a ra cc lin h
xc nh Vs theo kt qu xuyn cho mi loi t. Mc d vy, phng php ny cng khng
tin s dng.

Vng Loi t Vng Loi t Vng Loi t
1 t loi st nhy 5 Bi pha st n st pha bi 9 Ct
2 t hu c 6 Bi pha ct n bi pha st 10 Ct ln cui si n ct
3 St 7 Ct pha bi n bi pha ct 11 St trng thi rt cng
4 St pha bi n st 8 Ct n ct pha bi 12 Ct n ct pha st
Hnh 2. Phn loi t theo Robertson (1991)
Bng 1. D tnh khi lng th tch ca t () theo loi t theo Lunne (1997)
Loi t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(kN/m
3
17.5 ) 12.5 17.5 18 18 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 19
Gn y (2010), Ropertson v Cabal [8] da vo nhng kt qu nghin cu mi ca
mnh a ra biu thc x c nh theo q
t
v t sc khng xuyn F
r
:
/
nc
=0.27 [log F
r
] +0.36 [log(q
t
/p
a
)] +1.236 (2)
trong ,
nc
l khi lng ring ca nc.
t qu
c kt
t qu c kt
hoc st pha nh
t c kt thng
thng hoc st
pha nh
t do thp
hoc st nhy

42
2.1.2. Xc nh p lc tin c kt (
c
) v t s qu c kt (OCR)
T s qu c kt (OCR) ca t l t s gia p lc tin c kt (
c
) v p lc a tng
hiu qu '
v0
. OCR v
c
l nhng ch tiu quan trng cho la chn s th nghim, s
tnh ton v thit k. Wroth (1984) v Mayne(1991) ngh xc nh
c
v OCR theo cc
biu thc sau:
c
=k(q
t

v0
) (3)
OCR =k[(q
t

v0
)/'
v0
] (4)
trong ,
v0
, '
v0
l p lc a tng v p lc a tng hiu qu;
k l h s thc nghim ph thuc vo loi t, k = 0.2 0.5. Nghin cu
gn y (2005) ca Mayne i vi t loi st th k = 0.33.
2.1.3. Xc nh h s p lc t tnh (Ko)
H s p lc t tnh hay h s p lc hng ca t iu kin n nh (K
o
) c nh
ngha bng t s gia ng sut hiu qu theo phng ngang v phng thng ng Ko =
'
h0
/'
v0
. Theo Brooker v Ireland (1965) th c th xc nh Ko theo biu hnh 3.
I
p

Hnh 3. Xc nh Ko theo ch s do Ip v OCR (Brooker v Ireland, 1965)
2.2. Xc nh mt s ch tiu c hc ca t theo kt qu th nghim CPTu
2.2.1. Xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc (Su)
Khi xc nh Su t kt qu CPTu ngi ta thng s dng lin h:
( )
kt
vo t
N
q
Su

=
(5)
trong , N
kt
l h s mi cn, thay i t 10 20 tu theo loi t.
Theo Powell [5], i vi t loi st c kt thng thng th nn chn N
kt
gn cn
di (ly gn 10), vi t qu c kt N
kt
c chn gn cn trn, thm ch c th chn gi tr
bng 30 i vi t st cng.
xc nh h s thc nghim N
kt
cho mt loi t, c th bin i biu thc (5)
thnh:
( )
Su
q
N
vo t
kt

=
(6)
trong ,
vo
l p lc a tng c xc nh theo ti liu khoan v khi lng th tch theo
th nghim trong phng; Su c xc nh theo th nghim 3 trc UU hoc th nghim ct
cnh.
2.2.2. Xc nh mun nn khng n hng (M)
Theo phng php ca Senneset [9], mun nn khng n hng M c tnh theo lin
h sau:
M =m(q
t
-
vo
) (7)

43
Trong , m l h s ly bng 7 13 i vi t qu c kt v ly t 4 8 i vi t
c kt thng thng. Tng t nh xc nh N
kt
, h s thc nghim m cho mt loi t c
xc nh theo biu thc:
( )
vo t
q
M
m

= (8)
Vi M c xc nh t th nghim nn mt trc khng n hng trong phng.
2.2.3. Xc nh mun trt bin dng nh (Gmax)
Mun trt bin dng nh Gmax l dc ca ng thng quan h ng sut ct ()
v bin dng ct tng i () gii hn bin dng khong 10
-6
. Mayne v Rix [10] (1993)
ngh xc nh Gmax nh sau:
G
max
=406.q
t
0.695
.e
-1.13
2
.Vs
g
(9)
2.2.4. Xc nh mt s ch tiu ng hc
a. Xc nh vn tc sng ct (Vs)
Vn tc sng ct Vs l mt ch tiu ng hc quan trng cho thit kt cng trnh c ti
ng hoc thit k nh cao tng khng chn. Nu bit c Vs, c th tnh c mun trt
ng theo biu thc:
G = (10)
trong , g l gia tc trng trng.
Da vo kt qu th nghim CPTu, c th xc nh Vs theo cc lin h sau:
- Theo Hegazy & Mayne (1995), vi mi loi t:
Vs =[10.1 lg (q
t
) - 11.4]
1.67
[100 fs/qt]
0.3
Vs =118.8 lg (fs) +18.5 (12)
(11)
- Theo Mayne (2006), vi mi loi t:
- Theo Baldi v nnk., (1989) i vi t ct:
Vs =277 (qt)
0.13
(
vo
)
0.27
- Theo Mayne & Rix (1995) i vi t st:
(13)
Vs =1.75 (q
t
)
0.627
Trong , q
t
, fs tnh theo n v Mpa
biu thc (12), (13) v kPa cc biu thc
(11), (14).
(14)
b. Xc nh t s ng sut ng (Cyclic
Stress Ratio, CSR)
T s ng sut ng (CSR hoc SR)
l mt ch tiu quan trng khi nghin cu
tnh ho lng hay bn ng. CSR c
nh ngha bng t s gia ng sut ct gy
ra bi ti ng (
Cyclic
) vi p lc tin c kt
(
c
):
CSR =
Cyclic
/
c
=
a
/2
c
(15)
trong :
a
l bin ng sut ko nn trung bnh gy ra ho lng t.
Theo Seed v Alba [11], c th xc nh CSR da vo th nghim xuyn v thnh
phn ht (% ht mn hoc ng knh ht chim 50% - D50) (hnh 4).

CSR
q
n
/p
a

Hnh 4. Lin h gia gii hn ho lng (
bn) vi (q
n
/p
a
) v thnh phn ht.

44
3. Mt s kt qu nghin cu thc nghim khu vc ng bng Bc B
C s ti liu c thu thp t kt qu th nghim CPTu v cc kt qu th nghim khc
5 a im m tc gi trc tip trin khai:
- D n cng vin Yn S - Thanh Tr - H Ni: 5 h xuyn su 30m;
- X i ng - Thanh Tr - H Ni (theo ti cp b m s B2007-02-42-T): 2 h
xuyn su 30m;
- D n Hi Phng Shipyard - Thu Nguyn - Hi Phng: 4 h su 32m;
- D n nh V Polyeste, KCN nh V - Hi Phng: 6 h xuyn su 35m;
- D n Nhit in Thi Bnh 1, tnh Thi Bnh: 9 h su 35m.
Thit b xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng c s dng l loi Penetrometer 100kN-
TW (hng GeoMil- H Lan) ca phng th nghim a k thut cng trnh - Trng i hc
M - a cht. Kch thu lc c cng sut ti a 10 tn (100kN). Mi xuyn l loi 10cm
2
.
Tn hiu truyn t mi xuyn ln b d liu bng dy. V tr o p lc nc l rng l u2.
y l loi my xuyn hin i, c c mi cn c nh, chnh xc cao, c th xc
nh nhiu thng s nh sc khng xuyn u mi (q
c
), ma st thnh n v (fs), t sc khng
xuyn (Fr), p l c nc l rng (u) v mt s c trng thm ca t trong qu trnh xuyn
cng vi thng s khc nh nghing, cao , to ca mi xuyn ti im xuyn. Chi tit
v phng php v thit b c trnh by trong cc bi bo ng [1], [2].
Qu trnh th nghim xuyn tnh c thc hin theo quy nh trong 22 TCN 317- 2004
v ASTM D5778- 98. Khi th nghim, cc tn hiu t u o c truyn lin tc ln b x l
v chuyn thnh tn hiu s ri c ghi li bng phn mm trn my vi tnh di dng biu
v s liu.
3.1. Xc nh mt s ch tiu vt l
la chn phng php ph hp cho loi t khu vc nghin cu, tc gi tin hnh
phn tch s liu xuyn v th nghim trong phng cng v tr theo ti liu ca cc h xuyn
cnh h khoan (H xuyn PZ1 Yn S v h xuyn CPTu2 Thu Nguyn).
Bng 2 l kt qu th nghim CPTu cc su c ly mu th nghim v cc bng 3,
4 l kt qu xc nh mt s ch tiu theo th nghim trong phng v theo kt qu CPTu.
Trong , h s k c chn l 0.25 vi t yu, 0.2 vi t do mm v 0.1 vi t tt khi
xc nh cc ch tiu OCR v p lc tin c kt
c
.
T cc s liu biu din hai bng 3 v 4, c th a ra mt s nhn xt nh sau:
- Khi xc nh khi lng th tch t nhin ca t yu, phng php ca Lunne (bng
1) thng cho kt qu ln hn so vi th nghim trong phng, cn phng php ca Larsson
(hnh 1) v Roperson (cng thc 2) cho kt qu nh hn; vi t trng thi do mm, do
cng phng php ca Lunne v Larsson cho kt qu tng i ph hp.
- Xc nh
c
v OCR vi h s k = 0,25 cho t yu v k = 0,1 cho st do cng l
kh ph hp. Vi t trng thi do mm cha c s liu so snh.

45
Bng 2. Kt qu th nghim CPTu cc su c ly mu th nghim
a
im
su
th
nghim
(m)
Cc thng s th nghim CPTu
Sc khng
xuyn u
mi qc
(MPa)
Sc khng
xuyn u
mi hiu
chnh qt
(MPa)
Ma st thnh
n v fs
(MPa)
T sc
khng
xuyn Fr
T s p
lc nc l
rng Bq
H

x
u
y
n

P
Z
1

-

Y
n

S

-

T
h
a
n
h

T
r
,

H

N

3,0 0,34 0,34 0,001 0,16 -0,06
5,0 0,52 0,52 0,018 3,44 -0,08
7,0 0,47 0,50 0,007 1,51 0,26
9,0 0,47 0,51 0,012 2,58 0,29
11,5 0,56 0,61 0,002 0,41 0,38
14,5 1,07 1,11 0,004 0,34 0,06
17,5 1,79 1,81 0,021 1,17 -0,04
20,5 2,73 2,74 0,027 0,99 -0,05
29,5 1,08 1,21 0,015 1,39 0,56
H

x
u
y
n

C
P
T
u
2
-

d

n

H
i

P
h
n
g

S
h
i
p
y
a
r
d

2,0 0,33 0,34 0,004 1,25 0,09
4,0 0,37 0,38 0,002 0,63 0,07
6,0 0,65 0,66 0,012 1,91 0,02
8,0 0,56 0,57 0,005 0,87 0,01
10,2 2,09 2,10 0,014 0,69 -0,01
15,0 4,29 4,32 0,012 0,27 0,01
18,0 1,08 1,11 0,012 1,12 0,01
21,0 1,20 1,38 0,016 1,35 0,77
23,0 1,11 1,25 0,014 1,21 0,59
25,0 1,84 1,93 0,041 2,23 0,20
33,5 10,41 10,43 0,123 1,18 -0,02

Bng 3. Kt qu xc nh mt s ch tiu vt l ca t theo th nghim trong phng v CPTu
khu vc Yn S, H Ni
(theo ti liu h khoan BH P1 v h xuyn PZ1)

su
(m)
Tn t
Theo th nghim trong
phng
Theo kt qu th nghim CPTu
Ch
s
do
Ip
K.lng
th
tch
tn
(g/c
m
3
p lc
tin
c kt
c

(Mpa)
)
K.lng th tch t
nhin tnh theo
T
s
OCR
p
lc
tin
c kt
c

(Mpa)
H
s
Ko
L
u
n
n
e

R
o
p
e
r
t
s
o
n

&

C
a
b
a
l

L
a
r
s
s
o
n

3
St mu xm
en, do chy
39.4 1,52 0,048 1,75 1,21 1,47 1,8 0,06 0,75
5 22,1 1,65 1,75 1,64 1,47 1,8 0,09 0,6
7 20,7 1,65 0,093 1,75 1,54 1.53 1.2 0.08 0.55
9 29,1 1,6 1,75 1,60 1,54 0,9 0,07 0,5
11.5 Bn st pha,
xm en
16,6 1,68 1,75 1,41 1,57 0,8 0,08 0,5
14.5 12,9 1,7 1,8 1,49 1,70 1,4 0,11 0,5
17.5 St mu xm
nu, do cng
17,2 1,85 1,85 1,75 1,80 2,1 0,10 0,7
20,5 17,8 1,87 0,125 18,5 1,78 1,86 2,9 0,13 0,75
29,5 St pha do mm 11 1,83 1,8 1,66 1,70 0,6 0,10 0,4

46

Bng 4. Kt qu xc nh mt s ch tiu vt l ca t theo th nghim trong phng v CPTu
khu vc Thu Nguyn, Hi Phng
(theo ti liu h khoan HKS2 v h xuyn CPTu2)

su
Tn t
Theo th nghim trong
phng
Theo kt qu th nghim CPTu
Ch s
do Ip
K.lg
th tch
tn
(g/cm
3
p lc
tin
c kt
c

(Mpa)
)
K.lg th tch t nhin
tnh theo
T
s
OCR
p lc
tin c
kt
c

(Mpa)
H s
Ko
L
u
n
n
e

R
o
p
e
r
t
s
o
n

&

C
a
b
a
l

L
a
r
s
s
o
n

2 St, xm en,
do chy
22 1,72 0,065 1,75 1,45 1,47 2,4 0,06 0,75
4 21 1,77 1,75 1,39 1,47 1,6 0,06 0,6
6 St pha xen
kp ct, xm
nu, do chy
17 1,75 0,073 1,8 1,61 1,51 2 0,11 0,7
8 15 1,85 0,08 1,8 1,49 1,49 1,2 0,09 0,5
10,2 Ct bi, xm
ghi
1,8 1,67 1,86 4,4 0,38 0,85
15 1,85 1,67 1,86 6,6 0,81
18
St ln hu
c, xm en,
do mm
1,8 1,63 1,7 1,1 0,16
21 26,5 1,77 1,75 1,68 1,72 1,2 0,2 0,6
23 18 1,8 1,75 1,65 1,72 0,9 0,17 0,6
25 17,6 1,83 1,8 1,79 1,86 1,5 0,3
33,5
St pha, xm
nu, do cng
1,93 1,95 1,98 - 7,5 1,97
3.2. Xc nh mt s ch tiu c hc
3.2.1. Xc nh Su v M
xc nh Su v M cho mt loi t, trc ht phi xc nh cc h s thc nghim N
kt

v mtheo cc biu thc (6) v (8). Da vo cc s liu th nghim c 5 a a im, chng
ti xc nh c N
kt
, mcho mt s t loi st theo gi tr thng k trung bnh ca lp nh bng
5. Trong , s c khng ct khng thot nc Su c xc nh theo kt qu th nghim ct cnh
trong h khoan hoc th nghim 3 trc UU ( Nhit in Thi Bnh), cn mun nn khng n
hng M c xc nh theo kt qu nn mt trc khng n hng trong phng.
Da vo bng 5, c th nhn thy cc h s thc nghim N
kt
, m thay i ph thuc vo
loi t v trng thi ca t:
- S ph thuc ca N
kt
vo loi t v trng thi ca t kh r: t st c N
kt
thp
hn st pha; t cng yu N
kt
cng thp. t bn st v st do chy th N
kt
=10 13. t bn
st pha v st pha do chy th N
kt
=15 17. Khi xc nh N
kt
theo th nghim 3 trc ( Nhit
in Thi Bnh) th gi tr N
kt
kh ln.
- S ph thuc ca m vo loi t cha c th hin r: vi t yu th m ph bin
t 4 n 6; Lp t st pha do cng ( KCN nh V) c gi tr m rt thp v nm ngoi
khong khuyn ngh ca biu thc (7), bng 3,3;
3.2.2. Xc nh G
max
v mt s ch tiu ng hc
S dng cc biu thc (9), (14) v biu hnh 3 xc nh c cc ch tiu G
max
, Vs v
CSR. Kt qu tnh ton c a ra bng 6. Do cha c cc s liu tng ng
nh gi so snh nn kt qu ny a ra ch mang tnh cht tham kho.

47
Bng 5. Cc h s thc nghim N
kt
v m cho mt s loi t H Ni v Hi Phng
a im Loi t
Gi tr
thng
k

su
lp
t
(m)
Sc
khng
xuyn
hiu
chnh
qt
(Mpa)
p
lc
a
tng
vo
(Mpa)
Th
nghim
ct
cnh
max
(Mpa)
H
s
Nkt
Mun
nn
khng
n
hng
M
(Mpa)
H
s
m
KCN
nh V
St ln hu c,
xm en, do
chy
TB 15 0,63 0,26 0,036 10 1,64 4,5
Max 0,99
Min 0,12
St mu xm
nu, do mm
TB 18 1,38 0,32 0,042 25 5,58 5,2
Max 2,74
Min 0,77
St pha mu
xm vng, do
cng
TB 26 5,14 15,6 3,3
Max 11,21
Min 1,75
Hi
Phng
Shipyard
St, xm en,
do chy
TB 3 0,36 0,05 0,023 13 1,95 6,3
Max 0,58
Min 0,24
St pha xen
kp ct, xm
nu, do chy
TB 8 0,62 0,14 0,028 17 2,27 4,8
Max 0,66
Min 0,34
i ng,
Thanh
Tr
Bn st ln
hu c, xm
en
TB 7 0,38 0,12 0,023 11 1,08 4,2
Max 1,25
Min 0,31
Bn st pha,
ln hu c,
xm en
TB 20 0,87 0,35 0,035 15 2,1 4,1
Max 1,33
Min 0,59
Cng
vin
Yn S
St mu xm
en, do chy
TB 6 0,54 0,11 0,028 15 1,76 4,1
Max 1,33
Min 0,39
Bn st pha,
xm en
TB 13 0,67 0,23 0,026 17 2,06 4,7
Max 0,79
Min 0,58
Nhit
in
Thi
Bnh 1
St pha do
chy
TB 9 0,65 0,16 0,023* 21
Max 1,80
Min 0,41
St do chy
TB 18 0,93 0,32 0,034* 18
Max 3,21
Min 0,74

Ghi ch: * a im Nhit in Thi Bnh: Su tnh theo th nghim 3 trc UU (khng c th
nghim ct cnh)

48
Bng 6. Kt qu xc nh G
max
, Vs v CSR theo th nghim CPTu
a im Loi t
Gi tr
thng
k

su
lp
t
(m)
Sc khng
xuyn
hiu
chnh, q
t
(Mpa)

p
lc
a
tng
Sc khng
xuyn
thc
Mun
trt
Vn
tc
sng
ct
T s
ng sut
ng
CSR
vo
q
n
G
max
Vs
(Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa) (m/s)
KCN
nh V
St ln hu c,
xm en, do
chy
TB 15 0,63 0,26 0,37 95,1 99,6 0,1
Max 0,99
Min 0,12
St mu xm
nu, do mm
TB 18 1,38 0,32 1,06 164,1 162,8 0,1
Max 2,74
Min 0,77
St pha mu
xm vng, do
cng
TB 26 5,14 0,46 4,69 409,2 371,4 0,2
Max 11,21
Min 1,75
Hi
Phng
Shipyard
St, xm en,
do chy
TB 3 0,36 0,05 0,31 64,5 70,1 0,1
Max 0,58
Min 0,24
St pha xen kp
ct, xm nu,
do chy
TB 8 0,62 0,14 0,48 94,1 98,6 <0,1
Max 0,66
Min 0,34
i ng,
Thanh Tr
Bn st ln
hu c, xm
en
TB 7 0,38 0,12 0,26 66,9 72,5 0,1
Max 1,25
Min 0,31
Bn st pha, ln
hu c, xm
en
TB 20 0,87 0,35 0,52 119,1 121,9 <0,1
Max 1,33
Min 0,59
Cng
vin Yn
S
St mu xm
en, do chy
TB 6 0,54 0,11 0,43 85,5 90,4 0,1
Max 1,33
Min 0,39
Bn st pha,
xm en
TB 13 0,67 0,23 0,44 99,3 103,5 <0,1
Max 0,79
Min 0,58
Nhit
in Thi
Bnh 1
St pha do
chy
TB 9 0,65 0,16 0,49 97,2 101,6 0,1
Max 1,8
Min 0,41
St do chy
TB 18 0,93 0,32 0,61 124,7 127,1 0,1
Max 3,21
Min 0,74
4. Nhn xt kin ngh
Th nghim xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng l th nghim c nhiu u im ni
tri so vi cc loi th nghim hin trng khc, nh xc nh c nhiu c trng c l ca
t, qu trnh th nghim nhanh v lin tc. Trong trng hp thit k s b, c th xc nh
cc ch tiu c l ca t theo cc phng php c kin ngh nh sau:
- Xc nh khi lng th tch t nhin theo phng php ca Larsson (biu hnh
1) cho t yu, vi loi t khc c th s dng phng php Lunne (bng 1);
- Xc nh p lc tin c kt
c
vi t yu nn chn k = 0,2 0,25;
- Khi xc nh Su cho t yu, nn chn N
kt
=10 13 cho st v N
kt
=15 -17 cho st
pha, vi t tt cn chn N
kt
>20;
- i vi h s thc nghim m xc nh mun nn khng n hng, nn chn bng
t 4 6 cho t yu;
- Vi cc loi t v ch tiu c l khc, cha c c s thc nghim nh gi nn
c xem nh s liu tham kho v cn nghin cu tip.

49
giai on thit k k thut, cn thit phi tin hnh mt s h xuyn, khoan cnh
nhau v kt hp vi cc phng php th nghim khc xc nh chnh xc h s thc
nghim cho v tr xy dng c th.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Vn Phng, T c Thnh, 2008. Xc nh cc c trng c hc ca t yu
bng th nghim xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng CPTu. Tuyn tp bo co HNKH ln
th 18, trng H M - a cht.
[2]. Nguyn Vn Phng, T c Thnh, 2010. Bc u xc nh h s c kt ngang ca mt
s loi t yu phn b ph bin ng bng Bc B bng thit b CPTu. Tp ch Khoa hc
k thut M - a cht, s 31.
[3]. L Trng Thng, Nguyn Vn Phng, 2010. Xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc
ca t yu bng cc th nghim hin trng. Tuyn tp bo co HNKH ln th 19, trng
H M - a cht.
[4]. L Trng Thng, Nguyn Vn Phng, 2011. Phn loi t bng th nghim xuyn tnh c
o p lc nc l rng CPTu, Tp ch Khoa hc k thut M - a cht, s 32.
[5]. POWELL J.J.M., LUNNE T., 1988. Interpretation and use of piezocones in UK clays,
Proc. Conf. on Penetration testing in the UK, Birmingham, pp. 151156.
[6]. POWELL J.J.M., LUNNE T., 2005. Use of CPTu data in Clays/fine grained soils, Studia
Geotechnica et Mechanica, Vol. XXVII, No. 34, pp. 53-57.
[7]. Robertson, P. K., 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 27(1), pp 151158.
[8]. Robertson, P. K., Cabal K.L, 2010. Estimating soil unit weight from CPT. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE.
[9]. SENNESET K., JANBU N., SVAN G., 1982. Strength and deformation parameters
from cone penetration tests, Proc. 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, ESOPT-
II, Amsterdam, Vol. 2, pp. 863870
[10]. Mayne PW, Rix GJ., 1993. G
max
-qc Relationships for Clays. Geotechnical Testing
Journal, Vol. 16
[11]. Seed, H.B and Alba, P, 1986. Use of SPT and CPT Tests for Evaluating the liquefaction
Resistance of Sands. ASCE, NewYork.
SUMMARY
Determination of some properties of common clayey soils in Bac Bo delta
by piezocone penetration test (CPTu)
Nguyen Van Phong, University of Mining and Geology
This paper presents the method for determination of unit weight (), stress history (
c
),
undrained shear strength (Su), confined compression module (M) and soil dynamic properties
using the piezocone penetration test (CPTu) that were simultaneously applied to clayey soils
are distributed in Thanh Tri (Hanoi), Thuy Nguyen, Dinh Vu, (Hai Phong) and Thai Binh I
Power Project. Some empirical coefficients were determined including k = 0.2 - 0.25 for soft
soil for the
c
and OCR in determiniation. For theSu values of soft soil, the N
kt
range from 10
13 for clay, 15 -17 for silty clay and greater than 20 for stiff soil. For the M estimation, the
coefficient m ranges from 4 to 6 for soft soil.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. L Trng Thng

50

C IM SC KHNG CT CA T LOI ST YU BO HA
PHN B CC TNH VEN BIN NG BNG SNG CU LONG
Minh Ton, Nguyn Th N
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Bi co trnh by kt qu nghin cu c im sc khng ct ca t loi st yu
bo ha ngun gc song-bin T (Q
2
2-3
) phn b cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu
Long bng cc thit b th nghim khc nhau.
Khi th nghim trong iu kin khng thot nc, cc th nghim nn ba trc (UU), nn n
trc, ct cnh hin trng i vi t bn st, sc khng ct ln lt l 10,3 n 15,1kPa; 9,6
n 19,3kPa v t 12,7 n 21kPa; i vi bn st pha, sc khng ct ln lt l10,2 n
20kPa; 15,6 n 20,5kPa v 23,4 n 25,3kPa. Sc khng ct khng thot nc bin i theo
quy lut gim khi gii hn chy tng v cht gim.
Khi ct trn my nn 3 trc v CU i vi t bn st,gi tr gc ma st trong hu hiu ()
thay i t 19
0
26 n 24
0
00, lc dnh hu hiu C thay i t 9,1 n 15,6kPa; i vi t
bn st pha , thay i t 24
0
27 n 31
0
48, C thay i t 5,6 n 14,5kPa. Khi hm lng
ht st v ch s do tng th lc dnh kt hu hiu tng, gc ma st trong hu hiu gim.
1. t vn
ng bng sng Cu Long, t yu c din phn b rng, nm ngay gn mt t nn
khi xy dng, c bit l ng giao thng phi tin hnh x l. Cc thng s sc khng ct
ca t ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k x l, tnh ton n nh ca nn t yu.
Sc khng ct ca t hin ti c thc hin nhiu phng th nghim ca nhiu c quan
khc nhau, bng nhiu thit b v s th nghim khc nhau, do cc kt qu thu c cn
sai khc nhau. Qua nhiu kt qu th nghim ca tp th tc gi, cng vi tham kho cc kt
qu th nghim thu thp c ngoi thc t, tp th tc gi mun ch ra cc gi tr c trng v
sc chng ct ca t bn v bn st pha amQ
2
2-3
phn b ven bin ng bng sng Cu
Long v quy lut chung v s bin i ca chng. Nhng s liu a ra c tnh tng hp v
h thng nn tin cy, c th tham kho trong thit k v nh hng cho cng tc
nghin cu, kho st a cht cng trnh cho cc cng trnh xy dng ven bin ng bng
sng Cu Long.
2. S lc cc phng php th nghim v tiu chun p dng xc nh sc khng ct
ca t loi st yu
Cc thng s sc khng ct khng thot nc xc nh bng nhiu th nghim trn cc
thit b v tiu chun khc nhau: nn ba trc theo s UU (ASTM D2850, AASHTO T296,
BS 1377: Part 7: 1990: clause 8), nn mt t rc n hng (ASTM D2166, BS 1377: Part 7:
1990: clause 7, AASHTO T208 -90), ct cnh ngoi hin trng (BS 1377: Part 9:1990:clause
4.4, ASTM D2573, AASHTO T223 v 22TCN 355-2006). Ngoi ra, c th xc nh gin
tip t cc th nghim xuyn tnh ho c nn ngang. Cc thng s ny s dng tnh ton n
nh xut gii php thit k, p dng tnh ton gii php p trc tip, trng hp
p nn u tin khi s dng p nn ng theo giai on.
Th nghim nn ba trc khng c kt - khng thot nc (UU) l mt phng php u
vit khi xc nh sc khng ct ca t tng ng vi trng thi th nm t nhin (c
u
v
u
).
Th nghim cho php m phng c iu kin khng thot nc ca t nn, trong qu trnh
th nghim kim sot cht ch c phng ca cc thnh phn ng sut chnh (
3
,
1
).
Th nghim nn n hng cho php xc nh c cng khng nn n hng ca t
(q
u
=2c.tg(45
0
2
+ ) ). i vi t yu, sc khng ct khng thot nc c

u
=
2
u
q
.
Th nghim ct cnh ngoi hin trng xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc ca
t, s dng cho cc loi t dnh mm yu, bo ho n c. Th nghim thc hin trong iu

51
kin t nhin, t gy ra s ph hoi tnh nguyn trng ca t. t st nhy, khi th nghim
cho bn chng ct cao hn so vi kt qu th nghim trong phng. Nu th nghim c
thc hin trong t c xen kp cc lp mng ct v bi cht hoc cc tn tch thc vt cha
hoc phn hy km cng nh cc h t th s nh hng ln n kt qu th nghim (BS
5930 :1999).
Vic th nghim trong phng vi mu t c ly t su nht nh, qu trnh ly
mu s lm thay i trng thi ng sut t nhin tng t nh vic d ti trong th nghim c
kt. Th nghim nn n hng c thc hin trong iu kin p lc kh quyn (
3
c xem
bng 0), trong khi th nghim nn ba trc UU th mu t c nn li mt phn nhng do
iu kin thot nc b khng ch, mu t cha t c cht cn thit nh khi trong
nn trong t nhin. Do vy, khng phn nh thc cht sc chng ct trong iu kin p lc t
nhin. m phng li trng thi ng sut ban u v cht tng ng trong iu kin
phng th nghim, mu t phi c nn li tng ng vi iu kin th nm t nhin. Trong
trng hp , xc nh sc khng ct theo s c kt - khng thot nc c o p lc nc
l rng (CU) mang tnh u vit. Kt qu th nghim cng cho php d bo sc chng ct
khng thot nc theo su hay khi t nn t n c kt no .
iu kin c kt thot nc xc nh sc khng ct hu hiu (C, ) nhm nh gi
n nh ca nn sau gia c trong iu kin t nn c c kt c th c thc hin bng
th nghim theo s ct chm - c kt hoc ct nhanh c kt. Cc thng s ny thng
c s dng trong trng hp t nn t c c kt ln hn 90% v xc nh trn
dng c ct phng hoc thit b nn ba trc. Th nghim trn my nn ba trc thc hin theo
tiu chun BS 1377: Part 8: 1990: clause7, th nghim ct phng thc hin theo tiu chun
ASTM D3080-98, AASHTO T236, BS 1377: Part 8: 1990: clause 4/5.
Nn ba trc theo s c kt - khng thot nc, o p lc nc l rng (CU) l
phng php ang c p dng rng ri v tit kim c thi gian th nghim so vi s
CD. Mu t c c kt thm gi tr ng sut nn hiu qu yu cu trc khi tc dng ng
sut dc trc cho n khi mu b ph hoi. Vic nn dc trc khng cho nc thot ra khi
mu ng thi o s pht trin p lc nc l rng. T , xc nh cc gi tr sc khng ct
tng (c
u
,
u
)v sc khng ct hu hiu (c, ) ca t.
3. Kt qu xc nh cc thng s sc khng ct ca t loi st yu amQ
2
2-3
Cc loi t ny c xc nh sc khng ct khng thot nc bng cc th nghim
ct cnh ti hin trng (ASTM D2573), nn ba trc theo s UU (ASTM D2850), nn n
hng (ASTM D2166). Sc khng ct hu hiu c xc nh theo s CU c o p lc
nc l rng (BS 1377 : Part 7: 1990: clause 7). Cc th nghim trong phng c thc hin
ti phng th nghim a k thut cng trnh thuc B mn a cht cng trnh, K thut
t v vt liu xy dng thuc Trung tm nghin cu a k thut, cng ty FECON. Cc
phn b
cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu Long
Cc mu t bn st, bn st pha do cc tc gi nghin cu v ti liu thu thp tng
hp c thc hin nhiu v tr khc nhau: thnh ph M Tho, th x G Cng, huyn Chu
Thnh tnh Tin Giang; Th x Bn Tre, huyn M Cy, tnh Bn Tre; th x Tr Vinh, huyn
Chu Thnh v huyn Cu Ngang, tnh Tr Vinh; Th x Sc Trng v huyn Long Ph, tnh
Sc Trng, Huyn Hng Dn v Th x Bc Liu, tnh Bc Liu; thnh ph C Mau, huyn
Trn Vn Thi v huyn Nm Cn, tnh C Mau v huyn An Bin, huyn An Minh v huyn
G Quao, tnh Kin Giang. Trong , loi t bn st pha c th nghim ti Th x G
Cng, tnh Tin Giang; huyn M Cy, tnh Bn Tre v huyn Chu Thnh, v huyn Cu
Ngang, tnh Tr Vinh. su cc im th nghim hin trng v ly mu th nghim t
khong 1-2m n 20m ty thuc v tr nghin cu. Cc mu t c chn nghin cu ly
trn nguyn tc theo din v su ca trm tch. Trn c s kt hp nhiu ti liu nghin
cu khc nhau, t yu thuc trm tch ch yu l bn st v bn st pha nn cc kt qu
nghin cu sc khng ct c cp cho hai loi t ny.

52
th nghim ct cnh hin trng c thc hin nhiu cng trnh khc nhau cng vi Lin
on a cht thy vn -a cht cng trnh min Nam, cng ty FECON v TEDDI SOUTH.
Cc kt qu nghin cu sc khng ct khng thot nc c trnh by cc bng
1a,1b. Gi tr sc khng ct hu hiu ca t c trnh by bng 2.
Bng 1a. Kt qu xc nh cc thng s sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t bn st
a im
Nn 3 trc theo s UU Nn 1 trc n hng Ct cnh hin trng
S
lng
mu
Cu,kPa u,
S
lng
mu
Qu, Cu,
S lng
imth
nghim
Su,kPa
Tin Giang
104 10,8 116 12 23,5 11,8 87 20,3
Bn Tre
25 13,0 102 12 22,5 11,2 135 16,4
Tr Vinh
80 15,1 1 70 19,2 9,6 89 21,0
Sc Trng
25 12,3 56 13 27,0 13,5 52 17,8
Bc Liu
38 12,1 117 18 24,3 12,2 80 12,7
C Mau
95 10,3 52 16 18,4 9,2 429 18,4
Kin Giang
31 11,5 1 17 22,0 11,0 50 16,7
Bng 1b. Kt qu xc nh cc thng s sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t bn st pha
a im
Nn 3 trc theo s UU Nn 1 trc n hng Ct cnh hin trng
S
lng
mu
Cu,kPa u,
S
lng
mu
Qu, Cu,
S lng
im th
nghim
Su, kPa
Tin Giang
25 17,9 132 12 31,2 15,6 25 23,4
Bn Tre
26 19,2 119 12 34,6 17,3 26 25,3
Tr Vinh
27 11,1 114 13 41,0 20,5 27 24,3
Bng 2. Kt qu xc nh cc thng s khng ct hu hiu ca t
a
im
Bn st Bn st pha
Nn 3 trc theo s CU c o p lc nc l
rng
Nn 3 trc theo s CU c o p lc nc l
rng
S
lng
mu
C
S
U
kPa
C' '
S
ln
g
mu
C
S
U ,
kPa
C' '
kPa kPa kPa
kP
a
Tin
Giang
93
17,
1
1112

25,0 15,6 2129 25 16,7 1327 26,7
14,
5
2427

Bn Tre
25
15,
6
1104

29,5 11,6 2318 25 11,5 2351 38,3 5,6
3148

Tr
Vinh
81
11,
8
1337

27,5 9,1 2400 25 15,4 1451 43,1
12,
2
2822

Sc
Trng
85
13,
1
1326

33,1 11,3 2255

Bc
Liu
25
13,
5
1321

19,8 12,4 1926
C Mau
41
11,
6
1338

23,4 10,7 2333
Kin
Giang
35
11,
9
1316

20,4 9,2 2243

53
T cc s liu thu c, chng ti rt ra nhn xt:
Gi tr lc dnh kt khng thot nc ca t bn st theo c ba phng php th
nghim u nh hn 40kPa. t thuc loi yu v rt yu (theo phn loi ca Terzaghi v
Peck). Khi t c c kt ln hn 90% (nn ba trc theo s CU), gi tr sc khng ct
tng ln so vi th nghim nn ba trc UU t 36 n 62%. Vi t bn st pha cng tng t,
sc khng ct khng thot nc nh hn 40kPa v cng thuc loi t rt yu v yu. Khi t
c kt n 90% (nn ba trc theo s CU), gi tr Su tng ln khong 30 n 67%.
Kt qu nghin cu sc khng ct hu hiu bng phng php nn ba trc theo s
CU cho thy, i vi t bn st v bn st pha, gc ma st trong hu hiu t gi tr cao
khong t 20 n 30
0
10.6 10.6 10.1
9.1 8.8 8.9
54.2 53.7
67.1
68.1
84.8
81.5
53.1
12.7
12.1 10.4
15.2
12.3
13.0
11.5
10.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tin Giang Bn Tre Tr Vinh Sc Trng Bc Liu C Mau Kin Giang
Gii hn chy,%
Lc dnh khng thot
nc, Cu (Kpa)
Khi lng th tch
kh,gc,(kN/m3)
, vi t c kt thng thng, gi tr lc dnh hu hiu C vn t
khong 9 n 15kPa.
Gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc ca t thay i khc nhau ti khu vc Tin
Giang (bc sng Tin), khu vc gia hai sng Tin v sng Hu (cc tnh Tr Vinh v Bn
Tre cho gi tr ln nht), khu vc bn o C Mau cho gi tr nh nht.
Cc kt qu th nghim cng cho thy, gi tr sc khng ct theo th nghim ct cnh
ngoi hin trng ln hn nhiu so vi kt qu trong phng. Th nghim nn mt trc v nn
ba trc s UU cho kt qu gn tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, th nghim nn mt trc n hng
cho kt qu nh hn th nghim nn ba trc s UU. iu ny c th l do, khi nn ba trc
theo s UU, mu t chu p lc bung trc khi nn dc trc. Khi lm cc bt kh n
ra bi qu trnh gii phng ng sut do ly mu s c nn li mt phn, cht s ln hn
so vi mu t nn n hng. Mt khc i vi t yu, mu t d b n hng v mt tnh
nguyn trng trong qu trnh nn v gi tr Cu ch xc nh gn ng.
Nhm lm sng t cc c trng sc khng ct v cc ch tiu vt l ca t, thit lp
cc quan h gia sc khng ct v gii hn chy, khi lng th tch kh ca t (hnh 1).

Hnh 1a. S bin i gii hn chy, khi lng th tch kh v lc dnh khng thot nc
(nn ba trc theo s UU) ca bn st ti cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu Long

54
11.8
12.2
11.7
43.0
38.0
38.5
19.2
13.3
17.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Tin Giang Bn Tre Tr Vinh
Gii hn chy,%
Lc dnh khng thot
nc, Cu (Kpa)
Khi lng th tch kh,
gc(kN/m3)

Hnh 1b. S bin i gii hn chy, khi lng th tch kh v lc dnh khng thot nc
(nn ba trc theo s UU) ca bn st pha ti cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu Long
T cc hnh 1a v 1b rt ra nhn xt:
i vi bn st: Khi gii hn chy tng t 53,1 n 84,8%, khi lng th tch kh
gim t 10,6 n 8,8kPa, lc dnh khng thot nc (nn ba trc theo s UU) c xu th
tng, nhng khng nhiu, tng t 10,4 n 15,2kPa.
i vi bn st pha: Tng t nh bn st, nhng mi quan h ny r hn, kh i gii
hn chy tng, khi lng th tch kh gim, nhn thy s gim kh r rt lc dnh kt
khng thot nc. C th: gii hn chy tng t 38,0 n 43,0%, khi lng th tch kh gim
t 11,7 n 12,2kPa, lc dnh khng thot nc gim t 19,2 n 13,3kPa. S d nh vy l
v trong cng mt loi t, khi gii hn chy tng lin quan n b dy mng nc quanh ht
st tng, v vy sc chng ct s gim v khi cht tng (khi lng th tch kh tng), mi
lin kt gia cc ht cht ch hn do sc khng ct tng.
Ti cc a im nghin cu, tc gi tin hnh xc lp kt qu th nghim ct cnh
(Su), v quan h gia sc khng ct khng thot nc v ng sut hiu qu (Su/
vo
)

theo
su (hnh 2). Theo kt qu cho thy, theo su sc khng ct tng v t s Su/
vo
gim. Ti
th x C Mau gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc Su thay i t 12,34kPa n 34,88kPa.
Ti Tin Giang gi tr sc khng ct Su thay i t 16,1 n 25,30kPa. Ti huyn Hng Dn,
tnh Bc Liu cho kt qu gi tr sc khng ct thay i 3,6 n 12kPa.

55
C Mau
z =0.9524Su - 8.3222
R
2
=0.9586
hay
Su=1.050z+8.7381
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40
Sc khng ct khng t hot nc, Su,Kpa
u
,
m
Gi tr trung bnh
Su
Linear (ng
trung bnh Su)
C Mau
Su/'
vo
= 1.9556z
-0.7165
R
2
= 0.9302
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Su /'
v o
u
,
z
,
m

Ti n
Gi ang
z =1.3617Su - 12.204
R
2
=0.8391
Hay
Su =0.7344z +8.962
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Su (KPa)
u

Z

(
m
)
Gi tr trung bnh Su
Linear(ng trung bn
Su)
Tin Giang
Su/'
vo
=1.79048z
-0.7828
R
2
=0.9313
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
22.0
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Su /s'
vo
u
,
z
,
m

Hng
Dn, Bc
Liu
y =1.7904x - 5.8595
R
2
=0.7708
hay
Su =0.5585z +3.2727
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Sc khng ct khng thot nc,
Su,kPa
u
,

Z
,

m
Gi tr trung bnh
Su
Linear( ng gi
tr trung bnh Su)
Hng Dn, Bc Liu
Su /'
vo
=0.8286z
-0.7577
R
2
=0.9004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.0 0.5 1.0
S
u
/'
v o
u
,

z
,

m

Hnh 2. Quan h Su, Su/
v0
theo su

56
Nhm lm sng t mi quan h gia sc khng ct khng thot nc gia cc phng
php th nghim, cc tc gi thit lp mi quan h tng quan gia kt qu th nghim ct
cnh ngoi hin trng v nn ba trc s UU t cc kt qu cng su thu c vi
cc th nghim ny, kt qu c trnh by hnh 3.
n =160
Bn st
Su =0.8918
vst
+6.6997
R
2
=0.63
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
vst
,kPa
S
u
,
k
P
a
n=28
Bn st pha
Su =0.8034
vst
+8.954
R
2
=0.7304
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
vst
,kPa
S
u
,
k
P
a

Hnh 3.Quan h sc khng ct khng thot nc theo th nghim nn ba trc theo s UU
(Su) v ct cnh ngoi hin trng (
vst
)
S ph thuc ca gc ma st trong hu hiu, lc dnh kt hu hiu vo hm lng ht
st, ch s do th hin hnh 4; 5. Khi hm l ng ht st, ch s do tng, gc ma st trong
hu hiu gim v lc dnh kt hu hiu tng.
Sc Trng
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
10 20 30 40 50
Hm lng ht st<0,002mm,%
G
c

m
a

s
t

t
r
o
n
g

h

'
Gc ma st trong
hu hiu
Linear (Gc ma st
trong hu hiu)

Hnh 4.Quan h gc ma st trong hu hiu v hm lng ht st, ch s do ca t
Sc Trng
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
10 20 30 40 50
Hm lng ht st <0,002mm,%
L
c

d
n
h

k
t

h
u

h
i
u
,

c
'
Lc dnh kt hu
hiu
Linear (Lc dnh
kt hu hiu)
Sc Trng
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
10 20 30 40
Ch s do, Ip,%
L
c

d
n
h

k
t

h
u

h
i
u
,

c
'
Lc dnh kt hu
hiu
Linear (Lc dnh
kt hu hiu)

Hnh 5. Quan h lc dnh kt hu hiu v hm lng ht st, ch s do ca t

57
4. Kt lun
Qua cc kt qu nghin cu xc nh sc khng ct ca t, rt ra mt s kt lun:
1. Da vo sc khng ct khng thot nc cho thy, bn st v bn st pha phn b
cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu Long, u thuc loi t rt yu (Su<20kPa).
2. Gi tr sc khng ct ca t thay i ty thuc vo khu vc, loi t cng nh tnh
do ca t. Khi khi lng th tch kh tng, ch s do gim th sc khng ct tng.
Cc gi tr lc dnh kt khng thot nc ca t bn st trong th nghim nn ba trc
theo s UU thay i t 10,3kPa n 15,1kPa, nn n hng thay i t 9,6 n 19,3kPa;
ct cnh cho kt qu t 12,7 n 21kPa. Gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc Su khi t t
c kt 90% (nn ba trc theo s CU) thay i t 19,8 n 33,1kPa.
i vi t bn st pha, gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc theo s UU thay i
t 10,2 n 20kPa, gi tr nn mt trc thay i t 15,6 n 20,5kPa, gi tr ct cnh thay i
t 23,4 n 25,3kPa cng thuc t rt yu. Khi t c kt n 90% (nn ba trc theo s
CU), gi tr Su thay i t 26,7 n 43,1kPa.
- Theo kt qu nghin cu, t mt t n su 4-6m tr ln, t thuc qu c kt
nh, t s (S
u
/
vo
) thay i trong phm vi 0,44 2,47. T su 46m tr xung, trng
thi c kt thng, t s (S
u
/
vo
) c gi tr dao ng trong phm vi 0,22 0,43, ring ti khu
vc Bc Liu, gi tr ny thp trong khong 0,12 n 0,27.
3. Trong th nghim nn ba trc theo s khng thot nc - c kt cc gi tr sc
khng ct tng c th:
-t bn st gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc (lc dnh C thay i t 11,6 n
17,1kPa, gc ma st trong thay i t 11
0
12 n 13
0
38), sc khng ct hu hiu (lc dnh
hu hiu C thay i t 9,1 n 15,6kPa, gc ma st trong hu hiu thay i t t 19
0
26 n
24
0
00.
- t bn st pha gi tr sc khng ct khng thot nc (lc dnh C thay i t 11,5
n 16,7kPa, gc ma st trong thay i t 13
0
27 n 23
0
51), sc khng ct hu hiu (lc
dnh hu hiu C thay i t 5,6 n 14,5kPa, gc ma st trong hu hiu thay i t 24
0
27
n 31
0
48.
Cc gi tr sc khng ct hu hiu ph thuc ng k vo thnh phn ht v ch s
do; khi hm lng ht st tng, ch s do tng th gim v C tng.
4. Trong iu kin t nn c c kt trc, sc khng ct tng ln ng k, iu
chng t i vi t loi st yu amQ
2
2-3
|4|. Karl Terzaghi, Ralph B. Peck, Gholamreza Mesri. Soil mechanics in engineering
practice.Third edition.

phn b cc tnh ven bin ng bng sng Cu
Long, khi s dng cc gii php thot nc thng ng nhm thc y qu trnh c kt th sc
khng c tng cng, m bo nn n nh.

TI LIU THAM KHO
|1|. BS 1377:1990, Cc phng php th nghim t xy dng.
|2|. Head, K.H. Manual of Soil Laboratory Testing, Volume 3: Effective Stress Tests,
London: Pentech Press Limited. 1986.
|3|. ASTM Standards Book of Standards, Volume 04.08, March 2003 Soil and Rock (I):
D420 - D5779.

58
SUMMARY
Undrained shear strength features of saturated soft clayey soil
in coastal provinces of Mekong delta

Do Minh Toan, Nguyen Thi Nu, University of Mining and Geology

This article represents the determination of the undrained shear strength of
Quaternary alluvial-marine saturated soft clayey soil (Q
2
2-3
)

occurred in coastal
provinces of Mekong delta by difference experimental equipments.
The experiments conducted in undrained conditions, undrained shear strength
of soft clay determined by the Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test
(UU), Unconfined Compression Test and Vane Shear Test are of 10,3 to 15,1kPa; 9,6
to 19,3kPa and from 12,7 to 21kPa, repctively. The same tests applied for soft sandy
clay soils gave the values of 10,2 to 20kPa; 15,6 to 20,5kPa and from 23,4 to
25,3kPa, respectively.
The effective shear strength of soft clay soils determinined by consolidated
undrained triaxial compression test with pore pressure measurement showed that
effective friction angle () ranges from 19
0
26 to 24
0
00 and effective cohesion (C)
ranges from 9,1 to 15,6kPa. Similar tests for soft sandy clay soils gave values rom
24
0
27 to 31
0


48 and C from 5,6 to 14,5kPa. As the clay content increases, the
plasticity index and the effective cohesion increase,which effectively reduce the
effective friction angle.

59

BC U NGHIN CU THNG S NG HC CA T
BNG TH NGHIM BA TRC NG

L Trng Thng, Nguyn Vn Phng
Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by c s l thuyt v thc nghim xc nh cc thng s ng hc
ca t bng th nghim ba trc ng, gii thiu mt s kt qu bc u th nghim theo ti
trng ng chu k c tn s, bin v s th nghim khc nhau i vi t st, st pha
do cng (h tng Vnh Phc, Thi Bnh), st do chy v ct mn (h tng Thi Bnh). Kt
qu th nghim cho thy:
- S th nghim B (iu khin bin dng) khng ph hp vi t c bin dng d ln (t
loi st khng bo ho);
- T s ng sut SR = 0,1 vi cc mu t loi st v SR = 0,2 vi mu ct th t vn lm
vic trng thi bnh n. Bin bin dng tng i khi bng 0,3 0,55%.
- S chu k th nghim dao ng ca h t ti n nh hu ht cc mu thng ln hn
20 chu k.
- H s gim chn (D) ca cc mu t th nghim u nm trong khong 0.1 0.2. Mt
cch tng i, c th nhn thy cc mu t loi st c D ln hn t loi ct v t tt
thng c D nh hn t yu.
1. M u
Thng s ng hc ca t l nhng ch tiu quan trng trong tnh ton nn v mng cc
cng trnh c ti trng ng. Ngun gc ca ti trng ng rt a dng nh ng t, sng
bin, tu xe, my cng nghip,... V vy, khi tnh ton nn mng cc loi cng trnh nh nh
cao tng, nn ng, mng my v cc cng trnh ven bin u phi k ti ti trng ng. Khi
tnh ton nn v mng chu ti trng ng, cn phi xc nh cc c trng ng hc ca t
(mun Youngs E
d
, mun trt G
d
v h s gim chn D) tng ng vi cc h s ca m
hnh Kelvin Voigt (h s cng K, h s cn nht C), ng thi xc nh bn ng v
kh nng ho lng ca t (gii hn ro i vi m hnh Kelvin Voigt). Cc c trng ng
hc ca t c s dng tnh ton bin dng v l thng s u vo quan trng cho bi
ton m hnh cu trc nn t chu ti ng, cn bn ng v kh nng ho lng c
dng nh gi kh nng chu ti ng ca t. Nh vy, cc thng s ng hc ca t l
nhng thng tin quan trng cn thit cho tnh ton nn mng cng trnh c ti ng.
Trn th gii c nh iu ngh in cu v xc n h cc thng s ny. Cc thn h qu
nghin cu v l thuyt, thc nghim, phng php v quy trnh th nghim c tm thy
trong nhiu ti liu chuyn mn v tiu chun lin quan. Phng php v thit b th nghim
c s dng xc nh cc ch tiu ng hc cng rt a dng, bao gm cc phng php
th nghim hin trng v trong phng. Cc phng php th nghim trong phng c s
dng ph bin nht l phng php ct cng hng (resonant-column method) vi ti trng
dao ng dc trc hoc ti trng xon, v phng php th nghim ba trc ng (cyclic
triaxial test) vi ti trng chu k. nc ta do hn ch v thit b, nn nhng nghin cu xc
nh cc thng s ng hc ca t vn cn rt hn ch.
2. C s l thuyt nghin cu cc thng s ng hc ca t bng th nghim ba tr c
ng
2.1. Phng trnh vi phn dao ng cng bc ca h mt bc t do c cn
Khi nghin cu ng x ng hc ca t, ngi ta s dng m hnh Kelvin Voigt
(hnh 1a). l m hnh n hi nht, c cu to t hai vt th nht v n hi mc song
song. Nghin cu ng x ca m hnh ny di tc dng ca ti trng ng da trn phn tch
ng hc h mt bc t do c cn (single-degree-of-freedom, SDOF). Theo , mt vt nng

60
M c gn vi h n hi - nht v chu tc dng ca lc kch ng F
(t)
, c gi l h dao
ng kch ng lc (hnh 1b).

Cc lc tc dng ln M gm: Lc cng bc F
(t)
thay i theo thi gian, lc qun tnh
F
a
, lc n hi F
e
v lc cn nht F
c
(b qua ma st kh). Theo nh lut Newton, ta c: F
a
=
F
(t)
- F
c
- F
e
, hay:
F
a
+F
c
+F
e
=F
(t)
(1)
- Vi m v U tng ng l khi lng v chuyn v ca vt nng, lc qun tnh c
xc nh theo biu thc:
F
a
=m.a =m. d
2
U/dt
2
..
U =m
- Lc cn nht t l bc nht vi vn tc, nn: F
c
=c dU/dt =c
.
U
- Lc n hi t l bc nht vi chuyn v: F
e
=k U
Thay cc biu thc trn vo (1), ta c phng trnh vi phn dao ng cng bc ca
h mt bc t do c cn:
m
..
U+ c
.
U+ k U =F
(t)
(2)
Vi h tuyn tnh, cc h s cng k v h s cn c l hng s. Cn vi h phi tuyn,
cc h s k, c l hm s ca chuyn v hay bin dng.
a phng trnh (2) v dng phng trnh vi phn bc 2 c trng, ta chia hai v
cho m v a vo cc k hiu:
2
..
U
o
=k/m; 2 = c/m, ta c:
+ 2
.
U+
2
..
U
o
U =F
(t)
/m (3)
Tu theo c im ca lc kch ng F
(t)
v vi cc thng s bit ca h (k,c), gii
(3) ta xc nh c nghim ca h.
2.2. Dao ng ca h mt bc t do chu kch ng iu ho
Trng hp h chu kch ng iu ho: F
(t)
=F. Sin(t) th phng trnh vi phn (3)
c dng:
+ 2
.
U+
2
m
F
o
U = Sin(t) (4)
trong , F v ln lt l bin v tn s gc ca lc kch ng iu ho.
Nghim tng qut ca (4) c dng:
U
(t)
=Ae
-t
U Sin(
o
t +) + Sin(t +) (5)
S hng th nht ca (5) biu din thnh phn dao ng t do tt dn, c trng cho
dao ng t do c cn. lch Ae
-t
U
l bin ca dao ng t do c cn. Ngi ta dng
tt lga () c trng cho tnh cht ny: =T (vi T l chu k). Cc gi tr
o
, l tn
s v gc lch pha ring ca h.
S hng th hai c tn s ca ngoi lc, biu din thnh phn dao ng cng bc
ca h, hay dao ng ca h trng thi bnh n c gc pha ban u l . i lng l
bin bin dng trng thi bnh n,
U=
2 2 2 2
2
o D 4 ) 1 (
1
.
. m
F
+

Hnh 1a. M hnh Kelvin Voigt

(Bin dng)
F(t) (Ti trng cng bc)
M
Hnh 1b. H dao ng mt bc t do c cn

61
t V
(,D)
=
2 2 2 2
D 4 ) 1 (
1
+
. Hm V
(,D)
biu th tc dng ng lc ca lc kch
ng nn c gi l hm khuch i. Do :
U=
) D , ( 2
o
V .
. m
F
(6)
Trong , D l cn Lehr (h s gim chn), c xc nh bi h thc
D =
mk 2
c
o
=
(7)
l h s, bng t s gia tn s ca lc kch ng vi tn s ring: =/
o
.
Gc pha ban u c xc nh bng biu thc:
tg() =
2
1
D 2

(8)
Trng hp ti trng tc dng khng iu ho, thay hm F
(t)
(c xc nh tu theo
c im ca ti trng) vo phng trnh vi phn (3) gii ra nghim.
2.3. C s phng php th nghim ba trc ng xc nh cc thng s ng hc ca t
Phng php th nghi m ba tr c ng (cyclic triax ial test) l mt p hng php th
nghim trong phng c s dng ph bin trn th gii. V s cu to cng nh nguyn
l hot ng, thit b ba trc ng cng tng t nh loi ba trc tnh, nhng khc im c
bn l ti trng dc trc tc dng ln mu t l ti trng ng (F = F
(t)
). Thng thng, ti
trng th nghim tc dng ln mu c to ra l iu ho. Mt s thit b hin i cn c th
m phng cc ti trng ng thc t khng iu ho (dng tnh nng Play Back m phng
ng t, xung lc, ...) hoc bin i theo ng ng sut (Stress Path). Trong sut qu trnh
th nghim, cc thng tin v ti trng, bin dng, thay i th tch, p lc bung, p lc nc
l rng c ghi li.
Bn cht ca phng php l coi lng th mu t nh mt h mt bc t do c cn b
dao ng bi lc kch ng iu ho. C hai bi ton c t ra:
- Bi ton th nht l xc nh cc thng s ng hc ca t gii hn tuyn tnh.
Khi , phng trnh vi phn c bn ca h l phng trnh (4) v nghim ca n l biu thc
(5). T cc thng tin v ti trng F
(t)
v bin dng U
(t)
trng thi bnh n, s xc nh c
cc thng s ng hc ca t bng cc biu thc (6), (7), (8).
- Bi ton th hai l xc nh bn v tnh ho lng ca t ( ro). bn ca t
c xc nh theo s chu k, tn s v bin ti trng gy ra bin dng qu gii hn hoc
ti trng khng cn duy tr c dng iu ho. Cn trng thi ho lng ca t c xc
nh khi p lc nc l rng bng ng sut nn mi pha.
Cc thng s ng hc c trng cho t cn xc nh l h s gim chn D (h s cn
Lehr) v mun n hi ng E
d
(hoc mun trt G
d
). T , cc thng s c trng cho
m hnh m phng ng x ca t di tc dng ca ti trng ng (cc h s k, c) s c
xc nh.
Theo kt qu th nghim ba trc ti trng iu ho, ng biu din quan h ng sut
v bin dng l mt vng lp tng ng vi mt chu k (hnh 2). T th ny, D v E
d
c
xc nh nh sau:

62
D =
T
1
A
A
4
1
(9)
E
d
=
a
a
(10)
trong , A
T
, A
1
tng ng l cng c ch v
cng ton phn c nh ngha theo hnh 3.
a l b i n ng sut dc trc
(Axial Stress),

a l bin bin dng dc trc
tng i (Axial Strain).
Bng cch tng t, muntrt G
d
c xc nh t th biu din quan h ng
sut ct () vi bin dng ct ().
Cc gi tr D v E
d
c xc nh theo mt chu k m dao ng ca h t ti trng
thi n nh. Theo tiu chun ASTM D3999, s chu k cn thc hin l 40.
3. Mt s kt qu nghin cu
Thit b c s d ng ngh in cu cc thng s ng hc c a t l loi my
Tritech 100 c sn xut bi hng Controls-Wykeham Farrance nm 2006 (hnh 3). y l
loi thit b tin tin, cho php gia ti iu ho hoc khng iu ho (tnh nng Play Back).
Bc u, chng ti tin hnh th nghim xc nh cc thng s ng hc ca t
(bi ton th nht) vi cc loi t st v st pha trng thi do cng thuc h tng Vnh Phc
(mu S1, S2) v Thi Bnh (mu S3), st trng thi do chy v ct mn thuc h tng Thi
Bnh u phn b H Ni. Cc mu t loi st c th nghim trng thi t nhin hay
khi phc (theo iu kin t nhin hoc iu kin lm vic) hoc c hai. t loi ct c th
nghim trng thi ch b. Ni dung th nghim cho mt mu t bao gm th nghim cc ch
tiu c l thng thng v th nghim ba trc ng. Kch thc mu dng cho th nghim
ng l 70x140mm.
Cc ch tiu c l c bn ca cc mu t cho trong bng 1.
Quy trnh th nghi m ba trc ng c thc hin theo tiu chun ASTM D3999 - 91
(Standard Test Methods for the Determination of the Modulus and Damping Properties of
Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus). Theo , c hai s th nghim:
- S A - iu khin ti trng: iu kin ti trng c gi khng i trong qu trnh
th nghim.
- S B - iu khin bin dng: iu kin bin dng c gi khng i.
Cc thng s th nghim c xc nh nh sau:
- Tn s ca ti trng f = 1 2 Hz;
- Vi s th nghim A, bin ca ti trng c xc nh theo t s ng sut SR
(Stress ratio), vi SR c xc nh theo biu thc:
SR =
a
/2
c

vi
c
l ng sut c kt hiu qu.
Theo s th nghim B, bin ca bin dng c ly 0.5% (0.5 - 0.7mm).
1
=Din tch ca
vng lp (Thu knh)
o

Hnh 2. Vng lp ng sut v bin dng

63

Hnh 3. H thng thit b ba trc ng
Bng 1. Cc ch tiu c l c bn ca cc mu t
K
hiu
mu

su
(m)
Tn t
Thnh phn ht (%)

m
K.lg
th
tch
TN
K.lg
ring
Ch
s
do

st
Ct Bi St
w
s
I
p
I
s

% T/m T/m
3
%
3

S1 17,0 St pha mu xm vng, xm
trng, trng thi do cng
47,2 30,2 22,6 29,3 1,89 2,70 13,9 0,33
S2 10,5 St pha xm trng, xm ghi,
trng thi do cng
50,9 31,6 17,5 23,3 2,02 2,67 11,4 0,48
S3 5,0 St mu xm xanh, xm tr ng,
trng thi do cng
29,3 19,2 51,5 31,7 1,90 2,68 20,8 0,27
Y1 10,0 St xm, xm en, tr ng thi
do chy
26.2 39,5 34,3 39,1 1,77 2,66 20,6 0,76
C1 Ct ht mn 84.8 14,2 1,0 2,65

xc nh cc thng s ng hc ca t cng nh cc thng s ca m hnh giai
on bnh n, cn la chn cc thng s u vo (s th nghim, bin ng sut, bin
bin dng) mt cch ph hp. S ph hp c nh gi da trn phn tch s liu ca tng
th nghim c th.
i vi cc mu th nghim theo s A, tn s v bin ti trng c gi n nh
trong sut qu trnh th nghim nh hnh 4. Cc s liu v bin dng ca mu c ghi li.
Theo cc kt qu th nghim tin hnh, c hai dng biu bin dng tu theo loi mu v
ln ca ti trng:
- Dng 1: Bin bin dng khng i nhng tr s bin dng tng dn n tr s n
nh (hnh 5). Cc mu c th nghim vi t s ng sut SR =0,1 (vi t loi st) v 0,2
(vi ct) u c kt qu thuc vo dng ny, gm cc mu S2, S3, Y1 (trng thi t nhin) v
C1 (xem hnh 7, 8).

64
- Dng 2: C bin bin dng v ln ca bin dng u tng theo s chu k (hnh
6). Thuc vo dng ny l kt qu th nghim mu Y1cc (mu c khi phc trng thi bng
c kt trc) c th nghim t s ng sut bng 0.25 (
a
=35kPa). (xem hnh 7, 8)
Hnh 4. Bin i ng sut dc trc (Axial Stress) trong th nghim theo s A
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
Mu Y1Acc

Mu S3 A
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
a
i
n

(
%
)
Hnh 5. Bin i bin dng vi bin n nh (s A)

Hnh 6. Bin i bin dng vi bin khng n nh (s A)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
a
i
n

(
%
)

Hnh 7. Bin i bin bin dng kp (ko- nn) D theo s chu k
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Chu k

D
(%)
M u S3
M u S2
M u S1
M u Y1cc
M u C1cc

65
Hnh 8. Bin i ca bin bin dng nn theo s chu k
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Chu k
a

(
%
)
Mu S3
Mu S2
Mu S1
Mu Y1cc
Mu C1cc

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
D
v
E
*
1
0
+
4
(
k
P
a
)
(%)
Hnh 9. Bin i ca Ed, D theo bin dng tng i
D
E (*10+4, kPa)
Mu Y1 Acc

Theo c s l thuyt trnh by, mi vng lp (hysteresis loop) tng ng vi mt
chu k s xc nh c mt cp gi tr E
d
, D. Cc gi tr ny thay i theo s chu k hay
mc bin dng. Khi dao ng ca h t ti trng thi n nh th cc gi tr khng i.
Trn hnh 9 biu din s bin i ca E
d
, D theo mc bin dng i vi mu Y1Acc (c
th nghim theo s A sau c kt). Vi mu ny, s n nh ca dao ng cha t c.
Cc mu cn li c th nghim theo s A thng t ti trng thi n nh sau khong t
20 n 30 chu k (xem hnh 10, 11).
Mt khc, s ph hp ca kt qu th nghim cng phi c nh gi da theo hnh
dng v lch ca cc vng lp. giai on bin dng tuyn tnh, hnh dng ca vng lp
c dng thu knh (hay elip) cn i (hnh 12), vt qu gii hn ny th vng lp mt cn i
(hnh 13). Do c im bin dng ca t phn ln l bin dng d, nn gia cc vng lp lin
tip thng c lch. Theo tiu chun ASTM D3999, lch gia hai vng lp lin tip
khng c vt qu 0,2%. Da trn cc iu kin ny, kt qu th nghim cc mu S1 v
Y1Acc vi t s ng sut SR bng 0,25 u khng tho mn.
Hnh 10. Bin i ca Mun E
d
theo s chu k
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Chu k
E
d

(
k
P
a
)
Mu S3
Mu S2
Mu S1
Mu Y1cc
Mu C1cc

66
Hnh 11. Bin i ca h s gim chn D theo s chu k
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Chu k
H

s

g
i
m

c
h
n

D
Mu S3
Mu S2
Mu S1
Mu Y1cc
Mu C1cc

Hnh 12. Hnh dng cc vng lp ng sut - bin dng (Mu C1 A)
100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
160.0
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Axial Strain (%)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
" Cc chuk"
N=10
N=20
N=40

Hnh 13. Dng vng lp ng sut - bin dng khi vt qu gii hn tuyn tnh (mu S1)
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
-2.50 -2.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Axial Strain (%)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
P
a
)
" Cc chuk"
N=10
N=20
N=40

Nh vy, cc mu c th nghim theo s A vi t s ng sut SR bng 0,25 (mu
S1 v Y1) u khng t khi xt theo dng dao ng, n nh ca dao ng v vng lp.
Theo s B, bin bin dng c khng ch khng i vi na chu k u l nn
v na chu k sau l n (hnh 14). Vi cc mu t c bin dng d ln (t loi st khng
bo ho), sau na chu k u tin chu nn th bin dng ca t khng th phc hi. V vy,
tc dng ca ng sut duy tr bin dng vi bin nn - n khng i ch yu l ko
(hnh 15). iu kin t h nghim nh vy r rng khng ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca
t trong thc t (ch yu chu nn).
Mu Y1 B
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
a
i
n

(
%
)
Hnh 14. Bin i bin dng dc trc trong th nghim theo s B

67
Hnh 15. Bin i ng sut dc trc trong th nghim s B
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
A
x
i
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
P
a
)

Tng hp kt qu th nghim ba trc ng cc mu t v nh gi c a ra bng 2.
Bng 2. Cc thng s v kt qu th nghim vi ti trng ng
K hiu
mu
Trng
thi th
nghim
S

TN
Tn s
TN
Bin

ng
sut
Bin

bin
dng
T s
ng
sut
H s
gim
chn
Mun
ng

H s
cng
H s
cn
nh gi
f
a

a

SR D E
d
k c
(Hz) kPa % - kPa kN/m kg/s
S1 T
nhin
A 1 30 1,97 0,25 0,134 2900 77 73 Khng ph
hp
S2 Bo
ho, c
kt
=50kPa
A 2 10 0,1 0,10 0,180 10420 278 202 Ph hp
B 2 7,5 0,5 0,075 0,162 1730 49 74 Khng ph
hp
S3 T
nhin
A 2 10 0,55 0,10 0,173 21048 559 276 Ph hp
T
nhin
B 2 20 0,3 0,20 0,150 6572 183 134 Khng ph
hp
Y1 T
nhin
A 2 10 0,34 0,10 0,184 5554 148 136 Ph hp
T
nhin
B 2 7,5 0,5 0,075 0,148 1300 35 56 Khng ph
hp
Bo
ho, c
kt
=70kPa
A 1 35 1,5 0,25 0,201 4613 134 136 Khng ph
hp
C1 Bo
ho, c
kt
=50kPa
A 2 20 0,14 0,20 0,104 26100 707 169 Ph hp
4. Nhn xt
Nn t di mng cng trnh c ti ng trong iu kin lm vic n nh thng
gii hn tuyn tnh. Th nghim 3 trc xc nh cc thng s ng hc trong gii hn ny cn
xc nh s , tn s, bin ti trng th nghim ph hp. Da trn kt qu nghin cu
bc u, mt s nhn xt c a ra nh sau:
- Kt qu th nghim xc nh E
d
, D ph thuc ln vo s th nghim, bin ti
trng (hay SR) v bin dng. Vi cc mu t c bin dng d ln (t loi st khng bo
ho), vic chn s th nghim B vi bin dng nn - n th ng sut tc dng ch yu l
ko. Tr s E
d
khi nh hn t 4 6 ln so vi cch xc nh theo s A. Bin ti trng
chn theo SR = 0,25 vi cc mu t S1 v Y1 (c c kt = 70kPa) vt qu gii
hn lm vic bnh thng. Bin bin dng tng i khi bng 1,5 2,0 %. T s ng
sut SR = 0,1 vi cc mu t S2, S3, Y1 (trng thi t nhin) v SR = 0,2 vi mu ct C1 th
t vn lm vic bnh thng. Bin bin dng tng i khi bng 0,3 0,55%.

68
- S chu k th nghim dao ng ca h t ti n nh hu ht cc mu thng
ln hn 20 chu k.
- H s gim chn ca cc mu t th nghim u nm trong khong 0,1 0,2.
Mt cch tng i, c th nhn thy cc mu t loi st c D ln hn t loi ct v t tt
thng c D nh hn t yu.
- Do s lng th nghim cn t nn cha xc nh c quy lut bin i cc thng
s ng hc theo bin dng cng nh t s ng sut SR gii hn cho tng loi t. gii
quyt vn ny, cn tin hnh th nghim cho mi loi t cc bin ti trng khc nhau
(v nh
a
=5; 10; 15; 20; 25 kPa).
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Vn Khang, 2004. Dao ng k thut, Nxb Khoa hc v k thut.
[2]. Ali Frat abalar, 2009. Dynamic Properties of Various Plasticity Clays, EJGE, Vol. 14,
Bund. B.
[3]. ASTM D3999 91 (Reapproved 2003), Standard Test Methods for the Determination of
the Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus.
[4]. Eleni A. Pavlou, 1999. Dynamic Analysis of Systems with Hysteretic Damping, UMI
Campany, UK.
[5]. Department of Defense, USA, 1997. Soil Dynamics and Spencial Design Aspect.
[6]. K.H. Head, 2006. Manual of Soil Labratory Testing, Autheneam Press Ltd., UK.

SUMMARY
Preliminary studies of the soil dynamic parameters
by cyclic triaxial tests
Le Trong Thang, Nguyen Van Phong, University of Mining and Geology
This paper presents the theoretical and experimental principles for the determination
of dynamic parameters of the soil by Cyclic triaxial tests andsome test results with different
frequencies, amplitudes and methods that were carried out with rigid clay, sandy clay (Vinh
Phuc and Thai Binh formations), soft clay and fine sand (Thai Binh Formation). The results
showed that:
- The method B (constant cyclic deformation) is not suitable with soil of large residual
deformation (unsaturated clayey soils);
- With the desired stress ratio SR = 0.1 for clayey soil and SR = 0.2 for fine sand, the
soil still behaves in stable condition. The amplitude of axial strain is equivalent to 0.3
0.55%.
- The number of test cycles for fluctuations of the system reaches stable condition in
most of the tests is usually greater than 20..
- Damping coefficient D of tested soil samples is in the range of 0.1 - 0.2. Relatively,
the damping coefficient of clayey soil is larger than sandy soil.Rigid soil has the damping
coefficient smaller than that of the soft soil.


69

S BIN NG TI NGUYN NC DI T LNH TH
VIT NAM. NHNG THCH THC V GII PHP
on Vn Cnh
1
, Nguyn Th Thanh Thy
2
, Phm Qu Nhn
3
,
Nguyn Th H
4
, Tng Ngc Thanh
5
, Bi Trn Vng
6

1
: Trng i hc M - a cht, Hi CTV Vit Nam;

2
: Trng i hc M - a cht ;
3
: Trung tm QH v T Ti nguyn nc B TN v MT;
4
: TT QT v DB TNN-Trung tm QH v T Ti nguyn nc B TN v MT;
5
: L QH v T TNN min Bc - B TN v MT;

6
: LT L QH v T TNN min Nam - B TN v MT

Tm tt: Ti nguyn nc di t lnh th Vit Nam tp trung trong 6 cu trc cha nc
chnh,ch yu trong cc thnh ta b ri hai ng bng Bc B (BBB), Nam B (BNB),
trong cc thnh to bazan Ty Nguyn v trong cc thnh to vi Ty Bc B v ng
Bc B. Do khai thc s dng mt cch cha hp l, ti nguyn nc di t ang c s
bin ng theo hng xu i. Ngc li, nhiu tng cha nc mi c pht hin, nhiu
din tch nc nht ang c m rng, nhiu vng ni vi xa xi ho lnh n nay tm
c ngun nc di t s dng. Trong s cc tng cha nc nu trn th cc tng
cha nc ng bng Bc B v Nam B c s bin ng mnh m nht. Do khun kh thi
gian c hn, trong bo co ny chng ti i su nghin cu v phn tch nhng bin ng ti
nguyn nc di t ng bng Bc B v ng bng Nam B. Nhng vng cn li trnh
by mt cch khi qut hn
Nghin cu ti liu iu tra nh gi nc di t nhiu nm qua cho thy s bin ng ti
nguyn nc di t th hin ch: c ni din tch nc nht b thu hp, gia tng nhim
ngun nc, suy gim mc nc trong cc vng nghin cu. Bo co cng ch ra cc pht
hin mi v nc di t nhng vng khan him ngun nc.
ng thi bo co phn tch cc nguyn nhn gy ra nhng bin ng v xut cc gii
php khoa h c cng ngh phc v khai thc bn vng ti nguyn nc di t Vit Nam.
M u
Nh chng ta bit, nc di t lnh th Vit Nam tn ti trong cc thnh to ct
cui si b ri, ct bt kt, bazan, vi v mt s thnh to khc to thnh cc tng cha
nc chnh trong cc min ng Bc B, Ty Bc B, ng bng Bc B, Bc Trung B,
Nam Trung B, Ty Ng uyn v ng bng Nam B. Trong my thp k qua, di tc ng
ca cc yu t t nhin v con ngi, nc di t trong cc cu trc cha nc trong lnh
th Vit Nam bin ng rt mnh m. Nhiu tng cha nc c pht hin trc kia, hin
nay ang c khai thc s dng. Do khai thc s dng mt cch cha hp l, ti nguyn
nc di t ang c s bin ng theo hng xu i. Ngc li, nhiu tng cha nc mi
c pht hin, nhiu din tch nc nht ang c m rng, nhiu vng ni vi xa
xi ho lnh n nay tm c ngun nc di t s dng. Trong s nhng cu trc
cha nc nu trn th cu trc cha nc ng bng Bc B v Nam B c s bin ng
mnh m nht. Do khun kh thi gian c hn, trong bo co ny chng ti i su nghin cu
v phn tch nhng bin ng ti nguyn nc di t BBB v BNB. Nhng vng cn
li trnh by mt cch khi qut hn.
1. Ti nguyn nc di t lnh th Vit Nam
ng bng Bc b c ba tng cha nc chnh ang c khai thc s dng, l cc
tng cha nc qh, qp v n
2
(xem hnh 1,a).
ng bng Nam B c 7 tng cha nc, nhng ang c khai thc s dng 4 tng
cha nc chnh l qp
2-3
, qp
1
, n
2
2
v n
2
1
(xem hnh 1,b) [13, 14].
Min Ty Bc v ng Bc B thnh to cha nc chnh l i cha nc trong vi.

70
Ty Nguyn th i tng c khai thc s dng nhiu nht l tng cha nc
trong bazan (xem hnh 2).
Cn cc tnh Bc v Nam Trung B nc di t tn ti trong cc thnh to b ri
t c gi tr khai thc s dng hn c.
Hin trng khai thc v tr lng tim nng ca cc tng cha nc c thng k
v nh gi. Theo con s thng k tnh ton [9, 10, 11], so vi tr lng khai thc tim nng
th lng nc khai thc hin nay ch chim mt phn nh (chi tit xem trong bng 1). y th
m, khp mi ni hin trng mc nc v cht lng nc ang c xu hng suy gim.
Mc nc trong cc ging khoan khai thc suy gim lin tc, nhiu ni din ra xm nhp
mn, din tch nc nht b thu hp.
Tnh hnh bi n i ti nguyn nc di t c v tr lng (mc nc), c v cht
lng nc c bi bo cp c th i vi cc n v cha nc ch yu v bc u
nhn nh v nguyn nhn bin ng, a ra gii php i ph gim thiu tc ng xu ti
vic s dng ti nguyn nc di t.

Hnh 1. S phn b cc tng cha nc chnh BBB v BNB.
a) BBB c 4 tng cha nc chnh ang c khai thc s dng: TCN trong cc thnh to
b ri trm tch Holoxen, TCN Pleistoxen, TCN Neogen v TCN trong cc thnh t o vi.
b) BNM c 7 tng cha nc chnh trong cc tnh to bi ri t v Neogen phn b
su n 500 mt cch mt t.

71

2. Hin trng khai thc s dng v bin ng ti nguyn nc di t lnh th Vit
Nam
Nh trn nu, hin trng khai thc v nh gi tr lng tim nng nc di t
Vit Nam c trnh by trong bng 1.

Hnh 2. S phn b cc tng cha nc Ty Nguyn (mu xanh l cy m l din
tch phn b ca tng cha nc trong cc thnh to bazan)

72
Bng 1. Hin trng khai thc s dng nc di t Vit Nam
TT Thnh ph, tnh
Lng nc
ang khai thc,
m
3
Tr lng khai
thc tim nng,
m /ngy
3
% khai thc so
vi tim nng
/ngy
1 ng bng Bc B 2.264.898,00 17.191.102,00 13,17
Trong H ni 1.779.398,00 8.362.000,00 21,27
2 ng bng Nam B 1.440.717,00 23.843.731,00 06,04

Trong T.P H Ch Minh 850.000,00 2.501.059,00 33,98
3 Ty Nguyn
985.000,00 18.489.000,00 05,33
4 Ty Bc B 5.000,00 15.521.338,00 0,30
5
ng Bc B 20.000,00 27.995.378,00 0,07
6
Bc Trung B (T Thanh Ha
n Tha Thin Hu)
1.000.000,00 17.101.539,00

05,84
7
Nam Trung B (t Nng
n Bnh Thun)
24.500,00 8.941.093,00

0,27

Ton lnh th Vit Nam 8.364.513,00 172.599.897,00 4,85

(Ngun iu tra ca ti KC.08.06/11-15 do L QH v T TNN min Bc v min Nam
cung cp v theo tnh ton ca chng ti trong nhiu nm qua)

Kt qu trnh by trong bng 1 cho thy tim nng nc di t Vit Nam rt ln,
nhng do cng tc iu tra nh gi cha c chi tit, cha y nn con s a vo khai
thc s dng ch chim mt phn rt khng ng k (4,85%) so vi tr lng khai thc tim
nng. Tuy nhin do tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, do tc ng hot ng kinh t ca con
ngi trong nhiu lnh vc (khai thc nc, khai thc m, xy dng cng trnh, th trn
mt t v trong khng gian ngm...) m ti nguyn nc di t c nhiu bin ng. Hu
ht s bin ng c chiu hng xu i, v d nh: h thp mc nc, vng b cp ca tng
cha nc b thu hp (cc khu th), gia tng nhim bn, nhim mn...(TP HCM), nhng
cng c nhng mt tch cc, nh do ma nhiu lm tng lng b cp (Nam Trung B), mt
s ni din tch nc nht c m rng thm (ng bng Bc B, mt s ni trong mt s
tng cha nc BNB), pht hin v khng nh tng cha nc mi (BBB, ng Bc
B).
Sau y chng ta s xem xt trong nhng vng c th.
2.1. Bin ng ti nguyn nc di t ti ng bng Bc B
2.1.1. Mc nc
Trong khu vc ng bng Bc B, mt s vng khai thc nc mnh, mc nc gim
dn theo thi gian [4,6] .
* Vng H Ni: mc nc ti mt s khu khai thc tp trung h thp n mc bo
ng. Mc nc h thp nht o c ti cng trnh Q.63a (Mai Dch) ngy 30/12/2011 l
28,73m chim 61,70% Hcp; ti cng trnh Q.64a - tng cha nc qp
1
(Trung T - ng a)
ngy 30/1/2011 l 25,37m chim 51,00% Hcp (xem hnh 3).
* Vng Nam nh: Ti cng trnh quan trc Q.109a - tng cha nc qp
1
(Trc Ph -
Trc Ninh) mc nc su nht ca tng cha nc qp cch mt t l 10,74m (o ngy
15/8/2011) chim 21,72 % Hcp (xem hnh 4).
* Vng Thi Bnh: Ti cng trnh quan trc Q.159b - tng cha nc qp
1
(An Bi - Qunh
Ph) c mc nc su nht cch mt t l 4,77m (o ngy 09/9/2011), chim,
9,38 % Hcp.

73
Q.64a
-27,00
-25,00
-23,00
-21,00
-19,00
-17,00
-15,00
12/95 12/97 12/99 12/01 12/03 12/05 12/07 12/09 12/11
Thi gian (thng/nm)
u

m
c

n
c

(
m
)

Hnh 3. th dao ng mc nc cng trnh quan trc Q.64a (Trung T-ng a-H Ni)
Q.109a
-11,00
-10,00
-9,00
-8,00
-7,00
-6,00
-5,00
-4,00
-3,00
-2,00
12/95 12/97 12/99 12/01 12/03 12/05 12/07 12/09 12/11
Thi gian (thng/nm)
u

m
c

n
c

(
m
)

Hnh 4. th dao ng mc nc cng trnh quan trc Q.109a ( Trc Ph-Trc Ninh-Nam nh)
2.1.2. Cht lng nc
Nhn chung tng cha nc qh c xu hng nht ha, din tch phn b nc nht lan
rng hn, c bit trung tm ng bng. Din tch phn b nc nht trong tng cha nc qp
khng c bin ng ln (xem hnh 5).
Gi tr TDS trung bnh ca nc trong tng cha nc qh l 2266 mg/l, trong gi tr
TDS ln nht l 2379 mg/l ti cng trnh Q.165 (Hi Thnh - Kin Thy - Hi Phng); gi tr
TDS nh nht l 116 mg/l ti cng trnh Q.167 (L Li - An Dng - Hi Phng).
Kt qu tng hp mu phn tch ton din ly trong tng qp
1
ca ton ng bng vo
ma kh nm 2011 cho thy gi tr TDS trung bnh l 607 mg/l, gim so vi nm 2010. Vo
ma ma, cho th y gi tr TDS trung bnh l 578 mg/l, gim vi cng k nm 2010. [4,6].

Hnh 5. S phn b nc nht, nc mn trong tng cha nc qh v qp ng bng Bc B

74
2.2. Hin trng khai thc, s dng v bin ng ti nguyn nc di t ti ng bng
Nam B
2.2.1. Mc nc
Qua s liu ca cng tc Quan trc Quc gia Ti nguyn nc di t vng ng
bng Nam B giai on t nm 1995 2010 cho thy [5,6]:
ng thi nc di t ca cc tng cha nc trong khu vc ng bng Nam B
u c nhng c im chung ging nhau l mc nc thng c xu hng dao ng theo
ma (ma kh vo thng 4, thng 5) mc nc thp nht. Sau vo ma ma (thng 10,
thng 11), mc nc c xu hng dng ln v t cc i trong thi gian ny.
Giai on t nm 1995 2010, mc nc trong tng cha nc Holocen (qh) trong
din tch phn b gia sng Tin v sng Hu; vng Nm Cn-C Mau c xu hng dng t
0,691,0m (xem hnh 6).

Hnh 6. th dao ng mc nc thi k 19952010 ti cng trnh quan trc cng trnh
Q217010 Tr Vinh; Q219010 Bn Tre ca tng cha nc Holocen (qh)
Ngc li, trong cc tng cha nc khc trn ton b din tch ng bng, mc nc
u c xu hng gim.
Mc nc trong tng cha nc Pleistocen trn (qp
3
) ti Cn Th, Tr Vinh t nm
20002010 suy gim vi tc t 0,270,39m/nm (hnh 7).
TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q402020 THT NT - CN TH
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1
/
0
0
1
/
0
1
1
/
0
2
1
/
0
3
0
1
/
0
4
0
1
/
0
5
0
1
/
0
6
0
1
/
0
7
0
1
/
0
8
0
1
/
0
9
0
1
/
1
0
Thng/Nm
L
n
g

m
a
m
m
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100

c
a
o

m
c

n
c
.
c
m
Lng ma Tch ly lch lng ma Q402020 Linear (Q402020)

Hnh 7. th quan h gia mc nc di t v lng ma ti cng trnh Q402020 - Tht
Nt-Cn Th

Tng cha nc Pleistocen gia-trn (qp
23
) ti BSCL hu ht u c s suy gim
mc nc mnh theo thi gian vi tc suy gim khong 0,30,44m/nm. y l tng cha
nc ang c khai thc s dng ti Kin Giang, Tr Vinh (xem hnh 8).
Q217010 DUYN HI-TR VINH
y =0.0031x +0.9417
R
2
=0.1556
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0
1
/
9
5
0
1
/
9
6
0
1
/
9
7
0
1
/
9
8
0
1
/
9
9
0
1
/
0
0
0
1
/
0
1
0
1
/
0
2
0
1
/
0
3
0
1
/
0
4
0
1
/
0
5
0
1
/
0
6
0
1
/
0
7
0
1
/
0
8
0
1
/
0
9
0
1
/
1
0

c
a
o

m
c

n
c

(
m
)
Q219010 BA TRI-BN TRE
y =0.003x - 0.4481
R
2
=0.1716
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
0
1
/
9
5
0
1
/
9
6
0
1
/
9
7
0
1
/
9
8
0
1
/
9
9
0
1
/
0
0
0
1
/
0
1
0
1
/
0
2
0
1
/
0
3
0
1
/
0
4
0
1
/
0
5
0
1
/
0
6
0
1
/
0
7
0
1
/
0
8
0
1
/
0
9
0
1
/
1
0

c
a
o

m
c

n
c

(
m
)

75

TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q217020 DUYN HI - TR VINH
-100
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1
/
9
2
7
/
9
2
1
/
9
3
7
/
9
3
1
/
9
4
7
/
9
4
1
/
9
5
7
/
9
5
1
/
9
6
7
/
9
6
1
/
9
7
7
/
9
7
1
/
9
8
7
/
9
8
1
/
9
9
7
/
9
9
1
/
0
0
7
/
0
0
1
/
0
1
7
/
0
1
1
/
0
2
7
/
0
2
1
/
0
3
7
/
0
3
1
/
0
4
7
/
0
4
1
/
0
5
7
/
0
5
1
/
0
6
7
/
0
6
1
/
0
7
7
/
0
7
1
/
0
8
7
/
0
8
Thng/Nm
L

-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200

c
a
o

m
c

n
c
c
m
Lng ma Tchly lch lng ma Q217020 Linear (Q217020)

Hnh 8. th quan h gia mc nc di t v lng ma ti cng trnh Q217020 Duyn
Hi-Tr Vinh
Mc nc trong tng cha nc (qp
1
) cng c xu hng tng t, gim mnh nht
trong cc khu khai thc nc di t tp trung ti Tn Tr - Long An, TP C Mau. Mc
nc suy gim vi tc khong 0,510,93 m/nm (xem hnh 9).
TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q401030 CHU THNH - KIN GIANG
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1
/
0
0
6
/
0
0
1
1
/
0
0
4
/
0
1
9
/
0
1
2
/
0
2
7
/
0
2
1
2
/
0
2
0
5
/
0
3
1
0
/
0
3
0
3
/
0
4
0
8
/
0
4
0
1
/
0
5
0
6
/
0
5
1
1
/
0
5
0
4
/
0
6
0
9
/
0
6
0
2
/
0
7
0
7
/
0
7
1
2
/
0
7
0
5
/
0
8
1
0
/
0
8
0
3
/
0
9
0
8
/
0
9
0
1
/
1
0
0
6
/
1
0
1
1
/
1
0
Thng/Nm
L

-600
-550
-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50

c
a
o

m
c

n
c
c
m

Hnh 9. th quan h gia mc nc di t v lng ma ti cng trnh Q401030
Chu Thnh-Kin Giang

Mc nc trong tng cha nc Pliocen gia (n
2
2
) v tng cha nc Pliocen di
(n
2
1
) ti cc khu khai thc nc tp trung nh Tr Vinh c xu hng gim rt mnh vi tc
suy gim mc nc t 0,620,89 m/nm (hnh 10).

76
TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q406040 CU NGANG - TR VINH
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
7
/
0
0
1
/
0
1
7
/
0
1
1
/
0
2
7
/
0
2
0
1
/
0
3
0
7
/
0
3
1
/
0
4
7
/
0
4
1
/
0
5
7
/
0
5
1
/
0
6
7
/
0
6
1
/
0
7
7
/
0
7
1
/
0
8
7
/
0
8
1
/
0
9
7
/
0
9
1
/
1
0
7
/
1
0
Thng/Nm
L

-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200

c
a
o

m
c

n
c
.
c
m

Hnh 10. th quan h gia mc nc di t v lng ma ti cng trnh Q406040
Cu Ngang-Tr Vinh

Trong tng cha nc Miocen trn (n
1
3
TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q402040 THT NT - CN TH
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1
/
0
0
6
/
0
0
1
1
/
0
0
4
/
0
1
9
/
0
1
2
/
0
2
7
/
0
2
1
2
/
0
2
5
/
0
3
1
0
/
0
3
0
3
/
0
4
0
8
/
0
4
0
1
/
0
5
0
6
/
0
5
1
1
/
0
5
0
4
/
0
6
0
9
/
0
6
0
2
/
0
7
0
7
/
0
7
1
2
/
0
7
0
5
/
0
8
1
0
/
0
8
0
3
/
0
9
0
8
/
0
9
0
1
/
1
0
0
6
/
1
0
1
1
/
1
0
Thng/Nm
L

-650
-600
-550
-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100

c
a
o

m
c

n
c
.
c
m
), mc nc ti Hu Giang, Cn Th c xu
hng suy gim mc nc theo thi gian vi tc t 0,340,52 m/nm (xem hnh 11).

Hnh 11. th dao ng mc nc thi k 20002010 ti cng trnh Q402040 Tht Nt-Cn
Th
2.2.2. Cht lng nc
S bin ng cht lng nc di t ng bng Nam B din ra rt phc tp. C
nhng tng cha nc tng khong ha ca nc c xu hng lun tng, ngc li c tng
cha nc vi tng khong ha ca nc c ch tng, ch gim.
Tng cha nc Holocen (qh)
Ti vng T Gic Long Xuyn, mt phn pha ng bc Bn o C Mau, ng nam
vng ng Nam B v ty nam ca ng Thp Mi khong ha ca nc c x u hng
tng. Ngc li, pha ng vng Gia Hai Sng, pha nam vng Bn o C Mau v ng
nam ng Thp Mi, s ra nht dn bi nc sng v nc ma mc trung bnh.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt khonh nh pha ty vng Gia Hai Sng cht lng nc di t ni
chung l n nh nhng hi thin v xu hng gim tng khong ha. Xu hng tng
khong ho n nh phn b ty bc T Gic Long Xuyn v pha ty vng Gia Hai Sng
c th l do nhn c nc ma, nc l nht cung cp v chu nh hng ca nc mn

77
xung quanh nn lun di n ra s cn bng gia nc nht v nc mn lm cho tng
khong ha ca nc di t t bin i.
Tng cha nc Pleistocen trung-thng (qp
2-3
)
Xu th chung v tng khong ha ca nc trong tng Pleistocen trung-thng (qp
2-
3
) l tng v n nh, trong s n nh ch tp trung nhng vng nc rt nht. S phn
b c c th nh sau (xem hnh 12):
Vng c tng khong ho tng nh phn b ng nam T Gic Long Xuyn,
ng bc bn o C Mau, ng nam vng Gi a Hai Sng v ng Thp Mi. Do cht
lng v tr lng nc tt nn tng ny tr thnh tng cung cp nc chnh trong vng. Qu
trnh khai thc nc c th lm dch chuyn bin mn - nht.
Vng c tng khong ha c xu hng gim ch yu phn b pha nam Bn o
C Mau, vng Gi a Hai Sng v ri rc mt vi ni ng Nam B. Nhn chung, mt vi
cng trnh dc theo sng Vm C ng nc di t ang c xu hng gim nh tng
khong ha do nhn c cung cp t nc ma. Trong kt qu quan trc ti mt s cng
trnh quan trc lu di h thng thy li Rch ng Ko mi c xy dng cng cho thy
nc di t c tng khong ha vi xu th gim nh do tc dng ngn mn ca h thng
ny .

Trong vng ng bng Nam B, nc di t ca tng qp
2-3
c tng khong ha
n nh c phn b hai khu vc. Th nht l pha ty T Gic Long Xuyn - vng Gia
Hai Sng do s b cp nc nht t Campuchia nhng li chu nh hng nc mn xung
quanh. Vng th hai ch yu tp trung ty bc ng Nam B nhng v pha ng nam ca
vng ny xut hin du hiu tng khong ho ca nc c xu hng tng ln. Nguyn
nhn chnh ca tnh hnh bin ng tng khong ha trong cc cng trnh quan trc l do
s kt hp lng nc b cp v nc mn.

Hnh 12. S phn vng bin i tng
khong ha tng cha nc Pleistocen
trung thng vng ng bng Nam B
Hnh 13. S phn vng bin i tng
khong ha tng cha nc Pleistocen h
vng ng bng Nam B

78
Tng cha nc Pleistocen h (qp
1
)
tng khong ho ca nc di t trong tng ny c xu hng tng ch yu
ng nam ca vng Gia Hai Sng v ng Thp Mi. Mc tng nh, ngoi tr mt
khonh nh pha nam T Gic Long Xuyn vi mc tng trung bnh. Nguyn nhn ch
yu l do nh hng ca bin v cc khu vc nc mn ni y (xem hnh 13).
Khu vc nc di t c tng khong ho gim vi mc t nh n mnh
phn b ko di t T Gic Long Xuyn n Bn o C Mau v pha ty vng Gia Hai
sng. Trong mi vng li c nhng c tnh gim kh c th. C th, t pha ty vng Gia
Hai Sng n ty nam ca Bn o C Mau vi mc gim dn, chng t ngoi s b cp
t Campuchia th nh hng ca sng ni y cng rt ng k. Cng tng t nh vy, mc
gim tng khong ha ca nc cng din ra t pha bc n nam vng Bn o C
Mau.
Vng m nc di t c tng khong ho n nh ch yu phn b ty ng
Thp Mi v ng Nam B. Theo kt qu phn tch cc mu nhng khu vc ny th hu
ht nc c tng khong ha tng nh nhng vi mc thay i rt nh.
Tng cha nc Pliocen (n
2
)
S lng cng trnh quan trc trong tng ny tng i ln, kt qu th hin trn hnh
14. Theo kt qu tng hp, xu hng tng khong ho tng v n nh chim phn ln
trong cc cng trnh quan trc, trong tng khong ho n nh chim hu ht trong cc
mu nc nht. V tr phn b cc vng nh sau:
Vng c tng khong ho tng phn b tp trung ng Thp Mi, vng Gia
Hai Sng, khonh pha ty bc v pha nam ca Bn o C Mau, vng gn ven bin tng rt
mnh, vng ng Thp Mi-vng Gia Hai Sng khi i t bc xung nam khong ho t
tng nh n tng mnh, cn khonh ty bc Bn o C Mau (Rch Gi) cng i vo su
mc cng gim dn. T nhng iu trn chng t mc nh hng ca bin i vi tng
v nhng khu vc ny ang tng. Ngoi ra, mt phn cng do x xm nhp ca khi nc
c khong ho rt cao pha ng nam vng Gia Hai Sng.
tng khong ho c xu hng gim phn b ch yu T Gic Long Xuyn v
Bn o C Mau, trong T Gic Long Xuyn gim vi mc trung bnh cn Bn
o C Mau gim t mnh n trung bnh. Ngoi ra, cn gp xu hng khong ho ca
nc gim nh pha ty ca ng Nam B. Nguyn nhn gy nn xu hng gim tng
khong ha ca nc T Gic Long Xuyn c th do c b cp t pha ty, do sng v
mt phn do nc ma, tip nhn cc vng l, thm v vn chuyn xung tng su. Cn
khonh nh pha nam ca ng Nam B nc di t c xu hng gim tng khong
ha do l vng l nn c tip nhn b cp t nc ma.
Tng cha nc Miocen thng (n
1
3
)
Tng cha nc Miocen thng cn c t cng trnh quan trc, nn kt qu nhn nh
ch mang tnh tng i. C hai xu hng tng khong ho ch yu l tng v n nh.
Khu vc pha ng ca ng Thp Mi v vng Gia Hai Sng n nh v mt tng
khong ha, pha ty li tng, trong xu hng n n h ln vo su hn vng ng Thp
Mi. Ngc li, bn o C Mau v NB li c xu hng gim t ng sang ty (xem
hnh 15).
tng khong ho ca nc di t c xu hng tng phn b Bn o C Mau,
pha ty vng Gi a Hai Sng, ph a ty ng Thp Mi v vng ng Nam B. Nguyn
nhn gy nn xu hng trn c th t i dng, lng b cp khong ho cao t bin gii
v cc khi nc mn khc.
Vng c tng khong ho n nh phn b pha ng vng Gia Hai Sng, pha
ng ng Thp Mi v mt khonh nh pha ty min NB (Ty Ninh).

79

2.3. Vng Ty Nguyn
-35,0
-33,0
-31,0
-29,0
1/96 1/97 1/98 1/99 1/00 1/01 1/02 1/03 1/04 1/05 1/06 1/07 1/08
Thi gian
u

m
c

n
c

(
m
)

2.3.1. Mc nc bnh qun
Nhn chung mc nc di t vng Ty Nguyn c xu th h thp vo 3 thng u
nm v dng cao vo nhng 7 thng cui nm. Trong cc vng khai thc khai thc nc ln
nh Bun Ma Thut, vng TP Pleiku... mc nc cng c gim, tuy nhin so vi nhiu nm
trc mc nc c xu hng phc hi, do c b cp t nc ti, do hot n ca cng
trnh thy in Ialy v hot ng ca cc h cha (xem hnh 16).

Hnh 16. th dao ng mc nc l khoan quan trc LK134T (C50-Bun Ma Thut)

Hnh 14. S phn vng bin i
tng khong ha tng cha nc Pliocen
vng ng bng Nam B
Hnh 15. S phn vng bin i
tng khong ha tng cha nc Miocen
thng vng ng bng Nam B

80
2.3.2. Thnh phn ho hc nc di t
tng khong ho v thnh phn ha hc ca nc trong cc tng cha nc Ty
Nguyn t bi n ng, do t chu tc ng hot ng gy nhim ca con ngi. tng
khong ha ca nc di t trung bnh ma kh nm l 150mg/l.
2.4. Cc vng khc Vit Nam
Nc di t vng ven bin BTB v NTB bin ng mnh m nht, c bit cc
vng khai thc khong sn (Bnh nh, Bnh Thun). Khai thc khong sn titan-zircon cn
mt lng nc ln, m cc ngun nc y li rt khan him, ng thi thi ra mt lng
nc cng ln trong c cha cc cht phng x c th cao hn hm lng cho php nhiu ln.
Di y l mt vi v d.
Cng ngh Cng ngh khai th khai th c v c v ch ch bi bi n kho n kho ng s ng s n ang n ang p d p d ng ng
Ch lm vic thng: 250ngy/nm; 03 ca/ngy; 8gi/ca.
Tr lng: tu vo din tch khu vc khai trng.
Thi gian khai m: thng 0305nm/m, k c xy dng c
bn v ng m 03-06thng.
Ct qung,
nc ti
h khai thc
Thng
phi liu
Vt xon
trung gian
Vt xon
Sn phm
Bi
qung
H cha
nc
Th Th m m
th th u u
t t
ho ho n n
th th
B B
sung sung
n n c c

Hnh 17. Cng ngh khai thc titan-zircon ang c p dng. H khai thc lun lun phi
ngp nc. Nc ly u? Mt bi ton tn ti hay khng tn ti ang c cn nhc
y? Nu khai thc th s ph hy mi trng, kh lng m khi phc li c trong thi
gian ngn

Hnh 18. Cht lng nc thi trong qu trnh khai thc qung titan-zircon Bnh Thun
trong c cha cc hot phng x v mt s ch tiu cao gp nhiu ln tiu chun cho
php

81
Thi ra u? V y l vng ct, h thi phi c gia c nh th no y nc
thi khng ngm tr li tng cha nc, cha k n trong nc thi c ch cc hm lng
phng x?
3. Nguyn nhn bin ng ti nguyn nc di t v nhng gii php phc v khai
thc bn vng ti nguyn
T nhng phn tch phn trn c th a ra mt s nhn nh v tnh hnh bin i
mc nc v tng khong ha nc di t mt s vng lnh th Vit Nam nh sau:
Ti cc th ln nh H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh, s suy gim mc nc trong cc
cng trnh khai thc v bi n i cht lng nc ch yu do cng ngh khai thc (b tr bi
ging, kt cu cng trnh ging khoan, cng sut khai thc khng ph hp vi kh nng ca
ging khoan...). Ngc li ti cc vng nng thn, ng bng yu t con ngi v t nhin
gy ra nhng bin ng .
Ty Nguyn, vn tn ti hay khng tn ti gia khai thc b xt v bo v mi
trng c bit l mi trng nc. Nhiu hi tho khoa hc, nhiu bi bo, bo co khoa hc
cng b cnh bo him ha khai thc b xt Ty Nguyn. Khai thc b xt Ty
nguyn khng nhng lm mt i din tch rng t nhin ni c xem nh min tch nc
cho cc lu vc sng Ty Nguyn, m cn lm mt i v phong ha bazan ni c ci nh
ci acquy tch nc cho cc tng cha nc pha di.
gim thiu nguy c suy gim mc nc, nguy c nhim, xm nhp mn, tng
cng tr lng cc tng cha nc nht hin c, cn y mnh thc hin cc gii php cng
ngh sau y.
3.1) Trc ht n lc cn tp hp s liu iu tra nghin cu t trc n nay
phn vng khai thc cho tng tng cha nc. Phn chia cc tng cha nc ra lm cc vng
c th khai thc, hn ch khai thc v cm khai thc phi da trn tnh hnh thc t v cc tiu
ch khoa hc c la chn [1,7,8]. y chnh l mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu ca chng
ti trong mt ti nghin cu khoa hc cp nh nc ang thc hin mang m s
KC.08.06/11-15.
C th thc hin theo 10 tiu ch c phn tch tp hp t ti liu nc ngoi nh
sau [8,9]. Cc tiu ch ny c th thay i, b sung hoc lc bt ty tng trng hp c th.
a) Tiu ch v tr lng nc di t theo u ngi (capita)
Ch tiu ny c xc nh theo t s (tnh bng m
3
dans
kt
Q
/ngy(hoc nm) theo u ngi.

Tiu ch ny c th nh gi theo t s gia lng nc di t ang khai thc s dng chia
cho dn s lnh th nghin cu, hoc t s gia tr lng nc di t c kh nng hi
phc, tr lng ng t nhin ca nc di t chia cho u ngi....: ;
b) Tiu ch v tng lng khai thc so vi tng lng b cp t nhin: % 100
bctn
kt
Q
Q
;

c) Tiu ch v % s dng nc di t : % 100
nc
ndd
Q
Q
;

d) Tiu ch v cn kit ngun nc: % 100
nc
ck
F
F
;

e) Tiu ch v kh nng c ngun tr lng ko theo;
g) Tiu ch v cht lng nc, v mc nhim ngun nc (din tch nc b
nhim so vi tng din tch phn b tng cha nc);
h) Tiu ch v su khai thc cho php so vi su phn b ca tng cha nc;
i) Tiu ch v yu cu x l nc;.

82
k) Tiu ch v s dng nc di t ca cc h nng dn (tiu ch ny th hin s
pht trin ca mt t nc) : % 100
tt
f
P
P
.
Cng thc xc nh cc tiu ch ny, u nhc im v kh nng ng dng ca n
c trnh by trong cc ti liu tham kho v c tp hp trong cc chuyn nghin
cu s cng b [1,8,9].
3.2) Quy hoch bi ging v c ch khai thc hp l i vi mi tng cha nc;
3.3) Trin khai cng tc b sung nhn to tr lng nhng vng c iu kin thun
li. c bit H Ni, Vnh Phc, Bc Ninh, TP HCM, ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu cn
trin khai ngay gii php thu gom nc ma a xung lng t trong gii hn hnh phu h
thp mc nc kp thi b li lng nc ang khai thc, chng cn kit ngun nc, bo
v nc nht trc s xm nhp ca nc mn;
3.4) Trin khai cc gii php chng tht thot nc di t ra sng (Ty Nguyn), ra
bin (ven bin v hi o) bng cc ngm, p ngm; tng chiu dy tng cha nc bng
cc p ct (vng ct ven bin min Trung, min ni trung du Bc B, Trung B); tng cng
canh tc theo ng ng mc lu gi nc ma (Ty Nguyn min ni v trung du...);
3.5) Tng cng cng tc quan trc ng thi nc di t bng cch m rng mng
quan trc quc gia v a phng, mng chuyn; khai thc v x l thng tin kp thi a
ra nhng cnh bo v ti nguyn nc di t.
4. Kt lun
1. Lnh th Vit Nam c tim nng nc di t phong ph vi tr lng khai thc
tim nng n trn 172,6 triu m
3
/ngy, trong tr lng c th khai thc m khng lm cn
kit ngun nc c th chim mt na. Theo thng k n thi im nghin cu cc tnh v
thnh ph Vit Nam hin ti mi ch khai thc s dng khong 8,36 triu m
3
/ngy, chim
4,85% tr lng khai thc tim nng.
2. Di tc ng cc yu t t nhin v nhn to, trong ch yu l tc ng do con
ngi gy ra lm cho nc di t c s bin ng su sc vi xu hng xu i.
3. gim thiu s suy gim tr lng v nhim nc di t cn thc hin mt
lot cc gii php, trong gii php hng u l khai thc hp l, ch no c th khai thc,
u cm khai thc v hn ch khai thc, ng thi cn t chc gim st cht ch s bin
ng ti nguyn nc di t bng cng tc quan trc ng thi lu di thng xuyn v b
sung nhn to nc di t mt cch kp thi.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. on Vn Cnh (2010). Nghin cu c s khoa hc v xut gii php thu gom nc
ma a vo lng t phc v chng hn v b sung nhn to nc di t. Bo cc kt qu
thc hin ti c lp m s TL.2007G/44. Trung tm thng tin KHKT Qu c gia. H
Ni, 2010. 204 trang.
[2]. Nguyn Kim Cng, 1995. gim thiu tnh trng nhim nc ngm v st ln mt
t ca Th H Ni. Bo co ti hi ngh quc t v mi trng. H Ni, 1985.
[3]. Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc bin dng cho Vit Nam c B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng xy dng v cng b. NXB Ti nguyen- Mi trng v Bn Vit Nam. H Ni,
2012.
[4]. Nc di t ng bng Bc B. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Nm 2000.
111 trang.
[5]. Nc di t ng bng Nam B. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Nm 1998.
163 trang

83
[6]. Nin gim ng thi nc di t ng bng Bc B, ng bng Nam B. Cc a cht
v Khong sn Vit Nam - B cng nghip. 1999, 2000 2011.
[7 ]. Phn ch ia a tng N - Q v nghin c u cu tr c a cht ng bng Nam B t l
1:500.000. Bo co kt qu n do Lin on CTV CCT min Nam thc hin. 2004
[8]. Groundwater resources sustainability indicators. Editor: Jaroslav Vrba and Annukka
Lipponen. Published in 2007 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP (France). Composed by Marina Rubio,
93200 Saint-Denis. UNESCO 2007. IHP/2007/GW-14
[9]. Groundwater Resouces Sustainability Indicators. UNESCO IHP-VI Series on
Groundwater No. 14.

SUMMARY
Groundwater resources fluctuations in Viet Nam territory: challenges and solutions

Groundwater resources in Vietnam in the 6 main water structure, which is mainly in
unconsolidated formations in both North (BBB) and South Delta (BNB), in the basalt
formations in the Central Highlands and in limestone in the West and Northeast region. By
extraction using an inappropriate way, groundwater resources are highly variable in the
negative direction. In contrast, many aquifers have been discovered, many light-water area is
expanding, many karst remote far to find underground water sources to use. Among structure
of the water above, the structure of water in the northern delta and southern delta strongest
fluctuations. Due to the limited time frame, in this report we studied in depth analysis and
financial fluctuations raw groundwater in DBBB and DBNB. The remaining area will be
presented in short.
Upon on results of survey and assessment of groundwater for years to see the
variation of groundwater resources lies somewhere shrinking area of fresh water, increased
water pollution, declining water table in the study area, and discovery a new aquifer in some
regions.
The report analyzed the causes of these changes and propose solutions to science and
technology for sustainable exploitation of underground water resources in Vietnam.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Lm

84

NH GI KH NNG T BO V TNG CHA NC NT N
V KARST TRONG CC THNH TO CARBONAT TUI CARBON-
PERMI, VNG BC SN LNG SN
Phan Th Thy Dng, Dng Th Thanh Thy
Kiu Th Vn Anh, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Tng cha nc nt n vkarst l mt trong nhng tng cha nc quan trng ca
Vit Nam. Tuy nhin tng cha nc ny c s bt ng nht mnh m trong c tnh cha
nc th hin bi tnh thm rt cao nhng ni c cc khe nt ln v rt thp trong khi
t nt n. Do hiu ng l hng kp m c s dng cao rt nhanh ca mc nc ngm
vng c h thng nt n ln ngay sau khi ma, nn qu trnh lc cc cht bn s khng xy
ra, nn tng cha nc nt n karst rt d b nhim bn. Do vy, cc tng cha nc trong
carbonat nt n karst cn cs bo v c bit. bo v nc ngm trong cc tng ny,
cn nh gi kh nng t bo v cu chng. Phng php nh gi kh nng t bo v tng
cha nc nt n - karst (EPIK) da vo 4 c im c bn ca tng cha nc karst l i
karst gn mt t (epikarst), c im ca lp ph bo v, iu kin cung cp thm v s
karst ha . Trn c s ca phng php ny, chng ti th nghim tnh ton kh nng t bo
v v lp bn kh nng t bo v ca tng cha nc nt n - karst c tui Cacbon
Pecmi thuc H tng Bc Sn, vng Bc Sn tnh Lng Sn. Kt qu nh gi cho thy tng
cha nc ny c 3 mc t bo v khc nhau gm vng c mc t bo v cao chim
din tch 13% tp trung phn pha ty, vng c mc t bo v km chim din tch 59%
nm cc vng trng c mc pht trin karst mnh vl ni tp trung ng dn c, vng
c mc t bo v trung bnh chim din tch 28% din tch cn li ca vng.
1. Tng quan vng nghin cu
Vng nghin cu nm pha Ty Nam tnh Lng Sn, chy dc theo quc l 1B t
o B i (H. Bc Sn) n th trn Bnh Gia, gm Cc x pha Bc H. Bc Sn v cc x
pha Nam H. Bnh Gia. Trung tm vng cch TP. Thi Nguyn khong 80km v pha Ty
Nam, cch TP. Lng Sn 85m v pha ng. Din tch vng nghin cu 210 km
2
. Trn c s
cc ti liu cng b cho thy, trong vng nghin cu c cc phn v a tng a cht thy
vn nh sau [4] :
1.1. Tng cha nc l hng trm tch h t
Trm tch h t phn b ri rc cc thung lng gia ni. Chiu dy tng cha
nc: 2,5 10m. Thnh phn thch hc, gm: st, ct cui tng, dm sn.
Kt qu nghin cu kh nng thm v cha nc ti cc ging l lu lng 0,01 0,223
l/s; t lu lng thay i t 0,05 0.932 l/sm; h s thm thay i t 0,658,8 m/ng. Ngun
cung cp nc cho tng cha nc ny ch yu l nc ma, mt phn nc di t cc
a tng xung quanh c a hnh cao hn. Min thot l mng xm thc a phng. ng
thi tng cha nc dao ng mnh theo ma: ma ma mc nc thng cch mt t cha
n 1m. Ma kh mc nc xung thp, cc ging u t nc. Loi hnh ho hc ca nc
thuc loi bicacbonat canxi, bicacbonat canxi natri.
1.2. Phc h cha nc khe nt trong cc thnh to trm tch lc nguyn phun tro, h
Triat, thng di ip Lng Sn, thng di gia ip Sng Hin (T
1
ls -T
1-2
sh)
Trm tch ip Lng Sn (T
1
ls) v i p Sng Hin (T
1-2
sh) phn b pha ng,
huyn Bc Sn chim din tch khong 32km
2
Theo cc ti li u thm d cho thy chiu su phong ha nt n t 20 40m, cc t
gy c th ti 50120m. Qua ti liu kho st cc im l, nc thng xut l dng thm
r hoc chy thnh dng vi lu lng thay i t 0,10,5 l/s. i ni thng vo ma ma,
cc im l nc c lu lng 1 2 l/s. Ngun cung cp nc cho phc h ch yu l nc
. Phc h ny c thnh phn thch hc: ct kt,
bt kt, st kt nm xen k dng nhp, bt kt v st kt b nn p, phn lp mng: Ryolit
pocfia, ct kt tufogen, bt kt tufogen, cui kt tufogen.

85
ma. ng thi tng cha nc thay i theo ma. Min thot ch yu l mng xm thc a
phng. Loi hnh ha hc ca nc l: bicacbonat natri canxi hoc bicacbonat canxi.
Tng khong ha nh hn 0,1 g/l chim 66,5%; 0,10,5 g/l chim 33%.
1.3. Phc h cha nc khe nt karst trong cc thnh to trm tch cacbonat, h Pecmi
thng, ip ng ng (P
2

)
Cc trm tch ca ip ng ng l thnh nhng di hp khng lin tc dc theo
quc l 1B t ng n pha bc th trn Bc Sn. Thnh phn thch hc : vi mu xm
sng, xm en, en xm loang l phn lp mng, hoc s t l st v i mu xm en. Ph n
di cng gp st bauxit, bt kt, bt kt alit, bauxit.
Lu lng kho st ti cc im l thay i t 0,78 4 l/s.
Ngun cung cp nc cho phc h ch yu l nc ma, min thot l mng xm thc
a phng. Loi hnh ho hc ca nc l: bicacbonat canxi. Tng khong ha t 0,1
0,5 g/l chim 90%.
1.4. Phc h cha nc khe nt karst trong cc thnh to trm tch cacbonat, h Cacbon -
Pecmi, h tng Bc Sn (C- P
1
bs)
Tng cha nc ny chim phn ln din tch vng nghin cu (khong 140km
2
).
Thnh phn thch hc ch yu l vi sng mu phn lp dy n cu to khi, mt phn l
vi ti kt tinh, vi loang l, vi silic, st kt v bt kt,
Hot ng karst trn mt pht trin, gm cc dng hang, ging phu karst v sui
ngm. Cc ging phu karst c ng knh 0,5 12m, chiu su mc nc thay i t 1,5m
n hng chc mt, chng thng c lp bi st, ct, dm sn. C ni pht trin thnh dy
lin tip cc phu karst v l ni thu nc sui chy qua ri chy ngm trong vi. Cc
hang karst c kch thc khc nhau thng pht trin chn ni vi, mt s ni pht trin
thnh sui chy ngm trong ni vi nh x Bc Sn, o Nm D. i ni nc xut l
t nhng hang karst vi lu lng hng chc l/s v thay i mnh theo ma.
Theo ti li u cc l khoan th m d cho thy: ch iu su i nt n , k arst t 1 0m
(LK.111) n 110m (LK4), cc hang karst ny c lp st, ct, mnh vun . Chiu dy
i nt n cha nc thay i t 51,4m (LK1) n 97,3m (LK4), trung bnh 73m. Theo ti
liu o v a cht -a cht thy vn cho thy: nc thng xut l cc khe nt vi vi
lu lng Q > 0,5 l/s v bin i theo ma: lu lng L.1227 thay i t 2,02 l/s (ma
kh) n 78,9 l/s (ma ma). T l cc l khoan giu nc (q > 0,2 l/sm) t 75%. Mc nc
l khoan thay i mnh m theo ma, chiu su mc nc tnh v ma ma thay i t 0,4m (LK3)
n 16,9m (LK5), bin dao ng 1,5m (LK7) n 13,4m (LK2). Lu lng thc bm ln nht
t 12,48 l/s ng vi tr s h thp 1,34m LK2. T lu lng thay i t 0,42 l/sm (LK7)
n 9,31 l/sm (LK2). H s dn nc km thay i t 10 m
2
/ng (LK5) n 1640 m
2
/ng (LK2).
H s truyn p LK8: a = 1,4.10
3
m
2
/ng. H s nh nc LK8: =0,061
Ngun cung cp nc cho phc h ch yu l nc ma. Min thot l mng xm thc
a phng, cc im xut l nc qua cc khe nt karst.
Loi hnh ho hc ca nc l bicacbonat canxi. Nc thuc loi rt nht: Tng
khong ho t 0,1 n 0,5 g/l (chim 93%).
1.5. Phc h cha nc khe nt karst, trong cc thnh to trm tch cacbonat, h Devon, thng
di - thng gia, ip Mial - ip N Qun (D
1
ml - D
2
nq)
Trm tch ip Mial N Qun phn b phn nhn ca np ni Tn Hng Tn
Lp v mt phn x Chin Thng, din tch 24km
2
. Thnh phn thch hc gm vi mu
en, xm en c ch b ti kt tinh, xen k st vi, vi st, vi silic, bt kt, i ni xen
kp thu knh st than. Theo ti liu thm d th chiu su nt n pht trin ti 40 n 90m.
Nc thng xut l qua cc khe nt vi vi lu lng thng ln hn 0,5 l/s . Ngun
cung cp nc cho phc h l nc ma, mt phn nc di t cc a tng xung quanh
c a hnh cao hn. Min thot l cc im l nc v mng xm thc a phng.

86
Loi hnh ho hc ca nc l: bicacbonat canxi hoc bicacbonat canxi- magi. Nc
thuc loi rt nht: Tng khong ho t 0,1 0,5 g/l chi m 75%.
Qua vic nh gi iu kin a cht thy vn vng Bc Sn rt ra nhn xt sau:
Trong vng nghin cu c 5 n v a cht thu vn, trong phc h cha nc khe nt
karst - khe nt va trm tch cacbonat lc nguyn, h Cacbon h Pecmi h tng Bc Sn (C-P
1
bs) l mt phc h quan trng, ng ch trong vng nghin cu, n c din phn b rng ri, c
kh nng cha nc tt, cht lng m bo cc yu cu cp nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau
trong vng nghin c u.
2. C s l thuyt ca phng php EPIK
Phng php a tiu chun EPIK c thit lp xy dng bn kh nng t bo
v ca tng cha nc nt n - karst, bn kh nng t bo v khoanh nh ranh gii vng
bo v khc nhau ca tng cha nc. Phng php ny c xy dng, th nghim v pht
trin bi Trung tm a cht thy vn trng i hc Neuchitel ca Thy S. Phng php
ny c s dng xy dng bn t bo v ca nhiu vng karst khc nhau Thy Sy
cng nh Chu u. Phng php EPIK c tin hnh theo 3 giai on [5]:
a Giai on 1 : nh gi c im cho 4 ch ti : i karst gn mt t (Epikarst),
lp ph bo v (Protectice), iu kin cung cp thm (Infiltration), s karst ha (Karst) ca
vng nghin cu. Sau xy dng bn cho tng tiu chun nu bng cch phn chia b
mt nghin cu thnh cc li hnh vung 20x20m. Khi nh gi, mi tiu chun c phn
chia chi tit thnh 1 n 3 hoc 4 dng khc nhau, c th di y :
+ E Epikarst : s pht trin ca i karst gn mt t
Epikarst l i di mt t, l vng hp th nc ph hp vi s bin cht ca
ngay st b mt t (Podge, 1982). i Epikarst ny dy 0,5 2m v c th t su hn n 5
10m (Doerfliger 1996a). Epikarst t n ti nh tng cha nc treo tm thi (Mangin 1975),
gii hn pha di c nh du bi s tng phn ca tnh dn thy ng lc. Nc lu
gia trong i Epikarst c th thm chm chp qua h thng nt n nh hoc thm nhanh
chng dc nt n ln nm ngang (Ford & William 1989; Klimchouk, 1995). Nh vy, dng
chy trong i Epikarst c thnh phn dng chy nm ngang gi vai tr quan trng, cn thnh
phn dng chy thng ng hn hp hn ph hp vi s r r chm chp ca nt n nh v
nhng dng chy trong nt n ln (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. S hot ng ca i Epikarst
(Jennin 1996; Smart & Friedrich 1986)

Hnh 2. Hnh v minh ha cc dng khc
nhau ca lp ph bo v
Vic lm r c im ca Epikarst ch yu da trn vic nghin cu hnh dng b mt
a hnh karst trn mt. Tuy nhin lm r c im i Epikarst s thy s kh khn v s
pht trin, mc pht trin v mc kt ni mng li karst trong i Epikarst, c bit l
khi vng c a hnh Epikarst di lp ph. Vn kh khn ny c th xc nh da vo kt
Trng hp
B Trng hp A
Trng hp
C
t ph
i
EPIKARST
c tnh
thm nc yu
Vng Bo
ha nc
Dng chy chm
Dng chy nhanh
vi

87
qu o a vt l. Ch tiu E c chia ra thnh 3 dng d b tn thng theo mc gim
dn t E1 n E3 :
- Dng E1 : trng hp d b tn thng nht; c s kt p ca cc vc karst
(vc karst, h st karst, phu karst) v c s hp th cc dng chy trn mt, s l ra ca cc
nt n ln, c mt cc vt xi mn trn vi, dng tn tch, cc nt n ln nh.
- Dng E2 : ph hp vi cc vng trung gian lin kt gia cc h st, cc phu karst,
vng thung lng, vc, h st v phu karst kh.
- Dng E3 : phn cn li ca lu vc cung cp m khng b nh hng ca cc yu t
k trn.
nh gi v phn chia 3 mc ca E da ch yu vo bn a hnh v a mo,
ngoi ra kt kp vi kt qu o a vt l.
+ (P) Protectice : Vai tr ca lp t ph
Lp ph l cc thnh t o a cht khc nhau ph ln tng cha nc karst nh cc
trm tch T hoc trc T khng b karst ha.
Vai tr ca lp ph l mt yu t quan trng c s dng trong phng php ny, n
nh l l mt nhn t t nhin bo v tng cha nc karst. Khi nghin cu lp ph thng
xem xt cc c im sau : b dy v thnh phn thch hc ca lp ph. Trong phng php
ny ch tiu P c chia thnh 2 trng hp tnh ton (hnh 2):
* Trng hp A : Lp ph nm trc tip trn thnh to vi, lp ph l vn nt
nh t th nhng, b phong ha, bin cht c tnh thm nc cao, trong trng hp ny
chia chi tit hn thnh 3 cp tnh ton nh sau :
- Cp 1 (P1) : ph hp vi vng c lp ph 0 20cm
- Cp 2 (P2) : ph hp vi vng c lp ph 20 100m
- Cp 3 (P3) : ph hp vi vng c lp ph > 100cm
* Trng hp B : Lp ph trc tip trn cc thnh to vi, t ph l cc thnh to
a cht t thm nc nh bn, st, st vi. i vi trng hp B, tnh ton li c chia
thnh cc cp chi tit hn :
- Cp 1 (P1) : Lp ph khng thm nc c b dy nh hn 20cm coi nh ri
vo trng hp A.
- Cp 2 (P2) : Lp ph c b by t 20cm n 1m. Trng hp ny c xem
nh lp ph c tnh thm nh.
- Cp 3 (P3) : Lp ph c b dy > 1m
- Cp 4 (P4) : Lp ph c b dy > 8m
+ (I) Infintration : iu kin thm
nh gi iu kin thm da trn vic phn tch nhng vng c dng thm tp
trung nh cc dng chy thng xuyn hoc tm thi, cc im hp th dng chy trn mt,
hoc c im thm lan ta hay tp trung. Nhng c im ny c nh gi bi dc ca
mt t, kh nng thm hoc lu gi nc ca t , h s dng chy. nh gi yu t
iu kin thm cn da vo bn a hnh, a mo, thy vn. Da trn cc c im trn
phn chia c im thm thnh 4 dng chi tit t I1 n I4 v c xem xt trong 2 trng
hp A v B :
* Trng hp A : Tng ng vi nhng im nghin cu nm bn trong lu vc ca
im hp th dng chy trn mt v dng chy cp nc cho im hp th (hnh 3). Trong
trng hp ny chia ra thnh cc dng chi tit nh sau :
- Cp 1 (I1) : Ph hp vi im hp th dng chy trn mt lin hoc tm thi, dng
chy cung cp cho im hp th nc v dng thot nhn to.
- Cp 2 (I2) : Vng c dc > 10% i vi vng nng nghip v > 25% i vi vng
ng c v chn nui.
- Cp (I3) : Vng c dc < 10% i vi vng nng nghip v < 25% i vi vng
ng c v chn nui.

88
* Trng hp B: Tng ng vi nhng vng bn ngoi lu vc ca im hp th
nuc v dng mt cp nc cho im hp th . Trng hp ny c chia chi tit thnh cc
dng nh sau (hnh 4):
- Cp 4 (I3) : Tng ng vi vng chn dc, ni thu nhn nc ca dng chy,
vng ny c dc ln hn (>10% i vi vng trng cy nng nghip, > 25% i vi vng
ng c v chn th gia sc).
- Cp 5 (I4) : Phn cn li ca lu vc

Hnh 3. im nghin cu nm trong lu vc cp nc cho
im hp th nc v dng chy cung cp cho im hp th
nc ny

Hnh 4. im nghin cu nm ngoi
lu vc cp nc cho im hp th
nc v dng chy cung cp cho im
hp th nc ny
+Karst - (K) : s pht trin ca mng li karst.
Du hiu trc tip quan st s pht trin mng li karst l cc hang, phu v h st
karst, ngoi ra c cc phng php gin tip nh phng php phn tch cc thy thy vn
ca cc mch nc, th cht ch th, a vt l, ti liu ct a tng l khoan, ti liu bm nc
th nghim v tn h ton cc thng s a cht hy vn, ti liu v s thay i cht lng
nc...C th phn chia chi tit cc trng hp theo yu t K t d b tn thng n t b tn
thng nh sau :
- Dng 1 (K1): Mng li karst rt pht trin, hang karst t vi chc cm n hng m,
t b lp nht. Mng li karst kt ni vi nhau.
- Dng 2 (K2): Mng li karst t pht trin, hang karst t vi chc dm v nh hn.
Mng li karst khng lin kt vi nhau hoc b lp nht.
- Dng 3 (K3): Tng cha nc nt n khng karst ha.
b Giai on 2 : Tnh ton gi tr ca nhn t bo v F. Tnh ton nhn t bo v F
da vo gi tr ca 4 yu t nu trn, mi yu t c nhn vi mt h s cn bng v cn i
theo vai tr bo v ca chng. Nhn t bo v F c tnh ton nh sau :
F =E
i
+P
j
+I
k
+K
l
(1)
trong : F gi tr ca nhn t bo v;
, , , - h s cn bng cho tng yu t;
E
i
, P
j
, I
k
, K
l
: Gi tr ca mi tiu chun theo tng vng.
Cc nh khoa hc a ra nh ng gi tr ca cc yu t E, P, I, K ca phng php
c th hin trong bng 1:
Bng 1. Gi tr ca cc yu t bo v
E
1
E
2
E
3
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
K
1
K
2
K
3

1 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
Cc yu t c gi t r thp nht ph hp vi v tr tng cha nc d b tn thng
nht, tc l kh nng t bo v s km nht.
Gii hn lu vc ca im hp
th nc v ca dng nc
iu kin thm I1
iu kin thm I2, dc >
10% i vi vng nng nghip
iu kin thm I3 Vng chn sn dc

89
H s cn bng c gn cho cc yu t tnh ton nhn t bo v c gi tr ty
thuc vo vai tr quan trng ca chng. Yu t E v I c xem nh tiu chun quan trng
nht. N ng gp vai tr chnh vo gi tr ca nhn t bo v nn n c h s cao hn hai
nhn t P v K, c th hin trong bng 2.
Bng 2. Gi tr ca h s cn bng ph hp vi cc yu t nh gi
Yu t nh gi E P I K
H s cn bng

Gi tr 3 1 3 2
c Giai on 3 : Th hin cc gi tr ca nhn t bo v F ny ln trn bn . Sau
khi c cc gi tr ca nhn t bo v F, tin hnh khoanh vng bo v S, da vo vic phn
tch, so snh v th nghim ti nhiu v tr khc nhau, cc nh khoa hc a ra:
Nhng vng c gi tr nhn t bo v F < 20 tng ng vi vng S1 l vng c kh
nng t bo v km. Vng S1 ny tng ng vi vng c mng li karst pht trin mnh
tng ng l K1. Vng c gi tr ca nhn t bo v F t 20 24 tng ng vi vng bo v
S2, vng ny tng ng vi gi tr K2. Vng c gi tr F ln hn 25 tng ng vi vng bo
v S3 v S4, chi tit trong bng 3.
Bng 3. Phn vng kh nng t bo v theo nhn t bo v F
Kh nng t bo v F S
Km 9-19 S1
Trung bnh 20-25 S2
Cao >25 S3
Rt cao >25 v lp ph bo v
dy thm nc km (P4)
S4
3. Thnh lp bn kh nng t bo v tng cha nc khe nt karst vng Bc Sn
Lng Sn
* nh gi v xy dng cc bn th hin 4 yu t E, P, I, K.
+ nh gi yu t Epikarst (E):
Da vo s liu kho st thc a v s phn b ca cc h st, phu v ging karst
c th hin trn bn ti liu thc t a cht v a cht thy vn. T cc s liu ny v
tr, kch thc ca cc h st, phu karst, cc h thng karst trn mt, cc dng a hnh karst,
cc t gy kin to... c th hin r. T cc thng tin ny tin hnh khoanh nh cc vng
c gi tr E khc nhau theo bng 1, t xy dng c bn th hin yu t E nh hnh 5.

Hnh 5. S phn vng yu t Epikarst tng cha nc nt
n - karst vng Bc Sn
Vng c ch
tiu E =1

Vng c ch
tiu E =3

Vng c ch
tiu E =4

+ nh gi yu t lp ph bo v (P)
Da vo ti liu ct a tng 10 l khoan thm d, ti liu a vt l, ti liu s dng
t, ti liu a mo, bn thm thc vt... [4] Cc ti liu ny th hin trn bn phn b
lp ph, bn a mo, bn s dng t. T ti liu nu trn c c chiu dy, thnh
phn thch hc lp ph, loi cy trng... t s liu ny tin hnh xy dng bn phn vng
yu P nh hnh 6.

90

Hnh 6. S phn vng yu t P tng cha nc nt n -
karst vng Bc Sn
Vng c y u
t P = 1

Vng c y u
t P = 2

Vng c y u
t P = 3

Vng c y u
t P = 4

+ nh gi yu t iu kin thm (I)
Da vo ti liu a hnh, thy vn, ti liu quan trc ng thi mc nc ti cc l
khoan thm d.... T ti liu ny c th nhn c cc thng tin v dc a hnh, h st,
phu karst, mng li cc sui trong vng, cc sui cp nc cho cc phu v h st karst...
tin hnh xy dng s phn vng yu t I theo cc ti liu nhn c (hnh 7).

Hnh 7. S phn vng yu t P tng cha nc nt
n - karst vng Bc Sn
Vng c yu
t I = 1

Vng c yu
t I = 2

Vng c yu
t I = 3

Vng c yu
t I = 4

+ nh gi yu t s pht trin mng li karst (K): da vo ti liu a vt l, ti
liu ct a tng 10 l khoan, ti liu bm nc th nghim, ti liu quan trc mc nc,
lu lng, thnh phn ha hc ti cc l khoan, cc mch l, ging karst, ging o trong
vng Bc Sn. Cc ti liu th hin trn bn a cht thy vn... T cc s liu nu
trn, theo bng 1 c th xy dng s phn vng yu t K tng cha nc nt n - karst
vng Bc Sn (hnh 8).

91

Hnh 8. S phn vng yu t P tng cha nc nt n - karst
vng Bc Sn .
Vng c
yu t K = 1

Vng c
yu t K = 2

Vng c
yu t K = 3

* Xy dng bn kh nng t bo v tng cha nc nt n - karst
T 4 s phn vng th hin cc yu t E, I, P, K trn tin hnh tnh ton nhn t
bo v F theo cng thc 1 t a ra vng bo v S. Cng vic ny c th thc hin bng
tay hoc vi s h tr ca cng ngh GIS. Trong bo co ny thnh lp s kh nng t
bo v tng cha nc, s dng cng c Map caicilation trong phn mm ILWIS, trn bn
th hin cc vng c kh nng t bo v khc nhau theo khng gian ti vng Bc Sn
(hnh 9).

Hnh 9. S phn vng kh nng t bo v tng cha nc
nt n - karst vng Bc Sn
Vng c kh
nng t b o v
rt cao
Vng c kh
nng t b o v
cao
Vng c kh
nng t b o v
trung bnh
Vng c kh
nng t b o v
km

Vi kt qu th hin trong s trn cho thy t l din tch tng ng ca cc khu
vc c kh nng t bo v rt cao, cao, trung bnh v km c phn tch, th hin trn s
sau hnh 10, hnh 11.
Nh vy, trn bn kh nng t bo v tng cha nc nt n - karst vng Bc Sn
Lng Sn, din tch vng c kh nng t bo v mc trung bnh chim din tch ln ti
gn 60%, vng c mc t bo v cao chim 13% tp trung ch yu phn ni cao pha
Ty khu vc nghin cu trn chue yu trn a bn cc x Chin Thng, V Sn; vng c
mc bo v km chim 28% ch yu tp trung vng thung lng thp v cng l ni tp
trung dn c v hot ng trng trt chn nui ca nhn dn nh a bn th trn Bc Sn, th
trn Bnh Gia ...

92
0
23712500
1,12E+08
53395000
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
rt cao cao trung bnh km

Hnh 10. Din tch cc vng c mc t bo v
khc nhau tng cha nc nt n - karst vng Bc
Sn
0%
13%
59%
28%

Hnh 11. Biu biu din t l gia cc vng
c mc t bo v khc nhau tng cha nc
nt n karst vng Bc Sn

4. Kt lun
Bn kh nng t bo v tng cha nc l mt trong nhng ti liu quan trng
trong vn qun l v bo v tng cha nc khi b nhim bn. Cho php nh hng la
chn nhng v tr cho cc d n pht trin trong tng lai, khng lm nh hng ti cht
lng tng cha nc di t. H thng thng tin a l da trn phng php EPIK l mt
trong nhng cng c hu hiu thnh lp bn kh nng t bo v tng cha nc karst.
Trn c s ca phng php ny, chng ti th nghim xy dng bn kh nng t bo v
tng cha nc Karst vng Bc Sn - Lng Sn. Kt qu nh gi cho thy: tng cha nc
ny c 3 mc t bo v khc nhau; vng c mc t bo v cao chim 13% tp trung
phn pha Ty, vng c mc t bo v km chim 59% tp trung ti cc vng trng thp
c mc pht trin kar st mnh, l ni tp trung ng dn c, vng c mc t bo v
trung bnh chim 28% din tch ca vng.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. G. Castany, 1968. Prospection et exploitation des eaux souterraines. Dunod, 1968, Paris.
[2]. Cl. Drogue, 1963. Sur l'tude hydrogologique des principales rsurggences dela rgion
Nors - Montpellier. C.R. Acad.Sc. PP61 - 121.
[3]. on 54, Lin on II CTV - CCT min Bc. Bo co tm kim nc di t Vng
Bc Sn Lng Sn. T l 1: 25000. Cc Ti nguyn nc v Mi trng.
[4]. Duong Thi Thanh Thuy, 2006. Caractres des aquifre karstiques sous climat tropical
humide: exemple des karst de Tam Diep Ninh Binh et de Lang Son. Thse Fac. Sc.
Montpellier France, 131p.
[5]. Guide pratique du cartographie de la vulnrabilit en rgions karstiques (EPIK), 1998.

SUMMARY
Evaluation of self protection abilities of fractured and karst aquifers in Carboniferous-
Permian carbonate sequences in Bac Son region, Lang Son
Phan Thi Thuy Duong, Duong Thi Thanh Thuy
Kieu Thi Van Anh, University of Mining and Geology

Fractured and karst aquifers are important groundwater aquifers in Vietnam.
However, this type of aquifer has high heterogeneity with very high permeability in the areas
of intensely fractures and very low in the areas of minor fractures. Due to the double-void
effect, very rapid recharge of the groundwater in the intense fractured area after raining, the

93
self-absoption of contaminants may not take place and therefore karst aquifers are
vulnerable to contamination. Because of this character, karst aquifer requires special
protection measures.. To protect the groundwater from contamination, it is necessary to
evaluate the self-protection capacity of the rock bodies. Self-protection capacity method
(EPIK) has been developed to evaluate the protection capacity of the karst aquifers. This
method bases on four basic characteristics ofkarst aquifers including epikarst,
rrotectriveness, infilitration and the karstification.. On the basis of this method, we tested the
self-protection capability of karst aquifers and constructed self-protection capacity maps for
the Carboniferous-Permian carbonate rocks of Bac Son Formation in Bac Son district, Lang
Son province. The results show that this aquifer has three different self-protection levels.
High self-protection level areas account for 13% of the area and occur mainly iu the western
part of the study region. The poor self-protection levels cover 59% of the area and mostly
concentrated in lowland areas where karst is strongly developed and populated. The average
self-protection level occupies the 28% remaining area of the study region.


94

NH HNG CA QU TRNH KHUCH TN TI S PHN B
MN CA NC L RNG TRONG LP TRM TCH BIN TUI
T KHU VC NAM NH

Hong Vn Hoan
1
, Phm Qu Nhn
2
, Flemming Larsen
3
, Trn V Long
1
,
Nguyn Th Chuyn
2
, Trn Th Lu
4
1) Trng i hc M - a cht
2) Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra Ti nguyn nc
3) Cc a cht an Mch
4) Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin
Tm tt: Bo co ny i su phn tch, nh gi v tr nh by kt qu nghin cu v s phn b
mn v yu t nh hng ti s phn b mn trong lp thm nc yu trm tch bin T
vng Nam inh thng qua vic s dng mt t hp phng php nghin cu nh a vt l l
khoan, khoan l y mu nguyn dng t n cng tc chit p nc l rng, phn tch thnh ph n
ha hc v ng v bn; xy dng m hnh 1 chiu m phng qu trnh di chuyn ca ion Cl
-
theo
thi gian. Kt qu o o dn in ca lp trm tch phn nh c s phn b mn ca
trm tch xung quanh thnh l khoan theo chiu su. Trn c s xy dng cc tng quan gia
hm lng ion Cl
-
v Na
+
, K
+
vi dn in ca lp trm tch bin,c th xc nh c s phn
b mn cng nh hm lng mui ca nc l rng ti nhng su xc nh. Ngoi ra, t kt
qu phn tch ng v bn
18
O v
2
thc y pht trin kinh t - x hi, th yu t ngun nc ng mt vai tr quan trng;
di khu vc ven bin tnh Nam nh t Giao Thy n Ngha Hng, nhn dn a phng, cc
nh qun l v cc nh khoa hc pht hin, thm d v nh gi s tn ti ca thu knh nc
nht ln trong tng cha nc Pleistocen v Neogen. i thu knh nc nht ny c nh gi
c tr lng khai thc t 110.000 m
H ca nc l rng trong lp trm tch bin theo chiu su
xc nh c mc ha trn ca nc c ngun gc bin v ngun gc kh tng trong lp
trm tch ny. Kt qu chy m hnh SEAWAT mt chiu vi iu kin thy a ha thc t ti v
tr nghin c u, kt hp kt qu phn tch tui trm tch xc nh yu t nh hng ti s phn
b mn ca lp trm tch bin ch yu l do c ch khuch tn.
1. M u
3
/ng [2]. Tuy nhin nhng nghin cu su hn v s hnh
thnh ca i thu knh nc ngm qu gi ny cng nh vic d bo tr lng khai thc cho
tng din tch c th, th hin ti cn ang thiu vng k c cc nghin cu v ngun b cp. Hn
na, trong cc nghin cu trc y, phn nh gi hin trng mi trng nc di t cng
cha nh gi mt cch ton din theo din v theo tng khu vc. Theo kt qu quan trc mc
nc t nm 1995 n 2009, mc nc ngm suy gim n 9m v trung bnh cho ton vng
suy gim t 0,4m n 0,6m mi nm [3]. Nguyn nhn h thp mc nc ch yu l do khai thc
vt ngng cho php, h thp mc nc l nguyn nhn chnh dn n nguy c xm nhp mn
xy ra trong bn thn tng cha nc. Bn cnh , nm ngay trn tng cha nc Pleistocen l
lp thm nc yu trm tch bin c tng hm lng cht rn ha tan trong nc l rng t
30.613 mg/l. S phn b mn ca nc l rng trong lp trm tch bin theo chiu su phn
nh kh nng v mc xm nhp mn cc tng cha nc, c bit l tng cha nc Pleistocen
ni chung v thu knh nc nht ni ring.
2. Khi qut vng nghin cu
2.1. V tr khu vc nghin cu
Khu vc nghin cu nm v pha n g, ng - Nam, gm cc huyn Giao Thy,
Xun Trng, Trc Ninh, Nam Trc, Yn, Hi Hu v Ngha Hng; v tr nghin cu chi
tit thuc huyn Xun Trng (x Xun Ha v x Xun Chu).

95

Hnh 1. V tr khu vc nghin cu
2.2. c im a cht thy vn khu vc nghin cu [2]
Tng cha nc Holocen trn (qh
2
)
y l tng cha nc th nht k t mt t, chng c phn b rng khp trong
vng, tng cha nc h tng Thi Bnh c thnh phn thch hc l ct, ct st, st, ct bt
st v cc di tch ng thc vt mu xm, xm en cu to mm v b. Nc c tn ti v
vn ng trong l hng ca trm tch. Chiu dy tng cha nc bin i t 2 - 28m, t khi
gp chiu dy ln hn, trung bnh l 13.3m.
Trm tch h tng Thi Bnh ngho nc chiu dy li khng ln, tuy khng c kh
nng dng cung cp nc cho n ung, sinh hot ni c nhu cu ln nhng li c ngha
lin quan n i sng sinh hot hng ngy ca nhn dn v mt trng trt, chn nui, n
ung sinh hot.
Kt qu phn tch thy thnh phn ho hc cc mu nc bin i kh phc tp, tr
lp cha nc trn cng cn phn ln nc trong tng b mn tng khong ho M >1g/l; vng
nht M <1g/l, c din tch phn b nh.
Tng cha nc Holocen di (qh
1
)
Tng cha nc phn b rng khp vng, khng thy l trn mt; bao gm cc trm
tch sng bi n, bin m ly v trm tch bin thuc h tng Hi Hng di. Thnh phn
thch hc ch yu l ct ht mn, ct bt st, st bt ln ct v cc thu knh st xen kp trong
tng. Chiu dy bin i trong khong 1,3 - 27,5m, trung bnh t khong 12,25m. Tng cha
nc qh
1
nm k tip vi tng ngho nc qh
2
, y tng cha nc qh
1
nm tip gip vi t
cch nc phn trn ca trm tch Q
2
3

2020'
2010'
2000'
2020'
2010'
2000'
2030' 2030'
10550' 10600' 10610' 10620' 10630'
10550' 10600' 10610' 10620' 10630'
Yn
HiHu
VBn
NghaHng
GiaoThy
NamTrc
TrcNinh
MLc
XunTrng
TP. Namnh
S
n
g

n
g
S
ng N
inh C
S
ng

o
S
n
g
H
n
g
S
ng
B
ch L
ong
Sng Qu
VnhBcB
TnhHNam
TnhThi Bnh
C
a
N
in
h
c
a
B
a
L
t
TnhNinhBnh
"!64
"!56 "!12
"!56
"!10
"!10
"!55
"!55
"!56
"!21
"!56
C
y

Ubannhndntnh
Ubannhndnhuyn
Ranhgii huyn
Ranhgii tnh
Ranhgii x
ng bbin
Huynl
Qucl
Tnhl
ng thnh ph
Sng h
Chgii
ng st
5 0 5 10km

N

vp, v vy tng cha nc qh
1
c th coi l tng cha
nc p lc. y l tng c kh nng cha nc tng i tt, nm nng, thun li cho vic
khai thc, nhng cht lng nc li rt km, hu ht cc l khoan u b mn, tng khong
ho bin i t 1,1 - 30,23g/l.
Khu vc
nghin cu

96

Hnh 2. Ct a tng tng hp khu vc nghin cu
Tng cha nc Pleistocen (qp)
Phn b rng khp trong vng, khng thy l trn mt, do cc trm tch tr hn ph
kn; tng cha nc qp bao gm trm tch sng h tng Vnh Phc (aQ
1
3
vp), cc ngun gc
trm tch h tng H Ni (aQ
1
2-3
dn in l i lng nghch o ca dn in, n phn nh kh nng dn in
ca t khu vc nghin cu. Kt qu ca phng php o dn in ca t xung
hn), trm tch h tng L Chi (Q
1
lc). Thnh phn thch hc
ch yu l ct sn si thch anh c ln t cui a khong, phn pha trn v phn di l cc
tp ht mn ct, bt st xen kp hoc dng thu knh.
Ph bn trn tng cha nc Pleistocen l lp thm nc yu h tng Vnh Phc v
bn di tng cha nc ny l trm tch h Neogen - H tng Vnh Bo. Tng cha nc
thuc nc p lc, mc nc p lc cao hn nc tng cha nc rt ln thng t 40,0m n
60,0m, c ni t n 70,0m.
3. Cc phng php nghin cu
lm sng t s phn b mn trong nc l rng v cc yu t nh hng n s
phn b ny, nhm tc gi s dng kt hp rt nhiu cc phng php, c thc a ln
nghin cu, phn tch trong phng th nghim; chng ti xin gii thi u mt s phng php
ch yu sau:
3.1. Phng php a vt l l khoan
Phng php gamma t nhin nghin cu trng phng x t nhin do cc bc x
gamma t nhin ca t xung quanh thnh l khoan gy ra. Khi tin hnh o cng bc
x gamma trong l khoan ngi ta a thit b o phng x vo l khoan (probe), cn thit b
ghi c trn mt t. Kt qu o c l ng cong biu din s thay i cng bc x
gamma theo chiu su. Cng bc x gamma tu thuc vo s c mt ca cc nguyn t
ng v phng x nm trong t ch yu l cc nguyn t ca cc dy phng x Uran,
Thori, Kali. Cc loi magma c hot tnh phng x cao nht, trong cc trm tch th cc
loi st, phin st c phng x kh cao, st c iu kin thnh to lc nguyn c hm
lng nguyn t phng x cao hn trong iu kin thnh to bin; ct, ct kt v dolomit c
hm lng phng x thp. Phng php gamma t nhin kt hp vi ti liu m t khoan c
th s dng phn chia chnh xc ct a tng l khoan.

97
quanh thnh l khoan c th xc nh c s phn b ca dn din ( mn) ca t
ni chung theo chiu su.
3.2. Phng php khoan ly mu nguyn dng
T kt qu o a vt l l khoan ta xc nh c i tng v chiu su ly mu; i
tng nghin cu l lp trm tch ht mn, thm nc yu v c dn in thay i. Khi
xc nh c chiu su ly mu, nhm tc gi s dng my khoan XJ 100A khoan n chiu
su cn ly mu v tin hnh p, ng ng mu, chiu di ng mu l 3m. Mu nguyn dng
c ly vi 60% chiu dy lp trm tch nghin cu.
3.3. Phng php chit, p nc l rng
Nc l rng (pore water) bo ha trong lp thm nc yu c ly ra bi dng c
p vi p sut cao, p sut c to bi bnh kh nn Nit. p sut kh nn c iu chnh
ty thuc vo trng thi ca mu v tng dn theo thi gian; p sut kh ti a p c
90% nc l rng ca mu l 8atm.
3.4. Phng php phn tch mu
Mu nc c phn tch phn tch hin trng ngay i vi cc ch tiu d b bin
i mi trng v thi gian nh Fe
2+
dx
dC
D J =
, pH, PO
4
, H
2
S, HCO
3
v EC. Ngoi ra cc mu s
c phn tch cc thnh phn ha hc khc v phn tch ng v bn.
3.5. Phng php m hnh ha
Phng php m hnh c nhm tc gi s dng l phn mm SEAWAT, phn mm
ny chy trn nn Visual MODFLOW. M hnh 1 chiu c xy dng trn c s iu kin
a cht thy vn ca tng v tr c th, trn c s cc ti liu a vt l l khoan v ti liu
m t khoan cng nh kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nc l rng. M hnh
SEAWAT 1D s m phng iu kin v qu trnh din bin nng Clo trong mi trng
trm tch theo chiu su v theo thi gian trn c s c ch khuch tn phn t.
4. Kt qu v tho lun kt qu nghin cu
4.1. nh lut Fick
Khuch tn trong mi trng ng nht:
nh lut Fick (1855) v qu trnh khuch tn phn t cho mi trng cht lng, cht
kh khi c s chnh lch v nng trong khng gian, nh lut Fick chia ra lm hai loi l:
khuch tn n nh (Steady-State Diffusion) v khuch tn khng n nh (Non Steady -State
Diffusion) [8].
- nh lut Fick th nht (khuch tn n nh): Khi lng cht i ngang qua mt n
v din tch trong mt n v thi gian theo phng cho trc th t l vi gradien nng
ca cht theo phng : (1)
trong : J l dng khuch tn (kg/m
2
/s); C l nng cht (kg/m
3
); D l h s khu ch tn
(m
2
dx
dC
/s);
l gradien nng theo phng x; du ( -) l ch chiu khuch tn theo gradien nng
t ni nng cao ti ni nng thp.
- nh lut Fick th hai (khuch tn khng n nh): Dng khuch tn J v gradient
nng nhng im khc nhau trong cht rn thay i theo thi gian, do cc cht khuch
tn tng ln (giu ln) hoc gim i (ngho i) trong qu trnh khuch tn.

2
2
x
C
D
t
C
(2)
Khuch tn trong mi trng khng ng nht (mi trng trm tch):
Khuch tn trong mi trng trm tch c tc chm hn so vi mi trng khng
kh v mi trng cht lng. Tc , dng khuch tn ph thuc vo h s thnh h ca t
, hay ni cch khc l n ph thuc vo l rng ca t cng nh h s khong cch,

98
h s ny quyt nh bi ht, hnh dng v cch sp xp cc ht trong khung t [1].
nh lut Fick c p dng cho mi trng trm tch nh sau:
nh lut Fick th nht: phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
dx
dC
n . . D J = (3)
nh lut Fick th hai: phng trnh (2) tr thnh:
2
2
x
C
n . . D
t
C
(4)
trong : n : l rng; : h s un khc, 1
L
L
*
< =

Kt qu th nghim vi cht ch th Clo trong mi trng:
i vi mi trng st =0,28 0,31 (Rowe et al. 1988)
i vi mi trng st pha =0,13 0,30 (Crooks and Quigley 1984)

c im v tnh cht ca clo trong vai tr hnh thnh cc mui ha tan trong nc di
t:
Nghin cu s phn b cng nh cc qu trnh nh hng n s phn b mn ca
nc l rng trong lp trm tch bin th clo ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh cc
mui, s phn b v dch chuyn ca clo cng vi s c mt ca natri v kali phn nh qu
trnh xm nhp mn nc di t hin nay. Ty thuc vo c im v tnh cht ca mi
trng trm tch m qu trnh phn d trng lc hay qu trnh khuch tn ng vai tr chnh;
trong mi trng trm tch vi h s thm nh hn 10
-7
m/s th qu trnh khuch tn ng vai
tr chnh trong s phn b mn trong lp trm tch bin ti vng nghin cu [6]. Qu trnh
khuch tn xy ra khi c s chnh lch v nng gia hai mi trng, trong phm vi bo
co ny chng ti i su phn tch qu tr nh khuch tn ca cc phn t c lin quan v l tc
nhn chnh trong vic bin i mn ca nc trong mi trng trm tch l clo vi natri
v kali. Trong qu trnh khuch tn clo tn ti di dng phn t, phn t clo c bn knh ln
v tng i tr, do kh nng hp ph hay phn ng vi cc phn t khc to ra hp
cht khc l t xy ra. Phn t clo rt d kt hp vi natri v kali to thnh NaCl v KCl
khi trong mi trng cng tn ti cc phn t ny. Mt khc, natri v kali nm nhm kim
loi kim, c tnh kh mnh v c bn knh phn t nh, c khi lng ring thp, c phn
L
L
*

Hnh 3. M phng qung ng trong mi
trng cht lng v mi trng trm tch

99
ng tc thi vi cc nguyn t thuc nhm halogen (c bit l clo) to thnh
cc mui in ly. Natri v Kali hot ng mnh v t khi tm thy dng n cht.
4.1. Kt qu nghin cu
Kt qu o a vt l l khoan
Cng tc o a vt l l khoan nhm xc nh su phn b cng nh b dy ca
lp thm nc yu mi trng bin trong vng nghin cu, chnh xc ha ct a tng l
khoan v xc nh s phn b mn ca nc l rng trong lp thm nc yu mi trng
bin theo chiu su. 16 l khoan o Karota phn b u trn phm vi vng nghin cu. Trong
phm vi nghin cu ny, tc gi s dng kt qu o ca hai phng php o l phng php
Gamma t nhin v phng php o dn in ca t (tng - induction). T kt qu o
Gamma t nhin ca t kt hp vi kt qu m t, phn chia a tng trong qu trnh
khoan chng ta c th xc nh v phn chia chnh xc a tng l khoan; phng php o
dn in ca t cho bit s phn b dn in theo chiu su. Kt hp hai phng php
ny chng ta c th xc nh chnh xc s phn b dn in theo chiu su ca tng loi
t .
Kt qu o a vt l l khoan cho thy trong lp thm nc yu (st, st pha, bt) mi
trng bin c tui Holocen, h tng Hi Hng c dn in dao ng t 664 n 10.645
S/cm. dn in gia lp ln hn y lp v mt lp. Qua ti liu a vt l l khoan
xc nh c lp thm nc yu thay i t 20m (l khoan Q 220T) n 95m (l khoan
Q227A). dn in ln nht trong cc l khoan thay i t 3.120 S/cm (l khoan Q221N)
n 13.560 S/cm (l khoan Q110A). Tt c cc gi tr ln nht ca dn in trong cc l
khoan u pht hin trong lp thm nc yu, trm tch c tui Holocen, h tng Hi Hng.
dn in ca cc trm tch t ni ring v t ni chung quyt nh bi
thnh phn thch hc ca t (trm tch) v nc l rng trong trong trm tch ; n phn
nh kh nng dn in ca t khu vc nghin cu. Trong trm T ng bng Bc B
ni chung v khu vc Nam nh ni ring, khung t c thnh phn ht ging nhau th
dn in hay in tr sut tng t nhau. T kt qu o c, phn tch thnh phn ha hc
nc l rng chng minh c kh nng khc nhau v tnh dn in ca cc lp trm tch
ph thuc vo nc l rng bo ha trong . iu ny s c lm r hn phn sau.
Bng 1. Kt qu xc nh chiu dy lp thm nc yu qua kt qu o a vt l l khoan
L khoan
Chiu dy lp thm
nc yu (m)
L khoan
Chiu dy lp thm
nc yu (m)
VietAS_ND 01 61 Q226N 63
VietAS_ND 02 50 Q227A 95
Q220T 20 Q228A 42
Q221N 52 Q229N 71
Q222B 42 Q210B 82
Q223N 55 Q108B 56
Q224A 48 Q109B 94
Q225A 42 Q110A 65

100

TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh TP. Nam nh

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VietAS_ND01
MetreLoggingDescription
Well structure
Natural Gamma
(API) 0 150
Conductivity
(mS/m) 0 1000
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
100
110
120
130
topsoil
silt
clay
finesand
silty-sand
mediumsand
tocoarse
sandwith
small
gravel
clay
mediumsand
tocoarse
sandwith
gravel
sandstone

Vietas_ND 02
MetreLoggingDescription
Well structure
Natural Gamma
(API) 0 150
Conductivity
(mS/m) 0 1200
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
100
110
120
130
140
topsoil
finesand
clayand
silty
clay
silty-
clay
clay
silty-clay
claywith
coal
silty-clay
silty-sand
finesand
tomedium
sand
coarsesand
with
gravel
silty-sand
coarsesand
with
gravel
siltysand-
stone

Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc nc l rng
Vi vic phn tch 29 mu nc l rng, c chit p t cc lp trm tch thm nc
yu mi trng bin, phn b u cc su, ti 02 v tr ly mu VietAS_ND 01 v
VietAS_ND 02 (hnh 4) lm sng t c thnh phn ha hc, xc nh c kh n ng
tng quan v dn in ca nc l rng v dn in ca tng (hnh 7), vi h s tng
quan cao, khng nh mc quan h l rt cht (R
2
Tng quan gia dn in ca nc l rng v ca
t ng theo chiu su, l khoan VietAS-ND01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000
dn in (S/cm)
u
(
m
)
ECnc l rng EC ca tng
=0,9262); kt qu ny ch ra rng dn
in ca tng, cc lp trm tch mi trng bin khu vc nghin cu l do cht lu bo ha
(nc l rng) quyt nh.

Tng quan gia dn in ca nc l rng v ca
t ng theo chiu su, l khoan VietAS-ND02
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
dn in (S/cm)
u
(
m
)
ECnc l rng EC ca tng
Tng quan gia dn in ca nc l rng v dn
in ca tng
y =0,1363x +821,83
R
2
=0,9262
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000
dn in ca nc (S/cm)
i
n

c
a

t
n
g

(
S
/
c
m
)

Bn cnh s bin i v dn in, hm lng Cl
-
v Na
+
ca nc l rng cng
bin i vi hm lng Cl
-
ln nht gp l khoan VietAS-ND 02, mu ND02-21 l 19.534
mg/l Cl
-
su 26,83m; hm lng Na
+
Hnh 4. S v tr l khoan o a vt l
l khoan v ly mu trm tch
ln nht cng l khoan ny, mu ND02-22 t
9.970 mg/l, su 31,83m.
Hnh 5. Kt qu minh gii a vt l
l khoan khu vc nghin cu

Hnh 6. S bin i ca dn in ca
tng v ca nc l rng theo chiu su
Hnh 7. Tng quan gia dn in ca
tng v dn in ca nc l rng

101
Tng quan gia dn in (EC) v hm lng Cl
-
nc l rng khu vc nghin cu
y =0,2993x - 253,54
R
2
=0,9873
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000
dn in ca nc (S/cm)
H
m

l

-

(
m
g
/
l
)

Tng quan gia dn in (EC) v hm lng Na
+
y =0,1396x - 7,0819
R
2
=0,9728
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000
dn in ca nc (S/cm)
H
m

l

+

(
m
g
/
l
)

th quan h gia hm lng Cl
-
v Na
+
vi EC (hnh 8 v hnh 9), h s tng quan
R
2
=0,9558 v 0,9673 cho thy quan h ny l rt cht vi 28 cp s liu; qua y ta c th
tnh ton hm lng Cl
-
v Na
+
(mg/l) t kt qu o dn in ca tng qua kt qu o a
vt l l khoan; qua phng trnh tng quan Cl
-
=2,0978 (EC) - 1895,3 v Na
+
Tng quan gia dn in ca tng v hm lng Cl
-
y =2,0978x - 1895,3
R
2
=0,9558
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
dn in ca tng (S/cm)
H
m

l

-
(
m
g
/
l)

=0,9696
(EC) - 604,18.

Tng quan gia dn in ca tng v hm lng Na
+
y =0,9696x - 604,18
R
2
=0,9673
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
dn in ca tng (S/cm)
H
m

l

+

(
m
g
/
l)

Kt qu phn tch ng v bn
2
H v
18
O trong nc l rng

Hm lng ca
2
H v
18
O trong nc thin nhin dao ng trong mt phm vi tng
i rng ri v tun theo quy lut: Cc gi tr
2
H v
18
O ca nc ma kh quyn gim dn
t i dng vo lc a, gi l hiu ng lc a, bn cnh xut hin cc hiu ng cao
cng nh dao ng hng nm (theo Fontes khi ln cao 100 m cc gi tr
2
H gim i 0,2 v
18
Qu trnh chnh nh hng n cc gi tr
O gim i 0,3 ).
2
H v
18
O l bc hi, ngng t v trao i
ng v. Thng qua qu trnh ny s xut hin s phn tch ng v trong thy quyn. Nguyn
nhn ch yu trong s phn tch ng v trong vng tun hon ca nc l do p lc hi hay
cc im nng chy khc nhau ca mt loi ng v trong mt phn t. Mt thc t cho thy
rng, p lc hi ca nc nh v mt ng v (v d:
1
H
2
16
Hnh 8. th tng quan gia hm lng
Cl
-
vi dn in ca nc l rng
O) cao hn p lc hi ca nc vi
cc ng v nng. V vy, trong tt c cc qu trnh chuyn pha (qu trnh bc hi, ngng t
hay ho tan v.v ...), u phi tnh n s phn tch ng v dn n cc hiu ng ng v cn
Na
+
vi dn in ca nc l rng
Cl
-
vi dn in ca tng
Hnh 11. th tng quan gia hm
lng Na
+
vi dn in ca tng

102
bng trng lng hay cn gi l s phn b ng v trong mt h thng tn ti t cc phn t
ca cc loi ng v khc nhau.
S thay i thnh phn ng v trong v qu t ch yu ph thuc vo qu trnh hn
hp ca cc loi nc c ngun gc khc nhau. iu cho php ta xc nh c ngun gc
ca nc di t v xc nh c thnh phn khc nhau ca tng loi nc trong hn hp
nghin cu. Mi quan h gia
2
H v
18
O vi cc ngun gc khc nhau ca nc di t v
vi qu trnh trao i ng v khc nhau.
Trong vng nghin cu, mu nc phn tch hm lng ca
2
H v
18
O nc l rng
trong mu t ly dc theo chiu su l khoan ca lp thm nc yu. Gi tr
18
O dao ng
t -6,97 (mu ND01-9, su 61,50m) n -1,02 (mu ND02-21, su 26,83m); Gi
tr
2
Tng quan gia
18
O v
2
H ca nc l rng v nc trong tng cha
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
18
O
2
H
Tng cha nc qp VietAS_ND 01 VietAS_ND 02 Nc bin
H dao ng t -61,50(mu ND02-17, su 4.03 m) n -8,51(mu ND02-21,
su 26,83m).
S phn b
18
Otheo chiu su
l khoan Vietas_ND_01
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
-8.00 -6.00 -4.00 -2.00 0.00

18
O ()
D
e
p
th
(m
)
S phn b
2
H theo chiu su
l khoan Vietas_ND_01
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
-60.00 -50.00 -40.00 -30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00

2
H ()
D
e
p
th
(m
)
S phn b EC ca nc l rng theo
chiu su l khoan Vietas_ND_01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
EC (S/cm)
D
e
p
th
(m
)

Cc kt qu phn tch ng v bn cho thy s phn b
2
H v
18
O theo chiu su
tng quan cht vi s phn b ca EC ( hnh 13); mt khc, so snh mi tng quan
2
H v
18
O ca nc l rng, nc bin v nc di t tng cha nc qp trong vng nghin cu
(hnh 12) ta thy kh nng ha trn ca nc trong tng cha nc qp (ngun gc kh tng)
v nc bin (ngun gc bin) trong lp thm nc yu ngun gc bin.
Kt qu m hnh SEAWAT
M hnh SEAWAT chy trn nn Visual Modflow, l phn mm s dng cho m hnh
dch chuyn vt cht, dng chy mt v c bit l cho xm nhp mn. M hnh 1 chiu,
m phng qu trnh khu ch tn phn t Clo vi hm lng ban u l 20.000mg/l, h s
khuch tn ly bng 1,0 x 10
-9
. M hnh c thit lp vi 3 lp, m phng cu trc a cht
thy vn v tr nghin cu vi lp 1 trn cng v lp 3 di cng l lp thm nc v c hai
lp u c dng chy. Phng php chy c la chn l m phng s phn b hm lng
Clo theo thi gian trn c s qu trnh khuch tn phn t vi h s thm ca lp thm nc
yu l K = 1,0 x10
-7
m/s. Hnh 14a biu din kt qu m hnh 1 chiu theo thi gian v i cc h
s thm tng ng.
Nc di t
tng qp
Nc bin
Hnh 12. Tng quan gia
2
H v
18
O
nc di t trong vng nghin cu
Hnh 13. S phn b theo chiu su ca
2
H,
18
O v EC ca nc l rng

103

Hnh 14. Kt qu m hnh mt chiu, m phng qu trnh khuch tn phn t Clo
La chn kt qu v s ph hp ca bc thi gian
Trn c s kt qu m hnh 1D m phng qu trnh khuch tn phn t Clo trong lp
thm nc yu theo thi gian. T kt qu nghin cu thi gian thnh to ca trm tch bng
phng php
14
(a)
C ca Tanabe nm 2006 ti 02 l khoan GA v HV (hnh 4) trong vng nghin
cu cho thy cui thi k thnh to lp st mi trng bin l vo khong 1.000 nm (1kyr),
i vi l khoan GA t su 23,1m so vi mt t (1260 - 1146 nm trc y) v l khoan
HV l 16,2m so vi mt t (1284 - 1223 nm trc y) - bng 6 v bng 7. iu ny cng
ph hp vi nghin cu v dao ng mc nc bin ti Ninh Bnh (Lam and Boyd 2001) v
(Tanabe 2003b) - hnh 15 cho thy vo khong 7.000 - 1.000 nm trc y mc nc bin
cao hn hin ti, c thi k (6.000 nm) ln ti 2,5m. y cng l khong thi gian ph hp
vi thi k thnh to lp st mi trng bin trong vng nghin cu; t 1.000 nm tr li y
l thi gian kt thc giai on hnh thnh lp st thm nc yu trong khu vc nghin cu.
Do , nhm tc gi la chn khong thi gian 1kyr (1.000 nm) trong m hnh 1D m phng
s bin i ca hm lng ion clo trong nc l rng di c ch khuch tn phn t (hnh
14b).

Hnh 15. Dao ng mc nc bin so vi thi k hin ti, (theo Tanabe 2003b)

(b)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Thi gian (nm)
M
c

n
c

b
i
n

c
a
o

h
n

h
i
n

t
i

(
m
)
Vnh H Long (Hori, s liu khng cng b) Vnh H Long (Lam and Boyd, 2001)
Ninh Bnh (Hori, s liu khng cng b) Ninh Bnh (Lamand Boyd, 2001)
T Sn (Hori, s liu khng cng b) T Sn (Tran and Ngo, 2000)

104
Bng 6. Kt qu xc nh tui trm tch theo phng php
14
su (m)
C l khoan GA
Cao (m)
13
Tui tuyt i tnh
theo
C ()
14
Khong bin i c
hiu chnh (nm) C (nm)
2,4 -1,3 -14,9 130 40 Hin i
4,0 -2,9 -27,8 470 40 530-505
8,5 -7,4 -26,8 1480 40 1409-1311
11,4 -10,3 -29,1 290 40 428-298
18,6 -17,5 -2,0 740 40 451-328
19,8 -18,7 -2,3 1030 40 649-567
23,1 -22,0 -13,3 1250 40 1260-1146
26,1 -25,0 -28,3 1800 40 1816-1632
29,3 -28,2 -0,2 1330 40 928-871
31,0 -29,9 -28,3 1650 40 1591-1521
33,5 -32,4 -6,3 1960 50 1586-1479
34,4 -33,3 -0,6 2240 40 1903-1813
36,2 -35,1 -1,4 3420 40 3355-3259
38,0 -36,9 -13,7 9740 50 10617-10309
(theo Tanabe, 2006)

Bng 7. Kt qu xc nh tui trm tch theo phng php
14
su (m)
C l khoan HV
Cao (m)
13
Tui tuyt i tnh
theo
C ()
14
Khong bin i c
hiu chnh (nm) C (nm)
4,4 -3,8 - 1470 40 1068-967
6,7 -6,1 -5,6 1420 40 1031-929
8,6 -8,0 -4,6 1270 40 895-771
13,0 -12,4 -4,0 1420 40 1031-929
16,2 -15,6 - 1680 40 1284-1223
19,3 -18,7 -2,0 1800 40 1395-1301
22,5 -21,9 -2,6 2870 40 2720-2660
23,5 -22,9 -28,9 5600 40 6487-6405
25,4 -24,8 -28,7 3510 40 3833-3698
27,8 -27,2 -2,5 4410 40 4635-4514
31,6 -31,6 -29,7 45210 700 -
(theo Tanabe, 2006)

Kt qu phn tch xc nh tui trm tch bng phng php
14
C l phng php c
tin cy cao nht hin nay, qua kt qu phn tch trong bng 6 v bng 7 kt hp vi vic so
snh thnh phn thch hc v su phn b ca a tng trong nghin cu ti h ai v tr ca
Tanabe [11] gn l khoan trong nghin cu ny cho thy t su 13m n 20m c thnh
phn thch hc l ct pha n ct ht mn c tui dao ng trong khong 1.000 nm. Kt qu
m hnh 1 chi u, 3 lp cho thy s phn b ca Cl
-
( mn) theo thi gian (hnh 14) vi
ng cong phn b ti thi im 1.000 nm (hnh 14b) l ph hp vi hin trng phn b
mn theo kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nc l rng, kt qu o a vt l l
khoan v c thi gian kt thc qu trnh hnh thnh lp trm tch bin v bt u thi k thnh
to lp ct, ct pha ph trn lp .

105
5. Tho lun kt qu nghin cu
Vic kt hp cc phng php nghin cu xc nh s phn b ca ion Cl
-
cng
nh Na
+
v K
+
trn c s kt qu a vt l l khoan, p nc v phn tch thnh phn ha
hc, ng v bn ca nc l rng chng minh mi trng thnh to ca lp thm nc
yu h tng Hi Hng l mi trng bin vi hm lng Cl
-
cao nht t 19.534 mg/l.
Trn c s tng quan cht ch gia hm lng ion Cl
-
v Na
+
vi dn in ca
tng qua kt qu o a vt l l khoan (phng php o induction), chng ta c th xc nh
c s phn b mn cng nh hm lng mui ca nc l rng ti nhng su xc
nh. Kh nng ha trn ca nc l rng trong lp trm tch bin gia nc trong tng cha
nc Pleistocen (nc c ngun gc kh tng) vi nc bin (ngun gc bin) c chng
minh qua ti liu phn tch ng v bn; s phn b
2
H v
18
TI LIU THAM KHO
O theo chiu su cho thy s c
mt ca nc c ngun gc bin gim dn v pha nc v y lp.
Cc yu t chnh nh hng ti s phn b mn trong lp thm nc yu mi
trng bin trong khu vc nghin cu l qu trnh trm nn, phn d trng lc (dng chy mt
) v khuch tn; t kt qu m hnh 1 chiu, trn c s m phng qu trnh khuch tn kt
hp vi dng chy mt theo thi gian ca phn t Clo kt hp vi cc kt qu phn tch
thnh phn ha hc ca nc l rng, kt qu nghin cu a vt l chng minh c ch
di chuyn (xm nhp mn) t lp thm nc yu mi trng bin vo cc tng cha nc ch
yu l do c ch khuch tn.

[1]. Charles D. Shackelford, David E. Daniel, 1990. Diffusion in Saturated soil. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering 117, 467 - 484.
[2]. on Vn Cnh, L Th Li, Hong Vn Hng, Nguyn c Ri, Nguyn Vn Ngha,
2005. Groundwater Resource Of Nam nh Province, J. of Geology, B/25, H Ni.
[3]. Frank Wagner, ang Tran Trung, Hong ai Phuc, Falk Lindenmaier, 2011.
Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Nam Dinh Province. Final Technical Report of
mprovement of Groundwater Protection in Vietnam, Ha noi.
[4]. Hong Vn Hoan, Flemming Larsen, 2007. Phng php xc nh l hng hiu dng,
h s thm ca tng cha nc v tng hm lng cht rn ha tan ca nc bng phng
php a vt l l khoan, ly v d vng ng bng sng Hng. TC KHKT M -a cht,
20/10-2007. H Ni, tr 101-107.
[5]. Hoang V. H, Lassen. R, Tran V. L, Vu V. H, Tran T. L, Pham Q. N And Larsen, F, 2009.
Mapping of fresh and saline groundwater in coastal aquifers in the nam dinh province
(vietnam) by electrocal and transient electromagnetic soundings. 1
st
Asia-Pacific Coastal
Aquifer Management Meeting. Dec. 9-10, 2009, Bangkok, Thailand.
[6]. Hoan V. Hoang, Nhan Q. Pham, Flemming Larsen, Long V. Tran, Frank Wagner And
Anders V. Christiansen, 2009. Processes Controlling High Saline Groundwater in the Nam
Dinh Province, Vietnam. 2
nd
Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting October 18-
21, 2011, Jeju Island, Korea.
[7]. Nguyn Kim Ngc, Kiu Vn Anh, Nguyn Th H, Hong Vn Hoan, Tin Hng,
Hong Vn Hng, Nguyn Vn Lm, Phm Qu Nhn, Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, 2005. Thy
a Ha Hc. Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti, H Ni.
[8]. Rowe, R. K., Caers, C. J., and Barone, F., 1988. Laboratory determination of diffusion
and distribution coefficients of contanminants using undisturbed clayey soil. Can. Geotech.
J., 25, 108-118.
[9]. Tanabe, S., Hori, K., Saito, Y., Haruyama, S., Vu, V.P., Kitamura, A., 2003. Song Hong
(Red River) delta evolution related to millen-nium-scale Holocene sea-level changes.
Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2345-2361.

106
[10]. Tanabe, S., Hori, K., Saito, Y., Haruyama, S., Doanh, L.Q., Sato, Y., Hiraide, S., 2003.
Sedimentary facies and radiocarbon dates of the Nam Dinh-1 core from the Song Hong (Red
River) delta. Viet-nam. Journal of Asian Earth Science 21, 503-513.
[11]. Tanabe, S., Hori, K., Saito, Quang Lan Vu, Till J. J. Hanebuth, Quang Lan Ngo, Akihisa
Kitamura, 2006. Holocene evolution of Song Hong (Red River) delta system, north Viet-nam.
Sedimentary Geology 187, 29-61.
SUMMARY
The effect of difussion process to salinity distributionof pore water in Quaternary
marine sediments in Nam inh region
Hoang Van Hoan
1
, Pham Quy Nhan
2
, Flemming Larsen
3
, Tran Vu Long
1
,
Nguyen The Chuyen
2
, Tran Thi Luu
4
1) University of Mining and Geology;
2) Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation;
3) Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland;
4) Hanoi University of Science.
This paper presents the results of study on the distribution of salinity and the
controlling factors on this distribution by using a combination of different research methods
such as boreholes logging, undisturbed sediment sampling, pore water squeezing, analysis
ofchemical and stable isotope compositions, and one-dimensional modelling for simulation of
the movement of Cl
-
ions versus time. The results of measuring electrical conductivity of the
sediment in borehole reflects the distribution of the salinity of the sediments surrounding the
boreholes. Determination of correlation coefficients between the concentration of Cl
-
, Na
+
,
and K
+
and the conductivity of the sedimentary layer provides the information on distribution
of salt and salt content of the pore water at the specified depth. In addition, results from the
analysis of
18
O and
2

Ngi bin tp: TS. Nguyn Th Thanh Thy

H isotopes of pore water in the marine sedimentary layershow the mixing
of marine water and meteoritic waterin the sediments. Results of one-dimensional SEAWAT
modelling of the hydro-geochemical conditions at the study location, in combination with age
dating of sediments,have demonstrated that major influent factor to salinity distribution in
marine sediments is the diffusion mechanism.

107

NGHIN CU NH HNG CA A HNH MT GC N
KH NNG TR NC DI T TRONG TNG CHA NC B
RI VNG LU VC SNG CI, VNG PHAN RANG,
TNH NINH THUN
Nguyn Minh Khuyn, Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Tm tt: Lu vc sng Ci, Phan Rang c 46 sng, sui chnh v c 4 tng cha nc chnh
v bao ph phn ln din tch tnh Ninh Thun. Lng sinh thy hng nm do ma trong lu
vc ny ln gp khong 10 ln so vi nhu cu s dng nc. Tuy nhin, mc d c ngun nc
cung cp v c i tng cha nc nhng thng xuyn xy ra tnh trng thiu nc vo ma
kh trong lu vc ny. Nghin cu ny xc nh 1 trong nhng nguyn nhn nh hng n
kh nng tr nc di t trong tng cha nc trong lp trong trm tch ph trong vng nghin
cu l s nh hng ca b mt a hnh gc. Trn c s a hnh b mt gc trong
vng c phn chia thnh 2 kiu, gm bn trng cc b v dc lin tc ra bin.

1. M u
Ninh Thun c xem l tnh c bit khan him v ngun nc v c xp vo vng
sa mc ha[1]. Phm vi phn b lu vc sng Ci gn trng a gii hnh chnh tnh Ninh
Thun, din tch khong 3.1 nghn km
2
[2]. Nu nh gi lng sinh thy hng nm do ma
trong vng khong 5,9 triu m
3
(tng ng 16,2 ngh n m
3
/ngy) ln gp khong 10 ln so vi
nhu cu s dng nc. Mt khc, trong vng c 46 sng, sui c chiu di t 10km tr ln [3]
thuc h thng sng Ci Phan Rang v c 4 tng cha nc chnh v 2 tng khng cha nc
( t khng phn chia; Holocen; Pleistocen; Jura; tng khng cha nc trong trm tch
phun tro Kreta (K), Magma xm nhp Paleozoi Mezozoi). Mc d, c ngun nc cung
cp c h thng sng pht trin v cc tng cha nc nhng thng xuyn thiu nc vo
ma kh. V vy, c th do cc nguyn nhn: c imcu trc tng, phc h cha nc; D tip
nhn nc thm t b mt v d thot nc ra sng ra bin; Tip nhn nc ma ngm khng
nhiu do tng cha mng ch tr c t nc; hoc lp t mt thm nc yu nn hnh thnh
dng chy mt ln v thot ra bin nhanh do a hnh dc. tm li gii thch cho cc nguyn
nhn nu trn cn c nhiu nghin cu. Bi bo ny trnh by kt qu nghin cu v kiu a hnh
b mt gc nh hng n kh nng tr nc di t trong tng cha nc nmtrn trong
vng nghin cu.
2. Phng php nghin cu
2.1. Phng php tip cn
- Nghin cu tng quan tng cha nc nm trn nn gc v a hnh b mt gc.
- Phn chia kiu mt a hnh gc.
- Nghin cu mi quan h gia kiu mt a hnh gc v kh nng khai thc ca tng
cha nc nm trn.
2.2. C s phn loi mt a hnh gc
- Cao ca mt a hnh so vi mim thot.
- Tnh nt n, h s thm ca t .
- c im a hnh b mt gc: dc, bn trng.
3. c im a cht thy vn ca cc tng cha nc
Kt qu nghin cu trc y [4;5;6;7] cho thy trong vng tn ti cc tng cha nc
chnh sau:

108
3.1. Tng cha nc l hng trong trm tch t khng phn chia (Q)
Tng cha nc phn b ri rc nhiu ni trong ng bng Phan Rang. Dc sng Ci
Phan Rang v mt vi ni khc. Dc hai b sng Lu, t Nh H n gn Phc Dn, t Qun
Th n Lm Hi. t cha nc l cui, si ln st, ct hoc st pha, ct pha. H s thm
ca st pha t 0,1 - 0,5m/ng, cn ca ct, ct pha t 5 - 8m/ng. B dy ca tng cha nc t
5 - 15m. Chiu su mc nc tnh t 1,5 3,0m.
Bin dao ng mc nc trong nm t 5 - 6m, lu lng cc mch nc dao ng
trong khong t 0,1 0,2l/s.
Ngun cung cp cho tng cha nc l nc ma v nc t cc i cha nc trong
v phong ha ca gc. Do s cung cp t i cha nc trong v phong ha ca gc to
nn p lc cc b cho tng cha nc trm tch t xung quanh thn Qun Th 1. Ti y
nc di t xut l ln trn mt t hnh thnh mt vng ly.
3.2. Tng cha nc l hng trong trm tch Holocen (qh)
Tng cha nc phn b ch yu ng bng Phan Rang v ri rc theo cc sng nh.
t cha nc c hnh thnh t nhiu ngun gc: sng - m ly (abQ
2
), sng - bin -
m ly (ambQ
2
), bin (mQ
2
) v bin - gi (mvQ
2
).
Trm tch sng - m ly phn b trung tm ng bng din tch rng, dc QL1 t
Ninh Hi n Phan Rang v dc quc l 27 t Phc Sn n ca sng Ci Phan Rang. t
cha nc l ct ln sn, si, st, st pha. H s thm ca ct ln sn si 1-3m/ng. B dy
ca tng cha nc 0,5 -3m. Lu lng ca mch nc 0,05 - 0,11 l/s.
Trm tch sng - bin - m ly phn b thnh nhng khonh nh quanh Phc Dn,
dc sng Ci. t cha nc l ct ln sn, ct pha, st pha. nhng ni thnh phn ch
yu l ct ln sn, h s thm t 10 - 25m/ng, cn nu l ct pha, st pha 0,4 5m/ng. B dy
tng cha nc 3- 20m. Chiu su mc nc tnh 0,5 -1,5m. Bin dao ng mc nc
trong nm 0,5m.
Trm tch bin phn b trn cc thm bin cao 1 - 2m, c ni 4 - 5 m, Vn Hi, ng
Hi, bc Nhn Hi v mt di ven bin t ca sng Ci Phan Rang n bc Vng Trn. t
cha nc l ct cha san h, v s, hn. B dy ca tng cha nc 5 - 25m. H s thm
10m/ng.
Trm tch bin gi phn b pha Nam Phan Rang, ven b bin t ca sng Ci Phan
Rang n mi Dinh. Thnh phn t cha nc l ct ht nh vi b dy 4 - 6m, c ni ti
10 15m. Chiu su mc nc tnh 1 - 3m. Lu lng cc mch l 0,1- 0,5l/s. T lu lng
l khoan 0,1 1,01l/s. H s thm 1 - 5m/ng.
3.3. Tng cha nc l hng trong trm tch Pleistocen (qp)
Tng cha nc phn b rng ri ng bng Phan Rang, nhng phn ln din tch b
ph bi cc trm tch tui Holocen. Chng ch l trn mt t thnh nhng khonh ra pha
bc, pha ty v pha nam ng bng v vng ng bng cao Ninh Hi. t cha nc
c to thnh t nhiu ngun gc: trm tch sng (aQ
1
), bin (mQ
1
), bin gi (mvQ
1
)
,
sng
- bin (amQ
1
).
t cha nc ch yu l cui, si, ct, ln bi st mt s ni ln san h. B dy
tng cha nc 5 - 30m
Chiu su mc nc tnh t 1 - 3m. Lu lng cc l khoan t thng gp t 1-5 l/s. H
s thm 0,1 - 10m/ng. Bin giao ng mc nc thng t 1-3m.
Cc trm tch Pleistocen tuy c nhiu ngun gc khc nhau nhng thnh phn thch
hc tng i ng nht, do vy c th gp chung thnh mt n v cha nc. y l n v
c ngha nht ng bng Phan Rang. Ngun cung cp ca n ch yu l nc ma, nc
sng Ci Phan Rang, sng Lu, knh Nht. Nc ma, nc sng thm qua din tch xut l
ca n trn mt t hnh thnh cc vng nc nht.

109
3.4. Tng cha nc l hng trong trm tch Neogen (N)
Tng cha nc trong trm tch Neogen l ra khu vc ni Maviet, vi din tch
khong 10km
2
v mt di hp pha ng Nam lng Sn Hi thuc x Phc Dinh, huyn
Ninh Phc.
Thnh phn thch hc l ct kt, ct kt ln nhiu mnh vn san h, ct sn kt vi xi
mng l carbonat.
B dy chung ca tng khong 8m - 15m.
Tng cha nc ny nhn chung c mc cha thuc loi ngho. Kt qu ht nc th
nghim ti ging o thn Sn Hi x Ph c Dinh trong qu trnh kho st cho lu lng
Q=0,48l/s, tng ng vi mc nc h thp S=0,1m.
Tm li, do din phn b hp v kh nng cha nc km thuc oi ngho nc, nn
tng cha nc ch c kh nng cung cp nc n l, quy m nh h gia nh.
3.5. Tng cha nc khe nt trm tch lc nguyn J ura (J )
Phc h cha nc phn b rng ri trong tnh. Thnh phn t cha nc l st, ct,
bt kt nt n. H s thm t 0,1 0,3m/ng. B dy ca i cha nc t 3 -50m. Chiu su
mc nc tnh t 1 -5m. Bin dao ng mc nc trong nm t 0,3 -1,5m. Lu lng cc
mch nc t 0,01 - 5l/s. Thnh phn ha hc ca nc l bicacbonat hay bicacbonat, clorua-
canxi, magi. Tng cha nc c mc cha nc km thuc loi ngho nc.
Ngoi ra trong lu vc cn c cc thnh to rt ngho nc hoc khng cha nc nh:
Tng cha nc khe nt trm tch phun tro Kreta (K); Tng cha nc Magma xm nhp
Paleozoi Mezozoi. S a cht thy vn v cc mt ct c th hin hnh 1, hnh 2,
hnh 3.
Trong s cc tng cha nc nu trn th tng cha nc Holocen v Pleistocen c
ngha khai thc phc v cc mc ch sinh hot v sn xut trong vng.

Hnh 1. S a cht thy vn vng nghin cu

110

Hnh 2. Tuyn mt ct a cht thy vn I - I

Hnh 3. Tuyn mt ct a cht thy vn II - II
4. Kt qu nghin cu a hnh mt gc vi kh nng tr nc di t trong tng
cha nc b ri nm trn
4.1. Ngun b cp cho nc di t
Lng ma phn b t 800mm vng ven bin n khong 1800mm vng ni. S
ng ma th hin hnh 4. Kt qu nghin cu h s thm b mt [8], cho thy h s
thm ca lp t b mt kh ln v bin i t 0,01 m/ngy n 3,0m/ngy, vng ct ven
bin ch yu c h s thm t 1,0 n 3,0m/ngy. Nh vy, trong vng c ngun b cp cho
nc di t v ch yu t nc ma, nc mt thm trc tip xung tng cha nc.

Hnh 4. S ng lng ma khu vc nghin cu

111
4.2. Phn loi b mt a hnh gc
a) c im a hnh b mt gc:
- Cao ca mt a hnh g c: Theo kt qu nghin cu nh gi cht lng v
tr lng nc di t cc x ven bin tnh Ninh Thun, vng gc c tng cha nc b
ri nm trn c cao t -39m n +56m, c din tch khong gn 600km
2
, trong c
khong 103km
2
STT
nm di mc nc bin, gm vng 1 v vng 3. S ng cao b mt
gc v cc vng th hin hnh 5.
- Tnh nt n, kh nng tr nc: gc nm di cc tng cha nc b ri trong
vng nghin cu hu nh khng nt n, khng cha nc. Tng hp c im nt n ca
gc c th hin bng 1.
Bng 1. Tng hp c im nt n ca gc ti mt s ging khoan trong khu vc
SHLK V tr
Chiu
su l
khoan
(m)
Tui
a cht
Chiu su
nghin cu
(m)
M t a tng, nt n
T n
1 LK804A
X Phc Nam, huyn Ninh
Phc
70,0 J
2
ln 4,5 33,8
Ct bt kt ma xm en, c u to phn
lp dy, kin trc ht mn. t nt n
2 PN75
X Phc Nam, huyn Ninh
Phc
45,0 K 0,0 45,0 Riolit c cu to c xt
3 LK608
X Ph c Thun, huyn
Ninh Phc
25,0 K 21,5 25,0
granit mu trng nht pht xanh, cng
chc
4 LK606
X An H i, huy n Ninh
Phc
65,5 K 54,5 65,5
granit mu xm xanh n xm en,
cng chc
5 GKMS1 X M Sn, huyn Ninh Sn 30,0 K 18,0 30,0
granit mu xm sng, rn chc. Phn
trn b bin ch t, d p v, khe nt v
mt trt dc trc l khoan pht trin
6 NS1 X Tn Sn, huyn Ninh Sn 5,0 K 4,3 5,0 granit r n chc
7 NS2 X Tn Sn, huyn Ninh Sn 2,3 K 1,8 2,3 granit r n chc
8 NS3 X M Sn, huyn Ninh Sn 11,6 K 11,0 11,6 granit r n chc
9 GKP1 X Phc i, huyn Bc i 38,0 J
2
ln 19,0 38,0
Bt kt vi b bin cht nhit ng lc
mnh v silic ha, mu en xm, rn chc
10 GKP2 X Phc i, huyn Bc i 71,0 J
2
ln 15,0 71,0
mnh v silic ha, mu en xm, rn
chc.
11 GKPC1
X Phc Chnh, huyn Bc
i
66,0 J
2
ln 12,0 66,0
mnh v silic ha, mu en xm, rn
chc.
12 TH
X Thnh Hi -Th x Phan
Rang - Thp Chm
20,0 K 16,5 20,0 cng, cu to c xt
13 MH
X M Hi -Th x Phan
Rang - Thp Chm
20,0 K 17,0 20,0 cng, cu to c xt
14 LK607
X M Hi -Th x Phan
Rang - Thp Chm
26,3 K 19,0 26,3
granit sng mu, thnh phn ch yu
l thch anh, cng chc
Ngun: nh gi cht lng v tr lng nc di t cc x ven bin tnh Ninh
Thun, nm 2005, Lin on CTV CCT Min Nam.
- Hng dc chung ca b mt gc dc lin tc ra hng bin, c xen k mt vi
khu vc bn lm cc b, gm 2 vng chnh l: vng 1 c din tch khong 92km
2
, c cao
mt a hnh t -39,0m ( tm bn) n 1,0m ( vng ra); vng 2 c din tch khong 11km
2
,
c cao mt a hnh t -4,0m ( tm bn) n 1,0m ( vng ra).
b) Phn vng mt a hnh gc
Cn c cc c im a hnh b mt gc, c th phn chia ra 2 loi a hnh chnh,
th hin hnh 5, gm:
- Bn trng cc b: Vng 1 v vng 2.
- Dc lin tc ra bin: vng 3 v phn cn li.

112
Ph ln trn b mt gc l cc tng cha nc b ri trong cc thnh to Holocen,
Pleistocen. Hng vn ng ca nc di t theo hng thot ra bin c th hin hnh
6.

Hnh 5. S ng cao v phn vng a hnh mt gc khu vc nghin cu

Hnh 6. S ng mc nc tng cha nc qh
4.3. nh gi kh nng tr nc di t phc v khai thc ti cc khu vc
Hin ti, c khong 60% lng nc s dng cho sinh hot nng thn v 10% nc
sinh hot th c khai thc t ngun nc di t. C khong 50 cng trnh cp nc

113
tp trung, khai thc ngun nc di t, vi lu lng khong 10.000m
3
/ngy v hng nghn
ging khai thc nh l quy m h gia nh.
Tuy nhin, kh nng khai thc, cht lng nc di t ti mi khu vc c khc
nhau:
Vng 1: C kh nng khai thc n nh c 2 ma: cc phng Vinh, Bo An,
Phc M, o Long, M Hng, Kinh Dinh, Tn Ti, Ph H - TP.Phan Rang-Thp Chm
v TT. Tn Dn, x Phc Thi, Phc Hi, Phc Hu - huyn Ninh Phc. Din phn b
vi tng din tch khong 92 km
2
.
Vng 2: C kh nng khai thc n nh c 2 ma: x Tn Hi, Xun Hi, H Hi,
Phng Hi - huyn Ninh Hi. Din phn b khong 58 km
2
.
Vng 3: C kh nng khai thc c 2 ma, ma kh b xm nhp mn: x Nhn Hi,
huyn Ninh Hi. Din tch khong 11km
2
.
Vng cn li: ch yu khai thc trong ma ma, ma kh, mc nc suy gim khng
c kh nng khai thc. S vng khai thc c th hin hnh 7

Hnh 7. S cc vng c kh nng tr nc
Cc vng khai thc nu trn u c quan h vi kiu a hnh b mt gc nh sau:
Vng 1 v vng 2: a hnh b mt gc c kiu bn trng cc b, do c kh
nng tr nc tt hn, hnh 8 v hnh 9. Do , thc t trong khu vc ny cc ging khai thc
nc di t hin c c th khai thc n nh c ma ma v ma kh.
Vng 3 v khu vc cn li: Tng cha nc c b dy ln, tuy nhin a hnh b mt
gc c dc ln, a hnh mt gc thp hn mc nc bin (vng 3), xem hnh 10.
Vng cn li b mt gc cao hn mc nc bin. Do , thc t trong khu vc ny cc
ging khai thc nc di t hin c n ma kh khng nc khai thc.

114

Hnh 8. S mt ct vng 1 c kh nng tr nc

Hnh 9: S mt ct vng 2 c kh nng tr nc

Hnh 10. S mt ct vng 3, thiu nc v ma kh v b xm nhp mn
5. Kt lun
- Ngun cung cp thm do nc ma, nc mt trong vng lu vc soongCais Phan
Rang tng i ln, thm trc tip xung tng cha nc.
- a hnh b mt cng nh y cc tng cha nc vng lu vc sng Ci Phan Rang
dc lin tc ra bin, ch tn ti mt s vng c kiu bn trng cc b.
- Cc khu vc trng cc b ca b mt gc l iu kin chn, tr nc di t cho
cc tng cha nc b ri nm trn c th khai thc, cung cp nc cho mc ch s dng k
c ma kh, nhng tr lng khng ln.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Quyt nh s 204/2006/Q-TTg ngy 2/9/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph.
[2]. Nin gim thng k tnh Ninh Thun, nm 2011, Cc thng k Ninh Thun.

gc
gc
gc
Tng cha
nc b ri
Tng cha
nc b ri
Ging khoan
nghin cu
Ging khoan
nghin cu

115
[3]. Quyt nh 341/Q-BTNMT, ngy 23/3/2012 ca B TNMT ban hnh danh mc sng
ni tnh.
[4]. Lin on CTV- CCT min Nam. Khai thc nc tp trung phc v cung cp nc
sinh hot cho nhn dn khu vc b thiu nc tnh Ninh Thun, nm 2005.
[5]. Lin on CTV- CCT min Nam. iu tra kho st, nh gi cht lng v tr lng
nc di t phc v khu cng nghip Phc Nam, tnh Ninh Thun", nm 2005.
[6]. Cng ty t vn v u t k thut c in Agrinco. Quy hoch tng th cp nc sch v
v sinh mi trng nng thn tnh Ninh Thun n nm 2010, nm 2003.
[7]. nh gi cht lng v tr lng nc di t cc x ven bin tnh Ninh Thun, nm
2005, Lin on CTV CCT min Nam.
[8]. Lin on Quy hoch v iu tra min Trung. Lp bn a cht thy vn t l 1:50.000
tnh Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, nm 2012.
SUMMARY
Study on the influence of topography bedrock surface to the water-retaining capacity of
unconsolidated aquifers in Cai river basin, Phan Rang area, Ninh Thuan province
Nguyen Minh Khuyen, Department of Water Reources Management
The Cai River basin, Phan Rang area, comprises 46 rivers, streams and 4 aquifers. That
cover large part of Ninh Thuan Province. The annual amount of rainfall water is about 10 times
higher than the water demand. However, although, there are rechargeable water sources and
aquifers, but water shortage is commonly occurred in the dry season. This study has identified
one of the controlling factors that affect the storage capacity of the sedimentary cover beds is the
influence of paleotopograhic surface above the bedrocks. The paleotopographic surface can be
grouped into two types, namely the isolated basin and coonstanly sea-ward dipping.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Dng Th Thanh Thy

116

PHNG PHP NGHIN CU S NH HNG CA BIN I KH
HU TI NC NGM V KH NNG P DNG CA CHNG TI
H NI
Nguyn Ch Ngha, ng Hu n, Nguyn Vn Lm
Trn Th Thanh Thu, Nguyn Th Ho,
Trng i hc M - a cht
Th Nga, Tp on FPT

Tm tt: Kt qu tng hp s liu thc t v d bo cho thy nhit khng kh vng H
Ni bin i theo xu hng tng theo thi gian vi gi tr khong 0.5% vo nm 2020, 1.1%
vo nm 2040 v khong 2% vo nm 2070. Lng ma tng vi mt t l cao hn nhit ,
t1.1% nm 2020, 2.7% nm 2040 v ti 5.1% nm 2070. Lng bc thot hi nc tim
nng tng vi t l ln hn, khong 5% nm 2020, khong 8% vo nm 2040 v khong
12.5% vo nm 2070. Trn c s tng hp cc nghin cu trn th gii, cng trnh ny rt
ra nm bc nghin cu chnh v s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc ngm c th p
dng cho vng H Ni bao gm 5 bc sau i) xc nh phm vi thit lp m hnh, thi gian d
bo; ii) trch xut cc thng s kh hu t cc kch bn c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
cng b; iii) d bo mc nc sng Hng; iv) xy dng bn bin i b mt lt mi ca
thnh ph H Ni, v v) thit lp v chnh m hnh dng ngm vng thnh ph H Ni mi.
M u
Vit Nam, trong my nm tr li y, chng ta cp nhiu n Bin i kh hu v
nhng nh hng ti cc l nh v c khc nhau. Cho n nay, Bin i kh hu v cc nh
hng ca n ang c nhiu cp ngnh trong c nc quan tm u t nghin cu. Bi vit
ny tng hp cc phng php nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti ti nguyn
nc ngm trn th gii, t a ra mt s nhn nh, nh gi, la chn phng php ph
hp cho nghin cu vn ny thnh ph H Ni.
Khi ni n bin i kh hu th ng i ta hiu n c lin quan trc tip n s nng
ln ca khng kh (Demeritt 2001). Do vy, ct li ca nghin cu bin i kh hu chnh l
nghin cu s bin i ca nhit khng kh lp b mt v tri t di tc ng ca con
ngi. Theo quan trc trong 150 nm qua ca nhiu quc gia th nhit khng kh tng t
0.31
0
C n 0.61
0
S bin i kh hu v chu trnh thu vn c lin quan n nhau nh th no? l cu
hi c t ra cho cc nh nghin cu cc khoa hc tri t ni chung, khoa hc thu vn,
a cht thu vn v mi trng ni ring. Hin nay, cc nh khoa hc vn ang i tm cu tr
li cho nhng cu hi v s lin quan ca mc nc bin vi s tng ln hay gim i ca
C. Do s bin i ca nhit kh quyn dn n bin i cc yu t kh hu
khc, cc bin i ny li gy nh hng ln nhiu lnh v c khc nhau, trong c nc
ngm. T th k th 18, cc nh khoa hc ch ra mi lin h ca nng CO
2
trong kh
quyn vi s bin i nhit ca khng kh lp st b mt v tri t (kh quyn). Thm vo
, cc nghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc cng ch ra rng s nng ln ca kh quyn cn
ph thuc vo nng cc kh nh knh trong kh quyn (kh m-tan, nit oxit,
chlorofluorocarbons). S tng nng ca cc kh trn gn lin vi qu trnh pht trin kinh
t, pht trin cng nghip cng nh vic s dng nng lng t chy ho thch ngy cng
tng trong hai th k qua. Trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc, t nhiu nm nay c nhi u nh
khoa hc trn th gii v Vit Nam nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc
ngm, kt qu ca n cho thy bin i kh hu c tc ng trc tip lm bin i ti nguyn
nc ni chung v ti nguyn nc ngm ni ring.
2. S bin i kh hu v chu trnh thu vn

117
nhit kh quyn. Mt vi nghin cu, quan trc tng hp cho thy t l tng nhit
trung bnh khng kh vo khong 0.5
0
C trong 100 nm [1; 2; 3]. Cc nghin cu ca cc nh
a cht thu vn mi trng trong vn ny l lm th no xc nh lng thay i mc
nc, tr lng nc, lu lng dng chy hay s bin i cht lng ca nc ngm di
tc dng ca bin i kh hu. T cc kt qu nghin cu a ra cc phn tch nh gi s nh
hng ri a ra cc tnh ton, suy lun, d on s bin i ca chng theo khng gian
v thi gian.
Cc phn tch thc t ca nhiu nghin cu [5; 6; 7; 8] ch ra rng iu u tin phi
xc nh khi xy dng m hnh nh gi nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti ti nguyn nc
ngm l gii hn phm vi nghin cu. Gii hn ny c th theo lu vc v cng c th theo
ranh gii hnh chnh, nhng din tch ph hp nht phi ln c th quan st, theo di s
hnh thnh v bin i ti nguyn nc, chu trnh thu vn, ng thi cng c th ghi nhn
c s bin i kh hu. Mt s nghin cu cng ch ra rng, din tch ph hp nht l
khong trn di 100km
2
(Loa'iciga 1997). Din tch ny c hiu l quy m khu vc
c s dng cho nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti ti nguyn nc ngm.
Trn c s din tch , cc tnh ton tp trung vo xc nh s bin i ca lng ma, nhit
khng kh b mt nc bc hi, lng bc thot hi nc, s bin i trm tch, s dng
t, mc nc ngm, cht lng nc v s thay i lu lng dng chy. Trong , s hnh
thnh dng chy ngoi vic chu nh hng ca yu t a hnh cn chu nh hng bi lng
ma theo din, cng ma v thi gian ma tnh t vi pht n vi ngy. Trong thi k
kh hn thng nghin cu s bin i lng ma v nhit theo quy m thi gian l ngy
hoc thng, tu thuc vo s bin i lng ma theo ma v s nh hng ca iu kin t
nhin hay nhn sinh n cc th nc mt (Loaiciga, Haston, v Michaelsen, 1993).
3. Kch bn v m hnh bin i kh hu
3.1. Cc kch bn bin i kh hu v m hnh dng ngm
T nhng nm u ca thp k 70 n thp k 80 th k trc, khi nhng nghin cu
u tin v s nh hng ca bin i kh hu n ti nguyn nc ngm c trin khai, cc
nh khoa hc a ra kt qu d bo ca cc kch bn bin i kh hu vo cc m hnh m
phng nc ngm (Gleick 1989). Cc kch bn khi ch yu tp trung vo d bo s bin
i ca lng ma, lng bc hi trong cc ma nng. Cc d bo khi c tnh bng
phng php gii tch v kt qu c th hin t l phn trm nht nh bin i so vi gi
tr tng ng trong qu kh. Lng ma bin i thng c s dng dao ng trn di
1% trn nm. Tng ng vi n l dao ng nhit bc hi theo hng tng dn, gi tr
thng s dng l 0.01-0.05
0
Trong m hnh dng ngm giai on d bo th hu ht cc thng s u vo m hnh
u gi nguyn nh giai on chnh l khng n nh, duy ch c cc gi tr lng ma, nhit
bc hi v lng khai thc c bin ng. Khi lng nc khai thc cp cho sinh hot, ti,
hay nc cp cho cng nghip c m phng chi tit theo thi gian th l c s xc
nh cc bin i mc nc ngm vi mt thi im trong qu kh v gip nh gi c
mc nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc ngm. Sau nm 1980, khi cng ngh pht
trin, cc m hnh m phng bin i kh hu ca cc quc gia, vng, chu lc c thit lp,
iu lm tng chnh xc ca cc gi tr d bo bin i lng ma v nhit bc
hi (Pitman 1992; Giorgi, Marinucci, v Bates 1993a, 1993b; Giorgi, Shields-Brodeur, v
Bates 1994). Khi , cc gi tr u ra quan trng ca m hnh bin i kh hu khu vc
C/nm [5; 6].
Hai yu t l lng ma v nhit bc hi c xc nh v c a vo cc m
hnh nc ngm m phng s bin i mc nc. Ngoi hai bin kh hu trn, cc m hnh
dng ngm cn s dng cc thng s u vo nh thnh phn thch hc (h s thm v h s
nh nc), cc iu kin bin, lng b cp, lng thot, hin trng cht lng nc, ng
thi mc nc... Cc kt qu bin ng mc nc ca m hnh d bo c em so snh vi
ti liu o thc t trong qu kh v t tnh c nhng nh hng ca bin i kh hu.

118
(RCMs) nh lng ma, nhit khng kh b mt, mc bc x nng lng mt t, p
sut hi nc v tc gi c xc nh v tr thnh cc bin u vo trc tip hoc gin
tip ca cc m hnh thy vn dng ngm.
3.2. M hnh bin i kh hu
M hnh nghin cu s bin i kh hu l mt m hnh a nghi m [5], [6], [8], kt
qu u ra ph thuc nhiu vo cc d liu u vo. C nhiu m hnh c xut trong
ni tri nht l cc nghin cu m phng da trn s bin i hm lng CO
2
. Khi , s
bin i lng ma (P) trong tng lai s c xc nh da trn m hnh ton phng trnh
(1) v nhit (T) theo phng trnh (2) nh sau:
3.2.1.Lng ma
2
2s ar o
2
2
2x
1
cen i
xCO
CO historical
xCO
P
P P
P
=
historical U I D
R Q Q Q =
(1)
trong : P
2xCO2 scenario
l lng ma d bo theo kch bn
P
2xCO2
, P
1xCO2
l lng ma tnh ton m phng theo iu kin 1xCO
2
v 1xCO
2

P
historical
l lng ma trong qu kh
3.2.2. Nhit

2s ar o 2 2
2x 2 1
{ }
cen i
CO xCO xCO historical
T T T T = + (2)
trong : T
2xCO2 scenario
l nhit d bo theo kch bn,
T
2xCO2
, T
1xCO2
l nhit tnh ton m phng theo iu kin 1xCO
2
v 1xCO
2
.
T
historical
l nhit trong qu kh,
Cc kt qu ca m hnh bin i kh hu cng ph thuc vo quy m m phng, s
chnh xc ca cc m hnh chnh v th b ph thuc nhiu vo cch tip cn v quy m ca
tng m hnh, cc bin u ra c d bo nh nhit , lng ma v bc hi, cng v th
m c cc kt qu khc nhau.
3.3. nh hng ca s bin i hm lng CO
2
vi m hnh bin i kh hu
Theo m phng ca cng thc 1 v 2 trn, chng ta thy s bin i ca cc yu t
kh hu c gn vi s bin i ca hm lng CO
2
, nhng s bin i ca hm lng CO
2

tht s kh kim sot do chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t khng c tnh quy lut r rng
trong thi gian di. Chnh do tnh cht bt n nh ny m ngi ta lp cc m hnh d bo
bin i kh hu theo cc giai on trung v di hn. S khc nhau gia cc m hnh ny
khng ch th hin kt qu d bo, m cn th hin thi gian m phng. Nh nu
trn, cc m hnh GCMS v RCMs ang c s dng nhiu v vi cng iu kin ban u
th khi ko di thi gian d bo m hnh (>50 nm) m hnh s b phn k ln, dn ti kt qu
d bo khng chnh xc. Cc nghin cu cng ch ra rng, cc kt qu m phng theo chu k
10 nm n 20 nm c kt qu chnh xc hn i vi cc m phng di t 50 nm n 100
nm. Do vy, c th thy l phm vi gii hn v thi gian ca cc m hnh kh hu l di
100 nm v chnh xc chp nhn c khi m phng di 50 nm (Ramanathan v Collins
Nm 1992; Lo'aiciga, Valdes v NNK. 1996).
4. Bin i kh hu v nc ngm
Lng b cp cho nc ngm trong chu trnh tru vn c nhc n nh l mt yu
t tham gia vo cn bng ngun nc ngm. Trong cng thc tnh cn bng nc ngm (3) th
R l lng b cp t nhin, G l dng chy tng ng vi lng nc trong tng cha nc,
W l lng nc khai thc v S
G
l s thay i lng nc trong tng cha nc theo thi
gian, thng tng ng vi thi gian m phng.
G
S R G W = (3)

119
T cng thc trn cho thy tc ng ca bin i kh hu n ngun nc ngm thng
qua s thay i lng b cp R, trong con ngi cng trc tip tc ng ti cn bng ny
thng qua cc cng trnh khai thc n c ngm W. Lng b cp cho nc ngm c nhiu
mc khc nhau v n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, cng nh iu kin b cp, bao gm c
im a cht thu vn, nc mt v cn bng dng chy trong i thng kh. t bc hi
l ET, lng ma trc tip l P, dng chy mt l O, S
s
l tr lng nc thay i trong tng
cha nc, I lng thm, X dng chy di mt t (dng chy trong i thng kh hoc t
tng cha nc ra nc mt), S
V
tr lng nc thay i trong i thng kh, khi phng
trnh cn bng gia nc mt v nc trong i thng kh c tnh bng cng thc (4) v (5)
nh sau:
S
s
=P - ET - O - I (4)
S
V
=I - R - X (5)
Phng trnh (3), (4), v (5) tnh ton hin trng tr lng tnh v dng chy di b
mt t, trong i thng kh v tr lng nc ngm. phn bit nh hng ca bin i
kh hu n lng b cp cho tng cha nc, chng ta phi xt n thay i v lng ma,
thot hi nc, lng thm v cc thnh phn khc nhau ca dng chy (v d, dng chy
mt, dng ngm, dng c bn), cng nh nhng thay i tr lng tnh theo thi gian. Nhng
s thay i ny cng vi mi quan h gia cc yu t cn bng nc ch c th tnh ton c
bng phng php m hnh s m phng theo thi gian.
5. Cc ngun b cp cho nc ngm
B cp nc t nhin cho nc ngm c hai ngun chnh:
- T nc ma v khi lng b cp ngoi ph thuc vo lng ma cn ph thuc
vo s phn b theo khng gian ca tng cha nc v i thng kh (Loaiciga Stone,
Moomaw, v Davis nm 2001).
- T sng, h qua qu trnh thm t y sng, h vo cc tng cha nc bn di.
Vic xc nh cc iu kin c lin quan ti lng b cp t hai ngun trn c vai tr quan
trng trong xc nh nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc ngm.
Khi qu trnh b cp t dng mt nh sng l ngun thng tr ca qu trnh hnh thnh
nc trong tng cha nc th cc mi lin h gia cc tc ng bin i kh hu v tng cha
nc c th c n gin ha. Lin kt m phng bin i kh hu GCM-RCM c th c
s dng thit lp cc yu t dng chy Q
2xCO2
=Q
1xCO2
v sau , ch s 2xCO2 c s
dng m phng qu trnh b cp cho nc ngm mt cch trc tip. Khi , phng trnh
cn bng nc trong qu kh thit lp cho on sng c vit nh sau:
historical U I D
R Q Q Q = (6)
trong : R
historical
l lng b cp nc di t trong qu kh
Q
U
v Q
D
l lu lng dng chy o mt ct pha trn v pha di ca on sng
tnh ton tng ng, v Q
I
l lu lng dng chy hin c trong khu vc b cp. Trong
phng trnh 6 th v phi ca phng trnh lin quan n bin dng chy trong lu vc ca
on sng tnh ton. Khi , lng b cp cho tng cha nc R
2xCO2
c xc nh thng
qua ch s 2xCO2 nh sau :
2
2
2
2
2x
1
xCO
CO historical
xCO
Q
R R
Q
= (7)
trong R
historical
l lng b cp hng thng hoc hng nm. Kt qa tnh ton lng
b t phng trnh 7 s c nhp vo m hnh dng ngm tnh ton s bin i dng
ngm theo bin i kh hu.

120
6. Phng php xc nh nh hng ca bin i kh hu n ti nguyn nc ngm
vng H Ni
6.1. Cc bc thc hin v la chn phng php
Theo nh cch tip cn trn, phn ny trnh by cc b c tin hnh nh gi cc tc
ng bin i kh hu ln cc tng nc ngm. Bc th nht l la chn cc kch bn bin
i kh hu (cc kch bn bin i kh hu ca quc gia, ca vng hay ton cu). Trong cc
kch bn bin i kh hu, nhiu yu t kh hu c d bo, tuy nhin, chng ta ch quan tm
n nhng d bo v thay i lng ma (P), nhit bc hi (T) vi t l tng tnh theo
phn trm. Thm vo , cc thng s v bc x mt tri, tc gi, s gi nng v v tr a
l cng c n thit c th tnh ton bc hi tng ng bng cch s dng cc phng
php thy vn tnh bc hi thc nghim da vo nhit (phng php Thornthwaite
1948 hoc Hargreaves v Zamani 1982; Lo'aiciga, Maidment, v Valdes 2000). B c th hai
l tnh ton, c tnh lng nc b cp cho nc ngm theo cc kch b n bin i kh hu.
Cch n gin nht lm iu ny l xc nh lng nc b cp nh l mt phn nh ca
lng ma (Lo'aiciga v Leipnik (2000)). y l phng php n gin nhng li t ra ph
hp khi m phng s bin i nc ngm bng m hnh thng qua cc bc thi gian theo
thng, nm. i vi cc bc thi gian ngn hn, tnh ton b cp theo phng trnh (7) l
thch hp, tuy nhin cch tnh ton tt nht vn l thit lp cc m hnh dng ngm, trong
gi tr cc yu t kh hu nh hng ti lng b cp c trch xut t cc kch bn bin i
kh hu s c nhp vo m hnh.
Vn quan trng t ra y l la chn chng trnh m hnh dng ngm sao cho
ph hp. la chn chng trnh m hnh, chng ta da trn cc tnh nng ca chng trnh
trong m phng cc din bin thu ng lc tng cha nc hay cc mi quan h ca nc
mt vi nc ngm... Chng trnh c la chn phi c cc module tng ng v tho mn
tnh ton c cc nhim v ra n h m p hng s bin i mc nc, thay i tr
lng, hoc s bin i nng cc cht trong nc ngm di tc ng ca bin i kh
hu. Hin nay, cc h phn mm c s dng nhiu trong cc m phng ny l Visual
Modflow, MT3DMS, Mod Path, Zone Buzet (hng Waterloo Hydrogeologic) v Groundwater
Modeling System (GMS).
6.2. Kh nng p dng nghin cu tc ng ca BKH ti ti nguyn nc ngm H
Ni
- Kch bn BKH
Vit Nam, tnh n thi im hin ti c 03 kch bn bin i kh hu v nc
bin dng c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cng b k t nm 2008 cc B, ngnh v
a phng trin khai k hoch hnh ng v thc hin c hiu qu Chng trnh mc tiu
quc gia ng ph vi bin i kh hu. V vy cc kch bn bin i kh hu c coi l c s
d liu quan trng, s c s dng vo nghin cu nh gi s nh hng ca bin i kh
hu ti nc ngm trn phm vi lnh th Vit Nam ni chung v H Ni ni ring. Kch bn
bin i kh hu lnh th Vit Nam bn mi nht nm 2012 cho kt qu d bo s bin i
lng ma, nhit v bc hi H Ni, c th hin trn cc hnh t 1 n hnh 4. Nhn
trn th cho thy nhit khng kh vng H Ni bin i theo xu hng tng theo thi
gian vi gi tr t khong 0.5% vo nm 2020, 1,1% vo nm 2040 v khong 2% vo nm
2070. Gi tr d bo bin i lng ma cng cho thy lng ma trong vng tng vi mt t
l cao hn nhit , trong vo nm 2020 tng mt lng l 1,1%, nm 2040 tng 2.7% v
nm 2070 tng khong 5.1%. Lng bc thot hi nc tim nng tng vi t l ln hn na,
trong n nm 2020 tng 5%, nm 2040 tng khong 8% v nm 2070 tng khong 12.5%.

121
H Ni
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Nm
D
t

(
o
C
)
A2
B2

Hnh 1. Xu th bin i ca nhit khng kh trung bnh n m trn a phn H Ni
H Ni
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Nm
D
X

(
%
)
A2
B2

Hnh 2. Xu th bin i ca lng ma trung bnh nm trn a phn H Ni
H Ni
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Nm
M
c

b
i
i

(
%
)
A2
B2

Hnh 3. Xu th bin i ca bc thot hi nc tim nng nm trn a phn H Ni
Vi cc kt qu d bo da trn cc kch bn bin i kh hu nh trn chng ta nhn
thy rng hon ton c c s trch xut chi tit cc kt qu d bo theo thi gian ca cc
yu t kh hu c lin quan cn thit cho m hnh dng ngm H Ni.

- M hnh dng ngm vng H Ni
Tnh n thi im hin ti c nhiu tc gi s dng phng php m hnh tnh
ton tr lng, bin i cht lng nc cc khu vc khc nhau trn a bn H Ni (Tng
Ngc Thanh v nnk 2008; Nguyn Vn Lm, Nguyn Ch Ngha v nnk 2011...). Tuy nhin,
cc tnh ton m phng ch yu tnh cho phn din tch c ca H Ni v thnh ph H ng

122
thuc H Ty c v u khng cp n s nh hng ca bin i kh hu n nc ngm
cng nh cha nghin cu k vai tr ca lp b mt lt mi n s thay i lng b cp cho
nc di t t nc ma. nh gi v ti liu cho thy c s d liu v a cht, a cht
thu vn v ti liu quan trc ng thi mc nc di t thit lp m hnh dng ngm
c th p ng yu cu. Tuy nhin, nm vn chnh cn tn ti tng ng vi nm bc
phi tin hnh khi nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti ti nguyn nc ngm
vng H Ni l: Th nht, xc nh phm vi thit lp m hnh, thi gian d bo; Th 2 l trch
xut cc gi tr kh hu nh lng ma, nhit bc hi v bc hi trn cc kch bn bin
i kh hu c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cng b; Th 3 l tnh ton d bo mc
nc sng Hng ti thi gian tng ng c c s thit lp iu kin bin trn sng trong
bi ton d bo; Th 4, xy dng bn bin i b mt lt mi ca thnh ph H Ni trn c
s quy hoch nh hng pht trin tnh ton, xc nh lng b cp. Th 5, thit lp v
chnh m hnh dng ngm vng thnh ph H Ni mi, c tnh n yu t bin i kh hu.
7. Kt lun
- nh hng ca bin i kh hu n nc ngm thng qua gi tr lng b cp. T
cc kch bn bin i kh hu ca quc gia, vng lnh th hay ton cu chng ta c c cc
kt qu gi tr d bo lng ma, bc hi, cc gi tr l d liu u vo cho cc m hnh
dng ngm. S bin i lng nc chnh lch gia qu kh, hin ti v kt qu d bo trong
tng lai khi lo i tr cc bin c nh l kt qu ca nh hng do bin i kh hu ti
nc ngm.
- Da trn cc kch bn bin i kh hu ca B Ti nguyn v mi trng, b s liu
nn a cht, a cht thu vn vng H Ni, ti liu quan trc mc nc v bn nh hng
pht trin kinh t x hi thnh ph H Ni n nm 2030 v tm nhn n 2050 cng h phn
mm Visual Modflow th kh nng nh gi c s nh hng ca bin i kh hu ti nc
ngm trong phm vi thnh ph l hon ton kh thi, p ng c cc yu cu ra.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2012, 2010, 2009). Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc bin
dng cho Vit Nam. H Ni.
[2]. Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thy vn v Mi trng (2010). Tc ng ca bin i kh hu
ln ti nguyn nc v cc bin php thch ng. Bo co Tng kt D n. H Ni.
[3]. Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thy vn v Mi trng (2010). Bin i kh hu v tc ng
Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut. H Ni.
[4]. Trn Thanh Xun, Trn Thc, Hong Minh Tuyn (2011). Tc ng ca bin i kh hu
n ti nguyn nc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut. H Ni.
[5]. A summary of climate-change science may be found in the 2001 report by the
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) on itsWeb site.
[6]. Demeritt, D. 2001. The construction of global warming and the politics of science. Annals
of the Association of American Geographers 91 (2): 30737.
[7]. Forest, C. E., H. P. Stone, A. P. Sokolov,M. R. Allen, and M. D. Webster. 2002.
Quantifying uncertainties in climate system properties with the use of recent climate
observations. Science 295: 11316.
[8]. Hargreaves, G.H., and Z. A. Zamani. 1982. Estimating potential evapotranspiration.
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 108 (3): 22530.

123
SUMMARY
Methods to study the effects of climate change to
groundwater and their application posiblility in Hanoi area
Nguyen Chi Nghia, Dang Huu On, Nguyen Van Lam,
Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoa

The complilation of observed and forecasted data indicate that atmospheric
temperature in Hanoi area are varied and tends to increase with time with a value of
aproximately 0.5% in 2020, 1.1% in 2040 and 2% in 2070. Rainfall increases with a higher
rate of temperature, ranges from 1.1% in 2020, 2.7% in 2040 and to 5.1% in 2070. Potential
evaporation increases with a greater rate, from 5% in 2020, to 8% in 2040 and up to about
12.5% in 2070. By combining all available world-wide researches, this work has define a
methodology to study of the effects of climate change on groundwater that can be used for
study of Hanoi area, including five following steps i) determine the scope of the modelling,
forecasting time, ii) extracting the data on forecasedt climatic conditionfrom the published
data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, iii) predict water level of the
Red River, v) mapping of the flat changes of the Hanoi area, and v) set up and adjust the
regional groundwater flow model for Hanoi area.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. on Vn Cnh

124

NGHIN CU S NH HNG CA KH TNG
N DAO NG MC NC DI T TNH THI BNH

Trn Th Thanh Thy, Nguyn Ch Ngha
Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Hin nay bin i kh hu ton cu ang nh hng n mi trng ni chung v
mi trng nc di t ni ring. Vic nghin cu nh hng ca kh tng n dao ng
mc nc di t l c s tt nh gi nh hng ca bin i kh hu n ti nguyn
nc di t khu vc tnh Thai Bnh. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng lng ma v mc
nc di t trong tng cha nc Holocen v Pleistocen ca tnh Thi Bnh c quan h t
l thun. Khi lng ma tng th mc nc di t dng cao tuy c chm v lch pha so vi
lng ma t 1 n 2 thng. Khi ma t cc i vo thng 9 th mc nc t cc i vo
thng 10. Mc nc t cc tiu vo thng 4 hoc thng 5 nm sau ng vi thi gian lng
ma thp nht vo thng 3. Nh vy, nghin cu quan h gia bin i thi tit vi s thay
i lng ma vs dao ng mc nc di t c th c dng l c s nh gi cht
lng ti nguyn nc di t khu vc Thi Bnh.
1. M u
Thi Bnh l mt tnh ven bin nm trong vng ng bng chu th sng Hng, l hnh
lang cn k vi tam gic pht trin kinh t trng im Bc b, H Ni - Hi Phng - Qung
Ninh. Thi Bnh c bao bc bi h thng sng, bin khp kn, c nh hng trc tip n
ti nguyn nc di t ca tnh, lm cho ti nguyn nc c s bin i v tr lng v
cht lng. Hin nay vn bin i kh hu ang gy tc ng khng nh n mi trng
ni chung v mi trng nc ni ring. Bin i kh hu lm gia tng tn sut cc trn bo,
lm cho nc bin xm nhp su vo t lin, thu hp din tch t nng nghip, mn ha
nc mt v nc di t, lm suy gim cht lng v tr lng nc phc v sinh hot
Do , vic nghin cu s tc ng ca bin i kh hu n tr lng nc ca tnh Thi
Bnh l rt cn thit, c c s nh gi, quy hoch khai thc v s dng hp l ngun ti
nguyn ny cho i sng dn sinh v pht trin kinh t vng.
2. c im kh hu ca tnh Thi Bnh
nghin cu s nh hng ca bin i kh hu n tr lng nc di t tnh
Thi Bnh, cn nm vng c im kh hu ca tnh Thi Bnh. Thi Bnh c kh hu nhit i
gi ma (NGM), kh hu chu s chi phi ca ch bc x mt tri ni ch tuyn, chu nh
hng mnh m ca hon lu gi ma ng Bc v vng bin nhit i nm k bn. c
im kh hu Thi Bnh c nhng nt chnh sau:
- Bc x: Lng bc x trung bnh nm t 110 114 Kcal/cm
2
.nm, trong cc thng
h (5 10) lng bc x trung bnh thng thng ln hn 10 Kcal/cm
2
.thng, vo ma ng
lng bc x nh nht trong nm, ch t 4,5 5,6 Kcal/cm
2
- Ch nhit: Ch nhit ca khu vc Thi Bnh t tiu chun nhit i vi nhit
trung bnh nm 23,3C, vi hai ma nng lnh r rt. Ma nng, nhit trung bnh thng
.thng;
- S gi nng: Trung bnh hng nm Thi Bnh c khong 1615 gi nng (bng 1),
thi k t thng 5 n thng 12 c kh nhiu nng, t trn 100 gi nng/thng. Cc thng t
nng nht l thng 2,3, trung bnh 38,8 42,6 gi/thng;
- Ch gi: Ma h t thng 4 n thng 7 l thi k thng tr ca hng gi ng
Nam v Nam, thi t bin vo t lin em li thi tit nng m, tn sut tng cng ca hai
hng ny ln n 50% 60%, trong gi Nam chim u th. Ma ng, gi ma ng
Bc ko di t thng 10 n thng 1, trong hng ng Bc v Bc chim u th, cc
thng u t gi ma ng Bc thng mang li thi tit lnh kh (bng 1);

125
ln hn 25C ko di t thng 5 n thng 9. Thng 7 l thng nng nht c nhit trung
bnh l 29,2
o
Cc c trng kh hu
C. Thi k ma ng c nhit trung bnh thng thp di 20C ko di t
thng 12 n thng 3, trong c ti 3 thng lnh vi nhit trung bnh thng di 18C v
thng lnh nht l thng 1 vi nhit trung bnh ch t 16,4C (bng 1);
- Ch ma m: Cng nh nhiu ni vng nhit i, Thi Bnh c ch ma
ma h, lng ma nm dao ng t 1627,5 n 1735,9mm/nm, thuc loi ma va. Ma
ma t thng 5 ko di 6 thng n cui thng 10. Ma t ma di 6 thng, t thng 12 ca
nm trc n ht thng 3 ca nm sau (bng 1);
+ m tng i: m tng i trung bnh nm Thi Bnh thuc loi kh cao,
t 86% (bng 1). Cao nht l t thng 2 n thng 4, t 89% 91%, thp nht l thng 6,
thng 7 (thi im c nhiu gi kh nng vo cc thng 11, 12 trng vi thi k kh hanh,
lnh Bc B) t 83%;
- Bc hi: Thi Bnh c l ng bc hi khng kh Piche trung bnh l 885mm/n m
(bng 1), t mc trung bnh so vi cc vng ng bng ven bin cn k. Thng 7 c lng
bc hi ln nht t 115,4mm/thng, thp nht l trong thng 2, 3, t xp x 42mm/thng;
- Cc hin tng thi tit c bit: Trong s cc hin tng thi tit c bit, ng ch
nht l hot ng ca bo, p thp nhit i. Hng nm s lng cc trn bo n vng
nghin cu thuc loi trung bnh, tuy nhin nh hng ca chng n i sng sn xut ca
nhn dn trong vng l khng nh . Ngoi ra cn c th gp cc hin tng khc nh dng,
lc, sng m, ma phn.
Bng 1. c trng kh hu ca tnh Thi Bnh [2]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nm
S gi nng trung bnh thng
v nm (gi)
72,0 38,8 42,6 91,7 191,8 186,0 207,8 174,1 178,8 169,7 140,2 121,4 1615
Tc gi trung bnh thng
v nm (m/s)
2,2 2,2 2,0 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,4 1,7 1,7 2,0 2,0 1,9 2,1
Hng v tc gi mnh
nht (m/s)
NE;
NW
15
NW
14
SSE;
NW
14
NW;
NE
24
NW
16
NNW,
WNW
28
ESE
42
N;
NW
40
ESE,
N 40
NW
28
NW;
ESE
15
N
16
ESE
42
Nhit TB thng v nm
(
o
16,4
C)
17,0 19,6 23,3 26,9 28,7 29,2 28,4 27,0 24,4 21,2 17,8 23,3
Lng ma ngy ln nht
(mm)
62,1
46,9 65,5 122,2 192,2 194,0 294,9 253,6 290,7 300,3 290,0 86,1 300,3
m tng i trung bnh
(%)
86
89 91 90 86 83 83 87 87 85 83 83 86
Lng bc hi khng kh
Piche (mm)
58,9
42,1 41,9 50,4 82,1 102,4 115,4 77,0 70,3 84,0 84,8 76,0 885,3
Lng bc thot hi tim
nng PET (mm)
45,8
44,0 57,7 77,5 125,1 129,6 142,7 119,1 107,7 90,4 62,7 51,6 1054
S ngy kh nng trung
bnh (ngy)
0
0 0,1 0 1,7 4,2 3,5 1,1 0 0 0 0 10,6
S ngy dng trung bnh
(ngy)
0,1
0,1 1,4 4,2 8,4 7,3 7,0 10,1 8,9 2,7 0,1 0,1 50,4
S ngy sng m (ngy)
3,4
1,3 1,1 0,5 0,2 0,1 0 0,1 0,4 1,4 2,9 5,8 17,2
S ngy ma phn (ngy)
2,3
3,8 4,6 2,4 0,1 0 0 0 0,02 0,04 0,3 0,9 14,5
3. nh hng ca iu kin kh hu n ti nguyn nc tnh Thi Bnh
nh gi nh hng ca iu kin kh hu n nc di t, chng ti thnh lp
th quan h gia lng ma vi dao ng mc nc di t vng nghin cu. T cc s
liu v lng ma trung bnh thng (bng 2) v mc nc trong cc l khoan quan trc trong

126
nhiu nm vng nghin cu (t nm 2000 n 2008) (bng 3), xy dng c th biu
din mi quan h gia lng ma v mc nc di t.
Bng 2. Lng ma (mm) o c ti cc trm quan trc tnh Thi Bnh [2]
Trm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nm
Thy Anh 25,2 28,9 46,0 65,7 162,0 213,8 218,2 351,8 350,2 196,3 60,7 17,2 1735,9
Tr Lnh 21,2 23,6 43,4 69,2 164,7 202,9 204,5 304,7 291,5 216,1 66,9 19,0 1627,5
Thuyn
Quang
25,3 35,7 47,0 74,8 150,5 211,4 205,9 322,8 324,1 224,1 68,5 14,8 1704,9
Thi Bnh 25,0 26,1 49,0 84,4 163,3 198,3 216,2 297,6 327,7 221,2 64,8 23,7 1697,4
Tin Hi 19,2 28,7 37,8 68,8 132,5 172,3 189,8 314,9 338,7 264,0 59,0 13,5 1639,4
Hong
Mn
26,1 33,0 42,4 72,8 170,1 157,2 183,3 302,1 374,0 248,7 75,4 18,6 1703,7
a Cc 27,5 33,8 40,0 67,9 160,3 170,5 202,9 307,9 367,6 262,6 63,9 22,4 1727,3
Bng 3. Kt qu quan trc mc nc ti cc l khoan quan trc tnh Thi Bnh
L
khoan
TCN X
Thng
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Q155 qh
2
Dim
in
0,5 0,35 0,30 0,28 0,48 0.45 0,42 0,54 0,68 0,40 0,45 0,48
Q156 qh
2

Thy
H
0,30 0,55 0,45 0,49 0,52 0,50 0,55 0,58 0,55 0,45 0,29 0,17
Q158 qh
2

Thy
Vit
25,3 25,1 25,02 25,1 25,7 26,15 26,05 26,02 25,9 26,21 26,2 25,5
Q158a qp
1

Thy
Vit
25,4 25,2 25,0 25,2 25,7 26,1 26,1 26,2 26,0 26,3 26,3 25,5
Q159 qh
2
An Bi 25,5 25,38 25,3 25,5 25,38 25,76 26,1 26,1 25,9 26,1 26,25 26,22
Q159a qp
2
An Bi 1,562 1,542 1,545 1,54 1,565 1,562 1,565 1,57 1,585 1,525 1,496 1,50
Q159
b
qp
1
An Bi 1,558 1,54 1,538 1,525 1,543 1,551 1,556 1,562 1,57 1,525 1,51 1,488
Trn c s ti liu v lng ma v mc nc quan trc ti cc l khoan, xy dng c
s thay i mc nc di t ca tnh Thi Bnh theo lng ma nh sau [2]:

127
M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
5

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Thi gian
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Q155 R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

Hnh 1. Bin trnh nm ca mc nc Q155 v lng ma (R) trm Thi Bnh
M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
6

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Q156 R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
8

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
24.4
24.6
24.8
25.0
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
26.4
Q158 R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
8
a

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
Q158a R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

Hnh 4. Bin trnh nm ca mc nc Q158a v lng ma (R) trm Thi Bnh

128
M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
9

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
24.8
25.0
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
26.4
Q159 R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
9
a

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
Q159a R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

Hnh 6. Bin trnh nm ca mc nc Q159a v lng ma (R) trm Thi Bnh
M
c

n
c

Q
1
5
9
b

m

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Thi gian
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Q159b R
L
n
g

m
a

R
(
m
m
)

Hnh 7. Bin trnh nm ca mc nc Q159b v lng ma (R) trm Thi Bnh
Da vo hnh v trn c th thy rng trong ma ma, gia lng ma v mc nc
di t trong tng cha nc trong Holocen v Pleistocen c quan h t l thun. Khi lng
ma tng th m c nc di t dng cao tuy nhin chm hn, lch pha so vi lng ma t
1 n 2 thng. Khi ma t cc i vo thng 9 th mc nc t cc i vo thng 10, sau
mc nc t cc tiu vo thng 4 hoc thng 5 nm sau. Thng thng vo cc thng khi
mc nc mi dng, th ca chng tng i thoi v cc thng t mc nc cc i
th th ca chng dc hn, iu ny lin quan n s tng lng ma, gim dn b dy i
thng kh v s bo ho i thng kh tng ln. Thi im t cc i v cc tiu trong nm
ti cc khu khc nhau th khc nhau (ty thuc vo thi im bt u v kt thc ma ma).
Nh vy, c th thy rng kh hu c nh hng nht nh n tr lng nc di
t ca tnh Thi Bnh, c bit vi vn bin i kh hu ton cu nh hin nay. Bin i

129
kh hu lm nhit Tri t tng ln, gia tng tn sut v cng cc cn bo. Lng ma
gia tng gy lt li v thay i cht lng, tr lng ti nguyn nc. Kh hu thay i lm
tan bng hai cc ca Tri t, nc bin dng cao, nc trn ngp nhng vng ng bng
rng ln ven bin. Theo nh nh gi v s bin i gia lng ma v mc nc di t
ca tnh Tnh Thi Bnh c th thy rng nh hng ca bin i kh hu n tr lng nc
di t cn c quan tm, nghin cu c k hoch bo v hp l.
4. Phng php nghin cu nh hng ca bin i kh hu n tr lng nc di
t tnh Thi Bnh
Trn c s hin trng ti nguyn nc c nh gi phn trn, vic nghin cu
cc tc ng bin i kh hu ln cc tng cha nc di t cn thc hin cc bc nghin
cu sau:
- Bc 1: la chn cc kch bn bin i kh hu (cc kch bn bin i kh hu ca
quc gia, ca vng hay ton cu). Trong cc kch bn bin i kh hu, c nhiu cc yu t
kh hu c d bo, tuy nhin chng ta ch quan tm n nhng d bo v thay i lng
ma (P), nhit (T), bc hi (ET) vi t l tng tnh theo phn trm. Ngoi ra, cc thng
s v bc x mt tri, tc gi, s gi nng cng c quan tm nh gi;
- Bc 2: Tnh ton, c tnh lng nc b cp cho nc di t theo cc kch bn
Bin i kh hu. Cch n gin nht lm iu ny l xc nh lng nc b cp nh l
mt phn nh ca lng ma (Lo'aiciga v Leipnik (2000)). y l phng php n gin
nhng li t ra ph hp khi m phng s bin i nc ngm bng m hnh thng qua cc
bc thi gian theo thng, nm. i vi cc bc thi gian ngn hn, tnh ton b cp theo
phng trnh (1):
historical
2
xCO 2
2
xCO 2
2
xCO 2
R .
Q
Q
R = (1)
trong : Q
2xCO2
, Q
1xCO2
l yu t dng chy m phng ng vi cc ch s 2xCO
2
v 1xCO
2
;
2xCO
2
l ch s s dng m phng qu trnh b cp cho nc ngm mt cch
trc tip;
R
historical
l lng b cp nc di t trong qu kh, c tnh ton bng:
R
historical
=Q
U
+Q
I
- Q
D
(2)
Vi: Q
U
, Q
D
: lu lng dng chy o mt ct ph a trn v pha di ca on
sng tnh ton tng ng;
Q
I
: lu lng dng chy hin c trong khu vc b cp.
Tuy nhin, cch tnh ton tt nht vn l thit lp cc m hnh dng ngm trong gi
tr cc yu t kh hu nh hng ti lng b cp c trch xut t cc kch bn bin i kh
hu s c nhp vo m hnh. V cn phi la chn chng trnh m hnh dng ngm sao
cho ph hp. la chn m hnh chng ta da trn cc tnh nng ca chng trnh trong m
phng cc din bin thu ng lc tng cha nc hay cc mi quan h ca nc mt vi
nc ngm... Chng trnh c la chn phi c cc module tng ng v tho mn tnh
ton c cc nhim v ra nh m phng s bin i mc nc, thay i tr lng, hoc
s bin i nng cc cht trong nc ngm di tc ng ca bin i kh hu. Vic s
dng cc h phn mm m phng ny l Visual Modflow, MT3DMS, Mod Path, Zone Buzet
(hng Waterloo Hydrogeologic), Groundwater Modeling System (
- Hin nay, ti nguyn nc ca tnh Thi Bnh chu nh hng ln ca iu kin kh
hu nh: lng ma, bc hi, m. Trong ma ma, lng ma v mc nc di t
trong tng cha nc trong Holocen v Pleistocen c quan h t l thun vi nhau. Khi lng
ma tng th mc nc di t dng cao tuy c chm hn, lch pha so vi lng ma t 1
GMS) v Feflow
Modelling.

4. Kt lun

130
n 2 thng. V theo kt qu quan trc mc nc ti cc trm quan trc th thi im t cc
i v cc tiu trong nm ti cc khu vc khc nhau cng khc nhau (ty thuc vo thi im
bt u v kt thc ma ma);
- Vic nh gi nh hng ca Bin i kh hu n tr lng nc di t tnh Thi
Bnh c ngha rt ln. Vic nh gi c thc hin da trn cc kch bn bin i kh hu
ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, b s liu nn a cht, ti liu a cht thu vn, ti liu
quan trc mc nc di t tnh Thi Bnh v nh hng pht trin kinh t x hi tnh Thi
Bnh n nm 2020 kt hp tnh ton bng m hnh ton hc v ng dng phn mm Visual
Modflow trong d bo.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Th Kim Dung v nnk, 2008. iu tra nh gi ti nguyn nc mt tnh Thi
Bnh. Vin Nc, ti tiu - Vin Khoa hc thy li Vit Nam, H Ni.
[2]. L Th Thanh Tm, 2011. Nghin cu, nh gi thc trng suy thoi, nhim mi trng
nc di t tnh Thi Bnh v xut cc gii php khai thc, s dng hp l ngun nc
di t trn quan im pht trin bn vng. Vin a l - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit
Nam, H Ni.
[3]. S K hoch v u t tnh Thi Bnh, 2008. Quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t x hi
vng ven bin tnh Thi Bnh giai on n nm 2020. Thi Bnh.

SUMMARY
Studying the effect of climate on groundwater
table variation in Thai Binh province
Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, Nguyen Chi Nghia, University of Mining and Geology
The currentglobal climate change has not only affected environment in general but
also to groundwater in particular.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. on Vn Cnh

Researches on the impact of climante change to the
variation of water table can be used to evaluate the effect of global climate change to
groundwater resource in Thai Binh province. The research results show that the rainfall and
water table of Holocene and Pleistocene aquifersis possitively corelated. The water table rise
when the rain-fall increase but the timing of water table rise is commonly lagged behind than
the rain-fall from 1 to 2 months. The maximum rainfall occurs in September where as the
maxium water table occurs in October. The minimum water table occurs in Appril or May,
which is equivalent to the minimum rainfall in March. . Thus, study the relationship between
climate change and the variability of the rainfall and groundwater table can be used as basis
to evaluate the quality of groundwater resources in Thai Binh province.

131

XC NH TIU CH KHOANH NH VNG CM KHAI THC,
VNG KHAI THC HN CH V VNG C PHP KHAI THC
NC DI T P DNG TH NGHIM TRN A BN
THNH PH H NI

Trn Quang Tun, Nguyn Vn Lm, Trng i hc M - a cht
Nguyn Kim Ngc,

Hi a cht Thy vn Vit Nam

Tm tt: khai thc, qun l v bo v tt ti nguyn nc di t cn xc nh c
cc tiu ch khoanh nh vng cm khai thc, vng khai thc hn ch v vng c php
khai thc nc di t cho mt khu vc. Kt qu ca vic nghin cu thc t v kt hp vi
tng hp cc ti liu hin c trong nc v trn th gii, c th a ra cc tiu ch khoanh
nh cc khu vc qun l nc di t nh sau: (1) m bo sc khe cng ng v mc
ch s dng ca cc h s dng; (2) vic khai thc nc di t phi m bo an ton cho
x hi v mi trng, khng gy tn tht ln cho kinh t - x hi; (3) ngun nc di t
ca vng nghin cu phic kh nng p ng nhu cu s dng nc hin ti v tng lai;
(4) vng khai thc phi c cc iu kin xy dng vn hnh, bo dng cng trnh x l
nc, c kh nng thu hi vn v tc ng tt n x hia phng.
Da vo cc tiu ch trn, nghin cu ny khoanh c cc vng khai thc nc di
tcho vng thnh ph H Ni, trong vng cm khai thc nc di t c din tch
khong 326,72 km
2
, vng hn ch khai thc nc di t c din tchkhong 2545,3 km
2
, v
vng c php khai thc chim din tch khong 525 km
2
. Kt qu ny c Thnh ph
H Ni ghi nhn v cng b p dng
1. M u
Vic khai thc, kt hp vi vic bo v ti nguyn nc di t c th c chia lm
hai giai on: (a) Nhng nm 1960 ca th k trc, u tin l Chng trnh thp nin thy
vn thuc t chc UNESCO, tip theo l Chng trnh thy vn Quc t, cc t chc FAO v
UNEP a ra c mt vi ch dn quan trng v phng php lun trong vic xc nh
cc tiu ch v phn vng khai thc nc di t [2]. (b) Giai on nhng nm u th k
21, nghin cu ca chng trnh mi trng Quc t (UNEP) (nm 2003) ca nhm tc gi
thuc Cc a cht Anh cng a ra cc vn tr lng an ton v cc nh hng tiu
cc ca vic khai thc nc di t qu mc v ri ro ca suy gim nc di t do khai
thc qu mc. Tip sau , cc nghiu cu ca UNESCO (2004), tc gi Ramn Lamas cng
phn tch cc li ch kinh t - x hi ca vic khai thc, s dng nc di t. ng thi,
tc gi ny cng a ra cc vn cp bch i vi x hi v mi trng cng nh cc
nguyn tc c bn ca vic khai thc, s dng nc di t. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc
tc gi nghin cu ca nhm hp tc UNESCO-IAEA-IAH chn lc v a ra c danh
sch 10 ch th v s bn vng ca ti nguyn nc di t [2].
Vic khai thc nc di t din ra kh sm v mnh m trong khong hai chc nm
gn y nhng n ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2008, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng mi chnh
thc a ra cc quy nh v cn c xc nh vng cm, vng hn ch xy mi cc cng
trnh khai thc nc di t (Quyt nh s 15/BTNMT). Trc (2007), UBND mt s
tnh ra cc quyt nh quy nh hn ch khai thc hoc cm m rng vic khai thc mt
s vng i vi mt s tng cha nc nh: Tnh Tin Giang ra quyt nh cm khoan cc
ging khoan khai thc vi quy m nh trong tng cha nc Pleistocen. UBND Thnh ph
H Ch Minh ban hnh Quy nh hn ch v cm khai thc nc di t trn a bn
thnh ph H Ch Minh. Quy nh ny cng da trn cc tiu ch v kh nng p ng ca h
thng cp nc hin c, mc nc h thp, kh nng gy tc ng ti mi trng v tng cha
nc, kh nng xm nhp mn cng nh nguy c nhim xc nh khu vc cm khai thc,
hn ch khai thc.

132
Ngoi ra, trong mt s ti nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc nh GS.TSKH Bi Hc -
i hc M - a cht (2005), Nguyn Trng Hin - Vin Khoa hc a cht v Khong sn
(2009) cng cp n cc ch tiu phn vng c php, vng cm khai thc nc di
t.
2. Nghin cu, xc nh tiu ch khoanh nh vng cm khai thc, vng khai thc hn
ch v vng c php khai thc nc di t
2.1. C s xut tiu ch
Trn c s nghin cu cc tiu ch v phn vng khai thc nc di t ca th gii,
cc quy nh, quyt nh, cc tiu ch c xut trong mt s ti, d n thc hin
Vit Nam, cc tc gi nghin cu, xc nh cc tiu ch nhm phc v mc ch trn.
2.2. Cc nguyn tc khi xut tiu ch
+Cc tiu ch phi bao hm y v cht, lng, iu kin khai thc, s dng v
quan h ca vic khai thc vi mi trng cng nh phi m bo v cng ngh, kinh t hin
ti v tng li n nm 2030 v tm nhn n 2050 ca t nc;
+Tiu ch s dng phn vng phi quan tm s mt n an ton cho ngi v cc
h s dng nc v cc a phng ln cn;
+Tiu ch phn vng phi c m bo vic khai thc nc khng lm tn hi n
mc khng khc phc c i vi mi trng v thit gy ra i vi cng ng. ng thi,
cng phi xem xt n gi thnh u t, vn hnh, bo dng h thng khai thc, cung cp
nc trong vic s dng.
2.3. Cc tiu ch xut cho vic khoanh vng khai thc nc di t
Vi cc nguyn tc nu trn, chng ti xut cc tiu ch phn vng gm:
2.3.1. Tiu ch th nht m bo sc khe cng ng v mc ch s dng ca cc h
dng nc
Vic khai thc nc di t nhm nhiu mc ch khc nhau trong c phc v cp
nc n ung, sinh hot cho con ngi. Cht lng nc di t cp cho n ung sinh hot
phi p ng cc quy nh i vi nc dng lm ngun sn xut nc sch. Hin nay,
nc ta c cc quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v quy nh ca B Y t mi nht.
Mt s vng khi khai thc nc di t s ko theo nc c cht lng km hn n cc
cng trnh khai thc nh khai thc nc di t gn ranh gii mn nht hoc gn nhng vng
nc b nhim nng. Ngc li, khi khai thc nc di t, nc c th ko theo nc t
cc ngun nc mt b cp cho nc ngm lm cho thnh phn ha hc ca nc c xu hng
tt hn.
khoanh nh c cc vng cm, hn ch v c php khai thc nc di t,
khng ch da trn cc kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca nc m cn phi xc lp
c cc vng c xu hng bin i thnh phn ha hc ca nc khi khai thc. Mun vy,
phi phn tch k cc c im CTV, cu trc CTV, s phn b cc ngun thi,
V cht lng nc, cc tc gi ngh s dng gii hn tng khong ha ca
nc bng 01 (g/l) v mt s thnh phn hin nay cha c cc phng php x l hiu
qu hoc qu tn km nh Hg, fenol, Xianua lm ch tiu khoanh nh cc vng cm
khai thc. Cc thnh phn khc trong nc di t hin nay cng ngh x l khng qu kh
khn v khng qu tn km nh st, amon v c arsen (u x l bng phng php thong
kh)[1], khng vt qu quy chun qu nhiu vn c th c php s dng lm ngun sn
xut nc sch.
i vi tiu ch ny, ch tiu phn vng c th c th nh sau:
Vng cm khai thc:
+ Vng nc di t c cha cc thnh phn c hi n sc khe con ngi, gy
bnh hin ti v trong tng lai cha c cng ngh x l hoc x l qu tn km. Th d nc
mn (ln hn 1g/l), nc cha Hg, fenol xianua ln hn gii hn cho php.

133
+ Vng nc di t m bn thn nc khng cha cc cc thnh phn c hi cho
sc khe nhng khi khai thc s lm xut hin v tng nng ca cc thnh phn c hi cho
sc khe ca con ngi.
Vng hn ch khai thc:
Vng nc di t c cha cc thnh phn vt tiu chun quy nh (nh nng
st, amon,) song c th x l d dng khng gy qu tn km v kinh t.
Vng c php khai thc:
Vng nc di t cha cc thnh phn p ng tiu chun quy nh ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, B Y t mi nht khi dng lm ngun sn xut nc sch cho th.
2.3.2. Tiu ch th hai l vic khai thc nc di t phi m bo an ton cho x hi v
mi trng, khng gy tn tht ln cho kinh t - x hi.
Vic khai thc nc di t phi c m bo hon ton khng gy st ln mt t,
khng gy h hi cho cc cng trnh xy dng trn mt cng nh ngm c trc, p nc,
iu, nh ca... Khai thc nc di t cng khng gy xm nhp ca nc mn, hy
hoi nhng vng sinh thi quan trng, khng chim dng nhng din tch ln c gi tr kinh
t cao hn vic khai thc. thc hin c tiu ch ny cn phi xc nh c cc ch tiu
c bn nh:
+Mc , tc h thp, dng mc nc nh mc h thp mc nc khi khai thc
nc di t phi nh hn tr s h thp mc nc cho php.
+Kh nng phc hi mc nc: Tc phc hi mc nc nhanh cng ng ngha
vi vic gim thiu tc ng xu n h sinh thi v cc yu t khc.
Theo tiu ch ny c th khoanh nh cc vng:
Vng cm khai thc l nhng vng khi khai thc gy cc tn hi nghim trng n
dn sinh, x h i, gy tn tht nng n v kinh t. V d nh: i vi tng cha nc
Pleistocen ca H Ni l vng c mc nc hin ti c ct cao -18m, l nhng vng tr s
h thp mc nc vt qu gii hn 20m. Theo tnh ton ca mt s tc gi th nu tr s
h thp mc nc ca tng cha nc qp t 25m th mt t c th h xung n 0,6m.
Vng hn ch khai thc l nhng vng khai thc nc di t mang li hiu qu
kinh t cao hn so vi cc tn hi do khai thc gy ra v khng nh hng ln n x hi.
Vng c php khai thc l cc vng m vic khai thc nc di t mang li hiu
qu kinh t - x hi cao hn hn cc tc ng tiu cc do khai thc gy ra.
2.3.3. Tiu ch th ba l nc di t ca vng nghin cu phi giu nc v c kh nng
p ng nhu cu s dng nc hin ti v tng lai.
Tiu ch ny c nhiu ch tiu nh gi nh:
+ Lng nc khai thc hoc c th khai thc tnh theo u ngi mi nm hoc mi
ngy (Q
kh
- m
3
/ngi);
+ Lng nc khai thc hoc c kh nng khai thc trn mt n v din tch nghin
cu (Q
kh
- m
3
/km
2
);
+T l gia din tch nhiu nc di t trn din tch nghin cu;
+T l gia lng nc di t vi nc mt c th la chn ngun nc cung
cp.
y, cc tc gi la chn kh nng p ng nhu cu s dng nc lm ch tiu
nh gi. Kh nng p ng nhu cu s dng nc c nh gi bng t s gia lng nc
c th khai thc hp l v k thut, cng ngh, kinh t v mi trng ca mt vng vi nhu
cu s dng nc ca vng trong hin ti v tng lai 30 n 50 nm sau .
i vi nc di t c th s dng t l gia modul tr lng khai thc tim nng
tnh bng mt khi c th khai thc mi ngy trn din tch mt km
2
(m
3
/ngy.km
2
) m khng
gy tn hi qu mc n mi trng vi lng nc p ng nhu cu s dng phc v cho n
ung sinh hot th v nng thn ca vng nghin cu (m
3
/ngy.km
2
);
T s ny c th chia lm cc cp :

134
* Nh hn 30% (<30%) vng cm khai thc;
* T 31% n 70% hn ch khai thc c kim sot cht ch;
* T 71% -100%, >100% c php khai thc; c th khai thc phc v cho nhiu mc ch.
2.3.4. Tiu ch th t kh nng xy dng cng trnh v s dng cng ngh x l, vn hnh
bo dng, kh nng thu hi vn v tc ng n x hi vng khai thc.
Thc t cho thy, nc di t n nh hn v cht v lng so vi nc mt nn
vic x l s t tn km hn. Xy dng mt cng trnh khai thc nc di t thng chim
din tch nh hn so vi cc cng trnh khai thc nc mt v an ton hn,...
Bng 1. Tng hp cc tiu ch khoanh nh cc vng khai thc nc di t
TT Tiu ch
Cc vng
Cm khai thc Hn ch khai thc c php KT
1
m bo sc
khe cng
ng v mc
ch s dng
ca cc h
dng nc.
Vng nc di t c
cha cc thnh phn c
hi n sc khe con
ngi, cha c cng ngh
x l, hoc vic x l qu
tn km.

Vng nc c cha cc
thnh phn vt tiu chun
quy nh (nh nng st,
amon,) song c th x l
d dng khng gy qu t n
kmv kinh t.
Nc di t c
cht lng p ng
cc mc ch s
dng; vic x l
mt s thnh phn
khng qu phc tp
tn km.
2
Vic khai thc
nc di t
phi m bo
an ton cho x
hi v mi
trng, khng
gy t n tht
ln cho kinh
t - x hi.
Vng khai thc d i t
gy cc t n hi nghim
trng n dn sinh, x
hi, gy tn tht nng n
v kinh t nh st ln mt
t, h hi cng trnh, h
hi n cc di tch lch
s,... c ngha x hi v
kinh t ca th .
Vng khai thc nc di
t mang li hiu qu kinh
t cao h n so vi cc t n
hi do khai thc gy ra v
khng nh hng ln n
x hi, nh h thp mc
nc nh v kh nng phc
hi nhanh, khng nh
hn g n cc d i tch lch
s,...

Vng khai thc
nc di t mang
li hiu qu kinh t
x hi cao hn hn
cc tc ng tiu
cc do khai thc
gy ra.

3
Nc di t
ca vng
nghin c u
phi giu
nc v c
kh nng p
ng nhu cu
s dng nc
hin ti v
tng lai
Lng nc di t c
th khai thc ch p ng
c di 30% lng
nc cn cho nhu cu s
dng.

Lng nc di t c th
khai thc ch p ng c
t 3 1% n 7 0% lng
nc cn cho nhu cu s
dng t 71%-100% c
php khai thc c kim sot
cht ch.
Lng nc di
t c th khai thc
>100% lng nc
c nhu c u khai
thc; phc v cc
mc ch khc
nhau.

4
Kh nng xy
dng cng
trnh v s
dng cng
ngh x l,
vn hnh bo
dng, kh
nng thu h i
vn.
u t xy dng, chi ph
vn hnh tn km hn
nhiu so vi s dng cc
ngun nc khc hoc
dn t ni khc v.
u t x y dn g, ch i ph
vn hnh tn km xp x,
hoc cao hn t (<10%) so
vi s dng cc ngun
nc khc hoc dn t ni
khc v.
u t xy dng,
chi ph vn hnh tn
km t hn so vi s
dng cc ngun
nc khc hoc dn
t ni khc v.

3. p dng cho vic khoanh nh cc vng khai thc nc di t thnh ph H Ni
H Ni hin ang khai thc nc di t nhiu tng cha nc khc nhau, trong
tng cha nc Pleistocen (qp) c khai thc nhiu nht v ang l i tng c quan tm

135
nht. Do , trong bi bo ny cc tc gi tp trung ch yu vo khoanh nh cc vng cho
php, hn ch v cm khai thc s dng trong tng cha nc ny.
3.1. Vng cm khai thc (I)
Da vo cc tiu ch xut v nghin cu ti liu, cc tc gi thy rng ranh gii
mn nht (M=1g/l) chy t ven sng Hng qua khu vc x Thng Nht, huyn Thng Tn v
pha Ty, quay v pha Ty Nam gn qua th trn Vn nh v pha Nam n M c. Trong
khu vc b nhim mn, nc c loi hnh ch yu l Clorur natri, nc c nng st cao,
NH
4
cao vt qu QCVN i vi nc ngm lm ngun sn xut nc sch. Hin ti, cng
ngh x l mn cn qu tn km. V vy, ton b nc trong tng qp ca vng ny c
xp vo vng cm khai thc.
Pha Nam H Ni pht hin mt s khonh, nc ca tng cha nc qp c cha
mt s thnh phn c hi vt gii hn cho php m cha c cng ngh x l, cng c
khoanh nh vo vng cm khai thc.
a. Khonh th nht (Ia) vi din tch khong 290,8 km
2
Phn b phn Nam H Ni thuc cc huyn Ph Xuyn (tr cc x: TT. Ph Minh,
x Thy Ph, x Hng Thi,), huyn ng Ha, huyn M c, gm cc x: pha Ty x
Thng Nht, x T Hiu, x Vn im v x Minh Cng thuc huyn Thng Tn.
Do khoanh ny c c im: Nc c tng khong ha ln hn quy nh hin nay cng ngh
x l qu tn km. ng thi, nng ca nhiu thnh phn nh st, NH
4
, vt gii hn cho
php nhiu, c cc biu hin cha As cao. Khong ny l vng chim tr ng. su ca tng
cha nc thng t 50 - 60m.
b. Khonh th hai (Ib) vi din tch khong 35,92 km
2
l khu vc ni thnh do khai thc nc ln lm mc nc h thp trn 20m kh
rng (ct cao mc nc t -18m, -19m) trung tm l bi gi ng H nh (mc nc h thp
trn 30m) ko ra pha bi gi ng P hp Vn (tr s h thp mc nc khong 28m) ko v bi
ging Mai Dch. Hin tng st ln mt t xut hin v c nguy c nh hng n cc
cng trnh c. Khu vc ny cng c khoanh nh vo vng cm khai thc, bao gm cc
phng: Mai Dch, Ngha , Dch Vng, Quan Hoa, Cu Giy, M nh, Yn Ha, M Tr,
Trung Ha, Nhn Chnh, Trung V n, Khng nh, H n h, Tn Triu , i Kim, nh
Cng, Trng nh, Phng Lit, Trung Lit, Bch Khoa, Trung T, Kim Lin, Quang
Trung, Hong Cu, Ch Da, Ngc Khnh, Thnh Cng.
Do khonh ny c c im:
+ Khai thc nc dn n h thp mc nc ln hn gii hn cho php (ln hn
20m);
+Phu h thp pht trin nhanh do khai thc vt kh nng cp;
+ Nc c cha st, amn cao v c du hiu nhim.
+Cc c c x l nn ca cc khu nh ny u t su vo tng cha nc gp phn
lm gim tnh thm nc ca tng cha v lm tng thm mc nc h thp ca cc bi
ging.
3.2. Vng c php khai thc (III) vi din tch khong 525 km
2

Theo cc ti li u nghin cu trc y cho thy, on sng Hng t Sn Ty n
Thng Tn c quan h thy lc cht ch vi nc ngm v nc trong tng cha nc qp. V
d minh chng: + Cng sut khai thc nc t cc bi ging khai thc ven sng nh Yn Ph,
Co nh, Lng Yn, Nam D v cc cm khai thc Hong Hoa Thm, n Thy c
nc sng Hng b cp t 50-60%.

136
+Cc nh thy ng lc, xc nh on sng Hng t trm thy vn Sn Ty n
trm thy vn H Ni mi ngy sng Hng cung cp cho nc ngm pha Nam sng Hng
khong 2.000.000m
3
.
+Cc kt qu iu tra trc y cho thy tng cha nc qp khu vc Gia Lm - Long
Bin nm gia sng Hng v sng ung cng c nc cc sng Hng v sng ung b
cp thng xuyn nn b tr cc bi ging khai thc y s cho cc cng sut ln
Nh vy, vic b tr cc bi ging khai thc nc ngm y s to nn tr lng cun theo
rt ln. T nhng phn tch ti liu thu thp v theo cc tiu ch xut, cc tc gi
khoanh nh di ven b phi sng Hng t Sn Ty n Hng Chu (Thng Tn); di ven b
Bc sng Hng, sng ung t M Linh n Ph ng cch b sng t 3-5 km v khu vc
Gia Lm - Long Bin nm kp gia sng Hng v sng ung vo vng c php khai
thc.
Bao gm cc a phng: Huyn Ba V c cc x: C , Ph Cng, (bao gm 7 x). TX
Sn Ty: phng Ph Th n h . Huyn Ph c Th cc x: Sen Ch iu , Phng , (6 x).
Huyn an Phng gm cc x: Trung Chu, Th Xun, (6 x). Huyn T Lim gm cc
x: Thng Ct, Lin Mc, ng Ngc. Qun Ty H. Qun Ho n Kim. ng Bc phn
gip sng Hng ca qun Hai B Trng. Qun Hong Mai gm cc x Nam D, Trn Ph.
Huyn Thanh Tr gm cc x: Yn M, Duyn H, Vn Phc. Huyn Thng Tn gm cc
x: Ninh S, Hng Chu (bi t nhin), (5 x). Huyn Ph Xuyn gm cc x: TT. Ph
Minh, Ph Thy, (6 x). Huyn M Linh gm 5 x. Huyn ng Anh gm 7 x. Huyn Gia
Lm: ton huyn. Qun Long Bin: ton b.
3.3. Vng hn ch khai thc (II) vi din tch khong 2545,3 km
2

Phn chuyn tip t vng cm khai thc n vng c php khai thc s c xp
vo vng hn ch khai thc. Bao gm cc khu vc sau:
+Khu vc 1 (IIa) phn b Nam an Phng, gii hn pha Ty l b phi sng y
(cch sng y t 1km n 2km). Pha ng cch sng Hng khong 5km v ko di xung
Nam v m rng khu vc Thanh Tr, Thng Tn, Thanh Oai n Bc Ph Xuyn. V theo
nhiu nghin cu v thnh phn ha hc nc di t trong tng ny cho rng nc di t
ma ma b nhim amn v asen ko di t st sng Hng v pha Ty bao gm cc x Yn
S, Thnh Lit, Hong Lit, Thanh Lit, i Kim, Tn Triu, i M,
+Khu vc th hai (IIb) l thuc a phn M Linh v ng Anh. Khu vc ny c
gii hn bi vng c php khai thc ven sng Hng sng ung v sng C L.
+Khu vc th ba (IIc) l vng gc l trn b mt v vng c lp ph T < 10m
(Sc Sn, Ba V, M c),
i vi cc tng cha nc khc nh:
i vi tng cha nc Holocen (qh): Phn b rng khp khu vc H Ni nhng vng mt
khu vc C Nhu, ng Anh. Do nm st mt t nn nc trong tng ny d tip nhn nc
ma, nc mt t trn thm xung v cng d b nhim do nc thi, cht thi, phn bn,
ha cht bo v thc vt nn cht lng khng n nh. cc huyn Ph Xuyn, ng Ha,
M c, nc trong tng cha nc qh c s phn b mn nht xen k. Nc cha mt s
thnh phn kh cao vt gii hn cho php nh st, NH
4
, NO
2
v gn y pht hin hm
lng As cng vt gii hn nhiu.
i chiu vi cc tiu ch xut, cc tc gi khoanh nh ton b tng cha nc
qh vo vng hn ch khai thc v mt s khonh nh cm khai thc s dng.
i vi tng cha nc neogen (n): Cc ti liu iu tra nghin cu tng cha nc
ny hin nay cn rt hn ch. Tuy nhin, trong tng cha nc ny, trn phm vi Nam H Ni
c mt s cm khai thc vi cng sut mi cm khong 5000m
3
mi ngy,
Trn cc c s , tng cha nc Neogen (n) c xp vo vng hn ch khai thc.
i vi cc tng cha nc khe nt trong cc cng nt n c tui trc Kainozoi

137
Cc tng cha nc khe nt trong cng nt n phn b ch yu Ba V, Sc Sn,
mt s vng thuc Thch Tht, Quc Oai, Chng M, M c. Cc ti liu iu tra, nghin
cu v cc tng cha nc ny cn t v phn tn, nhng u cho thy mc cha nc ca
cc tng cha nc c xp vo thang trung bnh n km. Cht lng nc kh tt p ng
cc quy chun i vi nc lm ngun sn xut nc cp cho n ung sinh hot. V vy, cc
tng cha nc cc vng nu trn ch c xp vo vng hn ch khai thc.
Bng 2. Cc vng phn chia theo tiu ch la chn cho tng cha nc qp
TT Tiu ch
Cc vng khai thc nc di t
Cm khai thc Hn ch khai thc c php khai thc
1 m bo sc khe
cng ng v mc
ch s dng ca
cc h dng nc.
Phn Nam H Ni cc
huyn Ph Xuyn, M
c, ng Ha,
nng ca nhiu
thnh ph n nh st,
NH
4
, vt gii hn cho
php nhi u, c cc
biu hin As cao nh
hng ti sc khe
con ngi (Ia)
Khu vc b nhim
amn v asen ko di
t st sng Hng v
pha Ty bao gm cc
x Yn S, Thnh Lit,
Hong Li t, Thanh
Lit, i Kim, Tn
Triu, i M, (IIa)

B tri sng Hng sng
ung t M Linh n
Ph ng; khu vc Gia
Lm- Long Bin gi a
sng Hng v sng
ung, trong khu vc
ny nc tng qp c
nc sng Hng, sng
ung v nc ma
cung cp (ch dng
sn xut nc sch cho
th v cng nghip)
(III)
2 Vic khai thc
nc di t
phi m bo an
ton cho x hi v
mi trng, khng
gy t n tht ln
cho kinh t - x
hi.
Phn trung tm Nam
H ni c (vng c tr
s h thp mc nc
trn 20m (c t cao -
18m) nh khu vc bi
ging H nh, Php
Vn, bi gi ng Mai
Dch, hin tng st
ln xut hin, c th
nh hng ti cc cng
trnh c (Ib)
Nam an Ph ng,
Thanh Tr, Thng Tn,
Thanh Oai n Bc Ph
Xuyn do phu h thp
mc nc t cc bi
ging khu vc ni thnh
c lan rng nn mc
nc tng cha nc qp
vng ny h thp
t 2 n gn 10m (IIb)
Khu vc gn b sng
Hng, sng ung
nc sng tham gia
cung c p cho nc
trong t ng cha nc
qp lmcho ch t lng
nc khai thc c xu
hng tt ln v n
nh [2] (III)
3 Nc di t
vng nghin c u
phi giu nc v
c kh nng p
ng nhu cu s
dng nc hin ti
v tng lai.
a phn M Linh v
ng Anh c mc
cha nc kh tt v
c cung cp trc
tip bi nc ma v
nc ti [2] (IIc)
on sng Hng t
Sn Ty n Thng
Tn c quan h thy lc
cht ch vi nc ngm
v n c trong tng
cha nc qp nn tng
cha nc qp trong khu
vc ny rt giu nc
(mi ngy sng Hng
cung cp cho tng qp
pha Nam sng H ng
khong 2.000.000m
3
)
[2] (III)
4 Kh nng xy
dng cng trnh
v s dng cng
ngh x l, vn
hnh bo dng,
kh nng thu hi
vn.
Phn Nam H Ni cc
huyn Ph Xuyn, M
c, ng Ha, b
nhim mn, cng ngh
x l mn cn qu
tn km (Ia)

138
Bng 3. Tng hp kt qu khoanh vng khai thc nc di t trn a bn TP. H Ni
TT
i
tng
Cc vng khai thc nc di t
Cm khai thc Hn ch khai thc c php khai thc
1 TCN qh
Cc khonh thuc
cc qun, gn cc
ngun nc thi, bi
chn lp cht thi
Hu ht din phn b
tng cha nc (dng
cp cho n ung sinh
hot nng thn ti)

2 TCNqp
Phn Nam H Ni
cc huyn Ph
Xuyn, M c,
ng Ha; Phn
trung tm Nam H
ni c (vng c tr
s h thp mc
nc trn 20m (ct
cao -18m)
Din tch cn li ca
tng cha nc (ch
dng sn xut
nc sch cho th
v cng nghip)
Ven b phi sng Hng t
Sn Ty n Thng Tn, b
tri sng Hng sng ung t
M Linh n Ph ng; khu
vc Gia Lm - Long Bin
gia sng Hng v sng
ung (ch dng sn xut
nc sch cho th v cng
nghip)
3 TCN n
Ton b tng cha
nc (ch dng cp
cho n ung sinh
hot)

4
CTCN
KN

Ton b tng cha
nc (ch dng cp
cho n ung sinh
hot)

Bn phn vng cm khai thc, vng khai thc hn ch v vng c php khai thc nc
di t Thnh ph H Ni

139

4. Kt lun
Thng qua vic tm hiu cc tiu ch v phn vng khai thc nc di t trn th
gii, cc ti liu lin quan trong nc, cc tc gi xc nh c 04 tiu ch phc v cho
vic khoanh nh cc vng khai thc nc di t. T nhng tiu ch , cc tc gi ng
dng khoanh nh c cc vng cm khai thc, vng khai thc hn ch v vng c php
khai thc nc di t cho Thnh ph H Ni. Vic khoanh nh ny l rt cn thit, nhm
m bo vic khai thc bn vng v m ng pht trin kinh t - x hi cho thnh ph n nh
v lu di.

140
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Vn Bnh, 2007. S hnh thnh v phn b ca As trong nc di t trm tch
T vng H Ni, nh gi, d bo v xut cc gii php phng nga nhng nh hng ca
n n cht lng nc phc v sinh hot. Lun n tin s, i hc M - a cht.
[2]. Nguyn Vn Lm v nnk, 2011. iu tra, nh gi khoanh nh vng cm, vng hn ch
v vng cho php khai thc s dng nc trn a bn Thnh ph H Ni.
n chuyn ngnh a cht thy vn, i hc M - a cht.
[3]. Nguyn Kim Ngc v nnk, 2003. Thy a ha hc. H Ni, NXB. Giao thng vn ti.
[4]. Nguyn Th Thanh Thy, 2010. Nghin cu s bin i mt s thnh phn ha hc ca
nc di t trm tch T vng H Ni. Lun n tin s, lu tr i hc M - a cht.

SUMMARY
Determination of the criteria to delineate restricted exploitation, limited exploitation
and permitted exploitation areas of groundwater applied for Hanoi city

Tran Quang Tuan, Nguyen Van Lam, University of Mining and Geology
Nguyen Kim Ngoc,

Vietnam Association of Hydrogeology
To exploit, manage and protect groundwater resourcesit is necessary to determine the
criteria for delineating the areas of restricted exploitation, limited exploitation and permitted
exploitation. Results field investigation as well as on the basis of compilation of all available
data, this work presents criteria for delineation of areas for groundwater management as
follow: (1)ensure public health and the purpose of water usage of the households; (2)the
exploitation of groundwater must ensure the safety for society and the environment and does
not negatively affectthe socio-economy; (3) groundwater source in the area shall satisfy the
current and future demands e; (4) The area shall meet the requirements for construction,,
operation and maintenance of the water treatment facilities as well as , the ability to recover
capital and social impact in areas exploitation.
These criteria had been applied to define the del groundwater exploitation areas for
Hanoi City as follows: restricted exploitation areas account forabout 326.72 km
2
, the limited
exploitation areas are 2,545.3 km
2
, and the permitted exploitation areas are ofabout 525 km
2

Ngi bin tp: TS. Nguyn Th Thanh Thy

.
Such results have been accepted and applied by Hanoi City for management purposes.

141

P DNG TH NGHIM THIT B RIVERSURVEYOR CORE
SYSTEM M9 V PHN MM RIVERSURVEYOR LIVE TRONG VIC
O VN TC, LU LNG V MT CT CA CC DNG SNG
CHO TRM THY VN THNG CT

Trn Quang Tun, V Thu Hin
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Trn c s tm hiu nhng thit b hin i phc v cho cng tc kho st a cht
thy vn, thit b o RiverSurveyor Core System M9 v phn mm Riversurveyor Live c
p dng th nghim o c cc thng s nh lu lng,vn tc, nhit , mt ct, vo
bt k thi im no cho trm thy vn Thng Ct. Vic ng dng b thit b ny o c
lu lng nc sng ung trung bnh vo ma ma (thng 7 nm 2012) l 3535,045 m
3
+ Tnh ton lu lng: Tt c cc d liu v lu lng c tnh ton bn trong thit b o,
n khc vi mt thit b cm tay hoc my tnh xch tay. iu ny c ngha r ng khi dng c
c bt v bt u thu thp d liu v ghi m c m bo, bt k c hay khng s c mt
lin kt t xa. Ngha l, c th tt thit b di ng hoc my PC trong khi M9 ang hot ng.
/s v
cc thng s khc ca dng chy. Theo cc tnh ton, thit b o RiverSurveyor Core System
M9 cho kt qu sai lch khong 1,2% v c chnh xc cao hn b thit b c hin ang p
dng ti trm thy vn Thng Ct vi sai lch khong 2% khi o lu lng nc.
Ngoi ra,khi c s dng xc nh lu lng ca dng chy gia cc on sng, th thit
b ny c th phc v cho vic xc nh mi quan h gia nc mt v nc di t trong
khu vc nghin cu.

1. Gii thiu dng c o lu lng sng RiverSurveyor Core System M9
1.1. Thit b RiverSurveyor Core System M9
Hin nay, vic s dng cc thit b o lu lng nc ti cc sng Vit Nam theo
nhn nhn ca cc nh thy vn l qu c v nhiu khi cha p ng c yu cu ca con
ngi. Thit b o lu lng sng RiverSurveyor Core System M9 (sau y gi tt l thit b
M9) l mt thit b thy vn hin i. Thit b ny o c c chnh xc lu lng ca cc
sng bt k thi im no (o tc thi). ng thi, n cng xc nh c vn tc ca dng
chy cng nh chiu su t mt nc ti y ca dng chy,...
Thit b c 9 h thng tia tn hiu pht sng v c gii hn chiu su o c l 80m.
N s o c lu lng ca dng chy t 0,3 n 40m chiu su khi k n nh v y
(Bottom-tracking: BT) v t 0,3 n 80m chiu su vi s h tr ca thit b GPS.
+ m thanh a tn s: Thit b M9 s dng mi nht vi thit b in t tc cao, cho php
t l m thanh rt cao.
+Thit lp v hon ton t ng: Thit b M9 u c thit lp t ng v kch thc ca
cc u o v cc xung tn hiu thch ng vi cc iu kin sng. Trong khi ang thc hin
mt php o, hiu sut ti u c m bo trong sut qu trnh o. Thit b M9 thm ch cn
thay i t ng t 3,0 MHz n 1,0 MHz khi thay i su o c. Tnh nng mnh m
ny cho php thit b c th o c ton din lu lng t mc nc nng n su.
+Tia thng ng (Vertical-beam, VB): Cho php thit b M9 m rng ng k phm vi pht
hin y vt qu kh nng ca cc chm tia vn tc (n 80m). iu ny rt hu ch trong
cc tnh hung cc oan nh l lt v ni c su ln hn bnh thng.

142
Cc d liu s khng b mt m cn hin th gi tr lu lng mi nht v cc thng s khc
ca dng chy [4].

Hnh 1. Thit b RiverSurveyor M9 (9 tia pht sng, 03 loi tn s)
Mt s u im quan trng ca thit b RiverSurveyor M9 khi s dng n:
RiverSurveyor M9 khng yu cu phi hiu chun;
Tp tin d liu c lu tr trn h thng v khng phi l PC. Chng phi c ti
v t h thng;
Lu lng nc sng c tnh ton l do thit b. Do , vic o c khng b nh
hng bi li thng tin lin lc gia my tnh v thit b o.
Thit b RiverSurveyor M9 c thit k c rt nhiu chm tia pht sng: i vi
RiverSurveyor mi, vic s dng bn chm pht sng cng mt lc thit k cho vn tc v
nhng l do sau y:
- N cung cp mt s li ch khi o lu lng ca sng ni m gn mt b sng dc
ng hoc thng ng khi thc hin php o vi trm o c nh (tc c nh thuyn);
- N cung cp mt gii php chnh xc hn v hnh thi a hnh tnh vn tc;
Trong qu trnh o, thi t b RiverSurveyor M9 s dng nhiu tn s hot ng cng
mt lc trong mt php o lu lng ca dng chy. di chuyn cc ng dng trn thuyn
cc dng sng khi o, h thng s dng mt k thut gi l nhy tn s. H thng t ng
pht hin su y, vn tc nc v s chuyn t vic s dng cc m thanh 1,0 MHz n
m thanh 3,0 MHz t ng. Hai tn s khng hot ng ng thi [3], [5].
1.2. Thit b ngoi vi: B tch in v thng tin lin lc (PCM)
PCM kt ni trc tip n thit b M9 bng cch s dng mt cp di t 1 n 10m.
N cung cp ngun in cho cc u o (ADP) bng cch s dng mt gi pin c th sc li.
N cho php cc thng tin lin lc t xa vi mt my tnh hoc thit b di ng thng qua mt
kt ni v tuyn. C hai thng tin lin lc v tuyn khc nhau tu chn tu thuc vo phm
vi.

Hnh 2. Cc thit b ngoi vi
2. Nguyn tc o v tnh ton lu lng ca mt dng chy mt
Nguyn tc chung l khi o thit b M9 s pht sng qua nhng u o. Ty theo
su khc nhau ca y sng v thit b pht ra nhng sng c tn s khc nhau v thu sng
04 tia o vn tc cng mt lc (3.0MHz)
04 tia o vn tc cng mt lc (1.0MHz)
01 tia thng ng (0.5MHz)
u ni GPS ngoi
u ni cung cp
in bn ngoi
n tn hi u h thng
Kt ni cp vi
my tnh
Kt ni ti thit
b o M9
Nt trng thi
(Bt/tt)
Ngn cha pin

143
phn hi. T sng phn hi , thit b s tnh ton ra nhng thng s cn o c cho mt
dng chy.
y, c hai phng php o: (1) Thit b o M9 c di chuyn cng thuyn; (2)
Thit b o M9 c t c nh cc v tr trn sng, lu lng nc ca sng s c tnh
ton qua tng thit din nh. Trong phm vi bi bo ny, cc tc gi ch a ra phng php
khi thit b o M9 c di chuyn cng thuyn.
Thit b M9 o vn tc ct nc di cc u o (ADP). N kt hp thng tin theo di
(Bottom-Tracking hay GPS ty chn) o tng lu lng nc qua mt on sng.
H thng thit b chnh thng c gn trn mt ca mt chic thuyn nh (mu vng) v
neo cng vi mt chic xung c ngi li bng cch dng mt cp kt ni trc tip my tnh
v ngun cung cp in bn ngoi. Cc ng nt t cho thy vic s dng mt GPS bn
ngoi. Vic s dng mt GPS bn ngoi ngn cn vic s dng tt c cc thng tin lin lc
dy t hn (tc l dng Bluetooth v quang ph lan truyn - sng radio) [4].

Hnh 3. Thit b v cc khu vc o c ca thit b M9 trn mt ct
Nguyn tc tnh ton lu lng nh sau:
Cc d liu v su ca dng chy v vn tc c xc nh t thit b di chuyn
cng vi thuyn. S di chuyn ca thuyn s gip thit b thu thp d liu v mt ct sng.
V c bn, vic tnh ton lu lng dng chy c tnh t vn tc nc trung bnh v din
tch mt ct ngang ca phn din tch o. i vi mt php o, phn o c c chia thnh
ba thnh phn chnh: hai khu vc ra sng v phn din tch m thit b M9 o.
Khi tnh ton vn tc v lu lng trong mi khu vc c tnh. H thng thit b c s
dng mt k thut c gi l Php ngoi suy vn tc c s dng c tnh khu vc
pha trn v pha di. Cch tip cn l thuyt m hnh vn tc trong ct nc cho php tnh
c tt c cc vn tc v do tnh ton c lu lng. Php ngoi suy vn tc c
xut bi Chen (1991), Simpson v Oltmann (1990), tnh ton vn tc khu vc c tnh trn
v di ca mt ct o:
b
0
*
z
z
. 5 , 9
u
u
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
y: u l vn tc ti chiu cao z o t y sng, u* l vn tc y, z
0
l chiu cao g gh
di v b l mt hng s (bng 1/6 theo Chen, nm 1991). S dng cng thc ny vi gi
nh cc dng chy trong mt ct theo cng mt hng. Khi s dng thit b M9 th phng
php ngoi suy c sn trong phn mm RiverSurveyor Live [4].
Khi bit c vn tc ca dng chy cho mi khu vc c tnh. Lu lng c tnh
ton cho mi khu vc c tnh da trn vn tc, su v s di chuyn ca thuyn trn mt
ct ca dng chy cn o.
Lu lng ca dng chy hai bn ra c tnh ton da vo vn tc trung bnh
c pht trin bng cch duy tr mt v tr (tng i) c nh ra. i u quan trng l
Khu vc y sng c tnh ca M9
Khu vc ra sng
c tnh ca M9
Khu vc ra sng
c tnh ca M9
Khu vc c tnh ca M9
Din tch m thit b M9 o
Ngun in cung
t bn ngoi
GPS bn
ngoi

144
thuyn phi c gi c nh khu vc ra sng. Cc vn tc o c ti thi im ny s
c kt hp vi nhau to ra mt vn tc trung bnh duy nht.
Trong khu vc thit b M9 o c c, vic tnh ton lu lng da trn su,
khong cch di chuyn v vn tc nc trung bnh. Trong thi gian ny h thng s t ng
b p cho nhng thay i tc di chuyn ca thuyn.
La chn a im o l mt phn quan trng ca mt php o ny v c th l nn
tng trong s thnh cng ca n. Khi la chn v tr tuyn mt ct cn o, cn lu mt s
im nh sau:
+Trnh cc vt cn nh cu v p trn;
+Dng chy nn c thng nht vi nhng bin ng ti thiu.
Yu t quan trng khi thc hin mt o lu lng ca mt dng chy mt l:
+ Trong cc php o ra dng chy, gi cho thuyn ng nguyn cng tt;
+Trong phn mt ct m thit b M9 o c, duy tr mt tc tu v hng lin tc
nh nh;
+Mt cch l t ng nht l bt k chuyn ng no ca thuyn nn c lm chm so
vi tc dng chy.
tnh ton c y v chnh xc, thit b ny c i km vi phn mm
RiverSurveyor Live c ci trn my. Khi s dng RiverSurveyor Live vi mt my tnh xch
tay v cc ng-ten USB c cung cp Bluetooth th tng n khong 200m. Lu rng cc ng-
ten l nh hng (khi o mt ct ng dng Bluetooth) [4].
3. ng dng o vn tc, lu lng nc v cc thng s khc ca sng ung ti trm
o thy vn Thng Ct
Do yu cu v thc t nn chn sng ung tin hnh o lu lng dng chy.
Sng ung l mt con sng di 68 km, ni sng Hng vi sng Thi Bnh. im u t ng
ba Du (x Xun Canh, huyn ng Anh, thnh ph H Ni), im cui l ng ba M
Lc (x Trung Knh, huyn Lng Ti, tnh Bc Ninh).

Hnh 4. V tr o c cc thng s thy vn ti sng ung
3.1. Giai on chun b
Bc u tin phi tin hnh chn v tr cn o. V tr la chn phi m bo hai iu
kin nh ni trn (nn v tr o c c thng nht chn nh trn hnh v ). Bc
thc hai l tin hnh lp t h thng thit b theo mt thit k thng nht.

V tr khu vc nghin cu

Chiu dng chy Tuyn mt ct o
V tr trm Thy vn
Thng Ct

145
Trn hnh v, th hin cc u pht sng ca thit b M9 c t ngp vo trong nc
(trn mt chic thuyn mu vng). Dng c thuyn ny c mt b chuyn i su nhm
mc ch cho cc u pht sng p ng c cc iu kin o c nh lun ngp di
mt nc. Trn chic thuyn mu vng ny c gn b sc v thng tin lin lc, ton b thit b
c neo cng vi mt chic xung c ngi li (nh di). Thng thng, c mt dy cp
kt ni trc tip t thit b ny ti my tnh nhng cho thun tin trong qu trnh di chuyn
ca thit b khi o, y s dng lin lc thng qua sng Bluetooth hoc sng radio. Ton
b thit b ny c neo vo xung. Mt iu ch l khi neo vo xung th ton b thit b
ny c gng c t xa xung, trnh nh hng bi cc tc ng ca xung di chuyn cng
vi thit b.

Hnh 5. B thit b c lp t xong
cng xung c ngi li
Hnh 6. Cu to b thit b - thuyn mu
vng
Bc th ba l, do c ba loi kt ni: Kt ni trc tip, Bluetooth v truyn sng radio.
Trong trng hp ny l dng lin lc khng dy (Bluetooth). Nh vy, phi kim tra pin sc y
v cc ph tng c sn.
Bc th t l kim tra h thng: Kim tra in p pin, la bn, th nh v cm bin nhit
, tt c u hot ng. Cc bc m t di y c s dng kim tra phn cng
RiverSurveyor trc khi thc hin mt php o. Cc kim tra trc nn c thc hin trc khi
o lu lng bin php l m bo cc chc nng ca phn cng RiverSurveyor cho thu thp
d liu thch hp. Thi hn yu cu ca vic hiu chun la bn l t 1 n 2 pht. Trc khi hiu
chun la bn, loi b tt c cc i tng mu kch thc nh (tc l cc dng c cm tay, in
thoi di ng, cha kha,...).

Hnh 7. Trc khi hiu chnh la bn Hnh 8. Sau khi hiu chnh la bn
b. Tin hnh o cc thng s cho mt ct sng ung ti v tr la chn
Qu trnh o c qua tuyn mt ct nh cn tin hnh o t nht 04 ln bi v sau
qu trnh o c cn c nhng s liu cng nh cc kt qu o c kim tra php o. Khi
B chuyn i su (m)
Thit b
M9
Mc
nc

146
o, b dng c c di chuyn t b phi sang b tri ca sng tin hnh thu thp s liu.
Trong thi gian o, cc tp tin d liu c thu thp qua b thit b. Vic chuyn cc tp tin
d liu t b thit b vi my tnh c thc hin n gin bng cch kt ni cc thit b
vi my tnh thng qua cp USB. Mt cng c ActiveSync c ci t trn my tnh
cc thit b v my tnh c th giao tip. Sau , c th vo th mc thch hp c cha cc d
liu thu thp (tp tin d liu c ui .rivr) v ti (Save, Copy v Paste, hoc Cut v Paste) cc
tp tin vo th mc mong mun trn my tnh. Cc th mc PC l ni s truy cp d liu
xem, x l, phn tch v s dng RiverSurveyor Live cho phn mm my tnh.

Hnh 9. My tnh i km vi thit b kim
tra kt qu o ngoi hin trng
Hnh 10. B thit b ang thc hin o c
trn sng ung
c. Kt qu o lu lng v cc thng s khc ti trm thy vn Thng Ct trn sng
ung
Kt qu o c c hin th trc tip trn my tnh ngi o c th kim tra kt
qu. Kt qu o c th hin dng ca s dng bng trong mt ca s my tnh.
Hnh 11. Kt qu o lu lng mt ct ln
01 (thi im 3.06.34 pm / 30.07.2012)
02
(thi im 3.09.48 pm / 30.07.2012)
Qua kt qu ca 04 ln o cho thy, tng lu lng ca dng chy sng ung c kt
qu gn nh tng ng nhau. ln o th nht, tng lu lng dng chy o c qua
mt ct l 3553,129 m
3
/s, ln o th hai lu lng dng chy o c l 3523,660 m
3
/s, ln
o th ba lu lng dng chy o c l 3528,345 m
3
/s, ln o th t lu lng dng chy
o c l 3468,529 m
3
/s (kt qu ny nh hn kt qu o ca 3 ln trc l do trong qu
trnh o b nh hng ca mt tu ch ct chy qua mt ct gn b dng c ang tin hnh o
cc thng s).

u thu giao tip gia
my tnh v thi t b

147
Hnh 13. Kt qu o lu lng mt ct ln 03
(thi im 3.12.51pm / 30.07.2012)
04(thi im 3.15.55 pm / 30.07.2012)
Nh vy, kt qu o c v tnh ton lu lng ca sng ung ti trm o thy vn
Thng Ct c th thy rng qua ba ln o (b qua kt qu b nh hng ca ngoi cnh) cho
kt qu tng ng nhau. C th tnh ton lu lng dng chy sng ung ti thi im o
bng cch tnh trung bnh kt qu ca ba ln o. Do , lu lng trung bnh ca sng ung
l:
Q
tb
=(Q
ln 01
+Q
ln 02
+Q
ln 03
)/3 =(3553,129 +3523,660 +3528,345)/3 =3535,045 (m
3
/s).

Ngoi ra, cc thng s khc ca dng chy sng ung cng o c ti mt ct nh nhit
ca nc, a hnh y dng chy, tc dng chy qua mt ct nhng su khc nhau
ca dng chy, khong cch gia b c nh vi thit b ti nhng v tr khc nhau trn mt
ct,...

Hnh 15. Kt qu o mt ct, vn tc ca dng chy ng vi mi su khc nhau
Qua mt ct thy vn o c ti trm thy vn Thng Ct trn sng ung cho
thy, ti nhng v tr khc nhau ca mt ct t tc ca dng chy l khc nhau. Vn tc
dng chy ca sng c th hin bng mu. Trn mt ct , c thang mu ng vi mi
khong vn tc khc nhau. Nhn vo thang mu th hin cc khong vn tc ca nc ,
chng ta c th so snh vi mu trn mt ct. Trn hnh a ra ba v tr khc nhau: v tr
01, th hin tc dng chy ti l 1,57 m/s su mc nc l 2,54m v v tr cch

3
2
1

148
b 34,3m. v tr th 02, th hin tc dng chy ti l 1,82m su mc nc l
3,99m v v tr cch b 124,52m. v tr th 03, th hin tc dng chy l 1,29m
su 5,35m v cch b mt khong 212,92m.
Nhit ca nc sng cng c o c v tnh ton. Qua s liu tnh ton ca thit
b trn 03 mt ct cho thy nhit ca nc trung bnh l 27,4
0
C.

Hnh 16. Kt qu o nhit v a hnh y ca dng chy
Hnh trn th hin 2 ng khc nhau nhng li th hin 1 mt ct ca a hnh y
sng, khng phi l 2 mt ct qua sng ung:
+ ng xanh l cy mn hn l ng bao mt ct a hnh y sng o bi 4 tia trn
my M9, ly gi tr trung bnh.
+ ng xanh da tri l ng bao mt ct a hnh y sng o bi tia nm gia my
M9 (tia dc). ng ny g gh hn v cho kt qu chnh xc hn v tia dc c thit k
ring d a hnh y (Bottom-tracking: BT).
4. Kt lun
Nh vy, thit b RiverSurveyor Core System M9 l mt thit b o c thy vn hin
i. y l mt thit b mi m hin nay cc trm o c v tnh ton thy vn nn tm hi u
v s dng. Trong bi bo ny, cc tc gi tm hiu cch o cng nh cc u im ca thit b
v cng vi cc chuyn gia thy vn ca hng SonTek p dng th nghim cho trm thy
vn Thng Ct. Cc kt qu trong vic xc nh lu lng, vn tc cng nh cc thng s
khc ca dng chy nh sau: Tnh ton c lu lng nc sng ung l 3535,045 m
3
/s ti
thi im thng 7 nm 2012 (vi mc sai lch ch c 1,2% trong khi thit b c o lu
lng c sai lch l 2%) v cc thng s khc ca dng chy nh nhit ca nc sng
l 27,4
0
C, vn tc ca dng chy ti nhng khong su khc nhau (hnh 15), mt ct thy
vn,... ng thi, n cng p ng c mc ch ln trong nghin cu v a cht thy vn
l tnh ton c lng b cp ca nc sng cho nc mt v ngc li thng qua vic tnh
ton v o c lu lng ca cc con sng.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Thanh Sn, 2003. Tnh ton thy vn. Nh xut bn H Quc gia H Ni.
[2]. V Ngc K, Nguyn Thng Hng, Nguyn Kim Ngc v nnk, 2008. a cht thy vn
i cng. Nh xut bn Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni.

149
[3]. Hoboken, NJ.River Discharge Measurement System - Introduction to SonTek -
RiverSurveyor M M9 9 & &S S5 5, , June 2012.
[4]. RiverSurveyor M9/S5 - www.sontek.com.RiverSurveyor S5/M9 - System Manual -
Firmware Version 3.00. SonTek, a Division of YSI Inc.
[5]. RiverSurveyor SmartPulse Field Data.Acoustic Doppler systems for water velocity
measurement. SonTek, a Division of YSI Inc.

SUMMARY
Application of riversurveyor core system M9 equipment and riversurveyor
live software to measure velocity, discharge, and cross section of the river
for Thuong Cat gauging station
Tran Quang Tuan, Vu Thu Hien
On the basis of the applicationof modern equipments for hydrographic works, the
RiverSurveyor Core System M9 equipment and Riversurveyor Live software wereapplied for
determination of hydrological parameters such as water discharge, velocity, temperature,
sections,... at any time at theThuong Cat Gauging Station. The observation results have
recorded an average water discharge of 3,535.045 m
3

Ngi bin tp: TS. Dng Th Thanh Thy

/s for the rainy season (in July, 2012) of
Duong River as well as other flow parameters. Data obtained from the RiverSurveyor Core
System M9 equiment has higher accuracy level with an error of ca. 1.2 % for measurement of
water discharge in comparation with the error level of 2% when used the old equipment that
is currently used in Thuong Cat Gauging Station.
In addition, when used fordetermination of the water discharge between the sections
of the river, this equiment can serve to determine the relationship between surface water and
groundwater in the study area.

150

SHEAR SENSE INDICATORS IN PHA KIANG - NAM BO AREA,
MUANG LONG, LUONG NAM THA, LAO PDR
Khoanta Vorlabood, Tran Thanh Hai, Tran Binh Chu

Abstract The Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area is located in Muang Long district, Luong Nam Tha
province, Lao PDR and belong to the Sukhothai tectonic belt. It is underlain by Silurian-
Permian sedimentary-volcanic complexes, which are locally intruded by small intrusive
bodies of variable composition. These rocks were affected by a long history of tectonic
activities that have created complex structural features with numerous shear zones of various
scales. The shear zones are commonly occurred as mylonitic zones that caused by strong
tectonic transportation in sub-ductile to ductile deformational regimes. Field studies and
micro-structure analyses have led to the identification of a number of shear sense indicators
within the shear zones including asymmetric shear bands, winged porphyroclasts, sigmoidal
structures and the micro-scale slickensides offseting the preexisting fabrics within the rock
bodies.
1. Introduction
The Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area is located in Luang Nam Tha Province, northern Laos
PDR (Figure 1). This area is part of Sukhothai fold belt and closed to the well-known left-
lateral active Nam Ma fault [2]. Therefore, all rocks in the area were highly affected by
different tectonic activities including ductile, brittle-ductile, and brittle deformations.

Figure 1.Geological framework of Lao (after Phommakaysone, 2011 [5]) showing the study
area (small black box).
2. Regional Geology
2.1. Lithology
The Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area consists of several packets of sedimentary, volcanic and
intrusive rocks. According to Amanta report (2011) [1], the rocks in the Pha Kiang - Nam Bo
are can be subdivide into 9 units includoing ryolite tuff, basalt, amygdule basalt, andesitic,
andesitic tuff, sillstone, claystone, diabase, grained diorite, andesitodacite.
2.2. Structure

151
The area was undergone complicated tectonic deformational history, which form multi-
types of overprinting tectonic structures [7]. Major structures include schistosity, shear zones,
faults and folds [1, 5, 7].
Schistosity is common in the sedimentary and volcanic rocks. All stratified rocks are
strongly foliated, which form regional penetrative fabric and mostly destroyed the primary
bedding or volcanic fabric of the rocks.
Shearing is abundant in the area, which comprises several types such as ductile shear
zones and brittle faults of different motions including thrust, normal, and strike slip [7].
Brittle ductile shear zones are the most abundant structures, which form generally NE-SW
trending zones that extends tens of km along strike and range in thickness from several cm to
tens of metre [1, 7].
Folding also common, which locally affect the trends of the bedding or schistosity and
shear fabrics. The folds are commonly observed at mesoscopic scale and include several
styles such as asymmetric isoclinal and kink-style folds [7].
3. Shear sense indicators in shear zones of the Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area
3.1. General occurrence of shear zone in Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area
Within thePha Kiang - Nam Bo area, numerous brittle ductile shear zones have been
identified [1, 7]. They commonly exhibit as generally northeast-southwest trending high-strain
zones that extend tens of km along strike and transect the central part of the area. Within the
shear zones, rocks were strongly deformed, producing variable types of mylonites [7].
3.2. Shear sense indicators
3.2.1. Shear zone terminology used in this study
A shear zone is a tabular to sheet-like, planar or curviplanar zone composed of rocks
that are more highly strained than rocks adjacent to the zone [5]. Shear zone is developed in
the Earth's crust and can be classified in to brittle brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones
depended on the deformational regime of the in the shear zone [5, 8].
The brittle shear zones develop where the rocks are brittlely formed, which form
fractures and destroy the continuity of the rock body. The deformation is concentrated in a
narrow fracture surface separating the wall rocks. Brittle shear are occurred in the upper part
of the earths crust, commonly found in less than 10 km depth, well at the low temperature
and hydraulic pressure [6, 8].
In a ductile shear zone the deformation plastic and commonly preserve the continuity
of the rock body or deformed materials. The deformation is spread out through a wide zone,
and the strain state varying continuously and gradually from wall to centre of the zone. The
fabric elements and structures of rock within the ductile zone commonly the products of high
strain, accompanied by various degrees of metamorphism and recrystallization [3, 4]. Ductile
shear zone commonly developed in the middle to lower crust of more than 10 km where both
temperature and pressure within the crust increase significantly.
The brittleductile (or semi-brittle) shear zone occurs between above mentioned end-
members, and is therefore intermediate type of deformation of both brittle and ductile regimes
in different proportions [6].
3.2.2 Shear sense indicators in Pha Kiang-Nam Bo area
As mentioned above, the Pha Kiang Nam Bo area is characterized by numerous brittle-
ductile shear zones. Within the shear zone, a number of shear sense indicators can be
identified that can be used to define the sense of movement along the shear zone [3, 4].
a. Asymmetric shear bands
In the shear zones, the mylonitic foliation S
1
developed during or part of the progressive
deformation intersecting with rock layering (S
0
). This foliation was formed by the flattening

152
of the minerals, clasts, or fragments of the rocks during high-grade progressive deformation
(Fig. 2A).

Figure 2. The microphotograph of sample H1a. A. Extensive mylonitic fabrics developed by
the flattening and elongate of rock materials. The new S
1
fabrics is oblique to the layering of
rock unit, which exhibits as the dark layer in the upper part and light color in the lower part.
B. Photomicrograph of sample Pk 08-1 showing asymmetric sigmoidal fabrics in a brittle-
ductile shear zone developed andesitic tuff. Arrows indicate the sense of movement.

b. Winged porphyroclasts
In fractured rocks or andesitic tuff, the progressive deformation had led to the rotation of
porphyroclasts or clasts as well as forming pressure shadow parts, producing asymmetric
winged porphyroclasts (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. A. Photomicrograph of asymmetrically rotated breccia, forming sigma-type winged
porphyroclasts in shear zone. The microphotograph of the andesitic tuff with quartzs,
plagioclase and groundmass, secondary mineral, there are chlorites and quartzs. B.
Porphyroclasts in andesitic tuff with pressure shadow seen in sample H13. Arrows indicate
sense of movement
c. Offset of the rock fabrics by fault plane
Indicators of brittle-ductile shear zone can be identified by the development of slickenside
and slickenline on the fault surface that offset the rock fabrics (Fig. 4). Part of the shear zone
A

B

A

B

S
1
S
0

153
was ductilly deformed forming the mylonitic foliation whereas the continued deformation
producing the shear surface that cut through the mylonite (Fig 4).

Figure 4. A. A brittle-ductile shear zone exposes at outcrop H 27, Nam Bo area. B. An Cu-
bearing epodote-chlorite vein system formed along the slickenside of a brittle-ductile shear
zone. Note the wall ofd the shear zone is defined by the offset of foliation again the vein
system.
4. Conclusion
Shear Sense indicators in shear zones of Pha Kiang - Nam Bo area are characterized by
brittle-ductile and ductile asymmetric fabrics, including assymetric shear bands, winged
porphyroclasts, offset of the fabrics by shear planes. The asymmetry and relationship between
different surfaces produced by the shearing make it possible to determine the type of shear
zone and its sense of movement, both in field and under microscope.
More study are needed to systematically identify a set of shear sense indicators, which
can be used as a guide to defined the nature of shear zone in the Pa Kieng Nam Bo area.
Reference
[1]. Amanta Resources (2011). Copper Conecession, Long District, Luang Namtha Province, Lao
PDR. Quarterty Report No. 14. Vientane, Lao PDR.
[2]. Geological map of Lao PDR. In Atlas of Mineral Resource of the Escap Region. United Nation,
Vientiane.
[3] Hanmer, S. and Passchier, C., 1991. Shear-sense indicators: A review. Geol. Surv. Can.
Paper 90-17.
[4]. Passchier, C. and Trouw. R. (2005). Micro-tectonics. Mainz, Germany: Springer.
[5]. Phommakaysone, K. (2011). The Geology and Mineral resources of Lao PDR. Department of
Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Lao PDR.
Vientiane: Geology and Mineral Resources.
[6]. Ramsay, J. (1980). Shear zone geometry, a review. J. Struc. Geol., v. 2, pp. 83-89.
[7]. Tran, Hai Thanh (2011). A Premininary Report on Structural Observation in Muang Long Licese,
Muang Long district, Luang Nam Tha province, Lao PDR. Amanta Resources Ltd. Luong NamTha:
Amanta.
[8]. Trn Thanh Hi (2007). i trt: khi nim, c im hnh thi v bn cht. Tp ch a
cht s 299

A

B

154

Mt s du hiu ch s dch chuyn trong i trt vng Pha King Nam Bo,
Muang Long, Luang Nam Tha, CHDCND Lo

Khoanta Vorlabood, Trn Thanh Hi, Trn Bnh Ch
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Vng Pha Kiang - Nam Bo thuc huyn Muang Long, tnh Luang Nam Tha, CHDCND Lo.
Vng nghin cu nm trong i cu trc Sukothai, cu to bi cc thnh to trm tch-phun tro tui
Silur-Permi v b xm nhp ri rc bi cc khi magma c thnh phn khc nhau. Cc trong vng
b bin dng mnh m, trong in hnh l s pht trin ca cc i trt c hnh thnh bi ch
bin dng dn-do n do, c trng bi s pht trin rng ri cc sn phm mylonit. Trong cc
i trt, mt t hp cc du hiu xc nh s dch chuyn c th c nhn dng bng cc kho st
thc a v nghin cu vi cu to di knh hin vi phn cc. Cc du hiu in hnh l cc cu to
phin myolit un cong dng sigma, cc cu to ban tinh c nt c cnh v cc mt trt ct qua cc
cu to c trc.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Ng Xun Thnh

155


TIN HA KIN TO CA CC THNH TO TRM TCH BIN
CHT VNG TRUNG TM NP LI T KHOA V NGHA CA
N TRONG LCH S A CHT TY BC B

V Xun Lc, Lin on Bn a cht min Bc
Trn Thanh Hi, Lng Quang Khang ,Trng i hc M- a cht
Yoonsup Kim, Chungbuk National University (CBNU), Republic of Korea

Tm tt: Khu vc trung tm np li T Khoa thuc i cu trc Sng , l ni c cu trc
a cht ht sc phc tp. Phn nhn ca cu trc ny bao gm cc thnh to trm tch bin
cht cao tui Devon sm, ph trn l cc thnh to bin cht yu tui Devon gia n Carbon
sm v cc thnh to ngun phun tro tui Permi mun-Trias sm. Cc ny b cc th
magma c thnh ph n v ngun gc a dng xm nhp ri rc, trong cc thnh to
granitpegmatit phn d trc tip t s nng chy ti ch cc trm tch bin cht cao.
Cc trm tch bin cht trong khu vc b bin dng mnh m, a k v s giao thoa ca
chng to nn mt phc np li ln. t nht 5 pha bin dng v 2 pha bin cht chnh
c nhn dng trong khu vc trong pha bin dng 1 (B
1
) l pha bin dng mnh m nht,
i km s kin bin cht th nht (M
1
) t tng amphibolit vi s hnh thnh rng ri ca
fibrolite silimanit v nng chy ti ch ca trm tch pelit. Pha bin dng 2 (B
2
) din ra
trong iu kin nhit p duy tr t pha 1 v to nn s un np mnh m ca v s kt tinh
cc b ca silimanit trong iu kin bin cht t cc i. Pha bin dng 3 (B
3
) lin quan ti
s kin bin cht 2 (M
2
) iu kin nhit p thp hn, dn ti s ti un np v t gy chm
nghch ca cc thnh to a cht v thay th git li ca t hp khong vt nhit cao hn
bng t hp khong vt bin cht thp hn. Cc pha bin dng mun hn (B
4
, B
5
) c mc
biu hin yu hn v khng tc ng ng k ti bnh cu trc khu vc.
Kt qu nh tui U-Pb ca cc ht zircon v monnazit trong cc trm tch bin cht v
pegmait trong khu vc bng Ph khi ion nhy phn gii cao (SHRIMP) cho thy trm
tch bin cht vng trung tm np li t Khoa c hnh thnh mun nht l vo u k Devon
(411 tr. nm). Pha bi n dng sm nht (B
1
) tc ng ln chng c th bt u t gia Carbon v
ko di t nht n ht Permi (tng ng vi 250 tr. nm), ng vi thi gian ca pha bin cht
tin trin M
1
v s hnh thnh granit permatit do nng chy ti ch ca trm tch. Qu trnh
bin dng tip tc vi pha 2 din ra ch nhit p cao c duy tr t pha 1 trong thi gian
khong t 230-240 tr. nm. Pha bin dng th 3 din ra tng ng vi qu tnh bin cht
nhit thp hn, c th do s nng cao to ni v bc mn, to ra th h khong vt bin cht
thp thay th cc khong vt bin cht cao. Cc pha bin dng mun hn u din ra trong iu
kin gim nhit-p, tng ng vi s nng ln dn v bc mn ca v Tri t trong giai on
cui Mesozoi-u Kainozoi.
M u
Np li T Khoa l mt cu trc c bn ca a cht Ty Bc B, l ra khu vc huyn
Bc Yn, tnh Sn La. Cc nghin cu trc y thng xem cu trc ny l mt phn ca i
cu trc Sng (hnh 1). Cu trc ny l ra di dng mt cu trc vm vi nhiu np un phc
tp, to nn mt phc np un c dng elip trn b mt a hnh (trong bi bo ny c gi l
Np li T Khoa). Phn nhn cu Np li T Khoa c cu to bi cc trm tch giu
alumosilicat b bin cht tng amphibolit, vy quanh l cc thnh to bin cht yu vi thnh
phn a dng tui Paleozoi mun n Mesozoi.
156

Hnh 1. A: V tr cu trc T Khoa min Bc Vit Nam. B: V tr Khu vc trung tm cu trc
T Khoa trong mi quan h vi cc yu t cu trc ln ca Ty Bc B: 1-i Sng Hng; 2-
i H Ni; 3-i Fan Si Pang; 4-i T L; 5-i Sng (5a-Ph i Mai Sn, 5b-Ph
i T Khoa); 6-i Nm C; 7-i Sng M; 8-i Sm Na; 9-i in Bin; 10-i Pu
Si Lung; 11-i Mng T. (theo Nguyn Vn Honh v nnk., 2005).

Cu trc a cht ca khu vc Np li T Khoa ht sc phc tp, bao gm nhiu thnh
to a cht c thnh phn, tui, ngun gc, b bin dng v bin cht vi cc mc khc
nhau v do phn nh s pht trin a cht lu di v phc tp. Vng c nhiu nh
a cht quan tm nghin cu vi nhiu quan im v lch s pht trin a cht khu vc khc
nhau ca vng [5, 6, 12, 18, 21, 22].
Vi c im a cht khu vc phc tp v a dng, hiu r lch s bin dng, bin
cht ca cc thnh to a cht khu vc Np li T Khoa cn c nhng nghin cu mang
tnh tng hp v nh lng cao. Trong nhng nm gn y, mt s nghin cu chi tit trong
tng b phn ca vng nghin cu [4, 19, 21] cho php xc nh s tn ti ca cc yu t
cu trc c bn, ngun gc ca chng cng nh vai tr ca chng trong qu trnh pht trin
a cht khu vc. Tuy nhin, thi gian hnh thnh cc v cu trc a cht khu vc cng
nh cc iu kin nhit ng lin quan n chng trong khu vc T Khoa vn cha c lm
r. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti s tho lun chi tit v qu trnh pht trin a cht khu vc
Np li T Khoa trn c s cc kt qu nh tui tuyt i ca cc v cc s kin kin to
ch yu, kt hp vi cc gii on cu trc a cht chi tit khi phc lch s tin ha a
cht khu vc.
1. Khi qut c im a cht khu vc Np li T Khoa
1.1. c im thnh phn vt cht
Khu vc trung tm Np li T Khoa c c trng ch yu bi cc thnh to trm tch
bin cht n cc phun tro v ngun phun tro v i ch b xuyn ct bi cc thnh to
xm nhp c thnh phn t siu mafic n axit (Hnh 2). Cc ti liu nghin cu gn y xp
chng vo cc phn v sau.
H tng Nm Sp (D
1-2
ns) l ra trung tm v to thnh nhn ca Np li T Khoa
(Hnh 2) [10], bao gm cc thnh to lc nguyn carbonat b bin cht ti tng amphibolit.
A
B
C
157

H tng ny gm 3 tp t di ln trn nh sau: Tp 1 gm phin thch anh hai mica cha
silimanit, phin thch anh - felspat biotit-silimanit +/- cordierit xen t quarzit. Tp 2 gm
phin thch anh mica, calcsilicat cha mica, v hoa mu xm, xm en. Tp 3 gm
phin thch anh felspat diopsid, xen cc lp phin cha epidot v calcit, actinolit, hoc
phin thch anh mica.
H tng Bn Ci (D
3
bc) nm cc cnh ca np li T Khoa (Hnh 2) [10] v ph
chnh hp ln H tng Nm Sp. Thnh phn ch yu ca h tng gm cc trm tch lc
nguyn b bin cht yu, c chia thnh 2 t p sau: Tp 1 gm ct bt kt, st bt kt,
phin st mu xm, xm sm phn di, i ni cha di tch V nn. Phn trn gm
phin giu silic mu xm en xen st bt kt v lp mng mangan. Tp 2 gm vi, vi
st phn lp mng n trung bnh xen lp mng phin silic mu xm, xm en.
H tng a Ning (C
1
n) phn b ra pha ty v ng bc ca vng nghin cu
(Hnh 2), [10] bao gm ch yu l vi vi ht ti ht nh mu xm en phn lp trung bnh
n dy ph bt chnh hp trn H tng Bn Ci. Phn trn l vi dng khi xen t vi
st, vi silic phn lp mng mu xm.
H tng Vin Nam (P
3
-T
1
vn) bao gm cc thnh to phun tro v trm tch phun tro
phn b pha bc v ty bc np li T Khoa (Hnh 2)[10], c phn thnh cc tng sau:
tng phun tro thc s gm bazan, bazan hnh nhn, bazan porphyr, andesitobazan. Trong
thnh phn ca bazan cao magie [19] Tng phun n: gm tuf bazan mu xm xanh; Tng
ni la gm trachydacit porphyr, ryodacit. H tng ny ph bt chnh hp ln cc c hn
trong khu vc nghin cu.
Phc h Ba V (U-Gb,Gb, p
G
,a
G
Ngoi cc khi ln, cc thuc phc h ny cn bao gm cc th nh pegmatit, aplit
granit xm sng cha nhiu bao th ca trm tch bin cht vy quanh pht trin kh rng
ri trong h tng Nm Sp. Chng thng b un np v t gy di tc ng ca cc hot
ng a cht mun hn, to nn nhng cu trc phc tp (nh 1).
/P
3
-T
1
bv) bao gm cc xm nhp c thnh phn a
dng t siu mafic n trung tnh v axit. Chng to thnh cc khi nh, xuyn ct vo cc h
tng Nm Sp, Bn Ci, a Ning v Vin Nam (Hnh 2) [10]. Thnh phn ch yu ca phc h
gm cc dunit, verlit, peridotit, gabro peridotit, gabro, gabrodiabas, diabas. Trong khu vc Np
li T Khoa, cc thuc phc h Ba V thng b bin dng mnh m, ranh gii ca chng vi
vy quanh thng tr thnh cc ranh gii kin to vi biu hin l cc i trt c chiu dy
hng mt ti hng chc mt, chng t chng b bin dng mnh m bi cc qu trnh bin dng
hu xm nhp.
Phc h Phia Bioc (G/aT
3
npb) bao gm granit biotit, granit biotit dng porphyr, granit
hai mica mu xm, ht va n ln, to thnh cc thn nh xuyn ct vo vy quanh v
phn b ri rc trong vng nghin cu [10, 19]. Trong cc ny thng c cc th tn d
ca trm tch bin cht.

158

Hnh 2. S a cht khi qut vng trung tm Np li T Khoa (xy dng theo L Thanh Hu (2008), c b sung).
159

nh 1. S giao thoa cu to do hu qu chng ln ca nhiu cu to c hnh thnh trong
nhiu bin dng khu vc, quan st c gn cu T Khoa. Ti y cc trm tch v c cc
ai mch mafic v pegmatit b xoay song song vi cu to phin khu vc S1 v sau b un
np bi nhiu th h un np khc nhau, tt c li b mt t gy thun mun ct v lm dch
chuyn. Mf: ai mch mafic; U2: np un th h th 2; U3: np un th h th 3, F5: t gy
pha bin dng th 5 (t gy thun).
1.2. c im bin dng kin to v bin cht lin quan
1.2.1. Cc pha bin dng kin to
Theo V Xun Lc v nnk [20, 21] v cc kt qu nghin cu mi ca chng ti, Np
li T Khoa c hnh thnh bi s giao thoa ca cc cu to phn d t nhiu s kin bin
dng khc nhau. C t nht 5 pha bin dng kin to tc ng ln cc ca vng nghin cu
c nhn dng (nh 1).
Pha bin dng th nht (B
1
) c c trng bi s bin dng do pht trin rt rng
ri trong cc phn nhn Np li T Khoa. Cu to c trng l cc cu to phin khu vc
th h 1 (S
1
), i cng cc np un ng nghing (isoclinal) dng bao kim (sheath fold), cc
i trt cng phng v s bin cht cao ti tng amphobolit, th hin bi s kt tinh ca
cc khong vt fibrolit silimanit dc theo cu to phin S
1
cng nh s hnh thnh ca cc th
pegmatit dng nng chy ti ch trong cc pelit (nh 1, 2).
Pha bin dng th hai (B
2
) c trng bi cc np un hp ti ng nghing v s pht
trin rng ri cc np un nm (recumbent) ng nghing i cng s pht trin rng ri ca cc
cu to phin khu vc dng th nhu (S2), v cc i trt chm do (nh 1, 2b).
Pha bin dng th ba (B
3
) c trng bi cc i trt chm nghch/nghch ko di theo
phng ty b c -ng nam v cc n p un m n hp c mt trc thng n g ti nghing (nh 1; Hnh
2), i cng v i cc cu to phin mt trc th h 3 (S3) ng phng vi cc i trt.
Pha bin dng th t (B
4
) to nn cc np un m hoc dng un gy (kink fold) c
mt trc gn thng ng vko di theo hng ng bc-ty nam. Cc np u n th h 4
thng c biu hin yu, vi c trng mt trc l cc th v. S giao thoa ca cc np un
th h 3 v 4 c th to nn cc cu to dng vm (Ramsay, 1967) v hnh thnh nn Np li
T Khoa.
Pha bin dng th nm (B
5
): Gm cc i dp v dn v cc h thng t gy thun
(nh 1) hoc dch bng vi nhiu phng pht trin khc nhau, pht trin rng ri v ct qua tt c
cc thnh t o a cht c trong vng (Hnh 2).

1
F5
U3
U2
U2
U3
Maf
Peg
Maf
S1

160

nh 2. A: Hai th h sillimanit c hnh thnh trong pelit c a h tng Nm Sp. Ch t
hp K-spar v fibrolit sillimanit c hnh thnh trc v b chng ln bi sillimanit dng
tinh th ko di ca th h 2, chng t th h sau mc mun hn kin trc bin cht hnh
thnh. B: Muscovit thay th t hp sillimanit -biotit trong pelit. Ch muscovit c ki n tr
gi hnh pht trin trn cc khong vt c trc b un np bi cc np un th h 2 (U2).
Muscovit b un np nh bi np un th h 3 (U3).
1.2.2. c im bin cht
Cc trong khu vc trung tm Np li T Khoa b bin cht manh m, th hin s c
mt ca t hp cc khong vt gm sillimanit v nng chy ti ch to magma granit c trng cho
trnh bin cht ti tng amphibolit trong cc pelit [1, 22]. Trn c s nghin cu mi quan h
gia bin dng kin to v s hnh thnh t hp khong vt bin cht, c th nhn thy khu vc
nghin cu b bin cht chng bi vi s kin bin cht khu vc.
Pha bin cht 1 (M
1
) c c trng bi s c mt ca t hp khong vt bin cht cao
nh biotit + fibrolit silimantit + K-feldspar v nng chy ti ch trong cc pelit (nh 2). Cc
khong vt ny thng pht trin dc theo cu to phin S
1
v gp phn to nn s nh hng ca
cu to phin ny, chng t s hnh thnh ca khong vt i cng s bin dng hoc vo cui giai
on bin dng u tin ca (Pha bin dng 1).
Pha bin cht ny tip tc c duy tr cng vi s kin bin dng th 2 trong iu kin
nhit ca tng amphibolit th hin bi s un np mnh m ca t hp khong vt bin cht
cao to thnh cc th nhu v np un U
2
pht tri n rng ri trong (nh 2B) v s mc chng cc
b ca cc tnh th silimanit th h 2 ln cc khong vt th h 1 (nh 2A). Pha bin cht ny cn
dn ti s nng chy cc b ca trm tch pelit v hnh thnh cc thn granit-pegmanit c xp
vo phc h Phia Bioc (nh 1). Nh vy, qu trnh bin cht th nht din ra trong iu kin ca
pha bin dng 1 v duy tr pha bin dng 2, ni nhit bin cht t cc i.
Pha bi n cht 2 (M2) l pha bin cht in ra nhit thp hn, lm chuyn ha hu ht
cc khong vt biotit thnh muscovit v s thay th silimanit bi thch anh v muscovitt. Cc tinh
th muscovite thay th gi hnh (annealing) cc khong vt th h 1, v thng khng lm thay i
ng k kin trc ca . i ni, cc khong vt musovit mc chng ln cc cu to th h 1 v 2,
to nn cu to inh hng song song mt trc ca np un th h 3(nh 2B). Bn cnh , s xut
hin ca tuarmaline ng thc chng ln cc khong v t ca pha 1 cho thy pha bin cht ny din
ra trong i u kin gim p v gim nhit, c th din ra vo cui pha bin dng th 3.
Nh vy, c th thy s kin bin cht cao trong khu vc lin quan ti pha bin dng 1 v 2 v
sau , bi ncht nhit thp hn din ra trong cc pha bin dng mun hn.
2. nh tui cc s kin a cht bng phng php SHRIMP
2.1. Thu th p mu
Mc tiu ca nghin cu ny l xc nh tui ca cc s kin a cht chnh, dn ti s thay
i hon ton bnh cu trc khu vc. Nh m t trn, s kin bin dng/bin cht quan trng
Sill 2
K-spar
Sill 1
A B
Sill1
S1
U
2
Mus
U
3

S
1

Peg
161

nht l cc pha bin dng 1, 2, 3 v cc s kin bin cht M
1
v M
2
. Pha bi n dng v bin cht 1
to nn s nng chy cc b v hnh thnh cc th granit-pegmatit thuc phc h Phia Bioc. Do
vy, mt s khong vt nh zircon, monazit, c th c hnh thnh trong qu trnh bin cht cao v
granit ha ca . Ngoi ra, do mc bn vng ca zircon di iu kin bin cht cao nn trong
cc ht zirocn b bin cht thng c tnh phn i trong phn li l cc th tn d ca kt tinh
nguyn thy v phn rim thng l du vt ca hot ng nhit ng v sau. Do nh tui ca
cc khong vt ny khng ch xc nh tui ca m cn c th gip xc nh thi gian bin dng
v bin cht.
phc v mc ch trn, cc mu ly phn tch tui c ly trong cc tp pelit giu
silimalit trong h tng Nm Sp (nh 3A)v cc th pegmatit thuc phc h Phia Bioc ti khu vc
T Khoa (nh 3B; Hnh 2). Mu c ly trong phn cn ti, khng b phong ha v m bo
tnh i din. Mu ly c trng lng 15-20 kg trong pegmatit v 5-7 kg trong phin giu
silimanit. Mi b ly 3 mu 3 v tr khc nhau trong cng khu vc.

nh 3. Cc loi ch yu c thu thp nh tui tuyt i trong khu vc Trung tm Np
li T Khoa A: Tp pelit giu silimanit thuc h tng Nm Sp. B: Th pegmatit thuc phc h
Phia Bioc c hnh thnh cng pha bin dng 1 (S1) sau b un np bi pha bin dng mun
hn (F2).
2.2. Gia cng mu v chn khong vt
Mu cc sau khi thu thp c gia cng bi mt quy trnh nhiu bc. Ban u, mu
c nghin nh bng my nghin n c ht 0,2 mm. Sn phm thu c c i loi
b khong vt nh v thu hi cc khong vt nng c ch. Sau khi thu hi c hp phn
nng, mu c tuyn t tch cc khong vt in t, khng in t, t cm. Sau khi thu hi
c phn in t v khng in t, tin tin hnh chn cc khong vt cn phn tch gm zircon v
monazit di knh hin vi c phng i 16 ln. Cc giai on gia cng mu trn c tin hnh
ti Lin on Bn a cht Min Bc.
Sau khi thu hi c cc khong vt quan tm, mu c chun b phn tch bng k thut
SHRIMP. Kho ng 10 n 30 ht zircon c la chn cho 1 mu phn tch. Tr c ht, cc ht zircon c
kch th c ln v nguyn vn c t ln mt khun tr ng knh 2 cm. Cc ht c t cn thn
trong phm vi ng knh 1,5 cm, km theo l cc mu chun. Sau , chng c gn keo epoxy v
cho ng c ng trong vng 2 n 3 ngy. Sau khi ng cng, khun tr s c ct v mi bng l ra
ht khong vt cn phn tch.
Cng o n gia cng cui cng l cho khun mu thu c vo knh hin vi in t qut chp
nh CL v xc nh cc ht c kin trc hon ho nht, c tnh phn i r rng v phn loi cc th h
mc chng v ti kt tinh nu c. Sau , khun mu c a vo bung np mu ca my SHRIMP
chun b phn tch. Cc cng on gia cng mu ny c tin hnh ti Phng th nghim SHRIMP
thuc Vin Khoa hc C bn Hn Quc (KBSI).
A B
S1 F2
162

C 6 mu c gia cng phn tch trong c 3 mu c ly t pelit v 3 mu khc t
pegmatit phn d t ny. Trong \ cc mu ny, zircon v monanit c tch ring phn tch.
Cc khun mu sau khi c mi v nh bng s c a vo bung np ca my Ph
khi ion nhy phn gii cao (SHRIMP) loi Iie ti Phng th nghim SHRIMP ca. Vin Khoa
hc C bn Hn Quc (KBSI), ti Chung Buk.
2.3. K t qu
2. 3.1. Hnh thi cc khong v t
Kt qu phn tch CL cho thy c trong pelit v pegmatit cc ht zircon thng c mi
trn tt, c tnh phn i r rt trong phn nhn thng c tnh phn i ng tm, to thnh cc
i sng v sm mu phn b u n t ngoi vo tm ht (nh 4A). Tnh phn i ny l kt qu
kt tinh trong qu trnh ng ngui magma. Ngc li, phn ra ca cc ht zircon thng to ra cc
rim phn b khng u n vy quanh phn nhn ca ht. Cc i ny thng sm mu, ng nht
v khng c tnh phn d ng tm. Chng thng l hu qu ca qu trnh bin cht. Bn cnh ,
trong pegmatit c n c mt s ht zircon nh, t hnh, mu sng c th l kt qu ca qu trnh kt
tinh mi trong qu trnh thnh to pegmatit. S ph bin ca zircon trong pegmatit v s tng
ng v cu to v hnh thi ca zircon trong chng so vi trm tch bin cht vy quanh cho thy
pegmatit l s n phm phn d ca vy quanh.
Cc ht monazit thng t hnh\ v khng c tnh phn i ng tm. Tuy nhin chng b
bin i mnh m, to thnh cc i loang l v ch cn li mt s khu vc trong ht cn bo tn
thnh phn nguyn thy (nh 4C).
2.3.2. K t qu nh tui
Kt qu phn tch v nh tui cc mu c tng hp trn cc th concorrdia (Hnh 3).
Nhn chung, cc t p hp zircon trongcc mu pegmatit v pelit u c tnh a dng v tui, trong
phn nhn v phn rim c cc d bit khc nhau v tui (Hnh 3).
Mu Si1.TK gm 12 im phn tch, hu ht cho tui
206
Pb/
238
U dao ng t 239 n 259 tr.
nm v 1 ht cho tui 586 tr, nm Mu Si2.Tk gm 30 im phn tch cho tui t 424 tr.nm n
2.641 tr. nm i vi phn nhn v t 231 n 256 tr.nm i vi phn rim. Tng t, mu Si3.TK
gm 27 im c phn tch, hu ht cho tui t 427 n 1539 tr. nm. C 2 ht cho tui kh tr (29
tr, nm), qu khc bi t v tui so vi cc ht khc.
Trong pegmatit, tu i ca 15 im phn tch zircon trong mu P1.TK dao ng t 246 n 262
tr, nm cho ph n rim v 411 n 1757 tr. nm cho phn nhn ca cc ht. Mu P2.TK c 28 im
c phn tch cho tui 630 n 2501 tr. nm phn nhn cn phn rim cho tui t 248 n 250 tr.
nm. Trong m u P3.TK, 12 im zircon c phn tch v cho tui dao ng t 239 n 380 tr. nm.
Nhn chung, do mi loi mu u ly t cng mt loi trong 1 khu vc nghi n cu nn qu
phn tch tu i ca cc mu c th c thng k chung trong mt th cho tng loi . (Hnh 4).
Kt qu thng k cho thy c mt s c im sau. C 3 khong tui chnh thu c t cc
ht zircon v monazit.
Khong tui 1 dao ng t 411 tr. nm n 2.5? t nm c mt trong phn nhn ca cc ht
zircon l tui kt tinh ca zircon trong qu trnh thnh to magma. Trong pelit, tui ny i din
cho tui ca cc ht vt liu trong thnh phn trm tch. Trong pegmatit, tui ny i din cho tui
ca cc vt liu tn d khng nng chy ca trm tch khi chng b nng chy v ti kt tinh to
magma.

163

nh 4. nh chp CL cho thy hnh thi ca cc ht zircon v monazit in hnh trong cc mu
nh tui tuyt i vng T Khoa v cc v tr nh tui ca chng (cc hnh elip). A: zircon
trong cc pelit b bin cht tng amphibolit vi tnh phn i r rng trong phn nhn l
phn i ng tm do kt tinh magma cn phn ra c tnh phn i bt thng, sm mu, do
qu trnh bin cht v bin i. Phn nhn thng cho tui gi hn nhiu so vi phn rim. B:
cc ht zircon trong pegmatit cng c hnh thi tng t trong pelit mc d mt s ht b
ti kt hinh gn hon ton. C: Cc ht monazite b bin i manh m v ch cn st lai mt s
phn nh ng nht c th nh tui.
B
A
C
164

Hnh 3. th concorrdia th hin kt qu phn tch tui tuyt i U-Pb cho cc trong khu v c
nghin c u: a, b, c l cc mu trong pelit cn d, e, f l cc m u tng pegmatit.

165

Hnh 4. A. Kt qu tng hp thng k tui cho cc mu pegmati (trn) v pelit (di) cho thy s a
dng v tui ca cc ht zircon. Tuy nhin c th nhn thy r khong tui khc bit cc mc thi
gian khc nhau, c lun gii l tui ca cc ht zirocn trm tch v tui ti kt tinh trong qu trnh
bin cht v thnh to pegmatit, trong khong tui trm tch dao ng t mc 411 tr. nm n c
hn cn cc tui tr hn l tui bin cht hoc ti kt tinh. B. Thng k tui ca phn rim cc ht
zircon v tu i ca cc ht monazit trong cho thy tui trung bnh ca chng khong 250 tr. nm
cho pegmatit v 246 tr. nm cho pelit.
Khong tui 2 gm cc tui thu c t phn ra ca cc ht zircon v trong mt s ht
monazit, Gi tr trung bnh khong tui ny trong cc pegmatit l 250+/ -5 tr. nm cn trong cc
mu pelit l 245.5 +/4 tr. nm. Nh vy, c th thy rng tui bin cht ca trong khu vc
khong 245-250 tr, nm, ng vi giai on cui cng ca Permi n u Trias.
Khong tui 3 gm cc kt qu phn tch c tui tr hn 246 triu nm thng l rim ca cc
ht zircon hoc monazit c tui ph bin 230-240 tr, nm v do th hin s tip tc ti kt tinh ca
cc ht ny khi qu trnh bin cht chng tip tc din ra di iu kin nhit p duy tr mc
cao hoc tc dng cuc b ca cc pha bin dng v sau. Tuy nhin, do mc t ph bin ca cc tui
ny trong cc mu nn khng th xc nh c quy lut phn b tui ca cc giai on bin dng
mun hn.
3. Tho lun v kt lun
T cc kt qu nghin cu tho lun trn y, c th a ra mt s nhn nh v c
im nhit-kin to lin quan ti cc thnh to magma-bin cht trong khu vc trung tm Np
li T Khoa nh sau.
1. Phn tch mi quan h gia bin dng v bin cht ca cc trong khu vc trung tm Np
li T Khoa cho thy, pha bin cht khu vc sm nht v quan trng nht xy ra tng
amphibolit l sn phm trc tip ca pha bin dng th nht. Do pha bin dng 1 c c im
ca bin dng to ni un np-chm nghch in hnh lin quan ti qu trnh ng kin to
do va mng [3, 11, 14] nn dn ti s thnh to rng ri cc np un i cng cc i trt
kiu chm nghch trong cc c tui c hn Trias trong khu vc ny [10, 18, 20] v to ln
cc thnh to bin cht lin quan. Qu trnh bin dng thuc pha bin dng 2 tip tc din ra
Tui ti kt tinh/
bin cht
Tui trm tch tr nht

166

trong iu kin nhit v p sut cao dn ti s thnh to cc np un ng nghing v
un np cc khong vt mi c hnh thnh trong pha 1, to nn h thng np un ng
nghing pht trin rng ri trong pha bin dng 2. Pha bin cht mun hn xy ra iu kin
nhit v p sut thp hn nhiu so vi pha bin cht u tin v lin quan ti cc s kin
bin dng thuc pha 3 v mun hn.
2. Cc granit pegmatit c xp vo phc h Phia Bioc trong khu vc nghin cu l kt qu
phn d ti ch ca qu trnh bin cht cc pelit nhit cao, ng vi tng amphibolit.
Pha bin cht ny l hu qu ca s lm dy v vi su cc di tc ng ca bin dng un
np-chm nghch thuc pha bin dng sm nht ghi nhn c trong cc trm tch bin cht
phn nhn ca Np li T Khoa. S tn ti ca cc th tn d trm tch bin cht h tng Nm
Sp trong cc pegmatit ny chng t chng l kt qu ca qu trnh nng chy ti ch ca
trm tch bin cht vy quanh. S tng ng v hnh thi v tui ca zircon trong cc mu
phn tch y (xem phn sau) cng cho thy permatit c phn d trc tip t trm tch
bin cht vy quanh.
3. Kt qu nh tui bng k thut SHRIMP tin tin cho thy cc trm tch c tui lng
ng trm tch tr nht l khong 411 triu nm, ng vi tui ca ht zircon tr nht xc nh
c. Nh vy, cc phn nhn ca np li T Khoa c lng ng mun nht l vo giai
on mun nht ca K Silur v sm nht ca K Devon.
4. Cc granit pegmatit c xp vo phc h Phia Bioc c tui 250 triu nm v tng
ng vi tui bin cht trong pelit. Nh vy, c th khng nh phc h ny l sn phm
ca qu trnh bin cht khu vc v nng chy ti ch ca pelit.
5. Cc i bin cht khu vc tng amphibolite n ti s ti kt tinh ca v to thnh cc
th magma nng chy ti ch v lm ti kt tinh mt phn cc khong vt zircon xy ra tng
ng vi qu trnh thnh to granit (trong khong 246 -260 tr. nm). iu kin nhit p trong
khu vc tip tc c duy tr do tc ng ca pha bin dng th 2 v dn ti s ti kt tinh
ca mt s ht zircon trong giai on mun hn, ng thi c th dn n s to thnh granit
ca phc h Phia Bioc.
6. C th khng nh tui ca pha bin dng th nht trong khu vc nghin cu l trc 250
triu nm v cc i bin cht lun xy ra mun hn cc im bin dng t vi triu n hng
chc triu nm do s nng chy cc trm tch trong cc ai to ni thng ch din ra sau
khi chng b vi su do bin dng v c thi gian ngun nhit di su lm nng chng
[1, 13, 17]. Qu trnh bi n dng sm nht ca cc trong khu vc tng ng vi khong
trng trm tch v to bt chnh hp gia h tng a Ning tui Carbon sm v h tng Vin
Nam tui Permi mun-Trias sm. V vy c th suy on rng, pha bin dng 1 c th din
ra t nht l t giai on Carbon gia n cui Permi (250 tr. nm). Cc thnh to phun tro
ca h tng Vin Nam, trc y c gii on c tui Permi mun-Trias sm c th c tui
mun hn, chng hn Trias sm, do chng ph bt chnh hp ln cc thnh to b bin dng
v bin cht cao cp trn [10].
7. Nhng quan st thc a v nghin cu hnh thi zircon cng nh nh tui tuyt i (xem
phn sau) cho thy cc granit pegmatit ca phc h Phia Bioc c cho l c tui st trc
Nori l khng ph h p. Nh vy, vic phn nh cc thnh to magma trong khu vc cn
c xem xt li trn c s cc nghin cu nh lng.
8. Mi quan h v lch s nhit kin to trong khu vc np li T Khoa c tm tt trong Hnh
5 trong giai on bin dng sm c th din ra t gia Carbon (khong 300 tr. nm) v ko
di ti khong 250 tr. nm, i cng l cc im bin cht tin trin ti tng amphibolit vi s
phn ng ph hy muscovit v thch anh v xut hin ca (fibrolit) sillimanit t cc i
khong 250 tr. nm. Sau , pha bin dng th 2 vn din ra trong iu kin nhit p cao sau
250 tr, nm v tip tc dn ti s hnh thnh cc b cc tinh th sillimanit. Pha bin cht 2 (M2)
din ra trong iu kin gim nhit p so vi pha M
1
v dn ti s hnh thnh muscovit th h 2
chng ln cc khong vt bin cht cao ca th h 1. Pha ny tng ng vi s kin bin dng
167

th 3 trong vng nghin cu. Cc pha bin dng mun hn din ra trong iu kin nhit v
p sut thp v khng c nh hng ng k ti s thay i ca bnh cu trc khu vc.

Hnh 5 . th iu kin nhit p tm tt mi quan h gia bin dng, bin cht v tui tng
i ca chng tc ng ti cc trm tch bin cht thuc phn nhn phc np li T Khoa.
im giao ct ca cc trng Al
2
SiO
5
(H) theo Holdaway and Mukhopadhyay (1993). ng
cong phn ng 1 th hin ranh gii phn ng ph hy muscovit (+thch anh) to sillimnait
+ magma theo Carmichael (1978), ng ranh gii phn ng to cordierrit theo Holdaway
and Lee(1977) v ng ranh gii phn ng to cordierite + granat + K-feldspar + magma
theo Spear et al. (1999).
Nhng pht hin mi v tui ca s kin nhit kin to quan trng nht trong khu vc
Np li Ta Khoa cho thy bin dng khu vc lin quan n hot ng to ni khu vc ng k
nht tc ng vo cc c nht trong k hu vc nghin cu din ra t nht l t gia K
Carbon ti cui K Permi. S kin to ni ny c hn nhiu so vi tui ca bin dng to ni
Indosinian din ra trong Trias m nhiu nh a cht trc y gii on [6, 9]. Nh vy,
vic xem xt li cc giai on bin dng v mc thi gian lin quan n chng bng cc
nghin cu a cht nh lng v ng b hn, trong c vic xc nh tui ca cc s kin
nhit kin to l ht sc cn thit lun gii lch s tin ha a cht ca Ty Bc B v lnh
th Vit Nam ni chung.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Bucher, K. and Frey, M., 1994. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks: Springer-Verlag, 318
p.
[2]. Carmichael, D. M., 1978. Metamorphic bathozones and bathograds: a measure of the
depth of post-metamorphic uplift and erosion on the regional scale: American Journal of
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[3]. Condie, K. C., 1997. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution: Butterworth-Heinemann, 282 p.
[4]. inh Hu Minh, 2003. Cu trc a cht a cht v c im qung ha sulfur nickel -
ng m Bn Phc, Sn La. Lun n tin s a cht. Th vin trng a hc M-a cht,
H Ni.
[5]. ovjikov A.E. (Ch bin), 1965.a cht Min Bc Vit Nam , NXb Khoa hc v K
thut, H Ni, 1971.
168

[6]. Fromaget, J., 1941. LIndochine Francaise sa structure geologiques ses mines et leurs
relation possibles avec tectonique. Bull. Geol. De IInd., vol. 26, Hanoi.
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of anadalusite: thermochemical data and phase diagram for the aluminum silicates: Am.
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tectonics in Vietnam. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 340, 94-111.
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Trung tm Thng tin a cht, H Ni.
[12]. McClay, K. R. (ed.), 1992. Thrust Tectonics: Chapman &Hall, 447 p.
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[15]. Moores, E. M. and Twiss, R. J., 1995. Tectonics: Freeman and Company, 415 p.
[16]. Nguyn Vn Honh, 2005.Kt qu hiu nh lot Bn a cht v khong sn Ty
Bc, t l 1:200.000. Lu tr Trung tm thng tin -lu tr a cht H Ni.
[17]. Spear F.S., Kohn, M. J., and Cheney, J. T., 1999. P-T paths from anatectic pelites:
Contrib. Mineral Petrol., v. 134, p. 17-32.
[18]. Thompson, A. B. and England, P. C., 1984. Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional
metamorphism II. Their inference and interpretation using mineral assemblages in
metamorphic rocks: J. Petrology, v. 25, p. 929-955.
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Tr, Kevin Ansdell,2005. Bin dng un np-chm nghch v kin to ph chm trong qu
trnh to ni Ty bc Vit Nam: s hin din v tc ng ca chng ln bnh cu trc
khu vc. Trong Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh khoa hc a cht k nim 60 nm thnh lp
ngnh a cht Vit Nam, tr. 49-62.
[20]. Trn Trng Ha, 1998. Cc t hp bazantoit cao titan Permi-Trias rift Sng , thnh
phn vt cht v iu kin a ng lc hnh thnh. Tp ch a cht lot A s 244; 1-2: 1998.
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& Technical.
SYMMARY
Tectonic evolution of metasedimentary rocks in the central part of Ta Khoa anticline
and its significance in the geological history of the west Bac bo region

The central portion of the Ta Khoa anticline, which is part of the Song Da structural
zone, is a structurally complicated area. The core of this structure comprises Early Devonian,
highly metamoprphosed sedimentary rocks, which are overlain by lower grade Middle
Devonian to Early Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks and Late Permian-Early Triassic
volcanogenic assemblages. These rocks are scatteredly intruded by magamatic bodies of
169

variable size and shape, some of them were derived from in situ melting of the high-grade
metasedimentary rocks.
The metasedimentary rocks in the area had undergone multiphase deformational
history, and their interference pattern has produced a large scale anticlinorium. At least five
phases of deformation have been recognized in the area in which the first deformational
phase (B
1
) was the most pronounced event, and was accompanied by the first, amphibolite-
facies metamorphic episode (M
1
), which produced extensive fibrolite sillimanite as well as in
situ melting of pelite. Second deformational event (B
2
) took place in metastable high thermal
state, producing estensive folding and local crystallization of sillimanite. Thid deformational
event (B
3
) involved in the refolding and thrusting of the rocks and second metamorphic
episode (M
2
), which took place in lower thermal condition and led to wide spread retrograde
replacement of high grade assemblages by lower grade metamorphic minerals. The youger
deformational events (B
4,
B
5
) were weak and did not strongly influence the regional
strcutrural trend.
Results of U-Pb dating by SHRIMP technique for zircon and monnazite collected from
pelite and pegmatite in the area show that metasedimentary rocks in the central Ta Khoa
anticline were deposited latest in the Early Devonnian time (ca.411 Ma). The first
deformational event (B
1
) may have started as early as Middle Carboniferous and extended to
the end of Permian time (equivalent to ca. 250 Ma), which was concordant with the time of peak
M
1
metamorphism and generation of in situ melting granite from pelitic rocks. The second
deformational event took place at ca. 230-240 Ma in metastable state that was mantained from
the first deformation. The third deformational event took place after ca. 230 Ma, under lower
metamorphic grade, probably related to the uplifting and erosion of the terranes, forming the
lower grade, retrograde metamorphic asemblages. Younger deformational events had taken
place in the lower thermo-pressure conditions that accompanied the uplifting and erosion of the
Earth crust during Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Trn M Dng

170


TNH LIN TC A TNG TRM TCH DEVON
KHU VC X VN AN, HUYN H QUNG, TNH CAO BNG
Hong B Quyt
on a cht Vin thm Lin on Bn a cht min Bc
Tm tt: Khu vc x Vn An thuc huyn H Qung, tnh Cao Bng c cc thnh to trm
tch carbonate c thnh to lin tc t Devon sm ti Devon mun. Cc thnh to ny
trc y c xpvo h tng N Qun (D
1-2
nq). Kt qu o v lp bn a cht nhm t
H Qung t l 1/50.000 c mt s pht hin mi v quan h gia cc , c im thnh
phn thch hc cng nh ha thch lm r thm c im cc trm tch Devon trong vng
cng nh khng nh tnh lin tc ca qu trnh pht trin trm tch trong giai on
Devontrong khu vc ny.
M u
Cc trm tch Devon khu vc x Vn An thuc huyn H Qung chim din tch
khong 45 km
2
c nghin cu t nhng nm u th k 20, khi u l cng trnh ca
Bourret R. 1922, tip theo l Dovjikov A.E. v nnk., (1965) [2] khng nh s c mt ca
cc trm tch Devon, tuy nhin cha lm r c y thnh phn mt ct v tnh lin tc
ca chng.
Nm 1974, Phm nh Long v nnk., [6] ghi nhn s lin t c ca cc trm tch
Devon, nhng vic sp xp trt t cc phn v cha c hp l nh vic xp cc vi trng
dng khi (tui Givet) chuyn tng ngang vi trm tch silic thuc ip Bng Ca, v.v.
Mt s cng trnh sau ny ch nghin cu tng phn, cha lin kt cht ch v th hin
r quy lut phn b, quan h ca chng trn bnh cu trc khu vc [1,3,4,5,6,7,8].
Kt qu o t l 1/50.000 nhm t H Qung ghi nhn 5 phn v v chng c
chuyn tip lin tc vi nhau (hnh 1), gm:
1. H tng N Qun (D
1-2
nq)
H tng N Qun do Phm nh Long v nnk,1974 |6| xc lp theo mt ct N Qun -
Bng Ca (huyn H Lang, tnh Cao Bng). Trong vng phn v c xp vo bc Eifel -
Givet: Dovjicov v nnk,1965 |2], Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk, 2005 |5|.
H tng c trng ch yu l cc vi vi ht, vi silic mu xm, xm en phn
lp trung bnh, vi dolomit, lp mng silic cha phong ph ho thch San h, Trng l V
nn. B dy 180- 400m (hnh 1, 2), nh 1,2.
H tng c m t bi cc mt ct:
1. Mt ct Bn Lng Ru Bn Lng Lang gm 3 h lp:
+H lp 1: vi ht nh, vi silic, vi vi ht cha st b dolomit ha mu
xm en phn lp trung bnh- dy cha phong ph ha thch L tng. Dy 180m.
+H lp 2: vi vi ht, phin sericit - chlorit cha vi phn lp mng. Trong
vi vi ht mu xm en cha phong ph ha thch L tng : Spinatrypa cf. Nana (Khalfina),
Atrypida , V nn Nowakia. Dy 30m.
+H lp 3: vi vi ht b calcit ha cha phong ph ha thch L tng: Stachyodes
sp; Hermatoporella sp; Thamnopora; Crinoidea indet. Dy 70m.
2. Mt ct Bn Nm in (HQ. 7191 HQ.7191/2) (hnh 2).

171

172

H tng gm vi vi ht, vi ht nh mu en, xm en phn lp mng, vi cha
st mu en ch a ha thch L tng: Caliaporareducta Yanet (HQ. 7191/2). Dy 400m.
c im thch hc
+ vi vi ht, ht nh b dolomit ho (HQ. 1327) c kin trc vi ht ht nh, cu
to khi. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 15 - 17; dolomit: 84-82; tp cht st: t; qung: 1.
+ vi h t khng u b hoa ha (HQ. 2259) c kin trc ht khng u chuyn
sang ht bin tinh yu, cu to nh hng. Thnh phn khong vt (%): calcit: 99; tp cht
st: it; qung vi ht.
+ vi vi ht b p (HQ. 1385) (nh 1) c kin trc ht khng u chuy n sang ht
bin tinh yu, cu to khi. Thnh phn khong vt (%): calcit: 100; tp cht st: it; qung vi
ht.
+ vi ht khng u cha st (HQ. 2259/2, HQ. 7191) c kin trc vi ht, ht nh,
cu to khi. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 93 - 92; st +sericit +chlorit: 5 - 8; khong vt khc
qung: vi ht.
+ vi vi ht , ht nh ln st cha dolomit ( HQ. 2260). c kin trc vi ht - ht
nh, cu to nh hng. Thnh phn(%): thch anh + plagioclas: 2-3; st +sericit +chlorit: 7-5;
calcit: 77 75; dolomit: 13 - 15; zircon +turmalin +qung: 1-2.

nh 1. vi vi ht b p (HQ. 1385) c kin trc ht khng u chuyn sang ht bin tinh
yu, cu to khi. 40 x nicon +
173

c im a vt l
Tng hp kt qu o mu tham s cc ca h tng khng c t cm v t d,
mt 2,16-2,69g/cm3, tnh cht phng x: Qut: 1 -32 x 10
- 4
%; QK: 0,04-3,26; QU: 1-
3ppm; Qth: 4-37ppm.
c im nh hng khng
Tn nh xm, xm sm, en xm sng, kin trc nh loang l dng vy mng, chm
mn, mng thu vn khng r, a hnh sn dc trung bnh b phn ct mnh.
Quan h a tng v tui.
H tng N Qun c quan h chnh hp trn h tng Mia L v chuyn tip ln h
tng Bn Cng, quan st c cc mt ct Bn Nm in, Bn Lng Ru Bn Lng Lang
pha trn l vi h t nh mu xm sng phn lp khng u t trung bnh n dy cha
phong ph ha thch L tng ca h tng Bn Cng. H tng cha phong ph ha thch L
tng v V nn Spinatrypa cf. Nana (Khalfina), Atrypida (HQ. 2259/2), V nn Nowakia
(HQ. 2259/3) Stachyodes sp; Hermatoporella sp; Thamnopora; Crinoidea indet (HQ. 2259/3)
Caliaporareducta Yanet (HQ. 7191/2); Crassialveolites sp. (cf. Crassus Lec); Trachypora
dubatolovi Tong dzuy ( HQ. 1383); Amphipora ramosa minor Riab; Amphipora angusia
Lec., Amphipora cf. rudis Lec (HQ. 37, HQ. 40); Stachyodes sp; Hermatoporella sp (HQ.
2259)... Tp hp ha thch c mt ch yu t Emsi n Givet c nhiu ni l c s nh
tui cho h tng l Devon sm gia (D
1-2e
).

nh 2(a,b). Ha thch L tng v San h trong vi cha silic mu xm en.
nh: V Quang Ln
Vi nt mi trng thnh t o
S c mt cc ca h tng l vi vi ht n ht nh, vi st, vi silic, v cc
nhmha thch San h, L tng, V nn phn nh h tng thnh to trong mi trng bin
nng, c yu t vng nc su, vi ngun cung cp vt liu ch yu trm tch carbonat - silic.
Khong sn lin quan
Qua kt qu phn tch mu ha carbonat, cho thy vi ca h tng t yu cu lm
vi ximng ( CaO: 51,59-54,68; MgO: 0,01-2,82...). Ngoi ra cn dng lm vt liu ri
ng.
2. H tng Bn Cng (D
2
bcg)
H tng Bn Cng do Vaxilepskaia E.D (1965) xc lp m t tng vi mu xm
trng phn lp dy n dng khi c tui Frasni, song cha nu ra mt ct chun. Phm nh
Long v nnk (1974) [6] xp cc vi mu xm trng phn lp dy n d ng khi vo ph
ip di ip Bng Ca tui Givet v coi chng chuyn tng ngang vi cc trm tch lc
nguyn - silic cng tui. Nguyn Hu Hng v nnk (2001) m t li h tng Bn Cng c
tui Devon gia - mun. Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk (2005) [5] khi phc h tng Bn
Cng tui Givet c mt ct chun t Lng Hoi n bn Sa Tao. Chng ti s dng phn chia
a b
174

ca Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk (2005) [5]. H tng c c trng bi cc vi ht nh
mu xm sng phn lp dy, vi ht nh mu xm en, vi ht nh mu xm sng, xm
en phn lp trung bnh dy cha phong ph ha thch L tng. Dy 230m (hnh 1; 2; 3),
nh 3,4.
Mt ct chi tit Nm in (HQ. 7191/3 HQ.7195): h tng gm 5 h lp t di
ln:
+H lp 1: vi ht nh mu xm sng phn lp dy cha ha thch L tng
Stachyodes Paralleloporoides Les; Amphipora ramosa (Phill); Dendrostella Trigemme
(Quensted) ( HQ. 7191/3). Dy 20m.
+H lp 2: vi vi ht, vi ht nh mu xm en. Dy 30m.
+H lp 3: vi ht nh mu xm en, xm sng, phn l p trung bnh -dy cha
phong ph ha th ch L tng Amphipora acerbata alaikiensis Yav; Trupetostroma sp;
Pseudogrypophyllum sp; Amphipora ramosa (Phill); Alveolitella polelovi (Peetz); Amphipora
cf. Laxeperforata Lec; Amphipora ramosa minor Riab; Amphipora minima Ermak (HQ.
7191/4; HQ. 7191/6; HQ. 7192; HQ. 7192/2; HQ. 7193/1). Dy 100m.
+H lp 4: vi ht nh mu xm en, xen lp mng phin st mu g, phn lp
mng. Dy 30m.
+H lp 5: vi ht nh mu en phn lp dy cha Amphipora. Dy 50m.
Cc mt ct khc v mt s l trnh kho st khc trong din tch c thnh phn thch
hc v ha thch tng t ca h tng c cp trn.
c im thch hc
+ vi vi ht, ht nh cha ha sinh vt (HQ. 7199/4), c kin trc vi ht, ht
nh, cu to khi. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 99; thch anh: 3; khong vt khc: t.
+ vi vi ht cha st (HQ.7192/1, HQ. 7193), c kin trc vi ht, cu to nh
hng. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 93-95; st +sericit +chlorit: 5-7; qung : vi ht.
c im a vt l
mt 2,57-2,70g/cm3, tnh cht phng x: Qut: 1-3 x 10
- 4

Hnh 3. Quan h chuyn tip gia vi phn lp dy 30cm - 1m mu xm sng h tng Bn Cng
(D
2
bcg) vi vi, vi st phn lp dy 15 - 30cm h tng N Qun (D
1-2
nq). Ti HQ.7191. 1-
vi phn lp dy mu xm sng, 2- vi st mu en, 3- vi phn lp mng n trung bnh 15 -
30cm mu en.
%; QK: 0,04-1,87; QU: 1-3ppm;
Qth: 4-15ppm.
c im trn nh hng khng
Tn nh c mu xm nht, kin trc nh dng t ong, a hnh kasrt xm thc.
175

Quan h a tng v tui
H tng c quan h chnh hp di h tng N ng v trn h tng N Qun. Cc
ha thch L tng c p ht h i n trong h tng : Stachyodes Paralleloporoides Les;
Amphipora ramosa (Phill); Dendrostella Trigemme (Quensted) Amphipora cerbata
alaikiensis Yav; Trupetostroma sp; Pseudogrypophyllum sp; Amphipora ramosa (Phill);
Alveolitella polelovi (Peetz); Amphipora cf. Laxeperforata Lec; Amphipora ramosa minor
Riab; Amphipora minima Ermak ( HQ. 7191/4; HQ. 7191/6; HQ. 7192; HQ. 7192/2; HQ.
7193/1) c tui Givet v i snh thch hc vi nhm t Trng Khnh, ni l ra y h
tng v cha phong ph ha thch San h tui Givet, tui ca h tng Bn Cng c xp vo
Givet (D
2
bcg).
Vi nt mi trng thnh to: H tng c thnh phn l vi v cha phong ph cc
nhm ha thch San h, L tng, c trn g ca bin nng phn nh iu kin thnh to
trong mi trng bin nng vi ngun cung cp vt liu ch yu trm tch carbonat.
Khong sn lin quan
Qua kt qu phn tch mu ha carbonat cho thy vi ca h tng t yu cu lm
vi xi mng (CaO: 50,47 54,96%; MgO: 0,20-0,6%;.... Ngoi ra cn dng lm vt liu ri
ng.

nh 3. Ha thch Trng l Parathurammina
vasiljevae tui Devon gia Givet, h tng Bn
Cng (HQ. 7191/4). Tit din ngang x 50.
nh 4. Ha thch Trng l Cribroauroria
grandipor tui Devon gia Givet, h tng Bn
Cng (HQ. 7191/3). Tit din ngang x 50.
Bng 1. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc carbonat khu vc x Vn An
S TT H tng
Trng lng (%) cc oxit chnh
CaO MgO MKN CKT
1 N Qun 51,59-54,68 0,01-2,82 43,55-43,77 0,26-1,46
2 Bn Cng 50,47-54,96 0,20-0,60 39,85-43,79 0,40-0,86
3 N ng 54,23-54,68 0,12-0,52 43,05-43,15 1,22-1,24
4 Tc Tt 50,75-53,84 0,69-0,81 40,77-43,00 0,94-5,16

3. H tng N ng (D
2
-
3
n)
H tng N ng do Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk. (2005) |5| xc lp theo mt ct
vng N ng, huyn H Lang, tnh Cao Bng. H tng c tch t khi lng vi xen
vi silic thuc phn cao nht ca h tng Bn Cng Dovjicov A.E., v nnk, 1965 |2|. H
tng c Trn Vn Tr, 1977 |9| xp vo h tng N Qun - phn h tng trn.
176

H tng c trng bi cc vi mu en, xm en, xm trng, vi vi ht, vi
silic, silic vi, vi st, phin silic, silic cha vi. Dy 220 (hnh 1, 2), nh 5,6.
1. Mt ct Bn Nm in (HQ. 7194 HQ. 7197), h tng gm 3 h lp t di ln
nh sau:
+H lp 1: st silic, vi silic, vi st mu en, cha cc silic 5-10cm. phn
lp trung bnh n mng. Dy 145m.
+H lp 2: vi, vi st phn di mu xm nht, vi st phn di thanh mu xm
en, t l p vi st, vi mu xm, xm en, cha phong ph ha thch V nn:
Palmatolepis sp., Polygnathus sp. Dy 50m.
+H lp 3: vi ht nh mu xm en phn lp trung bnh - dy. Dy 25m.
2. Ti im kho st HQ. 812: vi mu xm en, xm sng phn l p dy, vi
mu xm en cha silic v cha phong ph ha thch Trng l: Tikhinella sp (HQ. 812/1);
ha th ch To Renalcis nubiformis (HQ. 812/1; HQ. 812/2); ha th ch L tng
Stromatopoproidea (HQ. 812/4); Amphipora cf. Rudis; Amphipora angust (HQ. 812) v mt
s im kho st v mt ct l trnh c thnh phn tng t c cp trn.

a b
nh 5(a,b). vi mu en phn l p dy dng khi cha Amphypora v San h 4 tia v
ha thch L tng. Ti vt l HQ.7195.
nh: Hong B Quyt

a b
nh 6 (a,b). Ha thch To Renalcis nubiformis.(a), Ha thch Trng l Tikhinella sp.(b) tui
Devon mun. H tng N ng. Mu HQ. 812/1. Tit din cho x 25.
nh: on Nht Trng
177

c im thch hc
+ silic st (HQ. 7195/1) mu xm en c kin trc vi ht, st bin d, cu to nh
hng. Thnh phn (%): calcedon: 80; st + sericit + chlorit: 20; qung + turmalin + zircon:
t.
+ vi vi ht cha st (HQ. 7196) c kin trc vi ht, st bin d, cu to nh hng.
Thnh phn (%): calcit: 93; st + sericit + chlorit: 7; t khong vt khc.
+ vi vi ht n ht nh (HQ. 7197) c kin trc vi ht n ht nh, cu to nh
hng. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 99; st mng bm: 1; qung: it.
c im a vt l
mt 2,10 - 2,67g/cm3, tnh cht phng x: Qut: 1 -2 x 10
- 4
%; QK: 0,16-0,87%; QU: 1-
3ppm; Qth: 5 - 9ppm.
Tn nh xm ti, kin trc nh dng t ong, dng vy, a hnh karst xm thc.
Quan h a tng v tui
H tng c quan h chuyn tip lin tc pha di t h tng Bn Cng, pha trn l h
tng Bng Ca. Trong vi mu xm, xm en, cha phong ph ha thch V nn:
Palmatolepis sp., Polygnathus sp, ha thch Trng l: Tikhinella sp (HQ. 812/1); ha thch
To Renalcis nubiformis (HQ. 812/1; HQ. 812/2); ha thch L tng Stromatopoproidea (HQ.
812/4); Amphipora cf. Rudis; Amphipora angust (HQ. 812), tui D
2
givet D
3
frasni v i
snh vi ti liu nhm t Trng Khnh, tui ca h tng c xp vo Devon gia - mun l
ph hp.
Vi nt mi trng thnh to
Thnh phn h tng ch yu vi, vi st silic, st silic v cc nhm ha thch c
mt ch yu V nn, Trng l, L tng c pht hin nhiu ni cng nh nhm t
Trng Khnh, chng t mi trng thnh to h tng l bin nng c yu t nc su (silic,
ha thch V nn), vi ngun cung cp vt liu trm tch carbonat - st, silic l ch yu.
Khong sn lin quan
Qua kt qu phn tch ho carbonat vi ca h tng cho thy hm l ng cc xyt
(%): CaO: 54,23 54,68; MgO: 0,12 - 0,52... lm vi xi mng. Ngoi ra cn dng lm vt liu ri
ng. vi en lm trang tr p lt phn lp dy pht hin c khu vc x Vnh Qu, huyn
H Lang; song khu vc ny c qui m nh nn t trin vng.
4. H tng Bng Ca (D
3
bc)
ip Bng Ca do Phm nh Long v nnk (1974) [6] xc lp m t tng silic - lc
nguyn tui Givet (D
2
gvbc) vng Bng Ca. Nguyn Cng Thun (2005) [6] v Phm nh
Trng (2009) [8] s dng h tng Bng Ca tui Frasni nhm t Trng Khnh v nhm
t Lng Sn.
H tng c trng ch yu cc phin st silic xen phin st, st silic vi, st silic
mu xm en, xm tro xen t lp mng phin st, vi st silic xen phin st, silic vi,
vi st xen t lp st silic mu xm. Dy 100m (hnh 1,2), nh 7.
H tng c m t bi cc mt ct sau:
1. Ti mt ct Nm in (HQ. 7197/1 HQ. 7199) h tng gm 2 h lp t di ln:
+H lp 1: phin st, st silic phn lp mng. Dy 25m.
+H lp 2: vi st silic, vi st en, phin st, st silic phn lp mng cha
ha thch V nn: Stylonina sp ( HQ. 7199/1; HQ. 7199/2). Dy 75m.
2. Ti im kho st HQ.811: phi n st silic, silic vi mu xm en c xen lp
mng vi silic mu xm en phn lp dy t 5-7cm cha phong ph ha thch Rng nn:
Hindeodella sp; Polygnathus sp; Palmatolepis Hassi; Palmatolepis Triangularis (HQ. 811/3;
HQ.811/4).
178

D
3
tt

D
3
bc

nh 7. Quan h chuyn tip gia phin st silic, silic st mu xm en xen t lp vi silic mu
en h tng Bng Ca vi vi phn di mu xm trng c xen t lp vi mu xm en h tng Tc
Tt. Ti im kho st HQ. 845.
nh: Hong B Quyt
c im thch hc
+ vi st silic b p bin cht yu (HQ.7191/2) c kin trc vi ht, st bin d , cu
to nh hng. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 55; st + sericit +chlorit: 30; chalcedon: 15.
+ vi vi ht ln st (HQ.7197/3) c kin trc vi ht, cu to nh hng. Thnh phn
(%) : calcit: 90; st :10; khong vt qung: vi ht.
c im a vt l
mt 2,59 - 2,69g/cm
3
, tnh cht phng x: Qut: 3 - 12 x 10
- 4
c trng ca h tng ch yu l trm tch st - silic, vi st en, phi n st, st
silic, t thu knh vi - silic mu xm en, thu k nh vi, v trong thu knh vi cha
%; QK: 0,56 1,64 %; QU: 0
- 3ppm; Qth: 6 12 ppm.
Tn nh xm ti, kin trc nh dng t ong, dng vy, a hnh karst xm thc.
Quan h a tng v tui
H tng c quan h chuyn tip lin tc t h tng N ng ( HQ. 811a; HQ.7197),
cn pha trn chuyn tip ln h tng Tc Tt (HQ. 811; HQ.7199), c quan st kh r ti
mt ct Bn Nm in x Vn An v nhm t H Qung.
Trong nhm t, h tng mi c pht hin mt s ho thch V nn: Stylonina sp
(HQ. 7199/1; HQ. 7199/2), ha th ch Rng nn: Hindeodella sp; Polygnathus sp;
Palmatolepis Hassi; Palmatolepis Triangularis (HQ. 811/3; HQ.811/4).
Ha thch Rng nn ch yu c pht hin trong cc lp vi v thu knh vi
st silic mu xm en. Do vy mt ct c cc trm tch tng t nhm t Trng Khnh v
nghin cu chuyn ca T Ho Ph ng, Phm Kim Ngn,...trong nm gn y, pht
hin Rng nn trong thu knh vi thuc phn trn h tng Bng Ca (Paltolepis subrrecta)
tui Frasni v cc dng ho thch Trng l Nanicella prorrecta thng gp trong Devon
mun, Frasni. Kt qu phn tch mu ha thch ca nhm t cho thy ha thch Rng nn c
tui thuc phn cao ca Frasni v chm sang Famen. Do , h tng c tui Devon mun,
Frasni l ng n.
179

Rng nn, V nn phn nh h tng thnh to mi trng trong mng nc su thm lc
a vi ngun cung cp vt liu ch yu trm tch silic - st - carbonnat.
Khong sn lin quan
nhm t Trng Khnh, trong cc h lp lc nguyn - silic ca h tng cha
mangan c hm lng thp v c a phng khai thc, trong nhm t th cha pht
hin c.
5. H tng Tc Tt (D
3
tt)
H tng Tc Tt do Phm nh Long v nnk, 1974 [6 ] xc lp theo mt ct t Bn
Ngn qua m Tc Tt v nh cao 100 (huyn Trng Khnh, tnh Cao Bng) m t tng
vi vn di cha mangan. Trong vng phn v c gi vi cc tn khc nhau: cc bc
Eifel - Givet: Dovjicov A.E, 1965 [ 2]; cc trm tch Devon thng: Dng Xun Ho ( trong
Trn Vn Tr v nnk, 1977 [9]); h tng Tc Tt: Phm Kim Ngn v nnk, 2001 [ 7], ng
Trn Huyn, 2007 [3 ]. H tng c c im mt ct tng ng vi h tng Tc Tt nhm
t Trng Khnh (Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk, 2005 [5]).
H tng c c trng bi vi vi ht, vi st mu xm en phn lp trung bnh
- dy, vi mu xm, vi st silic ch a thu knh mangan; vi vi ht - ht nh, vi
st mu xm en phn lp mng. Dy >150m (hnh 1; 2; 4), nh 7,8,9.

Hnh 4. Quan h chuyn tip gia vi gia vi phn di ca h tng Tc Tt (D
3
tt) vi
silic cha vi, st silic, silic, silic st xen thu knh vi mu en ca h tng Bng Ca (D
3
bc).
Ti HQ.7199. 1. vi phn di, 2- vi silic cha vi, 3- st silic, 4- silic st, 5- silic, 6-
vi mu en.
H tng c m t bi cc mt ct sau:
1.Mt ct Bn Nm in (HQ.7198 - HQ.7201) thu c t bn F-48-45-A (H
Qung) , h tng gm 2 h lp t di ln nh sau:
+H lp 1: vi cha st phn di thanh, vi ht nh mu xm, xm sng, vi
cha silic mu xm, xm nht; vi st silic phn di mng, cha Rng nn: Palmatolepis
triangularis (HQ. 7198); Palmatolepis glabra (HQ7200). Dy 75m.
+H lp 2: vi ht nh, vi ht, vi st mu x m n xm en phn lp mng
n trung bnh, vi phn di mu xm sng, xm nht phn lp trung bnh n dy. Dy
180

75m.
2. Ti im kho st (HQ. 810 HQ. 810/2): vi phn di mu xm sng, xm en,
xm hng phn lp t 10 30 cm c xen cc l p v i mu xm en phn l p dy 10 20
cm cha phong ph ha thch Rng nn: Nodosaria devonica, Nanicella sp; Palmatolepis
triangularis (?); Palmatolepis Hassi (HQ. 810/2).

a b
nh 8 (a,b). Ha thch Trng l Nodosaria devonica.(a), Nanicella sp.(b). Tui Devon mun
Frasni ph n cao, chm sang Famen. H tng Tc Tt. Mu HQ. 810/2. Tit din cho x 25.
nh: on Nht Trng

D
3
tt

D
3
bc

nh 8. Quan h chuyn tip t cc lp vi st mu en xen cc l p silic vi mu en h tng
Bng Ca ln cc vi vi ht, vi si lic phn di mu xm sng h tng Tc Tt . Ti vt l HQ.
7199 (HQ.810).
nh: Hong B Quyt
c im thch hc
+ vi vi ht (HQ. 7199)c kin trc vi ht, cu to khi. Thnh phn (%): calcit:
99; st tp cht: 1; thch anh: vi ht; qung: vi ht.
181

+ vi vi ht, ht nh cha ha sinh vt (HQ. 7200)c kin trc vi ht, ht nh,
cu to khi. Thnh phn (%): calcit: 100; st t p cht: t.
+ vi vi ht i ch b c nt yu (HQ. 7200/1) c kin trc vi ht, cu to khi.
Thnh phn (%): calcit: 99; st dng bi t, thch anh: 1, qung: t.
c im a vt l
mt 2,64 - 2,77g/cm3, tnh cht phng x: Qut: 1-9 x 10
- 4
%; QK: 0,24 - 1,56%; QU: 1-4
ppm; Qth: 8 20 ppm.
Tn nh mu xm, dng vy nh, kiu chm th dng t ong. a hnh karst.
Quan h a tng v tui
Trong nhm t, h tng c chuyn tip t h tng Bng Ca (mt ct Bn Nm in)
cn pha trn chng c quan h kin to vi h tng Bc Sn (C Pbs
2
).
Trong din tch c a n hm t p ht hi n c ha thch Rng nn: Palmatolepis
triangularis (HQ. 7198); Palmatolepis glabra (HQ7200); Nodosaria devonica, Nanicella sp;
Palmatolepis triangularis(?); Palmatolepis Hassi (HQ. 810/2). Kt qu phn tch mu ha
thch cho thy c tui Devon mun Famen. So snh thnh phn thch hc v i ha thch
Rng nn vi nhm t ln cn Trng Khnh, h tng c thnh phn thch hc v ha thch
tng t. Do vy, h tng xp vo Devon mun Famen l hp l.
S c mt trong h tng thnh phn ch yu vi vi ht, vi silic, vi st silic;
c yu t phn di c trng; i khi c cu to dng c lc, khc di v h tng cha
phong ph Rng nn phn nh mi trng thnh to trong mng nc su thm lc a,
c yu t dng chy ngm, vi ngun cung cp ch yu l vt liu trm tch carbonat - silic.

Khong sn lin quan
H tng cha cc h lp vi phn di mu xm trng, xm hng, vi mu trng
cu to phn di c th lm p lt, trang tr nh vng Bn Ch Vc, Bn Nhin x Vn An.
Qung mangan cng nghip l i tng khong sn ca a tng cn iu tra nh
vng Trng Khnh, song hin ti nhm t pht hin c rt t. Nhn chung khng c trin
vng.
Kt lun v ngh
Qua cc ti li u thu thp c ti ngoi thc a v tng hp ti liu trong ma vn
phng v tham kho mt s ti liu khc, tc gi nhn thy: v c im thch hc cc gia
cc h tng c s khc nhau, v quan h a tng, cc phc h ha thch rt phong ph v a
dng... lm sng t hn a tng Devon v quan h a tng r ca cc phn v trong h
Devon khu v c x Vn An, huyn H Qu ng, tn h Cao Bng q u a o v a ch t t l
1: 50.000 nhm t H Qung.
Trong khu vc nghin cu, cc tc gi pht hin c ranh gii chuyn tip thch
hc gia vi silic, phin st silic ca h tng Bng Ca vi vi phn di h tng Tc Tt.
Ti im kho st HQ.7199 (HQ.810) pht hin c ha thch Rng nn. Theo PGS. TS.
T Ha Phng ni y c th c ranh gii ha thch Fr/Fm (Frasni/Famen) trn c s kt
qu phn tch mu Conodota. c c s lun gii v mi trng thnh to c tnh thuyt
phc bng s liu c th cn c nghin cu k hn ngoi thc a v phn tch mu bng
cc phng php hin i hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Dng Xun Ho (ch bin), 1980. Ho thch c trng min Bc Vit Nam. Nxb
KHKH, H Ni
[2]. Dovjikov A.E (ch bin), 1965. a cht min Bc Vit Nam, t l 1: 500.000, Nxb
Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
182

[3]. ng Trn Huyn (ch bin), 2007. Bo co ti "a tng cc trm tch Phanerozoi
ng Bc B". Lu tr Vin nghin cu a cht v Khong sn, H Ni.
[4]. on K Thy (ch bin), 2001. Bn a cht v khong sn Vit Nam t l
1: 200.000 Lng S n (F - 48 - XXIII) km theo thuyt minh. Cc a cht v Khong sn
Vit Nam xut bn, H Ni.
[5]. Nguyn Cng Thun (ch bin), 2005. Bo co a cht v khong sn nhm t Trng Khnh,
t l 1: 50.000. Lu tr Trung tm Thng tin - Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[6]. Phm nh Long (ch bin), 1974. Bn a cht v khong sn Vit Nam t l
1: 200.000 Chinh Si - Long Tn (F - 48 - XI & F - 48 - XVII) kmtheo thuy t minh. Cc a cht
v Khong sn Vit Nam xut bn, H Ni.
[7]. Phm Kim Ngn (ch bin), 2001. Bo co ti " Nghin cu c sinh a tng v tng
c a l cc thnh to trm tch Devon thng - Carbon h Bc Vit Nam". Lu tr Trung
tm Thng tin - Lu tr a cht, H Ni
[8]. Phm nh Trng (ch bin), 2009. Bo co a cht v khong sn nhm t Lng Sn, t l
1: 50.000. Lu tr Trung tm Thng tin - Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[9]. Trn Vn Tr (ch bin), 1977. Bn a ch t Vit Nam. Phn min Bc t l 1:
1.000.000, km theo thuyt minh. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
[10]. Tng Duy Thanh, V Khc (ng ch bin), 2005. Cc phn v a tng Vit Nam. NXB
i hc Quc gia, H Ni.
[11]. V Quang Ln (ch bin), 2011. Bo co a cht v khong sn nhm t H Qung, t l 1:
50.000. Lu tr Trung tm Thng tin - Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[12]. V Khc (ch bin), 2000. Sch tra cu cc phn v a cht Vit Nam. Cc a cht v
Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.

SUMMARY
The continuityof Devonian sedimentary rocks in the Van An area, Ha Quang district,
Cao Bang province
Hoang Ba Quyet, Notheran Geological Mapping Division

The Vn An Commune area, H Qu ng District, Cao Bng Province, comprise a
thick succession of carbonate rocks that were deposited continuously from Earrly to Late
Devonian. Rresults of geological mapping of the H Qu ng Map Group at 1:50,000 scale
discovered the relationship of the rock units, composition and fossils indicating the constant
deposition of the Devonian sedimentary sequences in this area.


183


C IM THNH PHN KHONG VT, CU TO
V KIN TRC QUNG T HIM M NAM NM XE, LAI CHU

Bi Vn Chnh, Lin on a cht X-Him
Ng Xun c, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Hin nay trn th gii t him c nh gi l loi khong sn chin lc rt
quan trng i mi quc gia, do chng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau,
c bit trong lnh vc cng ngh cao v cng nghip quc phng.Vit Nam l quc gia c
tim nng v t him. T nm 1958, Nh nc u t cho cng tc kho st, tm kim,
nh gi t him nhiu ni vi mc khc nhau. Kt qu ca cng tc tm kim nh gi
pht hi n nhiu m, im qung, trong c m t him Nam Nm Xe thuc huyn
Phong Th, tnh Lai Chu. Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh nghin cu v t him trc y ch
yu nh gi v ti nguyn tr lng ca m m cha ch trng quan tm n thnh phn vt
cht qung.
1. Khi qut c im a cht vng nghin cu
1.1. V tr vng nghin cu
M t him Nam Nm Xe thuc a phn x Nm Xe, huyn Phong Th, tnh Lai
Chu, nm trong t bn Hp 2 s hiu F-48-27-D v t bn Phong Th s hiu F-48-
39-B t l 1: 50.000 hoc t UTM (5654 II, 5653 I). Din tch khu m l 328,7 ha.
1.2. Khi qut a tng
Tham gia vo c u trc a cht ca vng m (hnh1) c cc trm tch: vi tui
Pecmi h tng Na Vang (P
2
nv): chim mt din tch nh pha Ty Nam m Nam Nm Xe
vi thnh phn ch yu l vi mu xm, xm sng nhi u ch b hoa ho v dolomit ho
yu. H tng Vin Nam (T
1
i vn): trong phm vi vng m gp cc phun tro gm andezit,
andezit porphyrit, diaba porphyrit, spilit. T ng ny pht trin rng ri v chim ton b
din tch m Nam Nm Xe. Trong vng cc vn ni la kh a dng, ch yu gm: dm
kt tuf, tuf v tufogen ca andezit v diaba, t hn c ct kt tuf v bt kt tuf. phn Ty
Bc vng cc phun tro chim ch yu cn cc dm kt tuf, tufogen v tuf t hn.
vng m Nm Xe tufogen c bit dm kt tuf pht trin tng i rng ri, xa hn v pha
ng Nam (gn Tam ng) tufit ng vai tr ch yu. Trm tch t (Q): gp cc thnh
to trm tch t ti cc khe cn, thung lng dc theo sui Nm Xe.
1.3.Cc thnh to magma xm nhp
Trong phm vi vng m v khu vc ln cn cc xm nhp pht trin rt rng ri,
trong ph bin hn c l granitoid, t hn l kim. Granitoid: trong khu m ch gp
vi khi nh phn b khu trung tm m, Porphyr thch anh: trong khu m gp mt vi mch
nh khu trung tm m, c mu xm, xm sng dng khi. Cc kim: pht trin rng
ri phn ng Nam ca vng chng to thnh cc th cn khng ln, chng ko di theo
phng cu trc chung. Theo thnh phn v kin trc c th chia ra cc loi: Syenit kim:
syenit egirin - augit, syenit thch anh, Syenit dng trachit, syenit ribekit sng mu. Syenit
dng trachit v syenit thch anh t ph bin hn, syenit ribekit ch yu nm ngoi ranh gii
vng. Cc loi mch: trong vng m ph bin cc loi mch lin quan vi cc thnh to
xm nhp, gm cc loi: Xpexatit, minet ht ln, minet ht nh, octhorphyr. Xpexatit: trong
khu m pht trin t ph bin, chng c phng ko di ty bc ng nam. Minet ht nh:
to thnh nhng mch kch thc khc nhau, phng Ty Bc, cm Ty Nam v ng Bc.
Minet ht ln: cc mch minet ht ln c kch thc khng ln, ng phng v gc cm
tng t nh minet ht nh. Orthophyr: y l loi mch tr nht, c kch thc nh xuyn
ct tt c cc loi trong vng. ng phng ca cc mch orthophyr thng l ng Bc.

184

Hnh 1. S a cht v khong sn vng Nm Xe, Lai Chu
185

1.4. Kin to
Cu trc un np: trong vng m v khu vc ln cn cc tui Paleozoi trn v Trias
b nhu nt v to thnh cc np un cc bc khc nhau, c ng phng ty bc (310 -
330
o
Basnezit: Tng t nh parizit, basnezit cng l khong vt qung ch yu to nn
m. Basnezit cng vi parizit, barit, fluorit, manhetit, galenit t p trung thnh nhng thn
qung c gi tr cng nghip. Di knh basnezit thng tn ti di dng ht nh, tng i
t hnh, i khi c dng tm ln, dng que vi kch thc t 0,01-0,5mm. mt s ch
). Cc h thng t gy, khe nt: trong vng gp rt nhiu t gy khc nhau v kiu
dng, cp v hng pht trin, chng xuyn ct cc cu trc un np. H thng t gy c
phng ty bc - ng nam l h thng ch yu, chi phi s hnh thnh cc thnh to
magma xm nhp v nhit dch to qung. Cc t gy thuc h thng ny ch yu cm ng
bc v ty nam, chng xut hin trong thi k hnh thnh t gy su phn i, ng thi ti
hot ng giai on mun sau ny. Chng ct qua tt c cc mch minet v cc mch
qung, i km vi h thng t gy ny l s xut hin cc ai c orthophyr.
2. c im thnh phn khong vt - cu to v kin trc qung t him m Nam Nm
Xe
2.1. c im v thnh phn khong vt
Qua phn tch khong tng v thch hc di knh hin vi phn x cho thy thnh
phn khong vt qung khu vc Nam Nm Xe nhn chung n gin. Qung bao gm ch yu
cc khong vt nguyn sinh l t him, barit, manhetit, pyrit, galenit ngoi ra cn g p
chalcopyrit, hematit, sphalerit nhng vi hm lng nh ch gp trong mt vi mu.
c trng cho kiu qung vng ny l hm lng t him khng ng u mt s
mu hm lng tng i cao {mu K0101 (51,4m), K0007/7 (36,1m)}, nhng c mu hm
lng rt thp ch <0,1% {mu K0104 (103,9m), K0710 (87,5m)}. Ngoi ra mt s mu
hm lng manhetit cng rt cao {K0207/6(106,8m), K0104 (103,9m)}.
Qua phn tch cc mu thy rng tn sut xut hin ca t him, barit, manhetit v
pyrit ln nht t 100%, Chalcopyrit 30%, Hematit khong 20%, Sphalerit 10% nhng vi
hm lng khng nhiu.
Di y m t chi tit tng hp ca tng khong vt gp trong tt c cc mu
phn tch khong tng di knh hin vi phn x .
t him: l khong vt to qung ch yu trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi
tn sut xut hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t 100%. t him thng i cng
manhetit, galenit t o thnh cc tp hp xm tn trn nn khong vt to . Hm l ng t
him trong cc mu khng u dao ng t <0,1% (mu K0104 (103,9m) cho ti 35%
(K0101(51,4m)). Hm lng trung bnh ca t him trong cc mu khong tng t khong
10%. t him thng tn ti dng ht t hnh, na t hnh c kch thc dao ng trong
phm vi ln t 0,01-0,4mm. t him thng to thnh tp hp dng b ko di hoc xm tn
dy mt s mu c hm lng cao hoc xm tn ri rc trn nn khong vt to . Mt s
mu gp t him thay th cho pyrit th h I trn nn khong vt to . Ngoi ra cn gp t
him t him thay th theo vi khe nt cho khong vt ca . Di y m t chi tit hai
khong vt t him chnh trong khu m Nam Nm Xe.
Parizit l khong vt kh ph bin, n cng vi nhng khong vt khc nh basnezit,
barit, fluorit, tp trung thnh nhng thn qung c gi tr cng nghip. Chnh n l mt trong
hai khong vt to qung t him chnh ca m. Parizit thng gp di dng ht va, nh
v i khi di dng tm ln. Di knh thng thy parizit di dng to thnh m nh
hoc tm ko di thay th cho canxit. Kch thc ca paritzit thay i t 0,01-0,4mm, trn
mt thng c k nt ko di theo tm ko di. i khi thy parizit kt hp cht ch vi barit,
canxit v khong vt sulfua to thnh nhng thu knh trong i bin cht trao i ca
cacbonat. i ch parizit to thnh nhng to thnh nhng tp hp c xt hm lng ln n
20%.
186

qung giu to thnh tp hp dng b rt in hnh. Tng t nh parizit trn b mt basnezit
thng c cc vt nt dc theo tm ko di. Basnezit thng gp nhiu v tr khc nhau. C
khi phn tn trong cc cacbonat b bin cht trao i, c khii cng v i parizit, barit,
canxit, flogopit, biotit to thnh nhng tch t dng , dng thu knh. mt vi ch quan
st r basnezit l p y cc khe nt kin to cng vi cc khong vt khc to thnh nhng
mch qung vi kch thc khc nhau trong phun tro, cacbonat.
Barit: l khong vt rt ph bin trong m, n l thnh phn chnh to ra cc thn
qung t him. N thng c dng tinh th ln, c dng khi mt thoi; cc tp hp ht ln
barit thng c mu xanh nht, kch thc t 4-6mm. Trong mt s mch barit li c mu
trng, trng pht vng, ht nh n va v i cng vi Parisit, basnezit. Barit ct khai hon
ton, nh thy tinh, t trng cao. Di knh barit c mu xm sng, dng tm ln, i khi tha
hnh, trn mt thng ct khai hon ton theo hai hng. Barit l khong vt c thnh to
nhiu giai on trong qu trnh to qung, nhng ch yu giai on sau cng lp y ch
trng hoc thay th khong vt c trc n.
Manhetit: l khong vt ch yu trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi tn sut
xut hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t 100% nhng vi hm lng khng nhiu.
Manhetit thng i cng t him, galenit to thnh cc tp hp xm tn trn nn khong vt
to . Hm lng manhetit trong cc mu khng u dao ng t <0,1% (mu K0007/14
(91,1m) cho ti 10% (K0207/6(106,8m)). Hm lng trung bnh ca manhetit trong cc mu
khong tng t khong 1%. Manhetit thng tn ti dng ht tha hnh, na t hnh c
kch thc nh thng dao ng t 0,03-0,5mm. Manhetit thng to thnh tp hp xm t n
dy mt s mu c hm lng cao hoc xm tn ri rc trn nn khong vt to . Mt s
mu gp manhetit thay th cho pyrit, chalcopyrit trn nn khong vt to .
Pyrit: l khong vt ch yu trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi tn sut xut
hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t 100% nhng vi hm lng khng nhiu. Pyrit
thng i cng manhetit, galenit to thnh cc tp hp xm tn trn nn khong vt to .
Hm l ng pyrit trong cc mu khng u dao ng t <0,1%, cho ti 10%
(K0007/19(116, 1m)). Hm l ng trung bnh ca pyrit trong cc mu khong tng t
khong 1%. Pyrit thng tn ti dng ht tha hnh, na t hnh, t hnh c kch thc nh
thng dao ng t 0,01-0,3mm. Pyrit thng xm tn xm tn ri rc, t khi to ln trn
nn khong vt to . Mt s mu gp pyrit thay th cho manhetit trn nn khong vt to
.
Galenit: l khong vt hay gp trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi tn sut xut
hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t khong 30% nhng vi hm lng t. Galenit
thng i cng manhetit, sphalerit to thnh cc tp hp xm tn trn nn khong vt to .
Hm lng trung bnh ca galenit trong cc mu khong tng t khong 0,8%. Galenit
thng tn ti d ng h t tha h n h c k ch thc n h thng d ao ng t 0,01-0,2mm.
Galenit thng dng ht tha hnh xm tn ri rc trn nn khong vt to
Hematit: l khong vt t gp trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi tn sut xut
hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t 20% vi hm lng rt t. Hematit thng i
cng manhetit xm tn tha trn nn khong vt to . Hematit thng tn ti dng ht tha
hnh c kch thc dao ng t 0,01-0,2mm.
Sphalerit: l khong vt t gp trong cc mu khu vc Nam Nm Xe vi tn sut xut
hin ln nht trong tp mu khong tng t 10% vi hm lng rt t. Sphalerit thng i
cng galenit xm tn tha trn nn khong vt to . Sphalerit thng tn ti dng ht tha
hnh c kch thc dao ng t 0,01-0,2mm.
2.2. c im v cu to, kin trc qung t him
Cu to qung:
Cu to dng xm tn: cu to ny rt c trng v ph bin trong khu m, cc
khong vt basnezit, barit, parizit, manhetit, galenit, sphalerit thng to thnh cc tp hp
187

vi kch thc khc nhau xm tn trong phun tro, bin i, cacbonat. Mc xm
tn ca cc khong vt khng u nhau v khng theo mt qui lut nht nh.
Cu to dng di: dng cu to ny c trng cho kiu qung bin cht trao i v i
khi i vi c qung dng mch kiu lp y khe nt trong cc phun tro ca khu m. Cc
di to nn l do s xen k ca cc gii c thnh phn kch thc khc nhau. Cc di c
khi c cu to tng i i xng hoc bt i xng trong mt mch qung. Cc khong vt
trong gii cng thng c tnh nh hng ph hp vi phng ko di ca di v phng
ko di ca mch qung. Cu to dng di i vi qung c dng lp y khe nt c th l do
s tch gin lin tc ca khe nt trong qu trnh to qung.
Cu to dng : cc khong vt t him, barit, manhetit, galenit, sphal erit hoc bn
thn tng khong vt to thnh nhng vi hnh dng bt k v kch thc khc nhau, i khi
to thnh dng c xt trn nn khong vt to . Cc c kch thc dao ng t 0,5-
3mm.
Cu to dng mch, mng mch: cu to ny c trng cho qung thnh to giai
on sau, xen lp vo cc khong vt sinh thnh trc. c bit cc khong vt to qung giai
on sau to thnh cc mch xuyn lp vo cc khe nt ca khong vt to . in hnh cc
khong vt galenit, sphalerit, pyrit, chalcopyrit thng to thnh cc mch lp y vi khe nt
ca hoc to thnh cc mch thay th cho khong vt to qung trc. mt vi v tr xut
hin nhiu mch vi kch thc v thnh phn khc nhau to thnh cu to dng mng mch
rt in hnh.
Kin trc qung:
Kin trc kiu gm mn thay th: c trng cho cc khong vt qung sinh trc b
cc khong vt qung sinh sau gm mn thay th. Cc khong vt pyrit th h u thng b
cc khong vt galenit, sphalerit, t him thay th gm mn. Cc khong vt to qung sinh
sau thng thay th cho khong vt to .
Kin trc ht t hnh, na t hnh v tha hnh: tiu biu l cc tinh th t him dng
t hnh, na t hnh dng vi lng tr. Ngoi ra cng hay gp cc tinh th t hnh, na t hnh
ca manhetit, pyrit phn ln chng thng to thnh tp hp dng ht xm tn trn nn
khong vt to . Cc tinh th pyrit sinh thnh trc thng to thnh cc tp hp ht t
hnh, hay cc tinh th t him to thnh tp hp ht t hnh dng lng tr ngn 6 cnh pht
trin u.
Kin trc lp y khe nt l hng: c trng cho cc khong vt thnh to sau lp y
cc khong vt thnh to trc. Tiu biu l barit v cc khong vt to qung thnh to sau
thng lp y cc vi khe nt trong .
Kin trc dng c nt: cc khong vt pyrit, manhetit v khong vt to b c nt v
c thay th bi cc khong vt th sinh.
Ngun gc m: m t him Nam Nm Xe c ngun gc nhit dch su (nhit dch
pluton) c carbonat cng sinh. iu c th hin mt s c im sau:
+Thn qung tn ti dng mch phn b kh song song vi nhau theo mt h thng
khe nt ty bc ng nam. Dng thn qung ny rt in hnh cho loi hnh m nhit dch.
+Cc mch qung c quan h gn cng sinh vi cc mch minet c thnh phn
kim. Chng u l sn phm ca phc h Pusamcap.
+S pht trin rng ri ca cc ai c mch trong khu m: bao gm cc ai c
trc qung (xpecxatit, minet) v ai c sau qung (porphyr thch anh).
+Qu trnh trao i thay th xy ra mnh m vy quan h thn qung v xy ra
ngay chnh trong mch qung. Chng thuc dng thay th trao i callcit v dolomit c
thc hin di dng propylit ha c trng.
+ Tnh phn i thn qung th hin kh r rt: phn trung tm l mch qung chnh,
sang hai bn l bin i mu en, ht mn v ra xa l mu xanh lc ht th hn.
188

+V c im thnh phn khong vt, th t sinh thnh v t hp cng sinh khong
vt cng nh cu to kin trc qung cng rt c trng cho loi hnh m nhit dch su c
carbonat cng sinh.
iu kin thnh to qung: tng hp cc kt qu nghin cu v c im a cht
qung ha, bin i vy quanh, c im v thnh phn vt cht v cu to kin trc cng
nh t hp cng sinh khong vt c th nhn nh rng: qung t him trong khu m c
thnh to bi qu trnh trao i thay th v lp y cc khe nt ca dung dch nhit dch c
tch ra t khi magma kim thuc phc h Pusamcap. Nh vy qu trnh to qung y
gm hai thi k tng i r rt: thi k trao i thay th ca dung dch nhit dch v thi k
dung dch nhit dch lp y theo khe nt to qung. Nu xt v c ch v iu kin ha l th
2 thi k ny c nhng c im ring bit, nhng chng khng tch ri nhau trong qu trnh
to qung.
+Thi k trao i thay th dung dch nhit dch: sau khi cc thn xm nhp kim v
mt s loi mch c to thnh dng dung dch cha cc nguyn t kim v nguyn t
to qung i ln theo cc i t gy kin to sau khi tip xc vi vy quanh xy ra
hin tng trao i gia dung dch nhit dch kim v vy quanh. Ti y qu trnh trao
i u tin l qu trnh kim ha sau dn khi dung dch kim kt tinh gn ht qu trnh li
tr thnh tnh axit. Qa trnh trao i nhit dch c biu hin bng s xut hin hng lot
cc khong vt qung do thay th cc khong vt cacbonat nguyn sinh v cc khong vt
khc. Kt thc giai on ny thng xut hin cc hin tng bin i thch anh ha, sulfua
ha v nh du s kt thc ca qu trnh trao i thay th cacbonat. Giai on ny dung dch
sau magma b ngho ha iu kin ha l thay i, nhit v p sut gim lm cho dung
dch b yu v ch c kh nng chn lp vo cc khe nt xut hin trong giai on sau
to ra cc mch qung ngho hn v chuyn sang mt giai on k tip.
+Thi k nhit dch lp y: phn Nam Nm Xe thi k ny pht trin mnh hn
phn Bc. Thi k ny c th chia lm hai giai on.
- Giai on to qung nhit dch lp y: trong giai on ny dng nhit dch i vo
cc khe nt kin to v lp y chng v to ra cc mch qung.
- Giai on sau: sau khi to qung dung dch nhit dch tip tc i ln nhng vi thnh
phn ngho v hot tnh yu hn v i vo cc khe nt nh hn to ra cc mch qung ca
khong vt sulfua nh galenit, spha lerit v kt thc ca qu trnh ny l cc mch canxit
mun xuyn ct vo ton b cc khong vt c trc. Tng hp tt c cc thi k y c th
hin di bng 1.
Bng 1. Th t sinh thnh v t hp cng sinh khong vt
qung t him m Nam Nm Xe
Thi k to
khong
Nhit dch Ngoi sinh
Giai on to
khong
Giai on trao i dung
dch nhit dch
Giai on lp y khe
nt, l hng

T hp cng
sinh khong vt
Thch anh-Pyrit-
chalcopyrit-manhetit-t
him-galenit
Thch anh-calcit-barit-
pyrit-chalcopyrit-t
him-galenit-sphalerit
Gtit
Thch anh
Calcit
Pyrit
189

Thi k to
khong
Nhit dch Ngoi sinh
Manhetit
Hematit
t him
Chalcopyrit
Galenit
Sphalerit
Gtit
Cu to qung
c trng
, di xm tn, mch, mng
mch
, l hng
Kin trc qung
c trng
Ht tha hnh, ht na, t
hnh, ht ko di, tm
Ht tha hnh, ht na,
t hnh, ht t hnh, ht
ko di, tm
Keo, ht gi
hnh, ht tn
d
Bin i nhit
dch vy
quanh
Propylit ha, anbit ha,
clorit ha, sericit ho
clorit ha, sericit ho,
cacbonat ha

Ghi ch: Khong vt ch yu
Khong vt th yu
Khong vt t gp

Mt s hnh nh v cu to, kin trc qung t him m Nam Nm Xe

nh 1. Parizit (Pari) dng t hnh, na
t hnh thay th canxit (Cc) ht ln

nh 2. Basnezit (Bas) dng t hnh, na t hnh
to thnh tng xm tn cng thch anh (Q)
190

nh 3. t him ht t hnh, na t hnh to thnh
tng trn nn khong vt to

nh 4. Pyrit (Py) ht t hnh, na t hnh xm tn
cng manhetit (Mt), Galenit (Ga) trn nn khong
vt to

nh 5. Chalcopyrit (Cp) ht tha hnh xm tn cng
t him (Tr) trn nn khong vt to

nh 6. Sphalerit (Sph) ht tha hnh thay th pyrit
(Py) trn nn khong vt to

Kt lun
M t him Nam Nm Xe n m trong i st ln Sng ti p gip i nng
Fansipan ni c t gy su khu vc chy qua. Trong khu m bao trm l cc phun tro
ca h tng Vin Nam; ngoi ra cn c ca h tng Na Vang phn b pha ty nam ca
m, cc thnh to trm tch b ri T phn b dc theo cc thung lng sui v cc thnh
to mch c thnh phn kim, trung tnh pht trin kh rng ri trong khu m:
1. Cc thn qung t him trong khu m c mi quan h cng sinh vi cc mch
minet v chng cng lin quan ngun gc vi cc kh i magma xm nhp kim thuc phc h
Pusamcap v c phn b trong cc thnh to phun tro ca h tng Vin Nam.
2. Cc khong vt qung t him trong khu m ch yu thuc nhm carbonat t
him, bao gm parisit v basnezit. Cc khong vt chnh i km gm: barit, manhetit, pyrit,
galenit, chalcopyrit, hematit, sphalerit. Qung c cu to ch yu l dng , xm tn v dng
mch vi kin trc in hnh l gm mn thay th, kin trc ht t hnh, na t hnh v tha
hnh.
3. V ngun gc thnh to: m t him Nam Nm Xe c ngun gc nhit dch su
(nhit dch pluton) c carbonat cng sinh. Chng c thnh to bi qu trnh trao i thay
th v lp y cc khe nt ca dung dch nhit dch c tch ra t khi magma kim thuc
phc h Pusamcap.

191

Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Nguyn Anh v nnk., 1990. n pht trin ngnh t him Vit Nam giai on 1991-
2000, Lu tr Vin M v Luyn kim, H Ni.
[2]. Nguyn Ngc Anh, Phm V ng, 1971. Bo co a cht tm kim nh gi qung t
him- fluorit- barit m ng Pao- Lai Chu, Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[3]. Nguyn Ngc Anh, Nguyn Phi Khanh, 1983. Bo co a cht thm d m t him
phng x Bc Nm Xe - Lai Chu, Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[4]. Tr nh Xun Bn, 1996. t him v ng dng. Tp ch Cng nghip m s 12, H Ni.
[5].Trnh Xun Bn, Nguyn Quang Hng. Tim nng t him ca Trung Quc, cng nghip v
chnh sch pht tri n. Tp ch Cng nghip m s 17, 19, H Ni.
[6]. inh Vn Din v nnk., 1976. Bo co nhng c im v s phn b v thnh phn vt
cht qung t him phng x m Nm Xe v trin vng ca chng vng ty Hong Lin
Sn, Lin on a cht X - Him, H Ni.
[7]. Lng Quang Khang, 2002. nh gi ti m nng t him vng ty bc Vit Nam, Lun
n tin s, Trng i hc M - a cht, H Ni.
[8] Trnh nh Hun, Nguyn Ngc Anh v nnk,. 2009. n thm d m t him Nam
Nm Xe, Lin on a cht X - Him, H Ni.
[9]. Phm Vn Trng, Nguyn Quang Lut, 1998. Sinh khong i cng, Bi ging lp
NCS v Cao hc, Trng i hc M - a cht, H Ni.
[10]. I. Ia Vlasov, Nguyn Cao Sn v nnk., 1961. Bo co kt qu tm kim thm d m
t him Nm Xe, Lin on a cht X - Him, H Ni.
[11]. Nguyn c ng v nnk., 1997. Bo co kt qu tm kim qung t him nhm nng v
khong sn i km phn ty bc Vit Nam, Lu tr a cht, H Ni.

SUMMARY
Mineral composition chracteristics, textures and structures of rare earth ores in South
Nam Xe, Lai Chau
Bui Van Chinh, Geological division for radioactive and rare minerals
Ngo Xuan Dac, University of Mining and Geology

Nowadays in the world, rare earth is the strategic mineral which is very important of
every country because they use widely in many different fields, special in hight technology
field and defence industry. Vietnam is one of the counties has potential rare earth, therefore,
since 1958, the state has invested in survey, seeking and assessment rare earth at many
different places. Results have found many mines and ore points in which Nam Nam Xe is a
rare earth mine in Phong Tho district, Lai Chau province. However, studies focused
acessment on mine reserves and they did not mentioned ore composition.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. Nguyn Quang Lut

192


C IM CU TO-KIN TRC QUNG ST
MIN BC VIT NAM V NH HNG S DNG
Trn Bnh Ch, Ng Xun c
Hong Th Thoa, Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Trn lnh th min Bc Vit Nam (MBVN) qung st c thnh phn khong vt
tng i n gin, ch yu l magnetit, hematit, hydrohematit v goethit vi hn 10 loi cu
to qung: xm tn, mch, mng mch, di, c sit, vi mch, thn, st, dng t, vin, v,
dm, to tia v nh. Vng nghin cu c 10 loi kin trc qung; theo mc ph bin gm
c: kin trc ht tha hnh, ht na t hnh, gm mn, keo, gi hnh, mng li, kim que, tn
d, khm, ht t hnh.
Nghin cu thnh phn khong vt, cu to, kin trc qung gp phn xc lp ngun gc m
v nh hng cng tc tm kim- thm d t hiu qu, ng thi gip cc nh nghin cu
cng ngh xut c dy chuyn hp l v thu hi chng. Tuyt i b phn qung st,
c dng trong ngnh luyn kim en sn xut gang, thp. Tuy nhin, mt s qung st
ngho c th s dng sn xut bt mu, sn hoc ph gia xi mng.
1. Khi qut c im a cht vng nghin cu
1.1. V tr vng nghin cu
Din tch vng nghin cu thuc lnh th Min Bc Vit Nam (MBVN). Theo Hip
ngh Ginev (1954), MBVN l mt phn lnh th rng ln ko di t cc bc n v tuyn
17, ni y bn a cht phn MBVN t l 1/500000 ca nc Vit Nam dn ch cng ho
c thnh lp (Dovjikov, nnk. 1965) bao gm ng Bc Bc B (BBB), Ty Bc Bc B
(TBBB) v Bc Trung B (BTB).
1.2. Khi qut a tng
Trn lnh th MBVN c mt cc trm tch, trm tch-phun tro c tui khc nhau,
t Mesoproterozoi n Kainozoi; thnh phn v mc bin cht khc nhau. Cc thnh to
Paleo-Mesoproterozoi gm cc h tng Sui Ching, h tng Ni Con Voi. Cc thnh to
Neoproterozoi-Cambri h gm cc H tng Sng Chy (BBB), Nm C v Sa Pa (TBBB),
B Khng (BTB, cc h tng inh (TBBB), o Sen (BTB). Cambri: Trm tch Cambri
h; h tng Cam ng (TBBB). Trm tch Cambri trung h tng M ng (BBB); h tng
H Giang (BBB), h tng Sng M (TBBB). Trm tch Cambri thng; h tng Chang
Pung, h tng Thn Sa, h tng hm Rng (TBBB). Cambri h - Orovic: Cc thnh t o
Cambri h - Orovic thuc h tng Bn Kh. Orovic: Cc thnh to Orovic thuc h tng
Lutxia, h tng N M, h tng ng Sn (BTB). Orovic thng-Silur: Trm tch Orovic
thng-Silur gm h tng Sinh Vinh ph bt chnh hp ln h tng Bn Kh v trn l cc
h tng Tn Mi, h tng C T (BBB), h tng Ph Ng (BBB), h tng Sng C, h tng
Khe Tre v h tng Long i (BTB). Silur thng-evon h: Trm tch Silur thng gm
vi, st vi ca h tng B Hing (TBBB), h tng Xun Sn (BBB) v ct kt, bt kt,
phin vi, thu knh vi h tng i Giang (BTB). Trm tch Silur thng- evon h c h
tng Hui Nh (BTB) gm ct kt, bt kt, phin ph ln h tng Sng C (BTB). evon:
Trm tch evon Vit Nam ni chung v MBVN ni ring ch yu l lc nguyn-carbonat.
Trm tch evon h gm cui kt c s, ct kt, bt kt, phin tng lc a ca cc h
tng Si Ka, Bc Bun (BBB); ct bt kt, phin st, vi tng bin ca cc h tng Mia
L, i Th (BBB), Sng Mua, Bn Ngun v Nm Pa (TBBB), Ro Chan (BTB). Ngoi
ra cn c phin st, vi, hoa, phin silic cha mangan ca h tng Phia Phng v
vi, hoa v phin vi ca h tng Phia Khao (BBB). Trias: Xp vo Trias h l cc
thnh to lc nguyn t carbonat gm cc h tng Lng Sn (BBB), C Ni lc nguyn
xen phun tro ca cc h tng Hng Ngi (TBBB), Sng Hin v Bc Thy (BBB). Cc
thnh to Trias trung gm phun tro axit ca cc h tng Khn Lng, Ln Png (BBB),
193

ng Tru v Sng Bung (BTB); cc thnh to carbonat ca cc h tng ng Giao, Hong
Mai (BTB), N Khut, Quy Lng (BBB) v Nm Thm (TBBB). Jura h-trung gm trm
tch lc nguyn ca cc h tng H Ci, Nm P. Cc thnh to Jura thng-Creta, cc h
tng Tam Lung (BBB), Mng Hinh (TBBBa h tng Vn Chn (TBBB).Creta: c trng
cho cc h t ng Yn Chu (TBBB), Bn Hang (BB), M Gi (BTB); h tng Ngi Thia
(TBBB). Cc thnh to Paleogen, Miocen, Pliocen v Neogen phn b cc ng bng Bc
B, Trung B v mt s vng thung lng sng sui ln MBVN. Cc thnh to T c
phn chia theo ngun gc v tui gm cui, ct, bt, st phn b phn ln cc ng bng v
mt s vng thung lng sng sui MBVN [6].
1.3. Cc thnh to magma xm nhp
Cc thnh to magma xm nhp trn phn lnh th MBVN ch yu pht sinh trong cc giai
on PaleoMesoproterozoi, Neoproterozoi- Paleozoi sm, Paleozoi sm -gia, Paleozoi
mun-Mezozoi sm v Mezozoi mun-Kainozoi.
Cc xm nhp giai on Paleo Mesoproterozoi: Gm cc phc h Bo H (PP-
MPbh), Ca Vnh (PP-MP cv), thuc TBBB.
Cc xm nhp giai on Neoproterozoi- Paleozoi sm: Phc h Xm Giu (MP xg),
Phc h Po Sen (
3
ps), phc h Mng Hum (PZ
1
mh).
Cc xm nhp giai on Paleozoi sm- gia: Cc phc h Pc Nm, Nm Bt, B
Xinh, Ching Khng (TBBB); Bch Sa, Sng Chy, Ngn Sn, Phia Ma (BBB); Ni Na,
Mng Lt v Trng Sn (BTB).
Cc xm nhp giai on Paleozoi mun -Mezozoi sm: Gm cc phc h Bn Xang,
Bn Rn, in Bin, Ba V (T
1
bv), Sng M (TBBB); Cao Bng, Ni ing, Ni Cha,
Phia Bioc, Pia Oac,Pu Sam Cap, Ch n (BBB), Vn Canh.
Giai on Mezozoi mun-Kainozoi: Cc phc h Bn Mung, Ph Sa Phn ( K pp),
Nm Chin, Y Yn Sun (E ys); T L (K tl) TBBB. Ch n (BBB); Bn Ching,
Sng Chu (BTB).
Ng oi ra, trong giai o n Kainozoi mun c hot ng phun tro baz an ri rc
TBBB (Sn La, Ha Bnh), BTB (Ngh An)[6].
1.4. Kin to
Lnh th Vit Nam v vng ln cn gm cc khi lc a Tin Cambri, min c kt
PZ, MZ, cc cu trc hot ha MZ-KZ v bin ra thuc phn ng Nam thch quyn -u.
Ring MBVN gm cc khi v lc a Tin Cambri Hong Lin Sn; min c kt PZ
1-2
Vit-
Trung (i BBB, TBBB); min c kt P
Z1-2
Vit - Lo (i Trng Sn). Sau l cc
trng chng gi: rift Sng , rift Sng Hin, rift An Chu, rift Sm Na, rift T L, rift a
ho Hn Gai- Bo i; trng chng gi KZ vi rift H Ni.
Cc h thng t gy su u c phng TB-N, mt s phng B-TN. Cc h
thng t gy ny c vai tr to ln trong vic hnh thnh cu trc a cht khu vc ton lnh
th Vit Nam ni chung, MBVN ni ring. Ngoi ra cn c cc h thng v tuyn, kinh
tuyn u l cc t gy khng ln, t c vai tr khng ch cu trc a cht.
2. c im thnh phn ha hc ca qung st
Thnh phn ha hc qung st c nghin cu chi tit nht i vi qung st Tri
Cau, Tin b, Linh Nham, Qu Xa, Thch Kh v y l m v ang khai thc. Hm lng
st 35 - 65%, trung bnh 52-55% (sau khi tuyn); S, P; Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
cao, SiO
2
thng mc
cho php luyn kim. i vi qung st "kiu quarzit" hu nh cha c th nghim lm
giu quy m bn cng nghi p. Hm lng st 22 - 45%, trung bnh 32-35%; S, P mc cho
php; Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
cao, SiO
2
thng trn 30%. Qung st magnetit ngun gc scacn, hm
lng st t 59,71 n 65-70%; S, P, Pb, Zn thng thp, mc c ho php. Hm lng st
194

trong qung ngun gc nhit dch (trong hematit) Fe: 41,5-50% n 67% (magnetit); SiO
2
:
14-19%; Al
2
O
3
: 7,19-11,61%.
3. c im thnh phn khong vt, cu to v kin trc qung st
Trn c s nghin cu hn 60 mu khong tng, c ly t cc m/im qung st
MBVN: ch yu cc m TBBB (Qu Xa, Lng Vinh, Lng C, Kp Tc, Amuc Sung,
Lng Lch, Lng M- Hng Khnh), BBB (M Tng B), BTB (m Thch Kh) kt hp
vi tng hp v phn tch ti liu hin c, ch ra mt s c im thnh phn khong vt
qung sau y:
Magnetit (FeO.Fe
2
O
3
) l khong vt ph bin nht trong vng nghin cu, tn sut
xut hin ti 76,6% (trong mu khong tng), cn li l hematit v KVPQ. Magnetit tn ti
trong qung st nguyn sinh nh Amucsung, Bn Vc, Khe Lch, Kp Tc, Lng M,
Thch Kh, Tng B, v trong qung st th sinh nh Qu Xa. Magnetit Qu Xa tn ti
di dng cc mnh dm b bo mn i cht. c im chung ca magnetit l c t tnh
mnh, mu en, nu en; vt vch en v nu sm; nh kim; cng cao. Nhng c im
khc l magnetit mt s ni trong vng nh Bn Vc, Khe Lch, Lng M b bin i
phn ln thnh khong vt mi nn quan st bng mt thng d b nhm ln v ngay khi
quan st di knh lp v knh hin vi cng khng d dng nhn thy. Nh trn c ni n,
magnetit Qu Xa c c im chung l kch thc rt nh 0,1 0,3mm tn ti di dng
cc mnh dm nn ch c th pht hin di knh hin vi phn x. Magnetit tn ti di dng
cc ht tha hnh v na t hnh xm tn trn nn cc khong vt phi qung Thch Kh,
Amucsung, Bn Vc, Khe Lch, Kp Tc hoc chng tp hp thnh di xen k vi nhng
di quarzit nh Lng M hoc chng tn ti trong cc mnh dm nh Qu Xa.Trn nn
cc khong vt magnet it trong vng (tr Amucsung, Kp Tc, Thch Kh) cn li h ht
u b bin i thnh maghemit hoc hematit. Cc khong vt mi ny thng gm mn phn
ra ngoi hoc pht trin theo cc khe nt thnh vi mch hay mng mch trn nn khong vt
magnetit.
S lng maghemit trong mu cc khu vc khc nhau, ch yu TBBB, phn b
khng ng u v dao ng trong phm vi rng t t hoc 1- 2% (Lng M, Khe Lch) n
40 65% (Bn Vc), thm ch 80% (Amucsung).
Kch thc cc tinh th magnetit thay i ln t 0,02-0,05 n 0,2- 0,3 -0,4, 0,5mm.
C bit c nhng tinh th ch t 0,01mm (mu KM1, KM2) nhng c mt s tinh th t ti
0,1mm (mu KA1).
Hematit (Fe
2
O
3
) l khong vt ph bin th hai sau magemit c trong vng nghin
cu (tr V Lao).Tn sut xut hin ca hematit l 56,6% trong mu khong tng. Khong
vt ny gp cc khu Amucsung, Khe Lch, Bn Vc, Lng M, Qu Xa, Thch Kh v
Tng B. Di knh hin vi phn x phn bit c hai th h hematit: Hematit th h I. Bng
mi quan h gia cc khong vt v c im kin trc c th cho rng hematit th h I c
ngun gc ni sinh gp Amucsung v Khe Lch vi hm lng kh cao, c mt s mu t
35% hoc 40%.
Hu ht hematit th h I tn ti di dng kin trc ht na t hnh v ht tha hnh cn
gp kin trc dng kim que rt c trng. Cc th hnh kim, hnh que ca hematit th h I
phn b ln xn trn nn khong vt phi qung. Kch thc cc kim, que cng rt khc nhau
(0,01x0,35mm), (0,02 x 0,5mm), (0,05x0,8mm). C bi t c tinh th hematit h nh kim di 1 -
2mm.
Hematit th h II vi s lng khng cao nhng mc ph bin rt rng. Hu ht
cc ni TBBB, BBB, BTB, tr V Lao u c mt khong vt magnetit th ni c
mt hematit th h II. Hematit th h II pht trin phn ra ngoi hoc pht trin trong cc
khe nt ca magnetit. Ranh gii gi maghemit b bin i (martit ho) v hematit th h II
c s chuyn tip t t, hnh dng cong queo, vng vnh, in hnh l kin trc ht gm mn
v vi mng mch.
195

Chalcopyrit (CuFeS
2
) gp nhiu trong cc mu Sin Quyn, Bn Vc v Thch
Kh. Chalcopyrit cng magnetit v ilmenit xm tn tha trn n n khong vt phi qung (Bn
Vc). Thch Kh, chalcopyrit i cng vi cc sulfua khc: pyrit, galenit, pyrotin, sfalerit.
S lng chalcopyrit rt t v kch thc rt nh, tuy vy cc tnh cht vt l ca n cng
c quan st v th hin r nt di nh sng phn x.
Pyrit (FeS
2
) gp nhiu trong cc mu Sin Quyn; mt s mu Bn Vc v Thch
Kh. Pyrit, chalcopyrit cng magnetit v pyrotin xm tn tha trn nn khong vt phi qung.
Ilmenit (FeTiO
3
) ch gp Bn Vc vi tn sut xut hin l 13,3% hay i cng
magnetit v hematit.
Di nh sng phn x ilmenit c mu xm, kh nng phn x thp, cng cao.
Ilmenit xm tn tha trn n n phi qung, kin trc ht na t hnh v ht tha hnh vi kch
thc thay i trong phm vi 0,01 0,1mm, i ch kch thc t 0,2 -0,3mm. Nhn chung
hm lng ilmenit trong cc mu thp di 1%, ring mu KV4 t 2%. phn ra, khong
vt ilmenit b bin i thnh magemit.
Pyrotin ch gp trong cc mu Amusung, V Lao, Sin Quyn, Thch Kh. Pyrotin tn
ti di dng cc tinh th ht na t hnh v ht tha hnh vi kch thc nh 0,01 0,1mm.
Pyrotin xm tn trn nn khong vt phi qung v magnetit. D hng, cng trung bnh.
Hydrohematit (Fe
2
O
3
.nH
2
O) gp Qu Xa vi tn sut xut hin 10%. S lng
hydrohematit trong tp mu khng ng u. C mu khng gp, c mu 1% nhng c mu
dt 25%, trung bnh khong 10%.
Menicovit (FeS
2
) xut hin khong 10% trong tng cc khong vt c mt V Lao
v Qu Xa. Cn c vo quan h ca menicovit v cc khong vt khc cng nh cu trc ca
n, cc tc gi bo co xc nh y l loi khong vt c thnh to do qu trnh ngoi sinh.
Maghemit (Fe
2
O
3
) c tn sut xut hin 50%, gp Bn Vc, Khe Lch v Lng M.
Maghemit l khong vt do magnetit bin i thnh. V hnh thi, maghemit rt ging hematit do
martit ho nh m t trn nhng n ng hng v c t tnh. S lng maghemit trong cc
mu cng rt khc nhau, c mu khng gp, c mu t ti 50%. V tnh cht vt l, maghemit c
nhiu im tng ng vi magnetit nh t tnh mnh, c tnh ng hng, nhng cng thp
hn magnetit v mu khong v t di knh hin vi phn x khng c sc nu m l mu xm sng
ging hematit. Maghemit lun i cng magnetit, gm mn thay th magnetit phn ra ngoi. C
ch maghemit thay th hu nh ton b magnetit nn c kin trc gi hnh. i ni gp maghemit
pht trin trong cc khe nt ca magnetit to nn kin trc mng li v gm mn. Maghemit
xut hin tng i ng u trong cc mu (Lng M). Hm lng maghemit dao ng khong
10 15%, rt t mu t trn 20% v di 10%. Kch thc maghemit tu thuc vo mc bin
i magnetit, nhng thng thng dao ng trong khong t 0,1 -0,3 n 0,5 - 0,7mm.
Vng (Au) c pht hin vi s lng nh, ch gp mt vi tinh th nh trong mu
KA4 Amucsung. Kch thc cc ht vng nh hn 0,01mm khng b oxi ho v xm tn
trn nn khong vt to . y l ln u tin Vng (Au) c pht hin trong mu qung st
thnh phn hematit Vit Nam.
Sfalerit (ZnS) c pht hin cc mu qung st m Thch Kh, Tng B, i cng
vi cc sulfua khc nh galenit, pyrotin, pyrit.
Galenit (PbS) c pht hin hai mu qung st m Thch Kh, Tng B i cng
vi cc sulfua khc sfalerit, pyrotin, pyrit.
Molipdenit (MoS
2
) c pht hin duy nht v l ln u tin mu qung st m
Thch Kh; i cng vi cc sulfua khc nh galenit, sfalerit, pyrotin, pyrit, pyrotin v
magnetit. Molipdenit kh t hnh, hnh lng tr, cc khong vt sulfua kim loi ny u c ht
tha hnh, hnh l ng tr di (molipdenit); kch thc rt nh, dao ng 0,01 -0,2 mm, c bi t
n 0,4 (i vi sfalerit).
Goethit (HFeO
2
) l khong vt th sinh kh ph bin trong vng nghin cu vi tn
sut xut hin l 46,6%, gp Qu Xa, V Lao, Bn Vc, Tri Cau, Tin B, Linh Nham,
196

Amucsung, Goethit to tp hp dng thn, v, to tia, kin trc keo vi cng kh cao, mu
xm sng, d hng mnh. Goethit cn tn ti di dng xi mng lm cht gn kt cc mnh
vn ca . C loi goethit c bin i t maghemit, magnetit hoc hematit to nn cc
vin bao quanh v gm mn cc khong vt sinh trc. Trong s cc mu gp goethit, V
Lao c hm lng cao v ng u hn c (15 -20%), sau l Qu Xa (8 -10%).
4. c im cu to v kin trc qung st MBVN
T kt qu thng k nghin cu cho thy trn lnh th MBVN c hn 10 loi cu to
qung: xm tn, mch, mng mch, di, c sit, vi mch, thn, st, dng t, vin, v, dm,
to tia v nh. Trong s cc loi cu to trn, tn sut xut hin chng trong tp mu rt khc
nhau t 86,6% (cu to xm tn) n 16,6% (cu to thn, vi mch) v 3,3% (cu to to tia,
nh). Vng nghin cu c 10 loi kin trc qung (theo mc ph bin) gm: kin trc ht
tha hnh, ht na t hnh, gm mn, keo, gi hnh, mng li, kim que, tn d, khm, ht t
hnh. Kin trc ht tha hnh c tn sut xut hin 83,3%; c mt hu ht trong cc mu nghin
cu. Trn c s trc tip nghin cu hn 60 mu khong tng, c ly t cc m/im
qung st MBVN v kt hp vi ngun ti liu lu tr hin c, chng ti tp hp c
ch ra mt s c im thnh phn khong vt qung sau y:
Bng 1. Mt s dng cu to- kin trc qung st MBVN
T
T
Cu to qung
thng gp
M in hnh
Kin trc qung
thng gp
M in hnh
1 Cu to xm tn Hu ht cc m Kin trc ht tha hnh Hu ht cc m
2 Cu to c sit Thch Kh, Kp tc Kin trc ht t hnh Hu ht cc m ngun
gc skarn
3 Cu to mch Bn Vc,
Amucsung
Kin trc ht na t hnh Amucsung, Khe L ch,
Lng M
4 Cu to mng mch Bn Vc, Amucsung Kin trc gm mn v tn d Hu ht cc m
5 Cu to vi mch Bn Vc,
Amucsung
Kin trc keo Qu Xa, V Lao
6 Cu to di Lng M Kin trc gi hnh Qu Xa, V Lao, B n
Vc, Amucsung
7 Cu to dng t Qu Xa, V Lao Kin trc mng li Bn Vc
8 Cu to to tia Qu Xa, V Lao Kin trc hnh kim Amucsung, Qu Xa
9 Cu to thn Qu Xa Kin trc khm Lng M, Amucsung.
10 Cu to v Qu Xa, Kin trc ht t hnh Lng M
11 Cu to khung Qu Xa, V Lao Kin trc gm mn Lng M, Amucsung.
5. Tim nng qung st vng nghin cu v nh hng s dng
5.1. Tng tr lng- ti nguyn qung st vng nghin cu
Ti nguyn- tr lng qung st ton vng nghin cu vo khong 3 t tn. Ti
nguyn- tr lng q ung st xc nh k hon g 4 00 triu tn Ty Bc Bc B vi tr
lng thm d cc cp (c) khong 130 triu tn, ch yu qung st phong ho. Ring qung
st bin cht c th t ti trn 200 triu tn (hm lng st trung bnh khong 35%). Ti
nguyn- tr lng qung st ng Bc Bc B khong 600 triu tn. Trung Trung B
khong 600 triu tn, trong tuyt i b phn khong 540 triu thuc m st Thch Kh [1,
2].
5.2. nh hng s dng qung st vng nghin cu
MBVN, tuyt i b phn qung st, nh chng ta bit, c dng trong ngnh luyn
kim en sn xut gang, thp. l lnh vc ch yu. Tuy nhin, mt s qung st ngho c
th s dng sn xut bt mu, sn hoc ph gia xi mng.
Nhm nguyn liu mang mu l oxit st khng cha nc (tc l Fe
2
O
3
). Thc cht
l qung st gm cc bin th n tinh ca hematit hm lng Fe
2
O
3
thay i t 35 n
70%. Nguyn liu ph gia xi mng, hai nguyn liu chnh sn xut xi mng l vi v
t st (chim 90- 95% khi lng). Thnh phn ha hc ch yu ca phi liu gm 04 oxit
197

chnh nh: CaO (t vi) v SiO
2
, Fe
2
O
3
, Al
2
O
3
(t t st) v mt s cc oxit khc vi hm
lng nh : MgO, Na
2
O, K
2
O. (Hm lng MgO <=5%; Na
2
O+K
2
O 2%). ; nu t st
thiu cc oxit, s c b sung bng cc ph gia iu chnh thng qua vic s dng thm ct
silic, qung st, boxit, hay bazan. Vit Nam c qung st ngho v bazan v kh di do.
Xt theo TPHH, qung st ngho MBVN c th p ng c vai tr ca nguyn liu ph gia
xi mng.

Chalcopyrit, sfalerit to kin trc phn hy dung dch
cng i cng galenit xm tn trn nn
(Ngoi ra, phn su m Thch Kh)

2. Goethit (Go) lm ximng gn kt cc mnh vn (mu sm)
Cu to dm kt, thn, vin. Kin trc keo, gi hnh. N
-
, 500 (Qu
Xa)

Hnh 1. Mt s dng cu to - kin trc qung st MBVN

198

6. Kt lun
MBVN l mt phn l nh th rng ln k o d i t cc bc n v tuyn 1 7 . Vn g
nghin cu c to nn bi cc t hp thch kin to (THTKT) khc nhau vi cc h tng
trm tch v cc magma c tui khc nhau. Trong vng nghin cu c gn 90 m/im
qung st thuc cc kiu ngun gc khc nhau [1, 2].
a. Kiu ngun gc skarn/scacn tp trung ch yu BTB (Thch Kh- H Tnh v
BBB (N Ra, Bn Lng, vv - Cao Bng) chim tuyt i b phn ti nguyn-tr lng
qung st Vit nam. Kiu ngun gc nhit dch t ph bin, quy m nh, gp Bc Kn (Bn
Phng), Lo Cai (Bn Vc, Minh Lng) v Yn Bi, mi ch c nghin cu s b.
Kiu ngun gc phong ha in hnh l qung st nu, ang l i tng khai thc hin nay
(Tri Cau, Linh Nham, Tin B, Qu Xa, Lng Vinh, Lng C, v.v...). Kiu ngun gc bin
cht (?) hoc nhit dch trao i thay th (?) phn b thnh i khng lin tc b phi sng
Hng, t Lo Cai Yn Bi n Ph Th (TBBB) v mt t H Giang (BBB).
b. Thnh phn khong vt qung vng nghin cu kh n gin ch yu l nhm st
oxit v st hydroxit. TPCI chnh l Fe, th n l Mg. TPCH (S, P, Zn, Pb, As, Cu) mc cho
php. Qung magnetit v hematit/martit c hm lng st cao (54-65%Fe), c th luyn kim
trc tip. Qung st kiu "quarzit" (?) c hm lng st trung bnh 32-35%Fe l loi qung
ngho.
c. Cu to v kin trc qung vng nghin cu c hnh thnh bao gm cu to v
kin trc qung c hnh thnh trong hai giai on. Cu to v kin trc qung nguyn sinh
kh gia cng, lm giu trong qu trnh tuyn qung. Cu to v kin trc qung th sinh c
kt cu xp, b ri, cu to dng t nn gia cng v lm giu thun li, kh nng thu hi sn
phm c ch cao
d . Cho n nay, Vit Nam mi ch c qung st giu dng lm nguyn liu cho
luyn kim en. Qung st ngho nu lm giu hp l, s lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip
luyn kim hoc c th c s dng lm bt mu t nhin, ph gia xi mng nhm nng cao
hiu qu kinh t, s dng tit kim v bo v ti nguyn hu hn.
e. Mt s khuyn ngh:
Cn c cc cng trnh nghin cu tip theo lm sng t mt s vn v ngun gc
m, quan im cha thng nht (Tng B, Lng M, Kp Tc, Lng Pht, v.v...). tip tc
nghin cu, phn tch b sung mt lng mu cn thit khng nh kh nng s dng
qung st trong cc lnh vc khc nh lm ph gia sn xut xi mng, sn xut sn mu, bt
mu t nhin.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Trn Bnh Ch, nnk, 2008. Nghin cu thnh phn vt cht, phn chia cc kiu qung st
trong cc thnh to bin cht ra ty nam t gy sng Hng v nh hng s dng chng".
Bo co ti NCKH cp B, M s: B2008- 02-50
[2]. Trn Bnh Ch, nnk, 2010. Nghin cu thnh phn vt cht, phn chia cc kiu qung st
trong cc thnh to bin cht ra ty nam t gy sng Hng v nh hng s dng chng".
Bo co ti NCKH cp c s, M s: T01-- 01
[3]. Trn Bnh Ch, 2004. M hnh phn loi qung st Vit Nam, Tp ch KHKT M - a
cht, s 5, 01- 2004. i hc M - a cht
[4]. Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 124/2 006/Q/TTg ngy 30.05.2006 v vic
Ph duyt Quy hoch thm d, khai thc, ch bin v s dng qung st n nm 2010, nh
hng n nm 2020
[5]. Ti liu Bo co nghin cu tin kh thi khai thc m st Qu Xa. Bn dch ting Trung
Quc, 1994. Lu tr Tng cng ty thp Vit Nam.
[6]. Trn Vn Tr v nnk 2000. Ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam . Tng cc a cht v
Khong sn. B Ti nguyn Mi trng.
199

SUMMARY
Textural and structural chracteristics of iron ores in the Southern Vietnam and
their orientation to use
Tran Binh Chu, Hoang Thi Thoa, Ngo xuan Dac
Mineral compositions of iron ores in the Northern Vietnam are rather sipmle, mainly
magnetite, hematite, hydrohematite, and goethite. They have more than 10 types of ore
strutures: disseminated, massive, stockwork, veint-veinlets, reniform, soil-like, colloform,
breccia, crustified, radiolitic and emulsion textures. There are 10 ore types texture of iron
ores in the study area, according to popularity including: allotriomorphic, subhedral, hedral,
corrode, colloform, veinlet-network, rodlike-needlelike, pseudomorphic, remnants, mosaic,
reniform and idiomorphic textures.
The study of mineral compositions, structures, and textures of iron ores in the
Southern Vietnam helps establishing the genesis of ore deposites and orientation to
exploration efficiency, as well as help researchers to propose an appropriate technological
scheme. Great majority of iron ores is being used in metallurgy for the production of pig
irons and steels. However, some poor iron ore can be used to produce pigments, color paints
or cement additives.


200


C IM THNH PHN KHONG VT, CU TO & KIN TRC
QUNG THIC - VOLFRAM M NI PHO, I T, THI NGUYN
Hong Th Thoa, Phm Minh Nam, Ng Xun c
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt : M a kim Ni Pho phn b trn a phn cc x H Thng , Hng Sn, Tn
Thi, Phc Linh huyn i T, tnh Thi Nguyn. Thnh phn khong vt qung ca m kh
n gin, ch yu l cc khong vt nh pyrit, arsenopyrit, wolframit, casiterit, chalcopyrit,
pyrotin v cc khong vt th sinh gm c goethit, scorodit, melnicovit v covelin. Cc dng
cu to ph bin ca qung l xm tn, vi mch. Cc dng kin trc ph bin l kin trc ht
t hnh, ht na t hnh, ht tha hnh, gm mn, kin trc st v kin trc ht gi hnh. Kt
qu nghin cu cho thy qung thic - volfram trong m Ni Pho c thnh to bi hai
thi k v ba giai on to khong , c trng bi 3 t hp cng sinh khong vt (THCSKV)
gm: arsenopyrit - pyrit - pyrotin -casiterit - volframit - chalcopyrit; chalcopyrit - pyrotin -
sphalerit v anglezit -covelin - goethit - scorodit melnicovit
1. M u
Cc thn qung thic - volfram trong vng nghin cu ch yu c dng mch tn ti
trong cc granit biotit, granodiorit, granit biotit - hornblend v granit sng mu; phn b
thnh di ko di theo phng ng bc - ty nam vi chiu di thay i t 70 n 300m. Cc
thn qung c th nm kh n nh vi gc dc dao ng t 60 n 70
0
. B dy cc thn
qung khng n nh, thay i t 0,2 cho ti 4,23 m. Hm lng Sn-W dao ng t 0,1- 0,3%
trung bnh t 0,27% [1].
2. c im thnh phn khong vt
Thnh phn qung thic - volfram m Ni Pho , i T - Thi Nguyn kh n gin ,
vi s c mt ca cc khong vt nguyn sinh nh pyrit , arsenopryit, chalcopyrit, pyrotin,
casiterit, volframit v cc khong vt th sinh gm c goethit , scorodit, melnicovit, covelin
[1,2].
Di y l m t chi tit cc khong vt gp trong qung Thic - Volfram m Ni
Pho theo mc ph bin gim dn.
2.1. Nhm khong vt qung nguyn sinh
Kt qu phn tch mu khong tng di knh hin vi phn x cho thy cc
khong vt nguyn sinh gp trong khu vc nghin cu bao gm : pyrit, arsenopyrit,
chalcopyrit, pyrotin, sphalerit, galenit, casiterit, volframit.
Pyrit (FeS
2
): pyrit gp trong mu nghin cu vi tn sut xut hin kh cao , hm
lng trung bnh ca pyrit khong 25%. Pyrit trong m gp hai th h . Pyrit th h I (Pyrit I)
thng tn ti di dng cc ht na t hnh , tha hnh i khi t hnh xm tn trn nn phi
qung, i ch b chalcopyrit lp y cc khe dp v to thnh cc vi mch . Kch thc ca
pyrit I thay i t 0,1 n 2mm (ph bin trong khong 0,3 n 0,5mm) (nh 6, 7, 9).
Pyrit II thng tn ti di dng cc ht tha hnh i khi na t hnh dng mch
xm tn trong cc khe nt ca vi kch thc thay i t 0,1n 0,2mm.
Arsenopyrit (FeAsS): tn ti di dng cc ht t hnh , ht na t h nh vi kch
thc thay i t 0,1 n 0,5mm, i khi gp tinh th arsenopyrit c kch thc t 3mm. Cc
tinh th arsenopyrit xm tn kh u trn nn phi qung cng vi pyrit , chalcopyrit. (nh 1,
7).
Chalcopyrit (CuFeS
2
): trong m gp hai th h chalcopyrrit , chng tn ti ch yu
di dng cc ht tha hnh, kh ng thc, kch thc nh hn 0,2mm xm tn ri rc trong
mu cng pyrit , arsenopyrit. i ch chalcopyrit to thnh nh , vi mch lp y trong khe
nt ca pyrit , arsenopyrit, gm mn v thay th arsenopyrit. Ra ngoi ht chalcopyrit b
covelin ha, chalcozin ha (nh 1, 2, 6, 7, 8).

201

nh 1.
Arsenopyrit(Ars), Chalcopyrit (Cp ),Goethit (Goe)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht tha hnh, gm mn,keo

nh 2.
Chalcopyrit (Cp), Sphalerit (Sph)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht tha hnh
Pyrotin (Fe
1-x
S): pyrotin vi tn sut xut hin khng cao (khong 2- 5%) nhng hm
lng trung bnh ca pyrotin kh cao so vi cc khong vt qung khc trong m (khong
1%). Pyrotin tn ti di dng cc ht na t hnh v ht tha hnh vi kch thc kh nh , dao
ng trong khong t 0,01 n 0,2mm. Pyrotin b melnicovit ha thay th tng phn ( nh
4,8).
Casiterit (SnO
2
): casiterit gp ch yu di dng tm , dng tha hnh kch thc
thay i t 0,1 n 0,4mm. Casiterit thng to thnh cc nh xm tn u trn nn
phi qung , i ch gp casiterit lp y cc khe nt ca (nh 4,5).
Volframit (Fe,Mn)WO
4
: l khong vt c tn sut xut hin cng nh hm
lng khng nhiu ch yu tn ti di dng tm, dng tinh th tha hnh xm tn trn
nn phi qung vi kch thc thay i t 0,1 n 0,4mm (nh 3).

nh 3. Volframit (Wf), Pyrotin (Po), Pyrit
(Py),Chalcopyrit (Cp), Goethit (Goe)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht tha hnh, keo

nh 4.
Pyrotin (Po), Casiterit (Cas)
Cu to xm tn, mch. Kin trc ht tha hnh
Sphalerit (ZnS): sphalerit l khong vt c hm lng khng ng k trong m , ch
gp mt vi tinh th nm ri rc trong chalcopyrit , i khi to cc nh trong pyrit ,
arsenopyrit. Sphalerit tn ti ch yu di dng cc ht tha hnh vi kch thc nh hn
0,1mm (nh 2).
2.2.Cc khong vt qung th sinh
Cc khong vt th sinh c mt trong m gm c anglezit, covelin, goethit, scorodit
v melnicovit.
Anglezit (PbSO
4
)
Anglezit gp trong m vi hm lng khng ng k , chng thng to thnh cc
vin xung quanh tinh th galenit , i ch gp anglezit dc theo cc khe dp nt trn mt ca
tinh th galenit.
Covelin (CuS)
Covelin tn ti trong m vi hm lng khng ng k , thng to thnh cc
vin nh xung quanh cc tinh th chalcopyrit v galenit (nh 5).
202

Goethit (HFeO
2
)
Goethit tn ti di dng ht nh , to thnh tp hp dng keo , vi mch, i ch gp
goethit di dng cc ht gi hnh theo pyrit , kin trc st (nh 1, 3, 8).

nh 5. Chalcopyrit (Cp),Casiterit (Cas), Covelin (Cov)
Cu to xm tn, vin. Kin trc ht tha hnh

nh 6. Pyrit(Py), Chalcopyrit (Cp )
Cu to xm tn, vi mch. Kin trc ht tha hnh, keo
Scorodit (FeAsO
4
)
2
(H
2
O): scorodit l khong vt th sinh ca arsenopyrit , tn ti di
dng keo trong arsenopyrit hoc to thnh rim bao quanh cc tinh th arsenopyrit.
Melnicovit: melnicovit tn ti di dng ht , dng keo thay th pyrotin vi hm lng
khng nhiu trong m.
3. c im cu to v kin trc qung
Nghin cu cu to & kin trc qung khng ch c ngha trong vic ch ra cc dng
cu to, kin trc qung gp trong m m cn c ngha trong vic lp li th t sinh thnh
cc khong vt t xc nh c cc th h khong vt , cc t hp cng sinh khong vt
gip xc nh ngun gc m . Nghin cu cu to - kin trc qung cng c ngha nht nh
trong cng tc tm kim thm d v cng tc tuyn, luyn qung.
3.1 . c im cu to qung
Kt qu nghin cu qung thic - volfram m Ni Pho cho thy cc dng cu to gp
trong m ph bin l dng cu to xm tn, cu to vi mch v cu to vin.
Cu to xm tn: l dng cu to ph bin nht trong m, y l dng cu to c
trng cho cc khong vt pyrit, volframit, chalcopyrit v pyrotin dng ht na t hnh, ht tha
hnh xm tn trn nn phi qung ( nh 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9).
Cu to mch: l dng cu to t ph bin hn dng cu to xm tn, cc mch c
to nn bi cc khong vt chalcopyrit, pyrit, pyrotin, goethit (nh 6, 8).

nh 7.
Arsenopyrit(Ars), Chalcopyrit (Cp)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht tha hnh

nh 8.
Chalcopyrit (Cp), pyrotin (Po), Goethit (Goe)
Cu to xm tn, mch. Kin trc ht tha hnh
Cu to vin: l dng cu to t ph bin trong m, n c trng cho khong vt th
sinh c thnh to v to thnh cc vin xung quanh cc khong vt nguyn sinh, in hnh
gp covelin to vin quanh chalcopyrit v anglezit to cc vin xung quanh galenit .

203

3.2. c im kin trc qung
Trong vng nghin cu ph bin cc dng kin trc ht t hnh, ht na t hnh, ht
tha hnh, kin trc gm mn, kin trc st v kin trc gi hnh.
Kin trc ht t hnh: l dng kin trc t ph bin ch gp trong mt vi mu nghin
cu, y l kiu kin trc c trng cho cc tinh th pyrit, arsenopyrit kt tinh kh hon chnh,
quan st c y gc cnh ca tinh th, ranh gii gia cc tinh th khc kh r rng ( nh
9).

nh 9. Pyrit (Py)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht t hnh

nh 10. Pyrit (Py), chalcopyrit (Cp)
Cu to xm tn. Kin trc ht na t hnh, tha hnh
Kin trc ht ht na t hnh: l dng kin trc tng i ph bin trong vng, in
hnh gp cc khong vt pyrit, arsenopyrit, galenit, pyrotin dng na t hnh xm tn trn nn
khong vt phi qung. Loi kin trc ny thng i cng kin trc ht tha hnh v ht t hnh.
Kin trc ht na t hnh c kt tinh trong iu kin thun li hn kin trc ht tha hnh
nn cc tinh th pht trin tng i hon chnh (nh 10).
Kin trc ht tha hnh: l dng kin trc rt ph bin trong m, chng c mt hu
ht trong cc mu nghin cu v c trng cho cc khong vt nh pyrit , pyrotin, chalcopyrrit
v casiterit dng tha hnh xm tn trn nn phi qung . Hnh dng, kch thc ca cc khong
vt ca kiu kin trc ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo khong trng ca cc khong vt thnh to
trc v thng mo m, gc cnh khng pht trin (nh 1, 5, 6,7).
Kin trc gm mn l dng kin trc c trng cho cc khong vt kt tinh sm b
dung dch khong ho mun hn n mn lm bin i hnh dng ban u, ranh gii gia
chng c d ng ng cong vng vnh. Ranh gii gi a ht gm mn v tn d c s
chuyn tip t t v hnh dng ca chng thng b li lm , rng ca . c trng cho kiu
kin trc ny trong m gp arsenopyrit , casiterit b cc khong vt sinh sau nh
chalcopyrit , pyrotin v pyrit gm mn (nh 1).
Kin trc keo: l dng kin trc t gp v c trng cho cc khong vt melnicovit v
goethit (nh 7).
Kin trc ht gi hnh: l kin trc trong cc khong vt th sinh hu nh thay th
hon ton khong vt nguyn sinh, cc khong vt nguyn sinh ch c th hin hnh hi bn
ngoi. in hnh cho dng kin trc ny trong m gp khong vt goethit gi hnh theo pyrit.
4. Thi k v giai on to khong, t hp cng sinh khong vt
Trn c s kt qu nghin cu kt hp vi cc ti liu nghin c u trc y c th kt
lun m thic - volfram Ni Pho c thnh to tri qua hai thi k to khong v ba giai
on to khong c c trng bi ba THCSKV.
4.1. Thi k to khong th nht
Thi k to khong th nht trong m l thi k nhit dch. Thi k ny gm hai giai
on to khong v c c trng bi hai THCSKV l arsenopyrit - pyrit - pyrotin - casiterit-
volframit - chalcopyrit v THCSKV chalcopyrit - pyrotin - sphalerit. Cc dng cu to & kin
204

trc qung c trng cho thi k to khong ny gm cu to xm tn, cu to mch v kin
trc ht na t hnh, ht t hnh v kin trc gm mn.
4.2. Thi k to khong th hai
y l thi k to khong phong ha, trong thi k to khong ny ch c mt giai on
to khong v c c trng bi s c mt ca cc khong vt th sinh trong m nh anglezit,
covelin, goethit, scorodit v melnicovit. Cu to vin, kin trc keo, kin trc ht gi hnh l
cc dng cu to v kin trc c trng cho thi k to khong th hai ny.
5. Kt lun
Mt s kt lun c rt ra trn c s cc kt qu nghin cu kt hp vi cc ti liu
nghin cu trc y nh sau:
- Thnh phn qung thic - volfram m Ni Pho , i T - Thi Nguyn kh n
gin, c mt c cc khong vt nguyn sinh nh py rit, arsenopyrit, wolframit, casiterit,
chalcopyrit, pyrotin v cc khong vt th sinh gm goethit , scorodit, melnicovit, covelin.
- Cu to v kin trc qung trong m ch yu l cc dng cu to xm tn, mch nh,
vin, kin trc thng gp l kin trc ht t hnh, ht tha hnh, ht na t hnh, kin trc keo
v kin trc ht gi hnh.
- M c thnh to tri qua hai thi k to khong l cc thi k to khong nhit
dch v phong ha.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Th Ti, 2011. c im qung ha v tim nng qung thic - volfram khu Ty
ni Pho, i T - Thi Nguyn, Trng i hc M - a cht, H Ni.
[2]. Trn Vn Tr, 2000 . Ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam, B Cng nghip.

SUMMARY
Mineral composition characteristics, structure and texture of tin-wolfram ores in Nui
Phao deposit, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province
Hoang Thi Thoa, Pham Minh Nam, Ngo Xuan Dac
The Nui Phao polymetallic deposit is located in the area of Ha Thuong, Hung Son,
Tan Thai, Phuc Linh communes, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province. The mineral
composition of the deposit is simple and consists mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, casiterite,
chalcopyrite, wolframite, pyrrhotine and other secondary minerals including goethite,
scorodite, melnicovite and covelline. The common types of ore structure are disseminated and
micro - veining; the dominant types of texture are idiomorphic, semi - idiomorphic,
hypidiomorphic granular, relict, corrosive, subhedral, allotriomorphic, xenomorphic and
pseudogranular textures. The research results show that tin-tungsten ores in Nui Phao were
formed during two mineralezation episodes and three phases, which are characterized by
three mineral parageneses, including arsenopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotine - casiterite - wolframite -
chalcopyrite; chalcopyrite - pyrrhotine - sphalerite and anglezite - covelline - goethite -
scorodite melnicovite.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Nguyn Tin Dng

205


TC PHONG HA HA HC CC SILICAT
TI LU VC SNG HNG V MC TIU TH CO
2

Nguyn Vn Ph, Tng hi a cht Vit Nam
Seulgi Moon, Youngsook Huh
Trng cc KH Tri t v Mi trng, i hc QG. Seoul, Hn Quc
Jinhua Qin, Vin a cht v Khong sn Thnh , Trung Quc

Tm tt: Lu vc Sng Hng trn lnh th Vit Nam c hnh thnh dc i t gy Sng
Hng v tri qua nhiu hot ng kin to a cht. Chnh cc qu trnh ny y nhanh
tc phong ha trong lu vc v km theo l mc tiu th kh CO
2
ca kh quyn trong.
Bo co ny trnh by cc kt qu nghin cu a ha dng chy lu vc Sng Hng thng
qua phn tch cc nguyn t ha tan chnh v thnh phn ng v Sr ca cc mu c ly t
ba nhnh chnh ca h thng sng Hng vo hai ma ma v kh. Cc kt qu phn tch
cho php nh gi t c phong ha cc trn ton lu vc trong vic nh lng ha
u vo t lng ma, lng bc hi, cc bn cha carbonat v silicat c tin hnh nh
s dng cc m hnh thun v nghch. Kt qu cho thy qu trnh ha tan carbonat chim
phn ng k cc ion ha tan, cn qu trnh phong ha cc silicat ch gp phn th yu. Bng
phng php u vit nht, cc tc gi xc nh tc phong ha silicat trung bnh ti lu
vc Sng Hng vo ma h l 17010
3
mol/km
2
/nm v vo ma ng l 5110
3

mol/km
2
/nm; t tnh c mc tiu th CO
2
.
1. M u
Ngy nay, th gii ang phi i mt vi cc vn mi trng quan trng c lin
quan ti bin i kh hu v loi ngi ang gy p lc ln h sinh thi ton cu v ch
yu lin quan ti s gia tng lng CO
2
trong kh quyn.
Trn phng din a cht, hai qu trnh ch o tham gia vo chi ph i s cn bng
CO
2
ca kh quyn, l: s thot kh CO
2
thot vo kh quyn ch yu do hot ng ni la
v s tiu th CO
2
do qu trnh phong ha silicat. Qu trnh phong ha ha h c cc khong
vt silicat sn ra HCO
3
sau n c vn chuyn vo i dng nh sng ngi. HCO

3

lng ng trong i dng trong qu trnh thnh to carbonat, kt qu l CO
2
b mang i khi
kh quyn. Do m qu trnh phong ha ha hc cc silicat c xem l mt c my iu
chnh lng CO
2
ca kh quyn qua cc thi k a cht [1] v tc phong ha silicat cn
c nghin cu tt hn c th hiu r v s tin ha ca CO
2
trongkh quyn.
Raymo v Ruddiman (1992) [14] cho rng do s nng cao dy Himalaya y
nhanh qu trnh phong ha ha hc v c l hc ng thi tng mc tiu th CO
2
ca kh
quyn. Lu vc Sng Hng nm ra ng nam ca cao nguyn Tibet cng chu nhng nh
hng v qu trnh nng kin to . nh lng ha tc phong ha silicat lu vc Sng
Hng c tin hnh nh p dng cc m hnh tnh ton lng cc nguyn t chnh v cc
ng v t cc u vo khc nhau: ma, bc hi, carbonat, sulfid v u vo Holocen [2].
Trn c s phn tch thnh phn cc nguyn t chnh v thnh phn ng v Sr ca lu vc
Sng Hng v nhng bin i v khng gian trn cc ton h thng theo ma c th nh
lng ha tc phong ha silicat v hm lng CO
2
c trong mi tng quan vi kh
hu v a cht, a hnh.
2. Mt s nt c trng lu vc sng Hng
2.1. c im a l, kh hu v thy vn
Sng Hng bt ngun t pha ng nam cao nguyn Ty Tng (Tibet) tnh Vn
Nam, Trung Quc v chy theo hng TB-N dc theo i t gy sng Hng qua min Bc
Vit Nam ti vnh Bc B. Din tch lu vc Sng Hng l 15710
3
km
2
[16] trong din
tch nghin cu chim khong ~86% (hnh 1).
206

(a)
(b)
100 E
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
22 N
o
24 N
o
22 N
o
24 N
o
22 N
o
24 N
o
22 N
o
24 N
o
S
a
lw
e
e
n
Trung
Quc
Cao nguyn
Ty tng
n
Vnh
Bc B
L.vc
Sng Thao
M
n
g
Thnh ph
a im ly mu
bin cht
trm tch
ni la
a khi ng Dung
Cn Minh
Cn Minh
Gm
H ni
Ha Bnh 0 20 40 80 120 160
N
Pearl
kilomet
i un np Nam
Trung Hoa
RD102
RD202
RD103
RD204 RD105
RD120
RD217
RD119
RD215
RD118
RD215
RD102
RD102
RD214
RD115
RD101
RD201
RD209
RD208
RD213 RD114
RD113
RD210
RD211
RD111
RD117 RD105
RD207
Bn Simao
Bn Yangbi
N
m
th
m
n
a
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
100 E
o
0 20 40 80 120 160
kilomet
N
t

g
y

s
n
g

M
Bn
Chuxiong
H ni
Ha Bnh
t g
y
s
n
g
H
n
g
L.vc
Sng L
L.vc
Sng
Nn Dung T

Hnh 1. (a) - Bn v tr ly mu lu vc sng Hng vi ba ph lu: sng , sng Thao
(dng chnh) v sng L. (b)- Phn b cc loi trong vng nghin cu (c chia thnh
ba loi: cc trm tch, magma v bin cht).
Lu vc Sng Hng nm trong ch kh hu nhit i v cn nhit i gi ma.
Lng ma, lng bc hi v dng chy mt tri qua s dao ng theo ma. Nhit khng
kh trung bnh trn ton lu vc bin ng t 12
o
C n 22
o
C, lng ma hng thng dao ng
t 18 mm n 210 mm, lng bc hi tim nng t 58 mm n 100 mm.
Tng lu lng ca sng Hng l ~120 km
3
/nm (th 32 trn th gii), v lng vn
chuyn cht l lng trung bnh l ~130 10
6
t/nm (th 14 trn th gii). Lu lng nc ti
H Ni cao nht (725 km
3
/nm) vo thng 7 v thng 8 v thp nht (22 km
3
/nm) vo thng
1 n thng 3. Trong ma h hm lng cc vt cht l lng l ~12 g/l v chim ti 90%
lng vt cht trm tch c nm.
2.2. Vi nt v a cht-kin to
i t gy sng Hng c phng ko di TB-N l mt i t gy ln trt bng
c theo mt di bin cht cao v l ranh gi i gia hai a khi: nam Trung Hoa (nn
207

Dng T) v ng Dng (H.1b). Ba ph lu ca lu vc sng Hng c s khc bit nhau
v thnh phn thch hc. Lu vc sng Thao ch yu c cu to bi cc bin cht, ngoi
tr thng ngun c gp cc trm tch cha than v cc ai siu mafic c cha cc
sulfide. Lu vc Sng c cu thnh bi cc trm tch tui Paleozoi v Mezozoi vi
cc ai felsic nh. Lu vc sng L c cc bin cht thp v cc trm tch bin cht tui
Proterozoi v Paleozoi vi mt s khi xm nhp granitoid.
3. Phng php lun
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, cc tc gi thu thp l 43 mu nc sng; cc mu ly
c xp thnh ba nhm tu thuc vo din tch ca ba ph lu chnh l: sng (chim
38%), sng Thao (dng chnh ca sng Hng chim 35%), v sng L (27%) din tch nghin
cu (H.1a)
Cc mu nc sng c ly vo ma h v vo ma ng. Cc mu nghin cu thnh
phn cc ion chnh c lc qua giy lc 0,45 m polycarbonat phn tch Sr c c 0,4 m
c a vo hm ng bo qun ti thc a trong khong 24 gi sau khi ly mu. Cc mu
phn tch nguyn t vt v cc mu phn tch cht dinh dng c nh HCl hay HNO
3
v
ng vo cc chai chuyn dng. pH c o ngay ti ni ly mu. Cc cation chnh (Na
+
,
K
+
, Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
) c phn tch bng quang ph hp th nguyn t, HCO
3
bng phng php
chit sut Gran, Cl v SO
4
2-
bng phng php sc k ion, cn Si (trong cc mu c nh
acid) phn tch bng phng php so mu. Hm lng stronti c xc nh trn my ICP-
MS v thnh phn ng v c xc nh trn my khi ph. Cc ch s bo ha calcit v
dolomit (CSI, DSI) v p sut ring phn ca CO
2
(pCO
2
) c tnh bng Geochemists
Workbench v.4.0 (Bethke, 2002) v cc c s d liu nhit ng hc c cung cp bng
chng trnh hi quy phc STEPWISE v cc thut ton thng k.
4. Kt qu v tho lun
4.1. Ngun cc ion chnh trong cc sng
Phng trnh tng th i vi bt k nguyn t ha tan X c mt trong nc sng c
th vit di dng sau [23]:
[X]
sng
=X
khquyn
+X
evaporit
+X
carbonat
+X
silicat
+X
sulfid
+X
nhn sinh
c tnh ha hc ca nc ma ch yu xut pht t cc sol kh bin cng nh t qu
trnh ha tan bi lc a quy m ca lu vc, u vo bi ch yu c ngun gc a phng,
tc l c s phn b li vt cht m khng phi mang t ngoi vo. Cc s liu ma trong cc
lu vc sng cho thy rng hm lng ca cc ion chnh trong nc ma rt thp v b qua
chng cng khng nh hng nhiu ti kt qu tnh ton.
4.2. Cc nguyn t chnh
Tng lng cation ha tan (TZ
+
=Na
+
+K
+
+2Mg
2+
+2Ca
2+
) v tng lng anion ha
tan (TZ
-
=Cl

-
+2SO
4
2-
+HCO
3
-
) cn bng tng i tt: 39 trong s 43 mu c cn bng hm
lng cc cht v c c trung bnh ha, NICB = (TZ
+
- TZ
-
)/TZ
+
, di 7%, v tt c cc
mu c NICB <10%.
Tng lng cht rn ha tan TDS (p =0,052): trung bnh v ma h l 172 mg/l v
v ma ng l 179 mg/l) tc l khng c s khc bit ln theo ma. Ch ring sng l c
s gim i ~15% v TDS (p =0.004). Nhn chung cc con sng khng tri qua qu trnh ha
tan n thun v hm lng cc cht ha hc ha tan cng vi s tng ln ca lu lng
nc.

208

Ma ng
Ma h (a)
(b)
S.L
S.Thao
S.
Mg
Ca
Na+K
HCO
Cl+SO Si
RD206
RD216
RD210
0.5
RD102
RD212
RD216
0.5 0.5
0.5
4
3

Hnh 2. Gin ba thnh phn cc cation (a) v anion (b) (theo cc n v ng
lng). Phong ha carbonat (Ca, HCO
3
) chim phn ln trong thnh phn cc nguyn
t chnh ca sng Hng. T s Ca/Mg thay i theo ma. Cc mu ly t sng Thao
giu cc anion Cl + SO
4
.
Hm lng cc cation chnh xp theo th t Ca
2+
>Mg
2+
>Na
+
>K
+
(theo phn t
gam) (hnh 2a). V ma h hm lng Ca thp hn, trung bnh l 11% cn hm lng li cao
hn Mg 10%. HCO
3
-
l anion ph bin nht v chim hn 70% TZ
-
theo n v in tch tng
ng (hnh 2b). Hm lng Si bin ng t 96 n 246 ppm (trung bnh 178 ppm) v khng
c s khc bit ng k gia h thng 3 ph lu (p = 0,31). Hm lng SO
4
2-
v Cl
-
li khc
hn, trong sng Thao cao gp 2-3 ln trong hai ph lu trong h thng.
T s phn t gam quy chun theo Na c s dng i snh vi lu lng v
bc hi khc nhau. T l phn t gam Ca/Na v Mg/Na khng c dng phn b log chun
(p<0,05) nhng thin v t s cao hn cc sng ton cu; t s Cl/Na c dng phn b log -
chun (H. 4a,b,c). Cc t s Ca/Na v Mg/Na cao gp 3 ln t s Cl/Na v thp hn 0.4 ln so
vi cc sng ton cu, nh c th gii thch mt cch nh lng v s p o ca carbonat
i vi cc khc trong vic cung cp cc nguyn t ha tan trong sng Hng. Cc t s
ng v stronti cng cho thy s phn b lch, nhng khong cc tr s tng t nh cc
sng th gii (H. 4d). T s
87
Sr/
86
Sr cc i l 0,7217 v cc tiu 0.7085, nhng 70% mu
sng Hng cm li trong khong 0,710 n 0,714 v khng c cc mu khc thng do phong
ha t cc silicat c giu Rb (>0,80) hay t phong ha basalt tr ngho Rb (0,702 -0,706).
Hu ht cc mu c cc tr s
87
Sr/
86
Sr c ngun gc phng x hn l cc carbonat bin
Phanerozoi (0,70650,709).
Ha trn cc thnh phn thch hc i din - carbonat, silicat v evaporit - c th thy
trn th t s phn t gam Na trung bnh ha (hnh 4). Cc mu sng Hng c th
hin gn phn t cui cng carbonat hn l cc sng ton cu, sng Thao gn nht vi cc
phn t silicat v/hoc evaporit cui cng v sng L gn nht vi phn t carbonat cui cng
(H. 4a,c). Cc s liu ma ng c th hin gn hn ti cc phn t silicat/evaporit cui
cng hn l cc s liu ma h (H. 4b,d).
209

Cc sng trn th gii (n = 62)
Sng Hng (n = 43)
(a)
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
(b)
(c) (d)
Sng Hng (n = 42)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
N
N
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
4
8
12
16
log (Ca/Na) log (Mg/Na)
log (Cl/Na)
0.705 0.71 0.715 0.72 0.725 0.73
87 86
Sr/ Sr
Cc sng trn th gii (n = 31)

Hnh 3. Biu t s phn t lng Na c quy chun: (a) Ca/Na, (b) Mg/Na, (c)
Cl/Na v (d) t l ng v stronti trong cc mu sng Hng v cc sng ton cu.
0.1
0.01
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
0.1
0.01
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
0.1
1
10
100
Silicat
Silicat
Silicat
Silicat
Carbonat Carbonat
Carbonat
Carbonat
M
g
/
N
a
H
C
O

/
N
a
3
RD212
Ca/Na Ca/Na
Ca/Na Ca/Na
RD116
RD 102 RD102
RD116
RD212
RD102
RD216 RD216
RD102
(a) (b)
(d) (c)
evaporit
evaporit
evaporit
evaporit
Ma ng
Ma h
Cc sng trn th
gii
S.L
S.Thao
S.

Hnh 4. Cc gin trn ln s dng t s phn t gam Na c trung bnh ha: (a-b) Mg/Na vi
Ca/Na (a) do h thng ph lu (b) do ma (c -d) HCO
3
/Na vi Ca/Na (c) do h thng ph lu (d) do
ma. Cc k hiu phng to th hin mu h lu di nht ca mi ph lu v ma h. Cc s liu
sng ton cu c th hin dng nn m so snh.

210

4.3. Vai tr ca cc loi khc nhau trong lu vc
Cc nguyn t chnh ha tan trong cc con sng l nh c nc ma, qu trnh phong
ha ha hc cc v u vo nhn sinh. kim tra tc ng u vo nhn sinh cn tnh
mi lin quan thng k gia mt dn s v tng lng K trong dng chy (K t phn bn
nng nghip). Mt dn s trn khu vc nghin cu l khong ~80 (40~250) ngi/km
2.
.
Mi tng quan ny kh cao (r
2
=0,608 vi p <0,001 vo ma ng; r
2
=0,302 vi p =0,007
vo ma h) hai cp mu trn thng ngun sng Thao, ni khng ch c hm lng K cao
m c hm lng Na, SO
4
, v Cl cng cao v ni y c mt dn s cao (250 v 160
ngi/km
2
). Ngoi tr cc mu ny, tng quan gia hm lng K v mt dn s l khng
r nt mc khong 5%. P ha tan v Cl l hai nguyn t nhy cm vi hot ng nhn sinh
cng khng cho thy c mi tng quan r nt vi mt dn s.
4.3.1. ha tan ca evaporit v s oxy ha pyrit
Halit (NaCl) v thch cao (CaSO
4
2H
2
O) l hai khong vt evaporit ph bin nht c
th nh hng ti thnh phn nc sng. Vai tr ca halit c th nh gi bng phng php
thun nh gi thit rng ton b Cl sau u vo kh quyn l t halit. nh gi vai tr ca
thch cao phc tp hn bi l c th c nhiu ngun sulfat ha tan trong nc sng. Sulfat
trong nc sng c th c cung cp t qu trnh ha tan ca thch cao, qu trnh oxy ha
pyrit, nhim, ni la, phn hy sinh hc cht hu c t nhin, mui tun hon vi hai ngun
phong ha cc l quan trng hn c [3]. Gin ba thnh phn HCO
3
-Si-(Cl+SO
4
) cho ta
cch nh gi tm quan trng tng i ca thch cao so vi pyrit (hnh. 3b). Qu trnh ha
tan thch cao to ra cc s liu gn nh (Cl+SO
4
); qu trnh oxy ha pyrit v qu trnh
phong ha cc carbonat i d c theo trc HCO
3
-(Cl+SO
4
); cn qu trnh oxy ha pyrit i
lin vi phong ha silicat li hng v tm ca gin , bi l acid sulfuric to ra sulfat v
lm ha tan cc silicat.
Tr s entropy Hr tnh c l thc o t l ca sulfat trong mu c lin quan ti qu
trnh oxy ha sulfid v qu trnh phong ha silicat. Hr trong cc mu sng Hng dao ng t
25% n 70% (H. 5a). Mt nhm mu sng Thao c hm lng SO4 tng i cao v c
entropy cao c th gi nh rng qu trnh oxy ha pyrit l ngun ch o ca sulfat trong cc
mu ny. Nhm mu ny phn b hng theo trc (Cl+SO4) trn gin ba thnh phn (H.
2b). Chng c mi tng quan cht ch ( r
2
=0,916, p<0,001) gia SO
4
2-
vNa*, c th cho
rng qu trnh phong ha ng thi ca cc silicat (H. 5b). Do silicat b phong ha to ra
cc khong vt st giu cation, quyt nh t s Si/(Na*+K) tng i thp (H. 5). Cc mu
thng ngun sng Thao c entropy thp hn hn so vi cc mu khc c cha hm lng
SO
4
2-
cao (H. 5a). Khi qu trnh phong ha silicat i cng vi oxy ha py rit c th hin
mi tng quan cht ch gia SO
4
2-
v Na* th qu trnh phong ha carbonat l i c tc dng
p o lm cho entropy thp i, Si thp v t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr cng thp (H. 5b,c,d). Hm lng
SO
4
2-
cao quan st thy cc mu nc sng Thao v vai tr ng k ca qu trnh oxy ha
pyrit c th lin quan ti s c mt ca cc m khong c cha than hoc pyrit trong vng.
Mt s mu sng v sng L, mc d hm lng sulfat c thp hn, vai tr ca qu trnh
oxy ha pyrit tng i cao lin qua n ti qu trnh ha tan gyps khin cho cc tr s entropy
cao, hm lng Si cao v t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr cng cao (H. 5).
4.3.2. Phong ha silicat
T s Si/(Na*+K) ch yu lin quan ti cng phong ha silicat. Nu K khng
t ngun nhn sinh th Na*+K c gii phng t silicat v chim khong 7% TZ
-

* (TZ
+

Cl) trong cc mu chng ti thu thp, t 1 n 14 %. so snh, t l ny c th t
25% trong qu trnh phong ha silicat nh Yamuna (Dalai et al., 2002). T s Ca/Na ca
gc c lu vc sng Hng v Yamun a c xc n h l ~0 .4 6 .T s ny khc vi
(Na*+K)/TZ+* c th cho rng vai tr ca qu trnh phong ha silicat i vi tng lng ha
tan l thp hn i vi cc mu sng Hng. Mi tng quan Si- (Na* +K) ni tri i vi cc
mu sng L
211

RD131
RD131
RD212
RD112
RD207
RD229
RD228
RD229
RD228
RD216
RD131
RD130
RD102
RD116
RD112
RD212
RD205
RD104
RD212
RD102
RD130
RD131
RD215
RD229
RD228
RD112
RD212
RD215
RD118
RD228
RD229
RD131
RD130
RD102
RD211
280
240
200
160
120
80
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
0 100 200 300 400
200
300 300
200
100
0
100
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(a) (b)
(d) (c)
S.L
S.Thao
S.
Na* + K ( M)
Na* + K ( M)
Na* ( M) Entropy (Hr)
0.708
0.724
0.72
0.716
0.712
Si = 2.169 (Na* + K)
r = 0.983
S.L
2
SO
( M)
4
SO
( M)
4
Si
( M)
87
86
Sr
Sr
S.L
SO = 0.864 Na -4.474
r = 0.983
2
4
S.Thao
r = 0.750
2

Hnh 5. Mi tng quan (a) SO
4
vi entropy (xem mc 4.3.1). (b) SO
4
vi Na* (Na Cl) vi
cc hnh vung nh nht thch hp vi cc mu sng Thao. (c) Si vi (Na* + K); (d)
87
Sr/
86
Sr
vi (Na* + K) vi cc hnh vung nh nht thch hp vi cc mu sng L.

(r
2
=0,983), cn cc mu sng Thao hay sng li khng th hin (H. 5c). Mi tng quan
kh cht gia Na*+K vi t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr trong cc mu sng L cng thin v qu trnh phong
ha silicat (H. 5d). T l Si/(Na*+K) trong cc mu sng L l 2,2 v cho thy rng qu trnh
phong ha silicat tip din ti giai on kaolinit m khng hon ton ti giai on gibsit. C
th cho rng qu trnh phong ha cc silicat gc a phng thnh kaolinit v thnh
gibsit to ra t s Si/(Na*+K) l 2 v 3,3. Nh gii thch, acid sulfuric sinh ra t qu trnh
oxy ha pyrit l ngun b tr proton cho acid carbonic sinh ra t CO2 t kh quyn.
4.3.3. Phong ha carbonat
Ca
2+
v HCO
3
-
l hai ion ph bin nht trong s ng Hng, v 80% cc mu ly vo ma
h (19 trn 22 mu) v 44% cc mu ly vo ma ng (8 trn 18 mu) l qu bo ha calcit
(H. 6). Mt cp mu kim tra li cho thy cc mu ly vo ma h c CSI cao hn cc mu
ly vo ma ng vi mc ng k 0.1% , chng ti cho rng c s tc ng ca nhit .
Hu ht cc mu ma h (95%) v ma ng (72%) u qu bo ha dolomit. Sng Con
(nhnh sng L) bo ha calcit khng k ma ng hay ma h.
Sng Hng c qu bo ha 1-10 ln (H. 6). Sn phm quang hp v trng thi ng
hc ca sng xc nh mc p sut cc b ca CO
2
(PCO2) [15], v hu ht cc con sng l ti
~10 ln qu bo ha so vi kh quyn [18] (Cole and Caraco, 2001), cn cc nhnh ca sng
Amazon ti 40 ln bo ha l do h hp ca r cy v do phn hy cc cht hu c [14]. C
th l PCO2 ca sng Hng thp hn vo ma h l do hot ng quang hp cao ca cy xanh.

212

RD212 RD212
RD106
RD204
RD206
RD102
RD212
RD116
Ma ng
Ma h
0
2
4
6
8
10
-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2
CSI
P

c
o

_
s
n
g
/
P

c
o

_
k
h

q
u
y
n
2
2
10

Hnh 6. p sut cc b ca CO
2
trong nc sng c lm bnh thng ha vi cc tr s kh quyn
trn cc ch s bo ha calcit (CSI = log ({Ca
2+
}{CO3
2-
}/Kcalcit trong {} l hot tnh).
4.3.4. S bin i theo ma
Mt cp mu phn tch kim tra cc mu sng Hng cho thy rng Ca/Mg thp hn
(hnh 3a), Mg/TZ
+
cao hn, cn CSI cng cao hn (hnh 6) vo ma h mc ng k l 0,1%
(p<0.001). Tnh cht ma ny th hin r nt nht cc mu sng , trong t s Mg/TZ
+

tng quan dng vi CSI (r
2
=0,703, p =0,0002), cn t s Ca/Mg li tng quan m vi
CSI (r
2
=0,624, p=0,001), cho thy rng nhit cao vo ma h nh hng ti s lng
ng carbonat v y Mg khi mng ca chng. Hn na, mc bo hiu 1% (p<0,01) i
vi h thng sng th Si/(Na*+K) v
87
Sr/
86
Sr cao hn v ma h, iu ny lm ta lin
tng ti qu trnh phong ha silicat mnh li t hn. C th cho rng vo ma h carbonat
c lng ng v qu trnh phong ha silicat xy ra mnh lit trn h thng sng .
4.4. nh lng ha cc ngun u vo
nh lng ha vai tr ca ma, ha tan evaporit, ha tan carbonat v phong ha
silicat chng ti s dng cc m hnh thun v nghch.
4.4.1. M hnh thun
Gi s u vo nhn sinh khng ng k, m hnh thun da trn cc phng trnh
tng khi lng cc cation (Na, Ca, Mg, and K) t bn ngun: ma, evaporit, carbonat and
silicat.
- Gi thit mu c hm lng Cl thp nht thu c ton b (~10 ppm) t ma, bit
c t l cation/Cl trong nc ma a phng (EANET), ta tnh c u vo ca bn
cation t ma l 14% tng cation ha tan.
- Gi thit lng d tha Cl sau khi hiu chnh do ma th lng Cl sinh ra t halit
(NaCl) ta tnh u vo t evaporit. Hai trng hp gii hn i vi SO 4
-2
: (i) tt c sulfat t
qu trnh ha tan thch cao v (ii) tt c sulfat t qu trnh oxy ha pyrit.
- xc nh vai tr ca silicat, ton b Na sau khi hiu chnh do ma v evaporit
v ton b K sau khi hiu chnh theo ma c gi thit l t phong ha silicat. Thc ra,
Ca v Mg t silicat phi c xc nh bng cch s dng cc s liu t cc dng sui chy
qua ni ch n thun c mt loi trong khu vc nghin cu. Khi khng c c cc mu
nh vy, phi s dng (Ca/Na) sil =0.44 v (Mg/Na)sil =0,16 tp hp t cc s liu cc
silicat gc ca khu vc nghin cu. Tr s ((Ca +Mg)/Na)sil l 0.6 c chn lc theo nguyn
nhn cho rng cc tr s a sau (posteriori) t m hnh ngc l 0,45 0,23 (xem mc 4.4.2
di), thnh phn ca phn t silicat cui cc sng ton cu l 0,59 0,19 [9], v nc sng
chy qua silicat l 0,879.
213

- Tnh u vo t phong ha carbonat nh thay th vai tr ca ma, evaporit, silicat t
tng hm lng Ca v Mg trong cc sng.
4.4.2. M hnh ngc
M hnh ngc da trn mt tp hp cc phng trnh tng khi lng ca cc t s
theo phn t gam (X = Cl, Ca, Mg, HCO
3
-
, Sr) v t s ng v Sr ca bn bn cha (ma,
carbonat, silicat, evaporit) [13]. C th c biu din di dng sau:

|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
i
Na , i
i song
Na
X
Na
X

Na , i
i
i
i
86
87
song
song
86
87
Na
Sr
Sr
Sr
Na
Sr
Sr
Sr
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

trong ch s i biu hin bn bn cha,
i, Na l cc hp phn trn ln ca Na t mi bn
cha, v
= 1
Na , i
. Loi SO4 v K bi v chng c hnh vi khng n nh lin quan ti hot
ng sinh hc [3] v s dng cc t l quy chun theo Na v thnh phn ng v loi tr
nh hng ca s lng ng hoc bay hi. Cc phng trnh c cn nhc theo cc sai s
phn tch (7% i vi hm lng cc nguyn t v 0,00002 i vi
87
Sr/
86
Sr).
La chn tp hp cc kim ch ca phn t cui a trc (priori) i vi cc bn cha,
(X/Na)i: phn t cui ca lng ma da trn lng ma a phng c ha hp theo ma
(EANET); cc phn t cui carbonat v evaporit ly t m hnh Millot et al. (2003); v phn
t cui silicat ly t qu trnh tp hp cc s liu gc ti lu vc sng Hng. Thch cao
c gp vo bn cha carbonat v pyrit c xem l pha phn tn th yu trong cc loi .
Tng s mu c s liu phn tch Sr hay
87
Sr/
86
Sr, (22 ma h v 19 ma ng) c
s dng. Do vy, gii c 179 cc tham s m hnh (4i 41 i,Na+15 (X/Na)i) s dng
287 phng trnh (6 th loi 41 mu = 246 phng trnh cn bng khi lng v 41 phng
trnh chn thm trong t ng cc hp phn) bng cch lp li nhiu ln. Sau khi thu c cc
tham s ma,Na, , evap, Na, sil, Na, and carb, Natt nht cho mi mu v tham s chn thm ca
cc bn cha (X/Na) i, th cc tr s a sau c s dng tnh cc hp phn nguyn t
khc nh ma,Ca, evap,Ca , sil,Ca, and carb,Ca. Tham s sil,Cation l tng ca bn cation c
ngun gc silicat v tng ng vi (Nasil+Ksil +Casil +Mgsil)/(Nasng+Ksng+Casng+Mgsng)
c tnh trong m hnh thun. Lu rng bt u t cng cc tr s a trc cho c ma h
v ma ng, cc tr s a sau khc nhau theo ma, vi bn cha silicat v ma h th t s
ng v c ngun gc phng x (
87
Sr/
86
Sr) v natri cao hn c n v ma ng th t l cc
ng v phng x v calci thp hn.
4.4.3. Cc kt qu ca m hnh
Theo m hnh thun gi thit tt c lng sulfat c ng gp t thch cao, ma (1-
4)%, evaporit (026)%, carbonat (41-94)%, v silicat (3- 37)% so vi tng cc cation ha tan
tnh theo c s phn t gam. Gi thit rng ton b sulfat t pyrit l (1 -4)% t ma, (0-11)%
t evaporit, (56-95)% t carbonat v (3-37)% t silicat. Nhng sai khc gia hai trng hp
gii hn l evaporit cao hn trong trng hp ton b thch cao v vai tr ca carbonat cao
hn trong trng hp tt c l pyrit; hp phn silicat c tnh c lp vi lng tiu th gii
hn. Theo m hnh ngc th ma l 2 (0,08)%, evaporit l 3 (0,213)%, carbonat (55
97)%, v silicat (142)% ca tng cc cation ha tan theo phn t gam. l iu ph hp
chnh trong trng hp tt c l pyrit ca m hnh thun. Nhng bin s ph bin i vi
cation i, ca 4 bn cha - ma, evaporit, carbonat, v silicat - l 0,5%, 0,5%, 11%, v 1%.
Kim tra li nhng khc bit gia cc ph lu v thnh phn cation t silicat
( sil,Cation) bng cch ch so snh cc mu ma h 14% i vi sng , 18% i vi sng
Thao, 8% i vi sng L. Kim tra li cc mu kp ly v c ma ng v ma h cho thy
vai tr ca silicat vo ma ng cao hn i vi i vi kt qu ca c ba m hnh mc
ng k l 5%, c th l tng lng carbonat phong ha c nhy cm vi dng chy mt
214

gp khong 4 ln hn silicat khi c dng chy mt cao. Kim tra cc mu kp cho thy rng
cc kt qu ca cc m hnh thun v ngc i vi sil,cation c mi tng quan ng k (r
2
=
0,756, p <0,001), v s khc bit gia hai m hnh ti di 9% (trung bnh ~3%). Chng ti
thin v cc kt qu m hnh ngc, bi v cc kt qu ca m hnh thun ph thuc nhiu
vo tr s ((Ca+Mg)/Na)sil. Do ba ph lu ca h thng sng Hng th hin cc kiu phong
ha khc nhau (Hnh 6), chng ti tnh ngc li cc tr s ((Ca+Mg)/Na) sil i vi ba ph
lu cho cc kt qu ca m hnh thun v ngc l ng thun i vi sil,cation. Cc tr s
khc bit ln 0,4 i vi sng , 0,3 i vi sng Hng Thao, v 1 i vi sng L. Trong
khi chng ti s dng tr s ((Ca+Mg)/Na) sil bng 0.6 i vi tt c cc mu, iu ny cho
php xc nh c s bin thin c th xy ra v s bin s km theo trong m hnh thun.
4.5. Tnh ton thng lng
Tng lng cht rn ha tan TDS vo khong 10
6
mol/km
2
nm trong hu ht cc mu;
(0,22,2)10
6
mol/km
2
nm v ma h v 5,6 (2,3 8,3) 10
6
mol/km
2
nm v ma ng. Gi
thit rng trng lng ring ca l 2,7 g/cm
3
, tc bc mn trn lu vc sng Hng c
th tnh c t tng lng cht rn ha tan TDS ca mu h lu di thp nht ca 3 h
thng ph lu: ~0.08 mm/nm vo ma h v ~0,02 mm/nm vo ma ng. Tc bc mn
c l hc cng c xc nh bng cch s dng tng lng vt cht ht l lng. S dng cc
mu pha thng lu cc h cha, SPM c xc nh tng ln ti 343 mg/L v ma h v
111 mg/L v ma ng. Tc bc mn c l hc c tnh t SPM l ~0,18 mm/nm vo
ma h v ~0.01 mm/nm v ma ng. Tng tc bc mn (ha hc v c l hc) l 0,25
mm/nm vo ma h v 0.03 mm/nm vo ma ng. Lu rng v ma h tc bc mn
c l hc chim ~70% tng bc mn, cn v ma ng bc mn ha hc li cao hn i
cht (~40:60). Tc phong ha silicat (SWR) c tnh di dng tng cc cation t qu
trnh phong ha silicat nh acid carbonic hoc acid sulfuric:
SWRforward =(Nasil +K sil +Mgsil +Casil)
SWRinverse = sil, NaNa sng+ sil,K Ksng +sil,Mg Mgsng+sil,Ca Casng
trong biu th tng lng (mol/km
2
nm). Cch tnh tc phong ha silicat (SWR) tt
nht i vi lu vc sng Hng l trng lng trung bnh khu vc ca cc mu h lu thp
nht ca ba ph lu c tnh theo m hnh ngc: 51 (22-213) 10
3
mol/km
2
nm vo ma
ng v 170 (31 378) 10
3
mol/km
2
nm vo ma h. Do , tr s SWR cao hn gp ~3 ln
vo ma h l do lu lng nc cao hn. Cc kt qu ca m hnh thun cho ra SWR tng
t vo ma ng, 55(14184)10
3
mol/km
2
nm, nhng cao hn vo ma h, 233 (79
377)10
3
mol/km
2
nm. Tr s SWR cao nht gp thng ngun sng Thao vo c hai ma v
SWR thp nht ti cc ph lu chy qua cc carbonat ca sng L (khng c mu ma
ng). i vi sng Hng trng lng trung bnh vng l 106 (20180)10
3
mol/km
2
/nm v
ma ng v 570 (190710)10
3
mol/km
2
/nm v ma h. Cc tr s ny trung bnh cao gp
2,2 ln cc kt qu ca m hnh ngc. S khng nht qun ny l do mi quan h SWR = 2
Si xut hin ngay ban u t cc con sng chy qua cc magma hay bin cht c t s
Si/HCO3
-
l 0,3 n 0,5 (Garrels, 1967), cn cc mu ca chng ti c t s Si/HCO3 thp hn
nhiu (0,030,28). Cc kt qu ca m hnh ngc cho thy c mi tng quan vi m hnh
thun (r
2
= 0,899) cao hn phng php da trn silic ( r
2
=0,365, p <0,001). S hp th CO2
ca kh quyn bi qu trnh phong ha silicat ph thuc vo vn l sulfat trong cc sng
c xem xt th no i vi qu trnh ha tan thch cao v trong qu trnh oxy ha pyrit.
Di dng cn bng s lng, c th biu in nh sau:
CO
2
forward = (Nasil + Ksil + Mgsil + Casil) 2SO
4
CO
2
inverse =( sil,NaNasng

+ sil,K Ksng + 2 sil,Mg Mgsng + 2 sil,Ca Casng) 2SO
4
sng
trong l yu t hiu chnh i vi acid sulfuric c th bin i t 0 n 1. Nu nh ton
b acid sulfuric c tiu th trong qu trnh phong ha carbonat ( =0), th CO2 =SWR =
68 (30-286) 10
3
mol/km
2
nm v ma ng v 194 (31 -445)10
3
mol/km
2
nm v ma h,
215

tng ng vi trng hp ton b thch cao va nu trn. Cc tr s gi thit trung bnh
to nn s khc bit ch khong 15% v tr s CO2 v cho thy rng ngun cung cp proton
ch yu trong h thng sng Hng l acid carbonic cn acid sulfuric ch ng vai tr th yu.
Cc kt qu tnh ton cn bng nh s dng m hnh thun l tng t nhau v ma ng v
cao hn khong 30-50% v ma h.
So snh lng CO
2
c tiu th thc t lu vc Sng Hng tng t nh cc sng
ca cc ai to ni, sng Amazon v Orinoco, ~(100570)10
3
mol/km
2
nm [7], nhng cao hn
cc sng chy qua cc khinnh sng Amazon chy qua khin Brazil 5810
3
mol/km
2
/nm [11].
5. Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu a ha hc dng chy sng Hng v cc kt qu tnh ton tc
phong ha ho hc. S kim nghim rng ri c hai m hnh thun v ngc v tm ra rng
cc sng nm t rong cu trc a cht phc tp th vic xc nh mt cch chnh xc cc bn
cha c lin quan v thnh phn ha hc ca chng l mt bc then cht v rt kh khn.
Lng cht ha tan ca sng Hng ch yu xut pht t qu trnh phong ha cc carbonat,
th n l cc silicat. Mc d 3 ph lu chnh ca sng Hng nm k nhau v mt a l
nhng thnh phn ha hc ha tan ca chng khc nhau: qu trnh phong ha carbonat v
silicat vi u vo th yu t ma v halit gii thch mt cch tho ng c c s liu sng
L, cn qu trnh oxy ha pyrit i km vi phong ha Na -silicat xy ra trn lu vc sng
Thao v sng c th cn c xem xt. Cc kt qu xc nh tc phong ha silicat tt
nht lu vc sng Hng l 51 (v ma ng) ti 170 (v ma h)10
3
mol/km
2
/nm v
lng tiu th CO
2
l 68 (30-286)10
3
mol/km
2
nm v ma ng v 194 (31 -445)10
3

mol/km
2
nm v ma h.

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inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river: The Congo
Basin case. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 120(1-2), 59-76.
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359(6391), 117122.
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chemistry and limits to dissolved inputs. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C8), 8293-8302.
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weathering. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235(1-2), 211-228.
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International river basins of the world. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 15(4), 387-427.
[18]. Wu L., Huh Y., Qin J ., Du G., and van Der Lee S. (2005) Chemical weathering in the Upper
Huang He (Yellow river) draining the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
69(22), 5279-5294.

SUMMARY
Chemical weathering rate of silicate rocks in the Red river cachtment and its CO
2
consumption capacity
Nguyen Van Pho, Vietnam Geological Assciation

Seulgi Moon, Youngsook Huh

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
Jianhua Qin, Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan
610082, PR China

The Red River Catchment in Vietnam was formed along the Red River Fault Zone that
has experienced various tectonic activities. These activities have speeded up the weathering
proccesses and the consumption of atmospheric CO
2

in

this region.
This reportpresents study results of geochemistry of the flow in Red River catchment
though analysis of major elements and Sr isotope compositions of samples colleted from three
tributary systems in summer and winter seasons. The analytical results were used for
estimation of weathering speed in all area in which the input parameters such as raining
volume, evaporite, carbonate and silicate reservoirs has been deduced by using forward and
inverse models. The results show that carbonate dissolution accounts for a significant
fraction of total dissolved cations and weathering of silicates contributes a minor
contribution. Using the best method, the authors estimate the averaged silicate weathering
rate in the Hong basin is 170.10
3
mol/km
2
/yr in summer and 51.10
3
mol/km
2
/yr in winter, from
which the degre of CO
2
consumption by silicate weathering can be estimated.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. Nguyn Khc Ging

217


TUI U-Pb ZIRCON TRONG GNEIS PHC H SIN QUYN
I PHAN SI PAN V NGHA A CHT
La Mai Sn,

Lin on Bn a cht min Bc
L Tin Dng, Phm Trung Hiu,

Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Mu zircon tuyn t mu gneis biotit thuc phc h Sin Quyn nm trong i
Phan Si Pan c phn tch v xc nh tui bng phng php nh tui U-Pb trn thit
b SHRIMP, cho khong tui 1750 - 1850 Tr.n. Ngoi gneis biotit, ti vt l ly mu cn gp
cc phin thch anh - felspat - hai mica - granat, quarzit v cc lp amphibolit. T hp
ny xc nh iu kin bin cht n tng epidot amphibolit, theo cp nhit k granat-
biotit xc nh nhit thnh to = 550-630
0
C, p sut tnh = 6-6.5 Kbar. Vi h ng v U-Pb,
tui ca chng c th xc nh cho cc giai on nhit cao (nhit ng ca zircon h U-
Pb t 800 n 1.000
0
C), c ng dng cho nh tui thnh to ca magma, bin cht c
tin cy cao. Theo cc ti liu hin nay, tui ca phc h Sin Quyn ch yu da vo quan h a
cht. Kt qu xc nh tui U-Pb zircon ca nghin cu ny minh chng tui bin cht ca
phc h Sin Quyn tng ng vi Paleoproterozoi. Kt qu ny cng ghi nhn giai on nhit
- kin to iu kin bin cht cao xy ra trong Paleoproterozoi.
1. M u
Phc h sin Quyn (T Vit Dng v Trn Quc Hi, 1962, h tng) xc lp, phn b
thnh di ko di theo phng TB-N, ko di t Lo Cai n Ho Bnh. Mt ct chun ca
phc h c m t Ngi Pht vng Sin Quyn, tnh Lo Cai. Phc h Sin Quyn, theo ti
liu hin nay, c coi l nm chnh hp trn phc h Sui Ching. Trong i cu trc Phan
Si Pan, cc thnh to ny c coi l c nht.
V thnh phn, phc h bao gm phin hai mica, phin hai mica cha graphit xen
cc lp phin thch anh - graphit, phin thch anh - felspat - biotit, chuyn ln phin
thch anh - felspat - hai mica chagraphit xen cc lp phin amphibolit, lp mng hoa,
phin tremolit. Nhiu ni cn gp cc lp phin hai mica - disten xen vi phin hai
mica - granat, quarzit, gneis. Phc h c thnh phn ban u gm ch yu trm tch lc nguyn
xen t carbonat, ni la thnh phn mafic. Trong mt s lp trm tch lc nguyn c cha vt
cht hu c b bin cht thnh graphit. Cc b bin cht khu vc ng u n tng epidot -
amphibolit, theo cp nhit k granat-biotit trong i cha disten v storolit, nhit thnh to
550-630
0
C, p sut tnh theo phng php E.H Brown 6-6.5 Kbar |Nguyn Ngc Lin, Phan
Trng Th, 1985|; ng thi cc b un np phc tp, b granit ho mnh, mt s ni b
cc khi xm nhp phc h Po Sen xuyn ct.
Kt qu xc nh tui ng v K-Ar ca muscovit tuyn t d gneis ca phc h Sin
Quyn cho kt qu 770 Tr.n |Trn Ngc Nam et al, 2000| (dn theo Trn Vn Tr, V Khc v
nnk, 2009). Vi h ng v K-Ar tui ca chng ch xc nh cho cc giai on nhit thp
(thng thng phng php K-Ar, muscovit c nhit ng cao nht khong 350
0
C), v vy
cc giai on nhit nhit cao hn cha xc nh c. Tuy nhin, vi cc phc h Sin
Quyn tri qua lch s nhit - kin to a pha phc tp th vic ti to lch s ca chng phi
s dng tng hp nhiu k thut, trong k thut LA-ICPMS U-Pb cho php phn tch tui
cc i ni tinh th c ch nht. Theo cc ti liu hin nay, tui ca phc h da vo quan
h nm chnh hp trn phc h Sui Ching, mt s ni gp cc khi xm nhp Po Sen xuyn
ct. Tui ng v U-Pb zircon bng phng php (SHRIMP) phc h Po Sen cho kt qu tp
trung ti 7517 Tr.n |Trn Ngc Nam, 2003|, kt qu ny gn gi vi kt qu tui do Pham
Trung Hieu et al, 2009 cng b.
Bi bo ny cng b kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon ly phc h Sin
Quyn, cho khong tui 1750 - 1850 Tr.n nhm cung cp bng chng mt giai on nhit -
218

kin to iu kin bin cht cao xy ra trong Paleoproterozoi i Phan Si Pan.
2. Kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb ZIRCON cho gneis phc h Sin Quyn
2.1. Mu nghin cu v phng php phn tch
Zircon mang k hiu VC.5828 trong bi bo ny c tuyn t mt mu gneis biotit
(phc h Sin Quyn) khu vc huyn Vn Chn, tnh Yn Bi, c ta a l 21
0
44' 09" v
Bc, 10432'15" kinh ng, nm v pha ty i cu trc Phan Si Pan. Gneis biotit nm
xen trong cc lp phin thch anh - felspat - mica. c cu to gneis; kin trc ht, tm,
vy bin tinh; thnh phn khong vt (%) ch yu bao gm: plagiocla: 34, felspat kali
(microclin): 25, thch anh: 23, biotit: 9, epidot: 5; khong vt ph gp trong ch yu gm
sphen, zircon; ngoi ra cn c khong vt qung chim khong 2,5 % trong .
Zircon c tuyn bng phng php nghin, i v nht ht di knh hin vi hai th
knh ti Vin Vt l a cu v a cht (Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc). Mu cc
c nghin ti ht 0,27-0,10 mm v i bng bn i phn loi cc khong vt theo t
trng; tip theo dng phng php tuyn t tch cc khong vt nhim t. Sau zircon
hp phn khng t tnh c chit tch bng dung dch nng Bromoform (CHBr
3
) v cui
cng la chn phn loi zircon di knh hin vi soi ni. Cc bc la chn zircon c tin
hnh t m, loi b nhng ht zircon cha bao th, nhng zircon c vt nt trn b mt...,
zircon ht ln v ht nh u c phn tch. Hu ht zircon c dng thp, lng tr ngn, trn
cnh, chiu di xp x 0,10-0,15 mm. Zircon sau khi tuyn c gn vo mt a nha epoxy
(dn khong hn 40 ht zircon). Tip theo, mu c a vo t sy nhit 40-60C,
thi gian t 2 n 3 ngy vi mc ch lm cho hn hp dung dch gn kt v gn cht vi ht
zircon. Sau , tin hnh mi mn ht zircon bng giy nhp c ht khc nhau vi mc
ch lm l phn trung tm ht tin hnh nghin cu cu trc bn trong zircon, ng thi
la chn cc im phn tch.
Mu zircon sau khi mi ti phn trung tm v nh bng, c phn tch c im cu
trc phn i bn trong v chp nh CL bng phng php pht quang m cc trn thit b
microprobe CAMECA SX51 ti Vin Vt l a cu v a cht (Vin Hn lm Khoa hc
Trung Quc). Cng vic chun b ny cn cho php phn tch k cu trc bn trong ca
khong vt zircon c th lun gii cc qu trnh kt tinh ca zircon, ng thi la chn
nhng ht khng c khuyt tt tin hnh phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb. Hnh 1 trnh by CL
ca mt s ht zircon i din trong bi bo ny. Cc phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb tin hnh
cho cc vng phn i khc nhau trong tng tinh th zircon, thc hin ti phng th nghim
trng im cc qu trnh a cht v khong sn, i hc a cht Trung Quc (V Hn).
Trong qu trnh thc hin th nghim, s dng He lm vt cht ti kh mi mn v ph ng
php bo mn n im; im bo mn c ng knh 40 m. Qu trnh phn tch tui zircon
s dng mu chun 91500, t s ng v ca mu dng phn mm Glitter (ver 4.0, Macquarie
University) tnh tui v dng Isoplot (ver 2.49) hon thnh biu tui chnh hp, cc
quy trnh th nghim do TS. Phm Trung Hiu thc hin.
2. Kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon cho gneis biotit phc h Sin Quyn
Kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon c lit k chi tit (bng 1), bao gm 30
phn tch nhn, ra ca 30 n tinh th (cc k hiu bng ch s -1, v d: VC.5828-1,
VC.5828-2,... th hin im phn tch). Tui
206
Pb/
238
U thu c t cc phn tch ny nm
trong gii hn t 1680 19 Tr.n (VC.5828-12) n 2075 36 Tr.n (VC.5828-14), tp trung
trong khong tui 1750 - 1850 Tr.n.
Cc kt qu phn tch bng 1 c trnh by trn cc biu (hnh 1) c th thy i
b phn im phn tch cho tui chnh hp tp trung trong khong tui 1750 - 1850 Tr.n (hnh
1a), trung bnh 1829 29 Tr.n (hnh 1b), mt vi im th hin Pb mt i trong qu trnh gii
phng phn r phng x sau ny.

219

Hnh 1. Anh CL ca cc tinh th zircon t mu gneis biotit VC.5828 phc h Sin Quyn.
Cc vng trn nh (ng knh 40 m) l v tr phn tch LA ICPMS U-Pb v ch s trong
vng trn l cc im phn tch mu (tui ca cc im phn tch xem bng 1)
3. Tho lun
3.1. Minh chng tui bin cht trong Paleoproterozoi ca phc h Sin Quyn qua tui
ng v U-Pb zircon mu gneis biotit
Trong cc cng trnh cng b trc y, tui phc h Sin Quyn c xp vo
Paleoproterozoi |Trn Vn Tr, V Khc v nnk, 2009| ch yu da vo quan h nm chnh
hp trn phc h Sui Ching. iu kin bin cht ca cc phc h Sin Quyn b bin cht
khu vc trong iu kin ca tng epidot amphibolit da theo cp nhit k granat-biotit.
i vi phng php ng v nghin cu cho cc thnh to bin cht phc h Sin Quyn, n
nay mi ch c kt qu xc nh tui ng v K-Ar ca muscovit tuyn t d gneis ca phc
h Sin Quyn cho kt qu 770 Tr.n |Trn Ngc Nam et al, 2000|. Trn thc t, cc nghin
cu gn y cho thy khi s dng tui ng v phng x xy dng lch s nhit - kin to
cho cc thnh to a cht, nht thit phi ch n gi tr nhit ng ca chng. Vi h
ng v K-Ar hay Ar-Ar, tui ca chng ch xc nh cho cc giai on nhit thp
220

Bng 1. Kt qu phn tch U-Pb zircon cho gneis biotit phc h Sin Quyn bng phng php LA-ICPMS

Sample Th/U
ppm
Corrected ratios Corrected ages (Ma)
207
Pb/
206
Pb 1
207
Pb/
235
U 1
206
Pb/
238
U 1
208
Pb/
232
Th 1
207
Pb/
206
Pb 1
207
Pb/
235
U 1
206
Pb/
238
U 1
208
Pb/
232
Th 1
VC.5828-
1 0.10332 0.00263 4.44815 0.10614 0.31098 0.00383 0.20093 0.00929 1685 26 1721 20 1746 19 3701 156
-2 0.11279 0.00496 5.15340 0.22633 0.33719 0.00672 0.20848 0.01174 1845 51 1845 37 1873 32 3827 196
-3 0.10418 0.00274 4.69361 0.12102 0.32616 0.00456 0.21272 0.00928 1700 27 1766 22 1820 22 3898 155
-4 0.10421 0.00386 4.28747 0.13932 0.30479 0.00477 0.19819 0.00847 1700 37 1691 27 1715 24 3655 143
-5 0.10474 0.00276 4.63146 0.11416 0.31782 0.00418 0.21451 0.00957 1710 26 1755 21 1779 20 3928 159
=6 0.10636 0.00501 4.72060 0.23052 0.31697 0.00550 0.22811 0.01242 1738 64 1771 41 1775 27 4153 204
-7 0.10496 0.00531 4.60653 0.20703 0.32731 0.00588 0.20870 0.01164 1714 56 1750 37 1825 29 3831 195
-8 0.10831 0.00375 4.71175 0.13410 0.32439 0.00492 0.22935 0.01023 1771 30 1769 24 1811 24 4174 168
-9 0.15366 0.00660 6.53635 0.27210 0.31473 0.00621 0.26066 0.01340 2387 44 2051 37 1764 30 4682 215
-10 0.10957 0.00322 4.74879 0.12829 0.31612 0.00454 0.21803 0.00980 1792 29 1776 23 1771 22 3987 163
-11 0.10888 0.00453 4.83155 0.17871 0.32665 0.00521 0.21426 0.01054 1781 44 1790 31 1822 25 3924 175
-12 0.10622 0.00276 4.36976 0.10735 0.29776 0.00377 0.20008 0.00901 1736 27 1707 20 1680 19 3686 152
-13 0.10415 0.00287 4.57154 0.11659 0.31673 0.00444 0.20238 0.00871 1699 27 1744 21 1774 22 3725 146
-14 0.10796 0.00466 5.70259 0.22776 0.37974 0.00779 0.27569 0.01673 1765 43 1932 35 2075 36 4921 265
-15 0.14969 0.01028 7.54512 0.55792 0.36953 0.01222 0.29076 0.01726 2342 81 2178 66 2027 58 5159 270
-16 0.10522 0.00331 4.57632 0.13538 0.31524 0.00442 0.20150 0.00957 1718 34 1745 25 1766 22 3710 161
-17 0.11049 0.00378 4.77049 0.14198 0.30958 0.00482 0.20816 0.00957 1807 32 1780 25 1739 24 3822 160
-18 0.10403 0.00281 4.80013 0.12046 0.33542 0.00460 0.22378 0.00989 1697 27 1785 21 1865 22 4082 163
-19 0.11203 0.00388 4.97482 0.16191 0.32510 0.00495 0.21759 0.01007 1833 37 1815 28 1815 24 3979 167
-20 0.11177 0.00373 5.15646 0.15303 0.33460 0.00572 0.22945 0.01054 1828 30 1845 25 1861 28 4175 173
-21 0.11418 0.00431 5.05218 0.17668 0.31942 0.00513 0.22791 0.01084 1867 40 1828 30 1787 25 4150 178
-22 0.10781 0.00273 4.78297 0.11240 0.32094 0.00432 0.21974 0.00953 1763 24 1782 20 1794 21 4015 158
-23 0.10366 0.00277 4.66502 0.11655 0.32468 0.00417 0.21678 0.01006 1691 27 1761 21 1813 20 3966 167
-24 0.11028 0.00457 5.14314 0.21797 0.33922 0.00690 0.22444 0.01103 1804 48 1843 36 1883 33 4093 182
-25 0.11536 0.00558 5.06088 0.26046 0.32014 0.00605 0.21412 0.01317 1886 65 1830 44 1790 30 3922 219
-26 0.11655 0.00630 5.45658 0.27314 0.33762 0.01039 0.27611 0.01661 1904 48 1894 43 1875 50 4928 263
-27 0.10925 0.00333 4.86220 0.12883 0.32335 0.00467 0.21324 0.00951 1787 28 1796 22 1806 23 3907 158
-28 0.12092 0.00335 5.53924 0.17032 0.32736 0.00491 0.22632 0.01077 1970 34 1907 26 1826 24 4124 178
-29 0.11889 0.00414 5.07462 0.16429 0.31048 0.00516 0.21156 0.01036 1940 35 1832 27 1743 25 3879 173
-30 0.11137 0.00285 4.91822 0.11641 0.31910 0.00447 0.22337 0.01003 1822 23 1805 20 1785 22 4075 166
221

1550
1650
1750
1850
1950
2050
2150
2250
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
3 5 7 9
207
Pb/
235
U
2
0
6
P
b
/
2
3
8
U
a) VC.5828.

1720
1760
1800
1840
1880
1920
1960
Mean =1829 25 [1.3%] 95% conf.
Wtd by data-pt errs only, 0 of 8 rej.
MSWD =0.37, probability =0.92
b) VC.5828

Hnh 1. Biu biu din kt qu phn tch zircon U-Pb mu VC.5828 phc h Sin
Quyn bng phng php LA-ICPMS. b) - tnh gi tr tui trung bnh
(cao nht l hornblend vi 53050
0
C). Nh vy vi tc dng ca nhit trn 500
0
C, h
ng v ca cc khong vt trn s c m khng cn bo tn c cc nguyn t ng v
sinh thnh t ban u, dn n kt qu phn tch rt c th cho tui ngui lnh ca magma
hoc mt pha kin to sinh sau no . Ngc li zircon l khong vt c tnh cht ho l bn
vng di tc ng ca qu trnh hu magma v cc qu trnh bin cht, nhit ng ca
zircon h U-Pb t 800 n 1.000
0
C |D.J. Cherniak et al, 1997| cho thy zircon l mt trong
nhng khong vt c ng dng cho nh tui thnh to ca magma, bin cht c tin cy
cao.
Cc kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb trong bi bo ny cho thy zircon tuyn t cc
gneis biotit cng mt th h. Trong cc ht zircon cho thy cc im phn tch c gi tr
kh tp trung, chng t zircon c hnh thnh trong mt giai on. Cc tinh th zircon c
cu trc phn i khng r rng, im phn tch nhn v ra cc n tinh th zircon cho kt
222

qu tp trung khong tui 1750-1850 Tr.n. (tui
206
Pb/
238
U, hnh 1a). T cc kt qu trn,
minh chng hot ng bin cht cao ca phc h Sin Quyn xy vo khong Paleoproterozoi.
3.2. Giai on nhit - kin to Paloproterozoi trn i Phan Si Pan
Theo cc ti liu hin c, trn i Phan Si Pan ghi nhn c mt s giai on nhit -
kin to: giai on Meso-Neoarkei c nh du bng tui m hnh Nd 3,4-3,1 t nm [Lan
et al., 2001], cho thy v Tri t (phc h Ca Vnh) phn d t manti trong khong thi
gian ny. Qu trnh tin ha v ghi nhn c bng s kt tinh ca phc h granitoid Ca Vnh
th hin qua tui kt tinh 2840-2940 Tr.n. (th h 'zircon magma") [Trn Ngc Nam, 2003].
Tuy nhin hin vn cha r l hot ng kt tinh magma ca phc h ny gm mt pha ko
di t khong 2940 Tr.n. n 2840 Tr.n., hay l kt qu ca hai pha ring bit.
Giai on Paleoproterozoi c hai pha hot ng bin cht cao (n tng amphibolit).
Pha th nht th hin bng th h "zircon bin cht" 2360 Tr.n. trong phc h granitoid Ca
Vnh; pha th hai xy ra trong khong thi gian t 2000-1900 Tr.n., ghi nhn c t th h
"zircon bin cht" 2000 Tr.n. trong phc h Ca Vnh v s ph bin tui K-Ar, Ar-Ar 1900-
2000 Tr.n. ca hornblend trong cc thu knh amphibolit trong phc h ny [Tran Ngoc Nam
et al, 1998, 2002, 2003]. Nn cc gi tr tui K-Ar (Ar-Ar) 1900-2000 Tr.n. va dn cho thy
cc ca phc h granitoid Ca Vnh (Bo H) khng chu nh hng ca cc qu trnh bin
cht nhit cao trong sut thi gian t gia Paleoproterozoi n hin ti [Trn Ngc Nam
trong Trn Vn Tr, V khc, 2009].
Kt qu phn tch LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon cho khong tui 1750-1850 Tr.n. trong bi
bo ny nhm cung cp bng chng mi v khong thi gian hot ng bin cht cao i
Phan Si Pan trong Paleoproterozoi mun. Minh chng pha nhit - kin to Paleoproterozoi
sy ra trn i Phan Si Pan. Granitoid phc h Xm Giu kiu S - granit c th hnh thnh
trong pha kin to ny (Kt qu LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon phc h Xm Giu cho khong tui
tng ng vi khong tui ca mu gneis biotit phc h Sin Quyn s liu ca cc tc gi
cha cng b).
Giai on nhit kin sinh trong giai on ny xy ra mnh m khu vc Phan Si Pan v
nn Dng T, Hoa H Trung Quc, cng nh nn Ha Bc, Ty c v. V..., giai on ny c
th lin quan n s hi nhp to ni ca siu lc Columbia (Condie., 1998, Zhang et al.,
2006, Hieu and Chen et al., 2011).
Li cm n: Kt qu nghin cu ny c ti tr bi Qu pht trin khoa hc v cng
ngh quc gia (NAFOSTED) trong ti m s 105.03-2011.23
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] D.J. Cherniak et al, 1997. Rare-earth diffusion in zircon. Chemical Geology, 134: 289-
301.
[2] Lan C. Y., Chung S. L., Lo C. H., Lee T. Y., Wang P. L., Li H., Dinh Van Toan, 2001.
First evidence for Archean continental crust in northern Vietnam and its implications for
crustal and tectonic evolution in Southeast Asia. Geology, 19: 219-222.
[3] H.L. Yuan, S. Gao, X.M. Liu et al, 2004. Accurate U-Pb age and trace element
determination of zircon by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Geostandard and Geoanalytical Research, 28: 353-370.
[4] S. Gao, R.L. Rudnick, H.L. Yuan et al, 2004. Recycling lower continental crust in the
north China craton. Nature, 432: 892-897.
[5] Tran Ngoc Nam, 1998. Thermotectonic events from early Proterozoic to Miocene in the
Indochina craton: Implication of K-Ar ages in Vietnam. J. Asian Earth Sci., 16: 475-484.
[6] Trn Ngc Nam, 2001. Tui ca cc phc h Ca Vnh v Xm Giu: chng liu tin cy
223

u tin t phn tch SHRIMP U-Pb zircon. TC a cht, A/262 : 1-11. H Ni.
[7] Trn Ngc Nam, Y. Sano, S. L. Chung, 2002. Chng c mi 2840 triu nm t SHRIMP U-
Pb zircon cho tui Archei ca phc h Ca Vnh v ngha nhit kin sinh. TC a cht, A/273 :
21-28. H Ni.
[8] Trn Ngc Nam, H. Hyodo, T. Itaya, 2002.
40
Ar/
39
Ar single grain dating and mineral
chemisty of hornblendes south of the Red River Shear Zone (Vietnam): New evidence for Ealy
Proterozoic tectonothermel event. Gondwana Res., 5/4: 801-811.
[9] Trn Ngc Nam, 2003. Tui SHRIMP U-Pb zircon 750 Tr.n.ca phc h Po Sen v
ngha kin tao. TC a cht, A/274 : 11-16. H Ni.
[10] Trn Trng Ha, Ng Th Phng, Trn Tun Anh, Nguyn Vn Th, Nguyn c
Thng, 1999. Ti liu mi v cc xm nhp mafic siu mafic tui Proterozoi i Fansipan.
TC Cc KH v T, 21/2: 159-170, H Ni.
[11] Trn Vn Tr v nnk., 1977. a cht Vit Nam - Phn min Bc, t l 1:1.000.000. Nxb
Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.
[12] Trn Vn Tr v V Khc (ng ch bin), 2009. a cht v Ti nguyn Vit Nam. Nh
xut bn khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh, H Ni.

SUMMARY
Ziron U Pb dating of gneiss of the Sin Quyen complex, Phansipan area and its
geological implication
La Mai Son, Notheran Geological Mapping Division
Le Tien Dung, Pham Trung Hieu, University of Mining and Geology
Zircon selected from biotit gneiss of the Sin Quyen complex Phansipan tectonic
zone wereanalysed and dating by U-Pb method using SHRIMP instrument, the ages of
1750-1850 Ma. Addition to biotite gneis, in outcrop samples also met the shale rock
quartz - feldspar - two mica-garnet quartzite and amphibolite layers. This stones
assemblage determined metamorphic conditions to facies epidot - amphibolite.
According to pairs a garnet-biotite thermometer determine temperature to create =
550-630
0
C, pressure = 6-6.5 kbar. With U-Pb isotopic system, the their age can
determine for the high-temperature phase (closing temperature of zircon U-Pb system
from 800 to 1.000
0
C), is applied to determined the age of the magma, metamorphic
high reliability. According to the present age of the complex Sin Quyen mainly based
geological relationships. Results determine age by U-Pb isotopic of the zircon were
obtained indicating the age of metamorphism of the Sin Quyen complex corresponds to
Paleoproterozoi. The results also record a high-grade thermo-tectonic event occurred
in Paleoproterozoi time

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. L Thanh M

224


C IM CHT LNG CC THNH TO CACBONAT
KHU VC NG H, THI NGUYN V KH NNG S DNG
Nguyn Trung Thnh, Nguyn Khc Ging, Phm Th Vn Anh
L Th Ngc T, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Cc thnh to carbonat thuc h tng Bc Sn (C - Pbs) phn b kh rng ri
khu vc ng H - Thi Nguyn, t o thnh di ko di hng chc km theo hng ng bc - ty
nam. Kt qu nghin cu v c im thnh phn ha hc, khong vt v cc c tnh cng
ngh cho thy cc thnh to carbonat trong khu vc ny c cc c im cht lng kh
ng nht. Hm lng CaO dao ng trong khong 42,30% n 51,36%, trung bnh 48,32%;
hm lng MgO dao ng trong khong 2,15% n 6,35%, trung bnh 3,81%; MKN dao ng
trong khong 40,12 % n 44,26%, trung bnh 41,90%;, CKT dao ng trong khong 1,76%
n 8,78%, trung bnh 4,00%; hm lng cc t phn khc nh K
2
O, Na
2
O, P
2
O
5
khng ng
k. Tr s phng x ca cc carbonat trong khu vc nghin cu di ngng an ton theo
quy nh. Vi c tnh cht lng nh trn, cc thnh t o carbonat trong vng ny c th
dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh nguyn liu xi mng, ph gia ho cht cng nghip v s dng
lm vt liu xy dng thng thng.
1. M u
ng H, Thi Nguyn l mt khu vc c v th kh quan trng trong s pht trin
chung ca vng ng Bc v tnh Thi Nguyn. Ngun ti nguyn khong sn trong khu vc
kh phong ph, bao gm nhm khong sn kim loi, khng kim loi v c bit l cc thnh
to carbonat.
Thc tin trong nhng nm qua cho thy vic khai thc cc m carbonat lm vt
liu xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip, giao thng v dn dng mang li hiu qu ln
lao v ngy cng thu ht c th thng ca Thi Nguyn v cc vng ph cn. Tuy nhin
trong cng tc, nghin cu, thm d, xc nh tim nng tr lng v cht lng khng
nh thng hiu v n nh chin lc pht trin lu di cn nhiu hn ch. Trong s nghip
cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc, nht l trong qu trnh hi nhp Quc t, vic pht
trin, thm d v khai thc, khng nh cht lng thng hiu cc m carbonat cng c
ngha quan trng v cp thit hn.
2. c im a cht khu vc ng H, Thi Nguyn
c im a cht khu vc ng H - Thi Nguyn c cp trong nhiu cng
trnh nghin cu, ng ch l cng trnh o v bn a cht min Bc Vit Nam t l
1:500.000 ca A.E Dovjicov v nnk (1965), Trn Vn Tr (1975). Nguyn ch D (1985),
Cng trnh o v bn v tm kim khong sn t l 1:200.000 t Tuyn Quang v cc ti
liu nghin cu chuyn tm kim cc loi khong sn trong vng khi qut kh y
v c im a tng ca khu vc nghin cu.
2.1. c im a tng
Khu vc nghin cu c cu trc a cht kh n gin, bao gm cc thnh to vi
thuc khi ni vi h tng Bc Sn (C - Pbs) (to nn bi cc trm tch vi cu to khi,
phn lp dy n va, ht nh n vi ht, i ch ti kt tinh cha nhiu di tch ho ) ko
di hng chc km theo hng ng bc - ty nam.
Bn cnh cc thnh to trm tch carbonat l cc thnh t o trm tch bin cht Lot
Sng Cu tui Devon sm (D
1
sc), c quan h kin to vi cc thnh to lc nguyn xen
carbonat h tng Lng Sn tui Trias sm, cc trm tch lc nguyn xen phun tro acit ca
h tng Sng Hin. Cc thnh to ct bt kt, sn kt ca h tng H Ci c dng thu knh
phng ng bc - ty nam c quan h bt chnh hp vi cc ca h tng Sng Hin v h
tng Bc Sn pha ng khu vc thm d. Cc thnh to H t bao gm cc sn phm
225

phong ho t cc thnh to carbonat l st, bt st ph pha trn c b dy mng phn b dc
cc thung lng v sng sui.
Cc thnh to Lot Sng Cu (D
1
sc) phn b thnh di theo phng ng bc - ty
nam, un ln chiu di khong 10km, b rng trung bnh khong 2km,. Thnh phn bao
gm: Cui kt y, sn kt, ct kt, bt kt, phin st cha Youngolepis cf., paraecursor,
Yunnanolepis sp...
Ph chnh hp ln trn cc ca Lot Sng Cu l cc ca h tng Mia L
(D1ml), thnh phn thch hc gm st vi, bt kt, vi cha Euryspirifer tonkinensis.
Favosites goldfussi Goniophora cf. spatulata.
pha ng, ng bc n ng nam khu vc phn b cc thnh to h tng H Ci
tui Jura (J
1-2
hc), h tng Lng Sn (T
1
ls), Sng Hin c tui Trias (T
1 -2
sh) phn b thnh
di theo phng ng bc - ty nam, c trng l a hnh i ni thp c cao khng ln,
dc nh. Thnh phn thch hc kh phong ph, bao gm: Ct kt, bt kt, phin st,
vi st, st vi. Cha Ophiceras sp., Claraia stachei, Paranorites praestans, Columbites cf.
parisianus. Cc phun tro acit, vi st, phin st vi cha nhiu ha ng vt,
Cc thnh to h t khng phn chia (Q) phn b dc cc thung lng v sng sui
trong vng, chng c cao thp, b mt a hnh bng phng bao gm cc sn phm tch t
v ph hu ca cc c trc.
2.2. Cu trc kin to
Khu vc nghin cu c ch hot ng kin to mnh m. Cc hot ng kin to
bin dng gin to nn cc h thng t gy ko di theo phng ng bc - ty nam thng
to thnh h thng song song nhau.
Trong cc thnh phn trm tch lc nguyn - carbonat h tng Bc Sn (C - Pbs), h
tng Mia L, h tng Sng Hin thng b bin dng v nt n mnh khu vc gn h thng
t gy. Trong vi pht trin nhiu h thng khe nt. H thng t gy phng ng bc -
ty nam nh hng cho cc thung lng v sng sui trong vng.
2.3. c im a mo
2.3.1. Dng a hnh tch t
Dng a hnh ny pht trin mnh m trn nn gc ca cc thnh to carbonat ca
h tng Bc Sn, chn cc i, ni thp c thnh to t cc trm tch lc nguyn thuc
h tng Lng Sn v h tng Sng Hin, h tng H Ci. Dng a hnh tch t c cao
trung bnh t 60 -65m. Cc sn phm pht trin trn dng a hnh ny l mnh vn trm
tch carbonat, lc nguyn trong vng, c thnh phn l bt st, ct, sn v cc mnh phong
ho d dang t gc, cc sn phm ph hu khng hon ton ca gc c ngun gc eluvi,
deluvi.

nh 1. a hnh tch t phn b pha ty khu vc nghin cu
Dng a hnh ny thng c dc rt thoi khong 10
o
-15
0
, lp ph thc vt pht
trin km, thng l cc cy trng, hoa mu ca nhn dn a phng trong vng.
226

2.3.2. Dng a hnh bc mn trn cc trm tch carbonat tui Carbon - Pecmi h tng
Bc Sn (C - P bs)

nh 2. a hnh bc mn chim phn ln din tch khu thm d
Dng a hnh pht trin kh rng ri trong vng nghin cu, ch yu l cc ni vi
to thnh di phn b theo hng ng bc - ty nam.
Dng a hnh ny tn ti cc hang hc ca cc ni c cao ln, b mt a hnh c
dc rt ln, i khi n 70-80
o
, c ch to thnh vch ng, t thc vt pht trin, tr l
gc, i khi pht trin nhiu h thng cy leo chng cht. Cu thnh nn dng a hnh ny l
cc trm tch carbonat cu to phn lp dy ca h tng Bc Sn tui Carbon - Pecmi (C -
Pbs).
Trn b mt a hnh, mc l gc tt, sn phm phong ho tch ng t, thng b
bc mn ra tri ht v b nt n, i ch c dng car ( tai mo). Do gc b nt n
nhiu nn thng thnh to cc hang karst nhng cao khc nhau, c nhng hang kn v
c nhng hang do trt l gc m h ra.
3. c im cht lng v c tnh cng ngh ca cc thnh to carbonat khu vc ng
H, Thi Nguyn
3.1. c im cht lng
3.1.1. c im thch hc
Cc thnh to vi trong khu vc nghin cu thuc di vi ko di t Tn Long
(Thi Nguyn) n Hng Phong (Lng Sn) c tnh cht v c im cu to kh ng nht.
Kt qu phn tch mu thch hc - lt mng cho thy c im cc trong khu vc nghin
cu bao gm cc c c im nh sau: vi vi ht n ht nh, ht va b olomit ho,
calcit ho, vi - olomit, olomit, vi st,
3.1.1.1. vi vi ht n ht nh, ht va:
vi chim phn ln trong din tch thm d, chng thng to thnh cc di ln, i
cng vi chng thng l vi sinh vt, vi - st v mt t olomit, thch anh. Bng mt
thng kh c th nhn bit c cc loi , c bit l ranh gii gia chng. Thnh phn
khong vt ca loi vi vi ht n ht nh ch yu l calcit chim phn ch yu >80%, t
hn l olomit, thch anh, khong vt st, khong vt to qung. Kch thc cc ht khong
vt thng c kin trc ht nh n vi ht, i khi n tinh, cc u c cu to khi ng
nht, t khi gp b p phn phin yu.
Biu hin bin i th sinh ca cc y ch yu l calcit ho, t hn l olomit
ho, to thnh cc tinh th c kch thc ln hn. i ch quan st c cc mch calcit nhit
dch kch thc nh xuyn ct.
3.1.1.2. vi b olomit ha:
vi b olomit c cu to khi, mu xanh, chim t l khng ln trong ton b khi
lng trong vng , cc loi ny c cng ln d o trong thn h phn c hm ln g
227

olomit cao. Thnh phn ca cc loi ny c calcit chim kh ong 70-87%, olomit chim
hm lng khong 10-30%, ngoi ra cn c thch anh, cc khong vt st v qung vi hm
lng thp. Trong cc loi ny thy c hin tng bin i calcit ho v olomit ho, kt
qu to ra cc tinh th calcit kch thc ln, ct khai r, tinh th olimit dng hnh thoi c cc
cnh rt r, chng phn b xung quanh cc khong vt kch thc nh n n tinh.
3.1.1.3. olomit:
olomit c cu to khi, thng c mu xanh n xm xanh, loi ny thng c
cng ln do hm lng olomit cao. Loi ny khng ph bin trong cc khu vc
nghin cu. Kin trc thng gp trong nhm ny l kin trc vi ht, kin trc ht nh n
va. Cc khong vt thng gp ch yu l olomit v calcit, cc khong vt c kch thc
nh, ht tha hnh, chim hm lng chnh trong mu nhng cng thay i trong tng mu c
th. Cc khong vt olomit thng tp trung thnh , gia cc thng l calcit pht trin
dng tha hnh.
3.1.1.4. vi - st:
vi st c c u to khi n phn lp, khng ph bin trong cc trong vng.
Thnh phn khong vt bao gm calcit v cc khong vt st, t gp hn l olomit v qung.
thng c kin trc ht nh n vi ht. Calcit thng i cng khong vt st phn b
thnh cc dng thu knh nh hoc d ng di, i khi thay th b khung sinh vt trong mu.
Calcit ti kt tinh cho kch thc ln, cc khong vt ln thng phn b thnh tng khu vc
nh hoc thay th phn trung tm ca xc sinh vt. Nhn b ngoi cc thuc loi ny
thng c mu xm en, ht mn hn, i khi c cu to phn lp mng n va hoc cu tp
phn lp khng r rng.
3.1.2. c im thnh phn ho hc
Kt qu phn tch mu ho c bn cc thnh to carbonat trong khu vc nghin cu, c
tng hp bng 1 v 2.
Bng 1. Thnh phn ho trung bnh theo mu n khu vc ng H
TT Cc gi tr
Hm lng (%)
CaO MgO MKN CKT
1 Max 51,36 6,35 44,26 8,78
2 Min 42,30 2,15 40,12 1,76
3 Trung bnh 48,32 3,81 41,90 4,00
Bng 2. Thnh phn ho trung bnh theo mu nhm khu vc ng H
TT
Cc gi
tr
Kt qu phn tch (%)
CaO MgO CKT MKN Fe
2
O
3
SiO
2
Na
2
O K
2
O P
2
O
5
SO
3

1 Max 48,06 3,86 5,02 41,23 0,34 4,15 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02
2 Min 46,89 3,12 4,15 40,74 0,15 3,03 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01
3 TB 47,328 3,376 4,724 40,998 0,256 3,598 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,014

Kt qu phn tch mu ho c bn cho thy hm lng trung bnh ca cc oxyt trong
cc thnh to carbonat khu vc tng ng vi vi ca h tng Bc Sn. Hm lng trung
bnh ca cc oxyt kh ng u, trong mt s loi c s bin thin c bit khng nhiu.
Hm lng CaO dao ng t 48,32% n 51,36%; trung bnh 48,32%. Hm lng MgO
khng cao, ch yu tp trung nhng olomit v b olomit ho vi hm lng dao ng
2.15% n 6.35%; trung bnh ton khu vc
3.1.3. c im hot tnh phng x
l 3.81%.
Kt qu phn tch phng x cho thy cng phng x ca cc thnh to carbonat
y thp thay i t 19,06R/h n 19,75R/h; trung bnh l 19,40R/h. i snh vi cng
phng x gii hn cho php trong vi theo TCVN l 50R/h, y l mc phng x hon
ton bo m v an ton phng x cho vic s dng vi lm vt liu xy dng.

228

Bng 3. Hot tnh phng x trung bnh khu vc ng H
STT Cc gi tr
Cng phng x
- I (R/h)
Hm lng
K (%) U (ppm) Th (ppm)
1 Max 19,75 0,48 5 20
2 Min 19,06 0,41 4 18
3 Trung bnh 19,406 0,44 4.4 18,8
3.1.4. c im phn b
Kt qu kho st, thm d trn ton b din tch ca khu vc cho thy quy m phn b
khong sn ca vi lm vt liu xy dng thng thng c nhng c im phn b nh sau:
cc thnh to carbonat c phn b trn hu ht din tch nghin cu t b mt cao nht gn
300m xung pha chn ni vi cao 60m vi thnh phn kh ng nht v to thnh khi.
3.2. Tnh cht c l v tnh cht cng ngh ca cc thnh to carbonat
3.2.1. Tnh cht c l
Nghin cu tnh cht c l ca vi trong khu vc nghin cu v so snh, i chiu
vi mc ca dm t thin nhin theo nn dp (TCVN 7570:2006) dng lm ct
vt liu ln cho b tng. Mc ca dm c trch dn theo bng 4.
Bng 4. Mc ca dm t thin nhin theo nn dp
(Theo tiu chun Vit Nam - TCVN 7570 : 2006)
Mc
dm
nn dp trong xi lanh trng thi bo ha nc,% khi lng
trm tch
phn xut xm
nhp v bin cht
phn xut phun tro
140 - n 12 n 9
120 n 11 12-16 Ln hn 9 n 11
100 Ln hn 11 n 13 Ln hn 16 n 20 Ln hn 11 n 13
80 Ln hn 13 n 15 Ln hn 20 n 25 Ln hn 13 n 15
60 Ln hn 15 n 20 Ln hn 25 n 34 -
40 Ln hn 20 n 28 - -
30 Ln hn 28 n 38 - -
20 Ln hn 38 n 54 - -
Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu c l, tnh ton cc thng s phn nh cc c tnh k
thut ca theo hng sn xut vt liu xy dng thng thng ca cc carbonat c
trnh by bng bng 5.
Bng 5. Tng hp kt qu c bn phn tch c l
Cc ch tiu n v tnh
Kt qu tnh ton
Max Min Trung bnh
Dung trng
t g
w
g/cm
3

Kh g
c
g/cm
3

2,63 2,62 2,62
T trng
2,74 2,70 2,71
T l khe h
0,05 0,03 0,03
khe h n %
4,38 2,59 3,31
Mc ht nc %
0,40 0,22 0,29
Cng khng p Kh
749,50 689,60 725,00
kG/cm
2
Bo ho
706,50 655,30 679,97
Cng khng ko Kh
71,90 53,00 61,23
kG/cm
2
Bo ho
65,60 50,40 57,50
Kh
Lc dnh
60,00 50,00 55,00
Gc ma st
42
0
40 38
0
10 41
0
05
Bo ho
Lc dnh (kG/cm
2
)
55,00 50,00 51,67
Gc ma st ()
42
0
20 37
0
50 40
0
35
H s bin mm 0,96 0,90 0,94
229

Kt qu phn tch cc cho thy cc ch tiu v mt c l nh sau: Cng nn mu
trng thi kh, cng nn mu trng thi bo ha, cng khng ct trng thi bo
ho u kh tt, cho thy vi ca khu vc c cht lng tt. Mc ca vi khu trong khu
vc t t 60 n 70, p ng lm vt liu xy dng thng thng, c bit l lm vt liu xy
dng (b tng, ri ng).
3.2.2. Tnh cht cng ngh
Tu theo yu cu cht lng v lnh vc s dng khc nhau, i hi nhng ch tiu
cht lng khc nhau. Ngy nay nhiu cng trnh i hi cht lng cao nh lm vt liu cho
cc cng trnh cng nghi p, nn ng cao tc, th cht lng ca vt liu cng i hi
ngy cng cao.
xy dng, ngoi nhng ch tiu v c l thng thng th ch tiu mi mn tang
quay c cht lng tt cng p ng c cho cc cng trnh xy dng cng nghip.
xy dng dng trong giao thng (ng t cao tc, ng st, ) ngoi ch tiu
v cng khng nn nu trn, th ch tiu v mi mn tang quay cng l nhng ch tiu
quan trng. Trong ch tiu v mi mn trong tang quay l mt trong s cc ch tiu cn
c c bit ch trong cng tc thm d nh gi cht lng xy dng thng thng
lm ng cao tc v ng st.
nghin cu mi mn trong tang quay, trong din tch thm d tin hnh ly v
phn tch 05 mu mi mn trong tang quay. Kt qu phn tch c tng hp bng 6, cho thy
trong khu m thuc loi c cht lng tt, dao ng t 28,31% n 31,16%, trung bnh t
29,99% p ng tiu chun so vi TCVN 7570:2006 l 41-50%.
Kt qu ly v phn tch mu bm dnh nha ng cho thy ca khu vc kh ng
u, bm dnh nha ng tt, u t bc 4 v bc 5, thuc loi bm dnh tt.
Bng 6. Bng tng hp ch tiu mu cng ngh
STT
S hiu
mu
mi mn trong
tang quay (%)
TCVN
570:2006
S hiu
mu
bm dnh
nha ng
nh gi
1 MM 29,64 .01 <50% BD bc 5 .01 Bm dnh tt
2 MM 30,18 .02 <50% BD bc 4 .02 Bm dnh tt
3 MM.03 <50% 28,31 BD bc 4 .03 Bm dnh tt
4 MM 31,16 .04 <50% BD bc 5 .04 Bm dnh tt
5 MM 30,66 .05 <50% BD bc 4 .05 Bm dnh tt
Nh vy, cc thnh to carbonat ti khu vc ng H, tnh Thi Nguyn thuc loi
xy dng c cht lng kh tt, tho
4. Kt lun
mn yu cu cho sn xut vt liu xy dng thng
thng.
Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc thnh to carbonat khu vc ng H, tnh
Thi Nguyn c cc c im a cht v cht lng carbonat kh ng nht, nm trong
cng mt h tng cha carbonat h tng Bc Sn. Cht lng carbonat ca vng c
th dng trong cc lnh vc nh: nguyn liu xi mng, ph gia ho cht cng nghip v c
bit l trong lnh vc sn xut lm vt liu xy dng thng thng.
Tim nng v ti nguyn carbonat c th p ng cho s pht trin cng nghip vt
liu xy dng, xi mng v ho cht, chng thc s l ngun lc pht trin kinh t, x ca
khu vc ni ring v tnh Thi Nguyn ni chung trong thi gian ti.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Don Huy Cm, 2003. Tim nng ti nguyn carbonat calcit v s dng hp l kinh t
chung trong pht tri n kinh t - x hi, c bit l trong chin lc sn xut xi mng Vit
Nam. Lun n tin s, Th vin trng H M - a cht.
230

[2]. Nguyn Vn Chin, Trnh ch, Phan Trng Th, 1973. Thch hc, Nh xut bn i hc
v trung hc chuyn nghip H Ni -1973.
[3]. Trn c Lng, Nguyn Xun Bao v nnk, 1992. a cht Vit Nam. Lu tr cc a cht
v khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[4]. Nguyn Khc Ging, 2010. Bo co thm d m vi lm vt liu xy dng thng
thng m vi Xm Mi x Tn Long, huyn ng H, tnh Thi Nguyn. Lu tr S Ti
nguyn Mi trng Thi Nguyn.
thng m vi ng Dong x La Hin, huyn ng H, tnh Thi Nguyn. Lu tr S Ti
nguyn Mi trng Thi Nguyn.
thng m vi m vi Nc Lnh x Tn Long, huyn ng H, tnh Thi Nguyn.
Lu tr S Ti nguyn Mi trng Thi Nguyn.
[7]. Phm nh Long v nnk, 1968. Bn a cht Tuyn Quang (F-48-XXII) t l 1:200
000 (hiu nh). Lu tr Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
SUMMARY
Quality of carbonate formations in Dong Hy area, Thai Nguyen province and their
applicaption fields
Nguyen Trung Thanh, Nguyen Khac Giang, Pham Thi Van Anh, Le Thi Ngoc Tu,
Carbonate rocks of Bac Son Formation (C-Pbs) are abundant in Dong Hy area, Thai
Nguyen province, which extend northeast-southwest trending tens of kilometres..
Results of chemical, mineralogical and technological analyses show that carbonate
the carbonate rocks in Dong Hy areaarea characterized by relatively uniform quality.The
CaO content varies from 42,30% to 51,36%, averaging at 48,32%; MgO contents ranges
from 2,15% to 6,35%, averaging at 3,81%; LOI varying from 40,12 % to 44,26 %, with
average content of 41,90%; Dissoved matter content varies from 1,76% to 8,78%, averaging
at 4,00%; the contents of K2O, Na2O, P2O5 are very low. Radioactive values are bellow the
acceptable limits. With such quality, carbonate rocks in the study area can be used in many
fields such as cement materials, industrial chemical additions and construction materials.

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Bnh

231


TRIN VNG PUZZOLAN TNH KON TUM
V NH HNG S DNG

nh Tot, Vn Nhun, Nguyn Kim Long
Trng i hc M - a cht
Nguyn Vn Hch, L Vn Chinh
S Khoa hc v Cng ngh tnh Kon Tum

Tm tt: Nghin cu, nh gi tim nng puzzolan trn ton b a bn tnh Kon Tum
cho thy tnh Kon Tum c tim nng ln v cc ngun vt liu xy dng v cc loi
ph gia khong puzzolan t nhin. Kt qu nghin cu xc nh c cc khu vc
trin vng nguyn liu puzzolan p ng yu cu cht lng sn xut xi mng, sn
xut vt liu b tng, vt liu khng nung nh sau:
- Khu x P vi din tch 1155 ha cti nguyn d bo cp 334 a+b l 184,8 triu
tn;
- Khu X Hiu, din tch 994,6 ha cti nguyn d bo cp 334 a+b l 159,13 triu
tn;
- Khu k Rve - k Long vi din tch 815,5 ha cti nguyn d bo cp 334 a+b l
130,48 triu tn;
- Khu vc th x Kon Tum vi din tch 867,8 ha c ti nguyn d bo cp 334 a+b l
138,84 triu tn.
M u
Trong qu trnh xy dng v pht trin kinh t x hi nh u cu s dng puzzolan ngy
cng a dng v khng ngng tng ln. V puzzolan l ngun vt liu t nhin hoc nhn to
cha SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, c t hoc khng c tnh kt dnh, nhng khi nghin mn v trong
mi trng m t th phn ng ha hc vi Ca(OH)
2
nhit thng to thnh hp
cht c tnh kt dnh. Puzzolan thin nhin thng gp l cc loi bazan lin quan n qu
trnh bn phong ha v phong ha. Puzzolan c dng nhiu trong vt liu khng nung, ph
gia xi mng v trong th i gian g n y c s dng ch yu sn xut b tng m ln
(BTL). BTL v ang c s dng nhiu trong cng trnh thy li ln nh h nh
Bnh Bnh nh v cc cng trnh thy in ln nh cng trnh thy in Sn La. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy trn a bn tnh Kon Tum rt phong ph cc thnh to bazan Kainozoi
c trin vng v puzzolan, phn b ch yu pha bc- ng bc v pha nam - ng nam vi
nhng din tch tng i ln. ng thi trn a bn tnh Kon Tum cng ang pht trin
nhiu cng trnh thy in c nhu cu s dng i vi puzzolan. Mt khc puzzolan c th s
dng sn xut cc vt liu khng nung, lm ng, sn bi phc v trc tip cho xy dng
dn dng vi gi thnh r.
Cho n nay theo cc ti liu bo co tnh Kon Tum c khong 70 cng trnh thu in
v ang pht trin nhiu cng trnh thu li, ang c nhu cu rt ln v s dng nguyn liu
puzzolan. Mt khc tnh Kon Tum cng nh cc khu vc ln cn trong thi gian ti cn xy
dng, pht trin nhiu tuyn ng giao thng, do vic s dng nguyn liu puzzolan l
nhu cu tt yu t hiu qu kinh t cao. Xut pht t nhng thc t nu trn, vic iu tra
nh gi trin vng puzzolan tnh Kon Tum v nh hng ch bin s dng s p ng c
cc nhu cu cp thit hin na y v ngun nguyn liu ny i vi tnh Kon Tum ni ring v
nc ta ni chung.
Trn a bn tnh Kon Tum, puzzolan lin quan vi cc thnh to phun tro bazan ba
khu vc: P - X Hiu, Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve v th x Kon Tum, trong cc
232

khu vc P - X Hiu, Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve i tng l bazan ca h tng i
Nga (B/N
2
n), khu vc th x Kon Tum l bazan ca h tng Tc Trng (B/N
2
-Q
1
tt). Cc kt
qu nghin cu a cht chng t rng, h tng i Nga (B/N
2
n) phn b trn khu vc t nh
Kon Tum kh ph bin cc thnh to tng hng, l cc bazan l hng, hnh nhn xp
nh, c trin vng tt i vi nguyn liu puzzolan, c bit cc khu vc P - X Hiu,
c Rve, tng t nh khu vc Ni Boong, Gia Lai. y l tin tt tm kim puzzolan,
m cc a bn phn b bazan cc a phng khc t c.
1. c im v tim nng puzzolan khu vc P - X Hiu v khu vc Mng Cnh-
k Long- k Rve
1.1. c im a cht
khu vc P - X Hiu v khu vc Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve puzzolan lin
quan bazan h tng i Nga (B/N
2
n). Cc thnh to bazan h tng i Nga phn b cc
khu vc P - X Hiu 22km
2
, Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve 31km
2
.
a. Mt ct c trng cho khu vc P - X Hiu. Qua 4 mt ct tin hnh ti thn 1, 2
lng Kon Lng, thn 11 Kon Klng, thn 9 T Cn, c th nu ln mt ct c trng cho khu
vc nh sau (t di ln):
- Tp 1: bazan ht mn, t ban tinh, mu xm en, en lc, cu to c st, i khi tn ti
cc nh l hng, hnh nhn. B dy khong 25-30m. bazan ph khng chnh hp ln h
tng Xa Lam C tui Arkei v magma xm nhp phc h Qu Sn tui Paleozoi mun.
- Tp 2: bazan l hng, hnh nhn 5-10%, mu xm en, en l c, lin h cht ch vi
bazan c st ca tp di. B dy 10-15m.
- Tp 3: bazan cu to l hng, hnh nhn mu en pht lc, en lc. B dy 10-15m.
- Tp 4: bazan l hng, hnh nhn mu xm, xm en, xm vng vi hm lng l hng
t 20-25 n 30-35%, xp, nh, l i tng quan trng tm kim pht hin puzzolan. B
dy khong 15-20m.
- Tp 5: bazan l hng, bn phong ho, mu xm, xm pht nu, xp nh cng
nh, l i tng cha puzzolan. B dy 15-25m.
- Tp 6: bazan b phong ho hon ton, ln nhiu khong vt st giu nhm, mu vng,
vng nu. B dy 5-10m.
Nh vy b dy ca cc tp bazan khu vc P - X Hiu l 78- 115m trong cc tp
bazan c trin vng puzzolan l tp 3 v tp 4 vi b dy 25-35m.
b. Cc mt ct c trng khu vc Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve
Qua 4 mt ct tng hp t pha bc - ng bc, pha ty- ty nam v ng nam c th
chia ra cc tp (t di ln):
- Tp 1: bazan dng khi c st, mn, xen t bazan hnh nhn ngho, mu xm en,
en lc. B dy 10-15m. Bazan tp 1 ph khng chnh hp ln cc bin cht ca h tng
Tc P tui Meso- Proterozoi v phc h magma xm nhp Qu Sn tui Paleozoi mun.
- Tp 2: bazan ngho hnh nhn, l hng xen thu knh bazan c st, mu xm en, en
lc. B dy 3-8m.
- Tp 3: bazan giu l hng, hnh nhn, rn chc, mu xm, en lc c trin vng v
puzzolan. B dy 5-10m.
- Tp 4: bazan giu hnh nhn, l hng kch thc ln, mu xm, xm pht nu, xm
xanh, tng i rn chc. B dy 8-12m. y l tp c nhiu trin vng v puzzolan, cn tip
tc nghin cu xc nh chnh xc b dy.
- Tp 5: bazan bn phong ho, ch yu bazan hnh nhn l hng, mu xm nht, xm
nu. thng xp, nh, khng rn chc. y l tp cha puzzolan quan trng. B dy l ra
10-18m, cn nghin cu xc nh chnh xc b dy ca tp bazan ny.
- Tp 6: bazan phong ho mnh mu vng, vng nu, i ch to laterit. Mt s ni gp
qung bauxit mu nu, nu vi hm lng nhm kh cao. B dy 7-15m?
233

Qua ti liu ca cc mt ct vi b dy ca bazan l ra 36 -70m cho thy puzzolan
tp trung trong cc tp 4, 5 ch yu l bazan l hng, hnh nhn, xp nh.
1.2. c im thch hc
Kt qu phn tch cc mu lt mng, kt hp vi vic tng hp ti liu v thnh phn
thch hc ca bazan trong h tng i Nga bao gm: bazan hai pyroxen, bazan olivin-
pyroxen- plagioclas, plagiobazan, bazan pyroxen- plagioclas v hyalobazan.
- Bazan hai pyroxen: mu xm en, en, en l c, khng c hoc ngho ban tinh, cu
to c st i khi l hng. Thnh phn khong vt: ban tinh 10-15% gm plagioclas, enstatit,
augit, rt t khi gp olivin. Nn 85- 90% trong ch yu vi tinh plagioclas, augit, thu tinh
baz. c kin trc porphyr vi nn gian phin, dolerit.
- Bazan olivin- pyroxen- plagioclas: mu xm xanh, ph t lc, en lc, cu to c
st, l hng hoc hnh nhn. Thnh phn khong vt ban tinh 15- 20%, ch yu olivin, augit,
plagioclas. Nn 80 -85% trong ch yu vi tinh plagioclas, augit v ti 25 - 30% thu tinh
baz. kin trc porphyr vi nn gian phin, hyalopylit.
- Bazan pyroxen- plagioclas v plagiobazan: ph bin mu xm, xm pht lc, xm
en, cu to l hng i khi hnh nhn vi kch thc ln, hm lng 30-35%. Thnh phn
khong vt ban tinh 15 - 25%, bao gm plagioclas, augit, rt t gp olivin (1 -2%). Nn 75-
85% u th l cc vi tinh plagioclas, thu tinh baz, t augit. Trng hp ban tinh plagioclas
chim u th c th khng gp augit c gi l plagiobazan.
- Hyalobazan: ph b in ph n trn c a cc tp d y d ung n ham trong mt ct.
thng ht mn, mu xm, xm lc, cu to l hng, hnh nhn c trng vi hm lng 30-
40%, kch thc 5-10mm hoc hn. Do rt xp, nh v l i tng quan trng tm
kim pht hin puzzolan. Thnh phn khong vt: ban tinh 5-10%, u th th l plagioclas,
augit, rt t olivin. nn 90-95%, trong c 50-65% thu tinh baz v t vi tinh plagioclas,
augit. c kin trc porphyr vi nn hyalopylit v thu tinh.
Trong cc loi bazan ca h tng i Nga thng gp cc khong vt ph: ilmenit,
magnetit, i khi apatit.
1.3. c im thch- a ho
a. c im thch ho
Kt qu phn tch ho hc cho thy hm lng SiO
2
48,72- 50,20%, Al
2
O
3
15,48-
17,20%, tng st 10- 12%, tng kim Na
2
O +K
2
O 4- 5%. Trn cc biu phn loi ca Le
Maitre R.W. thuc trng bazan. Trn biu phn chia lot ca Kuno 1959 chng thuc lot
tholeit bo ho silic, giu nhm, magnesi mc trung bnh v thp.
b. c im a ho
Theo cc ti li u phn tch quang ph nh lng gn ng, trong bazan h tng i
Nga thng xuyn gp cc nguyn t hm lng thp: Sr, Ba, V, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zr v t hn
l Zn, Y, Sc v hm lng tng i cao ca Yb, Be.
1.4. Kt qu nghin cu c im v cht lng puzzolan
Cc ti liu v a cht, thch hc cho thy puzzolan thng tp trung trong cc loi
bazan l hng, hnh nhn, xp nh, rn chc hoc bn phong ho. Do cc mu phn tch
pht hin puzzolan ch yu tp trung vo cc loi bazan nu trn.
1.4.1. Nghin cu thnh phn ho hc
Da vo cc ch tiu nh gi v puzzolan nh: SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
vi tng SiO
2
+
Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
70%, hm lng SO
3
<3%, MKN 10%, ngoi ra cn ch n cc hm
lng MgO, tng kim Na
2
O +K
2
O.
a. Phn tch ho c bn
Cc s liu phn tch ho c bn bng 1 cho thy:
- Hm lng SiO
2
bin thin 30,32- 54,86%, ph bin 38-41%, tr mu KTP 1018 l
qung bauxit. Nh vy thp hn hm lng SiO
2
m Ni Boong- Mng Yang- Gia Lai.
234

- Hm lng Al
2
O
3
: tng i cao, mt s mu Mng en, k Long c th lin
quan n khu vc cha bauxit. Kt qu phn tch cho hm lng Al
2
O
3
dao ng t 14,64-
29,57%, ph bin 24-26% v cao hn m Ni Boong. Cc m min Tru ng nh: Qung Tr,
Ngh An. Hm lng Fe
2
O
3
t 14,21- 20,55%, ph bin 15- 18%.
- Hm lng SO
3
: thp di gii hn cho php, t 0,62- 2,7%, ph bin 0,8- 1%.
- MKN (mt khi nung): cng bin thin trong phm vi kh rng v mt s mu phn
tch ly trong i b n phong ho, xp, nh, b ri v cha nhiu khong vt st. T l
MKN dao ng t 7,47 - 15,67%, ph bin 8-9% i vi cc mu ly trong i bn phong
ho. Cn cc mu gc ch dao ng trong phm vi rt nh: 0,76- 1,74%.
b. Phn tch ho silicat tng hp
Mu phn tch ho silicat tng hp c la chn trn c s ca cc v tr kim tra
bng phn ho c bn. Phn ln cc mu silicat nhm nh gi tng hp cht lng ca
puzzolan, ngoi cc oxit chnh nh: SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, SO
3
, MKN, cn ch n cc oxit
kim: K
2
O, Na
2
O v MgO, CaO, TiO
2
, MnO v FeO (bng 1.2).
T s hiu ca bng 1.2, kt qu phn tch tng hp ho silicat ca cc khu vc phn b
bazan h tng i Nga (B/N
2
n) c th rt ra nhn xt nh sau:
- Tng hm lng cc oxit quan trng nh hng n cht lng puzzolan: SiO
2
+
Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
u ln hn 70% theo yu cu nh gi cht lng puzzolan.
- Oxit SiO
2
, nhn chung khu vc P - X Hiu, Mng Cnh- k Long- k Rve
hm lng gn tng ng vi cc m: Ni Boong- Mng Yang- Gia Lai, Ngh An, Qung
Tr. Tuy nhin hm lng SiO
2
trong cc khu vc thng bin thin t 36 -45,84%, khng
ng u nh cc m Ni Boong, Ngh An, Qung Tr.
- Oxit Al
2
O
3
: hm lng tng i cao so vi cc khu vc khc t 4 -7%. iu ny c
th gii thch nh sau: bn cht ca bazan trong khu vc nghin cu giu nhm, mt khc
ni y rt gn gi vi m bauxit Mng en l do phong ho tn d.
- Oxit Fe
2
O
3
: hm lng dao ng trong phm vi cho php v ch cao hn cc m
ang khai thc khong 2-3% c l do nh hng ca i phong ho.
- Tng cc oxit Na
2
O +K
2
O trong khu vc nghin cu rt nh, t 0,005- 0,01%. Nhng
s liu ny phn nh ng vi ti liu thc t thu thp t cc im kho st, vt l v ho. Cc
v tr ly mu ch yu thuc i bn phong ho, mm, xp, cn ln nhiu khong vt th
sinh, do hm lng kim (Na
2
O +K
2
O) b ra la ho tan v vn chuyn i mt lng kh
ln t cc gc.
- T l MKN: cng nh cc mu phn tch ho c bn, hm lng MKN ca cc
trong khu vc nghin cu cao hn bazan t i cc khu m puzzolan ang khai thc Gia
Lai, Qung Tr v Ngh An. Hm lng MKN cao nhng thp hn gii hn cho php: 10%.
1.4.2. Kt qu nghin cu ht vi v hot tnh so snh vi m puzzolan Ni Boong ang
khai thc s dng
ht vi l ch tiu quan trng, quyt nh tnh cht, cht lng puzzolan. Cc mu
ly ch yu tp trung vo i bn phong ho v ni tip xc vi gc ca bazan l hng.
Cc kt qu phn tch c th hin ti bng 3:
- t 1: Thng 12/2008 do thi gian t, v cn c kt qu nh hng nghin cu pht
hin ngoi thc a, do thi gian phn tch ch 8 ngy - m. Tuy vy ht vi trung bnh
t 77,33 mg CaO/1g puzzolan.
- t 2: tip tc phn tch cc i tng c trin vng puzzolan vi thi gian 30 ngy -
m v ht vi trung bnh 120,36 mg CaO/1g puzzolan.
Nhng kt qu phn tch ht vi ca bazan trong khu vc nghin cu so snh vi
cc tiu chun Vit Nam nm 1982 v 2007 (mc 3.2) cho thy puzzolan c hot tnh t trung
bnh n mnh.

235

Bng 1. Thnh phn ho hc c bn ca bazan nguyn liu puzzolan
(Phn tch ti Lin on a cht X him)
STT S hiu mu
Cc oxit (%)
V tr ly mu
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
SO
3
MKN
1 KTP256/3 37,44 28,04 16,12 1,65 13,52 P
2 KTP261 35,42 27,23 17,28 1,20 13,88 Nt
3 KTP256/2 33,46 26,65 20,20 1,08 14,91 Nt
4 KTP255 50,54 14,64 14,35 1,42 1,74 Nt
5 KTP1054 36,46 26,26 16,64 1,40 12,87 Nt
6 KTP261/2 34,36 26,76 18,63 1,45 13,10 Nt
7 KTP1067 38,00 22,43 20,44 0,89 8,43 Nt
8 KTP1524 39,34 27,55 18,36 0,85 9,68 Nt
9 KTP2010 42,14 19,12 21,72 0,78 9,51 Nt
10 KTP2008 37,36 26,00 19,16 0,79 9,86 Nt
11 KTP1018 16,38 44,01 11,69 1,16 15,67 X Hiu
12 KTP1015/1 31,48 27,74 20,55 1,56 13,19 Nt
13 KTP1511 37,80 24,91 16,17 1,83 11,24 Nt
14 KTP1015/2 30,80 26,93 20,31 1,31 13,67 Nt
15 KTP1547 40,68 26,55 17,88 0,77 9,32 Nt
16 KTP2019 38,74 25,55 20,76 1,01 8,85 Nt
17 KTP1009/2 40,98 26,57 17,41 0,87 10,66 Nt
18 KTP1546 42,60 26,82 13,50 1,04 9,90 Nt
19 KTP1009/1 41,92 27,06 17,09 0,83 7,96 Nt
20 KTP2562 38,05 28,08 19,64 1,05 7,66 Nt
21 KTP1539 41,00 27,06 14,37 0,85 10,49 Nt
22 KTP01a 50,86 15,03 14,21 2,70 0,76 ak Long
23 KTP275/1 33,72 26,16 18,20 1,18 15,67 Nt
24 KTP1108 41,84 26,06 15,97 0,78 9,03 Nt
25 KTP1107 37,92 25,55 19,32 0,62 9,78 Nt
26 KTP01 35,76 24,27 18,63 0,83 9,28 Nt
27 KTP2040 39,02 29,57 17,56 0,76 8,02 Nt
28 KTP1558 38,30 27,59 16,77 0,77 10,04 Mng Cnh
29 KTP1551 39,84 26,55 19,06 1,01 7,47 Nt
30 KTP273/2 30,32 27,40 18,20 1,46 15,25 ak Rve
31 KTP273 33,04 27,99 17,92 1,06 14,54 Nt
32 KTP273/5 38,26 27,59 18,84 0,89 9,75 Nt
33 LK1 46,27 17,72 15,36 4,46 Ni Boong Gia Lai
34 LK2 46,11 17,67 15,51 3,83 Nt
35 LK3 45,03 18,04 16,35 5,10 Nt
36 NA 45,41 14,48 12,64 2,73 Ngh An
37 QT 46,43 18,91 11,30 8,35 Qung Tr

236

Bng 2. Thnh phn ha hc ca bazan nguyn liu Puzlan (phn tch ha silicat)
(phn tch ti lin on a cht X him)
STT S hiu mu
Cc oxit (%)
V tr ly mu
SiO
2
TiO
2
Al
2
O
3
FeO Fe
2
O
3
CaO MgO MnO SO
3
Na
2
O K
2
O MKN
1 KTPH 03 38,56 2,98 23,93 0,32 22,75 1,89 1,35 0,22 0,75 <0,005 <0,005 7,25 P ho 03
2 KTPH 02 37,76 2,57 24,63 0,43 20,08 1,96 1,82 0,28 0,82 0,01 <0,005 9,31 P ho 02
3 KTP 2517 40,32 2,57 24,37 0,64 19,34 1,75 0,66 0,06 0,89 <0,005 <0,005 9,23 P ho 02
4 KTP 2517/1 43,94 1,58 25,52 0,29 14,33 2,03 0,25 0,17 0,94 <0,005 <0,005 10,92 P ho 02
5 KTP VL 256/1 45,84 0,80 17,35 3,74 7,61 12,14 0,81 0,19 0,85 <0,005 <0,005 9,04 P . Vt l
6 KTP PVL 256/2 38,46 2,50 25,44 0,65 20,08 2,02 0,30 1,40 0,97 0,02 <0,005 9,06 P . Vt l
7 KTP 1079 38,06 2,04 29,04 0,25 18,08 2,10 0,30 0,14 1,05 <0,005 <0,005 8,60 X Hiu
8 KTP 1072 36,90 2,29 25,81 0,68 19,28 1,82 1,01 0,19 0,82 <0,005 <0,005 10,84 X Hiu
9 KTP H04 40,52 1,79 27,43 0,14 17,28 1,96 0,40 0,05 0,92 <0,005 <0,005 8,50 X Hiu. Ho
10 KTP 2554 44,52 1,33 22,70 0,11 15,69 2,10 0,20 0,09 1,00 <0,005 <0,005 9,69 X Hiu
11 KTP 1080 37,67 2,85 25,58 0,79 20,32 2,03 1,60 0,17 1,01 0,02 <0,005 7,97 X Hiu
12 KTP 1558/1 36,06 2,85 24,20 0,50 21,59 2,38 1,31 0,19 1,13 <0,005 <0,005 8,89 Mng Cnh
13 KTP 1552 38,07 2,29 25,07 0,22 19,20 2,38 2,32 0,19 0,77 <0,005 <0,005 9,88 Mng Cnh
14 KTP 1511 43,72 1,44 27,39 0,11 13,41 2,24 0,10 0,22 0,98 0,01 <0,005 9,96 k Long
15 KTP273/4 40,52 1,69 26,98 0,22 16,32 2,24 0,91 0,14 0,89 0,01 <0,005 10,05 k Rve
16 G
1
43,86 3,13 18,26 18,16 3,45 4,26 Ni Boong
17 G
4
39,70 3,77 22,01 19,09 2,52 8,82 Ni Boong
18 G
7
43,72 3,46 18,76 16,84 3,54 6,75 Ni Boong
19 NA 45,41 3,49 14,48 12,64 8,60 7,04 3,04 1,13 2,73
20 QT 46,43 1,60 18,91 3,23 11,30 2,43 5,11 0,03 0,65 1,09 8,35

Ghi ch: G
1
, G
4
, G
7
: Hm lng trung bnh ca m bazan Ni Boong Mang Yang Gia Lai;
NA: Hm lng trung bnh cc m bazan Ngh An;
QT: Hm lng trung bnh cc m bazan Qung Tr

237

T nhng tiu chun ny chng minh c bazan lm nguyn liu puzzolan ca khu
vc nghin cu c hot tnh trung bnh n mnh vi ht vi t 77,33- 120,36mg CaO/1g
ph gia puzzolan. Khi so snh vi cc thnh to bazan ca Ni Boong cho thy: ht vi
ca bazan nguyn liu puzzolan m Ni Boong theo kt qu tng hp mu phn tch t cc
cng trnh thm d t 57,04 - 61,96mg CaO/1g puzzolan. Do puzzolan Ni Boong thu c
loi c hot tnh trung bnh l ch yu.
Bng 3. ht vi ca bazan nguyn liu puzzolan khu vc nghin cu
( phn tch ti Vin Vt liu xy dng, B Xy dng)
STT S hiu mu
ht vi
mgCaO/1g puzzolan
V tr ly mu
Thi gian
(ngy-m)

1 KTP256/3 82,81 P 8
2 KTP261 92,33 P 8
3 KTP1015/1 80,71 X Hiu 8
4 KTP01 24,43 k Long 8
5 KTP275/1 87,50 k Long 8
6 KTP1511 88,44 k Long 8
7 KTP273 85,12 k Rve 8
Trung bnh 77,33
1 KTP256 141,05 P 30
2 KTP2517/1 116,62 P 30
3 KTPH02 123,90 P 30
4 KTP256/1 128,4 P 30
5 KTPH03 114,24 P 30
6 KTP2517 146,03 P 30
7 KTPH04 134,47 P 30
8 KTP1072 108,64 X Hiu 30
9 KTP1080 112,77 X Hiu 30
10 KTP1079 105,77 X Hiu 30
11 KTP1552 132,44 X Hiu 30
12 KTP1558/1 80,01 Mng Cnh 30
Trung bnh 120,36

Bng 4. Kt qu th nghim s b v cng ngh puzlan P
(phn tch ti Vin Vt liu xy dng, B Xy dng)
TT
Tn cng
trnh
Cc ch tiu
Kt qu
(%)
Phng php th
1 H.8
(khu P-
)
Ch s hot tnh cng , phn trm so
vi mu i chng:
- 7 ngy
- 28 ngy
Lng nc yu cu, phn trm so vi
mu i chng

n trong Autoclave

15,1
26,4

118,0

0,01

TCVN 6882:2001

TCXD VN 395:2007

TCXD VN 395:2007
2 H.19
(phn
trn)
(khu P-
vi mu i chng:
- 7 ngy
- 28 ngy

7,8
8,3

TCVN 6882:2001

238

) Lng nc yu cu, phn trm so vi
mu i chng
n trong Autoclave

121,0
0,04

TCXD VN 395:2007
TCXD VN 395:2007
H.19
(phn
di)
(khu P-
)
vi mu i chng:
- 7 ngy
- 28 ngy
mu i chng
n trong Autoclave

80,8
81,7

97,5
0,04

TCVN 6882:2001

TCXD VN 395:2007
TCXD VN 395:2007
3 H.23
(phn
trn)
(khu P-
)
vi mu i chng:
- 7 ngy
- 28 ngy
mu i chng
n trong Autoclave

17,0
17,6

117,0
0,05

TCVN 6882:2001

TCXD VN 395:2007
TCXD VN 395:2007
H.23
(phn
di)
(khu P-
)
vi mu i chng:
- 7 ngy
- 28 ngy
mu i chng
n trong Autoclave

77,4
81,4

98,3
0,05

TCVN 6882:2001

TCXD VN 395:2007
TCXD VN 395:2007
Qua cc s liu bng 3 v bng 4 bc u c th nhn xt: cc tp bazan l hng cn
ti hoc bn phong ho ca h tng i Nga trong khu vc hon ton c kh nng s dng
lm nguyn liu puzzolan.
Cc mu phn tch ht vi, ch s hot tnh cng kt hp vi phn tch ho c
bn, silicat tng hp c th rt ra nhn xt: hm lng cc oxit SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, SO
3
,
MKN (trong cc mu c ht vi, ch s hot tnh cng tng ng vi ph gia hot tnh
t trung bnh n mnh) u t tiu chun theo quy nh.
1.4.3. Cc kt qu nghin cu thnh phn khong vt trong bazan nguyn liu puzzolan
Bazan c trin vng v puzzolan ch yu tp trung trong i bn phong ho v ni tip
gip vi gc. V vy trong thnh phn ca bazan nguyn li u puzzolan lun lun tn ti
cc nhm khong vt st, vt cht v nh hnh v nhiu khong vt th sinh khc. Nhng
khong vt ny s c nh hng n cht lng ca puzzolan trong qu trnh s dng sau ny.
Do cc khong vt c kch thc nh, phn ln khng thu quang v vy phng php nghin
cu xc nh chnh xc l phn tch rnghen v phn tch nhit.
a. Kt qu phn tch rnghen
Cc s liu phn tch rnghen c trng cho tng khu vc (bng 5) nh sau: Trong
bazan i bn phong ho u th nhm khong vt st: monmorilonit, illit, halloysit. Trong s
khong vt st: halloysit chim t l t 34- 36% n 54- 56%. Ngoi ra cn cc khong vt
khc: clorit, goethit, magnesit, thch anh, felspat, gibsit, zeolit v t cht v nh hnh.
Bng 5. Kt qu phn tch rnghen (phn tch ti trung tm th nghim a cht)
TT K hiu mu
Thnh phn khong vt v hm lng (%)
Mon Illit Halloysit Clorit
Th.anh+
Cri+Try
Goethit Magnesit
Khong vt
khc
1 KTP-HO1 5-7 9-11 34-36 6-8 15-17 9-11 9-11 Gibsit
2 KTP-HO2 9-11 6-8 38-40 5-7 11-13 8-10 13-15 Gibsit, Fel
3 KTP-HO3 t 8-10 38-40 5-7 12-14 9-11 13-15 Tal, He
239

4 KTP156/1 4-6 5-7 50-52 6-8 7-9 7-9 10-12 He
5 KTP2511 t 10-12 51-53 6-8 7-9 12-14 5-7 Zeolit
6 KTP2517 5-7 6-8 48-50 6-8 9-11 9-11 7-9 Am, Lep
7 KTP-HO4 5-7 6-8 42-44 5-7 11-13 7-9 14-16 Lep
8 KTP1009/2 5-7 6-8 48-50 6-8 9-11 6-8 9-11 Fel, Vo
9 KTP1079 t 8-10 42-44 6-8 9-11 8-10 7-9 Lep
10 KTP1072 6-8 9-11 48-50 7-9 14-16 6-8 11-13 Tal, He
11 KTP1080 5-7 7-9 45-47 7-9 9-11 9-11 8-10 Zeolit, Fel
12 KTP2554 4-6 9-11 7-9 5-7 7-9 10-12 8-10 Tal, He
13 KTP1551 t 6-8 46-48 7-9 12-14 11-13 5-7 Zeolit, Fel
14 KTP1552 t 6-8 46-48 5-7 8-10 13-15 6-8 Fel, He
15 KTP1552/1 t 5-7 48-50 5-7 9-11 12-14 5-7 Zeolit, Fel
16 KTP1558 t 6-8 53-54 5-7 11-13 8-10 6-8
17 KTP1558/1 5-7 9-11 54-56 5-7 5-7 3-5 8-10 Lep
18 KTP273/4 4-6 8-10 45-47 6-8 8-10 7-9 10-12 Gibsit
19 KTP273/5 t 7-9 48-50 6-8 6-8 8-10 9-11 Gibsit

Ch dn: T 1-6 khu P ; 7-12 khu X Hiu; 13-17 khu Mng Cnh; 18-19 khu k Rve
b. Kt qu phn tch nhit
Phng php phn tch nhit xc nh cc khong vt thuc nhm st v nhng khong
vt cha nc. Kt qu phn tch (bng 6) bao gm cc khong vt: hydromica, halloysit,
monmorilonit, hydrogoethit, clorit, gibsit v cht v nh hnh. Trong s cc khong vt st
halloysit chim u th t 8 -27% n 50- 55% v ph bin 45-50%.

Bng 6. Kt qu phn tch nhit (phn tch ti trung tm th nghim a cht)
STT S hiu mu
Thnh phn khong vt v hm lng (%)
V nh
hnh
Hydro-
goethit
Gibsit Mon Clorit Halloysit Hydromica
1 KTP-H01 C 10 5 6 7 35 10
2 KTP-H02 C 10 1 10 6 40 8
3 KTP-H03 C 10 1 <5 6 41 10
4 KTP256/1 C 8 - 6 7 52 7
5 KTP2511 C 10 - 5 7 52 12
6 KTP2517 C 12 - 6 7 50 7
7 KTP-H04 C 8 - 6 6 43 8
8 KTP1009/2 C 7 - 6 7 49 8
9 KTP1079 C 10 1 <5 7 45 10
10 KTP1072 Nhiu 7 - 7 8 8 10
11 KTP1080 C 12 - 6 7 47 8
12 KTP2554 C 10 - 5 6 47 10
13 KTP1551 C 12 1 <5 8 48 7
14 KTP1552 - 14 1 <5 6 51 8
15 KTP1552/1 C 12 - <5 6 50 6
16 KTP1558 - 12 - <5 6 53 8
17 KTP1558/1 C <5 - 6 6 55 10
18 KTP273/4 - 12 16 5 7 47 8
19 KTP273/5 - 10 8 <5 7 50 8
Ch dn: T 1-6 khu P ; 7-12 khu X Hiu; 13-17 khu Mng Cnh; 18-19 khu k Rve

240

1.5. Din tch trin vng v tnh ti nguyn d bo
1.5.1. Khu P
Din tch trin vng puzzolan c xc nh da vo nhng kt qu phn tch thch
hc, ho hc, ht vi. Nhng ti liu thu thp c c th d kin din tch trin vng
1155 ha. Ti nguyn d bo cp 334a+b tnh c l 184,8 triu tn.
1.5.2. Khu X Hiu
Kt qu nghn cu cho php xc nh din tch trin vng puzzolan ca khu X Hiu l
994,6 ha. Ti nguyn d bo cp 334a+b: 159,13 triu tn.
1.5.3. Khu k Long- k Rve
Khu trin vng puzzolan nm ranh gii gia k Rve v x k Long, khng b nh
hng ca khu du lch cng nh m bauxit Mng en. Cc kt qu nghin cu d kin din
tch trin vng khong 815,5 ha. Ti nguyn d bo cp 334a+b: 130,48 triu tn.
2. c im v tim nng puzzolan khu vc th x Kon Tum
2.1. c im a cht
khu vc th x Kon Tum puzzolan lin quan bazan h tng Tc Trng (B/N
2
-Q
1
tt).
Cc mt ct c tin hnh pha bc, trung tm, pha nam khu vc nghin cu, kt hp vi
cc ti liu tm kim- thm d nc, st, diatomit c th chia ra cc tp (t di ln):
- Tp 1: bazan olivin xen t bazan olivin- pyroxen cu to c st, mu xm en, en,
xen bazan l hng v tuf. B dy 15 - 60m. Cc bazan ca tp 1 ph khng chnh hp ln
phc h magma xm nhp Vn Canh v chnh hp ln h tng Kon Tum.
- Tp 2: bazan l hng, mu xm, xm en, t bazan c st. y l i tng tm kim
puzzolan lin quan vi bazan l hng.
- Tp 3: bazan l hng bn phong ho, mu xm, xm nu, nu vng, mm yu. B dy
10-20m. Kt qu nghin cu pht hin puzzolan tp trung trong tp 3, do cn c
nghin cu chi tit tip theo.
- Tp 4: bazan b phong ho hon ton to kt vn laterit, cc khong vt st, goethit,
gibsit. B dy 5-15m.
B dy ca bazan h tng Tc Trng khu vc th x Kon Tum theo cc mt ct l 45-
115m, trong cc tp 2, 3 bao gm bazan l hng, rn chc v bn phong ho l ni tp
trung puzzolan cn tip tc nghin cu nh gi chi tit.
2.2. c im thch hc
Trong h tng Tc Trng bazan olivin chim u th v t hn l bazan pyroxen.
- Bazan olivin. y l loi ph bin nht trong h tng, gp trong tt c cc tp.
c mu xm en, en l c, cu to c st, l hng i ch c lp y bng zeolit. Thnh
phn khong vt (%): ban tinh 5-20, trong olivin 5-15, pyroxen 1-5. Nn 85-95% bao gm
vi tinh plagioclas 25-50%, pyroxen 25-30%, thu tinh 10-20% i khi 3-5%. Cc khong vt
ph ilmenit, magnetit. c kin trc porphyr vi nn gian phin, tholeit v i khi dolerit.
- Bazan pyroxen. mu en, en l c, cu to c st, l hng. Th nh phn khong
vt (%): ban tinh 5-15, trong pyroxen 4-12, olivin 1-3. Nn 85-95% l tp hp plagioclas
40-50, pyroxen 30-35, thu tinh ni la 5-10, khong vt ph: ilmenit, magnetit. c kin
trc porphyr vi nn tholelit v dolerit.
2.3. c im thch- a ho
a. c im thch ho
Tng hp cc ti liu phn tch silicat cho thy hm lng SiO
2
: 48,50 - 51,72%,
Al
2
O
3
: 13,81 - 14,66, Fe
2
O
3
: 2,99 - 4,55, MgO: 4,89 - 7,19 Na
2
O: 3,05 - 3,62, K
2
O: 1,09 -
1,80, SO
3
: 0 - 0,04, MKN: 0,61 - 2,01. So vi h tng ai Nga, cc ngho nhm, tng i
cao silic, giu ki m hn v u th natri hn kali. Trn cc biu phn loi, bazan ca h
tng Tc Trng thuc lot tholeit olivin, tholeit thch anh v i khi gp bazanit.

241

b. c im a ho
Cc nguyn t t p trung cao trong bazan ca h tng Tc Trng bao gm Be: 4,57
clark, La: 1,11 clark, Sn: 2,04 clark, Mo: 2,37 clark, Bi: 500 clark.
2.4. Kt qu nghin cu c im v cht lng puzzolan
Vic nghin cu, iu tra pht hin puzzolan ch yu tp trung vo tp 2, tp 3 i
vi bazan l hng. Ngoi ra trong bazan bn phong ho, i khi gp trong loi c st.
2.4.1. Nghin cu v phn tch thnh phn ho hc
Kt qu phn tch bng 7 cho thy hm lng SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
>70%, hm lng
SO
3
<4%, tuy nhin MKN bi n thin t 2,17 - 16,10%. Lng MKN mt s mu kh ln l
do mu c ly i bn phong ho, hoc trong bazan ln nhiu khong vt st v nhng
tp cht khc. Nhn chung vi thnh phn ho hc c bn, cc mu bazan ca h tng Tc
Trng p ng cc yu cu s dng lm nguyn liu puzzolan.
Bng 7. Kt qu phn tch ho c bn bazan h tng Tc Trng khu vc th x Kon Tum
(Phn tch ti Lin on a cht X - Him)
S TT S hiu mu
Hm lng oxit (%)
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
SO
3
MKN
1 KTP 1041 49,80 17,37 12,65 2,41 11,74
2 KTP 215/1 34,36 28,11 13,65 1,20 15,69
3 KTP 269 49,70 13,06 12,05 1,18 16,10
4 KTP 1057 52,34 15,30 12,17 1,73 2,17
5 KTP 244 47,82 15,61 15,24 1,28 3,98
6 KTP 212 45,64 16,08 16,92 1,57 2,69
7 KTP 201 48,12 13,67 16,77 2,13 2,31
8 KTP 1050/1 38,76 21,58 17,68 1,40 12,95

2.4.2. Nghin cu ht vi
Trong s 5 mu phn tch (bng 8) c 2 mu cho kt qu tt, cn 3 mu khng t yu
cu. Ring 2 mu KTP1041, KTP1050/1 tuy kt qu tt nhng v quy m khng bng cc
khu P , X Hiu, k Long. Nh vy t l t yu cu ca s mu phn tch l 40% c
nh gi l puzzolan c hot tnh trung bnh.
Bng 8. Kt qu phn tch ht vi h tng Tc Trng khu vc th x Kon Tum
(Phn tch ti Vin Vt liu xy dng - B Xy dng)
S
TT
S hiu mu
ht vi
mgCaO/1g puzzolan
Thi gian
(ngy-m)
1 KTP 1041 74,90 8
2 KTP 1050 84,07 8
3 KTP 255 30,31 8
4 KTP 255 30,10 8
5 KTP 244 32,48 8
2.4.3. Cc kt qu phn tch rnghen v nhit
Phn ln cc mu phn tch tm kim pht hin puzzolan u thuc i bn phong
ho, nn xc nh chnh xc tn cc khong vt cng nh hm lng trong bazan bn
phong ho nht thit phi phn tch rnghen v nhit.
Kt qu phn tch rnghen: monmrilonit: 4 - 6%, illit: 8 - 10%, halloysit: 27 - 29%,
clorit: 5 - 7%, thch anh + cristobalit + trydimit: 43 - 45%, goethit: 4 - 6%.
Kt qu phn tch nhit: hydrogoethit: t, monmorilonit 5%, clorit: 6%, halloysit: 27%,
hydromica: 10%.
T nhng kt qu trn cho thy hm lng khong vt st trong bazan bn phong ho
ca h tng Tc Trng nh hn bazan h tng i Nga. Trong khi hm lng nhm thch
anh tng ln rt cao v chc chn s nh hng n cht lng ca puzzolan.
242

2.5. Din tch trin vng v tnh ti nguyn d bo
Din tch c trin vng khu vc th x Kon Tum l mt phn pha bc v pha
ng 867,8ha. Trn di n tch ny lp bazan phong ho hon ton mng, ch yu l ra tp
bazan l hng bn phong ho v gc rn chc. Kt qu tnh ti nguyn d bo cp 334a +
334b l: 138,48 triu tn.
3. nh hng s dng puzzolan tnh Kon Tum
3.1. Hng s dng ph gia puzzolan trong cng nghip xi mng
Puzzolan s dng trong xi mng v b tng, cc oxit SiO
2
+Al
2
O +Fe
2
O
3
thng
chim 70% tng hm lng. Hot tnh ca cc ph gia ny ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn
ca cc oxit v cht khong dng vi tinh hay dng v nh hnh. Ni chung phn ng
puzzolanic xy ra chm, v th qu trnh pht trin cng cng nh nhit hyrat ho ca
cc hn hp trn ln ph gia khong xy ra vi tc kh thp.
Ngay t nhng nm 1960, ph gia puzzolan Sn Ty c nh my xi mng Hi
Phng khai thc s dng. Trong nhng nm 1976 -1977, nh my xi mng H Tin khai
thc s dng bazan Mu Ra (B Ra - Vng Tu) v tip , nm 1991, nh my s dng
bazan Bn Thm (ng Nai) lm ph gia puzzolan t n hi n. Trong khong thi gian u
nhng nm 90, hng lot cc m ph gia puzzolan thin nhin c pht hin (bazan Nng
Cng Thanh Ho, bazan Ph Qu Ngh An; bazan Vnh Linh, Ca Qung Tr v bazan
Sn Tnh Qung Ngi) v c cc nh my xi mng trong khu vc k cn khai thc s
dng. Gn y (2000), nh my xi mng Sao Mai chnh thc khai thc puzzolan t m Ni
Thm, B Ra - Vng Tu, s dng lm ph gia hot tnh trong sn xut xi mng PCB 30.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6882: 2001, ph gia khong cho cng nghip xi
mng c ch s hot tnh cng sau 28 ngy so vi mu i chng khng nh hn 75%,
hm lng SO
3
nh hn 4%, hm lng kim c hi sau 28 ngy nh hn 1,5%.
3.2. Hng s dng nguyn liu ph gia puzzolan trong xy dng cc p ln - b tng
m ln (BTL)
Vo nm 1961, quy ca p Thch Mn i Loan Trung Quc, nm 1961-1964
p Alpe Gera c p dng cng ngh b tng m ln, v.v... Do hiu qu kinh t - k
thut cao mang li, nn rt nhiu cng trnh BTL c xy dng khp ni trn th gii.
BTL l: B tng c m bng my m ln, b tng dng cha ng cng c
kh nng s dng my m rung m. BTL c th s dng nhiu loi vt liu hn b
tng truyn thng. p BTL ngho (hm lng vt liu kt dnh thp) vi hm lng cht
kt dnh (bao gm xi mng v ph gia khong) nh hn 100kg/m
3
. BTL va cao (vt liu
cht kt dnh cao) vi hm lng cht kt dnh ln hn 150kg/m
3
.
BTL c th c xem l s pht trin quan trng nht ca cng ngh p b tng
trong mt phn t th k qua. u im ca BTL trong thi cng p so vi cc p b tng
truyn thng (b tng m rung) nh: Thi cng nhanh hn, s dng hiu qu thit b thi cng
truyn thng, an ton c gia tng trong thi cng, tng cng kh nng chng thm,
gim nhit thu ho.
Mt trong cc gii php c hiu qu nng cao kh nng chng thm cho b tng l c
th a vo trong b tng ph gia puzzolan hot tnh lm cht cu trc b tng.
BTL khng ch p dng vo xy dng p m cn phi c tip tc nghin cu p
dng vo vic xy dng sn bay, cng, k chn sng, cc cng trnh b tng khi ln v din
rng. Hin nay,Tng cng ty Sng ng dng puzzolan lm ph gia b tng trong xy
dng cc p cng trnh thy in Pleikrong, Bn V, A Vng, Sn La v nhiu thy in
khc. cng trnh thu in Sn La s dng cng ngh BTL p p chnh. Cht ph
gia c s dng l tro bay nhit in Ph Li. Mt ngun ph gia khong khc ang c
tnh n l puzzolan Mu Ra, tuy nhin qung ng vn chuyn kh xa.
Loi puzzolan thin nhin theo tiu chun Vit Nam nm 1982 chia lm 3 loi sau:
243

+Puzzolan hot tnh mnh: lng ht vi t dung dch vi bo ho sau 30 ngy- m
ca 1 gam puzzolan l 100 mg CaO.
+Puzzolan hot tnh trung bnh: lng ht vi t dung dch vi bo ho sau 30 ngy-
m ca 1g puzzolan l ln hn 60 n di 100mg CaO.
+Puzzolan hot tnh yu: lng ht vi t dung dch vi bo ho sau 30 ngy- m ca
1g puzzolan l ln hn 30- 60mg CaO.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam nm 2007 TCXDVN 395:2007, ph gia khong cho b tng
m ln c Ch s hot tnh cng so vi mu i chng, tui 7 ngy v tui 28 ngy
u khng nh hn 75%.
3.3. Hng s dng puzzolan lm vt liu khng nung
nc ta, trong nhng nm 1980, vt liu xy dng khng nung c tuyn
truyn, gii thiu. Trong nhng nm qua, Vin a cht thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh
Vit Nam m nhiu ti nghin cu nguyn liu v cng ngh sn xut vt liu xy dng
khng nung t cc ngun puzzolan thin nhin, kt qu nghin cu c th nghim v
chuyn giao thnh cng ti mt s tnh nh Ngh An, Qung Tr, Lm ng v Gia Lai.
C th s dng tt c cc bin th v sn phm phong ho ca bazan (tr bin th
cht st) lm nguyn liu sn xut vt liu khng nung. im c bit l i vi puzzolan
c ngun gc t bazan, ngoi keo SiO
2
t do, hm lng keo Al
2
O
3
t do cng l yu t
quyt nh hot tnh ca puzzolan trong bazan.
Do khng b nhng tnh cht k thut c bit chi phi, nn nguyn liu sn xut
vt liu xy dng khng nung rt a dng, c th bao gm tt c cc bin th ca bazan
(tr bin th cht st) cng nh sn phm phong ho, bn phong ho hoc phong ho trit
(t , laterit) ca chng. Nhng bin th v sn phm ny u c mt hot tnh ng k thay
i trong gii hn t 80 mg CaO - 145 mg CaO/1g bazan.
Tm li, vi cc kt qu nghin cu nu trn, puzzolan tnh Kon Tum c th c s
dng trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng v BTL, sn xut vt khng nung, y l ngun
vt liu c gi thnh thp ph hp vi min ni v gp phn quan trng bo v mi trng.
4. Kt lun v kin ngh
4.1. Kt lun
1. Kt qu nghin cu lm sng t cc tp bazan trn a bn tnh Kon Tum c trin
vng v nguyn liu puzzolan.
2. Kt qu nghin cu xc nh c cc khu c trin vng v puzzolan v tnh ti nguyn
d bo cp 334a+b nh sau:
- Khu P : 1155 ha, ti nguyn d bo 184,8 triu tn
- Khu X Hiu: 994,6 ha, ti nguyn d bo 159,13 triu tn.
- Khu k Long - k Rve: 815,5 ha, ti nguyn d bo130,48 triu tn.
- Khu th x Kon Tum: 867,8 ha, ti nguyn d bo 138,84 triu tn.
3. Cc kt qu nghin cu thnh phn khong vt, ho hc, ht vi cho thy tng hm
lng cc oxit: SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
>70%, SO
3
< 3%, ht vi trung bnh cc khu P ,
X Hiu, k Long - k Rve l 120,36 v th x Kon Tum l 77,33. Nhng kt qu ny cho
thy puzzolan ca cc khu vc nghin cu c hot tnh t trung bnh n mnh v cao hn
nhiu so vi puzzolan ca m Ni Boong, huyn Mng Yang, tnh Gia Lai.
4. Khu vc P - X Hiu puzzolan c quy m phn b ln, b dy n nh, khng nh
hng bi rng cm hoc khu dn c, do cn c tin hnh u t nghin cu lm
sng t cht lng, tr lng c th a vo khai thc s dng.
- Khu k Long - k Rve quy m tng i ln nhng phn b khng n nh v gn khu
du lch Mng en, do cn phi la chn chnh xc din tch vic u t c hiu qu.
- Khu vc th x Kon Tum puzzolan phn b khng n nh, thnh phn khng ng nht. V
vy trong thi gian ti nu yu cu cha cp thit th cha tp trung nghin cu chi tit.

244

4.2. Kin ngh
1. Puzzolan l khong sn mi c pht hin tnh Kon Tum lin quan n cc loi bazan
c hai giai on thnh to khc nhau. Do trong thi gian ti cn u t nghin cu chi
nh gi cht lng, tr lng v nh hng khai thc, ch bin s dng c hiu qa cho s
pht trin kinh t x hi ca a phng ni ring v trung ng ni chung.
2. Cn phi bo v ti nguyn khong sn, cha khai thc cc tp bazan cha puzzolan lm
ng, p p, v.v trong lc cha quy hoch khai thc s dng.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. L Tin Dng v nnk., 2008. nh gi ti nguyn, tr lng v nghin cu Cng ngh sn
xut ch bin ngun nguyn liu puzzolan t nhin khu vc Bc Trung B phc v cng nghip
sn xut vt liu xy dng. ti cp B. Lu tr Trng i hc M - a cht, H Ni.
[2]. Thn c Duyn v nnk., 2006. Bo co o v lp bn a cht v iu tra khong sn
nhm t Kon Tum. T l 1:50.000. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn, H Ni.
[3]. Nguyn Minh Hng v nnk., 1998. Bo co a cht- Kt qu thm d bazan Ni Boong
huyn Mng Yang tnh Gia Lai. Lu tr Cng ty Khong sn, tnh Gia Lai.
[4]. Nguyn Quang Lc v nnk., 2006.Bo co kt qu o v a cht v tm kim khong
sn nhm t k T, t l 1:50.000. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn, H Ni.
[5]. Kiu Qu Nam v nnk., 2001. Puzzolan Vi t Nam, tim nng v kh nng s dng. Tp
ch a cht lot A- s 267/11-12, tr106- 110, H Ni.
[6]. Vin Vt liu xy dng, 2001. Nghin cu s dng hp l cc loi ph gia khong cho b
tng m ln. Lu tr Vin Vt liu Xy dng. H Ni.

SUMMARY
Potential and orientation for usage of puzzolan
in Kon Tum province
Do inh Toat, Do Van Nhuan, Nguyen Kim Long, University of Mining and Geology
Nguyen Van Hach, Le Vn Chinh
Department of Science and Technology, Kon Tum province

Geological study and evaluation of potential of puzzolan for entire Kon Tum province
show that Kon Tum province has high potential for construction materials and natural
additive puzzolan minerals. Results of study have defined a number ofpotential areas for
puzzolan resources with quality satisfied requirements for the production of cement, concrete
materials, and non-baking materials as follows:
- The Po E commune with an area of 1155 hectares contains 184.8 million tons (both
inferred resources and reconnaissance);
- The Xa Hieu commune with an area of 994.6 hectares, hosts 159.13 million tons
(both inferred resources and reconnaissance);
- The Dak Rve - Dak Long region with anarea of 815.5 hectares, contains 130.48
million tons (both inferred resources and reconnaissance);
- The Kon Tum town with an area of 867.8 hectares contains 138.84 million tons (both
inferred resources and reconnaissance).

Ngi bin tp: PGS.TS. L Thanh M

245


C IM A CHT V THCH HC CC MAGMA MESOZOI
MUN KHU VC TY KON TUM V K RNG - A LI
Nguyn Hu Trng, H Thnh Nh, Ng Xun c
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Cc magma cc khu vc Ty Kon Tum v khu vc akrng-A Li,ty Tha
Thin Hu - Qung Tr bao gm cc bazan, andesit, dacit, riolit v granit porphyr,
granophyr. Theo c im a cht v thch hc chng thuc v cc tng phun n, phun tro
thc s v tng phun tro - xm nhp nng. a s cc c tui l Kreta sm. V mt
thnh phn ho hc cc nghin cu thuc lot kim vi cao kali, c hnh thnh trong bi
cnh kiu ra lc a tch cc kiu Andes.
Ti khu vc k Rng - A Li, hot ng bin i nhit dch nh lc ha, propylit ha,
beresit ha v argilit ho pht trin mnh m trong cc magma, vi cc biu hin khong
ha vng, bc v a kim. khu vc Ty Kon Tum, lin quan vi cc phun tro kiu Bo
Lc - Nha Trang c vng v ng kiu nhit dch phun tro, v cc biu hin ng-vng-
molipden nhit dch xm nhp lin quan vi cc xm nhp kim vi kiu nh Qun.
M u
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc kt qu nghin cu a cht trong khun kh cc ti
KHCN ca trng i hc M - a cht vi cc tnh khu vc Ty Nguyn v Trung B
thu c nhiu kt qu tt. Nhiu ti liu mi c ghi nhn v a cht khu vc, thch
hc, thch lun v khong sn.
Trong cng trnh ny, tc gi trnh by nhng ti liu, nhm xc minh v s c mt
cc hot ng magma Mesozoi mun (MZ
3
) khu vc Ty Kon Tum v k Rng - A Li
(Hu - Qung Tr). Hy vng rng, cc ti liu ny gp phn lm sng t hn bnh cu trc,
lch s pht trin kin to v sinh khong khu vc Bc Trung B v Ty Kon Tum.
1. Khi qut v tr v cc c im cu trc a cht cc th xm nhp phun tro
Mesozoi mun
1.1. Khu vc ty Kon Tum
V mt a l, khu vc Ty Kon Tum trong cng trnh ny bao gmcc vng Sa Thy,
Ngc Hi, k Lei tnh Kon Tum. Trn s Cc n v kin to chnh Vit Nam, 2008
(Nguyn Xun Bao, Trn Vn Tr), khu vc nghin cu nm trong ranh gii gia cc a khu lc
a tin Cambri ti ci bin trong Phanerozoi, ai to ni Indosinia M Kng v ra lc a tch cc
Mesozoi mun Lt. Cc phun tro Mesozoi mun trn cc bn a cht mi nht, c
m t trong h tng Bo Lc v h tng Nha Trang. Cc thnh to xm nhp c m t trong
phc h nh Qun [4].
Phun tro kiu Bo Lc - Nha Trang
Din phn b khng ln, tp trung xung quanh khu vc th trn Sa Thy, cu k Sir. Chng
xuyn ct hoc ph bt chnh hp ln trn cc bin cht, magma xmnhp trc Cambri,
Paleozoi v Mesozoi sm-gia. Di y, m tra mt s mt ct tiu biu.
Mt ct cu k Sir
Cu k Sir nm cch th trn Sa Thy 20 km, c to a l X: 803861; Y:
1592680. Theo dng sui k Sirko di trn 500 m, mt ct a cht gm cc andesit v
andesit porphyrit mu xm xanh, cu to khi, dng chy. Chiu dy c tnh khong 500 m.
Mt ct khu Hi Bnh
Mt ct c quan st chng ti m t chi tit dc theo sui nhnh chy theo hng 310
o
theo
hng bc, i qua m Hi Bnh, x Sa Bnh, Kon Tum. Cc l rt r dc theo dng sui ct qua
khu m Hi Bnh. Mt ct ko di 500 m, bao gmhai tp:
246

Tp 1: Dy trn 300 m, gm cc andesit, andesit porphyr, c mu xm lc, xm
xanh, xm nu n mu en. c kin trc ni ban, nn kin trc andesit, gian phin,
pilotaxic, hialopilit hoc vi ht n tinh; cu to dng chy, dng dng chy hoc dng khi.
Nn gm tp hp cc vi tinh microlit plagioclas (andesin), biotit, hornblend, pyroxen v thy
tinh ni la thnh phn trung tnh b bin i phn hy to tp hp chlorit, epidot, zoisit,
carbonat, actinolit. b bin i mnh to carbonat, sericit ha, chlorit, epidot- zoisit ha v
sulfur...).
Tp 2: Dy 200-250m, gm cc dacit, ryodacit. c mu xm, xm sng ti xm
ti; kin trc porphyr, nn kin trc felsit, vi felsit, vi khm, gi ht cu; cu to khi, dng
dng chy. Ban tinh ch yu l plagioclas axit (oligoclas - andesin), thch anh, biotit. Nn
gm tp hp vi ht felspat, thch anh, t biotit, hornblend lc, silic v thy tinh ni la thnh
phn axit b phn hy to tp hp sericit, chlorit, epidot, zoisit, actinolit, carbonat v t vi
qung sulfur, pyrit; khong vt ph gp apatit, sphen. Nhiu ni b c nt, bin i lc ha
ha cha vi qung sulfur xm tn. Trn mt ct, khng quan st thy ranh gii trc tip gia
hai tp.
Mt ct Plei Kleng - Ch Toi
Mt ct do Thn c Duyn (2006) [4] m t v c tch thnh hai phn. Phn di
gm cc andesit lin h vi h tng Bo Lc; phn trn gm hai tp thnh phn gm cc
phun tro axit c lin h vi h tng Nha Trang. c im chi tit ca cc tp trong mt ct
c m t chi tit nh sau.
Tp 1: Thnh phn n gin, gm andesit porphyrit cu to dng chy hoc dng khi
xen t tuf andesit thuc tng phun tro thc s. Chiu dy ca tp ny trn 300m.
Tp 2: Cc thnh to ni la thnh phn felsic (tng phun tro thc th): ryodacit,
ryolit, felsit v tuf ca chng. Dy 300 - 350m. Cc ca tp 1 ph trc tip trn andesit ca
tp 1.
Tp 3: Cc thnh to dm vn ni la thnh phn felsic (tng hng ni la): dm kt
tuf ryodacit, dm kt tuf ryolit, dm kt tuf thnh phn felsic. Dy 150m.
Mt ct sui Ya Krei
Mt ct sui Ya Krei gm andesit, dacit, dacit porphyr v tuf ca chng. Cc c
mu xm, xm en; cu to khi; kin trc porphyr, ban tinh v vn tinh th c thnh phn l
plagioclas v thch anh, nn vi ht, gm tp hp vi n tinh felspat, thch anh, sericit, chlorit,
epidot-zoisit, silic v vi qung. Dy 250 - 300m. Cc phun tro b cc thnh to xm nhp
granitoid phc h B N pha 2 (G/Kbn
2
) xuyn ct.
Mt ct khu vc Ya Xir
Mt ct gm 2 tp t di ln do Thn c Duyn m t nm 2006 [4] v c chng
ti b sung nm 2011, gm ba tp.
Tp 1: L ra sui ak sir, gm andesit porphyrit mu xm xanh, cu to khi. Dy
350m.
Tp 2: Gm ryolit, ryolit porphyr mu xm, kin trc porphyr, nn vi felsit, cu to
dng dng chy (tng phun tro thc th). Dy chng 250m.
Tp 3: Gm dm kt tuf thnh phn ryolit, cu to khi hoc dng dng chy, kin
trc dng dm v mnh vn, cc mnh dm sc cnh, kch thc t mt vi cm n mt vi
dm. Thnh phn dm vn l felsit, ryolit, dacit, andesit, tuf ca chng v c granit ht trung
mu hng tht (tng hng ni la). Dy 150 - 200m.
Tng chiu dy cc phun tro ca mt ct khong 400 - 450m.
Qua cc kt qu kho st, cho php xc nhn s c mt cc tng sau y:
Tng phun tro thc s v mt t tng phun n
Chim khi lng ln nht. Chng chim din tch trung tm cc khi phun tro, thnh
phn thch hc gm andesit, dacit v ryolit, cc dng dng chy dung nham v cc phun
247

n thnh phn felsic: ryolit, ryolit porphyr, felsit - ryolit, ryodacit, ryodacit porphyr, dacit
porphyr v t tuf ca chng.
Tng hng ni la
Chim khi lng khng ln (5%), phn b ch yu cc phn cao ca cu trc ni la
(khu vc x Ya Xir). Thnh phn gm dm kt tuf ryolit mu xm, xm sng hoc xm ti,
cu to khi hoc nh hng, dng chy yu.
Xm nhp kiu nh Qun
Cc khi xm nhp kiu nh Qun mi c xc lp gn y trong cng tc o v
bn a cht 1:50000 lot t Kon Tum [4]. Trn bnh , bao gm cc khi l nh dng
bu, stock, khi nh xuyn ct cc bin cht h tng Khm c, xm nhp phc h Qu
Sn. Di y, m t mt s khi tiu biu:
Khi xm nhp Bnh Trung
Trn bn t l 1: 200000 nm 1986, chng c m t vo phc h Qu Sn.
Trung tm khi granitoid Bnh Trung, ti thn Bnh Trung, x Sa Bnh, Kon Tum, cch th
trn Sa Thy khong 16 km v pha ng nam. Khi c dng th cn tng i ng thc.
Pha ng v bc khi c quan h xuyn ct vi cc t hp phin mica, amphibolit phc h
Khm c v gy sng ha chng, pha nam v ty gp chng xuyn ct v cha t andesit,
dacit h tng Bo Lc.
Khi Bnh Trung c to nn bi hai pha xm nhp chnh v pha mch. Pha 1 gp
ven ra pha ng v ty kh i, gm cc diorit porphyrit, diorit thch anh, mu xm en,
cu to khi, kin trc na t hnh ht trung khng u. Pha 2 chim 80-85% din tch gm
granodiorit biotit hornblend, t hn l granit biotit hornblend, tonalit, mu xm trng m en,
cu to khi, kin trc ht va na t hnh. Pha mch xuyn ct pha xm nhp chnh c
kch thc nh t vi dm n vi mt, ko di hng chc mt, thnh phn gm granit aplit,
granit porphyr v thch anh.
1.2. Khu vc k Rng- A Li
Trn bnh hin i, din tch ni la phn b khng lin tc, ko di trn 100km t
Nam ng - A Li (Tha Thin Hu) n k Rng (Qung Tr) theo hng ty bc - ng
nam, chiu rng dao ng t 2 - 3 km n khong 5 - 6 km.
Trong vng nghin cu, ph bin cc mt ct a cht, trong c mt cc phun
tro v xm nhp nng, nm cng vi cc trm tch lc nguyn carbonat mc tui khc
nhau. Di y, dn ra mt s mt ct tiu biu c m t trong cc bn a cht c
hiu chnh ca tc gi.
Mt ct khu vc sui Xi Pa
Mt ct nm sui nhnh trn b tri sng k Rng, cch A Li v pha bc khong 70km.
Trn bn a cht t l 1: 200 000 nhm t Hu - Qung Ngi [5], y l di n l tiu biu nht ca h
tng A Lin c trng bi cc phun tro v trmtch mu .
Kt qu nghin cu chi tit ca chng ti cho thy bc tranh cu trc khu vc mt ct
hon ton khc vi nhng nghin cu trc y. Cc phun tro v cc trmtch mu ch
c mi quan h khng gian, cng phn b trong mt din tch hp to nn cc t hp thch hc
hon ton ring bit. Gia chng khng c cc du hiu cng tui a cht. C th m t v phn
bit cc t hp thch hc sau y.
T hp thch hc th nht, bao gm cc phin thch anh sericit, quarzit, cc va
vi b hoa ho mu xm xanh. Theo mc bin cht, chng c lin h vi h tng A
Vng tui gi nh Paleozoi sm. T hp ny c din phn b kh rng trong khu vc ty
Qung Tr.
T hp thch hc th hai, bao gm cc ct kt, bt kt, phin st mu -tm i
ni xen vi vi v st vi mu xm tm. Cc c cu to phn lp mng n trung bnh,
gc dc 20-30
0
, dc theo t gy gc dc tng cao n 70 - 80
0
. Ti khu Xi Pa chng to nn
mt di chiu rng 2km, dy 200 - 350m. Trong khng gian phn b ca t hp, mt s mch

248

Hnh 1. S phn b cc magma Mesozoi mun
khu vc Sa Nhn Sa Bnh ty Kon Tum
ryolit v mch granophyr xuyn ct gy bin cht nh cc trm tch. Dc theo sui
chnh gn lng Xi Pa, cc khi l dm kt tuf ryolit tng phun n bao gm cc mnh dm st
kt, ct kt mu c gn kt bi dung nham ryolit mu xm trng. Trong cc tp st
vi mu xm hng b cc th granophyr xuyn ct v gy bin cht tip xc nhit trn sui
nhnh pha ty nam lng Xi Pa, tm thy cc ho thch Chn ru bo tn xu [1].

Theo c im thnh phn thch hc, mu sc, tng , cc du hiu c sinh v thnh
phn ho hc, t hp thch hc th hai hon ton tng ng vi cc mt ct trm tch h
tng A Ngo cha ho nh tng Jura sm phn b rt rng ri pha ty Tha Thin Hu -
Qung Tr.
T hp thch hc th 3, bao gm cc phun tro thnh phn andesit, dacit, ryolit-felsit,
silic ni la, cc th granophyr, granit dng porphyr mu trng v cc tuf. Chng to nn mt di
ko di 5 - 6 km phng ty bc - ng nam, chiu rng 0,8 n 1,2 km. Cu trc ni b bao gm3
phn chnh nh sau: Phn di, chiu dy 60-80mnmst b phi sui Xi Pa, gmdacit, mt t
andesito - dacit v rt t andesit, tng phun tro thc s. Phn gia dy 120m, gmdacit, dacito -
ryolit, andesito - dacit v cc tuf tng phun n. Phn trn cng gmryolit, felsit, tuf andesit v
cc th nh granophyr tng ni la.
felsit khng c ban tinh b silic ho yu, to nn cc va mng xen kp hoc dng
trong trng ryolit. Cc tuf ryolit tng phun n c trng bi cc cu to dng chy v cu
to dm. Thnh phn cc mnh dm l ct - bt kt mu , cc mnh ryolit - andesit. Dung
nham acid ng vai tr xi mng gn kt. Hot ng bin cht nhit dch pht trin mnh i cng
vi cc i sulphur ho c cha vng.
Cn c vo cc ti liu m t a cht, c nhn thy rng, t hp thch hc th ba l
mt th a cht hon ton c lp vi cc trm tch mu . V mt thi gian chng c
thnh to mun hn theo kiu phun tro khe nt dng tuyn tnh.
249

Mt ct thng ngun k Rng
Theo m t ca Phm Huy Thng [11], mt ct gm 7 tp:
Tp 1: C quan h kin to vi h tng Khm c, bao gm bt kt, phin st, t
ct bt kt, ct sn kt. phn lp mng n trung bnh, mu tm, tm nht, tm g. Dy
200m.
Tp 2: Sn kt, ct kt phn lp trung bnh mu tm, tm g. Dy 65m.
Tp 3: Ct kt xen phin st, bt kt, phn lp khng u, cc thu knh mng
andesit mu pht tm. Dy 200m.
Tp 4: phin st mu tm, tmnht xen t bt kt, vi phn lp mng. Dy 60m.
Tp 5: Cui kt, ct sn kt a khong, ct kt phn lp va. Dy 40m.
Tp 6: Bt kt, st kt xen ct kt mu tm nht. Dy 120m.
Tp 7: Ct kt, bt kt mu tm nht. Dy 80m.
Mt ct La Sam:
Do Phm Huy Thng m t [11], gm 6 tp.
Tp 1: Cui kt, ct kt phn lp va c xen cc thu knh andesit v tuf andesit.
c mu tm, tm g. Dy 150m.
Tp 2: vi st, st vi mu xm nht. Dy 80m.
Tp 3: Ct kt, bt kt xen t ct kt mu tm g, tm nht. Dy 170m.
Tp 4: Cui sn kt a khong phn lp dy. Ht cui c thnh phn ct-bt kt,
phin st v thch anh. Dy 150m.
Tp 5: Bt kt, phin st, lp mng ct kt mu tm nht. Dy 100 - 150m.
Tp 6: Ct kt, bt kt mu tm nht. Dy 100m.
Mt ct khu vc Thn Hc Ngh:
Mt ct c quan st dc sng k Rng, do V Mnh in [5] m t , gm 11 tp
nh sau:
Tp 1: Cui kt mu xm g phn lp 0,4 - 0,6m. Thnh phn ht cui gm phin,
quarzit, vi, silic, xi mng l st bt kt. Dy 70m.
Tp 2: Ct kt mu pht tm, pht lc loang l. Dy 60m
Tp 3: Ct kt ht va mu xm sng xen mt vi lp bt kt. Dy 50m
Tp 4: Ct kt xen bt kt mu xm tro pht tm. Dy 110m.
Tp 5: Ct bt kt mu xm tm nht. Dy 25m.
Tp 6: Ct kt ht va xen ct - bt kt , st mu tm. Dy 105m.
Tp 7: Andesit porphyr mu xm lc pht tm nht. Dy 27m.
Tp 8: Cui sn kt t khong mu xm tm nht. Thnh phn ht cui gm thch anh,
silic. Dy 25m.
Tp 9: Ct - bt kt mu xm nu. Dy 25m.
Tp 10: Ct sn kt mu xm nu xen lp mng bt kt. Thnh phn ht vn l thch
anh, silic, quarzit. Dy 50m.
Tp 11: Ct-bt kt mu tm. Dy 120m.
Mt ct T Rip-k Rng:
y l mt mt ct khc c m t trong t bn a cht lot Hng Ho [6] vi
cc tp sau:
Tp 1: Cui kt khong mu xm sng pht tm, dy 45m. Ht cui c thnh phn
tng ng granit, quarzit, gneis.
Tp 2: Ct kt ht ln n va mu xm pht nu, dy 50m.
Tp 3: Cui sn kt mu pht tm, dy 20m.
Tp 4: Ct kt t khong, dy 30m.
Tp 5: Ct kt ht va mu nu tm, dy 25m.
Tp 6: Andesit ht nh mu xm tm, khng phn lp, dy 25m.
Tp 7: Ct kt cu to phn lp, dy 100m.
250

Tp 8: Ct kt t khong ht va, dy 50m.
Tp 9: Andesit porphyrit mu xm tm, dy 52m.
Trong cc mt ct va m t, c th phn bit hai t hp . T hp th nht gm cc
trm tch lc nguyn gm cui kt, ct kt, bt kt, st kt mu , chng c cha cc ho
tiu biu cho h tng A Ngo, mc tui Jura sm gia. T hp th hai gm cc phun tro
andesit porphyrit tn ti di dng mch v thu knh. Theo cc m t trn, r rng cc phun
tro c khi lng rt khng ng k, v tr a tng khng n nh di dng cc mch - thu
knh. Trong cc mt ct nu trn, cc tc gi m t nhiu tp tuf, ngun gc trm tich phun
tro. Tuy nhin, cc tp mu m t thch hc chi tit ca chng ti cho thy, ti y khng c
mt cc tuf v trm tch phun tro. Cc tuf do cc nh a cht m t, ch l cc trm
tch thng thng hoc cc tuf tng phun n nh bt gp khu Xi Pa.
Mt ct khu La Sam v khu A Dang
Theo ti liu ca tc gi [1, 2], mt ct bao gm phin thch anh mica, quarzit
thuc h tng A Vng v cc phin lc, amphibolit h tng Ni V mc tui Proterozoi
v Paleozoi sm b milonit ha mnh. Trong din l cc bin cht c mt cc th phun
tro thnh phn andesit, andesito - bazan, bazan pyroxen, tuf phun n ryolit, tuf phun n
andesit v cc th granophyr, granit porphyr. Chiu dy cc th phun tro v phun tro t
vi mt n vi chc mt, chiu di t vi chc mt n vi trm mt.
Kt qu phn tch chi tit lt mng v cc t hp cng sinh khong vt cho thy,
phun tro v phun tro b bin cht nhit dch khng u (beresit ha v chlorit ho), nhng
khng h b bin cht nhit ng v bin cht ng lc nh phin v amphibolit vy quanh.
Cc tng phun n c trng bi s c mt cc mnh dm phin kt tinh, mnh
amphibolit, mnh khong vt felspat, xi mng l cc loi dung nham ryolit hoc andesit [1, 2].
Mt ct khu vc Nam ng, A Li:
Theo V Mnh in [5], cc thnh to phun tro andesit, dacit v ryolit c khi lng
khng ln i cng vi cc trm tch mu . Chng c cc c im tng t vi cc mt
ct Thn Hc Ngh, thng ngun k Rng.
Tng hp cc ti liu a cht khu vc cho thy s tn ti ca mt di magma ko
di t A Li n k Rng. Theo c im thch hc, th nm a cht c th phn bit cc
tng sau y:
Tng phun n: bao gm cc dm kt tuf ryolit, dm kt tuf andesit. Quy m phn
b khng nhiu, di dng cc th kch thc nh trn nn cc trm tch mu tui Jura
h tng A Ngo v cc bin cht Proterozoi mun - Paleozoi sm h tng A Vng, h tng
Ni V.
Tng phun tro: bao gm cc bazan, andesit, dacit, ryolit to nn cc khi ln
dng tuyn tnh phng ty bc - ng nam, cc lp ph mng, cc ai mch lp y khe nt.
Chng xuyn ct, ph bt chnh hp ln trn cc trm tch lc nguyn tui Jura v cc
bin cht Proterozoi mun - Paleozoi sm.
Tng phun tro: bao gm cc khi granit porphyr sng mu kch thc nh
xuyn ct cc bin cht Proterozoi mun - Paleozoi sm v trm tch lc nguyn tui Jura.
Cng thuc vo tng phun tro cn c cc th granophyr c quan h chuyn tip vi cc
ryolit porphyr trong phn trn cng ca khi phun tro khu vc Xi Pa.
Vi cc c im nu trn, t hp cc phun tro khu vc A Li - k Rng pha
ty Qung Tr - Tha Thin Hu c v tr tui chc chn tr hn cc trm tch mu tui
Jura h tng A Ngo. Chng c v tr tui a cht tng t cc magma khu vc ty Kon
Tum.
Cc gi tr tui tuyt i dn ra di y c cng b trong nhiu cng trnh khoa
hc v cc ti liu lu tr a cht l bng chng cho nhn nh trn y.

251

Bng 1. Tng hp cc s liu phn tch tui cc andesit porphyrit
Tn V tr
Tui
(tr.n)
Phng
php
Tc gi, ni phn tch H tng
k Rng - A Li
Andesit
porphyrit
A Li
115,3
5,8
K/Ar
Trnh Long, Trn Ngc Nam;
1999; Nht Bn

Andesit
porphyrit
A Li
115,9
2,5
K/Ar
Trnh Long, Trn Ngc Nam;
1999; Nht Bn

Ty Kon Tum
Andesit
porphyrit
Sa Thy
102,4
1,8
K/Ar
Trnh Long, Trn Ngc Nam
(1999); Nht Bn
Bo Lc
Andesit
porphyrit
Sa Thy,
Kon Tum
136
1,3
Rb-Sr
Trnh Long, Nguyn Xun Bao
(2000)
Bo Lc
Andesit
porphyrit
Sa Thy,
Kon Tum
98 8,6 K-Ar
Trnh Long, Nguyn Xun Bao
(2000)
Bo Lc
Andesit
porphyrit
Ch Prng
106,4
2,3
K/Ar
Trnh Long, Trn Ngc Nam
(1999); Nht Bn
Bo Lc
Andesit
porphyrit
Ch Prng 110 10 Rb/Sr Nguyn Vn Thun (1999) Bo Lc
Dacit Kon Tum
100 -
129
Ar - Ar
v Rb-Sr
Nguyn Xun Bao, nnk (2001) Bo Lc
Lt
Ryolit porphyr Nha Trang 100 1 K/Ar
Trnh Vn Long, PhmHuy Long,
Steve C.B. (1997); Hoa K
Nha
Trang
Tuf ryolit Nha Trang 100 1 K/Ar
Trnh Vn Long, PhmHuy Long,
Steve C.B (1997); Hoa K
Nha
Trang

Andesit
porphyrit
Bo Lc 100 3 K/Ar
Trnh Long, Phm Huy Long,
Steve C.B. (1997), Hoa K
Bo Lc
Andesit
porphyrit
Bo Lc 100 3 K/Ar
Trnh Long, Phm Huy Long,
Steve C.B. (1997), Hoa K
Bo Lc
T cc ti liu trn y, c th thy rng, s tn ti cc xm nhp, phun tro Mesozoi
mun trong khu vc ty Kon Tum v khu vc k Rng - A Li l hin thc. Mc tui ca
chng t nht l mun hn h tng A Ngo, cha ho tui Jura sm - gia, hp l nht c th
trong khong Jura mun n Kreta sm, ch yu trong giai on Kreta sm, tng ng mc
tui ca lot phun tro Bo Lc - Nha Trang tiu biu cho khu vng ra lc a tch cc Mesozoi
mun Lt.
2. c im thch a ho
Bng di y, tng hp cc kt qu phn tch silicat cc xm nhp v phun tro tiu
biu cho cc i tng ang xem xt. C ba tp mu tiu biu cho 3 khu vc. l khu vc k
Rng- A Li, khu vc Ty Kon Tum v khu vc i Lt.
Bng 2. Tng hp cc kt qu phn tch silicat cc phun tro k Rng- A Li- Sa Thy
STT K hiu
mu
SiO
2
TiO
2
Al
2
O
3
FeO Fe
2
O
3
MnO MgO CaO Na
2
O K
2
O
1 H.6 72,18 - 17,03 0,29 0,95 0,11 0,40 0,28 0,77 4,13
2
H.8 73,28 - 17,13 0,11 1,15 0,11 0,40 0,28 0,48 3,75
3
Hh.4118 52,88 1,20 15,05 4,80 1,19 0,09 1,31 0,98 5,00 0,97
4
Hu.136 58,66 0,50 17,03 3,41 5,47 0,12 1,91 1,96 3,47 3,28
252

STT K hiu
mu
SiO
2
TiO
2
Al
2
O
3
FeO Fe
2
O
3
MnO MgO CaO Na
2
O K
2
O
5
Hu.138 57,54 0,70 15,78 4,28 1,59 0,11 2,21 1,25 3,19 2,75
6
Hu.1779 72,76 0,30 15,59 3,81 2,34 0,13 2,27 1,51 2,75 2,81
7
Hu.2122 71,86 0,50 14,58 3,02 4,10 0,13 2,91 3,07 3,88 3,00
8
96VNL-04A 56,10 0,87 16,70 - 2,79 - 4,40 7,20 2,79 2,12
9
96VNL-05A 57,20 0,88 16,00 - 2,90 - 3,70 6,20 2,92 3,16
10
96VNL-40E 54,40 1,01 17,30 - 4,08 - 4,20 5,40 3,09 1,67
11
96VNL-42A 50,10 1,35 17,80 - 3,88 - 4,40 6,90 3,56 2,27
12
96VNL-45A 68,50 0,23 16,30 - 1,11 - 0,20 1,90 4,90 4,30
13
97VM-26 70,80 0,20 13,70 - 1,30 - 0,01 1,25 4,68 4,43
14
DL303 77,65 0,20 14,55 - 0,81 0,05 0,08 0,72 2,74 5,89
15
KT2225 58,96 0,94 16,03 - 1,56 0,08 3,23 5,63 3,02 2,58
16
KT4387/2 61,94 0,76 15,56 - 2,66 0,14 2,35 3,86 3,63 1,84
17
KT838 57,12 1,21 16,59 - 3,22 0,01 4,25 5,91 2,10 0,87
18
KT4086 58,92 0,83 16,23 - 3,70 0,08 3,31 5,71 2,66 2,44
19
KT6185 66,04 0,72 14,86 1,64 3,99 - 0,05 1,53 3,29 2,50
20
KT11626 74,00 0,26 12,83 2,74 1,29 - 0,07 0,38 0,33 3,00
21
KT11628 68,48 0,44 15,10 4,54 0,17 - 0,08 0,71 1,66 3,24
Ghi ch: Mu 1,2- Granit porphyr ( ti liu ca S Khoa hc v Cng ngh Qung Tr, 2000 [17])-; Mu 3- phun
tro ( ti liu t Bn a cht Hng Ho, 1997); Mu 4 n 7- phun tro ( ti liu t Bn a cht Hu
1:50000, 1997); Mu 8 n mu 14 phun tro ( ti liu a cht v Ti nguyn Vit Nam , trang 280); Mu 15 n
21 phun tro (ti liu Bn a cht Kon Tum 1:50000, 2006)

Pc B O1 O2 O3
F
U1
U2
U3
Ph
S1
S2
S3
T
R
Ir
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
35 45 55 65 75
SiO2
N
a
2
O
+
K
2
O
Pc B O1 O2 O3
F
U1
U2
U3
Ph
S1
S2
S3
T
R
Ir
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
35 45 55 65 75
SiO2
N
a
2
O
+
K
2
O

Pc
Picrobazan
B
Bazan
O
1

Trn bo ho SiO
2

O
2

Andesit
O
3

Acid
S
1

Bo ha SiO
2

S
2

Trachybazan
S3
Trachyandesit
T
Alkalitrachyt-trachyt
R
Alkalitryoliyt-ryolit
U
Di bo ha SiO
2

U
1

Tefribazan
U
2

Fonotefrif
U
3

Tefrifonolit
Ph
Phonolit
F
Foidok

Cc phun tro khu vc Sa Thy, Kon Tum
Cc B o Lc phun tro khu vc
Cc Nha Trang phun tro khu vc

Hnh 1. Biu TAS phn loi cc phun tro
khu vc Sa Thy - k Rng- Qung Tr (Le Bas, 1986)
253

Na2O+K2O MgO
FeOt
Tholeiitic
(Vi - kim)
Calc-
Alkaline

Hnh 2. Biu AFM ca cc phun tro
thuc khu vc Sa Thy - k Rng- Qung
Tr (Irvine & Baragar, 1971)
Hnh 3. Biu K
2
0 Si
2
O (Gill, 1981)
Cc ca di trn, ti nhng khu vc c th chng l mt dy phn d lin tc t
andesit bazaltic, andesit ti dacit, trong ph bin cc trung tnh chim u th r rt.
Hm lng SiO2 dao ng trong khong 50,1- 77,65%, hm lng Al2O3 dao ng trong
khong 12,83-17,8%, c th thy hm lng ca Al2O3 l kh cao, hm lng ca MgO
trong khong 0,01 4,4%. Trn biu AFM, cc nghin cu thuc lot kim vi v kim
vi cao kali. Biu SiO2 - K2O cho thy chng ch yu thuc lot cao Kali. Tp hp cc
phun tro v xm nhp c xu th tng cao hm lng K2O theo chiu tng ca SiO2.
Cc kt qu phn tch nguyn t vi lng th hin trong bng 3. Trn cc biu phn
loi cc kiu bi cnh kin to granit [Pearce et al, 1984] a s cc kt qu phn tch u
ri vo trng granit cung ni la (VAG). Trn cc biu Nb - Y v Rb - (Yb+Ta), cc mu
ch yu ri vo trng granit cung ni la (VAG) trng vi trng phn b ca cc mu cung
ni la Andes.
Xem xt c im phn b cc nguyn t him v t him trong cc nghin cu
c chun ho vi chondrit c th thy, mc d cc c ly t cc v tr khc nhau trong
khu vc Tha Thin Hu, Qung Tr ti Sa Thy nhng cc nguyn t vt c s bin thin
tng t nhau v trng vi trng phn b ca cc mu cung ni la Andes.

0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
R
o
c
k
/
C
h
o
n
d
r
i
t
e
96VNL-04A
96VNL-05A
96VNL-40E
96VNL-42A
96VNL-45A
97VM-26
DL303
DL1226
DL1241
DL2083
DL1314
DL1221
DL1210
DL1212
DL1237
DL1242
DL1100
DL4432/1

0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
R
b
T
h
N
b
L
a
P
r
N
d
H
f
E
u
T
b Y E
r
Y
b
R
o
c
k
/
P
r
i
m
i
t
i
v
e

M
a
n
t
l
e
96VNL-04A
96VNL-05A
96VNL-40E
96VNL-42A
96VNL-45A
97VM-26
DL303
DL1226
DL1241
DL2083
DL1314
DL1221
DL1210
DL1212
DL1237
DL1242
DL1100
DL4432/1
KT11610

Hnh 3. S phn b t him chun ha theo Chondrite, (Sun & McDon., 1989) v s nhn
chun ha thnh phn mantle nguyn thy (Sun & McDon.,1989)ca cc magma khu vc Sa
Thy k Rng- Qung Tr
254

Bng 3. Thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng trong cc magma khu vc Dak Rng- A Li- Sa Thy

96VNL-
04A
96VNL-
05A
96VN
L-40E
96VNL
-42A
96VNL
-45A
97VM
-26
DL303 DL1226 DL1241 DL2083 DL1314 DL1221 DL1210 DL1212 DL1237 DL1242 DL1100 DL4432/1 KT11610
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Rb 59 89 47 54 116 150 171,7 77,7 140,0 129,0 266,0 156,0 249,0 234,0 145,0 152,0 133,0 197,0 29,30
Ba 590 551 346 537 1010 731 725,4 259,0 495,0 463,0 692,0 395,0 619,0 592,0 651,0 269,0 445,0 336,0 317,0
Th 6 15 5,4 4,3 13 14 19,94 8,2 16,9 20,1 8.1 24.5 20.9 21.8 14.0 24,3 17,7 23,7 3,70
Nb 6 10 8 7 9 18 14,28 4,0 15,8 4,2 47,2 2,3 5,4 1,8 13,4 2,7 11,70
Ta 1 0,8 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,3 1,24 0,6 1,0 2,0 0,3 1,7 0,2 0,1 0,1 1,3 1,3 0,2 0,99
La 19,6 24 20,5 30,7 46,5 54,9 63,08 21,5 19,7 26,6 8,8 23,5 24,5 23,3 31,7 36,5 36,8 24,4 18,79
Ce 41,4 51,6 45,2 66 86,5 116 130,8 22,9 34,5 61,2 37,1 41,2 69,0 60,8 61,0 64,4 49,3 61,5 41,20
Pr 4,9 6,2 5,5 8,1 9,3 13,9 13,53 6,6 4,9 6,3 4,8 5,7 5,8 6,0 6,9 8,5 9,7 6,7 7,10
Sr 471 376 380 774 145 105 67,87 173,0 153,0 571,0 423,0 233,0 398,0 350,0 284,0 80,2 178,0 60,9 532,0
Nd 20,2 25,2 23 31,9 33 51,9 46,09 18,4 16,2 19,3 12,4 18,1 18,0 16,8 19,9 27,0 28,0 20,0 20,60
Zr 96 104 95 118 158 158 149,3 304,0 337,0 134,0 17,8 270,0 13,9 12,6 14,2 243,0
254,0
7,9 119,0
Hf 3,1 4,9 3,6 4,7 9,3 11 5,38 6,7 5,6 3,6 0,6 6,1 0,4 0,4 0,5 4,5 6,8 0,5 2,76
Sm 4,4 5,4 4,6 6,4 5,8 10,1 8,21 4,5 3,8 3,6 5,4 4,3 5,2 3,8 4,7 6,4 5,7 7,7 4,37
Eu 1,27 1,15 1,27 1,93 1,28 2,09 1,25 1,2 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6 1,0 0,4 1,24
Gd 4,3 4,9 4,8 5,8 5,2 8,5 7,16 4,1 3,7 3,0 3,4 3,5 3,3 2,6 4,1 5,0 4,9 4,7 4,79
Tb 0,7 0,9 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,5 1,09 1,0 0,9 0,6 1,3 0,7 1,3 1,1 1,4 1,2 0,8 1,6 0,60
Dy 4,2 4,4 4,1 4,2 4,5 9 6,24 3,6 3,4 2,8 2,7 3,3 2,4 2,2 3,4 4,7 3,9 4,4 4,04
Y 21 21 17 19 20 48 32,46 16,1 15,6 13,9 10,3 13,2 8,6 7,1 12,5 22,1 21,3 16,3 19,74
Ho 0,86 0,88 0,87 0,91 0,92 1,76 1,27 1,0 1,0 0,6 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,1 1,4 0,8 1,3 0,75
Er 2,6 2,7 2,6 2,1 2,8 5,2 3,74 2,3 2,3 1,7 2,5 2,1 2,8 0,9 2,5 3,0 2,3 3,4 2,14
Tm 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,4 0,7 0,59 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,31
Yb 2,4 2,4 2,4 2 3 4,9 3,83 2,1 2,1 1,8 1,8 1,9 1,6 1,4 2,3 2,8 2,3 2,8 1,83
Lu 0,35 0,38 0,36 0,29 0,5 0,71 0,58 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,28

Ghi ch: Cc mu t 1 n 19 tham kho ti liu Bi Minh Tm, 2002 ( trang 280- 283, cun a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam)
255

VAG+syn-COLG
WPG
ORG
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Y
N
b

Syn-COLG WPG
ORG
VAG
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Y+Nb
R
b

Hnh 5. Biu Y-Nb (Pearce, 1984) Hnh 6. Biu Y-Nb ( Pearce, 1984)
3. Cc c im bin i sau magma v mi lin quan vi khong sn
Khu vc k Rng- A Li, hot ng bin cht nhit dch nh lc ha, propylit
ha, beresit ha v argilit ho pht trin mnh m cng vi cc qu trnh bin cht ng
lc. Xut hin rt nhiu khong vt bin cht nhit dch nhit thp gm sericit, chlorit,
calcedon, epidot, ankerit. Cc khong vt sulphur tiu biu gm galena, pyrit, chancopyrit,
antimonit. Vng dng ht nh v siu mn, hm lng vng dao ng t <1g/t n 9-10
g/t.
Mi lin quan ca cc thnh to ni la tuyn k Rng pha ty Qung Tr vi
cc qu trnh bin cht trao i cnh mch v khong sn vng c chng ti trnh
by chi tit trong cng trnh Cc thnh h bin cht trao i nhit dch v mi lin quan
vi qung ho vng ly v d khu vc pha Ty Qung Tr vng Bc Trung B .
Ti khu vc XiPa, theo cng ca hot ng sulphur ha, c th khoanh nh
cc i qung chiu rng t 25 n 175m, chiu di t 500 n trn 1000m, hm lng
Au 0,05 ppm. i qung c cu trc phn nhnh, khng gian phn b trng lp hon
ton vi cc i bin cht nhit dch. Hm lng cc khong vt sulphur cng nh hm
lng vng tng t l thun vi cng qu trnh bin cht nhit dch. Trong phm vi
cc i bin cht nhit dch c th phn bit nhm cu to n gin gm t hp cng
sinh (THCS) thch anh sericit hydrosericit - kaolinit v nhm bin cht cu to
phc tp gm THCS thch anh hydrosericit - kaolinit cha cc mch ankerit - chlorit.
Hm lng Au cao nht theo cc ti liu phn tch khong 4 g/t.
Khu vc Ty Kon Tum. Cc ti liu iu tra mi nht cho thy, lin quan vi cc
phun tro kiu Bo Lc - Nha Trang c vng v ng kiu nhit dch phun tro. Lin quan
vi cc cc xm nhp kim vi kiu nh Qun c vng nhit dch xm nhp v cc biu
hin ng vng molipden.
4. Mt vi nhn xt tng quan v phn b khng gian, bi cnh ngun gc
T cc tng hp trn y, c th nhn thy, hai khu vc Ty Kon Tum v k Rng
- A Li u c cc hot ng magma Mesozoi mun. Cc kt qu kho st t cc ti liu
phn tch cho thy, chng c cc c im kh tng ng v mt a cht, thnh phn
thch hc, thnh phn ho hc v cc c im thch a ho.
V mt a cht, a s cc th phun tro c quy m nh, di dng mch dng
tuyn v cc th c kch thc khng ln n rt nh. Cc ai mch c quan h xuyn
ct, lp y cc t gy. Vng mt cc trm tch phun tro.
V mt thch, a ho
256

Ti nhng khu vc c th cc phun tro l mt dy phn d lin tc t andesit
bazaltic, andesit ti dacit, trong ph bin cc trung tnh chim u th r rt.

Mi lin quan vi khong sn.
Khu vc k Rng - A Li lin quan vi vng v a kim; Xut hin rt nhiu
khong vt bin cht nhit dch nhit thp gmsericit, chlorit, calcedon, epidot, ankerit. Cc
khong vt sulphur tiu biu gm galena, pyrit, chancopyrit, antimonit. Vng dng ht nh v
siu mn, hm lng vng dao ng t <1g/t n 9-10 g/t.
Khu vc ty Kon Tum lin quan ti hin tng bin i sau magma nh hin
tng lc ha, hin tng propylit ha, hin tng bin cht nhit dch thch anh ha,
sericit ha v i km vi n lin quan ti cc khong sn Cu-Au-Mo.
Trn quy m khu vc, cc xm nhp phun tro Mesozoi mun Bo Lc - Nha
Trang v nh Qun phn b rng ri trn cu trc ra lc a tch cc Mesozoi mun
Lt. M hnh tin ho kin to Vit Nam v din tch k cn giai on Jura mun - Kreta,
theo Trn Vn Tr, Nguyn Xun Bao c trnh by trong hnh v di y [15].

Hnh 6. M hnh tin ha kin to khu vc Sa Thy - Hu - Qung Tr (theo Trn Vn
Tr v nnk 2009 c sa cha)
Theo m hnh ny, cc xm nhp phun tro ang m t c th lin quan ngun
gc vi i ht chm Pacific Bin ng c pha nam v i ht chm Mesothethys
pha ty. Cc xm nhp phun tro Bo Lc Nha Trang v nh Qun c xem l c
ngun gc t ngun Manti b hn nhim v trn ln v lin quan vi i ht chm [15].
Vn cn tip tc xem xt l, bi cnh thnh to, ngun gc cc magma
phun tro xm nhp Mesozoi mun khu vc Ty Kon Tum v k Rng- A Li v
mi lin quan ngun gc vi cc khong sn.
5. Kt lun
1. Bng cc ti liu a cht thc t cng nh tng hp cc ti liu, chng minh s
tn ti cc hot ng magma Mesozoi mun khu vc Ty Kon Tum v khu vc k Rng
- A Li .
Di phun tro-xm nhp nng A Li - k Rng pha ty Tha Thin Hu -
Qung Tr phng ty bc-ng nam tui Mesozoi mun bao gm t hp cc tng
phun tro, phun n thnh phn bazan andesit dacit - ryolit v tuf ca chng i cng vi
cc th xm nhp nng granit porphyr, granophyr lot kim vi. Chng c mi lin quan
ngun gc vi cc khong sn vng v a kim.
Cc xm nhp phun tro Mesozoi mun khu vc Ty Kon Tum bao gm cc
andesit, dacit, ryolit, xm nhp diorit, granodiorit v granit lot kim vi. Chng c mi lin
quan ngun gc vi khong sn vng - ng v vng - ng -molipden.
2. V tr tui a cht hp l nht ca chng theo cc ti liu hin c trong khong
J ura mun - Kreta sm, ch yu l Kreta sm tng ng vi mc tui cc magma xm
257

nhp phun tro kiu Bo Lc - Nha Trang v nh Qun phn b rng ri trong i Lt,
lin quan vi bi cnh ra lc a tch cc.
3. Trong tng lai cn tip tc nghin cu, lm sng t c im cu trc a cht,
thnh phn vt cht, quy lut phn b, mi lin quan vi khong sn ca cc thnh to
magma Mesozoi mun trong cc khu vc Ty Kon Tum, k Rng - A Li gp phn lm
sng t, chnh xc ho bnh a cht khu vc Trung B v Ty Nguyn cng nh d bo
sinh khong.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. L Tin Dng, Phm Th Vn Anh, T Xun Bn. Cc thnh to phun tro v xm
nhp Mesozoi mun tuyn A Li k Rng pha Ty Qung Tr v Tha Thin Hu.
Tp ch Cc khoa hc v Tri t. S 2 (T.27)/2005. Trang 133-141.
[2]. L Tin Dng v nnk, 2000. Cc thnh h bin cht trao i nhit dch pha ty
Qung Tr bc Trung B v mi lin quan ca chng vi qung ho vng. Tp ch a cht,
A, s 272, 9-10/2002. Trang 29-37.
[3]. L Tin Dng v nnk, 2011, 2012. Bo co tng kt ti Nghin cu nh gi tim nng
di khong ho Au Cu - Mo Sa Thy - k T phc v cho vic quy hoch, u t khai
thc khong sn hp l tnh Kon Tum. S Khoa hc Cng ngh tnh Kon Tum.
[4]. Thn c Duyn, 2006. a cht v khong sn nhmt Kon Tum t l 1:50000. Cc
a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[5]. V Mnh in v nnk, 1993. a cht v khong sn nhmt Nam ng t l
1:50000. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[6]. V Mnh in v nnk, 1997. a cht v khong sn nhmt Hng Ho t l
[7]. Lepvirier. C, Maluski H, Nguyn Vn Vng, 1997. Indosinian NW - =Trending shear
zones within the Truong Son belt
40
Ar -
39
Ar Triassic Cretaccous to Cenozoic oveprints.
Tectonophysics/283, Issues 14, 30 December 1997, trang 105127.
[8]. Eric A. K. Middlemost, 1988. Magmas and magmatic rock. Longman group Ltd,
Singapore.
[9]. H. M. Prichard, T. Alabaster, 1993. Magmatic processes and plate tectonics. Geological
society London.
[10]. Trn Tnh v nnk, 1994. a cht v khong sn 1:200000 nhmt Kon Tum - Bun
M Thut. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[11]. Phm Huy Thng v nnk, 1997. a cht v khong sn nhmt Hu t l 1:50000.
Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[12]. Nguyn Vn Thun, 1995. Ti liu mi v cc thnh to ni la Ch Prng - Gia
Lai v cc khong sn lin quan. a cht Khong sn Du kh Vit Nam, s 1:115-120, H
Ni.
[13]. o nh Thc, Hunh Trung (ng ch bin), 1995. a cht VN, tp II. Cc thnh
to
magma. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
[14]. Nguyn Vn Trang v nnk, 1986. a cht v khong sn lot t Hu-Qung Ngi t l
[15]. Trn Vn Tr v V Khc (ng ch bin), 2009. a cht v ti nguyn Vit Nam.
Nxb Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh. trang 279-288.
[16]. Marjorie Wilson, 1989. Igneous petrogenesis. Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row,
London.
258

[17]. L Tin Dng v nnk, 1999. a cht v khong sn tnh Q.Tr. Lu tr S KHCN
tnh Qung Tr.
SUMMARY
Geological and petrological chracteristics of Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks in west
Kon Tum and Dakrong-A Luoi areas
Nguyen Huu Trong, Ha Thanh Nhu, Ngo Xuan Dac
Magmatic rocks occurred in the west of Kon Tum and in Dakrong-A Luoi areas,
west of Thua Thien Hue-Quang Tri, consist of basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and
porphyry granite and granophyres. The petrological and geological features of the rocks
indicate that they are of, tephra, lava flow and and hypabyssal-sub-effusive facies. Most
of them have been dated asEarly Cretaceous age. Chemical composition of the rocks
suggests they are part of high potassium calc-alkaline series that were generated in
Andean-type active continental margins.
In Dakrong-A Luoi area, metasomatic activities such as chloritisation, prophylitisation,
beresitisation and argilitisation are strongly occurred in the magmatic rocks and are
related to the development of gold, silver and polymetallic mineralisations. In west of
Kontum area, gold and copper mineralizations related to hydrothermal-altered Bao
Loc-Nha Trang-type volcanic rocks and -hydrothermal copper-gold -molybdenum
occurrences related to Dinh Quan-type calc-alkaline intrusion rocks.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Phm Trung Hiu

259


C IM HA L MI TRNG NC MT
KHU VC TY NAM H LU SNG Y
ng Th Vinh, Nguyn Khc Ging
Ng Xun c, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Trn c s nghin cu c im ha l mi tr ng nc mt khu vc ty nam h
lu sng y, bi bo lm sng t vai tr quan trng ca cc kim loi nng i vi mi
trng nc mt; cc ch s ha l mi trng c bn nh: pH, Eh, Ec v mt s cht gy
nhim khc ca nc mt thuc vng nghin c u. Cc kt qu phn tch c x l bng
phn mn MINPET xy dng cc biu so snh vi tiu chun nc mt (QCVN
08:2008), t lm c s cho vic nh gi cht lng nc mt ca vng nghin cu. Kt
qu nghin cu cnch ra cc nguyn nhn gy nhi m ch yu v mt s xut mt s gii
php nh m khc phc, hn ch hin trng nhim nc mt cho vng nghin cu.
1. M u
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc hot ng nhm p ht trin kinh t, em li li
nhun cho nc ta khng ngng tng cao. Cc ngnh cng nghip, du lch, dch v c
quan tm v c u t vn m rng quy m hot ng, nng cao cht lng sn
phm cng nh cht lng phc v... Nhng mt tri ca vic pht trin kinh t l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gp phn s hy hoi mi trng sinh thi. Cc cht thi
t cc nh my, cc x nghip sn xut cho n rc thi sinh hot t cc khu du lch...
lm nhim mi trng. Trong , mi trng nc mt s b chu nh hng trc tip
hoc gin tip t ngun pht thi. Mt khc, khu vc Ty Nam h lu sng y trong
thi gian gn y c s pht trin nhanh chng cc ngnh cng nghip nng (xi mng,
gch ngi), khai thc ngun t ven bin vo vic nui trng thy sn, pht trin cc
ngnh giao thng, vn ti, du lch - dch v gp phn nh hng ti mi trng
sinh thi cho vng nghin cu. V vy, vic nghin cu lm r cc c im ha l mi
trng, nh gi cht lng nc v a ra mt s gii php nhm gim thiu hin
trng nhim nc mt cho khu vc ny l rt cn thit.
2. i u kin t nhin vng nghin cu
2.1. V tr a l
Vng nghin c u
thuc khu vc Ty Nam h
lu sng y, vi pha Ty
- Ty Nam l qu c l 1A
(on chy qua tnh Ninh
Bnh), pha Nam - ng
Nam ti p gip vi Thanh
Ha v Bi n ng, ph a
Bc - ng Bc tip gip
vi tnh Nam nh (hnh 1)

Hnh 1. V tr vng nghin cu trn bn min Bc Vit
nam
260

2.2. c im a hnh, a mo
+ Dng a hnh ng bng ven bin chim hu ht din tch vng nghin
cu, nhn chung dng a hnh ny kh bng phng hi nghing v pha bin, cao
thay i t 0,8 n 1m.
+ Dng a hnh ni vi chim din tch nh v phn b tp trung pha
ty nam ca vng nghin cu, vi cao trung bnh 90 - 120 m [2].
2.3. c im thy vn
a) H thng sng ngi
Vng nghin c u c 3 con sng chy qua: sng y, sng Vc v sng Tng Cn.
Sng y l con sng l n nht trong vng v l chi lu ca sng Hng, lu
lng nc vo ma ma khong 13.500m
3
/s v vo ma kh khong 5600m
3
/s [2].
Sng Vc bt ngun t ha i nhnh sng Chanh v sng Lu n ca sng Hong
Long chy qua cc huyn Yn Khnh, Yn M, Kim Sn v vo sng y ti x
Thng Kim. Sng nh, hp, lu lng nc ma ma khong 1800-2000m
3
/s,
ma kh khong 800 -1000m
3
/s.
Sng Tng Cn bt ngun t Bm Sn Thanh Ha, chy qua H Trung, Nga Sn -
Kim Sn ri ra bin. on chy qua vng nghin cu di khong 9 km, sng ny nh hp
dng chy chm. Lu lng v ma ma khong 2500 m
3
/s v ma kh kho ng 1200 m
3
/s.
Ngoi ra, cn c cc con sng nh nh sng Bt, sng Ci Cch, sng Yn
Lm, sng Mi, sng Lai Thnh, sng K ng, sng Tr Tu...
b) H thng knh mng
Trong vng c h thng knh mng dn nc ngt dy c.
c) Cc h cha nc
H Yn Thng, H Ma Thu v h ng Thi nm pha ng nam th x Tam
ip. Ngoi ra, trong vng cn mt s h nh nm ri rc trong vng nghin cu.
2.4. Cc thnh to a cht
2.4.1. Cc thnh to a cht trc t
Theo kt qu nghin cu ca L Tin Dng nm 2007 - 2008 [3] cho thy: cc
thnh to nn a cht trc t gm cc cc st bt kt, st kt, bt kt xen ct
kt phn lp mng n va ca h tng C Ni (T
1
cn). vi thuc h tng ng Giao
(T
2
ag) v st kt, st vi, bt kt vi mu xm, xm en, xm vng, cu to phn
di mng xen cc lp ct kt ht nh ca h tng Nm Thm (T
2
lnt).
2.4.2. Cc thnh to trm tch b ri h t (Q)
- Cc thnh to trm tch Pleistocen thng thuc h tng Vnh Phc (Q
1
3
vp).
Trong vng nghin cu, cc trm tch h tng ch l ra vi din tch nh theo ven ra
ng bng xen gia ni, cn khi lng ch yu b ph di cc trm tch tr hn.
- Cc thnh to trm tch Holocen h - trung thuc h tng Hi Hng (Q
2
1-2
hh):
Trong vng nghin cu c l ra trm tch bin ca h tng Hi Hng gm st, st bt mu
xm, xm vng, bt st ln t ct mu xm, xm tro nht, ln nhiu v hn, cha phong ph
vi c sinh v bo t phn hoa.
- Cc thnh to trm tch Holocen thng thuc h tng Thi Bnh (Q
2
3
tb) phn
b rng ri trong vng nghin cu, gm: Cc thnh to trm tch bin vi thnh phn
ct ht mn, ct pha st mu xm, xm tro nht, ln nhiu v hn v vy muscovit. Trm
tch bin - m ly gm bt ct ln st mu xm en, nu cha di tch ng thc vt v
cha bo t phn hoa. Trm tch sng - bin gm bt ct, bt st pha t ct mu xm,
xm nu, xm vng l n nhiu vy muscovit, cha vi c sinh. Trm tch sng - m ly
gm st bt mu xm sm, xm en cha mn thc vt mu en ang phn hy, cha
261

bo t phn hoa. Trm tch sng bt st mu xm, xm nu (trm tch ngoi ), bt st
pha ct mu nu, xm nu (trm tch trong ) cha bo t phn hoa [5].

Ch dn:
: Trm tch t
(edQ).
Trm tch ca h
tng Thi Bnh (Q
2
3
tb).
Trm tch ca h
tng Hi Hng (Q
2
1-
2
hh).
Trm tch ca h
tng Vnh Phc
(Q
1
3
vp).
H tng ng
Giao (T
2
ag).
Sng, h
t gy.
ng giao
thng.

Hnh 2. S a cht khu vc Ty Nam h lu sng y
3. c im mi trng nc mt khu vc Ty nam h lu sng y
3.1. Cc ch s ha l mi trng nc mt ca khu vc nghin cu
Trong qu trnh nghin cu a ha mi trng nc khu vc Ty nam h lu
sng y, nhm tc gi tin hnh kho st thc a, nghin cu nc mt ti cc con
sng (Sng y, sng Hong Long, sng T ng Cn, Sng Vc, Sng Vn, sng Tr
Tu), mng rung la, cc lch bi triu hin i, cc h, cc m v o trc tip
cc ch tiu ha l mi trng nh pH, Eh, Ec, mui, T
0
ca nc mt ti 37
im, trong la chn 24 mu nc mt i phn tch cc loi, cc mu nc c
bo qun bng cc dung dch ha cht v nhit thch hp theo quy tc trc khi a
v phng th nghim phn tch. Kt qu xc nh cc thng s mi trng c th hin
bng 1.

262

Bng 1. Cc ch s ha l mi trng nc mt khu vc Ty nam h lu sng y
TT
S hiu
mu
Ch s ho l mi trng
Loi nc
pH
Eh
(Mv)
Ec
(ms/cm)

mui
%o
Nhit

(
0
C)
1 NB08/W 7,36 0,61 >1,000 5 28,2 Nc sng - Sng Tng Cn
2 NB09/W 8,05 0,57 >1,000 15 29 Nc sng - gn ca sng Tng Cn
3 NB10/W 7,88 0,58 >1,000 0,3 30 Nc sng - ca sng y
4 NB11/W 7,41 0,60 0,884 0,4 28 Nc sng Vc
5 NB12/W 7,31 0,61 0,298 0,2 27,5 Nc sng y (gn bn Mi)
6 NB14/W 7,82 0,58 0,198 0,2 27 Nc sng y (gn bn Xanh).
7 NB15/W 8,21 0,56 1,000 0,5 28
Nc sng y - on chy qua Quang Thin,
Kim Sn, Ninh B nh.
8 NB16/W 7,84 0,58 0,192 0,3 27
Nc sng y - on chy qua Khnh An,
Yn Khnh, Ninh Bnh
9 NB17/W 7,40 0,60 0,293 0,1 27
Nc sng y - cch cu Ninh Bnh khong
500mv Pha Bc
10 NB18/W 7,14 0,62 0,292 0,1 27
Nc sng y, cch i m kho st NB17
khong 5 km v pha ng Nam
11 NB58/W 6,9 0,63 0,356 - 28 Nc sng Vn
12 NB28/W

7,01 0,63 0,373 - 29 Nc sng Mi
13 NB34/W 7,19 0,62 0,767 - -
Nc sng Tr Tu - on chy qua X Mai Sn,
Yn M, Ninh Bnh
14 NB26/W

7,59 0,59 0,644 -0,1 28,5
Nc sng y (on chy qua x Kim Tn
- Kim Sn)
15 NB31/W

7,49 0,60 0,816 - 29 Nc sng Cu Hi.
16 NB23/W

7,74 0,58 >1,000 - 31,5 Nc sng Tng Cn.
17 NB24/W

7,71 0,59 0,834 0,3 30,5 Nc sng C Mu.
18 NB37/W 7,73 0,58 0,377 - 29 Nc sng Hong Long
19 NB101/W 6,77 0,64 0,682 0,2 - Nc sng Vc.
20 NB29/W

7,4 0,60 0,565 - 29 Nc sng Nc.
21 NB32/W

8,44 0,54 0,445 - 28,5 Nc h ng Thi.
22 NB36/W 7,07 0,62 1,530 1 26 m hoang - X Ninh Xun - Hoa L
23 NB38/W 7,28 0,61 0,397 - - m hoang - x Gia Lc - Gia Vin.
24 NB39/W 6,71 0,64 0,556 - 28
m ly c - X Thng Hong - Nho Quan
- Ninh Bnh
25 NB20/1/W 8,19 0,56 1,000 15 -
m nui tm ven bin x Kim ng - Kim
Sn Ninh Bnh.
26 NB57/W 6,95 0,63 0,897 - 27,5
Nc rung la - X Ninh Hi - Hoa L -
Ninh Bnh
27 NB61/W 7,14 0,62 0,385 0,1 28
Nc rung la x Khnh Cng - Yn
Khnh - Ninh Bnh
28 NB110/W 8,29 0,55 1,588 - -
Nc rung la - Xm8 - Tin Thnh - Kim
Sn - Ninh Bnh
29 NB111/W 8,52 0,54 1,595 - -
Nc rung la - X nh Ha - Kim Sn -
Ninh Bnh
30 NB112/W 9,08 0,50 1,108 - -
Nc rung la - X KimTn - Kim Sn -
Ninh Bnh
31 NB113/W 8,35 0,55 1,011 - -
Nc rung la - Xm 8A - x Cn Thoi -
Kim Sn - Ninh Bnh
32 NB114/W 7,63 0,59 1,758 - -
Nc rung la - X Hng Tin - Kim Sn -
Ninh Bnh
33 NB25/W

6,55 0,65 0,950 0,2 -
Nc rung la - Lu Phng - Kim Sn -
Ninh Bnh
34 NB27/W

7,07 0,62 1,283 - 27
Nc rung la - x Hng Tin - KimSn -
Ninh Bnh
35 NB60/W 7,09 0,62 0,530 0,1 31
Mng rung la - X Khnh Li, Yn
Khnh, Ninh Bnh
36 NB30/W

8,13 0,56 1,516 - 28
Mng rung la - X Yn Nhn - Yn M -
Ninh Bnh
37 NB19/W

8,04 0,57 1,000 4 32
Lch ca bi triu hin i thuc huyn Kim
Sn - Ninh Bnh
263

Qua kt qu nghin cu trn thy rng nc mt trong vng nghin cu c
pH dao ng t 6,55 - 8,44; Eh c gi tr t 0,50 - 0,65 mV. Cc gi tr pH v Eh u
nm trong gii hn cho php theo tiu chun nc mt ca B ti nguyn v mi trng
nm 2008. dn in (Ec) c gi tr ph bin t 0,192 - 0,950 mS/cm, cc mu nc
mt khu vc ven bin u c dn Ec >1 m/cm v mui kh ln, nguyn nhn l
do nc mt y b pha trn vi nc bin mi khi triu ln.
3.2. Cc nguyn t kim loi nng
nh gi hin trng mi trng cc kim loi nng trong vng nghin, cc
tc gi da vo cc ch tiu kim loi nng theo Quy chun k thut Quc gia v
cht lng nc mt (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT) ca B ti nguyn v mi trng. C
th, khi phn tch cc mu nc mt trong vng nghin cu, nhm tc gi la chn
ra cc nguyn t c trng cho cht lng nc phn tch nh: Mn, Fe
tng
, Ni, Cr
3+
,
Cr
6+
, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg. Kt qu phn tch c th hin trong bng 2.
Bng 2. Kt qu phn tch hm lng cc kim loi nng mt s mu nc mt thuc
khu vc Ty Nam h lu sng y
TT S hiu mu
Hm lng cc kim loi nng (g/l)
Mn Fe Ni Cr
3+
Cr
6+
Cu Pb Zn Cd As Hg
1 NB23/W 58 71 7,12 <1 6,24 4 10,1 <1 2,83 2 0,43
2 NB26/W 63 220 2,64 <1 5,63 3 0,64 <1 0,64 8 0,42
3 NB27/W 70 60 5,29 <1 2,63 3 2,6 <1 1,37 12 0,37
4 NB28/W 60 110 3,45 <1 9,87 2 0,36 <1 0,29 8 0,35
5 NB34/W 50 240 3,16 <1 4,72 3 0,93 <1 0,36 7 0,43
6 NB58/W - 100 0,22 0,61 3,71 3,73 1,35 <1 0,15 8 0,12
7 NB60/W - 190 0,43 0,67 3,82 4,28 1,37 <1 0,51 20 0,17
8 NB19/W 40 80 6,36 <1 2,17 17 38,5 <1 1,24 6 0,41
9 NB32/W 90 130 4,18 <1 5,58 2 0,26 <1 0,40 4 0,36
10 NB20/1/W 80 20 4,25 <1 4,28 58 152,9 <1 0,92 5 0,43
11
TCVN
08:
2008
A
1
- 500 100 50 10 100 20 500 5 10 1
A
2
- 1000 100 100 20 200 20 1000 5 20 1
B
1
- 1500 100 500 40 500 50 1500 10 50 1
B
2
- 2000 100 1000 50 1000 50 2000 10 100 2

Cc kt qu phn tch ny c x l bng phn mm MINPET lp ra cc
biu so snh vi cc ch tiu ca Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc mt
(QCVN 08: 2008) ca B ti nguyn v mi trng. Kt qu c th hin hnh 3,
trong cc ch tiu ca QCVN 08: 2008 c dng chun ha trong php so snh
(cc gi tr trong quy chun quc gia c quy c bng 1).
T cc biu so snh hnh 3a, 3b, 3c thy rng a s cc t phn nh Cu, Ni,
Cd, Hg, Cr
3+
v Cr
6+
u c hm lng di gii hn cho php. iu ny ng ngha
vi nc mt trong vng nghin cu cha b nhim bi cc nguyn t trn. Tuy vy
nc mt trong vng nghin cu c biu hin nhim cc b ch (Pb) v arsen (As), c
th nh sau:
Nc mt m nui tm ven bi n x Kim ng - Kim Sn Ninh Bnh
(NB20/1/W) v nc ti bi triu hin i huyn Kim Sn (NB19/W) c hm lng
(Pb) vt qu gii hn cho php ca nc loi A (hnh 3a v 3b). Nu theo tiu chun
B
1
(biu - hnh 3c) th hm hm l ng Pb ca nc ti m nui tm ny vn cn
cao gp 3 ln so vi gii hn cho php.
264

0 ,00 1
0 ,01
0 ,1
1
8
As Cd Pb Cr3Cr6Cu Zn Ni Hg
S
a
m
p
l
e
/
Q
C
V
N
0
8
n
m
C
a
-
A
1

(
m
g
/
l
)
(a)
0 ,00 08
0 ,00 1
0 ,01
0 ,1
1
8
S
a
m
p
l
e
/
Q
C
V
N
0
8
n
m
C
a
-
A
2

(
m
g
/
l
)
(b)
0 ,00 05
0 ,00 1
0 ,01
0 ,1
1
4
S
a
m
p
l
e
/
Q
C
V
N
0
8
n
m
C
a
-
B
1

(
m
g
/
l
)
(c)

Hnh 3. Biu so snh hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong cc mu nc mt
thuc khu vc nghin cu vi QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT (hnh 3a: theo tiu chun ca nc
loi A
1
; hnh 3b: theo tiu chun ca nc loi A
2
; hnh 3c: theo tiu chun ca nc loi
B
1
)
Nguyn t As ca nc mt ti mng rung la - X Khnh Li, Yn Khnh, Ninh
Bnh v nc rung la - x Hng Tin, Kim Sn, Ninh Bnh c hm lng vt gii hn cho
php ca nc loi A
1
nhng mc thp

(hnh 3a). Theo tiu chun A
2
(hnh 3b) th ch
c mu nc mng rung la - X Khnh Li, Yn Khnh, Ninh Bnh (NB60/W) c hm
lng trn gii hn cho php nhng cng mc thp. Cn theo tiu chun B
1
th hm
lng As u di gii hn cho php. Mt khc, hai im kho st v ly mu phn
tch trn u l nc mng rung la. Nh vy nc y vn t tiu chun ti
tiu thy li.
3.3. Cc anion v mt s ch tiu nh gi nhim khc
Cc mu nc mt c ly phn tch cc anion v mt s ch tiu nh gi
nhim khc cng c ng trong cc v chai nha trong sut sch v mu cng c
bo qun theo ng quy nh trc khi a v phng phn tch. Cn c vo cc ch tiu
theo quy chun nc mt (QCVN 08: 2008) ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng la
chn cc ch tiu phn tch. Kt qu phn tch c trnh by bng 3.
Cc kt qu phn tch c so snh vi Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht
lng nc mt nm 2008 ca B ti nguyn v mi trng v c x l bng phn
mm MINPET, kt qu so snh c th hin hnh 4.
- Amoni (NH
4
+
): Nc mt ti cc sng, h, m v rung la c hm lng
amoni vt qu gii hn cho php so vi nc loi A
1
t 3 ln (nc sng Mi) cho n
20 ln ( ca sng y v bi triu hin i) (hnh 4a). Nc cc v tr ny, nu so vi
265

tiu chun ca nc loi A
2
(hnh 4b) th hm lng amoni vt qu tiu chun t 2 n
10 ln, nu so vi tiu chun ca nc loi B
1
(hnh 4c) th cn gp t 1 n 5 ln v so
vi tiu chun ca nc loi B
2
th vn vt qu gii hn cho php n trn 2 ln (hnh
4d).
Bng 3. Kt qu phn tch hm lng cc anion v mt s ch tiu khc nh gi mc
nhim ca cc mu nc mt thuc khu vc nghin cu
TT KHM pH
DO
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/l)
BOD5
(mg/l)
NH4
+

(mg/l)
NO2
-
(mg/l)
NO3
-

(mg/l)
Cl
-

(mg/l)
CN
-

(g/l)
F
-

(mg/l)
PO4
3-
(mg/l)
SO4
2-
(mg/l)
Phenol
1 NB58/W 6,8 - 23 12 0,51 0,21 2,70 27 0,0042 0,34 0,46 - 0,00021
2 NB60/W 7,09 38 16 0,69 0,25 0,22 50 0,0025 0,52 0,49 - 0,0004
3 NB27/W 7,07 - 65 18 0,75 <0,01 0,14 290 0,0083 0,58 0,07 - 0,0001
4 NB28/W 7,01 - 71 20 0,46 0,32 0,01 33 0,0067 0,30 0,21 - 0,0004
5 NB34/W 7,10 - 131 32 0,67 0,009 0,08 105 0,0086 0,79 0,05 - 0,0003
6 NB08/W 7,36 3,54 148,0 99,2 1,96 0,02 0,181 2840 - - - 174 -
7 NB11/W 7,41 3,35 50,3 33,7 0,52 0,13 0,04 12,78 - - - 15,9 -
8 NB12/W 7,73 5,24 46,2 30,9 0,55 0,07 0,07 9,23 - - - 7,46 -
9 NB14/W 7,82 5,15 43,3 29,0 0,57 0,06 0,04 7,81 - - - 8,02 -
10 NB15/W 7,41 5,05 59,6 39,9 0,90 0,05 0,04 58,22 - - - 74,2 -
11 NB16/W 7,84 5,20 38,5 25,8 0,56 0,05 0,05 7,81 - - - 8,76 -
12 NB17/W 7,40 4,46 18,1 12,1 0,54 0,05 0,04 9,23 - - - 19,5 -
13 NB18/W 7,14 4,40 37,4 25,0 0,72 0,04 0,04 7,10 - - - 21,6 -
14 NB32/W 8,44 - 80,0 21,0 0,52 0,01 0,03 64,0 0,0063 - 0,02 - 0,0002
15 NB20/1/W 8,19 - 235 - 0,95 - - - - - - - 0,0004
16 NB19/W 8,04 - 71 - 0,78 - - - - - - - 0,0002
17
T
C
V

N

0
8
:
2
0
0
8

A1 6-8,5 6 10 4 0,1 0,01 2 250 0,005 1 0,1 - 0,005
A2 6-8,5 5 15 6 0,2 0,02 5 400 0,01 1,5 0,2 - 0,005
B1 5,5-9 4 30 15
0,5
0,04 10 600 0,02 1,5 0,3 - 0,01
B2 5,5-9 2 50 25 1 0,05 15 - 0,02 2 0,5 - 0,02
- Nitrit (NO
2
-
): Theo tiu chu n nc loi A
1
(hnh 4a) thy rng : tr mu
NB34/W (nc sng Tr Tu) v NB27/W (nc rung la x Hng Tin - Kim Sn)
cn li (12/14 mu) u c hm lng nitrit vt qu gii hn cho php t 5 n 30 ln
(nc sng Mi). Theo tiu chun nc loi A
2
v B1 (hnh 4b, 4c) th nc mt c hm
lng nitrit vt qu gii hn t 3 n trn 10 ln (nc sng Mi). Nu so snh vi
tiu chun ca nc loi B
2
(hnh 4d) th nc mt vn c hm lng nitrit vt qu
gii hn cho php t 1 n 6 ln (nc sng Mi).
- Nitrat (NO
3
-
): Nc mt trong vng nghin cu phn ln cha b nhim bi
nitrat, tr mu nc sng Vn (NB58/W) b nhim nhng mc thp.
- Phosphat (PO
4
3-
), trong s cc mu phn tch c 2 mu nc c hm lng vt
qu gii hn cho php so vi tiu chun nc loi A
1
(hnh 4a). Trong mu

nc sng
Vn (NB58/W) c hm lng phosphat vt 5 ln so vi tiu chun nc loi A
1
v 2 ln
so vi tiu chun nc loi B
1
(hnh 4c). Mu nc sng Mi (NB28/W) c hm lng
vt 2 ln so vi tiu chun nc loi A
1
. Nhng chng t tiu chun ca nc loi B.
- Clorua (Cl
-
): Nc mt ca sng y, ca Cn v bi triu hin i b
nhim bi clorua. Ti cc im ny hm lng clorua vt t 10 n 40 ln so vi tiu
chun nc loi A
1
(hnh 4a), vt t 7 n 25 ln so vi tiu chun nc loi A
2
(hnh
4b) v vt t 4 n 18 ln so vi tiu chun nc loi B
1
(hnh 4c).
266

- Xianua (CN
-
): Nc sng Tr Tu v rung la x Hng Tin - huyn Kim Sn
c hm lng xianua vt qu gii h n cho php so vi tiu chun nc loi A
1
nhng
mc thp (2 ln - hnh 4a), so vi cc tiu chun nc loi khc th vn nm gii
hn cho php.
0. 004
0. 01
0. 1
1
10
40
Cl NH4 F NO2NO3PO4 CNPhenol
S
a
m
p
l
e
/
Q
C
V
N
0
8
-
N
M
-
A
1
(
m
g
/
l
)
(a)
0. 001
S
a
m

(b)

0. 001
0. 01
0. 1
1
10
20
S
a
m
p
l
e
/
Q
C
V
N
0
8
-
N
M
-
B
1

(
m
g
/
l
)
(c)
0. 0006
0. 001
NH4 F NO2NO3PO4 CNPhenol
S
a
m

(d)
Hnh 4. Bi u so snh hm lng mt s anion trong nc mt thuc khu vc nghin c u
so vi tiu ca QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT (hnh 4a: theo tiu chun nc loi A
1
; hnh 4b: theo tiu
chun nc loi A
2
; hnh 4c: theo tiu chu n nc loi B
1
; hnh 4d: theo tiu chu n nc loi B
2
)
- Nc mt ti cc sng, h, m, bi triu v rung la trong vng nghin cu
cha b nhim bi Florua (F
-
) v phenol.
Nh vy theo kt qu nghin cu v cc cht gy nhim trn thy rng nc
mt trong vng nghin cu khng tiu chun lm nc n ung v sinh hot v
chng b nhim amoni.
Qua cc biu so snh cc ch tiu hm lng oxy trong nc mt ca vng
nghin cu cho thy rng:
Nc mt trong khu vc nghin cu c ch s DO cha t tiu chun cho php
ca nc loi A nhng t tiu chun ca nc loi B.
Ch s COD hu ht cc im kho st c gi tr vt qu gii hn cho php t
2 n 30 ln so vi tiu chun nc loi A
1
(hnh 5a) v vt gii hn n 20 ln so vi
tiu chun nc loi A
2
(hnh 5b). Nu theo tiu chun nc loi B
1
(hnh 5c) th ch s
COD 13/16 im kho st c gi tr vt qu gii cho php l t 1 n 10 ln, c 8/16
im kho st c gi tr COD vt gii hn cho php ca loi nc B
2
l 1 n 5 ln.
Ch s BOD
5
ca nc mt trong vng nghin cu u c hm lng vt qu gii
hn cho php so vi tiu chun ca nc loi A
1
l t 3 ln n trn 40 ln (hnh 5a), cn
so vi tiu chun ca nc loi A
2
th gi tr ny vt qu gii hn t 2 n 30 ln (hnh
267

5b). Nu so vi tiu chun ca nc loi B
1
(hnh 5c) th c 13/14 im kho st c gi
tr BOD
5
vt qu gii hn cho php n 10 ln, cn nu so vi tiu chun ca nc
loi B
2
(hnh 5d) th c im kho st c gi tr BOD
5
vt qu gii hn cho php n 7
(nc sng y on chy qua x Kim Tn Kim Sn).
0 ,4
DO COD BOD5
(a)
0 ,3
DO COD BOD5
(b)

0 ,1
DO COD BOD5
(c)
0 ,1
DO COD BOD5
(d)
Hnh 5. Bi u so snh cc ch s mi trng trong cc mu nc mt thuc khu vc
nghin c u vi tiu chun ca QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT (hnh 5a: theo tiu chun nc loi
A
1
; hnh 5b: theo tiu chu n nc loi A
2
; hnh 5c: theo tiu chu n nc loi B
1
; hnh 5d:
theo tiu chun nc loi B
2
).
4. Mt s nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng nc mt ca khu vc Ty nam h lu
sng y
- Vng nghin cu v ln cn c cc khu cng nghip pht trin nh cc nh
my xi mng, nh my g ch gi, nh my phn bn ha hc... Trong qu trnh hot
ng sn xut cc nh my t nhin liu v thi khi, bi vo mi trng kh. Khi
gp iu kin thun li, chng s lng ng i vo mi trng trm tch v mi trng
nc mt. Mt khc, lng nc thi t cc khu cng nghip k trn cng gp phn
khng nh vo vic nhim mi trng nc mt trong vng nghin cu.
- Mt s con sng chnh trong vng nghin cu c th trn pha thng ngun v
phi tip nhn x thi cha qua x l ca nhiu khu cng nghip, khu dn c ng c ca
cc thnh ph v th trn ln nn ti mt khi lng ln cht nhim v pha h lu. V d:
sng y trc khi chy vo vng nghin cu th sng tip nhn dng nc ca sui
Yn khu du lch Cha Hng, ri chy qua H Nam, ti Ph L n tip nhn nc ca
sng Nhu ri tip tc chy qua a phn tnh Ninh Bnh, n ng ba Gin Khu n tip
nhn nc ca sng Bi v sng Hong Long. Sau , n tip nhn nc ca sng o
(sng Nam nh) ri tip tc chy v ra bin ti ca y. Nh vy, sng y vn
chuyn mt lng ln vt cht, trong c cc cht thi c vn chuyn t cc con sng
khc vo.
Mt khc cc hot ng canh tc (s dng cc loi phn bn, phun thuc tr su,
dit c, dit nm...), nc thi t cc hot ng ca lng ngh (bn bnh, my tre an,
chiu ci, ch bin thc phm...). y c xc nh l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn
268

nhim amoni v nitrit trong nc mt ca vng nghin cu.
Ngoi ra, qu trnh hot ng giao thng ng thy gy nhim nc mt
cho mt s con sng. Cc hot ng nui thy sn cng gp phn gy nhim mi
trng nc mt mt s ni trong vng nghin cu.
Trong vng nghin cu v khu vc ln cn c s phn b ca mt s im khong
sn than bn, dolomit, pyrit, mt s m kim loi khc... Mt khc, trong vng nghin cu
v nht l khu vc pha ty ca vng nghin cu c nhiu khu cng nghip trong ph
bin l cc nh my xi mng, gch ngi, gm... m v tr vng nghin cu li l h lu ca
cc con sng (nht l sng y) nn n ng vai tr nh mt b cha vt cht thi t pha
thng ngun a xung.
5. Mt s xut nhm hn ch v khc phc nhim nc mt
- to ngun nc s dng cho sinh hot cn xy dng h cha, tp trung nc vo
h v phi x l bng c phng php ha l (cng kt, keo t ) loi b cht l lng, mt s
kimloi nng. Sau l dng bin php sinh hc lm gim hm lng COD, NH
4
+
, NO
2
-
.
- i vi nc thi ca khu cng nghip, cc xng sn xut, cc lng ngh cn
phi xy dng h thng thu gom nc thi vo cc b cha. Dng phng php x l nh
i vi nc s dng cho sinh hot. Nc sau khi x l t tiu chun th mi c x
thi vo h thng thot nc chung.
- i vi nc mt nhng khu vc nui trng thy sn phi thng xuyn kim
tra cht lng nc v c bin php x l nc thch hp. C th dng cc cht x l nn
y gim thiu cc cht nhim nhng phi bo m l khng nh hng ti s pht
trin v sinh trng ca tm, cua, c...
- Cn c bin php xy dng, qun l v gim st hot ng ca cc nh my xi
mng, gch ngi... khai thc ti nguyn khong sn hp l. Cc c s sn xut ti cc
lng ngh phi tp trung li thnh cc khu chuyn sn xut v t xa khu dn c.
- Tuyn truyn vn ng nhn dn thc hin tt v sinh mi trng, gch ha v b
tng ha cc chung tri chn nui, cc khu v sinh, cng rnh thot nc thi, thu gom rc
thi vo nhng ni quy nh... Nng cao thc v s hiu bit ca ngi dn v kin thc
bo v mi trng, khng nn lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, thuc tng trng,
cc loi phn bn... cho cy trng nu cha thy cn thit. T cc nh my cho n tng h
dn nn hn ch vic s dng nhin liu nht l cc loi than.
- Tng cng cng tc qun l, gim st vic thc hin bo v ti nguyn nc
mt i v i cc t chc c n hn tham gia hot ng kin h t trn a bn. X pht
nghim cc n v v c nhn vi phm.
- Nghim tc p dng Lut bo v mi trng i vi cng ng dn c trong
vng nghin cu ni ring v trong c nc ni chung.
6. Kt lun
T kt qu kho st v nghin cu c thc hin c th a mt s kt lun nh
sau:
- pH, Eh v Ec ca nc mt nm trong gii hn cho php theo TCVN08 -
BTNMT. Tuy nhin mt s im kho st khu vc ven bin c dn (Ec >1 m/cm)
v mui khc 0.
- Ch s DO ca nc mt trong khu vc nghin cu cha t tiu chun cho php
ca nc loi A nhng t tiu chun ca nc loi B.
- Nc mt trong vng nghin cu c du hiu nhim COD v BOD. a s
cc mu phn tch u c hm lng COD v BOD vt qu tiu chun cho php ca
nc loi A, c >50%s mu phn tch c hm lng COD v BOD vt qu tiu
chun cho php ca nc loi B.
269

+ Cc kim loi nng trong mi trng nc mt nh: Cu, Ni, Cd, Hg, Cr
3+
v
Cr
6+
cha c du hiu nhim. Tuy nhin c du hiu nhim cc b Pb v As.
+ Cc anion v m t s cht gy nhim khc trong mi trng nc mt:
- Mi trng nc mt trong vng nghin cu c du hiu nhim ca (NH
4
+
)

v
(NO
2
-
) hu ht cc im ly mu phn tch. Cn nhim cc b ca phosphat (PO
4
3-
);
clorua (Cl
-
) v xianua (CN
-
).
+Nguyn nhn gy nhi m nc mt khu vc nghin cu c xc nh l t
cc hot ng nhn to l ch yu.
hon thnh c bo co ny, chng ti nhn c s gip v to iu
kin ca ban lnh o Trng i hc M-a cht, Phng Khoa hc v Cng ngh ca
trng, cng nh nhn dn cc a phng khu vc Ty nam h lu sng y. Chng
ti xin trn trng cm n s gip qu bu .
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Vn Bnh v nnk, 2006. nh gi c im thnh phn vt cht, iu kin mi
trng a ha ca cc thnh to t, bn y vng ngp mn ven bin Kim Sn - Ninh Bnh
v nh hng khai thc hp l, bn vng c hiu qu tim nng t ai ca vng. Bo co
ti cp B m s B2004-36-62.
[2]. L Tin Dng v nnk, 2005-2006. iu tra kho st xy dng cc c s d liu v
a hnh, a cht thy vn phc v quy hoch v pht trin khu du lch Trng An - Ninh
Bnh. Lu tr S KHCN tnh Ninh Bnh.
[3]. L Tin Dng v nnk, 2007-2008. iu tra tng hp cc c s d liu v a cht,
khong sn tnh Ninh Bnh phc v pht trin cng nghip khai khong v bo v mi
trng v c s d liu thng tin a l. Lu tr S KHCN tnh Ninh Bnh.
[4]. ng Th Vinh v nnk, 2007. c im thnh phn - mi tr ng ha l nc mt v a ha
bn y khu du l ch Trng An - Ninh Bnh. Bo co ti NCKH cp trng, m s: T37 -2007.
[5]. ng Th Vinh v nnk, 2006. Thnh phn vt cht v iu kin mi trng thnh
to trm tch tng mt vng ngp mn ven bin Kim Sn - Ninh Bnh. Tuyn tp Bo
co Hi ngh khoa hc ln th 17- Trng i hc M - a cht H Ni.
[6]. ng Th Vinh v nnk, 2009. Nghin cu bc u v s phn b v cc c im
trm tch Holocen mun trn a bn tnh Ninh Bnh. Bo co ti NCKH cp trng,
m s: N2009-23.
[7]. ng Th Vinh v nnk, 2011. c im thnh phn vt cht ca trm tch tng mt khu vc
ty namh lu sng y. Bi bo ng tp ch KHKT i hc M - a Cht, s 35, 7/2011.
[8]. ng Th Vinh v nnk, 2012. Nghin c u c im a ha mi trng cc thnh to trm
tch tng mt khu vc ty nam h lu sng y. Bo co ti cp B m s B2010-02-99.
[9] Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc mt ca B ti nguyn v mi trng
nm 2008 - QCVN 08 : 2008/BTNMT.

SUMMARY
Physico chemical features of surface water
in the southwestern area of the Day river downstream
Dang Thi Vinh, Nguyen Khac Giang, Ngo Xuan Dac

Based on the study of environmental physico-chemical characteristics of surface
water in the southwestern portion of the downstream part of Day River, this wok has
determined chemical composition of heavy metals,environmental parameters such as pH, Eh,
Ec as well as some other pollutant compounds that are critical to surface water environment.
270

The analytical results have been synthesized by MINPET software to construct diagrams to
compare with national surface water standards (QCVN 08:2008), which formed the basis for
the assessment of surface water quality in the studying area. Besides, the results also pointed
out that major pollutant components and suggested some solutions to minimize and mitigate
the pollution of surface water in this area.

Ngi bin tp: TS. V L T

271

NG DNG CNG NGH GIS TRONG TM KIM KHONG SN
WONFRAM KHU VC PLEIMEO, TNH KON TUM
Mnh An, Nguyn Tin Dng, Bi Hong Bc
Khng Th Hng, Nguyn Duy Hng, Trng Hu Mnh
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Vng Plei Meo, tnh Kon Tum c tim nng ln v cc loi khong sn ni
sinh trong c wonfram. Tuy nhin do iu kin kh khn v a hnh, giao thng v
xa khu dn c nn cng tc iu tra tm kim khong sn trong vng cn rt hn ch.
khc phc cc hn ch trong kho st a cht thc a v khoanh nh cc din tch
trin vng khong sn phc v cng tc iu tra a cht, cng trnh ny ng dng
cng ngh GIS kt hp vi cc phng php ton a cht iu tra khong sn vng
nghin cu. Trn c s tng hp v phn tch cc ti liu a cht lin quan n khong
ha wonfram, h thng c s d liu trong mi trng h thng thng tin a l (GIS)
kt hp x l s liu bng phng php t trng thng tin c xy dng. Cc thng
tin lin quan n qung ha wonfram vng Plei Meo nh thch hc, cu trc, a ha
v a vt l c s dng xy dng bn phn vng trin vng qung ha
wonfram. Kt qu nghin cu ch ra cc din tch trin vng vi mc khc nhau
cho qung ha wonfram v gp phn nh hng cho cc cng tc tm kim thm d
khong sn tip theo trong vng.
1. M u
Kon Tum l mt tnh min Trung Vit Nam c tim nng ln v cc loi khong
sn nh Au, Cu, Mo, W, Sn c cp trong cc cng trnh nghin cu v a
cht v khong sn khu vc [6,8,10]. Tuy nhin, cng tc kho st, tm kim nh gi
v tim nng khong sn trong khu vc vn cha c tin hnh nghin cu mt cch
c h thng. Cc ti li u hin c ch yu l cc cng trnh o v bn a cht v
khong sn t l 1:200.000 v 1:50.000, ngoi ra cn k n mt s cng trnh iu tra
nghin cu nhng im khong ha ring l trong vng.
Trong nhng nm gn y, h thng thng tin a l (GIS) v ang c p
dng ph bin trn th gii v c nhiu ng dng mang li hiu qu kh quan trong cc
lnh vc khoa hc tri t. i vi cng tc tm kim thm d khong sn rn, vic ng
dng cng ngh GIS kt hp mt s phng php ton a cht em li nhng thnh
cng nht nh gp phn nng cao hiu qu cng tc tm kim, gim thiu chi ph iu
tra v thi gian nghin cu [1,2,4,7]. Vit Nam, nhng ng dng hu ch ca cng
ngh GIS trong a cht tm kim khong sn vn cha c quan tm ng mc.
Chnh v vy, vic ng dng cng ngh GIS kt hp vi phng php t trng thng tin
trong tm kim v phn vng trin vng khong ha wonfram khu vc Plei Meo thuc
tnh Kon Tum s l v d thc t gp phn hu ch trong cng tc kho st, iu tra, tm
kim khong sn khu vc.
2. Ni dung phng php t trng thng tin (weights of evidences)
Trong phng php t trng thng tin, bn phn vng trin vng khong sn
c thnh lp trn c s chng ghp cc tp bn d liu da theo m hnh phn b
xc xut chi-bnh phng (
2
). Phng php tm kim khong sn ny c a ra bi
Cc a cht Canada v c ng dng t nhng nm 1980. Nm 1994, Bonham-Carter
p dng phng php ny cho vic tm kim vng ti vng Nova Scotia, Canada [3]. T
ti nay, rt nhiu cc cng tc tm kim khong sn ng dng h phng php ny v
em li hiu qu cao nh cng trnh nghin cu ca Carranza (1999), Asadi and Hale
272

(2001), Porwal (2003, 2010), Parting (2010) [1,4]. Ni dung ca bi ton c tm tt
nh sau:
Gi s vng nghin cu T c din tch l N(T). Trong vng nghin cu c cc
im khong ha bit (D) chim din tch hoc s lng l N(D). Mt bn du
hiu tm kim B c d in tch l N(B) (hn h 1). Theo gi th it xc su t c iu kin
Bayes, ta c:
Xc sut xut hin du hiu B cn c vo
nhng im khong ha b it c xc n h
theo cng thc:

Xc sut xut hin du hiu B cn c vo
din tch ngoi m l:

Xc sut khng xut hin du hin B cn
c vo nhng im khong ha bit nh sau:

Xc sut khng xut hin du hin B cn c vo din tch ngoi m l:

T trng thng tin dng (W
+
) xc nh theo cng thc:

T trng thng tin m (W
-
) xc nh theo cng thc:

tng phn (C) gia t trng thng tin dng v m xc nh theo cng
thc:
C =W
+
- W
-
(7)
tng phn (C) th hin mi quan h khng gian gia cc du hiu khng
gian v i tng nghin cu. Khi C > 0 th mi quan h khng gian thun; C < 0 mi
quan h khng gian tng quan nghch v C =0 th chng khng c m i quan h
khng gian vi nhau. Thng thng khi vng nghin cu v s lng im m ln th
gi tr tng phn ln nht s th hin mi quan h khng gian tt nht gia du hiu
nghin cu v im m [1,3]. Ngc li khi din t ch nghin cu v s lng im
m nh th t trng du hin nghin cu c th ln v do vy gi tr Student ca C s
c dng xc nh mi quan h khng gian ti u nht. Gi tr Student ca C c
xc nh bng C/s(C). Trong s(C) l lch chun ca C, xc nh theo cng thc
(8). s
2
l phng sai ca t trng thng tin dng hoc
m v c tnh tng i theo cng thc ca Bishop (1975) [2]:

Hnh 1. M hnh biu din thut ton ca
phng php t trng thng tin
273

Trong qu trnh nghin c u chng ghp bn , c nhiu cc bn du hiu
lin quan ti i tng nghin cu s c s dng phn tch nh gi. Sau cc
du hiu c kt hp vi nhau thnh nhm du hiu c trng cho i tng nghin
cu. iu kin kt hp cc du hiu nh gi l chng phi tha mn c lp c
iu kin (Conditional independence). Mt trong nhng phng php kim tra iu kin
ny l phng php c xut bi Bonham -Carter, 1994 [3]. Theo Bonham-Carter,
mt cp du hiu l iu kin c lp nu din tch ca i tng nghin cu c mt
ng thi 2 du hiu thng tin B
1
v B
2
tha mn phng trnh:

Trong : B
1
v B
2
l hai du hiu thng tin; D l din tch i tng nghin cu
bit. l din tch ca i tng nghin cu c mt ng thi do du
hiu thng tin B
1
v B
2
. l din tch i tng d on xy ra trong din
tch chung ca cc du hiu thng tin. Mi quan h ny c th hin qua bng ngu
nhin ca phng php kim tra cp (bng 1).

Bng 1. Bng ngu nhin ca phng php kim tra cp
Du hiu thng tin
v c tnh ca chng
Du hiu thng tin 1 (B
1
)
Tng s
B
1
c mt B
2
vng mt
Du hiu thng
tin 2 (B
2
)
B
2
c mt

B
2
vng mt

Tng s

Gi thit v tnh c lp c iu kin ca du hiu thng tin c kim tra bi
gi tr chi-bnh phng (
2
) tnh ton c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong : O
i
l gi tr thng tin xc nh; E
i
l gi tr thng tin suy on.
Gi tr
2
tnh ton c nh hn gi tr
2
;df
tra bng (df l bc t do v l gi
tr ti hn) th cp du hiu thng tin tha mn tnh c lp c iu kin v c dng
kt hp nghin cu d bo i tng nghin cu. Trong nghin cu ny, gi tr
2
tra
bng vi mc t do df = 1 v l gi tr ti hn 0,01 l 5,4. [5]
3. ng dng m hnh trong tm kim khong sn wonfram khu vc Plei Meo
3.1. c im a cht khong sn
3.1.1. c im a cht
Vng Plei Meo c din tch khong 378,5km
2
thuc a phn cc x M Rai v Sa
Sn, huyn Sa Thy, tnh Kon Tum, c gii hn bi ta a l: 142008
142955 v bc; 1073304 1074447 kinh ng. a hnh khu vc c dng
ni cao v mc phn ct mnh vi chnh cao ln (300 1.700m) . Trong vng c
sng k Ho Drai chy ct qua theo hng t bc xung nam vi chiu di tng cng
khong 50km. H thng sui rt pht trin, nhng ngn v dc, nhiu thc ghnh, ma ma
d gy l qut. iu kin t nhin phc tp ca vng l mt trong yu t nh hng ln n
cng tc tm ki m khong sn.
Cc thnh to trm tch pht trin rt phong ph v a dng, phn b rng khp
vng nghin cu, c tui t Proterozoi n Kainozoi. Thnh phn thch hc ch yu
bao gm cc trm tch lc nguyn, trm tch carbonat tui Paleozoi, cc thnh to
274

h tng M Rai b bin cht tng phin lc thuc lot tng nhit - p sut
thp. Cc thnh to ni la tui Mesozoi (h tng Mang Yang, h tng o Bo Lc)
c thnh phn ch yu bao gm cc cui kt tuf, ct sn kt tuf, bt kt tuf ( tng
trm tch ngun ni la); ryolit, ryolit porphyr, felsit, felsit porphyr, ryodacit, ryodacit
porphyr, dacit, dacit porphyr, tuf c a chng ( tng phun tro thc th); ryolit
ignimbrit, felsit, felsit porphyr, dm k t tuf thnh phn felsic ( tng hng ni la).

Hnh 2. S a cht khu vc nghin cu
Cc thnh to magma xm nhp phn b rng ri trong khu vc nghin cuvi
din tch khong 210km
2
. Chng pht tri n mnh, a dng, c mt t Paleozoi n
Kainozoi to nn cc giai on pht trin magma ln. Kt qu nghin cu giai on
trc ghi nhn s c mt ca 7 phc h magma xm nhp c pht trin trong 6
giai on kin to. Thnh phn thch hc ch yu bao gm diorit, diorit thch anh, t
hn l gabrodiorit (phc h Din Bnh); granodiorit biotit hornblend, t hn l granit
biotit hornblend, tonalit biotit hornblend (phc h Bn Gin g, nh Qun); granosyenit
biotit, t granit biotit, granit kim (phc h Vn Canh, o C); granit hai mica, granit
sng mu, t granit c biotit, apogranit (phc h B N). c bit cc granitoid phc
h B N b cc thng t gy kinh tuyn v ty bc - ng nam ct qua lm dp nt,
mo m, phc tp ha, nh iu ni g p g reisen h a, nht l i ni tip xc. Cc
nguyn t c h s tp trung cao hn nhiu so vi tr s clark nh Mo 2,00 2,30 clark;
W 20,00 24,30 clark; Sn 1,22 3,06 clark; Ag 2,00 2,44 clark, r t c trin vng
khong sng wonfram, thic. [10]
3.1.2. c im khong ha wonfram
Qung wonfram ln u tin c pht hin trong vng nghin cu t kt qu
i mu trng sa v khng lu sau qung gc cng c pht hin [10,12]. Qung
ha c cho l c mi lin quan mt thit vi magma xm nhp pha 2 phc h B N
v cc hot ng ph hy kin to gy nn bi cc t gy phng ng bc - ty nam
v phng kinh tuyn, kinh tuyn. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng qung wonfra m
c ngun gc nhit dch nhit trung bnh - cao (195 326
o
C), thuc kiu khong
wonframit - thch anh. T hp khong vt qung gm: wonframit (casiterit), pyrit,
chalcopyrit, bismutin, bismuthit, topaz, hematit, ilmenit (fluorit). [10,12]
275

Cc thn qung l cc mch thch anh - wonframit ring bit hoc i cc mch
nh thch anh - wonframit (1-20 cm), nm trong cc i dp v ca granit ht nh
thuc pha 2 phc h B N. Cc thn qung thng ko di theo phng kinh tuyn,
kinh tuyn khong 100 200m, c chi u dy 0,6 2,5m, cm ng hoc nghing v
ng bc hoc ty nam vi gc dc ln (70 90
o
). Bin i cnh mch ch yu l thch
anh ha v greisen ha, i ch l pyrit ha, clorit ha. Chiu rng i bin i ph thuc
vo b dy ca mch, dao ng t 1 2cm n 0,5 1m, cn i vi mng mch c th
to thnh i bin i dy 5 10m. Trong cc thn qung quan st thy c nhiu giai
on thnh to, trong wonframit thng nm trong phn thch anh cng chc thuc
giai on u nhit cao, sau b nt tch v c lp y bi thch anh giai on sau
c khong ha sunfua hoc to hang hc pht trin cc tinh th thch anh t hnh [12].
3.2. C s d liu v kt qu tnh ton t trng
Vi mc ch xy dng bn phn vng trin vng khong ha wonfram khu
vc nghin cu da trn c s s dng cng ngh GIS, tt c cc ti liu lin quan n
khu vc nghin cu hin c c thu thp, chn lc v x l nhm xy dng tp c s
d liu hiu qu nht.
3.2.1. Cc im khong ha
Kt qu tnh ton h s tng quan cp gia cc nguyn t da trn ti liu
phn tch a ha nguyn sinh ca giai on nghin cu trc cho thy nguyn t W c
mi tng quan thun r nt vi cc nguyn t Sn, Bi v Mo. iu ny c ngha ln
trong vic tm kim W thng qua cc nguyn t ch th. V tr ca cc im phn tch
mu a ha nguyn sinh cc nguyn t c hm lng t ch tiu p dng trong iu tra
khong sn t l 1:50.000 c coi nh nhng im khong ha quan trng v c la
chn l mt thnh phn ca h thng c s d liu xy dng bn trin vng tm
kim W trong khu vc nghin cu. Kt qu tnh ton la chn c 19 im khong
ha tha mn iu kin trong khu vc nghin cu. Bn v tr cc im khong ha W
c th hin trn hnh 2.
3.2.2. Bn thch hc
Da theo bn a cht t l 1:50.000, cc thnh to a cht trong khu vc
nghin cu c n gin ha theo cc a tng v phc h. Cc n v thch hc ny
s c a vo tnh ton v x l nhm xc nh mi lin quan vi im khong ha
xc nh trn. Bn a cht c th hin hnh 1. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy rng
phc h B N c t trng thng tin cao nht so vi cc phc h khc, vi 13 trong s
19 im khong ha nm trong. Gi tr tng phn (C) l 4,795 v din tch ca phc h
B N c coi l mt trong nhng c s d liu u vo cho cng tc nghin cu.
3.2.3. Bn kin to
Trn c s phn tch m hnh cao, kt hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca giai
on trc [10,12], c th thy rng, trong din tch nghin cu pht trin 3 h thng
t gy chnh c phng: ty bc - ng nam, ng bc - ty nam v phng kinh
tuyn, kinh tuyn (hnh 3).
276

Trong h thng t gy
phng kinh tuy n, kinh tuyn hot
ng rt mnh m v pht trin rng ri
trn din tch vng nghin cu. y c
cho l h thng t gy tr, hot ng rt
mnh, to ra cc i c nt, dp v v
ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh
dn v tch t qung wonfram v qung
a kim. Dc theo t gy thng c cc
i kataclazit, thch anh ha, greizen ha
cha khong ha wonfram v sulfur [12].
Nhm xc nh din tch i nh
ti u dc cc t gy cho cng tc tm
kim khong sn, cc vng m c xy
dng vi khong cch t 100 n 500m
dc cc t gy theo tng h thng. Kt
qu tnh ton t c cho thy rng h
thng t gy phng ng bc - ty nam
v ty bc - ng nam c t trng thng tin thp nn khng c s dng ch ng
ghp bn trong nghin cu ny. Ngc li, h thng t gy theo phng kinh
tuyn c ngha ln trong tm kim khong sn wonfram trong vng vi n 13 im
trong 19 im khong ha nm trong vng m 500m dc theo h thng t gy (hnh
3). Trong , vng m 100m c cho l c ngha nht vi 8 trn 19 im khong
ha nm trong v tng phn C l 2,408 (bng 2). Din tch vng m ny c mi
quan h khng gian ti u nht vi cc im khong ha v c s dng chng
ghp bn trong cc bc tip theo.
Bng 2. Bng tng hp tnh t trng thng tin theo phng php trng s
Lp
thng tin
Din tch
(m
2
)
im
khong
ha
W
+
W
-
C S
2
(W
+
) S
2(
W
-)
S(C) C/S(C)
1. H thng t gy kinh tuyn
Vng m 100m 23029577 8 1.925 -0.483 2.408 0.125 0.091 0.465 5.182
2. a tng v magma
P.H. B N 6602281 13 3.660 -1.135 4.795 0.077 0.167 0.494 9.714
3. D thng a vt l - Kali (%)
K - 2.5 50653686 5 0.667 -0.160 0.827 0.200 0.071 0.521 1.587
4. D thng a vt l - Thori (ppm)
Th - 15 65052979 15 1.515 -1.368 2.882 0.067 0.250 0.563 5.122
5. D thng a vt l - Urani (ppm)
U - 4.5 183851412 14 0.407 -0.661 1.068 0.071 0.200 0.521 2.050
6. Vnh d thng a ha nguyn sinh
W 9021959 16 3.555 -1.821 5.377 0.063 0.333 0.629 8.546
Sn 3944117 13 4.175 -1.142 5.317 0.077 0.167 0.494 10.773
Mo 17316519 18 3.021 -2.897 5.918 0.056 1.000 1.027 5.760
Bi 5366271 1 1.302 -0.040 1.342 1.000 0.056 1.027 1.306

Hnh 3. Bn phm vi i nh hng h
thng t gy phng kinh tuyn
277

3.2.4. Bn d thng a ha
Trn c s phn tch cc s liu a ha trn din tch nghin cu khoanh
nh c 13 vnh phn tn a ha nguyn sinh ca cc nguyn t Mo, W, Sn, Bi
[10,12]. Cc vnh phn tn ca nguyn t Sn, Mo, Bi pht trin kh mnh v tp trung
thnh nhiu i c chiu rng 20 200 m, ko di 100 1000 m theo phng kinh
tuyn, ch yu trn din tch xm nhp granit phc h B N. Nhng i vnh trin
vng nht phn b phn trung tm, trng vi cc din tch pht hin c cc mch
qung.
Vnh phn tn a ha gc
W thuc trng d thng ty Ch Ya
Krei, gc ch yu l granit sng
mu thuc pha 2 phc h B N
(G/Kbn
2
). Trong bt gp cc mch
thch anh xuyn ln trong cc i dp
v k i n to c cha tinh th
wonframit, gy bin i greizen cnh
mch vy quanh. Vnh phn tn c
din tch khong 5,2km
2
, hm lng
cc i W t n 1% (gp 9.091 ln
clark), hm lng d thng trung bnh
244.10
-3
% (gp 22 ln clark). Cc
vnh d thng a ha nguyn sinh
W, Sn, Mo v Bi l nh ng t i li u
quan trng trng vic xc nh cc
din tch trin vng trong vng nghin
cu (hnh 4).
Kt qu tnh ton t trng thng tin bng 2 cho thy s lng im khong ha
nm trong cc vnh d thng W, Sn v Bo kh cao vi tng phn u ln hn 5.
i vi vnh d thng a ha Bi ch c 1 im khong ha nm trong vi tng
phn tnh ton l 1,342. iu ny c th do s lng mu phn tch cng nh v tr ly
mu cha phn nh y nht mi quan h gia cc nguyn t vi nhau.
3.2.5. Bn d thng a vt l
Kt qu o d thng x hng khng v mt t ca Lin on Vt l a cht
thnh lp c cc mt ct chi tit c cng x cao (trn 80 R/h) khu vc Sa
Sn, Ch Ya Krei, thng lin quan vi cc khong ha x (U, Th) v t him (TR)
[11]. Din phn b cc vnh d thng ny c kh nng lin quan vi khong ha
wonfram. Cc bn trng a vt l: trng lc, t v ph gamma trong vng nghin
cu khng nhng phn nh cc thnh to a cht c mt trong vng, tnh cht v s
bin i ca chng, m cn gip pht hin cc i dp v kin to, biu hin t gy,
i bin i c th lin quan khong ha wonfram.

Hnh 4. Bn d thng a ha cc nguyn t
278

Nhng khu vc c cng
phng x, hm lng Uran, Thori
cao nht lm thnh nhng chm nh
nm ri rc trn vng khng theo qui
lut. Chng phn nh din phn b
ca cc magma xm nhp axit.
Din tch c cng phng x thp
nht (<3R/h) tng ng vi din
phn b ca lp ph bazan v cc
magma xm nhp mafic; din tch c
cng phng x trung bnh (3
6R/h) tng ng vi din phn b
ca cc trm tch v cc
magma xm nh p trung tnh, khi
lng ca hai loi ny chim hn
90% di n tch ca vng; cn din
tch c cng phng x cao (t 8
12R/h) tng ng vi din phn
b ca cc khi granit thuc cc phc h Bn Ging - Qu Sn, Din Bnh, Vn
Canh v B N. Hm lng Uran nm trong khong 0 13ppm, hm lng Urani cao
(>8ppm) c trong cc magma xm nhp ca phc h B N.
Trong nghin cu ny, ba bn d thng a vt l ca thori, urani v kali
c s dng nh nhng d liu u vo quan trng phn vng trin vng qung ha
wonfram khu vc nghin cu. T kt qu tnh ton bng 2 cho thy, i vi mi bn
d thng a vt l, gi tr d thng ca vnh ti u c ngha nht trong tm kim
ca tng loi l vnh 2,5% ca kali; 15 ppm ca thori v 4,5 ppm ca urani (hnh 5).
3.3. nh gi trin vng
Thnh l p bn d bo trin vng qung ha wonfram l cng o n cui
cng cn gii quyt ca nhim v nghin cu v cng l ni dung quan trng khi s
dng phng php t trng thng tin kt hp cng ngh GIS trong tm kim khong
sn. Trn c s tnh ton s liu u vo, 9 thng tin c la chn xy dng bn
phn vng trin vng khong sn wonfram vng Plei Meo, tnh Kon Tum bao gm
i din tch nh hng 100m ca h thng t gy kinh tuyn; phc h B N; cc
vnh d thng a ha nguyn sinh ca W, Sn, Mo, Bi; vnh d thng a vt l
2,5% ca kali, 15 ppm ca thori v 4,5 ppm ca urani.
iu kin c lp c tin hnh kim tra cho tng cp d liu thng tin v gi
tr
2
ca cc cp c thng k bng 3 v 4. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy
2
tnh ton
ca vnh d thng 2,5% ca kali vi i nh hng 100m ca h thng t gy
kinh tuyn (9,298), phc h B N (10,719) v vi vnh d thng a ha nguyn
sinh ca thic (10,719) ln hn
2
tra bng vi mc t do df = 1 v gi tr ti hn
=0,01 l 5,4. Do , s chng ghp gia cc cp d liu ny b vi phm iu kin c
lp v vnh d thng 2,5% ca kali b loi b khi kt hp cc tp d liu khc trong
nghin cu ny. Cc cp cn li u c gi tr
2
tnh ton nh hn
2
tra bng (5,4),
iu c ngha rng cc tp s liu nghin cu tha mn tnh c lp c iu kin v
cc thng tin ny c th chng ghp kt hp vi nhau d on din tch c trin
vng khong ha wonfram trong din tch vng nghin cu.

Hnh 5. Bn d thng a vt l Urani
279

Bng 3. V d bng ngu nhin ca cc cp bn chng ghp
Du hiu thng tin
v c tnh ca
chng
Phc h B N Vnh d thng W Vnh d thng Mo
Tng
C mt Vng mt C mt Vng mt C mt Vng mt
i
100m -
AKT
C mt 7 (5,47) 1 (2,53) 8 (6,74) 0 (1,26) 8 (7,58) 0 (0,42) 8
Vng mt 6 (7,53) 5 (3,47) 8 (9,26) 3 (1,74) 10 (10,42) 1 (0,58) 11
Tng 13 6 16 3 18 1 19
Bng 4. Bng tng hp gi tr
2
tnh ton gia cc cp bn chng ghp
Du hiu PH. B N W Sn Mo Bi 2, 5% - K 15 ppm-Th 4,5 ppm-U
i 100m - AKT 1,053 0,946 4,103 0,027 0,027 9,298 1,822 2,869
PH. B N 4,416 2,905 0,166 0,166 10,719 0,082 0,008
W 4,416 2,029 2,029 1,031 2,311 2,942
Sn 0,166 0,166 10,719 0,082 0,008
Mo 4,237 0,305 0,532 0,305
Bi 0,305 0,532 0,305
2, 5% - K 0,499 0,932
15 ppm -Th 3,421
Ghi ch: - i 100m - AKT: i nh hng 100m ca h thng t gy kinh tuyn; - PH. B N: Ph c h
B N; - W, Sn, Mo, Bi: Vnh d thng a ha ca wonfram, thic, molipden, bismut; - 2,5 % - K, 15 ppm
- Th, 4,5 ppm - U: Vnh d thng a vt l 2,5 % ca kali, 15 ppm ca thori v 4,5 ppm ca urani.
Da vo kt qu tnh ton t
trng thng tin v tng phn C
bng 2, tin hnh phn vng cc din
tch tri n vng theo tng gi tr
tng phn ca 8 du hiu nghin
cu i din cho cc tiu chun nhn
dng i tng qung. Da trn s
trng hp ngu nhin ca cc du hiu
nghin cu, bn kt qu phn vng
trin vng c phn chia thnh ba
loi, c th: khu vc rt trin vng c
gi tr C 7,70, trin vng trung bnh
c gi tr C 1,07 7,70 v t trin vng
vi gi tr C 1,07 (hnh 6). Khu vc
rt trin vng c 17 trong tng s 19
(chim 89,5%) im khong ha
wonfram. Khu vc ny ch i m 4 ,1%
tng din tch khu vc nghin cu.
Bn cnh , bn phn vng trin vng qung ha wonfram ny cn ch ra mt s din
tch rt c trin vng nhng cha pht hin c cc im khong ha trong cc giai on
iu tra tm kim trc y nm khu vc trung tm v khu pha ng din tch nghin
cu.

Hnh 6. Bn phn vng trin vng
khong ha wonfram
280

4. Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu ca bi bo khng nh c th p dng thnh cng cc bi
ton a cht kt hp cng ngh GIS trong nh gi trin vng khong sn ni ring
cng nh trong cng tc iu tra a cht, tm kim - thm d khong sn ni chung, c
bit c hiu qu cao i vi cc loi hnh khong sn nhit dch, i tng nghin cu
nm nhng khu vc c iu kin a hnh kh khn cho vic tip cn trc tip vi i
tng nghin cu. Kt qu nghin cu cho php xy dng bn trin vng qung ha
wonfram vng Plei Meo, t nh Kon Tum vi ba mc trin vng: khu vc rt trin vng
c gi tr C 7,70, trin vng trung bnh c gi tr C t 1,07 7,70 v t trin vng vi
gi tr C 1,07. Vng rt trin vng chim 4,1% tng din tch khu vc nghin cu vi
gn 90% lng im khong ha bit nm trong. Trn c s i snh, din tch rt
trin vng nm kh tng ng vi nhng khu vc trin vng c xc lp theo cc ti
liu trc y [10,12]. Trong giai on nghin cu tip theo cc khu vc ny cn c
u t nghin cu chi tit vi nhng phng php tm kim nh gi c th hn.

TI LIU THAM KHO
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Theory and Practice. MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 587 pp.
[3]. Bonham-Carter G., 1994. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists:
Modeling with GIS. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 398p.
[4]. Carranza E.J., Mangaoang, J.C., Hale, M., 1999. Application of mineral exploration
models and GIS to generate mineral potential maps as input for optimum land-use
planning in the Philippines. Natural Resources Research 2 (8), 165173.
[5]. Davis J.C., 1986. Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, 2nd edn. John Wiley and
Sons, Toronto, Canada.
[6]. Vn Chi v nnk, 1998. Bo co lp bn a cht v iu tra khong sn t l
1:50.000 nhm t k Li- Khm c. Tr ung tm thng tin lu tr a cht, Tng cc
a cht v khong sn Vit Nam.
[7]. Hariri M., 2003. Use of GIS (geographic information system) in determining
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[8]. Hoa T.T., Borisenko A. S., Anh, T.T., Izokh, A. E., Phuong, N. T., 2006. Cu-Mo-
Au porphyry type in Sa Thay area in the west of Kon Tum block. Journal of Geology
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Krei, x Ya Xir, huyn Sa Thy, tnh Kon Tum. Trung tm thng tin lu tr a cht,
Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam.
[10]. Trn Dun, Thn c Duyn (ng ch bin) v nnk, 2006. Bo co lp bn
a cht v iu tra khong sn t l 1:50.000 nhm t Kon Tum. Trung tm thng tin
lu tr a cht, Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam.
[11]. Nguyn Xun Sn (Ch bin) v nnk, 2000. Bo co bay o t ph gamma t l
1:50.000 v o trng lc t l 1:100.000 vng Kon Tum. Trung tm thng tin lu tr
a cht, Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam.
[12]. Thn c Duyn, Nguyn Cnh Bin (ng ch bin) v nnk, 2006. Bo co kt
qu iu tra chi tit khong sn wonfram vng Ch Ya Krei. Trung tm thng tin lu
tr a cht, Tng cc a cht v khong sn Vit Nam.
281

SUMMARY
Application of the GIS technology for prospecting of tungsten minerals
in the Pleimeo area, Kon Tum province
Do Manh An, Nguyen Tien Dung, Bui Hoang Bac, Khuong The Hung,
Nguyen Duy Hung, Truong Huu Manh
The Pleimeo area, Kontum province, has a high potential for minerals including
tungsten. However, mineral exploration activities in this area are still limited because
of the rough topography, poor transportation and remote from urban areas. In order to
overcome the difficulties in field geological prospecting and define the areas of high
mineral potential that can be focused for exploration, this has applied the GIS
modeling in combinination with geomathematic method for prospecting tungsten
mineral in the Pleimeo area. Based on the compilation and analysing of geological
data related to tungsten, a database in GIS environment was generated and analyzed by
using weight of evidence method. The database including petrological, structural,
geochemical, and geophysical information were used to contruct a map for tungsten
potential at Pleimeo area. The results of this research have pointed out several
potential areas for tungsten mineralizatiob that can be used as an initial guideline for
further exploration in the studied area.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Lng Quang Khang

282


C IM CHT LNG CT TRNG PHONG HA - PHONG
CHNG, THA THIN HU V KH NNG S DNG TRONG
CC LNH VC CNG NGHIP

Nguyn Tin Dng, Trng i hc M - a cht
Nguyn Tin Phng, Tng Cc a cht v Khong sn
Tm tt: Ct trng ngun gc bin phn b kh tp trung ti Phong Ha -
Phong Chng, Tha Thin Hu. Mc d c nhiu nh u t quan tm,
tuy nhin vic nghin cu nh gi cht lng, kh nng khai thc v c bit l
cng ngh tuyn v nh gikh nng s dng trong cc lnh vc cng nghip
ca chng cn nhiu hn ch. Bi bo ny gii thiu v c im a cht, cht
lng ct trng khu vc Phong Ha - Phong Chng, ng thi xut quy
trnh cng ngh cho php tuyn nng cao cht lng ct trng p ng ngun
nguyn liu cht lng cao n nh cho cc ngnh cng nghip. Kt qu nghin
cu l c s nh hng cho cng tc thm d, khai thc v ch bin ct trng
thch anh nhm nng cao gi tr sn phm, p ng nhu cu nguyn liu cht
lng cao cho cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip trong nc v xut khu.
1. t vn
Dioxit silic l mt hp cht ha hc cn c tn gi khc l silica (t ting Latin
silex), l mt oxit ca silic c cng thc ha hc l SiO
2
. Dioxit silic (SiO
2
) thng
c tm thy trong t nhin di dng ct hoc thch anh. Chng c s dng rng
ri nh mt nguyn liu th ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip (xy dng, vt liu chu la,
xi mng, gm s, knh, si thu tinh, cp quang s dng trong l nh v c vin thng,
v.v...) sau khi c lm sch. Dioxit silic l h p cht oxit quan trng n ht v
chim khi lng ln nht trong s tt c cc vt liu th to ra thy tinh. Trong t
nhin, dioxit silic r t phong ph nhng nhng vt liu c cht l ng m bo cho sn
xut thy thy tinh li khng nhiu, c bit i vi thy tinh quang v cc loi thy
tinh chuyn dng i hi cc vt liu c hm l ng dioxit silic c tinh khit cao th
thng l rt khan him. Hin nay, ct thch anh (ct trng) l ngun cung cp ch yu
nguyn liu cho sn xut thy tinh. Ct thch anh cht l ng cao nghin nh c s
dng nh cht m trong cc ngnh cng nghip ha hc v in t c gi thnh cao v
khan him trn th trng. Gi thnh thng cao gp 10 ~ 150 ln so vi ct thch anh
thng thng.
Silicon kim loi (MG -Si, silicon dng trong luy n kim) l vt liu rt quan
trng i vi cng nghip hp kim nhm, ha hc v l vt liu th cho sn xut cc
cht bn dn, t bo quang in trong cng nghip in t. MG-Si c sn xut t
dioxit silic bi phn ng nhit carbon. sn xut c kim loi silico n cht lng cao
dnh cho vt liu bn dn (SeG-Si, 9N) v kim loi silicon cht l ng cao dnh cho t
bo quang in (SoG-Si, 6-7N), rt cn silicon kim loi c tinh khit cao (UMG-Si).
c bit, boron (B) v st (Fe) l thnh phn rt quan trng i vi cht lng ca sn
phm [6, 7]. Trong qu trnh tuyn ct thch anh rt kh loi b cc thnh phn B, Fe
v chi ph gia cng thng rt cao.
Tha Thin Hu l mt trong s nhng tnh nm ven bin Min Trung Vit
Nam c tim nng ln v ct trng (ct thch anh). Kt qu kho st o v bn a
cht v tm kim, thm d khong sn trong nhiu n m qua khoanh nh c din
phn b ca cc thnh to cha ct trng khu vc x Phong Ha v x Phong Chng,
283

huyn Phong in. Cc kt qu nghin cu khng nh ct trng y c tim nng
ln, cht lng kh tt, c th p ng yu cu lm nguyn liu cho mt s ngnh cng
nghip nh: thu tinh, gm s, khun c,... Tuy nhin, i vi cc ngnh cng nghip
i hi cht lng cao th ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng cha th p ng c.
c c s nh gi mt cch y v kh nng s dng ct trng Phong Ha -
Phong Chng, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu cht l ng v kh nng s dng ca
chng trong cc lnh vc sn xut cng nghip; ng thi nghin cu cng ngh tuyn
nhm nng cao cht lng v gi tr s d ng ct trng , c bit l cc ngnh cng
nghip i hi ct thch anh cht lng cao nh trong lnh vc IT, ET, thu tinh quang
hc, silic kim loi, silic a tinh th, cht bn dn v pin nng lng mt tri. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng, Tha Thin Hu sau qu
trnh tuyn c th t hm lng SiO
2
n 99,85%, hm lng tp cht di 0,1% hon
ton p ng yu cu v tiu chun cht lng ct cho cc ngnh cng nghip i hi
ct thch anh cht lng cao.
2. c im cht lng ct trng Phong Ha Phong Chng
2.1. V tr a l t nhin
Khu vc Phong Ha - Phong Chng thuc huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin
Hu nm cch trung tm thnh ph Hu khong 30 km v pha bc. a hnh kh bng
phng, chnh cao a hnh gia ni thp nht (mt nc trm Bu Thn Nim v
trm M Xuyn) vi ni cao nht l 14,0m. Cc di ct trng trong khu vc Phong Ha
- Phong Chng c c trng l pht trin ko di theo phng ty bc-ng nam trng
vi phng ko di ca trm Thn Nim, trm M Xuyn v trm Thim (hnh 1).

2.2. c im cht lng ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng
a. c im hnh thi tng ct trng
Theo cc kt qu kho st, c bit l kt qu thm d ct trng khu vc Phong
Ha - Phong Chng [3, 5] t tr c ti nay cho thy tng ct trng c cu thnh t
cc trm tch b ri tn ti di dng doi ct kch thc ln vi xu hng pht trin ko
di theo phng ty bc- ng nam.

Khu vc ct trng
Phong Ha -
Phong Chng
Hnh 1. V tr khu vc ct trng Phong Ha-
Phong Chng, Tha Thin Hu
nh 1. a hnh khu vc phn b ct trng
Phong Ha - Phong Chng

284

Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ct trng thuc tp trn (mQ
2
1-2
pb
2
), h tng Ph
Bi c tui Holocen mun. Tng ct trng c quy m rt ln, dng lp nm ngang, l
ngay trn mt a hnh (chim din tch khong 35 km
2
hnh 1) ko di theo phng
ty bc - ng nam t 5 n 7km, chiu rng t 500m n vi km. Tr ca tng ct c
b mt kh phng, nghing dn v pha ty bc v nm chuyn tip trn lp ct mu
vng nu, xm vng, vch c a tng ct kh n gin, ph hp vi b mt a hnh.
Chiu dy tng ct thay i t 1,2m n 6,5m. Thnh phn ct ch yu l thch anh mu
trng, ht nh n va chn lc mi trn tt.
b. c im thnh phn ct trng
- Thnh phn khong vt
Theo kt qu phn tch mu trng sa ton phn cho thy: Ct trng Phong Ha -
Phong Chng c thnh phn khong vt ch yu l thch anh chim 93,3598,82%,
trung bnh 96,49%. Ngoi ra, trong ct cha khong vt khc nh nh: ilmenit, zircon,
rutil, leucocen, brukit, anatas,v.v... v bt st. Tuy nhin, hm lng cc khong vt ny
u rt nh, tng hm lng cc khong vt qung ch t 0,006% n 0,063%, trung
bnh l 0,023%.
- Thnh phn ho hc
Kt qu phn tch mu ho ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng cho thnh phn
cc oxit nh sau (bng 1).
Bng 1. Bng tng hp kt qu phn tch mu ho ct trng
Khu vc Phong Ha - Phong Chng, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu
Hm lng
cc oxit
c trng thng k
Ln nht (%) Nh nht (%) Trung bnh (%) H s bin thin (%)
SiO
2
99,35 98,21 99,03 0,20
Fe
2
O
3
0,095 0,030 0,051 20,96
Al
2
O
3
0,130 0,020 0,070 25,65
TiO
2
0,090 0,020 0,052 30,92
Cr
2
O
3
0,008 0,001 0,004 40,94
MKN 0,230 0,130 0,169 13,08
CaO 0,110 0,034 0,052 -
MgO 0,018 0,008 0,012 -
P
2
O
5
0,003 0,001 0,002 -
MnO 0,011 0,001 0,005 -
K
2
O 0,018 0,006 0,013 -
Na
2
O 0,015 0,007 0,010 -
T bng trn cho thy, ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng c hm lng cc
oxit theo mu ho bin i nh sau: SiO
2
:98,21%99,35%, trung bnh 99,03%; Fe
2
O
3
:
0,030%0,095%, trung bnh 0,051%; Al
2
O
3
: 0,02%0,130%, trung bnh 0,07%; Cr
2
O
3
:
0,0010,008%, trung bnh 0,004%; TiO
2
: 0,020,09%, trung bnh 0,052%; MKN:
0,20%0,23%, trung bnh: 0,169%; CaO: 0,034%0,11%, trung bnh: 0,052%; MgO:
0,008%0,018%, trung bnh: 0,012%; P
2
O
5
: 0,0010,003%, trung bnh 0,002%; MnO:
0,0010,011%, trung bnh 0,005%; K
2
O: 0,0060,018%, trung bnh 0,013%; Na
2
O:
0,0070,015%, trung bnh 0,010%. Vi h s bin thin hm l ng Fe
2
O
3
v oxit silic
thay i t 0,20% n 40,94% thuc loi rt ng u n ng u.
- c im cc nguyn t vi lng
Kt qu phn tch mu quang ph nh lng ICP cho hm lng cc nguyn t
trong ct trng khu vc Phong in nh sau (ppm): Cu <5; Pb <5; As <20; Ag <2; B
285

<10; Cd <2; Mo <5; Ni <5; Nb <10; Sn <10; Ta <10; Sr <5; Sc <5; W t 54,3 81,5; Zn
t 11,5 35,2; Ge <20; La <5; Li <5; Ce t <5 7,1; Co t 54,3 81,5,vng mt
nguyn t Au v cc nguyn t phng x.
- c im thnh phn c ht
Kt qu nghin cu thnh phn ht cho thy ct c c ht trung bnh, chn
lc mi trn tt, tp trung kh cao vo b c ht 0,50 0,10mm (>84%). Kt qu
phn tch mu c ht c thng k theo bng 2.

Bng 2. Bng thng k c trng ht ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng
Cp ht (mm)
Cc c trng thng k theo ht
Ln nht (%) Nh nht (%) Trung bnh (%) H s bin thin (%)
>1,0 3,65 0,18 1,12 46,55
0,8 1,0 4,08 0,70 1,99 33,34
0,5 0,8 14,74 5,42 9,16 20,97
0,25 0,5 75,20 60,73 65,83 3,64
0,10 0,25 26,57 10,51 19,19 13,40
0,05 0,10 2,70 0,29 1,49 26,02
0,01 0,05 2,11 0,13 0,92 37,43
<0,01 0,81 0,03 0,29 40,82

Kt qu phn tch mu ht ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng cho thy: c
ht <0,01mm chim 0,29%; c ht 0,010,05mm chim 0,92%; c ht 0,05mm0,1mm
chim 1,49%; c ht 0,10,25mm chim 19,19%; c ht 0,25 0,5mm chim 65,83%;
c ht 0,50,8mm chi m 9,16%; c ht 0,8 1,0mm chi m 1,99%; c ht > 1,0mm
chim 1,12%. Nh vy c ht 0,1mm0,8mm trung bnh chi m 94,18% l c ht quy
nh s dng ct nu chy tt nht trong hu ht cc lnh vc s dng khc nhau.
3. Yu cu cht lng ct cho cc lnh vc s dng
- Lnh vc sn xut thu tinh: Ct thch anh l mt trong nhng thnh phn c
bn ca phi liu thu tinh. Thnh phn ho hc, khong vt v ht quyt nh mc
c ch ca ct. Ct nu thy tinh phi tht giu silic v tht ngho oxyt st, oxyt
titan, oxyt crom .Cc cht ny nhum mu thy tinh, chnh v vy cht lng thy
tinh ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht trn tham gia vo phi liu. Di y l tiu
chun ct thu tinh ca Lin X c, Ba Lan.

Bng 3. Bng phn loi ct thy tinh ca Lin X
Loi SiO
2
, % T.Fe, % Cr
2
O
3
, % TiO
2
, %
I 99,8 0,012 0,001 0,05
II 99,3 0,025 0,001 0,10
III 99,3 0,05 0,002 -
IV 98,5 0,10 - -
V 98,5 0,20 - -
VI 98,5 0,30 - -

286

Bng 4. Bng phn loi ct thy tinh theo tiu chun ca Ba Lan
Cc ch tiu
Loi
c bit
Loi I Loi II Loi III
Loi
IV
Loi
V
Loi
VI
Loi
VII
Loi
VIII
0,71 1,25mm 0 0 0 0,5 0,8 0,8 1,5 2 3
0,5 0,71mm 0 0 2 4 6 6 - - -
0,315 0,5mm 2 4 18 - >70 >70 >65 >60 >50
0,1 0,315mm 95 92 80 75 - - - - -
0,05 0,1mm 3 5 5 6 2 2 2 2 2
<0,05mm 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,75 1 1 1 1
SiO
2
, (%) 99,6 99,3 99,1 98,8 97,5 96,5 96 95 90
T.Fe, (%) 0,006 0,01 0,015 0,03 0,06 0,10 0,20 0,50 1,0
TiO
2
, (%) 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,08 0,10 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,50
Al
2
O
3
, (%) 0,15 0,40 0,4 0,5 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0
CaO+MgO+
K
2
O +Na
2
O
0,30 0,40 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,5 2,0 3,0 -
Trong sn xut thy tinh tp cht st rt quan trng, do ngi ta da vo
hm lng c mt ca chng trong ct nh hng kh nng sn xut cc loi thu
tinh khc nhau phc v cho nhiu nhiu lnh vc cng nghip t knh cho n thy tinh
quang hc.
Bng 5. Bng phn loi ct thy tinh da vo hm lng tng st
T.Fe, % Kh nng s dng sn xut cc loi thu tinh
0,010 Thu tinh quang hc
0,015 Thu tinh pha l cht lng cao
0,020 Thu tinh pha l
0,030 Thu tinh pha l, gng
0,050 Thu tinh bng n
0,100 Knh gng, knh ca s
0,200 Knh ca s thng
0,300 Knh tm thng, na trng
0,500 Knh tm mng bnh thng, na trng
>0,50 Bao b thu tinh, thu tinh mu
i snh vi cc tiu chun nu trn th ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng
ch t yu cu cht lng cho sn xut cc loi thu tinh, knh thng thng cho n
thu tinh bng n, tc l ch t tiu chun ct loi III v loi IV theo phn loi ct
thu tinh ca Lin X c v Ba Lan.
- Lnh vc lm khun c: Trong ngh c, ct l thnh phn ca hn hp lm
khun v ct li khun khng nhng Vit Nam m cn c cc nc pht trin trn th
gii, khun ct c s dng nhiu v c cc c tnh u vit sau: kh nng chu nhit
cao, d to khun, gi thnh v vn u t thp v c bit l khun ct rt vn nng c
th c c cc vt nh vi trm gam cho n nhng sn phm c kch thc ln v
c bt c hp kim no.
Ct lm khun c phi l ct thch anh, cc ht ct phi tp trung vo my c
ht lin tip nhau thng l 3 c ht lin tip t 0,1 n 0,6mm. Ct lm khun c
khng c ln cht hu c, than, mn v vi, hm lng st khng vt qu 2% v
phi c thot kh v bn c hc cao. Hm lng oxyt silic cng cao th chu
la ca ct cng tng. lm khun c thp chy lng nhit 1500
0
C th hm
287

lng SiO
2
khng di 96%. lm khun c gang chy lng nhit 1400
o
C hm
lng SiO
2
c th thp hn cht t nhng khng di 90%.
Yu cu k thut cng nghip ct lm khun c ca Lin X c th hin
trong bng 6.
Bng 6. Bng phn loi ct khun c theo tiu chun ca Lin X
Tn ct st (%) SiO
2
(%) S (%)
oxyt kim t v
kim (%)
oxyt st (%)
Thch anh I <2 >97 0 <1,5 0,75
Thch anh II <2 >96 0,025 <1,5 0,75
Thch anh III <2 >94 0,025 <2 1,5
Thch anh IV <2 >90 - - -
Thch anh - felspat <2 >90 - - -
Ct gy 2 - 10 - - - -
Ct na bo I 10 - 20 - - - -
Ct bo 20 -30 - - - -
Ct rt bo 30 -50 - - - -
Nh vy so vi cc tiu chun k thut trong bng 6 th ct trng Phong Ha -
Phong Chng p ng c cc tiu chun ct lm khun c cht lng cao.
- Lnh vc sn xut vt liu chu la dinat: Ct thch anh c trn vo phi liu
tng chu la ca dinat nht l khi nguyn liu cha giu silic. C th a vo
phi liu dinat 20% ct thch anh ht nh, hoc ln. Ct ht cng ln, cng gc cnh
cng tt.
Theo yu cu cng nghip ct thch anh sn xut dinat cho luyn kim l hm
lng SiO
2
khng di 85%, Fe
2
O
3
khng qu 1,5%, Al
2
O
3
khng qu 4,5%. Nh vy
ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng hon ton tha mn cc ch tiu cho sn xut gch
dinat.
- Lnh vc sn xut gm: Trong sn xut gm s dng ct thch anh
hn ch co ngt ca cc sn phm nn yu cu ct phi tinh khit. Ty theo cng
ngh thit b sn xut m c cc yu cu v ch tiu cng nghip khc nhau, di y l
yu cu k thut i vi ct thch anh dng lm gm mng ca Lin X (c) bng 7.
Bng 7. Bng cc ch tiu cng nghip ct lm gm mng ca Lin X (c)
Cc ch tiu Loi I (%) Loi II (%)
SiO
2
khng di 95 93
Fe
2
O
3
v TiO
2
khng qu 0,2 0,3
CaO khng qu 1 2
MKN khng qu 1 2
Kaolin khng qu 1 2
Lng st li trn ry N4 khng qu 2 5
m 5 5
Tp cht (ngoi felspat) Khng cho php Khng cho php
Nh vy i snh vi cc ch tiu cng nghip trong bng 7 cho thy ct trng
Phong Ha - Phong Chng t loi I trong sn xut gm.
T cc kt qu nghin nh gi cht lng ct trng Phong Ha - Phong
Chng, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu i chiu vi cc yu cu ch tiu
cng nghip ca cc lnh vc s dng c th thy ct c cht lng kh tt p ng
c yu cu cng nghip cho mt s lnh vc thng thng nh: Ct khun c,
nguyn liu sn xut gch chu la, sn xut gm, cc loi thu tinh dn dng, knh
288

xy dng, tng ng vi loi III, loi IV theo bng phn loi ct thy tinh ca Ba
Lan v ca Lin X (c) (bng 3, 4, 5). Nh vy, c c ct cht lng cao tho
mn c yu cu s dng cho cc lnh vc i hi cht lng cao nh IT, ET, cht bn
dn, silic kim loi, silic a tinh th v nng lng mt tri th cn phi c u t
nghin cu cng ngh tuyn nng cao cht lng ca chng.
Trong thc t, mc d ngun ct thch anh rt phong ph, tuy nhin loi ct t
cht lng cao th li rt khan him, gi tr s dng v gi tr thng mi ca ct trng
thch anh ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng. Trn th trng hin nay loi ct thch
cht lng cao c hm lng SiO
2
sau tuyn t trn 99,85%, hm lng tp cht thp
di 0,1% c nghin mn <10m c gi bn ti hn 610 USD/tn [7]. Mt khc nhu
cu sn xut silic cht lng cao (silic tinh khit t cht lng cao t 4 n 6 s 9)
cng i hi phi c ngun nguyn liu cht lng cao. V vy, nghin cu cng ngh
tuyn nhm nng cao cht lng ct trng thch anh l mt vn ang c cc nh
u t quan tm.
3. Cng ngh tuyn ct thch anh
c c s nh gi mt cch y v cht lng v kh nng s dng ca
ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng, trn c s cc kt qu nghin cu, tc gi xut
cng ngh tuyn c tin hnh tuyn th nghim thnh c ng ti Cng ty TNHH
Khong sn Ph Thnh [6].
3.1. Cng ngh tuyn ra hin ang c s dng ti hu ht cc m khai thc ct
Nguyn l dng nc ra sch ct, loi b cc tp cht bn, thc vt, cht st
bm xung quanh b mt ht ct, loi b c cc tp cht c hi v ht qu c trong ct.
- Quy trnh cng ngh tuyn ct : Ct khai thc (ct nguyn khai) c my xc
xc a ln phu v i vo sng quay tch cc loi d vt. Ti y, ct c tip xc
vi nc tch cc loi mn hu c bm trn b mt ht ct, sau khi qua my tuyn
vt xon, nc bn c hon lu v h. Ct c tip tc a qua h thng spiral mt
ln na tip xc vi nc phn ly thnh cc c ht theo yu cu, ri qua my tuyn
vt xon mt ln na tch nc v ra thnh phm.
S cng ngh tuyn ct nh sau:

Sng rc

Phn cp vt xon

Sng ng 1mm

Tuyn mng xon Tuyn mng xon

Ct nguyn khai
Thi rc,
,.
Nc thi
trn

Thi

Sn phm th
>1,0mm
Sn phm mn
>0,11,0mm
289

- thu hi v cht lng mu cng ngh sau khi tuyn: T mu nguyn khai
ban u sau qu trnh tuyn s c sn phm ct c cht lng v thu hi nh sau:
+Sau khi ra loi b st, tp cht hu c v loi b ht qu c (d >1,0mm),
thu hi ct sn phm t 97,18%.
+Ct sau tuyn c cht lng tt p ng cc ch tiu ca hu ht cc lnh vc
s dng thng thng. Thnh phn SiO
2
tng t 99,10 ln 99,52%, thnh phn Fe
2
O
3
gim t 0,052 xung 0,03. Nhn chung, ct sau tuyn hm lng cc thnh phn c hi
gim, loi b c cc tp cht v cc c ht <0,1mm v >1,0mm. Thnh phn ht
ca ct t >0,1 n 1,0mm chim 97,18%, thnh phn ht ny rt thun li a
vo nghin mn, nu chy hoc s dng lm khun c, v n d thot kh trong qu
trnh c sn phm.
3.2. Cng ngh tuyn ct cht lng cao
nng cao cht lng ct trng, mu th nghi m cng ngh tuyn ct cht
lng cao c nghin cu ti Vin khoa hc a cht v Ti nguyn khong Hn
Quc. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho php la chn quy trnh tuyn ct trng hon ton
bng cc phng php vt l l s dng cc tnh cht t, tnh cht khong vt, hm
lng v trng lng ca cc tp cht sau khi nghin kt hp vi vic lm sch bng
sng siu m theo nhng kch thc ht nht nh. y c xem nh l gii php ti
u cho php c th nng cao cht lng ct nguyn liu ban u m khng cn phi s
dng cc ha cht nh cch lm thng thng, iu ny cho php gii quyt tt vn
v mi trng v gim ng k chi ph tuyn.
T kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca ct trng t nhin cho thy trong
ct trng ngoi thnh phn SiO
2
cn c cc tp cht st (Fe), titan (Ti), nhm (Al), v
canxi (Ca) nh sau:
SiO
2
(%) Fe
2
O
3
(%) Al
2
O
3
(%) TiO
2
(%) CaO (%)
99,10 0,052 0,069 0,070 0,062
Thnh phn tp cht trong ct theo cc c ht khc nhau cng c s khc nhau
rt ng k (bng 8). Kt qu phn tch ny cho thy khong trn 85% trng lng ct
trng nm trong khong c ht t 0,14~1,0mm, y cng l c ht c hm lng thnh
phn SiO
2
cao, cc tp cht trong ct thp. iu ny c ngha l vic nghin v phn
loi theo c ht cng c mt ngha rt quan trng trong cng ngh tuyn ct trng. T
d liu ny cho thy cht lng ct trng c th tng ln nu nhng cht cha thnh
phn nh st (Fe), nhm (Al), titan (Ti), v canxi (Ca) c tch ra; tuy nhin, nhng
cht ny khng tn ti di dng nguyn t c lp trong ct.
Bng 8
C ht
% Trng
lng
SiO
2
[%] Fe [ppm] Al [ppm] Ti [ppm] Ca [ppm]
+1 mm 0,5 ~1,2 96,24 ~99,27 45 ~4670 184 ~1940 73 ~3356 53 ~525
+0,447 mm 1,86 ~7,64 99,65 ~99,81 40 ~116 170 ~246 77 ~93 33 ~39
+0,14 mm 82,9 ~84,1 99,36 ~99,72 131 ~243 295 ~537 132 ~509 44 ~71
+0,074 mm 1,7 ~15,5 97,02 ~99,54 1547 ~8028 1039 ~2652 2317 ~5823 98 ~707
-0,074 mm 0,7 ~1,4 94,40 ~98,15 706 ~9316 1698 ~3651
2071 ~
11680

Cc thnh phn nh st (Fe), nhm (Al), titan (Ti) v canxi (Ca) tn ti di
dng hp cht vi cc nguyn t cu thnh khc. Tp cht tn ti nhiu nht trong ct
290

trng di dng hp cht ca st trong cc khong vt: tuamalin, ilmenit, epidot,
hornblend, felspat v granat; st tn ti nh tp cht trong ct c th c loi b bng
cch s dng tnh cht t tnh (thun t v nghch t) v t trng ca nhng khong vt
ny. Nh vy c th thy vic tch hiu qu cc khong vt ny ra khi ct c xem
nh l ct li ca cng ngh tuyn.
Quy trnh cng ngh tuyn ct trng t nhin (hnh 2) c tin hnh gm cc
bc sau:
Bc lm sch (S12): Ct trng t nhin c trn vi nc to nn cht pha
trn nho. Qu trnh ty ra c thc hin bng cch khy mnh trong my quay t
25 pht, tc 300500 vng/pht, cc tp cht c trong ct trng t nhin dng
cht pha trn nho c lm sch bng my quay v my rung siu m ca my lm
sch siu m.
Bc tip theo loi b cc tp cht (S13) l bc kh tp cht ca ht th c
cha trong cht pha trn nho bng cch s dng thit b lc kiu sng quay hoc thit
b lc kiu rung;
Bc phn loi mn (S14) l bc loi b cc tp cht cha trong cht pha
trn nho bng my xoy thu lc khi cc tp cht ca ht th trong bn qunh c
loi b;
Bc phn loi trng lc (S15) l bc chn nhng khong vt c trng lc
thp v loi b nhm khong vt c trng lc cao hn cha trong cht pha trn nho
bng vic s dng my tp trung xon, bng khy ng, cht phn tch lng chn
khong vt c t trng 2,6~3,3, v loi b nhm khong vt c t trng 3,4~4,7.
Bc lm kh (S16) l lm kh cht pha trn nho bng mt my sy tang quay
gim m xung di 3%.
Khi cc khong vt c trng lc cao c loi b v cc khong vt nh c
hon thnh qua qu trnh lm kh, cc cht thun t cha trong SiO
2
b loi b dung lc
t tin hnh giai on la chn t tnh (S17), giai on ny la chn SiO
2
t nhin
khng c cht bm bng cch s dng lc t 8,000~15,000 gaux loi b cht bm
dnh v chon lc ra silic xt t nhin.

Hnh2. S tuyn lm sch ct trng
Chun b ct t nhin

Ra sch

Loi b tp cht

nh c

Tp trung trng lc

Lmkh

My tch t tinh

S11
S12

S13

S14

S15

S16

S17

291

Bng quy trnh tuyn nh trnh by trn, vi nguyn liu ct trng t nhin
c ly t khu vc Phong Ha - Phong Chng; sn phm ct sau tuyn c cht lng
kh cao p ng c hu ht cc yu cu ca cc ngnh cng nghip.
Bng 9
S TT Thnh phn ha hc Hm lng (%)
1 SiO
2
>99,85
2 Al
2
O
3
<0,05
3 Fe
2
O
3
<0,01
4 CaO <0,05
5 MgO <0,01
6 TiO
2
<0,01

Bng 10. S thay i gi c ca ct trng nguyn khai v ct sau tuyn c cht lng
cao trn th trng i Loan v Hn Quc
(n v: USD/tn)
Loi ct sn phm Nm 2005 Nm 2006 Nm 2007 Nm 2008 Nm 2009
Tp cht 0,06% 737,6 688,7 1.210,5 1.100,6 1.031,5
Tp cht t 0,060,1% 241,6 277,8 315,2 479,5 262,8
Tp cht 0,1 % 119,4 113,3 156,7 169,0 157,4
Ct nguyn khai 49,2 44,4 48,2 58,0 57,3
Ngun: http:/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/silic
Ngoi cc lnh vc s dng trc tip dioxit silic nh l nguyn liu th hoc l
cht m trong cch ngnh cng nghip ho hc, in t, dioxit silic cn c s dng
lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip sn xut silic. Trong t nhin silic rt him tm thy
dng tinh th nguyn cht, thng thng n nm trong hp cht dioxit silic (SiO
2
) v
vy ct thch anh c xem l ngun nguyn liu ch yu sn xut silic trong cng
nghip . Silic l mt ng uyn t rt c ch, cc k cn thit trong nhiu ngnh cng
nghip, c bit silic l nguyn t quan trng trong cc thit b bn dn v cng ngh
cao, nn khu vc cng ngh cao California c t tn l Silicon Valley (Thung lng
Silicon), tc t tn theo nguyn t ny.
Ct thch anh (dioxit silic) cht lng cao l nguyn liu u tin ca chui
SiO
2
MG-Si Silic a tinh th SeG -Si. MG-Si c s dng lm nguyn liu
th cho ngnh luyn kim v ha hc. Bt MG -Si l mt loi nguyn liu th rt quan
trong cho ngnh cng nghip ti ch, ha hc, cht bn dn v t bo quang in V
mc ch trn nn tinh khit ca silic phi t trn 99,99%, ng thi hm lng Fe,
Al, Ca c hn ch mc di 0,01%. Silic c s dng l nguyn t ph gia trong
hp kim nhm vi kh nng c v tnh thm m cao bng cch tng chy long.
Ring ngnh nhm tiu th khong 48% lng silic kim loi cc nc Chu u.
Trong ngnh ha hc, silic kim loi c s dng lm nguyn liu th cho cc
sn phm di y:
My x l si vi, cht chng bt, v cht dit khun
Cht bt, du bi trn, sn v cao su nhn to
Vt liu bn dn Silic siu tinh khi t c th trn thm acsen, bo, gali hay pht
pho lm cho silic dn in tt hn trong cc transitor, pin mt tri ha y cc thit b
bn dn khc c s dng trong cng nghip in t v cc ng dng k thut cao (hi-
tech) khc.
292

Trong cc photonic silic c s dng trong k thut laser sn xut nh
sng n sc c bc sng 456 nm.
Vt liu y t - Silicon l hp cht do cha cc lin kt silic-xy v silic-cacbon;
chng c s dng trong cc ng dng nh nng ngc nhn to v lng knh tip gip
(knh p trng).
LCD v pin mt tri - Silic ngm nc v nh hnh c s dng trong cc ng
dng nh in t chng hn ch to mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) vi gi thnh thp v
mn rng. N cng c s dng ch to pin mt tri.
Vt liu nh bng ni tht v xe t (giy nhm cacbua silic)
L mt nguyn t bn dn chnh, silic c th c s dng cho n bn dn v
ng lng cc. Silic c hun khi, cn c gi l mui silic, c sn xut di
dng sn phm ph trong quy trnh lc silic kim loi. Silic c hun khi c din tch b
mt ln v mt th tch thp. Nhng loi c tnh ny to ra chy long cao v
sc bn ln. N cn c s dng lm cht n trong ngnh b tng chu la. Hin nay,
gi trn th trng ca silic l 2 ~ 3 USD/kg.
MG-Si c sn xut t dioxit silic bi phn ng nhit carbon. sn
xut c kim loi silicon cht lng cao dnh cho vt liu bn dn (SeG-Si,
9N) v kim loi silicon cht lng cao dnh cho t bo quang in (SoG-Si, 6-
7N), rt cn silicon kim loi c tinh khit cao (UMG-Si). c bit, boron (B)
v st (Fe) l thnh phn rt quan trng i vi cht lng ca sn phm. Trong
qu trnh tuyn ct thch anh rt kh loi b cc thnh phn B, Fe v chi ph
gia cng thng rt cao. Hnh 3 th hin gin gia cng to ra silicon cp
cao t ct trng.
Hnh 3. Gin qu trnh sn xut SoG Si t ct trng
Qu trnh kh Qu trnh tinh lc luyn kim
293

High- Grade
Silica Sand,
Silica Powder
MG- Si
(Si:2~3N)
Poly- Si
(Si:6~9N)
SAN XUT SILIC KIM LOI T CT TRNG
Nguyn
vt liu
Pho.
ng
dng
Thy tinh, gm, xy dng,
Khun c,.
EMC, Sn, cht lc,
Cht trm lt, cht mi mn,
Pin mt tri,
Vt liu nhiu silic (MG-Si),
Hp kim nhm,
Silicon
Cell Material,
Semi- Conductor
Gi 20 USD/Tn
Ct thch anh: 20 USD/Tn
Bt silic dioxyt: 250 USD/Tn
2,700 USD/Tn
(2011. 04)
80,000 USD/Tn
(2011. 04)
Silic c sn xut cng nghip bng cch nung nng trong l luyn bng h
quang vi cc in cc cacbon. nhit trn 1900C, cacbon kh silica thnh
silic theo phn ng:
SiO
2
+C Si + CO
2

Silic lng c thu hi y l, sau n c tho ra v lm ngui. Silic sn
xut theo cng ngh ny gi l silic loi luyn kim v n t nht t 99% tinh khit. Vic
s dng silic trong cc thit b bn dn i hi phi c tinh khit cao hn so vi sn
xut bng phng php trn.
Tm li: Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy ct trng Phong Ha-Phong Chng
c tim nng ti nguyn ln, cht lng kh tt v n nh. Sn phm ct sau tuyn
bng cc phng php vt l l s dng cc tnh cht t, tnh cht khong vt kt
hp vi nghin v lm sch bng sng siu m theo nhng kch thc ht nht nh c
cht lng tt p ng yu cu ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip t sn xut thy tinh thng
thng n cc loi thy tinh k thut v cc sn phm nh thy tinh quang hc, cht
bn dn, silic,...
4. Kt lun
T cc kt qu nghin cu v c im cht lng v cng ngh tuyn ct trng
Phong Ha - Phong Chng, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu cho php rt ra
mt s kt lun sau:
Ct trng Phong Ha - Phong Chng, tnh Tha Thin Hu phn b ch yu
trong cc thnh to trm tch bin thuc h tng Ph Bi tui Holocen mun. Tng ct
c quy m kh l n, phn b tp trung vi chiu dy thay i t 1,2m n 6,5m thuc
loi rt n nh. Ct c thnh phn ch yu l thch anh, mu trng, trng tinh khit, ht
nh n va vi chn lc, mi trn tt. Ct c cht lng kh tt. Sn phm ct sau
tuyn ra c cht lng p ng c yu cu s dng cho sn xut thu tinh, lm
khun c thp hp kim, lm nguyn liu cho ngnh gm s, thu tinh si,.... vi cng
ngh tuyn ra kh n gin, h s thu hi cao t 97,18%.
Vic p dng cng ngh tuyn ct trng bng cc phng php vt l s dng
cc tnh cht t v cc tnh cht khong vt ca cc tp cht, hm l ng v trng lng
294

ca cc tp cht sau khi nghin kt hp vi vic lm sch silic bng sng siu m theo
nhng kch thc ht nht nh cho php nng cao cht lng ct thch anh p ng
yu cu nguyn liu ca cc ngnh cng nghip i hi cht lng cao nh: trong lnh
vc IT, ET, cht bn dn, thu tinh quang hc, silic kim loi, silic a tinh th v pin
nng lng mt tri. Gi tr ct thch anh sau tuyn tng ln t 10 n 15 ln hin nay.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. inh Qung Nng, 2003. Vt liu lm khun ct. Nxb KHKT, H Ni
[2]. Bc nh Thin, 2003. Cng ngh thu tinh xy dng, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni.
[3]. Phm Huy Thng v nnk, 1997. a cht v Khong sn nhm t Hu t l
1/50.000. Lu tr Trung tm Thng tin lu tr a cht. H Ni.
[4]. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCXD 151: 1986, 1983. Ct s dng trong cng nghip thu
tinh. Yu cu k thut. Nxb Xy dng, H Ni.
[5]. Cc bo co thm d ct trng khu vc huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu.
Lu tr Trung tm Thng tin lu tr a cht, H Ni 2005-2011.
[6]. Bo co nghin cu cng ngh tuyn ct trng ti khu vc c Ph, x Phong Ho,
huyn Phong in, tnh Tha Thin Hu. Lu tr ti Cng ty TNHH Khong sn Ph
Thnh.
[7]. http:/vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/silic

SUMMARY
Characteristics of quartz sand in Phong Hoa - Phong Chuong area, Thua Thien
Hue province and potential for industrial usage
Nguyen Tien Dung, University of Mining and Geology
Nguyen Tien Phuong, General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam

Quartz sand of marine deposits occurs widely in Phong Hoa and Phong
Chuong area, Thua Thien Hue However, although quartz sand receives a lot of
attention from investors, theirquality, exploitation feasiblity and especially processing
technique and industry application are still poorly understood. This article provides
information on geological characteristics and the quality of quartz sand in Phong Hoa
and Phong Chuong area, and proposes processing technique for improving the quality
of quartz sand to produce high quality and stable material supply for industries. The
studys results can be used as the guideline for exploration, exploitation and processing
of quartz sand to increase the product value, meeting the demand for high quality
quartz sand for domestic industries and export.


295


BN LUN V MT S PHNG PHP NH TUI
THNH TO KHONG HO
Khng Th Hng, Phm Trung Hiu

Trng i hc M - a cht

Tm tt: Mt trong nhng thnh tu quan trng ca vic p dng ng v phng x
trong nghin cu a cht l nh tui thnh to khong ho. Nghin cu cc h ng
v gp phn lm sng t thng tin v tui, iu kin hnh thnh v ngun gc ca
khong sn, nht l i vi nhng khong ha nhit dch dng mch khi khong ho
khng th hin bt c s quan h no v ngun gc vi m. Bi bo ny tm tt mt
s phng php nh tui tuyt i s dng cc h ng v Rb-Sr, Re-Os, v Ar-Ar. Bi
bo cng cp ti nhng mt tn ti ca tng phng php nhm cung cp mt ci
nhn tng quan cho vic la chn p dng cc cp ng v thch hp cho phn tch cng
nh gim thiu sai st trong qu trnh lun gii khong sn hay tin trnh sinh khong
khu vc.
1. M u
Tui thnh to khong ho l mt b phn then cht c th cung cp nhng
thng tin quan trng lm sng t ngun gc thnh to ca bt k khong sn no. Tui
khong ho cung cp thng tin lin kt cc yu t to qung (hot ng xm nhp, v tr
kin to, c ch ti bin cht, ngun ca cht lng to qung v hp phn qung, vv).
c bit tui khong ho cn gip cho vic xc nh mt cch c th hn m hnh
ngun gc to m. Nhng nm gn y, ngun gc m sunfua trong phun tro c
nhn thc r rng hn ch sau khi n thc s l ngun tim nng qung ca mt s kin
ng sinh hn l mt s kin biu sinh. Hn th na, vic tip tc thiu hiu bit v mt
m hnh ngun gc c th chp nhn chung cho m biu sinh kiu thung l ng
Mississippi nguyn do cng t thiu s liu nh tui khong ho chnh xc cho hu ht
m loi ny [16]. Nh vy, mt nghin cu ton din v mt khong sn u phi bao
gm s c gng xc nh thi gian to khong mt cch chnh xc c th.
Tng t nguyn l nh tui ca cc thnh to a cht, tui thnh to khong
ho cng bao gm tui tng i v tui tuyt i, n l thi im khong ho c hnh
thnh. Tui thnh to khong ho trong mt m c th c xc nh trc tip bi tui vt
cht to qung hoc thng qua cc khong vt, hp phn cng sinh vi cc thnh to trn.
Do vy, tu thuc vo vic s dng cc khong vt c th trong qu trnh nh tui chng
cho ta cc phng php phn tch thch hp. nghin cu ny chng ti ch yu tho
lun mt s phng php nh tui s dng h ng v Rb-Sr, Re-Os, v Ar-Ar. Do iu
kin a cht phc tp v s nh hng ca cc s kin kin sinh, hu magma, dn ti lm
kh khn cho vic xc nh chnh xc thi gian to qung. V vy, bi bo cp nhng
tn ti ca tng phng php nhm mc ch cung cp ngi c c ci nhn tng quan
chung v tnh ng dng ca chng.
2. Mt s phng php nh tui thnh to ca khong ho
S liu ng v khng t n cung cp cu tr li duy nht cho bt k vn a
cht no, nhng c trng ng v tng t nhau trong mt m khong c th c
cung cp bi cc qu trnh a cht hon ton khc nhau, cng mt qu trnh tng hp
c th cung cp cc ng v c trng khng ging nhau di nhng iu kin khc
nhau [10]. Tuy nhin, s liu ng v b sung cho cc nghin cu a cht lin quan
(khong vt, a ha, v.v) gp phn lm sng t hn thng tin ca qu trnh to qung
(thi gian to khong, nhit hnh thnh, c ch kt tinh, v.v). Mt cch tng th,
296

ngoi tr phng php Ar-Ar cc phng php xc nh tui ng v Rb-Sr v Re-Os
u da trn nguyn tc xy dng ng ng thi (isochron).
Phng trnh chung cho phn r phng x ca mt h kn c vit nh sau

D =N
o
N
D/N =e
t
- 1
=Hng s phn r =0,693/chu k bn phn r
N
o
=S nguyn t ban u ca ng v m
N =S nguyn t cn li ca ng v m
D =S nguyn t ca ng v con
t =Thi gian phn r phng x
(1)
2.1. Phng php Rb-Sr nh tui
Phng php Rb-Sr nh tui da trn cc ng v Stronti c o trong mu
tng hoc trong cc khong vt cha Sr tch ra t m. Stronti c bn ng v t nhin
(
88
Sr,
87
Sr,
86
Sr, v
84
Sr) v hu ht l ng v bn, ch c ng v
87
Sr l phng x v l sn
phm ca phn r phng x
87
Rb. Do , hm lng
87
Sr trong mt khong vt hoc
cha Rb ca mt h kn i vi Rubidi v Stronti ph thuc khng ch v gi tr
87
Sr ca n
ban u (
87
Sr)
o
m phi bao hm c ngun b sung cho phng x
87
Sr. T phng trnh
tng qut (1), hm lng
87
Sr ca mt h Rb-Sr kn c th c biu din nh sau
87
Sr =
87
Sr
o
+
87
Rb (e
t
1) (2)
trong (=1,39 x 10
11
/nm) l hng s phn r ca phn r phng x
87
Rb n
87
Sr v (t) l
tui a cht ca khong vt hoc . Chun ho phng tr nh trn vi
86
Sr, phng tr nh (2)
rt gn thnh

Phng trnh (3) c dng lm c s cho nh tui bng phng php Rb-Sr.
Vi gii tr (
87
Sr/
86
Sr) v (
87
Rb/
86
Sr) thu c t qu trnh phn tch mu, khi t
phng trnh (3) c th xc nh c thi gian (t) nu t s (
87
Sr/
86
Sr )
o
ban u bit.
Mt khc, nu t s (
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
o
khng xc nh c nh cc trng hp thng thng,
gii php c a ra bng cch chn mt lot cc mu vi mt bin rng ca t s
(Rb/Sr) v tho mn cc gi thit nh: 1- chng c hnh thnh ng thi, 2- c cng
mt t s (
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
o
ban u, v 3- c bo tn trong nhng h kn k t khi hnh
thnh [3]. Tp hp cc mu ny cho php xc lp mt ng thng (cn gi l ng
ng thi) trn th ca
87
Rb/
86
Sr (trc x) so vi
87
Sr/
86
Sr (trc y). Giao im ca trc
y vi ng ng thi cho gi tr ban u (
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
o
v tui a cht ca cc mu (t)
c xc nh t dc ca ng thi (e
t
- 1), hoc gii phng trnh (3) cho thi gian
(t). V d, tp hp cc t s ng v Stronti trong mu Pyrit thu c t qung
Molibdenit Quy H ty bc Vit Nam v ra mt ng ng thi c t s ban u
(
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
o
bng 0,709600,00036 v xc nh tui thnh to ca t hp to qung
(Pyrit, Molipdenit, chalcoPyrit) l 383 Ma (Hnh 1). Kt qu t c ph hp vi
trng quan h a cht ca qung molibdenit v khi granit xm nhp pha ty Quy
H [19]. Ngoi ra, trong sai s cho php cc kt qu nh tui tuyt i 72-41 Ma [9]
cho khi xm nhp axit ny cng ng mt s lin quan mt thit v ngun cung cp
qung.
T u nhng nm 1980, Ruiz et al. (1984) dng phng php Rb -Sr cho
vic nh tui khong ho trong vy quanh giu Rb. Khong vt mch c phn
tch y l canxit v cc khong vt khc cha Sr. Phng php ny cng c ng
ng dng trong nh tui to khong ba m khc nhau: White Pine (Michigan),
Panaqueira (Porugal) v Parral (Mexico). Cc kt qu thu c sau em so snh vi
cc kt qu nh tui tng c p dng ca cc tc gi khc, chng biu din mt s
tng quan tng i ph hp (hnh 2).
297

Hnh 1. ng ng thi Rb-Sr khong vt Pyrit trong mu V0869 m Molibdenit
Quy H ty bc Vit Nam (MSWD l gi tr trung bnh trng lng) (Phm Trung Hiu,
2010)

Hnh 2. Kt qu nh tui khong ho
bng phn tch ng v Rb-Sr trong
nghin cu ca Ruiz (1984) v nhng kt
qu khc cho m Parral, Panasqueira, v
White Pine.
ng lin nt biu din tui t c bi
cc nh nghin cu khc nhau cho m
Parral [14], Panasqueira [2,17], v White
Pine [20]; ng thng vi ng trn
en th hin tui t c t nghin cu
ca York (1969); ng thng vi ng
trn trng biu din kt qu tui t c
t phng trnh 3.

2.2. Phng php Re-Os nh tui
Reni c hai ng v t nhin vi phong ph ln lt l
185
Re=37,3980,016%
v
187
Re=62,6020,016%. Khi lng nguyn t ca Re bng 186,20679 0,00031 [4].
187
Re phng x v chuyn thnh
187
Os bn bng phn ng phn r phng x ht
-
nh
sau:
(4)
Osmi c 7 ng v t nhin, tt c chng u bn vng. ph bin ca cc ng v Os
ln lt l:
184
Os=0,0239%,
186
Os=1,600%,
187
Os=1,510%,
188
Os=13,286%,
189
Os=16,251%,
190
Os=26,369% v
192
Os=40,957%. Khi lng nguyn t ca Os bng
190,2386.
Theo phng trnh tng qut (1), i vi h Re-Os c dng:
(
187
Os/
186
Os)=(
187
Os/
186
Os)
i
+(
187
Os/
186
Os)(e
t
-1) (5)
298

Hirt et al., (1963) nh tui mu st thin thch bng phng php Re-Os t
phn tch mt lot 14 im gi tr (
187
Os/
186
Os). Nhng im s liu xc nh mt
ng ng thi v ra hnh 3 c dc cung cp mt tui 4,0 0,8 t nm v t s
(
187
Os/
186
Os)
o
ban u t 0,83. Kt qu nh tui ny l ph hp vi cc kt qu thu
c bng nhng phng php khc, iu ny ni ln thin thch tr thnh h kn trong
khong 4,5 v 4,7 t nm trc y. Gi tr 0,83 ca t s (
187
Os/
186
Os)
o
ban u c
suy lun t ng ng thi thin thch l thp hn t s
187
Os/
186
Os ca bt k mu no
trn mt t. T s
187
Os/
186
Os thp nht ca mu trn mt t t 0,882 0,007 (trong
mt mu ca Os t trm tch Witwatersrand nam Africa) v mu Os t cc vng khc
(Australia, vng ni Ural, nam America, v Alaska) c t s cao hn (ln n 1,086
0,010). Tt c iu ny minh chng rng s khc nhau l thc s tn ti trong thnh
phn ng v ca Os trn mt t.

Hnh 3. ng ng thi Re-Os cho
st thin thch. dc ng ng
thi xc nh mt tui 4,00,8 t nm
vi gi thit chu k bn phn r ca
187
Re l 4,30,5 t nm. T s
(
187
Os/
186
Os)
o
ban u l 0,83 (m
phng theo Anders, 1962, dng d
liu ca Herr et al., 1961).

Trong molibdenit Re c lng ln, trong khi khng cha Os ban u, v th
phng trnh (5) xc nh tui molibdenit theo phng php Re-Os c th vit li n
gin hn: (
187
Os/
186
Os) =(
187
Re/
186
Os)(e
t
- 1), t y suy ra:
(
187
Os/
187
Re) =(e
t
- 1) vi = 1,61x10
-11
nm
-1
(6)
Trong t nhin cc mu
187
Re lun chim 1,60% ca tng tt c cc ng v Re,
nn khi nh tui ca molibdenit khng cn phi xc nh thnh phn ng v ca Re.
Cn hm l ng tuyt i ca
187
Os c xc nh bng phng php khi-ph k b
sung ng v. V th vic nh tui molibdenit c gin lc i rt nhiu.
Stein et al. (1998) s dng h ng v Re-Os trong nh tui khong ho
Molipdenit v Pyrit t hai th xm nhp tin Cambri (Fennoscandia, Finland) nhm
kim tra tnh bn vng ca h ng v ny trong a khu b bin cht v bin cht trao
i xy ra sau. Tui Re-Os trung bnh 2778,8 Ma v 2781,8 Ma t c t mu
molibdenit khu vc Kuittila v Kivisuo ph hp vi tui U-Pb zircon (2753,5 Ma) cho
xm nhp tonalit Kuittila. Ngoi ra, tin hnh phn tch Re-Os cho n khong Pyrit
c thc hin trn cng mu phn tch molibdenit t xm nhp Kuittila, cng cho gi
tr tui trung bnh 2770,120 Ma t ng ng vi tui molibdenit (hnh 4). Nh v y, kt
qu thu c th hin tnh hu dng ca h ng v Re-Os trong nh tui n khong
molibdenit v Pyrit ca cc th xm nhp axit, cng nh khng nh tnh bn vng ca
h ng v ny trong nhng a khu chu nh hng ca cc s kin sau magma.
299

Hnh 4. Kt qu nh tui khong ho bng phng php Re-Os c thc hin trn khong vt
molibdenit v Pyrit khu vc Kuittila-Kivisuo, Phn Lan (theo Stein et al., 1998).
2.3. Phng php Ar-Ar nh tui
Phng php
40
Ar/
39
Ar nh tui da trn s thnh to
39
Ar trong mu cha K
c chiu trong l ht nhn. Khi xy ra phn ng chuyn bin np v c k hiu
39
K (n,p)
39
Ar. S lng
39
Ar mi sinh trong mu khi chiu:
39
Ar =
39
K()()d;
y - thi gian chiu; () - mt chm neutron c nng lng ; () -tit din thu
nhn nng lng .
S lng nguyn t ca ng v
40
Ar*, c sinh ra do phn r
40
K sau thi gian
tn ti ca mu, bng:
40
Ar* =(
e
/)
40
K(e
t
-1)
y
e
- hng s phn r ca
40
K do thu tm in t v - hng s phn r
y ca
40
K. T s
39
Ar*/
39
Ar trong mu em chiu c xc nh bng phng
trnh:

=
) ( ) ( ) (
1
39
40
39
40

d
e
K
K
Ar
Ar
t
e
(7)
n gin phng trnh (7), sau khi ch J cho i lng
J =(/
e
)(
40
K/
39
K) ()()d (8)
khi : J = (e
t
-1) / (
40
Ar*/
39
Ar) (9)
xc nh gi tr J cng vi mu nh tui trong l phn ng ht nhn, ngi
ta chiu mu chun c tui K-Ar bit. Sau tnh tui:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+1 J
Ar
* Ar
ln
1
= t
39
40
(10)
Tui ph
40
Ar-
39
Ar ca khong vt cha kali nh mutcovit, biotit, v phlogopit,
tng cho thy tnh hu dng trong nh tui giai on khong ho v bin i trong
h nhit dch [8]. Gn y, nhng kt qu nghin cu ca Pen et al. (2006) khng nh
thm iu ny bi cho thy mt s tng quan gia hai phng php nh tui
40
Ar-
39
Ar v
187
Re-
187
Os. ng ng thi
187
Re-
187
Os xc nh tui 154,92,6 Ma cho mu
molibdenit t m Yaogangxian, pha nam Trung Quc l tng ng vi tui ph
40
Ar-
39
Ar (153,041,08 Ma v 155,11,10 Ma) ca hai khong vt phlogopit v mutcovit
trong cng mt m (Hnh 5 & 6).
300

Hnh 5. Biu ng thi
187
Re-
187
Os cho mu molibdenit t m Vonfam Yaogangxian,
nam Trung Quc (theo Peng et al. 2006).

Hnh 6. Tui ph
40
Ar-
39
Ar cho phlogopit (a) v mutcovit (b) t m Yaogangxian,
nam Trung Quc (theo Peng et al. 2006).
3. Nhng u nhc im ca phng php nh tui khong ho
V nguyn l nh tui ca cc h ng v nht thit phi tho mn 3 iu kin:
1- cng ngun gc; 2- cng thi gian thnh to; v 3-h kn [3]. Nhng do iu kin a
cht phc tp v nh hng ca cc s kin nhit kin sinh, hu magma, dn ti lm
kh khn cho vic xc nh chnh xc thi gian to qung. Do , vic p dng cc
phng php nh tui nh th no cho hp l l vic lm ht sc cp thit.
3.1. Phng php Rb-Sr
ng dng phng php Rb-Sr nh tui khong ho b gii hn trc tip bi s
kh khn ca vic chn c mt b mu ph hp cho vic v ra mt ng ng thi.
Nh cp trn, khi ngun cung cp t s ng v phng x Rb/Sr cho khong ho
cha Sr khng nhng t mt dung dch to qung duy nht m hai ngun hoc nhiu
hn bao gm c t vy quanh, khi b mu thu c t hn hp c th bin i
ca hai thnh phn Rb/Sr v
87
Sr/
86
Sr khc nhau s cung cp mt ng thng trong
biu
87
Rb/
86
Sr so vi
87
Sr/
86
Sr, nhng v bn cht ng thng ny li biu din mt
dng pha trn khng phi mt ng thi. Cc khong sn cha khong vt ca Sr kt
tinh t cht lng c thnh phn ng v v ho hc thay i l thc t c th xy ra a
n kt qu sai lch trong nh tui. Lange et al. (1983) p dng phng php Rb-Sr
cho mt tp mu galen xc nh tui ca khong ho Pb-Zn Viburnum Trend (pha
ng nam Missouri, USA). Tuy nhin, nu khong ho galen khng k t tinh t mt
cht lng khong ho c thnh phn ng v Rb-Sr ng nht, nh tho lun ca Ruiz et
al. (1985), ngha l ng ng thi ca Lange et al. (1983) s biu din mt ng
trn ln (cho kt qu l tui hn hp), khng c ngha a cht.
301

ng dng trin vng nht ca cc ng v Stronti l dng lm cht ch th cho
cht lng nhit dch. Nguyn do vic s dng cc ng v Sr c mt s thun li nht
nh hn cc ng v H v O v chng khng b nh hng phn on nghim trng
trong h thng ng v ca mnh; t s ng v Stronti c th ch ra ngun gc ca cht
rn ha tan (cht tan) trong cht lng nhit dch; v trong mt s trng hp ngun t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr c th c xc nh mt cch chnh xc (cht lng magma nn c cng t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr nh ngun magma). T t s
87
Sr/
86
Sr o c trong cc khong vt mch
(canxit, dolomit, fluorit, barit) ca m km Elmwood (Tennessee, USA), Grant & Bliss
(1983) thy rng cc khong vt tin sunfua c hnh thnh t mt ngun cht lng
trng thi cn bng ng v vi cacbonat vy quanh, v cc khong vt hu sunfua
c kt tinh t mt cht lng c cha nhiu phng x Stronti. T nhn nh ny h i
n kt lun rng cc qung sunfua trong m c kt tinh bi s pha trn ca hai
ngun cht lng khc bit.
Trong thc t phng php ny c p dng xc nh thi gian thnh to
ca khong ho, nhng do mt s khong ha khng cha ng v Rb-Sr cho nn vic
xc nh chng mang tnh cht gin tip. Vic la chn mu trong qu trnh phn tch
ht sc quan trng, nu khng s kh trnh khi nhng sai lm v lun gii thi gian to
qung. T khu la chn mu ngoi thc a cho ti khi thc hin cc qu trnh tch
mu cng nh phn tch ho hc nhm tch thun khit ng v Rb-Sr l vic lm ht
sc cn trng. Cn phn bit cc khong vt cha ng v Rb, Sr liu c sinh thnh
cng giai on to khong hay khng? Cu tr li ny hin ti gy kh khn cho cc
nh khoa hc, v s phc tp ca qu trnh tin ha v Tri t, nhiu giai on to
khong khc nhau an xen gy kh khn cho cng vic ny.
3.2. Phng php Re-Os nh tui
Hm lng Re ca molibdenit tng c xc nh bi Riley (1967), v Hirt et al.
(1963). tp trung Re cng b gn y (thay i t 2,0 n 230 ppm) vi mt gi tr trung
bnh khong 42 ppm cho 19 mu. Mt khc, hm lng Os ca khong vt ny t hn 0,2
ppm v ch yu l do xut hin ca phng x
187
Os hnh thnh bi phn r ti ch ca
187
Re.
Cho nn, molibdenit c mt t s Re/Os rt cao v ph hp cho nh tui bng phng php
Re-Os. Do , phng php Re-Os ng dng nh tui m mch nhit dch l mt quan
tm ng n v cho kt qu nh tui kh chnh xc m dng mch cha molibdenit.
Ngoi ra, khi hm lng Os trong molibdenit thp, vic xc lp t s Re/Os trong n
khong cng l mt thc t kh khn. Tuy nhin, phng php Re-Os nh tui molibdenit
v qung ng sunfua cha Re xng ng cho th nghim bi cc m nh vy thng gp
kh khn hn khi nh tui bng nhng phng php khc. V tng th, phng php Re-
Os c thnh cng rt cao do hm lng Re trong cc mu phn tch thng cao, ch cn
phn tch vi lng l c th v c ng ng thi v xc nh c thi gian to qung.
Trong thi gian ti hy vng s tmthm nhng loi qung ho khc cha Re, Os xc
nh tui thnh to ca chng l vic lm ht sc ngha. C l mt ngy khng xa phng
php nh tui Re-Os s l mt trong nhng phng php ch o em li thng tin thit
thc hn trong cng tc nghin cu khong sn.
3.3. Phng php Ar-Ar nh tui
Nhng m cha mica v fenspat c th c nh tui bi phng php
40
Ar-
39
Ar v
87
Rb-
86
Sr, nhng ch vi iu kin l nhng khong vt c th ch ra khong
vt nh tui c thi gian thnh to ng thi vi thi gian to khong. Mt gi nh
quy c c s cho phng php
40
Ar-
39
Ar rng mu khng cha Ar ti thi im hnh
thnh v khng mt bt k Ar no v sau bi s khuch tn. Trong nhng h a cht c
th vic tho mn tt c nhng iu t nhiu b hn ch bi nhng s kin kin sinh,
302

hu magma. Hn th na, trong khu vc c nhiu canxit (carbonat sinh sau) t kinh
nghim ca cc nh phn tch thy rng, phng php Ar-Ar cng gp nhng kh khn
khi nh tui khong ho v bt cacbonat c nh hng n kt qu tnh ton.
Phng php
40
Ar-
39
Ar c u im l kh nng p dng rt rng trong nghin
cu cc thnh to qung ho, nhng kt qu c i din cho tui thnh to ca qung
ho hay khng vn l cu hi ang mang nhiu tranh ci. H ng v Ar-Ar nhit
ng giao ng t 150-350
o
C, chnh v th nhng pha nhit kin sinh v nhng hot
ng ca cc giai on to khong sau vi nhit ln hn 350
o
C

c th ghi nhn ln
cc khong vt mica hay khong vt felspats. V vy, qu trnh gii lun tui thnh
to khong ho mang tnh i din cn phi kt hp vi nhiu phng php khc s cho
ci nhn tng quan hn v suy lun mt cch chnh xc hn v tui thnh to ca qung
ho.
4. Kt lun
Trong bo co ny, cc tc gi gii thiu tng quan v cc phng php nh tui
khong ho Rb-Sr, Re-Os, v Ar-Ar, cc nguyn l c b n cng nh u nhc im ca
chng. V tng th, ta c th thy cc phng php ny c ng dng rt rng ri trong
nghin cu khong sn nh vic xc nh ngun gc qung, ngun vt cht to qung cng
nh tui thnh to v hnh vi ca tng loi qung khc nhau. Vn a cht phc tp,
thng chu s nh hng ca cc giai on kin to, hot ng magma, giai on to
khong v sau. Bo co gip ngi c c ci nhn tng quan hn v gip cho vic la
chn phng php phn tch hp l hn khi xc nh thi gian to khong, trnh lng ph v
thi gian v vt cht.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Anders, E., 1962. Meteorite ages. Rev. Mod. Phys., 34: 287-325.
[2]. Clark, A. H., 1970. Potassium-argon age and regional relationships of the
Panasqueira tin-tungsten mineralization: Servies Geologicos de Portugal,
Comunicayiies, 54: 243-261.
[3]. Faure, G., 1986. Principles of isotope geology, 2nd. edn. New York: Wiley.
[4]. Gramlich, J. W., Murphy, T. J., Garner, E. L. , & Shields, W. R., 1973. Absolute
isotopic abundance ratio and atomic weight of a reference sample of rhenium. J. Res.
Nat. Bur. Stand., A. Phys. and Chern., 77A, No.6, 691-698.
[5]. Grant, N. K. & Bliss, M. C., 1983. Strontium isotope and rare erath element
variations in minerals from the Elmwood-Gordonsille mines. central Tennessee. In
Proc. Interna. Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits. Rolla. Missouri. 1982 - Proc.
Vol.. G. Kisvan Grant, W. P. Pratt. and J. W. Koenig (eds.). 206-210. Rolla. Missouri:
Univ. Missouri Press.
[6]. Herr, W., Hoffmeister, W., Hirt, B., Geiss, J. & Houtermans, F. G., 1961. Versuch zur
Datierung von Eisenmeteoriten nach der Rhenium-Osmium Methode. Z. Naturforsch., 16a,
1053.
[7]. Hirt, B., Herr, W.& Hoffmeister, W., 1963. Age determinations by the rhenium-
osmium method. In Radioactive Dating. InternaL Atom. Energy Agency, Vienna, 35-44.
[8]. Lanphere, M. A., 1988. High-resolution
40
Ar/
39
Ar chronology of Oligocene
volcanic rocks, San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52: 1425-
1434.
[9]. Nguyn Trung Ch, 1999. Thch hc cc granitoit kim ty bc Vit Nam. Tm
tt lun n TS. Th vin QG, H Ni.
[10]. Ohmoto, H., 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of ore deposits. In Reviews in
Mineralogy 16 (Isotopes), 491-559. Blacksburg, Virginia: Min. Soc. Am.
303

[11]. Peng, J., Zhou, M. F., Hu, R., Shen, N., Yuan, S., Bi, X., Du, A. & Qu, W., 2006.
Precise molybdenite ReOs and mica ArAr dating of the Mesozoic Yaogangxian tungsten
deposit, central Nanling district, South China. Miner Deposita, 41: 661669.
[12]. Phm Trung Hiu, 2010. Tui thnh to ca khong ho molibden Qu H Ty
Bc Vit Nam v ngha a cht. Tp ch cc khoa hc v Tri t, 32(2): 199-204.
[13]. Riley, G., 1967. Rhenium concentrations in Australian molypdenitees by stable
isotope dilution. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 31: 1489-1498.
[14]. Ruiz, J., 1983. Geochemistry of fluorite mineralization and associated rocks from
northern Mexico [Ph.D. thesis]: Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 202 p.
[15]. Ruiz, J., Jones, L. & Kelly, W. C., 1984. Rubidium-Strontium dating of ore deposits
hosted by Rb-rich rocks, using calcite and other common Sr-bearing minerals. Geology, 12:
259-262.
[16]. Ruiz, J., Kelly, W. C. & Kaiser, C. J., 1985. Strontium isotopic evidence for the
origin of barites and sulfides from the Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits in southeast
Missouri - a discussion. Econ. Geol., 80: 773-778.
[17]. Schermerhorn, L. J. G., 1981. Project Iberogranite Report I: International Union of
Geological Sciences, p. 5.
[18]. Stein, H. J., Sundblad, K., Markey, R. J., Morgan, J. W. & Motuza, G., 1998. Re-
Os ages for Archean molybdenite and Pyrite, Kuittila-Kivisuo, Finland and Proterozoic
molybdenite, Kabeliai, Lithuania: testing the chronometer in a metamorphic and
metasomatic setting. Mineralium Deposita 33: 329345.
[19]. Tran Tuan Anh, Tran Trong Hoa & Pham Thi Dung, 2002. Granites of the
Yeyensun complex and their significance in tectonic interpretation of the early
Cenozoic stage in West Bacbo. (in English). Journal of Geology (Hanoi), Series B, No
19-20: 43-53.
[20]. Watts, D. R., 1981, Paleomagnetism of the Fond du Lac Formation and the Eileen
and Middle River Sections with implications for Keweenawan tectonics and the
Grenville problem: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18: 829-841.
SUMMARY
Discussion on some dating methods of the mineralization
Khuong The Hung, Pham Trung Hieu
One of the most important achievements of applying radioactive isotopes in
geological researches is the age dating of mineralization. Study of isotopic systems
provides useful information on age, mineralized environment, and origin of the minerals
especially with vein-type hydrothermal mineralization in whichthe genetic relationship
between mineralization and host rocksis uncertain. This paper summarize some
methods of absolute age dating of mineralization using the Rb-Sr, Re-Os, and Ar-Ar
isotopic systems. The paper also attempt to discuss the limitation in applicationof each
method to inform a broad ideas for the selection of suitable isotopic systems for
analysis as well as minimizie the potential errors while interpreting mineralsor
metallogenic evolution of the area.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Bi Hong Bc

304


MT S KT QU NGHIN CU BC U V MI QUAN H
GIA HIN TNG TRT L V KHAI THC CT SI SNG
L TRN A BN TNH PH TH

Nguyn Vn Lm, Nguyn Khc Du
Phm Nh Sang, Trng i hc M - a cht
Hong Nh L, Trn Xun Ton, S Ti nguyn Mi trng Ph Th
Nguyn Bin Thu, X nghip a cht v Khong sn H Ni

Tm tt: Trong nhiu nm qua, hot ng thm d, khai thc ct si sng L pht
trin mnh m, p ng c bn nhu cu ct si cht lng cao ca ngnh xy dng
trn a bn tnh Ph Th v cc tnh ng bng Bc B. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc ct
si sng L c nhng din bin phc tp trong qun l v gy nh hng n mi
trng a cht v sinh thi trn sng, trong biu hin r nht l hin tng trt l
b sng.
Trn c s ti liu thu thp c t nhng giai on nghin cu trc, kt hp vi kt
qu nghin cu mi nht, bi bo lm r cc yu t t nhin, cu to a cht b
sng, hin trng trt l b sng v hot ng khai thc ct si trn sng L chy qua
a phn tnh Ph Th. T khng nh mi quan h kh phc tp ca hin tng
trt l tuyn b sng L v hot ng khai thc, vn chuyn ct si trn sng; ng
thi xut cc gii php khai thc ct si sng L gn vi phng chng trt l theo
hng pht trin bn vng.
1. M u
Cc kt qu nghin cu, quan trc trong nhiu nm qua cho thy, hin tng trt
l b sng L ang din bin phc tp v cha c kim sot. Trn tuyn sng L
hin tng trt l v ang gy nh hng n i sng sinh hot, sn xut ca nhn
dn i ven b, cng nh khu vc hot ng khai thc ct si trn sng. V vy, vic
nghin cu hin tng trt l b sng L trn c s kt qu kho st thc t v lun
gii mi quan h ca n vi cc yu t t nhin, nhn sinh, c bit l hot ng khai
thc ct si trn sng lm c s xut cc gii php gim thiu l cp bch v cn thit
vi a phng.
2. Khi qut c im cu to a cht tuyn b sng L
2.1. V tr a l, c im a hnh, mng sng sui
Vng nghin cu thuc phm vi din tch sng L chy trn a bn tnh Ph Th
v i ven b c chiu rng trung bnh khong 300m.
Trong vng c hai kiu a hnh l ng bng tch t v i ni thp. a hnh i
ni thp xen thung lng phn b ko di dc b phi sng L t x V Quang huyn
Ph Ninh n x Ch m - huyn oan Hng. a hnh c c im l nh trn, sn
li v dc thoi, v phong ho tng i dy. B mt a hnh c che ph bi thm
thc vt gm rng trng v cc loi cy cng nghip. Thm thc vt ny c vai tr quan
trng trong vic bo v chng xm thc, xi mn t. a hnh ng bng tch t gm
cc bc thm v bi bi phn b thnh di ko di lin tc dc b phi sng L t x Tr
Qun huyn Ph Ninh n phng Bch Hc thnh ph Vit Tr. a hnh b phn
ct bi h thng sui nh v cc khe, mng si. Lin quan n thm sng v bi bi
thng c lp ct phn b khng lin tc v nm cch b mt a hnh hin ti t 3
7m.
305

Trong vng nghin cu c mng sng sui t ng i pht trin, gm sng L, v
h thng khe sui nh nh ngi Rm, ngi Du v.v Sng L chy quaH Giang,
Tuyn Quang ri vo a phn tnh Ph Th ti x Ch m huyn oan Hng, to
nn ranh gii t nhin gia Ph Th vi tnh Tuyn Quang v Vnh Phc. Ring on
sng chy t Hu qua th trn oan Hng n Hng Long hon ton nm trong a
phn tnh Ph Th. Sng chy quanh co un khc nhng theo phng chung ty bc -
ng nam, sau gp sng Hng ti phng Bch Hc, thn h ph Vit Tr. Dc thung
lng sng pht trin nhiu bi bi cha ct si ko di khng lin tc v mt s mng
nc su. Phn ln cc bi bi nm su di mc nc sng, ch rt t bi bi nh ni
ln khi mt nc t 20 50 cm vo ma kh.
2.2. c im cu to a cht i b sng L
Tham gia vo c u to a cht i b sng L c mt cc thnh to trm tch
Proterozoi, Kainozoi v magma phc h sng Chy.
- Trm tch Proterozoi gm h tng Thc B (PR
3
tb), H Giang (
1
hg
1
) c thnh
phn chnh l phin thch anh - biotit, graphit, phi n thch anh - mica, phin
silimanit, phin thch anh - carbonat, quarzit. Chng tham gia vo cu to a cht b
sng L rt hn ch, ch yu gp ri rc on sng chy qua th trn oan Hng v x
i Ngha thuc a phn tnh Ph Th.
- Trm tch Kainozoi gm h Neogen (h tng Phan Lng) v h t ( h tng
Hi Hng (Q
2
2-3
hh), Vnh Phc (Q
1
3
vp), Thi Bnh (aQ
2
3
tb)).
H tng Phan Lng (N
1
3
pl) phn b khng lin tc dc b phi sng L t th trn
oan Hng n x Tr Qun - huyn Ph Ninh; c thnh phn gm cui kt, sn kt, bt
kt, st kt. Chiu dy 700m.
H tng Hi Hng (Q
2
2-3
hh), Vnh Phc (Q
1
3
vp), Thi Bnh (Q
2
3
tb) l cc thnh
to a cht chnh cu to nn i b sng L t huyn oan Hng n phng Bch
Hc thnh ph Vit Tr. Thnh phn trm tch gm cui, si, ct, bt, st v vt cht
hu c. Chiu dy chung hn 100m.
- magma phc h sng Chy (D
1
sc) tham gia cu to nn i b sng L khu
vc x Ch m v Hu vi tng chiu di khong 1600m. Thnh phn thch hc
ca phc h gm granodiorit, granit biotit dng poorphyr ht va n ln, granit hai
mica c granat. cu to khi, rn chc, t nt n.
2.3. Khong sn
Trong vng c cc loi khong sn lm vt liu xy dng thng thng gm
lm vt liu xy dng, st gch ngi, ct cui si.
- lm vt liu xy dng thng thng gm vi v ct ang c khai thc
khu vc x Vn Du, Ph Th - huyn oan Hng v x Tr Qun - huyn Ph Ninh.
- St gch ngi c hai loi ngun gc l st phong ho t cc st kt, bt kt ca
h tng Phan Lng (N
1
3
pl ) v st trm tch tui t. Trong st trm tch c s
dng rng ri lm nguyn liu sn xut gch ngi. St trm tch tui t to thnh thm
bc I v bi bi phn b dc theo b phi sng L. Cc thn st t tiu chun lm gch
ngi thng c dng thu knh nm ngang, chiu dy t 1 3 m v nm di lp t
trng t 0,3 0,5m. Phn ln din tch cha st u thuc t canh tc v c kh nng
canh tc. St mu nu vng, xm pht vng, c do v ht bin ng hn so vi st
phong ho. Theo kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht, c ht < 0,005 mm chim t 41,5 -
50%, c ht > 10 mm khng c. Thnh phn ho hc: SiO
2
=55,90 69,60%, Al
2
O
3
=
14,25 20,65%, Fe
2
O
3
=5,85 8,5%.
- Ct, cui, si tp trung trong cc thm bc I v ct lng sng. Trong thm bc I,
thn ct nm ngang, c chiu dy lp ct thay i t 5m n 12m. Ph trn thn ct l
306

lp st dy 3 7m v t tiu chun lm nguyn liu sn xut gch nung. Ct lng sng
lin quan n cc bi bi ngp nc phn b khng lin tc dc lng sng. Ct mu
vng, xm vng, thuc loi ht th n trung, cha cui, si v ln t bn st. Si c c
ht > 10 mm chim 5,4 28,9%, loi 10 5mm chim 4,9 8,3%; c ht ct <0,15 t
7,5 8,3%; lng st tch lu trn dy n 0,15mm t 93,4%, m un ln t 2,8 3,1.
Thnh phn ho hc chnh gm: hm lng SiO
2
=87,0 90,02%, trung bnh 88,51 %;
Fe
2
O
3
=1,17 1,90 %, trung bnh 1,54 %; Na
2
O +K
2
O =t 4,77 - 4,94 %, trung bnh
4,86 %.
3. Hin trng trt l v hot ng khai thc, vn chuyn ct trn sng L
3.1. Hin trng trt l b sng
Thc t kho st cho thy, din bin v quy m trt l b sng L rt khc nhau,
ph thuc vo cu to a cht ng b, mc un khc ca sng v hot ng khai
thc ct si trn sng. Hin tng trt l trong vng nghin cu v ang din ra
khng lin tc dc b sng L, ch yu lin quan n ng b c cu to bi trm
tch b ri h t c xp vo h tng Thi Bnh, Hi Hng v Vnh Phc. Trn cc
on b c cu to bi trm tch v magma thng khng hoc t xy ra trt
l (nh 1).
Theo kt qu kho st ca tp th tc gi trong thi gian qua, trn tuyn b c
cu to b trm tch b ri h tng Thi Bnh (thm bc I), qu trnh trt l din ra vi
tc nhanh v quy m kh ln, nht l vo ma ma. in hnh l thm bc I khu vc
x Sng L thnh ph Vit Tr v thn Linh Vin - x Tr Qun - huyn Ph Ninh,
qu trnh trt l xy ra trn on b di hng ngn mt (nh 2, 3) v ang tip tc xut
hin cc khe nt ln trn b mt thm hoc ti khu vc x V Quang - huyn oan
Hng, qu trnh trt l ln n sng L v lm tt, siu hng ro chn ng
b (nh 4).

nh 1. B sng L c cu to bi
cc trm tch h tng Phan Lng

nh 2. on b sng trt l ti x Sng
L thnh ph Vit Tr
(ngun Nguyn Vn Lm)
307

nh 3. Trt l on b sng L ti
thn Linh Vin - x Tr Qun
huyn Ph Ninh

nh 4. on b sng trt l ti
x V Quang - huyn oan Hng
(ngun: Nguyn Vn Lm)
3.2. Hin trng khai thc, vn chuyn ct si sng L
Ct si sng L c cht lng tt nn c s dng lm cht n b tng mc cao
trong cc cng trnh xy dng cng nghip, dn dng, giao thng v thu li. Hin nay,
ct si sng L l ngun cung cp ln nht cho nhu cu ca cc tnh Ph Th, H Ni,
Hi Phng, H Nam, Nam nh, Thi Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Qung Ninh v.v. V vy, hot
ng khai thc ct si trn sng din ra si ng c di sng v trn b. n nm 2012
c khong 11 n v ang tin hnh khai thc ct si trn ton tuyn sng L. Do ct,
si trn sng l loi khong sn c c th ring, l cc trm tch b ri tch t to
thm, bi bi nm cao hn mc nc hoc nm chm di nc vi su khng ln.
V vy, cng ngh khai thc ph thuc vo c im phn b ca thn ct si.
Cc thn ct si lin quan n bi bi nm chm di mt nc, ct si ch yu
c khai thc ng thi bng cc loi cng ngh chnh l bm ht, tu cuc, gu
ngom - cp. Cc loi cng ngh ny rt thch hp do ct, si, bn st thng c tch
ring ngay trong qu trnh khai thc (nh 5, 6).
Cc thn ct si lin quan n thm bc I thng nm di lp ph kh dy nn
khai thc phi gt b v vn chuyn t ph v khu bi thi, sau tin hnh xc bc
trc tip ln phng tin vn ti (nh 7).
Ct si khai thc ln c vn chuyn bng tu, x lan c ti trng hng trm tn
theo ng sng t Ph Th v cc tnh ng bng sng Hng (nh 8). Ngoi ra c mt
khi lng ct si ng k c vn chuyn bng t phc v cc cng trnh xy dng
trn a bn tnh.
308

nh 5. Khai thc ct lng sng
bng tu cuc

nh 6. Khai thc ct lng sng
bng gu ngom - cp

nh 7. Moong khai thc ct si trong thm
bc I

nh 8. Vn chuyn ct si trn sng L
bng tu v s lan

4. Mi quan h gia khai thc ct si v hin tng trt l
Qu trnh khai thc ct s i trn sng gy ra hin tng trt l b sng l c
thc, song y ch l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn cn c nghin cu, nh
gi mt cch khch quan. Hot ng khai thc ct si trn sng c nhiu mt tch cc
nh cung cp ct si cho nhu cu th trng, khi thng dng chy, bo m an ton
cho giao thng ng thu. Song vic khai thc ct si trn sng cng c khng t mt
tiu cc nh lm tng c ca nc sng, nh hng n mi trng sng ca sinh
vt trong mi trng nc, gy ra trt l b sng v.v. Tuy nhin, biu hin r nht v
phc tp nht l mi quan h gia khai thc ct si trn sng vi hin tng trt l b
sng, c th:
- Qu trnh khai thc khng tun th theo thit k khai thc c cc c quan c
thm quyn ph duyt (ranh gii m, su khai thc, cng ngh khai thc v sn
lng khai thc v.v) to ra cc mng nc su, c bit khi xut hin mng nc su
i ven b l mt trong cc yu t lm gim n nh ca y v b sng c cu
to bi trm tch b ri h tng Thi Bnh, Vnh Phc v Hi Hng.
- Khai thc ct si qu gii hn cho php v pha b s ng dn n lm mt bi bi
ngp nc nm chuyn tip vi b sng l yu t trc tip gy mt n nh ca ng
309

b v d n n trt l. Trong trng h p ny, quy m trt l ln, tc trt l
nhanh v thng xut hin cc khe nt ln trn b mt thm cha b trt l.
- Qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn ct si trn sng din ra t v quy m ln
to ra cc t sng ni tip nhau lin tc p vo b vi ng nng kh ln. Tng ng
vi thi gian tn ti ca mi t mc nc ln xung xut hin cc ngn sng v su
10 - 15cm, i ni n 20cm. cc on b c cu to b trm tch b ri h t
v c sn dc n dc ng, nh hng ca yu t sng v n n nh ca ng
b c quan st r on sng L thuc a phn huyn Ph Ninh v oan Hng.
5. Mt s gii php gim thiu tc ng ca khai thc ct si sng L i vi hin
tng trt l b sng
hot ng khai thc ct si sng L pht trin bn vng v mang li hiu
qu kinh t cao, ng thi gim thiu nh hng n trt l b sng ni ring, mi
trng sinh thi ni chung, bi bo xut mt s gii php c bn sau:
- Tng cng cng tc qun l nh nc v hot ng khai thc ct si sng L
nhm gim thiu v tin ti chm dt cc hot ng khai thc tri php trn sng, cng
nh vic khai thc khng tun th y theo thit k khai thc c cc c quan c
thm quyn ph duyt.
- Xy dng cc k vung gc vi b sng nhng on b c nguy c trt l
nhm gim tc ng ca dng chy vo b sng v to ra cc bi bi nm chuyn tip
vi b sng.
- Ti cc on b ang trt l nhanh, quy m ln v c nhiu tim n, ri do i
vi hot ng nhn sinh trong i ven b cn tin hnh k v chm dt hot ng
khai thc khu vc lng sng.
6. Kt lun
T kt qu nghin cu trnh by trn cho php a ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Tuyn b sng L c cu to bi cc trm tch Paleozoi, Kainozoi v
magma phc h sng Chy; trong trm tch Kainozoi c tnh cht c l yu l cc
thnh to a cht chnh cu to nn i b sng L t huyn oan Hng n phng
Bch Hc thnh ph Vit Tr.
- Hin tng trt l b sng L trn cc on b c cu to bi trm tch H
tng Thi Bnh ang din bin phc tp, nhiu on ln su vo chn sng L v
ang c k m bo an ton cho nhn dn v cc hot ng kinh t - x hi
khc.
- Qu trnh trt l b sng L lin quan n nhiu yu t nh cu to a cht v
hot ng ca sng, cng nh khai thc ct si trn sng v nhiu yu t khc. Trong
, hot ng khai thc ct si trn sng l mt trong cc yu t chnh gy ra trt l b
sng L.
- m bo hot ng khai thc ct si trn sng pht trin bn vng v khng
nh hng n i b sng cn thc hin ng b cc gii php chnh nu trong bo
co.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Hong Thi Sn v n.n.k, 1997. Bo co a cht v khong sn nhm t oan
Hng - Yn Bnh, t l 1: 50.000. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn.
[2]. D n iu tra, nh gi hin trng ti nguyn, tr lng ct si sng L tnh Ph
th. Nm 2012.
[3]. Ti nguyn khong sn tnh Ph Th, 2005. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam,
H Ni.
310

[4]. Quy hoch thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn lm vt liu xy dng thng
thng trn a bn tnh Ph Th giai on 2006 2010, nh hng n nm 2020.
Nm 2007.

SUMMARY
Some results of preliminary study on the relationship between the landslide
phenomena and sand and gravel exploitation in Lo river bed in Phu Tho province
Nguyen Van Lam, Nguyen Khac Du, Pham Nhu Sang,
Hoang Nhu Lo, Tran Xuan Toan,
Service of Natural Resources and Environment of Phu Tho Province
Nguyen Bien Thuy, Hanoi Enterprise of Geology and Mineral
Recently exploration and exploitation activities for sand and gravel in Lo River
bed have been developed rapidly, which satisfied the demand of high - quality sand and
gravel for the construction in Phu Tho and Bac Bo Delta provinces. However, these
snad-gravel exploitaiton mngement have become out-of-control and serious
negativeimpacts on the ecological and environmental impacts in the river system with
clear evidences of landslide along river banks.
In combination of results of previous study and the latest research results, this
paper clarifies the naturalcomponents, geological structures of river banks, \
landslidesof the riverbanks and sand and gravel exploitation activities of the Lo River in
Phu Tho province. The sutdy showed that the complicated relationship between
landslides and the exploitation of and transportation of sand and gravel along the river.
This form the basis for the solutions to prevent landslide due to sand and gravel
exploitaiton for sustainable development.


311


P DNG MT S BI TON A CHT X L TI LIU
NNG CAO HIU QU CNG TC TM KIM QUNG A
KIM KHU VC SUI THU - SNG THN, H GIANG

Nguyn Quc Phi
1
, Bi Vit Sng
2
, Nguyn Phng
1
,
Phm Hng
2
, Nguyn Vn Nguyn
2
,
1
Trng i hc M-a cht
2
Lin on a cht INTERGEO

Tm tt: Vic nghin cu c im quy lut phn b qung ho bng cc bi ton a cht
nh lng hin ang c rt nhiu cc nh a cht quan tm. Kt qu s dng phi hp
cc thut ton phn tch tn sut, tng quan a chiu v phn tch Dengramm cho php
xc nh c t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh c ngha trong tm ki m qung a kim ca
khu vc nghin cu l Cu, Pb, Zn v Co. y c th coi l nhm cc nguyn t ch th cho
tm kim qung a kim trong vng nghin cu. Vic m hnh ho cc i tng tm kim
thng qua cc vnh phn tn a ho v phn tch b mt Trend cho php phn tch xu
hng tp trung ca cc nguyn t ch th, gip pht hin v khoanh nh nhng v tr hoc
nt qung c hm lng tp trung cao cng nh cc di n tch c cc d thng cu to
Trend. Cc kt qu nghin cu gp phn lm sng t h phng php x l, phn tch,
tng hp ti liu a cht - khong sn nng cao hiu qu cng tc tm kim qung a
kim ti khu vc Sui Thu - Sng Thn, H Giang
1. M u
Cng tc nghin cu, tm kim v pht hin cc din tch c trin vng v qung
ho nhm duy tr v gia t ng ti nguyn, tr lng khong sn l nhim v thng
xuyn ca cc nh a cht. Cc kt o v, kho st a cht gn y xc nh khu
vc Sui Thu - Sng Thn, thuc x Minh Sn, huy n Bc M, tnh H Giang c cc
tin v du hiu a cht thun li cho vic thnh to cc thn qung a kim [2]. Kt
qu iu tra o v a cht t l 1:200.000 [5] v 1:50.000 [7] cng nh cc kt qu tm
kim chi tit xc nh c 2 din tch c biu hin qung a kim - vng. Do vy,
vic la chn v xy dng h phng php x l, phn tch ti liu a cht - khong
sn hp l s gp phn nng cao hiu qu cng tc iu tra v nh gi ng trin vng
ti nguyn qung a kim - vng ti khu vc nghin cu, lm c s nh hng cho cng
tc iu tra, thm d tip theo.
2. S lc v c im a cht v qung ho khu Sui Thu - Sng Thn
Din tch khu vc nghin cu l mt phn trong cu trc min un np ng Vit
Nam [4] v nm gn trong i Khao Lc.
a tng trong khu vc nghin cu pht trin cc trm tch lc nguyn-carbonat
ca cc h tng Bn Cm (D
1
bc) v Khao Lc (D
1-2
kl) gm cc loi phin thch
anh hai mica, phin thch anh-sericit-biotit, ct kt dng quarzit, hoa, vi b
hoa ho, hoa b dolomit ho
Cc hot ng magma xm nhp c thnh phn t mafic n axit, gm cc
granitoid thuc phc h Tng B (qSy-sG/PZ
2
tb) v cc gabrodiabas, diabas thuc
phc h Cao Bng (Gb-Db/T
1
cb).

Kt qu kho st chi tit cho thy qung ho tp trung thnh tng , mch thay th
trao i ti nhng ni c thnh phn vy quanh l carbonat hoc carbonat b skarn
ho ca h tng Bn Cm, cng nh ti phn tip xc gia cc tp carbonat v cc
312

tp phin, cn trong cc tp phin hm lng cc khong vt ca kiu qung ny
gim i r rt, qung ch yu dng lp y vo cc khe nt nh hoc xm tn trong
vi quy m pht trin hn ch.

Hnh 1. Bn a cht v khong sn khu vc nghin cu t l 1:50.000
(Vng Mnh Sn, 2003)
V cc ph hu kin to, khi cu to Tng B c khng ch bi t gy nghch
chm ng Thng - Du Gi pha bc v t gy nghch-dch chuyn ngang Bn
Cm - Minh Ngc pha nam. Hai t gy trn v cc t gy cng phng nm kp
gia chng c vai tr ch o khng ch cc hot ng ca magma xm nhp granitoid
phc h Tng B v khong sn trong vng nghin cu. Ngoi ra trong vng cn pht
trin cc h thng t gy kinh tuyn, ng bc-ty nam ng vai tr lm phc tp
ho bnh cu trc ca khu vc nghin cu. Din tch nghin cu c cu trc ca mt
phc np lm theo phng ko di ty b c-ng nam, trong pht trin nhiu h np
un th cp chng ln nhau kh phc tp.
S phn b cc h t gy trong vng nghin cu l khng ng u v th hin
cng pht trin khc nhau. Pht trin mnh m nht l h thng t gy ph hu
phng ty bc-ng nam, biu hin ca h thng ny l cc i phin ho, dp v cng
phng ct qua ton b cc thnh to trm tch bin cht trong vng, k c cc
granitoid phc h Tng B tui PZ
2
. y l cu trc thun li cho vic di chuyn ca
dung dch to qung v c tr ca qung vi phng thc trao i thay th gi vai tr
ch o. Qu trnh trao i thay th xy ra u th theo phng phn phin ca i phin
ho mnh, kt qu to thnh cc thn qung dng va c ng phng trng vi
phng phn phin ca v qung c cu to phn di kh r nt khi quan st bng
mt thng. Cc khe nt phn nhnh ng vai tr nh v cc thn qung dng mch c
quy m biu hin hn ch hn.
Kt qu tm kim chi tit cho thy hnh thi v cu trc cc thn qung kh phc
tp. Chng c dng mch, gi lp. Mt s thn qung c hnh thi bin i t dng gi
lp sang dng mch xuyn ct vy quanh, trong :
- Cc thn qung dng mch l cc thn qung ko di vi chiu dy t bin i
theo ng phng v hng cm, xuyn ct vy quanh r rng.
313

- Cc thn qung dng gi lp l cc thn qung nm gn chnh hp vi vy
quanh. Trong trng hp ny, qung c lp y trong cc khe nt tch lp, bc lp
ca trm tch.
- Cc thn qung c dng mch, di, hoc lp y cc khe nt nh to thnh cc
gn mch v xm tn u trong .
3. p dng mt s bi ton a cht x l ti liu qung a kim khu Sui Thu -
Sng Thn
3.1. Phng php phn tch tn sut xut hin cc tnh cht nghin cu
L thuyt thng tin logic c s dng kh rng ri cho mc ch xc lp nhng
t hp nguyn t c gi tr tin cao trong tm kim m khong. Ni dung ca bi ton l
nh gi gi tr tin ca cc tnh cht (thng s) ca i tng a cht trn c s phn
tch tn sut xut hin ca cc tch cht nghin cu. Vic nh gi gi tr thng tin ca
cc nguyn t nhm mc ch la chn t hp nguyn t c gi tr tin cao c ngha ch
th trc tip hoc gin tip trong tm kim khong sn, nhm gp phn nng cao hiu
qu cho cng tc tm kim khong sn, c bit trong tm kim cc thn qung n.

la chn t hp cc nguyn t c gi tr thng tin cao, loi tr nhng nguyn t
khng cn thit nhm gim bt khi lng tnh ton, loi tr thng tin nhiu v nng
cao hiu qu cho cng tc tm kim qung a kim khu Sui Thu Sng Thn. Chng
ti tin hnh x l tp mu kim lng bn y (352 mu) ca khu m vi 16 nguyn
t nghin cu. Do mc bin i khng ng nht trong ton din tch nghin cu nn
ngoi vic x l cc tp mu chung cho ton b khu m, chng ti tin hnh x l cho
tng tp mu ring ly tng cc phn khu Sui Thu (518 mu) v Sng Thn (699
mu), kt qu nhn c nh sau:
i vi tp mu kim lng bn y ca ton b khu m, gi tr thng tin I
i
v
thng tin t hp I
m
c tnh ton v sp xp theo th t gim dn nh sau :
;
109 , 0
Ca
;
125 , 0
Zr
;
167 , 0
Mg
;
206 , 0
Cr
;
229 , 0
Ti
;
264 , 0
Y
;
0,347
Cu
;
374 , 0
Mn
;
398 , 0
Fe
;
412 , 0
Pb
;
446 , 0
Zn
;
483 , 0
Co
] I [
i
=

047 , 0
Na
;
054 , 0
V
;
072 , 0
Ni
;
086 , 0
Ba

;
010 , 1
) Cu ,... Zn , Co (
;
949 , 0
) Mn ,... Zn , Co (
;
872 , 0
) Fe , Pb , Zn , Co (
;
776 , 0
) Pb , Zn , Co (
;
657 , 0
) Zn , Co (
;
483 , 0
Co
] I [
m
=
;
108 , 1
) Zr ,... Zn , Cu (
;
101 , 1
) Mg ,... Zn , Cu (
;
089 , 1
) Cr ,... Zn , Cu (
;
069 , 1
) Ti ,... Zn , Co (
;
044 , 1
) Y ,... Zn , Co (

114 , 1
) Na ,... Zn , Co (
;
121 , 1
) V ,... Zn , Co (
;
119 , 1
) Ni ,... Zn , Co (
;
117 , 1
) Ba ,... Zn , Co (
;
114 , 1
) Ca ,... Zn , Co (

Gi tr thng tin ca cc nguyn t trn ton b khu m c th c sp xp theo
th t gim dn:
Co Zn Pb Fe Mn Cu Y Ti Cr Mg Zr Ca Ba
Ni V Na.

Tnh ton tng t cho tng phn khu, gi tr thng tin ca cc nguyn t c sp
xp nh sau :
- Khu Sui Thu: Cu Zn Co Mn Pb Fe Ni Na Mg Ti
V Cr Y Ca Zr Ba.
314

- Khu Sng Thn: Co Mn Pb Ca Fe Cu Ni Zn Na Ba
Mg Y V Cr Ti Zr.
T kt qu tnh ton trn, nu t hp cc nguyn t m bo 100% lng thng tin
th c th ghi nhn dy thng tin gm 6 nguyn t c gi tr tin cao vi xc sut trn
90% i vi tp mu chung ton b khu m l: Co, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu chim 90,06%,
cc nguyn t cn li chim cha n 10% tng lng thng tin. Khu Sui Thu gm t
hp 7 nguyn t: Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Pb, Fe, Ni chim 89,98% v khu Sng Thn gm t
hp 8 nguyn t Co, Mn, Pb, Ca, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn chim 90,83% tng lng thng tin cc
tnh cht nghin cu.
3.2. Phng php ton thng k
Trong bi bo ny, m hnh phn b thng k 1 chiu s c s dng m t
i tng nghin cu, ng thi s dng m hnh ton thng k 2 chiu v a chiu
trong phng php phn tch tng quan v phn tch Dengramm nhm mc ch xc
nh t hp cc nguyn t cng sinh trong trng a ha - khong vt ca din tch
nghin cu.

3.2.1. c im phn b thng k qung ha
Quy lut phn b thng k ca qung a kim-vng v cc nguyn t i cng c
th c nhn thc thng qua vic xc lp cc m hnh phn b thng k ca chng.
Cc phn tch thng k c thc hin cho s liu a ha ca ton vng v cho tng
khu ring bit. Cc kt qu tnh ton c thc hin cho tp mu ban u (tp mu gc)
v tp mu sau loi th (phng php loi tr 3 sigma). Cc thng s tnh ton gm gi
tr trung bnh, phng sai v h s bin thin. M hnh phn b ca cc nguyn t cng
c kim nghim, ch yu cc nguyn t phn b theo m hnh log chun hoc
gamma.
Cc m hnh phn b c kim nghim theo phng php lch, nhn ci
tin v phng php
2
(tiu chun Pierson). Vic kim nghim m hnh phn b v
tnh ton cc thng s thng k c thc hin trn chng trnh ToanTinC [6]. B ng
1 tng hp kt qu thng k hm lng cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn (tp nn a ho th
sinh) trch dn kt qu tng hp xc lp m hnh phn b thng k ca ng v cc
nguyn t i km.
Bng 1. M hnh phn b v cc c trng thng k tp mu a ha
Tp mu
nghin
cu
Nguyn
t
Cc c trng thng k
M hnh
phn b
Mu ban u Mu sau loi th
X (ppm)
2
V(%) X (ppm)
2
V(%)
Ton
vng
Pb 4,991 4,086 81,852 4,852 3,445 71,014 Log chun
Zn 10,426 7,441 71,372 10,018 5,621 56,108 Log chun
Cu 3,935 4,917 124,962 3,617 3,660 101,201 Gamma
Khu Sui
Thu
Pb 3,776 3,264 86,452 3,737 3,129 83,731 Log chun
Zn 8,456 6,787 80,266 8,279 6,100 73,682 Log chun
Cu 3,658 8,175 223,458 2,852 3,938 138,084 Gamma
Khu Sng
Thn
Pb 7,029 9,695 137,922 6,437 4,693 72,904 Log chun
Zn 18,238 51,952 284,861 12,290 4,444 36,161 Log chun
Cu 5,456 10,246 187,804 4,391 5,978 136,125 Gamma
Kt qu nghin cu c im phn b thng k ca Cu, Pb v Zn trong trng a
ho th sinh cho thy quy lut phn b chng khng tun theo quy lut phn b chun
v c ci to v lut phn b gamma hoc loga 3 thng s. Hm lng cc nguyn t
ni chung cao hn tr s Clark, hm lng ca Cu bin i t khng ng u n rt
315

khng ng u nn c th to ra gi tr phng v cc gi tr d thng a phng khc
nhau. Hm lng ca Pb v Zn phn b thuc loi kh ng u n khng ng u,
song mc bin i nh hn ca Cu nn kh nng to thnh cc d thng a phng
ca Pb v Zn trong trng a ho nguyn sinh khng r rt nh nguyn t Cu.
3.2.2. Phng php phn tch tng quan v phn tch Dengramm
Kt qu xc lp ma trn tng quan cp ca cc nguyn t c gi tr tin cao trong
trng a ha th sinh ca ton khu m v tng phn khu c th. Bng 2 trch dn
ma trn tng quan cp gia cc nguyn t c gi tr tin cao (Phn trn ng cho
chnh l h s tng quan, phn di l kt qu kim tra theo tiu chun Student).
Bng 2. Ma trn h s tng quan
Nguyn t Fe Mn Co Cu Pb Zn
Fe 1 0,275 0,313 0,521 0,413 0,390
Mn 5,351 1 0,274 0,367 0,263 0,299
Co 6,165 5,330 1 0,615 0,468 0,522
Cu 11,419 7,381 14,591 1 0,596 0,638
Pb 8,484 5,100 9,907 13,886 1 0,746
Zn 7,924 5,862 11,449 15,500 20,957 1
t
0,05, 352
=1,96 |R| =0,107
T kt qu tnh ton tng quan c th thy trong t hp cc nguyn t c gi tr
thng tin cao th t hp cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn v Co l t hp c quan h tng
quan kh cht ch vi nhau, trong c bit l mi quan h gia Cu v Co, Pb v Zn,
hnh thnh t hp cc nguyn t i km vi nhau ng vai tr ch th cho vic tm kim
qung a kim [1].
Trn c s kt qu phn tch tng quan cp gia cc nguyn t c gi tr tin cao
trong trng a ha th sinh, chng ti tin hnh thnh lp s Dengramm xc
nh mi quan h gia cc i tng. Mc tng t gia cc i tng nghin cu
c nh gi bng h s arccos(r
xy
), kt qu thit lp c cc s Dengramm
cho tp mu chung v cho tng phn khu c th.

Hnh 2. S Dengramm cc nguyn t a ho
Mi quan h cng sinh gia cc nhm nguyn t c th hin rt r rng trong
biu Dengram, c bit c th thy r cc nguyn t phn thnh 2 cm ring bit:
Nhm cc nguyn t to qung a kim (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co) v nhm cc nguyn t to
(V, Ni, Cr, Mg, Ti). Bn cnh mi quan h kh cht ch ca t hp cc nguyn t Cu,
316

Pb, Zn v Co, c th nhn thy c mc lin kt tng i lin tc ca cc nguyn
t v s phn nhnh cc b ca cc cp V-Ni, Cr-Mg hay Cr-Ti-V. iu ny cho php
nhn nh rng cc nguyn t V, Ni, Cr, Mg v c Ti khng phi l nhng nguyn t
ng sinh vi qung a kim khu Sui Thu - Sng Thn.
Kt qu s dng phi hp cc thut ton phn tch tng quan a chiu v phn
tch Dengram c th gip xc nh c t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh c ngh a
trong tm kim qung a kim khu Sui Thu - Sng Thn, l tp hp cc nguyn t
Cu, Pb, Zn v Co. Cc nguyn t cn li c gi tr tin cao song khng ng vai tr l
nhng nguyn t ch th trong tm kim hoc chng to nn nhng t hp ng sinh
phn nh s c mt ca mt loi hnh khong ho khc trong din tch nghin cu.
3.3. M hnh ho cc nguyn t ch th trong tm kim qung a kim khu vc Sui
Thu - Sng Thn
3.3.1. M hnh ho trng a ho cc nguyn t ch th
m hnh ho tr ng a ho ca cc nguyn t c gi tr tin cao v ng vai
tr ch th trong tm kim, pht hin qung a kim khu Sui Thu-Sng Thn, chng ti
tin hnh thnh lp cc s vnh d thng a ho th sinh ca t hp cc nguyn
t Cu, Pb v Zn.
Vnh phn tn a ho v trng d thng ca cc nguyn t ch th c xc
nh trn c s khoanh v cc ng ng tr theo bc hm lng khc nhau theo gi tr
nn a ho v cc gi tr d thng a phng. T kt qu x l thng k xc nh gi
tr nn theo gi tr trung bnh a phng v chn cc bc d thng X 1, X 2,
X 3. Trn c s thnh lp cc s vnh d thng a ho ca cc nguyn t c vai
tr ch th, c th kt hp vi cc ti liu thi cng cc cng trnh tm kim kim tra
cc d thng a ho nhm la chn cc d thng lin quan vi qung ho v loi b
nhng d thng khng lin quan vi qung.

a)

b)

c)
Hnh 3. Cc vnh d thng a ho th sinh ca: a) Cu; b) Pb v c) Zn

Nhn chung cc vnh d thng ca cc nguyn t Cu, Pb, Zn phn nh s tp
trung ca ng to thnh cc thn qung trong i khong ho. Cc vnh d thng nhn
chung c dng hnh trn hoc dng elip ko di theo phng ty bc - ng nam, ph
hp vi phng pht trin ca i khong ho. Hu ht cc vnh d thng phn b trn
din tch phn b cc thnh to tp 2 - h tng Bn Cm. Kch thc ca cc vnh d
thng kh ln, hnh thi phc tp, c bit l cc vnh d thng ca Cu bm kh st
i khong ho phn nh s c mt ca cc thn qung dng mch, i mch c
pht hin. Cc d thng khng lin quan vi qung ho thng l cc tch t th sinh
mang tnh cc b, tp trung cc sn a hnh thp v ph thuc kh cht vo hnh
thi ca a hnh hin ti.

317

3.3.2. Phng php phn tch Trend.
Trong nghin cu a cht, Trend c s dng nh l s ghi nhn hoc m phng
cho s bin i c quy lut khng gian hoc c h thng ca tnh cht hoc yu t a
cht cn nghin cu c ghi nhn trn bn . T kt qu phn tch tp mu kim lng
bn y cho ton b khu m chng ti tin hnh xy dng c cc m hnh Trend
bc 1, bc 2 v cc bc cao hn cho cc nguyn t ng vai tr ch th trc tip hoc
gin tip cho tm kim khong sn a kim - vng khu vc Sui Thu - Sng Thn
Bng 3. Hm Trend ca cc nguyn t ch th
Nguyn
t
Bc
Trend
M hnh Trend
Cu
Bc 1
Cu =- 3823.17 +208.86*x - 16.05*y
Bc 2
Cu =- 4380.16 +144.82*x +921.23*y +7.48*x
2
- 84.85*xy +122.13*y
2

Bc 3
Cu =- 776651.44 +64739.13*x - 14328.37*y +12.84*x
2
- 85.97*xy +
120.32*y
2
- 66.37*x
3
+34.41*x
2
y +40.84*xy
2
- 18.33*y
3

Bc 4
Cu =- 5801281.14 +423905.04*x - 47337.22*y +12.85*x
2
- 87.49*xy +
109.94*y
2
- 6.53*x
3
+54.47*x
2
y +39.85*xy
2
- 6.94*y
3
- 17.49*x
4
+10.96*x
3
y
- 28.95*x
2
y
2
+8.89*xy
3
+54.54*y
4

Pb
Bc 1
Pb =- 5437.35 +301.17*x - 53.20*y
Bc 2
Pb =5839.81 - 849.82*x - 534.24*y +30.74*x
2
+4.84*xy +75.67*y
2

Bc 3
Pb =- 274062.19 +22548.56*x - 6091.92*y +33.85*x
2
+8.45*xy +76.04*y
2
-
23.54*x
3
+3.80*x
2
y +54.09*xy
2
- 46.25*y
3

Bc 4
Pb =- 4947482.21 +324557.46*x +214723.65*y +15.16*x
2
+25.64*xy +
73.79*y
2
+9.75*x
3
+46.17*x
2
y +72.85*xy
2
- 33.32*y
3
- 10.53*x
4
- 23.87*x
3
y
- 37.27*x
2
y
2
- 63.35*xy
3
+19.08*y
4

Zn
Bc 1
Zn =- 9888.65 +545.92*x - 82.99*y
Bc 2
Zn =26514.72 - 3422.95*x +183.37*y +109.53*x
2
- 33.78*xy +68.48*y
2

Bc 3
Zn =236351.58 - 16099.31*x - 31681.81*y +112.20*x
2
- 30.93*xy +68.82*y
2

+4.62*x
3
+77.69*x
2
y +84.26*xy
2
- 142.05*y
3

Bc 4
Zn =- 976203.56 +80809.78*x - 114962.55*y +108.48*x
2
- 38.16*xy +
49.49*y
2
+19.92*x
3
+78.99*x
2
y +121.95*xy
2
- 145.52*y
3
- 7.23*x
4
+
35.39*x
3
y - 90.38*x
2
y
2
+13.90*xy
3
+106.29*y
4

Kt qu thit lp cc m hnh Trend v nh gi m c tng ng ca cc m
hnh Trend vi thc t cho thy cc h s tng quan tnh ton c u trn 0,4, c
bit ln ti 0,6 i vi cc m hnh trend ca Pb v 0,7 ca Zn cho thy cc m hnh
trend phn nh rt tt s bin i ca cc nguyn t trong thc t. Cc kt qu phn tch
Trend cng cho thy cc hm Trend u m t rt tt s bin i v mt khng gian ca
cc nguyn t trong khu vc nghin cu.
M hnh lch Trend cng c xy dng ring cho tng nguyn t nhm th
hin mc thay i ca cc nguyn t ti tng v tr c th so vi b mt Trend ca
chng. Cc bn lch trend gip pht hin s tp trung mt cch tng i ca cc
khu vc c kh nng c qung. V tr cc im qung bit nm kh ph hp vi cc
v tr c lch ln, ng thi xut hin mt s v tr tp trung cao cc nguyn t nhng
cha pht hin c biu hin khong sn no quanh , y chnh l cc v tr cn
c tp trung ch trong qu trnh tm kim trong cc bc tip theo.

318

a)

b)

c)
Hnh 4. M hnh trend v lch trend ca: a) Cu; b) Pb v c) Zn

Cc m hnh Trend c th coi l c quy lut (c trend) khi R >0,3 [3], trong ti
khu vc nghin cu, cc hm trend ca Pb v Zn u c h s tng quan bi R >0,6
c th coi l bc Trend l t ng. Cc m hnh ny c th s dng nghin cu cc d
thng, phn tch xu hng tp trung ca cc nguyn t. Trong , c bit quan trng
l cc m hnh Trend ca Cu c mc tng ng vi thc t kh cao, ng thi c th
thy s tng ng kh cht gia Trend ca c 3 nguyn t ny. Kt qu so snh cc m
hnh cho thy c th s dng n m hnh Trend bc 3 nghin cu, pht hin v
khoanh nh nhng v tr, nt qung c hm lng tp trung cao v cc din tch c cc
d thng cu to Trend, gip cho cng tc tm kim t hiu qu cao.
4. Kt lun
T nhng kt qu nghin cu thu c c th cho php rt ra mt s kt lun v
c dim qung ho a kim khu Sui Thu - Sng Thn nh sau:
- T hp cc nguyn t ng vai tr ch th trong trng hp a ho c xc
lp l t hp cc nguyn t Cu, Pb v Zn. Chng c mi quan h tng quan thng k
kh cht ch. Ngoi cc nguyn t to qung chnh, cc nguyn t i cng quan trng
nht l Co, Fe, Mn v c th xem chng l t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh trong trng
a ho, c ngha trong tm kim qung a kim.
- Hm lng cc nguyn t ch th trong i qung bin i kh mnh, c th quy
np v hm phn b gamma hoc loga chun. Khong phn b hm lng ni chung kh
rng, qung ho bin i phc tp dng nhy vt, gin on, phn b thuc loi khng
ng u n rt khng ng u.
- Din phn b cc vnh phn tn a ho ca cc nguyn t ch th c bn trng
nhau v tp trung thnh cc di r rt. Cc vnh d thng a ho cng nh d thng
Trend cho thy xu hng tp trung hm lng cc nguyn t tng dn v pha cc thnh
to thuc tp 2 - h tng Bn Cm.
- Kt qu s dng phi hp cc bi ton gp phn lm sng t h phng php
x l, phn tch, tng hp ti liu a cht - khong sn nng cao hiu qu cng tc
tm kim qung a kim ti khu vc Sui Thu - Sng Thn, H Giang.
319

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Borradaile G. J., 2003. Statistics of Earth Science Data: Their Distribution in Time,
Space and Orientation. Springer.
[2]. Bi Vit Sng, 2011. p dng mt s bi ton a cht d bo trin vng qung
a kim - vng khu vc Sui Thu - Sng Thn, H Giang. Lun vn Thc s. Trng
i hc M - a cht, H Ni.
[3]. Davis J. C., 2002. Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
[4]. Dovjikov A.E. v nnk, 1965. a cht min Bc Vit Nam t l 1:500.000. NXB
KHKT H Ni.
[5]. Hong Xun Tnh v nnk, 1976. Bo co a cht t Bo Lc t l 1:200.000 (Lu
tr Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam).
[6]. Nguyn Kim Long, 2010. Nghin cu, xy dng m hnh nhn dng, i snh, tm
kim cc i tng a cht trn bn , bn nh trong qun l, d bo khong sn.
ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B Gio dc v o to, H Ni.
[7]. Vng Mnh Sn v nnk, 2003. a cht v khong sn nhm t Phc H t l
1:50.000, Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
SUMMARY
The application of mathematical models in data processing for improvement of
prospecting for pollymetallic minerals in Suoi Thau Sang Than area, Ha Giang
province
Nguyen Quoc Phi
1
, Bui Viet Sang
2

Nguyen Phuong
1
, Nguyen Van Nguyen
2
,
1
2
INTERGEO Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

The study aims to apply different mathematical models for geological
prospecting of multi-metal ores in SuoiThau - SangThan, Hagiang province.
Informative findings are derived from the probability distributions, information indices,
correlation and dendrogram of geochemical elements in study area. Results from
geochemical modeling and Trend surface analysis could be used to offer the efficient,
effective, and most economic development plan for future mineral prospecting strategy.
This research confirms the need of using quantitative methods for quantifying natural
resources and geological processes.


320


MT S KT QU NGHIN CU V C IM QUNG HA
MICA VNG KHUN LU, TNH H GIANG
Nguyn Phng, Trng i hc M - a cht
Vn Thanh, Trn Vn Thnh, Lin on Bn a cht min Bc

Tm tt: Kt qu nghin cu v thm d mica khu vc Khun Lu cho thy i tng
nghin cu l cc thn pegmatit cha mica thuc pha mch (pha 3) ca phc h
Sng Chy. Mica thng i cng felspat v thch anh trong cc thn pegmatit. Cc
thn qung dng mch tng i n gin, b dy kh n nh, thn qung nm dc
n dc ng (40 n 85
0
), phn trn mt b phong ha kh trit ( su 2 - 7m).
Phn ny c cha cc thn qung mica ang c u t thm d. Phn di l
pegmatit cha mica b phong ha d dang, vi su tn ti c th n 15 - 20m. Cc
thn qung c quy m nh n trung bnh, tr lng khng ln, nhng iu kin khai
thc kh thun li.
Kt qu nghin cu mu k thut v cng ngh ca mica nh sau: Mica 52%,
lyesste10-25%, cht bc10-20%. Gc tn hao (tg) = 0,00973 i vi loi mica dn
v tg = 0,00281 i vi loi mica cng.Mica trong vng nghin cu c c tnh k
thut hon ton p ng c cu cho mt s lnh vc cng nghip khc nhau nh s
dng trong ngnh c in, truyn thanh v truyn hnh.
1. t vn
Mica l mt loi khong vt rt ph bin trong t nhin, thuc nhm khong vt
alumosilicat, tinh th h n t, kin trc tinh th c tnh phn lp in hnh, mu xm
bc, xm lc, pht hng, ct khai hon ton, d tch thnh cc tm mng trong sut v
n hi c th un c, c tnh cch in, cch nhit.
Mica phn b rng ri trong cc magma, bin cht v trm tch. Tuy
nhin, mica c tinh th ln thng gp trong cc magma axit hoc trong pegmatit.
T thi tin s, con ngi bit s dng mica vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau;
trong ni bt nht l cho mc ch trang tr.
Do c tnh k thut mica l c tnh cch in, cch nhit v n nh v ha hc
nn ngy nay n l vt liu c ng dng trong cc lnh vc nh sau:
- Mica tm dng trong k ngh in: lm cht cch in, t in, in tr, in
thoi, manheto, knh mt;
- Mica bt c dng lm nguyn liu chu la: lm tm lp, giy vit, mu chu
la, gm, lp t, du nhn;
- Cc ch phm ca mica c dng cch ly dy in trong cc m in, ni
in bn l v.v...;
- Do mica c tnh cch nhit nn n c dng lm ca s tro ng cc l sy hoc
l nung bng du thay cho thy tinh.
Vi c im ni bt nu trn, mica c d bo l mt trong s khong cht
cng nghip c nhiu u th v sc cnh tranh trn th trng nguyn liu khong th
gii trong thi gian ti.
2. c im a cht
a. a tng
Trong din tch thm d c cc th t ca cc phin 2 mica h tng An Ph
(PR
3
-
1
ap) thuc lot Sng Chy.
321

H tng An Ph bao gm cc phin st, phin thch anh sericit, vi, vi
silic v vi ht khng u. Trong vng nghin cu h tng l ra dng th t nh Mt
ct ca h tng l ra v in q u anh p hc h Sng Hng v d i n h Bc H, Mng
Khng, Chang Pung.
Trong vng nghin cu, h tng An Ph l ra dng th t nh c thnh phn
khng ng nht, ch yu l cc phin biotit epidot, phin thch anh mica,
phin horblend - plagioclas - epidot... xen k. c cu to phn phin mng, mu xm
xanh, xm en, ht mn phong ha mu xm vng. Trn bnh , cc b un np,
cm v ng nam vi gc dc dao ng t 60 - 65
0
.
b. Magma
Din tch nghin cu, chim ch yu l granit phc h Sng Chy (aD
1
sc)
gm 3 pha:
- Pha 1 (aD
1
sc
1
): Granit 2 mica dng porphyr ht va n nh.
- Pha 2 (aD
1
sc
2
): Granit biotit ht va n ln, granit biotit dng gneis.
- Pha 3 (aD
1
sc
3
): mch pegmatit.
c im khong vt to ca phc h Sng Chy gm:
- Felspat kim: thng c kch thc nh, i khi trong tp hp ban tinh, thng
thy dng lng tr ngn khng u, 2 u vt nhn, xp nh hng theo cu to gneis,
khng song tinh v c cu to pertit dng di hoc dng m kiu thay th.
- Plagioclas: Thng c kch thc nh, i ch dng lng tr ngn vi ng
nt tinh th bo tn tt, phn ln dng mo m tha hnh b gm mn. Plagioclas thng
b sausurit ha, sericit ha.
- Biotit: l khong vt mu kh ph bin trong cc loi , hm lng trung bnh
t 5-10%. Chng c kch thc khng u, a sc r mu nu, nu hung . Trong
loi sng mu hn hi ng sang mu nu pht lc.
- Muscovit: Thng i cng biotit, kch thc ln dng vy, cng biotit chng
xp xp nh hng v m quanh ly felspat v thch anh.
-Thch anh: Dng mo m, ng thc hoc ko di v nh hng theo cu to
gnei, trong sut hoc trng c.
Ng oi ra trong c n gp turmalin, zircon, apati t, granat, ilmenit, leucoxen,
epidot, monazit, xenotim...
c im thch ha:
Kt qu phn tch silicat cho thy cc granitoid phc h Sng Chy thuc dy
kim bnh thng. Thnh phn chnh ca phc h l granit, t hn l granodiorit v
thuc lot kim vi.
c. c im cu trc kin to
Trn Bn a cht 1: 200.000 [2], vng Khun Lu l mt phn ca cu
trc vm, ph n gia gm ch yu l cc granit, biotit ht ln dng gneis ca
phc h Sng Chy pha 2 (aD
1
sc
2
), phn ra l granit 2 mica ca phc h Sng
Chy pha 1 (aD
1
sc
1
). thng b p nh hng.
Cc t gy trong khu vc pht trin ch yu theo phng ty bc - ng
nam v kinh tuy n. Do nh hng ca hot ng t gy, cc b v nhu, v
vn, pht trin nhiu h thng cc khe nt.

322

3. c im qung ha mica vng nghin cu
3.1. c im cc thn qung mica
Theo ti li u thm d ca Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk [1], trong vng Khun
Lu pht hin v khoanh ni c 7 thn pegmatit cha mica (hnh 1). Cc tinh th
mica phn b khn g u trong thn mch pegmatit, mica mu trng, trong sut d tch
thnh cc tm mng, felspat phn phong ha trit b kaolin ha mm b mu
trng c, phn phong ha d dang cng, chc hn song vn d dp, tch ra khi mica
v thch anh. Cc thn qung mica cng nghip chnh l phn thn pegmatit b phong
ha mnh c cha mica t cc yu cu cng nghip.
Di y l c im cc thn qung mica (thc cht l phn trn ca cc th,
hoc thn pegmatit cha mica b phong ha mnh) [1].
- Thn qung s 1: Phn b pha bc din tch, ko di 180m theo phng
gn ng ty, chiu dy thay i t 1 n 1,7m, trung bnh 1,33m; cm v nam - ty
nam, gc dc thay i t 50 n 65
0
. Chiu su lp phong ha trit , cng chnh l
chiu su tn ti ca thn qung mica cng nghip t 1,8 n 6,2m. Loi tm mica din
tch 1 - 4 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu hi) l: 23,637 kg/m
3
, tm mica din tch 4 - 8 cm
2
c
hm sut ( thu hi) l: 4,472 kg/m
3
; loi tm din tch > 8 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu
hi) l: 0,850 kg/m
3
. Theo kt qu phn tch ha qung (%): Si0
2
: 62,78; T.Fe0:0,02;
Al
2
0
3
: 20,72; Na
2
0: 0,96; K
2
0: 12,47.

323

- Thn qung s 2: Phn b pha bc din tch, ko di 460m theo phng
gn ng - ty, chiu dy thay i t 2,5 n 5, 2m trung bnh 3,41m; cm v nam - ty
nam, gc dc thay i t 50 n 80
0
. Chiu su tn ti thn qung (lp phong ha trit
) t 1,6 n n 7,2m. Loi tm mica din tch 1- 4 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu hi) l:
33,650 kg/m
3
; loi din tch 4-8 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu hi) l: 7,13 kg/m. Thnh phn
ha hc ca qung (%): Si0
2
: 65,85; T.Fe0:0,04; Al
2
0
3
: 20,57; Na
2
0: 0,76; K
2
0: 10,65.
- Thn qung s 3: Phn b pha ng bc din tch, ko di 186m theo
phng v tuyn, chiu dy 1,9m; cm v ty nam gc dc thay i 50- 60
0
. Chiu su
tn ti ca thn qung (lp phong ha trit ) t 2,5m n 5,0m. Loi tm mica din
tch 1-4 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu hi) l: 35,750kg/m
3
, loi tm din tch 4-8 cm
2
c
hm sut ( thu hi) l: 8,5kg/m
3

- Thn qung s 4: Phn b pha ty din tch, ko di di 130m theo phng
ng bc - ty nam, chiu dy thay i t 3,0 m n 4 m trung bnh 3,5 m; cm v ty bc,
gc dc thay i t 40 n 85
0
.
Chiu su tn ti thn qung (lp phong ha trit ) t
2,5m n 3,0mhoc hn. Loi tm mica din tch 1-4 cm
2
c hm sut ( thu hi) l:
23,93kg/m
3
; loi tm din tch 4-8 cm
2
3
, loi tm
c din tch > 8cm
2
3
.
- Thn qung s 5: Phn b pha nam gn trung tm din tch, ko di 300m
theo phng ty bc-ng nam, chiu dy thay i t 3 n 3,7m trung bnh 3,35m; cm
v ty nam, gc dc thay i t 60 n70
0
. Chiu su lp phong ha trit t 2,5 n
7,3m.
Loi tm mica c din tch 1- 4cm
2
vi hm sut ( thu hi) l: 51,960kg/m
3
,
loi tm din tch 4-8cm
2
cos hm sut ( thu hi) l: 13,526kg/m
3
; vi tm din tch >
8cm
2
3
.
Thnh phn ha hc ca qung (%): Si0
2
: 66,51; T.Fe0:0,04; Al
2
0
3
: 18,68; Na
2
0:
1,43; K
2
0: 1,74.
- Thn qung s 6: Phn b pha nam din tch, ko di 400m theo phng
ty bc-ng nam, chiu dy thay i t 1,6 n 4m trung bnh 2,95m; cm v ty nam,
gc dc thay i t 60 n 80
0
. Thn qung tn ti su (lp phong ha trit ) t 2
n 7,2m.
- Thn qung s 7: Phn b ph a ty nam din tch, k o d i 2 7 0m theo
phng ty bc - ng nam, chiu dy thay i t 3 n 5,1m trung bnh 3,7m, cm v
ty nam, gc dc thay i t 70 n 80
0
. Chiu su tn ti ca thn qung (lp phong
ha trit ) t 2,5m n 6,2m.
Kt qu trnh by trn cho thy hu ht cc thn qung mica (thn pegmatit cha
mica) c hnh dng tng i n gin (dng mch) b dy kh n nh, thn qung
nm dc n dc ng (40 n 85
0
), phn trn mt b phong ha kh tri t ; y
cng chnh l cc thn qung mica ang c u t thm d. Tip n l phn thn
pagmatit cha mica b phong ha d dang cha khng ch c ht, theo kt qu thi cng ca
mt s ging thm d c th n 15 - 20m.
3.2. c im thnh phn vt cht v c tnh k thut
a. Thnh phn khong vt qung
Tng hp kt qu phn tch mu lt mng, hm sut v mu gi i cho thy
trong cc thn qung ch yu c cc khong vt mica, felspat (phn b phong ha to
thnh kaolin) v thch anh.
324

- Mica: Cc tinh th c kch thc t vi cm ti vi chc cm, phn b khng u
trong cc mch pegmatit. Thnh phn khong vt l muscovit, c mt long bng d
dng tch thnh cc t m, vy mng. Din tch tm, vy < 1cm
2
n vi chc cm
2
.
Muscovit chim khong 5 -10% trong cc thn pegmatit.Kch thc cc tm mica c
phn loi theo din tch tm trong qu trnh ly mu hm sut ti cc cng trnh thm d
tng hp bng 1.
- Felspat: Mu trng c, cu to khi i ch b mt p dt, ko di felspat
chim khi lng kh ln trong cc mch khong 65 -70%. i cng cn c cc , m
thch anh mu trng c, trng trong. Phn trn b phong ha to thnh kaolin c mu
trng, hoc trng pht vng do b nhim hydroxit st.
- Thch anh: Thch anh anh chim khong 15- 20%, thng to cc , thu knh
nh trong mch pegmatit v xen ln vi felspat v mica, gia thch anh v felspat c
ranh gii kh r rng.
Bng 1. Tng hp hm sut ( thu hi) cc kch thc tm mica
(theo ti liu ca Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk, 2011)
Thn
qung
s
Tm mica c din
tch <1 cm
2
(Kg/m
3
)
thu hi tm
mica c din tch
1-4 cm
2

(Kg/m
3
)
thu hi tm
mica c din tch 4-
8 cm
2

(Kg/m
3
)
thu hitm
mica c din tch
>8 cm
2

(Kg/m
3
)
1 11,98 23,637 4,472 0,850
2 15,05 33,65 7,13
3 11,265 35,75 8,5
4 13,31 23,93 4,72 0,86
5 20,852 51,96 13,52 5,60
6 17,445 31,95 4,42 1,275
7 16,305 26,287 2,255
T kt qu tng hp bng 1 cho thy, trong cc thn qung, mica ch yu tp
trung nhm kch thc 1 - 4 cm
2
, tip n l nhm < 1cm
2
, loi trn 8 cm
2
chim t l
khng ng k, tr thn qung 5.
b. Thnh phn ha hc
Theo kt qu phn tch mu ha nhm ly trong mt s thn qung chnh khu N
Tr hm lng cc thnh phn ha c bn (%) nh sau: Si0
2
: 62,78 - 66,51; T.Fe0:0,02
- 0,04; Al
2
0
3
: 18,68 - 20,72; Na
2
0: 0,76 - 1,43; K
2
0: 1,74 - 12,47.
c. c tnh k thut ca mica
* Yu cu k thut ca mica trong mt s lnh vc cng nghip:
- Mica nhit: vi hm lng mica >50%, b dy tm 0,2mm, cng sai 0,05mm
phi c in th nh xuyn l 20 Kv.
- Giy mica: yu cu c b dy 0,05-0,1 mm, cng sai 0,01 mm, hm l ng
ko dnh 54%. Phi c cng chng ko 1,3 -1,5Kg/cm
2
, cng xuyn thng 18-
20 Kv/mm, lng nc < 0,5%, lng tr >95%, kh nng chng nc l 2pht.
- Mica lm c gp in: b dy 0,15 mm, 0,20 mm v 0,25 mm, cng sai 0,05-
0,07 mm. in th xuyn thng l 35 Kv/mm, dng mica loi 5 tr ln.
Vi lch s pht sinh v pht trin a cht, Vit Nam c nh gi l mt trong
s nc c tim nng v khong sn phi kim loi ( xy dng thng thng v cao cp,
325

mt s loi khong cht cng nghip v nguyn liu ha hc); trong c khong sn
mica. V vy trong thi gian ti, ng thi vi cng tc nghin cu c bn, vic y mnh
cng tc iu tra, nh gi, lm c s quy hoch cng tc thm d phc v khai thc, ch
bin mica phc v trong nc v xut khu l cn thit v c tnh thi s.
Khu vc Khun Lu thuc x N Tr, huyn Xn Mn, tnh H Giang l mt trong
s khu vc c trin vng v mica, vi cht lng kh tt ca nc ta. Trong vng, mica
thng i cng felspat v thch anh trong cc thn pegmatit. Trn c s cc kt qu iu
tra, thm d mica [2] ti n hnh trong thi gian qua, bi bo gii thiu mt s kt qu
nghin cu v c im qung ha mica vng N Tr, huyn Xn Mn, tnh H Giang.
* c tnh k thut ca mica khu vc nghin cu
Kt qu nghin cu mu k thut v cng ngh ca mica khu vc N Tr (din
tch c thm d) nh sau: Mica 52%, lyesste 10-25%, cht bc 10-20%. Kt
qu nghin cu xc nh c cc thng s k thut nh sau:
+ Gc tn hao (tg) =0,00973 (loi mica dn).
+ Gc tn hao (tg) =0,00281 (loi mica cng).
Cc thng s ph nh tnh cht in hc ca mica tng hp bng 2.
Bng 2. Cc tr s trung bnh v tnh cht in hc ca mica
B dy ca
tm mica
(mm)
in th chc
thng Unp
(KV)
Cng
xuyn thng
Enp (
cm
KV
)
in tr khi
v
(m cm)
in tr mt
s
(m cm)
0,010 5,87 2896 1,025.10
12
5,56.10
12

0,020 6,01 2378 0,991.10
12
21,23.10
12

0,025 5,98 2332 1,735.10
12
4,03.10
12

0,0315 6,45 1988 1,930.10
12
2,52.10
12

T bng 2 cho thy:
Mica trong vng nghin cu c c tnh k thut; c kh nng tch thnh cc tm
mng n 0,01mm, c in th chc thng Unp l 5,87 n 6,45Kv; cng xuyn
thng Enp 1988 n 2896 Kv/cm; in tr khi
v
=0,991.10
12
n 1930.10
12
cm. Vi
c im trn mica trong vng hon ton t yu cu k thut cho mt s lnh vc cng
nghip khc nhau nh s dng trong ngnh c in, truyn thanh v truyn hnh.
4. Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu cho php rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
- Qung mica khu N Tr ni ring, vng Khun Lu ni chung c ngun gc
pegmatit, lin quan v i magma granit phc h Sng Chy. Thn qung cng nghip
chnh l phn thn pegmatit cha mica b phong ha mnh (phong ha trit ) c chiu
dy khng ln, su tn ti t 2 n trn 7m. Cc thn pegmatit cha mica phong ha
d dang c th tn ti n su 15 - 20m hoc hn; theo cc tc gi y cng l i
tng cn c quan tm nghin cu v thm d trong thi gian ti nhm tng tr
lng m v nng cao gi tr kinh t ca m. Cc thn qung thuc loi quy m nh n
trung bnh, tr lng khng ln, nhng iu kin khai thc kh thun li.
- Thnh phn khong vt qung l muscovit, kch thc cc tinh th kh ln, c
th tch thnh cc tm mng. Trong cc thn qung, mica ch yu tp trung nhm
kch thc 1 - 4 cm
2
, tip n l nhm < 1cm
2
, loi trn 8 cm
2
chim t l khng nhiu.
- Mi ca trong vng c c tnh k thut v c kh nng tch thnh cc tm mng
n 0,01mm, c in th chc thng Unp l 5,87 n 6,45Kv; cng xuyn thng
Enp 1988 n 2896 Kv/cm; in tr khi
v
=0,991.10
12
n 1930.10
12
cm. Vi c
326

im trn mica trong vng hon ton t yu cu k thut cho mt s lnh vc nh c
in, truyn thanh truyn hnh.
- Ngoi khu Khun Lu, trong vng N Tr c nhiu tin v du hiu cho thy
y l vng c tri n vng v qung mica trong cc thn pegmatit cn tip tc u t
nghin cu.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk, 2011. Bo co thm d mica bn Khu Lu, x N Tr
huyn Xn Mn, tnh H Giang. Lu tr LBCMB.
[2]. Trn Xuyn v nnk, 1976. a cht v khong sn t l 1:200.000 F48-XV Bc
Quang- M Quang (Lu tr TT thng tin - Lu tr a cht, H Ni).
SUMMARY
Some reseach results on mica mineralization in Khuon Lau area, Ha Giang
in Khuon Lau, Ha Giang
Nguyen Phuong, University of Mining and Geology
Do Van Thanh, Tran Van Thanh, Northern Geological Mapping Division

Results of geological study and mica exploration in Khuon Lau area show that
pegmatite containing mica belongs to the veing forming phase (third phase) of
Song Chay complex.
Mica is distributed together wih feldspar and quartz in pegmatite bodies. Vein-
type ore bodies are simple in shape and constant in thickness, dipping from 40 to 85
degrees, and completely weathered at the upper part (from 2 to 7 m depth). This is the
target of mineral exploration. Semi-weathered parts of the permatite bodies occur from
15 to 20m depth. Ore bodies are of small to medium in size and reserves, but very easy
to extract.
Analysis of technical mica samples indicates that: Mica 52%, Dolyesste 10 to
25%, volatile 10 to 20%. Loss angle (tg) = 0,00973 with glued mica and tg = 0,00281
with hard mica.
Mica in the study area could satisfy technical requirements for various industrial
purposes such as electro-mechanics, radio broadcasting, and television broadcasting.


327


C IM PHN B V CHT LNG QUNG MANGAN
KHU VC TR LNH - TRNG KHNH, CAO BNG
Nguyn Phng, Trng i hc M- a cht
Vn Thanh, Lin on BC Min bc
Nguyn Vn Dng, Cng ty Mirex
Tm tt: Trn c s x l, phn tch v tng hp ti liu o v bn a cht khu
vc, ti liu tm kim, thm d v khai thc hin c, bi bo gii thiu tm tt c im
phn b, thnh phn vt cht v tim nng v nh hng s dng qung mangan trong
khu vc nghin cu. Khu vc nghin cu c cu trc a cht kh phc tp, vi s c
mt ch yu l khong sn mangan ngun gc trm tch. Cc yu t a tng v thch
hc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic hnh thnh v phn b qung mangan trong
khu vc. Cc thnh to qung mangan gc c gi tr cng nghip hin ti ch gp trong
h tng Tc Tt. Trong 2 h tng cn li qung gc tn ti di dng tp hp cc lp
mng hoc di dng cc lp silic cha mangan..
Khong vt qung ch yu l psilomelan, pirolusit, manganit, b raunit, hausmanit,
rodochrosit, rodonit. Hm l ng Mn trong cc thn qung, i qung dao ng t 5,88
n 52,41%, trung bnh 15 - 35%, phn b thuc loi tng i n nh n khng n nh;
t l Mn/Fe t 2 - 5; hm lng P tng i thp, ph bin t 0,017 n 0,34%. Qung
thuc loi ngho n trung bnh, c bit c thu knh qung thuc loi giu .
Khu vc nghin cu c tim nng qung mangan kh ln. Theo kt qu tng hp v d
bo c th t trn 6600 ngn tn; trong ti nguyn xc nh t khong 4.000 ngn
tn v phn b ch yu Tc Tt, Rong Thy, Lng Lung v t hn l Kha Khoang,
Lng Phy. Ti nguyn d bo t khong 2.600 ngn tn, phn b tp trung khu
Bn Khung, Nc Cu v H Lang.
Qung mangan trong khu vc nghin cu, sau tuyn lm giu c th p ng yu cu
cho cng nghip ha cht, sn xut pin kh, v cng nghip luyn kim. Qung ngho c
th s dng lm nguyn liu b tr cho l luyn gang hoc nguyn liu tr dung trong
l Martin hoc lm nguyn liu b tr cho luyn kim.
1. t vn
Mangan chim khong 0,09 n 0,1% trong v tri t, ng hng th 12 v mc
ph bin ca cc nguyn t trong v tri t. Mangan c mt ch yu trong cc khong
vt pyrolusit, braunit, psilomelan, manganit, t hn trong rodochrosit, hausmanit, rodonit,
butamit.
Mangan l kim loi mu trng xm, ging st, l kim loi cng v rt gin, kh
nng chy, nhng li b xi ha d dng.
Qung mangan ch yu c s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim, phn cn li
c s dng trong cng nghip ha cht , sn xut pin kh, ngnh thy tinh, sn xut
men, thuc nhum.
- Qung mangan dng trong cng nghip ha cht v pin c thnh phn ging
nh cho luyn kim nhng hm lng mangan >60%.
- Qung mangan dng trong ha hc l loi qung giu v sch ch yu l
pyrolusit cha hm lng MnO
2
khng di 70% hm lng st khng qu 1,5%, nhm
1%, Silic <6%, ng <0,02%;
- Qung Mn dng trong luyn kim ty thuc vo mc ch khc nhau, luyn
cc loi fermangan tiu chun th hm lng Mn trong qung tinh phi >40%, SiO
2

khng qu 9-12%, hm lng phot pho khng qu 0,2%.
328

- Qung carbonat cha Mn dng lm tr dung, khi lm luyn thp thng thng
th hm l ng mangan trong chng c th h thp ti 8 -12%. Qung st mangan khi
luyn l ng thng cha >7% Mn.
Trong t nhin, qung mangan c cc loi: oxit, silicat, carbonat v hn hp.
Trn th gii, Khong 80% tr lng mangan c tm thy Nam Phi, mt s
cc m mangan khc Ukrain, c, n , Nga, Trung Quc, Gabon v Brasil. Ngi ta
c tnh c khong 500 t tn mangan dng kt hch y bin.
Vit Nam, qung mangan phn b ch yu cc tnh Cao Bng, Tuyn Quang,
Ngh An, H Tnh v H Giang gm cc dng: qung mangan dng va, trong vi,
mangan dng va, thu knh trong phin silic, qung mangan dng ln trong trm tch
eluvi -deluvi, hoc aluvi -deluvi v proluvi - deluvi.
Khu vc Tr Lnh - Trng Khnh, Cao Bng thuc tn h sinh khong ng Bc
Vit Nam v hu ht din tch khu vc nghin cu thuc i H Lang. Theo ti liu o
v a cht - khong sn t l 1: 200.000, 1: 50.000, trn khu vc nhn chung khong
ho ni sinh khng phong ph, ch yu l cc khong sn c ngun gc trm tch gn
b cht ch vi yu t a tng v thch hc [1, 2].
Cc yu t a tng v thch hc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thnh to
v phn b khong sn mangan trong khu vc. Thnh to mangan c quan h cht ch
vi 3 h tng: H tng Bng Ca (D
3
frbc), h tng Tc Tt (D
3
-C
1
ttt) v h tng Lng
Nm (C
1
ln).
Tuy nhin cho n nay thnh to mangan nguyn sinh c gi tr cng nghip
mi ch gp trong h tng Tc Tt. 2 h tng cn li qung gc (nguyn sinh) tn ti
di dng tp hp cc lp mng hoc di dng cc lp silic cha mangan.
Trong h tng Bng Ca cc lp mangan v tp silic cha mangan phn b
phn cao ca h tng, cc lp hoc thu knh qung mangan dy t vi milimet n di
20cm. Trong silic cha mangan nguyn thy, hm lng mangan thp <1 5 - 6%.
Khi b ra la lng silic c a i lm hm lng mangan tng ln tng i, to
thnh loi qung phong ho xp nh, c hm lng mangan t trn di 20%.
Trong h tng Lng Nm (C
1
ln) cng cha nhng lp, thu knh mng qung
mangan tng t h tng Bng Ca. Tp ny dy 50 -160m c thnh phn ch yu l
phin silic, st silic, silic vi, phin silic nhim mangan.
Ngoi 3 a tng c cha mangan ni trn, cn ph bin thnh to mangan "kt
hch", l cc tch t qung mangan thnh to do ph hu cc thn qung gc hoc
silic cha mangan gc c tch t trong cc trm tch t (aluvi - deluvi, proluvi -
deluvi) phn b trong cc thung lng vi. Cc din tch cha qung c quy m rt
khc nhau, di t vi trm mt n vi kilmt, rng vi chc mt n vi trm mt.
2. c im phn b qung mangan khu vc nghin cu
Trn din tch khu vc Tr Lnh- Trng Khnh, Cao Bng ng k 16 khong
sng (m) v biu hin khong ha (im qung) mangan, bao gm c qung gc, kt hch v
qung ln [3, 4].
2.1. Qung mangan gc
Trong khu vc nghin cu pht hin v ghi nhn 02 m mangan gc quy
m trung bnh l m Tc Tt v Bn Khung; 08 m thuc quy m nh, gm Bn Mc;
M Phc; Rng Thy; Nc Cu; Ht Pan; Lng Lung; Kha Khoang v Lng Ric v
04 biu hin khong ha mangan Tng Ng, Phia Hng, H Lang v N Mng.
Cc m v biu hin khong ha mangan phn b trong khu vc nghin cu tp
trung thanh 06 khu l Tng Ng - Bn mc, M Phc - Lng Ric, Tc Tt - Rng Thy
- Bn Khung, Nc Cu - Ht Pan-Lng Lung - Phia Hng; Bng Ca v H Lang (Hnh
329

1). Di y trnh by tm tt v cu trc a cht v c im phn b qung trong cc
din tch nu trn
a. Khu Tng Ng - Bn Mc
Cc a tng cha qung mangan phn b trn din tch khong 60- 70km
2
.
Qung mangan phn b trong cc h tng khc nhau, cng c cc c im khc nhau
v hnh thi quy m v cht lng.
- Cc thn qung mangan phn b trong h tng Bng Ca (D
3
frbc), c dng lp
mng hoc chui thu knh nm trng vi mt lp ca vy quanh. Chiu dy cc lp
qung mangan t vi cm n 60cm, i khi dng thu knh dy 40- 60cm hoc >1m, di
hng chc mt Chiu dy thn qung thng bin i v khng duy tr theo c ng
phng v hng dc. Cc thn qung, mch qung thng phn b gn nhau to thnh
i qung dy hng chc m v ko di khong 600- 800 m.
- Trong h tng Tc Tt (D
3
-C
1
ttt), cc thn qung thng dng va, nhng duy
tr khng lin tc t pha nam Bn Mc dc theo vc h vi v hng bc n st bin
gii Vit - Trung. Thn qung b t on nhiu do nh hng ca t gy v magma
xuyn ct. Trong vi cha qung, c ni thn qung b v nhu, un ln v to
thnh tng on dng thu knh phn nhnh phc tp. Chiu dy thn qung mng, t
0,2- 0,65m; chiu di i qung ko di khng lin tc khong 3,0km.
- Trong silic, st silic ca h tng Lng Nm (C
1
ln) vi din l nh. Hin ti ch
thy biu hin qung mangan dng bt mu en, qung ngho.
Trong ba loi t rn, qung mangan phn b trong carbonat, carbonat - lc nguyn h
tng Bng Ca v h tng Tc Tt l c ngha cng nghip hn c.
b. Khu Lng Ric-M Phc
Cc a tng cha qung mangan phn b trn din tch khong 10- 12 km
2
, cc
trm tch cha qung b un np kh mnh. Cc np un c mt trc gn thng ng,
ko di theo phng kinh tuyn v ty bc - ng nam. y thy r cc thn qung
dng va, dng vnh khn dy 0,4 n 0,6m, kp trong vi phn lp trung bnh n
dy thuc tp 2 ca h tng Tc Tt. Tuy nhin din l khng ln, cc thn qung ko
di khng lin tc khong 300m n 800m.
c. Khu Tc Tt-Rng Thy-Bn Khung
pha bc m Tc Tt, pht hin 1 thn qung phn b trong vi h tng
Tc Tt. ng l thn qung dng vnh khn, thn qung nm n nghing, cm v
ty nam vi gc dc thay i 25 - 60
0
.

S thay i b dy thn qung c trn mt v
di su khng c qui lut. Chiu dy thn qung c s thay i kh ln, t 35cm n
50- 75cm, nhn chung thn qu ng c chiu dy thuc loi rt mng n mng. Chiu
su gp qung ln nht hin khng ch c bi khoan su 255,40m. Ti su
ny, gp thn qung dy 0,37m. Thn qung l khng lin tc, nhng c th lin kt cc
mch qung, thn qung vi nhau thnh i qung ko di khong 4,25km.
Trong h tng Bng Ca, thn qung dng lp, thu knh mng, dy t vi cm n
20cm. Qung c dng vn b, mu xm en, nm trng mt lp ca . Din l ko di
khng lin tc, theo phng bc - namkhong 2,5km. Thn qung cm v pha ng b c vi
gc dc 30 - 40
0
.
Trong h tng Lng Nm, qung mangan tn ti di dng chui thu knh nh,
thng bm theo b mt phn lp ca . Thn qung mng, c chiu dy < 0,1m , qung mm
b mu nu en, t c trin vng.

330

d. Khu Nc Cu- Ht Pan- Lng Lung- Phia Hng
Cc a tng cha qung phn b thnh 1 di ko di theo phng ty bc -
ng nam khong 15 km, rng 3 - 4km. Trong di n tch ny xc nh c 5 i
qung chnh. Cc i qung phn b trong silic, st silic, st vi b phong ho kh mnh.
- i qung I: i qung nm trong cu trc np li, phn b khng lin tc theo
ng phng khong 500- 600m. i qung l ra trung tm thn Lng Lu, x nh
Phong, huyn Trng Khnh.Chiu dy thn qung t ch tiu hm lng cng nghip
trung bnh l 0,50m, c ch ti 0,80m, i khi cc thn qung phn b gn nhau to
thnh l p qung dy trn 5m. Th nm chung ca cha qung thay i 170 -
210
0
10- 15
0
.
- i qung II: i qung c tch ra t thn qung I do a hnh phn ct,
chiu di i qung II khong 600m, chiu dy trung bnh khong 0,4m (c ch t 0,6-
0,7m). Th nm thn qung 300-350
0
20 -35
0
.
- i qung III: c cu trc un np rt phc tp, vi hng chung ko di theo
phng ng bc - ty nam. i qung ko di trn 2000m, c khng ch bi nhiu
cng trnh (ho, l, gi ng v khoan). Do un np o, nn ti LK.5 su 70,1m, gp 3
thn qung su 3,8m; 35,2m v 40,2m. Phn chnh ca i qung gp su
52,9- 55m. Chiu dy trung bnh ca thn qung cng nghip 0,36m. cha qung l
phin st, st silic, st vi, silic vi.
- i qung IV: c phng ko di gn trng vi i qung 3, phn b pha
ng bc v gip bin gii Vit - Trung. i qung ko di khong 650m. Thn qung
cng nghip dy trung bnh 0,45m. Th nm chung 130-150
0
20-30
0
.
- i qung V: nm pha bc khu vc nghin cu, gip bin gii Vit - Trung.
Do tnh cht phc tp ca cu trc, nn i qung un ln kh mnh. Chiu di i
qung khong 1400m, chiu dy trung bnh thn qung khong 0,40 0,45m. Th nm
chung 330-350
0
20-40
0
.
e. Khu vc Bng Ca
Cc a tng cha qung c din tch l khong 10km
2
, ko di theo phng
ng bc - ty nam, b un np kh mnh, to thnh cc np un nh lm phc tp
cu trc thn qung. Ti y pht hin thn qung mangan dy 0,3m n 0,4m. Thn
qung nm kp trong vi phn lp mng ca h tng Tc Tt. Cc thn qung phn
b gn nhau to nn i qung ko di khng lin tc gn 1000m.
331

332
f. Khu H Lang
Cc a tng cha qung l ra vi din tch khong 15km
2
, ko di theo phng ng
bc - ty nam, t o np lm c mt trc dc ng, th nm 2 cnh kh thoi.
Thn qung dng lp, thu knh mng, chiu dy t vi cm n 30cm. Qung dng
vn b, mu xm en. Cc thn qung thng nm trng mt lp ca , i khong ha l
khng lin tc theo phng ng ty di khong 3,5km. i qung cm v pha nam vi gc
dc 20- 40
0
.
2.2. Qung kt hch v eluvi deluvi (qung ln)
Ngoi qung mangan gc, trong cc khu cp trn u bt gp qung mangan dng
tn tch sn tch m trong cc vn liu trc y thng gi l qung ln v mangan dng
"kt hch" vi din phn b t vi chc nghn mt vung ti 3- 4km
2
. Qung nm trong cc
trm tch b ri h t, phn b cc thung l ng Bn Lung; Hi u L; Bn Khng; Lng Lng.
Trm tch cha qung mangan phn b trong cc thung lng ch yu l tch t sn - l tch
gm tng, sn, st, bt mu vng, nu vng, dy 5 - 7m. Theo kt qu iu tra trong cc cng
trnh [4, 5] xc nh c 2 mc su c cha qung l tng cha qung mangan ln v
tng cha qung mangan dng "kt hch". Cc mangan "kt hch" gm cc ht hnh cu, hnh
bu dc c ng knh 0,5-1,5cm, c bit 2- 3cm.
3. c im thnh phn vt cht qung mangan khu vc nghin cu
3.1. Thnh ph n khong vt qung
Cc khong vt ch yu ca mangan trong vng nghin cu l p silomelan, pirolusit,
manganit, braunit, hausmanit, rodochrosit, rodonit
Thnh phn ha hc ca mangan trong cc m v biu hin khong ha rt a dng, ty
thuc vo v tr ca cc thn qung kp trong vy quanh. Thnh phn khong vt ca qung
mangan trong cc din tch thuc khu vc nghin cu tng hp bng 1.
3.2. Thnh phn ha hc
Theo kt qu phn tch ha c bn 4 nguyn t ly trong cc thn qung nh sau:
- Hm lng Mn trong cc thn qung dao ng t 5,88 n 52,41%, trung bnh 15 -
35%, phn b thuc loi tng i n nh n khng n nh. Qung thuc loi ngho n
trung bnh, c bit c thu knh qung thuc loi giu.
- Hm lng SiO
2
t 1,28 n 59,44%, trung bnh 10 -15 n 30 -40%, phn b thuc
loi khng ng u n rt khng ng u.
- Hm lng TFe t 1,05 n 26,14%, trung bnh 3 5% n 8 -10%, t l Mn/Fe t 2 -
5.
- Hm lng P tng i thp, t 0,017 n 0,34%, c bit c ni hm lng P kh co
>1%.
Thnh phn ha c bn trong cc din tch nghin cu tng hp bng 1.

333
Bng 1. Thnh phn khong vt v ha hc ca qung mangan khu vc nghin cu
Din tch nghin cu

Cc khong vt qung

Thnh phn ho hc (%)
Khu Rng Thy

pyrolusit, psilomelan,
maganit, braunit,
hosmanit.
Mn: 8,08- 41,25; (TB:28,66); SiO
2
:
7,92-31,63 (TB:15,56); P: 0,04-1,39
(TB: 0,38); Mn/Fe: 2,53.

Khu Bn Khung, Psilomelan, pyrolusit,
braunit, rodocrozit.
Mn: 16,46- 52,41,18 (TB:35,49); SiO
2
:
3,2- 59,44 (TB: 16,07); T.Fe: 3,94-
26,14 (TB:8,91); P: 0,017-0,22 (TB:
0,19).
Khu N Lum (Phia Hng) Braunit, pyrolusit,
psilomelan,
rodocrosit.
Mn: 26,78; Si0
2
: 25,55; T.Fe: 13,40
Khu M Phc

Rodocrosit, manganit,
psilomelan, yrolusit.
Mn: 35,5; T.Fe: 1,05; SiO
2
: 4,3; P : 0,21.
Khu Lng Ric

Pyrolusit, psilomelan,
t goethit.
Mn: 28,5- 43,9; Fe: 1- 3,36; SiO
2
: 1,28-
10,6; P: 0,06-0,34.
Khu Ht Pan

Manganit, pyrolusit,
psilomelan, hydroxyt
mangan..
Mn: 21,9; SiO
2
: 39,2;Fe: 5,63; P: 0,05
KhuLng Lung

Psilomelan, pyrolusit, Mn: 18,5; Si0
2
: 44,47; T.Fe: 4,67; P:
0,16.
KhuKha Khoang

Psilomelan, yrolosit,
manganit, braunit,
rodocrozit.
Mn: 5,88-39,83 (TB: 24,38); Fe: 1,98-
5,99; Si0
2
: 3,28-9,8; P: 0,07-0,136.
KhuH Lang

Maganit; yrolusit;
psilomelan; t goethit;
pyrit.
Mn: 15,8- 21,3; Fe: 2,77- 3,65; SiO
2
:
34,9- 44,8; P: 0,04-0,05
KhuTc Tt Psilomelan, pirolusit,
manganit, braunit,
hausmanit,
rodochrosit
Mn: 38,2; SiO2:16,2; t s Mn/Fe:4,95;
P: 0,29
Khu Bn Mc - Tng Ng

psilomelan, pyrolusit,
maganit, vecnadit.
Mn: 11,9-29,13 (TB:22,01); Fe: 2,15-
11,29 (TB: 6,97); SiO2: 25,96-56,82
(TB: 43,65); P: 0,02-0,23 (TB: 0,087)

Khu
Nc Cu
psilomelan,
rodocrozit, manganit,
Mn: 20,83; Fe: 4,97; SiO2: 49,6; P: 0,11

Khu Hiu L pyrolusit, goethit;
psilomelan
Mn: 10,68-14,41; T.Fe: 13,77-14,70;
SiO2: 16,73-18,77; P: 0,08-0,12

334
4. nh gi ti nguyn tr lng qung mangan
4.1. nh gi ti nguyn xc nh (tr lng v ti nguyn d tnh)
i vi qung manggan khu vc nghin cu, trong cc bo co iu tra thm d, cc
nh a cht thng s dng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php khi a cht: phng php c p dng i vi cc thn qung gc
c th nm thoi v dc thoi, hoc cc thn qung eluvi - deluvi (qung ln).
- Phng php mt ct chiu ng dc thn qung p dng i vi thn qung mng,
cm dc (trn 45
0
).
- Phng php mt ct thng ng song song hoc khng song song: p dng cho cc
thn qung dy v mng li b tr cng trnh thm d dng tuyn song song (phng php
mt ct song song) hoc khng song song (phng php mt ct khng song song).
Trong bi bo ny, tc gi ch tin hnh tng hp v chuyn i kt qu tnh ton trong
cc bo co iu tra, thm d trc y theo h thng phn cp tr lng ti nguyn c sang
h thng phn cp tr lng ti nguyn mi v tng hp bng 1.
4.2. D bo ti nguyn cha xc nhn
Nm 1994, Allen L. Clask d a trn kt qu cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Cargith v
Clask (1977, 1978) v ca mt s tc gi Nam Phi, Mehico, Israel, Canada ... a ra 6 h
phng php chnh s dng trong nh gi ti nguyn khong sn.
T kinh nghim thc t nghin cu trong nhiu nm, tc gi cho rng d bo ti
nguyn qung mangan (cp 334) cho tng khu hoc tng i qung trong khu vc Tr Lnh
Trng Khnh c th p dng phng php tnh thmg theo thng s qung ho, k t hp
phng php tng t a cht.
a. Phng php tnh thng theo h s cha qung
Ti nguyn qung mangan trong khu vc d bo c d bo theo cng thcsau:
Q
q
=M
sp
. S
sp
. d.k
q
(1)
P =Q
q
. C
q
=M
sp
. S
sp
. d. K
q
. C
q
(2)
trong :
- Q
q
: Khi lng cha qung mangan;
- P : Ti nguyn qung mangan;
- M
sp
: Chiu dy trung bnh ca lp cha qung, i qung;
- S
sp
: Din tch cc lp cha qung, i qung trn bnh ;
- d : Th trng ca cha qung;
- C
q
: Hm lng trung bnh ca mangan trong i qung;
- K
q
: H s cha qung cng nghip xc nh trn mt s mt ct chun hoc theo ti
liu cc l khoan c trn khu vc nghin cu.
b. Phng php tng t
Ti nguyn suy on, hoc phng on c d tnh theo cng thc:
Q
q
=S
sp
. q
c
. K
ij
(3)
P =Q
p
. C
q
=S
sp
. q
c
. K
ij
. C
q
(4)
trong :
- q
c
: cha qung trong mt n v din tch chun;
335
- K
ij
: h s mc tng t ca khu vc cn tnh ton ti nguyn so vi khu vc chun vi
i, j l i tng so snh, n: s du hiu nghin cu v a
ip
, a
jp
l gi tr ca du hiu th p
thuc i tng i vng j cn so snh);

- Cc ch dn khc k hiu trn.
Kt qu d tnh ti nguyn cha xc nhn (334) cho cc din tch d bo c trin vng
tng hp bng 2.
Bng 2. Tng hp kt qu nh gi tr lng v ti nguyn qung mangan
khu vc Tr Lnh Trng Khnh, Cao Bng
STT
Khu m v im
qung
Tr lng
(121 +122)
(tn)
Ti nguyn (tn)
Tng TL v
TN (tn)
D tnh
(333)
D bo (334)
1 Tc Tt 1.217.000 62.000 1.279.000
2 Rong Thy 350.610 233.070 583.680
3 Bn Khung 728.760 1.190.000 1.918.760
4 Lng Lung 342.100 323.230 665.330
5 Nc Cu 420.670 285.000 705.670
6 Ht Pan 198.680 80.000 278.680
7 N Num 65.000 65.000
8 Cc Pht (M Phc) 30.710 59.000 89.710
9 H Lang 241.000 241.000
10 Kha Khoang 12.810 60.000 72.810
11 Lng Ric 34.850 34.850
12 Lng Phy 6.170 3.270 9.000 18.440
Tng cng 1.928.690 2.095.240 1.929.000 5.952.930
T bng 2 cho thy:
- Tng tr lng, ti nguyn qung magan khu vc nghin cu c th t gn 6.000
ngn tn; trong ti nguyn xc nh (tr lng cp 121 + 122 v TN cp 333) t khong
4.000 ngn tn v phn b ch yu Tc Tt, tip n l Rong Thy, Lng Lung v t hn
l Kha Khoang, Lng Phy.
- Ti nguyn cha xc nhn (ti nguyn d bo cp 334) gn 2.000 ng n tn v ch
yu phn b khu Bn Khung, tip theo l khu Nc Cu v khu H Lang; y l cc din
tch cn u t iu tra nh gi trong thi gian ti.
336
5. nh hng s dng
T kt qu phn tch thnh phn vt cht trnh by trn, cho thy qung mangan khu
vc nghin cu c th p ng yu cu ca mt s lnh vc cng nghip sau:
- i vi qung c thnh phn khong vt qung ch yu l pirolusit, hm lng oxit
mangan trong tinh qung (sau tuyn) t trn 89%.c th s dng lm nguyn liu ha cht,
sn xut pin. Trong nhng nm gn y, do gi c th trng ca qung Mn tng cao, cng
vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc v cng ngh lm giu, ch bin, ngi ta s dng qung
mangan c hm lng ngho hn so vi trc y. Kt qu nghin cu bc u c ho thy
qung mangan khu vc Tr Lnh - Trng Khnh, nu s dng cng ngh tuyn hp l s thu
c tinh qung p ng yu cu cho cng nghip ha cht v sn xut pin kh.
- i vi qung mangan c hm lng t 38 - 55%Mn, trung bnh >48% Mn (>63%
MnO
2
), t l Mn/Fe dao ng trong khong 6 - 7 v SiO2 <9%, khng cn lm giu cng p
ng yu cu cng nghip luyn kim trong nc v xut khu.
- i vi qung silicat c hm lng Mn 30-35%; t l Mn/Fe 6-7; hm lng P
di 1%, khng cn lm giu c th s dng luyn feromangan.
- i vi qung silicat d tuyn, hm lng Mn 10- 15%; t l Mn/Fe 6 -7, cn
lm giu, bo m t hm lng Mn 30-35%; hm lng P di 1% trong qung tinh
s dng cho luyn feromangan.
- i vi qung silicat kh tuyn c hm lng Mn 20 -25%; t l Mn/Fe: 6- 2; hm
lng P trn 1%, c th s dng lm nguyn liu b tr cho l luyn gang.
- i vi qung carbonat khng qua tuyn c hm lng Mn > 8- 10%; t l Mn/Fe:
7- 4; hm lng P di 1%, s dng lm nguyn liu tr dung trong l Martin.
- i vi qung mangan ngho, kh tuyn cng c th s dng lm nguyn liu b tr
cho luyn kim. Do vy i vi cc loi qung c hm lng Mn t 4- 5%; c bit qung eluvi -
deluvi cng cn c nghin cu nh gi.
6. Kt lun v kin ngh
- Khu vc Tr Lnh - Trng Khnh c cu trc a cht kh phc tp, vi s c mt
ch yu l qung mangan ngun gc trm tch. Cc yu t a tng v thch hc ng vai tr
rt quan trng trong vic thnh to v phn b khong sn mangan trong khu v c. Qung
mangan c quan h cht ch vi cc trm tch carbonat, hoc lc nguyn carbonat ca h tng
Bng Ca, h tng Tc Tt v h tng Lng Nm. y l mt trong s khu vc c nh gi
l c tim nng v qung Mn ln nht ca c nc. Tuy nhin cho n nay thnh to mangan
gc c gi tr cng nghip mi ch gp trong h tng Tc Tt. Cc thnh to khc ch gp cc
lp mng hoc di dng cc lp silic cha mangan, mc nghin cu cn nhiu hn
ch.
- Cc m v biu hin khong ha mangan trong khu v c nghin cu phn b tp
trung thanh 06 vng qung l Tng Ng - Bn mc, M Phc - Lng Ric, Tc Tt - Rng
Thy - Bn Khung, Nc Cu - Ht Pan-Lng Lung - Phia Hng; Bng Ca v H Lang. Cc
khong vt ch yu ca mangan trong khu vc nghin cu l psilomelan, pirolusit, manganit, braunit,
hausmanit, rodochrosit, rodonit
Thnh phn ha hc ca mangan trong cc qung rt a dng, ty thuc vo v tr ca
cc thn qung kp trong vy quanh. Hm lng Mn trong cc thn qung dao ng t 5,88
n 52,41%, trung bnh 15 - 35%, phn b thuc loi tng i n nh n khng n nh.
Qung thuc loi ngho n trung bnh, c bit c thu knh qung thuc loi giu. Hm lng
TFe t 1,05 n 26,14%, trung bnh 3 5% n 8 -10%, t l Mn/Fe t 2 - 5. Hm lng P
tng i thp, t 0,017 n 0,34%, c bit c ni hm lng P trn 1%.
- Tng ti nguyn qung magan khu vc nghin cu c th t trn 6.600 ngn tn;
trong ti nguyn xc nh t khong 4.000 ngn tn v phn b ch yu Tc Tt, tip
337
n l Rong Thy, Lng Lung v t hn l Kha Khoang, Lng Phy. Ti nguyn d bo
t khong 2.600 ngn tn v ch yu phn b khu Bn Khung, tip theo l khu Nc Cu
v khu H Lang. y l cc din tch cn u t iu tra nh gi trong thi gian ti.
- T kt qu phn tch thnh khong vt, ha hc cho thy qung mangan khu vc
nghin cu, sau tuyn lm giu c th p ng yu cu cho cng nghip ha cht v sn xut
pin kh; cng nghip luyn kim. i vi qung ngho c th s dng lm nguyn liu b tr
cho l luyn gang, hoc nguyn liu tr dung trong l Martin.
i vi qung mangan ngho, kh tuyn cng c th s dng lm nguyn liu b tr
cho luyn kim. Do vy, i vi cc loi qung c hm lng Mn t 4- 5%; c bit qung eluvi
deluvi, qung kt hch cng cn c nghin cu nh gi.
- Nhn chung, cng tc iu tra, thm d, khai thc v ch bin qung mangan khu
vc nghin cu cn nhiu hn ch, hin cha c qui hoch tng th v cha khai thc ht tim
nng khong sn ni chung, qung mangan ni ring trong khu vc. V vy, hiu bit ton
din v y c im phn b, cht lng cng nh tim nng ti nguyn qung mangan
phc v quy hoch thm d, khai thc, ch bin v s dng hp l chng l ht sc cn thit
v c bit quan trng. y l nhim v cn thit nhm khai thc c hiu qu ngun ti
nguyn khong s n ni chung, qung mangan ni ring phc v pht trin kinh t x hi
khng ch cho khu vc nghin cu, m cn c ngha trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x
hi ca tnh Cao Bng v vng ng Bc nc ta.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. ng Ca v nnk, 1972. Bo co thm d t m m mangan Tc Tt. Lu tr TT lu tr -
T liu a cht, H Ni.
[2]. Phm nh Long v nnk, 1974. Bo co a cht t Chinh Si- Long Tn t l 1:200.000.
Lu tr TT lu tr - T liu a cht, H Ni.
[3]. Phan Hu Lut v nnk,1976. Thuyt minh bn a cht v khong sn nhm t Trng
Khnh, Cao Bng t l 1: 50.000. Lu tr TT lu tr - T liu a cht, H Ni.
[4]. Nguyn Cng Thun v nnk, 2005. Bo co tm kim t m m mangan Rng thy, Lng
Lung. Lu tr TT lu tr - T liu a cht, H Ni.
[5]. Mc Ma T v n nk , 1 9 7 7 . Bo co k t q u tm kim s b mangan Bng Ca - Bn
Khung-M Phc- Bn Mc-Nc Cu- Ht Pan. Lu tr TT lu tr - T liu a cht, H Ni.
SUMMARY
Spatial distribution and quality of maganese
in Tra Linh Trung Khanh area, Cao Bang province
Nguyen Phuong, University of Mining and Geology
Do Van Thanh, Northern Geological Mapping Division
Nguyen Van Duong, Mirex Company
By processing, analyzing and synthesizing available regional geological data,
prospecting, exploration, and mining data, this paper summarizes spatial distribution,
composition, potential and orientation for using manganese in the study area are introduced.
Geological structure is quite complicated. Maganese is the sedimentary-type deposit.
Stratigraphy and peotrology play crucial roles in the formation and distribution of maganese
in the area. Maganese of industrial value is only distributed in the Toc Tat formation. In other
two formations, primary ore is in the form of thin layers or in manganese-bearing siliceous
layers.
Ore minerals are psilomelane, pirolusite, maganite, braunite, hausmanite,
rodochrosite, rodonite. Content of Mn in ore bodies and ore zones varies from 5.88 to 5.41%
(15 - 35% in average). It is stable to unstable variation; ratio of Mn/Fe from 2 - 5; P content
338
remains low, which varies from 0.017 to 0.34%. Ore content is low to moderate, partly rich in
lens of ore.
Potential for maganese in the study are is quite high (to be predicted as 6.600
thousand tons)in which about 4.400 thousand tons (proved resources) are distributed in Toc
Tat, Roong Thay, Lung Thuong areas, and fewer in Khua Khoang, Lung Phay; 2.600
thousand tons (predicted resources) in occurred Ban Khuong, Noc Cu and Ha Lang areas.
Enriched maganese ore after processing can meet the requirements for chemical
substance and dried-battery production and metallurgy industries. Low-grade ore could be
used as material for steel refining and solute in Martin oven. It could also be used as
supplement material for steel refining with no sifting capability.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Bi Hong Bc

339

P DNG PHNG PHP TON LOGIC V PHNG PHP PHN
TCH DENGRAMM TRONG X L TI LIU A HO NGUYN
SINH KHU M NG T PHI, LO CAI

Phan Vit Sn, Nguyn Tin Dng, Nguyn Duy Hng
Trng Hu Mnh, Trng i hc M - a cht
Nguyn Xun n, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Tm tt: M ng T Phi, tnh Lo Cai v ang c cc nh a cht quan tm v
nghin cu. Cc thng s a cht lin quan n qung ha ca m nh a ha, khong vt,
thch hc v tnh cht cng ngh c nghin cu tng i chi tit trong cc giai on
iu tra v thm d. Trong nhng ti liu trn th ti liu a ha kim lng nguyn sinh c
ngha rt ln cho cng tc tm kim, cng nh gip cc nh a cht hiu thm v ngun gc
qung ha khu m. Tuy nhin, cha c ti liu no cp vic p dng cc bi ton a cht
x l ngun ti liu a ha nguyn sinh ni trn. Trong phm vi bi bo ny, h phng
php ton logic v phn tch Dengramm c c p dng x l ti liu a ha nguyn
sinh khu m ng T Phi,. Kt qu x l 1434 mu a ho nguyn sinh ca khu m cho thy
cc nguyn t c quan h kh cht ch vi nhau, c bit chng to thnh hai t hp cc
nguyn t ng sinh gm Ni, Co, Cr v Pb, Zn, Cu. Kt qu ban u ny cho thy c th c
hai qu trnh to qung ring bit xy ra trong khu m nghin cu.
1. t vn
M ng T Phi thuc a phn hnh chnh x T Phi, thnh ph Lo Cai,
tnh Lo Cai, thuc s n pha ng dy ni Cam Thng, vi din tch khong 4km
2
.
M nm cnh ng bc ca phc np li Hong Lin Sn, thuc n v cu tr c
Phan Si Pan, c cu thnh ch yu bi cc thnh to trm tch bin cht ca h tng
Sin Quyn v cc th magma xm nhp kch thc nh cha r tui nm cnh khi
magma xm nhp kch thc ln ca phc h PoSen.
Hin nay m ng T Phi ang c thm d chun b a vo khai thc, cc
ti liu phn tch v a ho, khong vt, thch hc, ho hc v tnh cht cng ngh
ca ng c nghin cu tng i chi tit trong cc bo co iu tra nh gi,
tm kim, thm d ca Dng Quc Lp (2002), Bi Xun nh (2007).
Cc kt qu phn tch a ho kim lng nguyn sinh trong phm vi khu m v
vng ln cn c cc nh a cht Lin on a cht Intergeo x l v v c
cc vnh d thng a ho cc nguyn t nh Au, Cu, Co, Mo v Pb. Cc vnh d
thng trn bc u gip cho cng tc tm kim v thm d t hiu qu, song
cha c tc gi no nghin cu x l kt qu phn tch a ho bng phng php ton
logic v phng php phn tch Dengramm xc nh t hp cc nguyn t ng
sinh trong khu m. Do , cc tc gi chn phng php ton Logic v phng php
phn tch Dengramm gii quyt vn nu trn.
2. Phng php ton Logic v phng php phn tch Dengramm
Ni dung phng php ton logic v phng php phn tch Dengramm c th tm tt
nh sau:
Bc 1: T kt qu phn tch quang ph bn nh lng theo tp mu, tin hnh
thit lp ma trn (
ij
) di dng "0" v "1". Hng t c gi tr "1" l hng t tng ng
vi mu i; nguyn t "j" c kt qu phn tch ln hn tr s Clark (hoc nn a ha khu
vc). Trng hp ngc li, hng t c gi tr "0" trong ma trn (
ij
).
340
Bc 2: Da vo ma trn (
ij
) xc l p ma trn tn s xut hin ng thi nguyn t
trong tp mu nghin cu v xc nh t hp cc nguyn t c gi tr thng tin cao theo
phng php phn tch t n s xut hin mu ca D. Djefri theo cc cng thc:
=
=
k
1 i
2
ij j
n
k
1
N
1
I (1)
trong : N - S lng mu
k - S nguyn t nghin cu
n
ij
- Tn s xut hin ng thi nguyn t hoc thng s nghin cu i v j.
Gi tr thng tin tng I
m
b sung theo tun t m = 1, 2, 3,... c tnh theo cng thc:
=
=
m
j
j m
I I
1
2
(2)
trong : I
j
: L gi tr thng tin t hp ca nguyn t j c sp xp theo th t
I
j
gim dn.
m: L t hp cc nguyn t c gi tr thng tin cao c chn vi xc sut cho
trc.
Trong thc t, nguyn t c gi tr tin cao khng ng ngha vi nguyn t ch
th trong a ha, bi v trong din tch tm kim do tri qua lch s pht trin a
cht rt lu di c th c nhiu thi k khong ha chng ln nhau thuc nhiu kiu
khong ha c ngun gc khc nhau. c bit trong ly mu a ha th sinh th vn
ny cn tr nn phc tp hn. tin n la chn t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh
cn tin hnh cc bc tip sau.
Bc 3: - Tin hnh phn tch tng quan hn ch trong s cc nguyn t c gi
tr tin cao.
- Thit lp ma trn gc [X] ca m nguyn t c gi tr tin cao ca n mu.
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
nm n n n
m
m
m
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
X
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
...
...
3 2 1
3 33 32 31
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11

- Thnh lp ma trn tng quan cp theo cng thc:

(
(
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=

= = = =
= = =
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1 1 1
1 1
1
n
i
n
i
i
n
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
xy
y
n
y x
n
x
y x
n
y x
r
(3)
Ma trn tng quan cp c dng:
341
| |
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 ... r r r
... ... ... ... ...
r ... r 1 r
r ... r r 1
R
3 m 2 m 1 m
m 2 3 2 1 2
m 1 3 1 2 1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x

- Ghi nhn cc cp nguyn t c quan h tng quan thun (r
xy
>0) cht ch
theo tiu chun
2
r 1
2 N r
2
>
tin hnh lin kt chng vi gi thit chng c quan

h ng sinh trong iu kin ngoi sinh.
iu kin trn ch p dng vi iu kin ngoi sinh. Cn trong iu kin ni sinh
th khi r
xy
<0 vi quan h cht ch cng c th l ng sinh (A.B.Vixteliux, 1963).
Nh php phn tch tng quan ny c th bc u nhn thc c cc t hp
nguyn t ng sinh c mt trong tp hp m nguyn t c gi tr tin cao.
Bc 4: - Phn tch Dengramm: Chnh l s dng chm hay dng phn
nhnh cnh cy c s dng phn nh mi lin h gia cc i tng t m ng
nhiu i tng. Cc i tng c chia thnh nhnh trong Dengramm da theo
nguyn tc mc ging nhau v cc tnh cht c quan st. Nhim v trung tm
trong bc ny l ghp nhm cc nguyn t trong tp hp m nguyn t c gi tr tin
cao. Vic ghp nhm c thc hin nh h s tng t (d
ij
).
( )
=
m
1 k
2
jk ik
ij
m
x x
d (4)
trong : x
ij
- Gi tr ca bin lng k ca i tng i.
x
ik
- Gi tr ca bin lng k ca i tng j.
Gi tr d
ij
cng nh th mc ging nhau cng ln.
Ngoi h s d
ij
c th s dng h s arcos(r
xy
) c xc lp t ma trn tng
quan ca bc 3, gi tr arcos(r
xy
) cng nh th mc tng t cng ln.
Nh phng php phn tch Dengramm ny ta c th kim tra v la chn
nhng t hp nguyn t ng sinh xc lp s b bc 3 v c c nhn thc v
mi lin quan gia cc t hp nguyn t vi nhau.
3. Kt qu p dng phng php
Trn c s cc bc xut nu trn, chng ti tin hnh x l ti liu a ha
thu nhn c trong din tch nghin cu, kt qu nh sau:
Ti khu m T Phi tin hnh ly v phn tch quang ph bn nh lng
1434 mu kim lng nguyn sinh. Kt qu x l ti liu nhn c cc gi tr thng
tin I
j
v thng tin t hp I
m
nh sau:
| |
224 , 0
;
280 , 0
;
313 , 0
;
382 , 0
;
406 , 0
;
459 , 0
;
500 , 0
;
541 , 0
;
547 , 0
Mo Zr Ti Cr Zn Co Cu Pb Ni
I
j
= ;
000 , 0
;
001 , 0
;
001 , 0
;
001 , 0
;
004 , 0
;
100 , 0
;
124 , 0
;
145 , 0
Li La Ce W Bi Sn Nb Ba

| |
168 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
103 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
026 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
918 , 0
) , , (
;
769 , 0
) , (
;
547 , 0
Cr Pb Ni Zn Pb Ni Co Pb Ni Cu Pb Ni Pb Ni Ni
I
m
= ;
342
275 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
269 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
261 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
241 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
209 , 1
) ,..., , ( Nb Pb Ni Ba Pb Ni Mo Pb Ni Zr Pb Ni Ti Pb Ni
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , (
;
279 , 1
) ,..., , ( Li Pb Ni La Pb Ni Ce Pb Ni W Pb Ni Bi Pb Ni Sn Pb Ni

T kt qu tnh ton trn, nu coi t hp cc nguyn t bo m 100%
lng thng tin th c th ghi nhn dy thng tin 6 nguyn t: Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Zn, Cr l
c gi tr thng tin cao vi xc sut trn 90%.
Kt qu phn tch tng quan v phn tch Dengramm gia cc nguyn
t c gi tr tin cao trong trng a ha khu vc T Phi c tng hp bng 1 v th
hin hnh 1.
Bng 1. Ma trn tng quan cp gia cc nguyn t
tp mu kim lng khu vc T Phi
Nguyn t Ni Cr Co Pb Cu Zn
Ni - 0,450 0,665 0,067 0,323 0,306
Cr 1,104 - 0,396 0,030 0,207 0,231
Co 0,843 1,164 - 0,199 0,204 0,267
Pb 1,503 1,540 1,370 - 0,497 0,252
Cu 1,241 1,363 1,365 1,050 - 0,193
Zn 1,259 1,338 1,301 1,316 1,377 -
Ghi ch: - Phn trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn l h s tng quan r
xy
.
- Phn di ng cho chnh ca ma trn l gi tr arcos r
xy
.

Hnh 1. S phn tch Dengramm v kt hp vi phn tch tng quan
gia cc nguyn t trong trng a ha khu vc T Phi

343
T kt qu tnh ton bng 1 v hnh 1 cho thy cc nguyn t c quan h kh
cht ch vi nhau, c th xc lp c t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh gm Ni, Co, Cr
v Pb, Zn, Cu tng ng vi hai qu trnh khong ho chng vi hai nhm nguyn
t khng hon ton tch bit l (Cu-Ni-Cr-Co) v (Cu-Pb-Zn).
4. Tho lun
Vic nghin cu p dng cc phng php ton trong nghin cu a cht v
ang mang li nhiu ngha, gp phn nng cao hiu qu cng tc tm kim, thm d
khong sn rn, cng nh hiu r hn v bn cht qung ha.
Kt qu p dng h phng php ton logic v phn tch Dengramm x l
1434 mu a ho nguyn sinh ca khu m T Phi, tnh Lo Cao cho thy c 6
nguyn t c gi tr thng tin cao vi xc sut trn 90% l Ni, Pb, Cu, Co, Zn v Cr.
Cc nguyn t ny c h s tng quan cp kh cht ch vi nhau v c bit chng
to thnh hai t hp cc nguyn t ng sinh gm (Ni, Co, Cr) v (Pb, Zn, Cu). Kt
qu ban u ny cho thy c th c hai qu trnh to qung ring bit xy ra trong khu
m nghin cu. Vic nghin cu hiu r hn nhn nh ny cn c nhng phn tch
c th hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Bi Xun nh v nnk., 2007. nh gi trin vng qung ng v cc khong sn
khc khu vc T Phi, th x Cam ng, tnh Lo Cai. Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[2]. Dng Quc Lp v nnk., 2002. Bo co o v bn a cht v iu tra khong
sn nhm t Lo Cai t l 1:50.000. Lu tr a cht, H Ni.
[3]. ng Vn Nh v nnk., 1997. Phng php x l thng tin a cht nghin cu
iu tra a cht, Bi ging lp NCS v Cao hc, Trng i hc M - a cht, H
Ni.

SUMMARY
Application of logistics and dengramm analysis for rock geochemical data processing at
Ta Phoi copper deposit, Lao Cai province
Phan Viet Son, Nguyen Tien Dung, Nguyen Duy Hung
Truong Huu Manh, University of Mining and Geology
Nguyen Xuan An, Ministry of natural resources and environment
TaPhoi copper deposit, Lao Cai province, has been studied by many geologists. A lot
of geological information concerning to mineralization such as geochemitry, minerals,
petrography and industrial properties had been studied in detail by recentinvestigation and
exploration activities. Among those,geochemistry is an important information for prospecting
minerals as well as =underatanding of origin of mineralization. However, there is no
research on applying mathematicsfor processing of numerous geochemical data available.In
this paper, logistics and Dengramm methods are used to analyse the rock geochemical data
in Ta Phoicopper deposits. Results indicate that sm elements have a strong relationship with
each other and form two correlated groups including Ni-Co-Cr and Cu-Pb-Zn, indicating
thatthere might be two seperated ore forming periods in the study area.


344

C IM QUNG HA V TIM NNG
QUNG CH-KM KHU VC BN VAI BN RAN, CAO BNG
Nguyn Anh Tun, Tng cc a cht v Khong sn
Lng Quang Khang,

Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Qung ch-km khu vc Bn Vai Bn Ran (Cao Bng) c bit n t lu,
nhng cha c iu tra chi titKt qu tm kim nh gi pht hin v nh gi c 9
thn qung ch-km phn b trong cc trm tch carbonat xen trm tch lc nguyn thuc
h tng N B (D1? Nb). Qung ch-km c ngun gc nhit dch nhit thp n trung
bnh. Chiu dy cc thn qung khng n nh, thay i t 1,35m n 7,52m. Thnh phn
khong vt qung nguyn sinh l sphalerit, galenit, pyrit, chalcopyrit v arsenopyrit, cc
khong vt qung th sinh l anglezit, gtit, smitsonit, hydrogtit v khong vt phi qung c
calcit, dolomit v thch anh. Hm lng Pb+Zn trung bnh trong cc thn qung dao ng t
3,6% n 6,93%. Tng tim nng ti nguyn ch -km khu vc Bn Vai Bn Ran cp
333+334a l 173.656 tn kim loi Pb+Zn, trong ti nguyn cp 333 l 99.163 tn kim
loi Pb+Zn. Ngoi ra, cn nh gi c 248.799 tn BaSO4 cp ti nguyn 333+334a,
trong cp 333 l 154.868 tn.
1. t vn
Cng tc iu tra, nh gi qung ch-km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran c tin hnh
t nm 2007. Kt qu iu tra pht hin v nh gi c 9 thn qung ch-km c ngun
gc nhit dch nhit thp n trung bnh v phn b trong cc trm tch carbonat xen
trm tch lc nguyn thuc h tng N B (D
1
? nb). c nhng nhn thc ng n v to
c s khoa hc phc v cng tc thm d, khai thc v ch bin qung ch-km khu vc Bn
Vai - Bn Ran, Cao Bng th vic nghin cu lm sng t c im qung ha v tim nng
ti nguyn qung ch-km trong khu vc nghin cu ng vai tr quan trng v rt cn thit.
2. c im a cht v c im cc thn qung ch km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran
2.1. a tng
Tham gia vo cu trc a cht khu vc Bn Vai Bn Ran bao gm cc thnh to
trm tch carbonat xen lc nguyn c xp vo h tng N B (D
1
?nb)
H tng N B c Mai Th Truyn xc lp nm 1997 v gm 3 tp t di ln trn
nh sau:
- Tp 1: thnh phn thch hc ch yu phin thch anh - mica xen t phi n calcit -
mica, vi hoa ha ht nh, sng mu, cu to phn lp dy n dng khi, kin trc vi ht
bin tinh. Dy 470m.
- Tp 2: thnh phn gm vi ti kt tinh b bin i thch anh ho, dolomit ho, trong
c cha cc thn qung sulfur ch -km xen phin calcit, phin calcit -mica, cu to
phn lp dy n dng khi, kin trc ht bin tinh, trong c cha cc thn qung barit,
thu knh hoa mu trng. Dy 480m.
- Tp 3: thnh phn thch hc gm ch yu phin thch anh -mica, cu to phn
phin, phin calcit-phlogopit mu xm vng xen t vi hoa ha sng mu, cu to phn
lp dy. Dy 580m.
2.2. Magma xm nhp
Trong khu vc nghin cu ch gp mt s khi xm nhp nh c xp vo phc h
Phia Bioc, pht tri n dc theo cc t gy vi thnh phn gm cc granit biotit dng
porphyr, granit biotit ht nh, granit sng mu.
345

Hnh 1. S a cht khong sn khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran
2.3. Kin to
Khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran nm gn t gy su phn i Trng Km -Sng Nng,
pht trin theo phng ty bc - ng nam. Dc t gy su ny thng xut hin cc m ch-
km c qui m cng nghip. Trong khu vc nghin cu pht trin cc h thng t gy
phng ty bc - ng nam, ng bc - ty nam v kinh tuyn.
- H thng t gy phng ty bc - ng nam: pht trin trong khu N Vi. y l
t gy ln, pht trin dc sng Bc Ngng, gy nn i dp v rng hng trm mt dc theo
hai bn t gy. t gy ny c ghi nhn trong bo co kt qu o v bn a cht t
l 1/50000 nhm t Bo Lc ca Mai Th Truyn vi tn gi l t gy Sc Ng - Lng Lim
346
- H thng t gy ng bc - ty nam: Trong khu vc nghin cu, h thng t gy
phng ng bc - ty nam pht trin kh mnh m. Cc t gy xut hin sau qu trnh to
qung, lm phc tp ha cu trc a cht khu vc, ph hu v lm dch chuyn cc thn
qung. Dc theo cc t gy, cc b bin i v dp v mnh.
- H thng t gy kinh tuyn: y l cc t gy nh nhng li c s lin quan trc
tip n cc thn qung ch-km (hnh 1).
2.4. c im cc thn qung ch-km
Kt qu iu tra nh gi khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran xc nh c 9 thn qung
ch-km, trong khu nam Bn B c 7 thn qung, khu Bn Vai - Bn Ran c 1 thn qung
v khu N Vi c 1 thn qung. Cc thn qung ch -km c dng va, thnh phn khong vt
qung n gin, cht lng qung t loi trung bnh. Qung ch yu c hm lng km cao
hn hm lng ch.
- Khu nam Bn B : Cc thn qung ch -km trong khu nam Bn B c chiu di 130-
190m, chiu dy trung bnh 4,56-7,52m, thn qung cm v ng, ng bc vi gc dc thay
i 35-45
0
. Thn qung nm trong vi ht nh, b dp v, b thch anh ho, dolomit ho.
Qung c cu to xm tn, cu to di, xm tn theo di, mch nh v vi mch; kin trc ht
tha hnh, na t hnh v t hnh, kch thc tinh th khong 0,01-2mm. Khong vt qung ch
yu gm sphalerit, galenit, pyrit, arsenopyrit, chalcopyrit, pyrotin. Khong vt mch ch yu
gm calcit, barit, dolomit, thch anh. mt s thn qung, ranh gii gia thn qung v
vy quanh khng r rng, vi c phn chia ranh g ii thn qung v vy quanh ch yu da
vo kt qu phn tch. Hm lng trung bnh: Pb = 0,59-6,90%, Zn =0,03-3,28%, Pb+Zn =
3,6-6,93%, Ag =16-52,5 g/T, As =0,001-0,13%, Cd =0,0037-0,0097%.
- Khu Bn Vai - Bn Ran: Trong khu nghin cu pht hin c 1 thn qung ch-km,
thn qung dng va nm gn chnh hp trong vi ti kt tinh b thch anh ho, dolomit
ho. Thn qung ko di 70m, dy 2,25m, cm v pha ng bc vi gc dc 20-25. Thnh
phn khong vt qung gm: galenit, sphalerit, pyrit, chalcopyrit; khong vt phi qung ch
yu l calcit, thch anh v dolomit. Cu to qung ch yu dng di v xm tn theo di.
Qung c kin trc ht dng tha hnh, ht t hnh, ht na t hnh. Hm lng Pb+Zn =
3,62%, trong Pb = 3,24%, Zn =0,38%.
- Khu N Vi: khu N Vi pht hin 1 thn qung v 2 thn khong ha Pb-Zn phn
b phn thp ca a hnh c cao tuyt i 350-450m, cc thn qung v khong ha
nm chnh hp trong vi b bin i thch anh ho, dolomit ho, barit ha v c th nm
55 20. Cc thn qung ko di t 200 -400m, chiu dy trung bnh khong 1,35 -5,5m.
Qung c cu to dng xm tn, dng di, kin trc ht t hnh, ht na t hnh, ht tha hnh.
Thnh phn khong vt qung ch yu l galenit, sphalerit, pyrit, chalcopyrit; khong vt phi
qung ch yu l calcit, dolomit, thch anh. Hm lng Pb+Zn t 2,8-5,6%.
3. c im qung ha ch-km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran
3.1. Thnh phn khong vt qung
Tng hp cc kt qu phn tch khong tng, thch hc, nhit bao th... cho thy
thnh phn khong vt qung ch-km trong khu vc nghin cu khng phc tp. Cc khong
vt qung nguyn sinh ch yu l sphalerit, galenit, pyrit, arsenopyrit, chalcopyrit. Cc
khong vt qung th sinh l anglesit, gtit, smitsonit, hydrogtit...
- Pyrit (FeS
2
): l khong vt c tn s xut hin rt cao, gp tt c cc mu, vi hm
lng thay i t 3-38%, ph bin hm lng t 10-20%. Pyrit c dng ht t hnh, na t
hnh, tha hnh vi kch thc cc ht t 0,01 -1,5 mm, tn t i di dng xm tn khng u,
hoc xm tn dy ko di nh hng mt phng.
347
- Sphalerit (ZnS): l khong vt rt ph bin, tn s xut hin ln ti 95%, hm lng
sphalerit trong cc mu khong tng thay i t 3 -40%. Sphalerit ch yu tn ti dng h t
tha hnh vi kch thc t 0,01-1,5mm, c dng xm tn khng u hoc to thnh di ko di
xen ln pyrit. Sphalerit c quan h ng sinh vi galenit v cng galenit thay th gm mn
pyrit.
- Galenit (PbS): l khong vt rt ph bin gp tt c cc m u, hm lng thay i
t t n 10%. Galenit tn ti dng ht tha hnh vi kch thc ht khng u t 0,01-1,0mm,
c dng xm tn li ti thnh m ht, xm tn dy thnh mch hoc lp y khe nt to vi
mch trong nn . Galenit i cng sphalerit v thay th gm mn pyrit.
- Arsenopyrit (FeAsS): c mc ph bin t hn galenit, hm lng trong mu
khong tng t t n 3%, ph bin l 1-2%. Arsenopyrit c dng ht t hnh, kch thc ht
0,05-1mm, phn b ri rc trong nn xen ln v i cng vi pyr it, mt s ht b sphalerit
gm mn thay th. Arsenopyrit c quan h ng sinh vi pyrit.
- Chalcopyrit (CuFeS
2
): l khong vt t ph bin, tn s xut hin 25%, hm lng rt
t, tn ti dng ht tha hnh vi kch thc t 0,1-0,2 mm, c dng xm tn li ti trong khong
vt phi qung v c quan h ng sinh vi galenit v sphalerit.
Ngoi cc khong vt trn, trong qung cn c mt s khong vt rt t ph bin khc
nh burnonit, ng xm, pyrotin, bulangerit.
3.2. Cu to, kin trc qung
Qung sulfur ch-km trong khu vc nghin cu c cu to n gin, cc kiu cu to
c pht hin theo mc t ph bin n t ph bin gm: cu to xm tn, xm tn nh
hng, xen lp, di, mch, vi mch v lp y.
- Cu to dng xm tn: l dng cu to ph bin nht, xut hin hu ht trong cc
mu phn tch. Tu thuc vo mt cc phn b trong mu m c tn gi khc nhau ( xm
tn tha, xm tn dy, xm tn u v xm tn khng u). Qung xm tn gm cc khong
vt c kin trc tha hnh, na t hnh.
- Cu to di: l cu to ph bin c hnh thnh do qu trnh ho tan cc khong vt
carbonat theo mt lp, ng thi l s kt ng nhng khong vt sulfur ch -km di tc
dng ca dung dch nhit dch, hay l s trao i thay th nhng khong vt qung cu to di
c trc bng nhng khong vt qung c sau (khong vt pyrit c thay th bng galenit v
sphalerit). Thn qung cu to di thng c hm lng khng giu, nhng c kch thc ln
v n nh.
- Cu to mch, vi mch v cu to lp y: l cu to tng i ph bin, c hnh
thnh do qu trnh cc khong vt qung xuyn ct lp y vo cc khe nt, l hng ca
c trc hoc do cc khong vt qung xm tn lp nht vo cc khe nt, cc vi khe nt ca
to thnh cc mch qung v vi mch qung. Cc mch chiu dy khng n nh (dao ng
t 0,01 n vi cm) di dng mch phc tp.
Nhm kin trc ht kt tinh l kiu kin trc c trng ca khu vc nghin cu, bao
gm: ht t hnh, ht na t hnh, ht tha hnh, ...
- Kin trc ht t hnh: v mt s lng kin trc ny khng chim u th trong mu,
nhng phn b rt rng v c kch thc tng i ln. cc khong vt c kch thc t hnh
thng l pyrit, arsenopyrit.
- Kin trc ht na t hnh v kin trc ht tha hnh: gp vi s lng ln nht v ph
bin nht. Chng c hnh thnh trong iu kin nng vt cht cao, kch thc ht khng
ln, thng giao ng trong khong 0,1-0,4mm. Kiu kin trc ht tha hnh hay gp trong
khong vt sphalerit, galenit, pyrit, chalcopyrit.
3.3. Th t sinh thnh v t hp cng sinh khong vt
T hp cng sinh khong vt qung nguyn sinh hnh thnh theo 3 giai on:
- Giai on I: l giai on u tin c t hp cc khong vt thch anh - barit.
348
- Giai on II: l giai on pht trin t hp cng sinh khong vt pyrit v arsenopyrit.
- Giai on III : l giai o n thnh to t hp khong vt qung sphalerit, galenit,
chalcopyrit, arsenopyrit, pyrotin,....
3.4. c im cc bin i nhit dch vy quanh thn qung ch-km
Hin tng bin i nhit dch pht trin mnh m khu Bn B vi chiu su ln
hn 160m, chiu rng 200300m, gm cc hin tng sau:
- Hin tng dolomit ha xy ra mnh m trong i vi ht nh b dp v v him hn
trong phi n calcit -mica mu en. bin i dolomit ha c mu nu g , nu , nu
nht, cu to dng loang l, kin trc ht t hnh, na t hnh, ht bin tinh, thay th, dolomit
thay th xen k khng u cng v i calcit. Tu thu c vo mc b in i, hm lng
dolomit thay i t vi phn trm n 18%.
- Hin tng thch anh ha l qu trnh bin i nhit dch ph bin nht, to nn cc ,
m thch anh thay th dng di i cng cc khong vt qung, i ch to cc tinh th ri rc
nh xm tn hoc khm trn nn calcit, dolomit. Thch a nh vi ht tha hnh, lng tr na t
hnh, t hn dng lng tr t hnh v thng cha cc bao th kh -lng v bao th lng-kh.
Qu trnh thnh to qung ch-km lun i cng vi qu trnh thch anh ho.
- Hin tng sericit ha xy ra kh mnh m trong hu khp cc xung quanh v ngay
c trong thn qung. Sericit thng c dng vy nh, kch thc 0,01-0,3mm, khng mu, sp
xp nh hng song song, xen k u vi calcit, i ch tp trung thnh vi di.
3.5. Ngun gc thnh to qung sulfur ch-km
Da vo t hp cng sinh khong vt qung nguyn sinh, qui lut phn b qung,
quan h ca cc mch qung vi vy quanh, c im bin i nhit dch vy quanh v
kt qu mu phn tch bao th kh-lng ca khong vt thch anh trong thn qung ch-km
cho thy qung ch-km c ngun gc nhit dch nhit t trung bnh n thp.
4. Tim nng ti nguyn qung ch-km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran
Kt qu tnh ti nguyn cp 333+334
a
ca 9 thn qung ch-km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn
Ran l 3.850.000 tn, tng ng vi ti nguyn kim loi Pb+Zn cp 333+334
a
l 173.656 tn,
trong ti nguyn kim loi Pb+Zn cp 333 l 99.163 tn. Ti nguyn d bo cp 334
b
cc
nguyn t i km vi qung ch-km gm: Ag l 148,75 tn, Cd l 236,3 tn v As l 1.955,8
tn. Ngoi ra, cn nh gi c 248.799 tn BaSO
4
cp ti nguyn 333+334
a
, trong cp
333 l 154.868 tn BaSO
4
.
5. Kt lun
- Khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran tn ti 9 thn qung ch-km phn b trong cc trm
tch carbonat xen trm t ch lc nguyn thuc h tng N B (D
1
? nb). Qung ch-km c
ngun gc nhit dch nhit thp n trung bnh. Chiu dy cc thn qung khng n nh
thay i t 1,35m n 7,52m. Thnh phn khong vt qung nguyn sinh l sphalerit, galenit,
pyrit, chalcopyrit, arsenopyrit, cc khong v t qung th sinh l anglesit, gtit, smitsonit,
hydrogtit v khong v t phi qung c calcit, dolomit, thch anh. Hm lng trung bnh
Pb+Zn trong cc thn qung dao ng t 3,6% n 6,93%.
- Tng tim nng ti nguyn ch-km khu vc Bn Vai - Bn Ran cp 333+334
a
l
173.656 tn kim loi Pb+Zn, trong ti nguyn cp 333 l 99.163 tn kim loi Pb+Zn.
Ngoi ra, cn nh gi c 248.799 tn BaSO
4
cp ti nguyn 333+334
a
, trong cp 333
l 154.868 tn BaSO
4
.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn Khc Hin v nnk, 2006. Bo co kt qu kt qu nh gi khong sn ch-km
khu vc Bn B, Cao Bng. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn. H Ni.
349
[2]. Nguyn Khc Hin v nnk, 2012. Bo co iu tra, nh gi qung ch-km khu vc Bn
Vai - Bn Ran, Bo Lm, Cao Bng. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn. Lu tr Tng
cc a cht v Khong sn. H Ni.
[3]. Mai Th Truyn v nnk, 1997. Bo co kt qu o v bn a cht - khong sn nhm
t Bo Lc t l 1/50.000. Lu tr Tng cc a cht v Khong sn. H Ni.
SUMMARY
Charateristics of lead-zinc ores and their potential
in Ban Vai Ban Ran area, Cao Bang province

Lead-zinc ores in Ban Vai - Ban Ran area have been investigated for long periods of
time bu have not been detailedly explorated. Results of exploration works have led to the
identification of 9 lead-zinc ore bodies that are hosted by carbonate interbeded with
terrigenous rocks of the N B Formation (D
1
? nb). The thickness of ore bodies is varied
from 1.35 to 7.52 m. The origin of the Pb-Zn ores is low-medium temperature hydrothermal
deposit. The mineral composition of primary ore includes sphalerite, galenite, pyrite,
chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite; the secondary ore consists of anglesite, goethite, smithsonite,
hydrogoethite. Opaque minerals include calcite, dolomite and quartz. The average content of
Pb and Zn in ore bodies varies from 3.6 to 6.93%. The total resource of lead-zinc ore in Ban
Vai - Ban Ran area at the 333+334
a
category is 173,656 tons, in which the 333 category
accounts for 99,163 tons. Besides, the of BaSO
4
resource at 333+334
a
categories are
estimated at 248,799 tons in which the 333 catergoy is of 154,868 tons of BaSO
4
.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Khng Th Hng

350

C IM CHT LNG V KH NNG S DNG ST
LM NGUYN LIU SN XUT XI MNG KHU VC NGC LC
THANH HA
Nguyn Trng Toan, Phan Vit Sn
Trng H u Mnh, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm t t: H tng C Ni (T
1
cn) khu vc Ngc Lc bao gm cc st kt, bt kt, phin
st, ct bt kt. Cc ny khi phong ha cho st mu xm vng, trng xm, xm nu pht tm
loang l. Da vo mc phong ha chia ra lp phong ha mnh c chiu dy t 8,5m n
30,1m v lp phong ha yu c chiu dy thay i t 2,0 n 8,5m. Kt qu nghin cu thnh
phn ha hc ca st phong ha khu vc Ngc Lc cho thy hm lng SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3

u t ch tiu lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng. Thnh phn c hi (MgO,

K
2
O, Na
2
O)
cho sn xut xi mng c hm lng thp v u nh hn gii hn cho php. Kt qu nghin
cu cho thy kt hp gia phong ho mnh v phong ho yu thuc h tng C Ni (T
1
cn)
khu vc Ngc Lc vi nguyn liu vi, qung st, than cm, thch cao c kh nng to
khong tt, c hot tnh nguyn liu cao, p ng yu cu lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng
poorlng PC50 t cht lng theo TCVN 2682 - 1999.
1. t vn
Ngc Lc l mt trong nhng huyn min ni ca tnh Thanh Ha c tim nng kh
ln v ti nguyn carbonat v st lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng. Trong s nghip
cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc th nhu cu v xi mng l rt ln, c bit l cc
huyn min ni ca tnh Thanh Ha. Theo quy hoch pht trin cng nghip xi mng Vit
Nam giai on 2011 - 2020 v nh hng n nm 2030 c Th tng Chnh ph ph
duyt theo Quyt nh s 1488/ Q-TTg ngy 29 thng 8 nm 2011, nh my xi mng Thanh
Sn (huyn Ngc Lc) l mt trong nhng d n c u t xy dng trong thi gian ti.
Khi nh my xi mng Thanh Sn hon thnh i vo s n xut s s dng ngun nguyn liu
sn c a phng v sn phm sn xut ra phc v ngay ti cc huyn min ni trong vng.
Bi bo lm sng t c im cht lng v kh nng s dng st lm nguyn liu sn
xut xi mng khu vc Ngc Lc - Thanh Ha.
2. Khi qut c im a cht khu vc Ngc Lc
2.1. c im a tng
Trn bn a cht - khong sn t Ngc Lc - Lang Chnh t l 1: 50.000, vng Ngc
Lc c mt cc thnh to trm tch lc nguyn v carbonat tui t Paleozoi, Mezozoi n
Kainozoi.
H tng Bn Ci (D
3
bc)
Cc trm tch ca h tng Bn Ci to thnh di ko di gn trung tm vng nghin
cu, phn b khu vc Lng Thau, lng Sam. Thnh phn thch hc gm ch yu l ct kt
ht nh mu trng xm xen cc lp phin mu xm, xm en, phin silic, bt kt, phn
trn c vi mu xm en, xm sng, phn lp khng u.
Trong phin cha di tch Tay cu n bo tn xu. Trn c s i snh vi mt ct
vng Bn Ci, cc tc gi xp vo tui Devon mun.
Chiu dy ca h tng 220m.
H tng Bc Sn (C - Pbc)
Cc trm tch ca h tng Bc Sn phn b pha ng bc vng nghin cu, l ra
khu vc ni M n lng Lai v lng Bng. Thnh ph n ch yu l vi mu xm, xm
sng, phn lp dy n dng khi. Trong vi pht hin cc ha thch Trng l nh tui
Carbon sm n Permi.
Chiu dy ca h tng l 750m
H tng Cm Thy (P
3
ct)
351
H tng Cm Thy phn b trn din tch kh rng pha ty bc v pha ty ty
nam vng nghin c u, l ra khu vc lng Ban n thn Minh Lin v t Phng Sn n
nng trng Lam Sn. Thnh phn ch yu l phun tro bazan olivin, thnh phn khong
vt ph bin l plagioclas, augit, khong vt ph c apatit, zircon.
Cc thnh to phun tro h tng Cm Thy ph bt chnh hp trn vi h tng Bc
Sn v nm di h tng Yn Duyt.
Chiu dy ca h tng t gn 1000m

H tng Yn Duyt (P
3
yd)
H tng Yn Duyt phn b trn din tch nh pha ng bc v pha nam vng
nghin cu v bao quanh cc trm tch h tng Cm Thy. Thnh phn ch yu gm ct kt,
bt kt, st kt, phin st, thu knh than.
Chiu dy ca h tng l 100m.
H tng C Ni (T
1
cn)
H tng C Ni do A.E.ovjikov v Bi Ph M xc lp nm 1965. Cc trm tch lc
nguyn ca h tng C Ni phn b trn din tch kh rng pha nam, ty nam vng Ngc
Lc. Thnh phn thch hc ch yu gm st kt, bt kt, phin st, ct bt kt mu xm
vng, nu nht, nu vng. Cc ca h tng C Ni bao gm st kt, bt kt, phin st khi
phong ha c mu xm vng, trng xm, xm nu pht tm loang l. y l tng nguyn liu
sn xut xi mng.
Chiu dy ca h tng t 500m n 700m
H T khng phn chia (Q)
Cc trm tch ca h T khng phn chia phn b ch yu pha ng nam vng
nghin cu, ngoi ra cn ri rc pha bc, ty bc. Thnh phn ch yu gm st, bt, ct,
sn. Chiu dy t 2 n 10m.
2.2. c im magma
magma trong vng Ngc Lc ch c phc h in Thng (GaaT
3
n t). Phc h
in Thng phn b gn trung tm vng nghin cu thuc x Minh Sn v x Cao Ngc
vi din tch khong 3 km
2
ko di theo phng gn ng ty. Thnh phn thch hc ch yu
l gabroolivin, gabronorit, gabroiaba. Thnh phn khong vt ch yu l plagioclaz: 80 -
87%, pyroxen: 8 - 10%, amfibol: 1 - 2%, khong vt ph gm: sphen, orthit, magnetit, zircon,
apatit, t khong vt qung. Thnh phn thch ha: SiO
2
: 40,49 - 41,2%; Al
2
O
3
: 1,75 - 1,87%;
Fe
2
O
3
: 2,72 - 2,95% ; FeO: 4,5 - 4,72% ; MgO: 35,7 - 38,2%; CaO: 3,52 - 3,78%; K
2
O: 0,07 -
0,12%; Na
2
O: 0,18 - 0,22%.
2.3. c im phong ha st
Da vo mc phong ho, t trn xung di c th chia ra cc lp sau:
a. Lp phong ho mnh
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy lp phong ho mnh phn b trn hu ht din tch ca h
tng C Ni, c thnh to do qu trnh phong ho ti ch gc c thnh phn ch yu l
st kt, phin st, bt kt xen kp cc lp mng ct bt kt. Mc phong ha mnh, yu
ph thuc vo dng a hnh v thnh phn thch hc ca , mc phong ho gim dn t
phin st, st bt kt n ct bt kt v gim dn theo chiu su. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy
lp st phong ha mnh c mu xm vng, tr ng xm, xm nu pht tm loa ng l, mm b.
Chiu dy ca lp phong ho mnh thay i t 8,5m n 30,1m.
b. Lp phong ha yu
Lp phong ho yu nm di lp phong ha mnh. Thnh phn ch yu l st kt,
bt kt, phin st xen kp cc lp mng ct bt kt. c mu xm, xm vng, nu g,
loang l xm trng, xm ghi. phong ha d dang n phong ha yu, khng u, tng i
mm, i ch kh cng. Lp phong ho va c chiu dy thay i t 2,0 n 8,5m.
352
c. gc : nm di cng c thnh phn ch yu l st, bt kt, xen
phin st v lp mng bt ct kt, gc cn kh ti, mu xm, xm ghi, xm en,
rn chc.
3. c im cht lng st
3.1. c im thch hc v thnh phn khong vt
3.1.1. c im thch hc
Theo kt qu nghin cu mu lt mng ly t cc lp gc v phong ho yu cho
thy trong khu vc nghin cu gm c nh sau:
- phin st: chim ch yu, mu xm, xm vng nht, xm pht tm loang l mu
xm trng. Cu to phn phin, kin trc st. Thnh phn khong vt c mnh vn gm sericit
t 70 - 75%, xi mng gm hydromica, oxyt st t 25 - 30%, thch anh rt t.
- St kt: mu xm, xm ghi, xm en, loang l mu xm trng. Cu to phn lp
mng, kin trc st. Thnh phn khong vt c t mnh vn gm thch anh t 1 - 2%, xi mng
gm hydromica, kaolinit t 79 - 92%, oxyt st, chlorit t 7 - 19%.
- St bt kt mu xm vng, nu vng. c cu to phn phin, kin trc st bt.
Thnh phn khong vt gm ht vn chim t 3 - 5%, ch yu l thch anh, xi mng chim 95
- 97% ch yu l khong vt st nh hydomica, oxyt silic.
- Bt kt mu xm, xm nu, vng nht b phong ho c mu xm nu, xm vng.
Cu to phn phin, kin trc bt. Thnh phn ht vn chim t 57 - 77% ch yu l thch
anh, silic; xi mng chi m 23 - 43% ch yu l khong vt st nh hydomica, kaolinit.
- Ct bt kt mu xmvng, xm en. Cu to phn phin, kin trc ct bt. Thnh phn gm
ht vn chimkhong 30 - 70%, ch yu l thch anh, silic, kch thc cc mnh vn t 0,015 -
0,2mm, cc mnh vn sc cnh, c mi tr n km. Xi mng gm hyromica, kaolinit, oxyt
silic chim 70 - 30%.
3.1.2. Thnh phn khong vt
Theo kt qu phn tch nhit, st c thnh phn khong vt gm ch yu l kaolinit (t
12 - 20%, c bit c mu 7%), hydromica (10 - 13%), chlorit (5- 7%) v hydrogtit (7 - 12%),
monmorilonit (5 - 11%)
Theo kt qu phn tch rnghen, st gm cc khong vt thch anh (38- 48% c bi t ti 56%),
kaolinit (8 - 10 n 19 - 21%), illit (9 - 14%), monmorilonit (4 - 8%, c bi t ti 10 - 12%), chlorit (4 - 8%),
gtit (t 6 - 8 n 10 - 12%) v felspat (3 - 7%).
3.2. Thnh phn ho hc
Kt qu phn tch mu ho c bn cc ch tiu l SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, K
2
O, Na
2
O, MKN
v nghin cu cc c trng thng k hm lng thnh phn ho hc ca st khu vc Ngc
Lc nh sau:
3.2.1. Tp mu chung
Kt qu nghin cu cc c trng thng k hm lng thnh phn ho hc ca st
khu vc Ngc Lc c tng hp bng 1.
Bng . Cc c trng thng k hm lng thnh phn ha hc chnh ca st
Gi tr
Hm lng cc thnh phn chnh (%)
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
Na
2
O K
2
O MKN
Ln nht 74,99 18,20 16,68 0,36 3,24 12,71
Nh nht 55,00 10,02 2,96 0,00 2,17 1,90
Trung bnh 68,38 13,70 7,09 0,04 2,61 5,39
H s bin thin 5,61 11,68 21,75 85,45 3,79 21,84

3.2.2. c im phn b thnh phn ha hc trong thn st
so snh cht lng ca lp st phong ha mnh vi lp st phong ha yu, tin
hnh x l thng k thnh phn ha c bn cho tp mu ly trong lp st phong ha mnh v
353
tp mu ly trong lp st phong ha yu. Kt qu x l thng k c tng hp bng 2 v
bng 3.
Bng 2 Cc c trng thng k hm lng thnh phn chnh ca lp st phong ha mnh
Gi tr
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
Na
2
O K
2
O MKN
Ln nht 74,99 18,20 16,69 0,36 3,42 8,44
Nh nht 54,34 10,02 3,13 0,00 2,17 2,81
Trung bnh 68,37 13,64 7,14 0,04 2,61 5,44
H s bin thin 5,32 10,61 21,72 93,36 4,27 20,63

Bng 3. Cc c trng thng k hm lng thnh phn chnh ca lp st phong ha yu
Gi tr
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
Na
2
O K
2
O MKN
Ln nht 74,66 15,77 8,73 0,13 2,76 12,45
Nh nht 63,62 10,62 2,99 0,00 2,47 3,28
Trung bnh 71,33 12,75 5,92 0,04 2,60 4,39
H s bin thin 3,25 10,31 16,91 68,42 2,22 26,65
T kt qu trnh by trn cho thy: Hm lng trung bnh thnh phn ha c bn gia
lp st phong ha mnh v lp st phong ha yu khc nhau khng nhiu v phn b tng
i ng u. Theo quy lut chung hm lng SiO
2
trong lp phong ha yu cao hn lp st
phong ha mnh, ngc li hm lng Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3

v MKN trong lp st phong ha mnh
cao hn lp st phong ha yu.
Kt qu mu ho ton din phn tch 13 ch tiu th thnh phn c hi cho sn xut xi
mng c hm lng thp v u nh hn gii hn cho php ca st lm nguyn liu sn xut
xi mng poorlang, c th: MgO t 0,54% n 1,65%, trung bnh 0,91%; SO
3
t 0,09% n
0,15%; MnO t 0,00% n 0,05%, trung bnh 0,02%; hm lng Cl
-
rt

thp t 0,0% n
0,01%; K
2
O +Na
2
O t 2,59% n 2,91%, trung bnh 2,67%. Hm lng tng kim u < 3%.
3.3. c tnh c l
Thn st nguyn li u c thnh phn ch yu l st kt, phin st, bt kt, ct bt kt
phong ho mnh v phong ho yu. Lp st phong ho mnh thng mm b, d v vn, cng
nh. Lp st phong ho yu c mu xm nu, xm pht vng, loang l nu sm do nhim
hydrocid st, d b v vn khi khoan, cng thay i t 1 n 4 theo thang cng Morh.. Kt
qu phn tch mu c l ca lp st phong ho mnh v lp st phong ho yu c tng hp
bng 4 v bng 5.
Bng 4. Tng hp kt qu phn tch mu c l ca lp st phong ho mnh
Gi tr
m
t nhin
(%)
Khi lng th tch
(g/cm
3
)
l rng
(%)
Gii hn
chy (%)
Gii hn
do (%)
t nhin kh
Ln nht 33,9 1,79 1,48 53,6 42,6 36,5
Nh nht 17,4 1,53 1,26 44,3 35,6 18,9
Trung bnh 21,88 1,65 1,35 49,64 39,2 26,47
Bng 5. Tng hp kt qu phn tch mu c l ca lp st phong ho yu
Gi tr
m
t nhin
(%)
Khi lng th tch
(g/cm
3
)
l rng
(%)
Gii hn
chy (%)
Gii hn
do (%)
t nhin kh
Ln nht 34,7 2,00 1,77 53,1 55,5 33,6
Nh nht 112,5 1,70 1,32 35,8 27,0 16,9
Trung bnh 21,39 1,83 1,52 44,27 40,3 23,99
354

4. Tnh cht cng ngh ca nguyn liu st
4.1. c im nguyn liu v ph gia
nh gi kh nng s dng st v vi khu vc Ngc Lc lm nguyn liu sn
xut xi mng, tin hnh nghin cu mu cng ngh.
Nguyn liu chnh th nghim mu cng ngh gm vi v st khu vc Ngc
Lc, kt hp vi qung st v ph gia cao silic, than cm v thch cao. Kt qu phn tch
thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu, tro than v ph gia c trnh by trong bng 6.
Bng 6. Thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu, tro than v ph gia
Nguyn liu
Hm lng ho hc (%)
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
CaO

MgO

SO
3
Na
2
O K
2
O MKN
vi loi 1
1,60 0,23 0,12 52,88 1,83 0,00 0,00 0,05 42,15
vi loi 2
2,98 0,78 0,35 49,43 2,72 0,00 0,00 0,05 42,50
St phong ho
mnh
69,56 13,54 6,70 0,06 0,70 0,00 0,00 2,80 5,69
St phong ho
yu
70,89 13,22 5,91 0,05 0,97 0,00 0,00 2,68 5,12
St tng hp 70,23 13,38 6,31 0,06 0,84 0,00 0,00 2,74 5,41
Cao silic 77,20 8,60 7,02 0,11 0,32 0,00 0,00 1,03 4,55
Qung st 24,48 9,40 50,90 0,20 0,23 0,18 0,00 0,66 10,36
Tro than 54,37 25,81 10,69 0,54 1,70 0,17 0,19 4,91 0,00
Thch cao 2,64 0,12 0,04 32,09 0,30 43,31 kx kx 21,20

4.2. Nghin cu ch to xi mng poorlng
4.2.1. Tnh ton v la chn phi liu
- C s tnh ton v la chn phi liu: thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu v ph gia iu
chnh a vo tnh phi liu theo kt qu trnh by bng 6. Cc h s ch to clanhke xi mng
poorlng (theo tiu chu n TCVN 2682: 1999v TCVN 7024: 2001). Kho ng gi tr cc h s ch to
clanhke c la chn nghin cu nm trong khong xi mng pooclng thng thng, c th l:
+H s bo ho vi: KH = 0,90 - 0,95 (LSF = 92 - 98).
+Modul silicat (M
S
): M
S
=2,3 - 2,8.
+Modul aluminat (M
A
): M
A
=1,2 - 1,7.
- Kt qu tnh phi liu: t kt qu thnh phn ho hc ca nguyn liu tng ng vi h s
ch to clanhke c chn cho thy bi ton phi liu ch cn 3 nguyn liu l vi, st v
qung st. H s ch to, t l cc nguyn liu trong phi liu c trnh by trong cc bng 7.
Bng 7. H s ch to v thnh phn phi liu ch to xi mng pooclng
K hiu
mu
H s ch to ca phi liu T l % cc nguyn liu
KH LSF M
S
M
A
vi t st Cao silic Qung st
PL1 1,02 103,42 3,02 1,41 81,77 17,03 0,00 1,20
PL2 0,98 100,06 3,00 1,30 81,20 17,04 0,00 1,76
PL3 1,00 102,29 3,16 1,50 81,73 17,20 0,00 1,07
PL4 1,00 101,45 2,83 1,21 82,99 15,08 0,00 1,92

4.2.2. Ch to phi liu v nung clanhke
- Gia cng phi liu v nung clanhke: cc mu c gia cng n kch thc 5 mm v sy
kh n m 0,1%, trn nguyn liu v nghin ti mn 10% (lng cn li trn sng c
kch thc l 0,08 mm). Sau trn vi nc v ng bnh, tin hnh sy kh v nung n nhit
355
1400
0
C, 1420
0
C v 1450
0
C, sau lm ngu i nhanh n nhit < 500
0
C v ngui t nhin n
nhit trong phng.
- Thnh phn khong ca clanhke: Cc mu clanhke c phn tch thnh phn
khong v tng hp bng 8.
Bng 8. Tng hp thnh phn khong ca clanhke
K hiu mu C
3
S C
2
S C
3
A C
4
AF
CL1
66,55 11,98 6,96 9,30
CL2
59,86 18,37 6,57 9,91
CL3
64,59 14,28 7,25 8,64
CL4
61,29 15,61 6,14 10,64

4.2.3. Ch to xi mng
- Thnh phn phi liu ch to xi mng: xi mng c ch to trn c s phi trn
theo t l 96% clanhke vi 4% thch cao v nghin n mn 80m ch to ra cc mu
xi mng tng ng XM1, XM2, XM3, XM4.
- Kt qu kim tra cht lng xi mng poorlng: cht lng ca xi mng c nh
gi theo yu cu ca TCVN 2682-1999 v TCVN 7024-2002. Kt qu kim tra cht lng xi
mng pooclng trnh by bng 9.
Bng 9. Kt qu kim tra cht lng xi mng pooclng

Ch tiu th nghim
Cht lng cc mu xi mng nghin cu
XM1 XM2 XM3 XM4 TCVN 2682-1999
1.Cng nn
- 3 ngy
- 28 ngy

32,50
55,35

31,20
52,00

32,06
54,43

31,02
50,67

31,0
50,0
2. mn
- mn (%)
- B mt ring (cm
2
/g)

2,80
3670

3,10
3500

2,10
3620

3,15
3510

12
2800
3. Thi gian ng kt (pht)
- Bt u
- Kt thc

113
157

110
135

100
132

121
145

45
375
4. n nh th tch (mm) 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10
5. Hm lng SO
3
(%) 2,37 2,44 2,37 3,36 3,5
6. Hm lng MgO (%) 2,06 1,98 1,99 2,00 5,0
7. Hm lng MKN (%) 0,91 0,78 0,86 0,81 5,0
8. Hm lng CKT (%) 0,53 0,27 0,39 0,41 1,5
Kt qu kim tra cho thy cng nn sau 3 ngy v 28 ngy v cc chi tiu khc
ca cc mu xi mng XM1, XM2, XM3 v XM4 u t yu cu i vi xi mng poorlng
mc PC50 theo TCVN 2682-1999 v TCVN 7024-2002.
5. Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu nu trn cho php rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
1. T nhng c im v thnh phn ho hc, tnh cht c l v kt qu th nghim mu
cng ngh trnh by, cho thy st kt, bt kt, phin st c phong ho mnh v
phong ho yuthuc h tng C Ni (T
1
cn) khu vc Ngc Lc, tnh Thanh Ho hon ton t
cc ch tiu lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng.
2. Vi cc loi nguyn liu: vi Thy Sn, st Ngc Lc (phong ho mnh v
phong ho yu), qung st, than cm, thch cao c kh nng to khong tt, c hot tnh nguyn liu
356
cao, c th p ng yu cu lm nguyn liu sn xut c xi mng poorlng PC50 t cht
lng theo TCVN 2682 - 1999.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Phan Vn i v nnk, 1983. Bn a cht - khong sn t l 1:50.000 t Ngc Lc - Lang
Chnh. Lu tr Trung tm thng tin lu tr a cht. H Ni.
[2]. Nguyn Trng Toan v nnk, 2010. Bo co thm d st lm nguyn liu xi mng ti
khu vc Minh Tin Ngc Lc - Thanh Ha. Lu tr Trung tm thng tin lu tr a cht.
H Ni.
[3]. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6071 - 1995: Nguyn liu sn xut xi mng poorlng -
Hn hp st.
[4]. Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 2682 - 1999: Xi mng poorlng - Yu cu k thut.

SUMMARY
Quality and utilization of clay as a raw material for cement production
in Ngoc Lac area, Thanh Hoa
Nguyen Trong Toan, Phan Viet Son, Truong Huu Manh
In the Ngoc Lac area, the Co Noi formation (T
1
cn) consist of shale,siltstone,
sandstone,sandy siltstone. When weathering they produce yellow-grey, grey white, brown-
grey and purplly brown grey coloured clays. Based on the degree of weatheringthe
weathering profile can be sub-divied into strong weathered layer with thickness ranges from
8.5 to 30.1m and weakly waerthered layer, with thicknes ranges from 2.0 to 8.5m. Results of
chemical analysis of clay at Ngoc Lac indicate that SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
and Fe
2
O
3
all meet standards
for cement production; harmful contents are lower than permitted limits. Mixing between clay
and other materials such as limestone, iron ore, withcoal dust, gypsum are able to create high
active materials, which meet technical requirements for production of PC50 Portland cement
- following the TCVN 2682-1999.

Ngi bin tp: TS. Lng Quang Khang

357

MT S C IM NGC HC CA TURMALIN
KHU VC KHAI TRUNG, LC YN, YN BI
Phm Th Thanh Hin, Nguyn Khc Du
Phm Nh Sang, Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt: Turmalin trong vng Lc yn, Yn bi tp trung nhiu trong cc thn pegmatit
phn b mt s ni nh Minh Tin, An Ph, Khai Trung. Nhng pht hin mi y v
turmalin trong gc pegmatiT Khai Trungcho thy tourmaline thng i cng thch anh,
muscovit, anbit, lepidonit, beryl, spodumen. Turmalin c trng bi tinh h 3 phng, c
nhiu mu sc nh hng, xanh lam, xanh lc v b, en nu, vi kch thc ln, trong
sut cao thch hp cho vic ch tc trang sc.
1. Khi qut c im a cht
Vng nghin cu l khu m Khai Trung nm trong huyn Lc Yn, Yn Bi. Cc thn
pegmatit cha qu c pht hin trong nhng nm gn y c ngi dn o bi v
tin hnh khai thc.
- a tng vng nghin cu gm cc bin cht c thuc lot Sng Chy, bao gm
cc thuc h tng h tng Thc b (PR
3
-
1
tb), h tng An Ph (PR
3
-
1
ap), h tng H
Giang (
2
hg) v trm tch b ri h t.
Cc ca h tng Thc B l ra xung quanh khu vc Khai Trung, gm ch yu l
phin thch anh - hai mica xen kp phin thch anh- muscovit thng b migmatit ha
mc khc nhau, i ch c xen cc thu knh quartzit, amphibolit. H tng An Ph nm
chuyn tip trn h tng Thc B, thnh phn bao gm hoa canxit xen hoa dolomit,
vi silic, i ni xen k p tp quartzit mng. ca h tng c cha spinel, turmalin,
forsterit, amphibon, phlogopit v ri rc gp corindon. H tng H Giang gm phin thch
anh - felspat - biotit, phin thch anh - felspat - mica, quarzit, lp mng phin actinolit,
i ch c phin silic cha mangan dng bt.
Trm tch t phn b ch yu trn din tch rng ln ca thung lng trung tm x
Khai Trung v cc thung l ng sui nh. Cc trm tch ny bao gm cc trm tch aluvi ca
sng sui, cc tch t trong cc thung lng karst, thung lng trn sn ni v cc trm tch b
ri sn tch trn sn i, sn ni gm cui, sn, si tng, bt st ln ct, dm sn, tng
nh. Trong cc lp trm tch b ri t u c cha corindon, spinel, turmalin ...
Cc thnh to magma trong vng gm c cc khi xm nhp thuc phc h Tn Lnh
(PZ
3
tl), phc h in Bin (P
2
- T
1
db), phc h Phia Bioc ( T
3
n pb). Cc magma ny
xuyn ct h tng Thc B v h tng An Ph. Phc h Tn Lnh c thnh phn ch yu
Gabro, Gabrodiorit, Dioritosyenit, syenit v cc mch aplit. Phc h in Bin c thnh phn
gabodiorit, diorit thch anh. Phc h Phia Bioc c thnh phn chnh l granit biotit, granit hai
mica, granit muscovit v cc mch pegmatit, aplit.
2. c im thch hc khong vt ca pegmatit cha turmalin
Trong khu vc Khai Trung, cc thn pegmatit tm thy c dng thu knh, ko di theo
phng ty bc ng nam v phng v tuyn c tui cha xc nh. Pegmatit c mu
trng c, ht th,cu to khi, kin trc pegmatit thng xen cc , di mu xm lc, nu
sm. Bng mt thng c th quan st c cc khong vt turmalin dng kim que mu
hng, mu lc, mu en t trong sut n c, kch thc t vi mm n vi cm (hnh 1, 2,
3, 4). Kt qu phn tch thnh phn khong vt nh sau: thch anh (10 40%) annbit (5
10% ) , muscovit (10 -30%), lepidonit (8 40%), turmalin (20 60%), ngoi ra con gp othit
(LM01), Beryl (LM13), spodumen (LM06). Turmalin g p trong hu ht cc mu, thng c
dng tinh th na t hnh n t hnh, dng lng tr, tam gic cong (hnh 5,6,7,8).

358

Hnh 1. gc cha Turmalin Hnh 2. gc cha muscovit, turmalin

Hnh 3. gc cha lepidolit, turmalin

Hnh 4. gc cha beryl, muscovit

Hnh 5. Lt mng cha turmalin

Hnh 6. Lt mng cha spodumen, turmalin

359

Hnh 7. Lt mng cha beryl

Hnh 8. Mc ghp 2 tinh th turmalin
3. Mt s c im ngc hc turmalin khu m Khai Trung
3.1. Hnh thi, cu trc v kch thc tinh th
Trn c s nghin cu c im tinh th hc mt s mu turmalin ly t thn pegmatit
Khai Trung thy rng
V c bn turmalin y thng c dng lng tr 3 phng (ko di theo trc bc 3),
i khi gp cc tinh th lng tr ngn. Cc tinh th thng nh c khi mc hin vi, nhng i
khi c nhng tinh th ln ti vi cm (1- 2cm). Cc hnh hay gp l lng tr [1010] v [1120],
thp tam phng [1011], [0221]. Cc mt lng tr lun mang du vt tng trng di dng
vt kha dc, rt hay gp hin tng mc ghp gia cc tinh th trong turmalin (hnh 9).

Hnh 9. Dng tinh th c trng ca tuamalin
3.2. c im ngc hc Turmalin
- Mu sc
Turmalin khu vc nghin cu c mu sc t sng n ti, mu t m n nht, ph
bin l cc mu hng m, hng nht, xanh lam, en, nu (hnh 10).

Hnh 10. Mt s mu sc ca turmalin Khai Trung
360
Kt qu phn tch thnh phn ha hc cho thy cc mu c mu hng cha c 2
nguyn t st v Mn, t s hm lng ca 2 nguyn t ny cng cao mu hng cng m,
ngc li t s hm lng gia Fe v Mn cng thp th mu cng nht. Trong cng mt tinh
th thng gp s phn i mu t tm ra ra c th l mu hng nht tm v cng ra ngoi
ra tinh th mu cng m. Nhng mu ti mu do hm lng Mg cao vt tri.
- trong sut: turmalin khu vc nghin cu c trong sut rt khc nhau. C th
gp t loi en xn khng thu quang n loi bn trong v trong sut (hnh 11). Thng gp
trong cc vin c trong sut v mu sc khng ng u l do s phn i, c th phn
i t tm ra ra tinh th hoc t trn xung di trong cng mt tinh th.

Hnh 11. Turmalin c n trong sut
- Chit sut: kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr chit sut ca turmalin dao ng trong
khong 1,63- 1,64 (ly sau du phy 3 ch s).
- T trng: gi tr t trng dao ng trong khong 2,9 3,1 (ly sau du phy 2 ch
s).
- Tnh pht quang: mu v hng i khi thy pht quang di tia cc tm v ch
thy ln quang nh, mu vng pht quang cc yu, cn li a s l khng pht quang, ngi ta
cn gi turmalin l loi tr di tia bc x.
- c im bn trong: kt qu phn tch bao th bn trong turmalin Lc Yn cha bao
th rn l apatit, bao th dng vn tay, bao th kh lng v bao th turmalin trong turmalin.
Cc bao th apaptit (hnh 12 ) gp nhiu trong mu turmalin c mu hng, trong
sut cao. Bao th ny c dng lng tr su phng kh t hnh, phn u bao th c du hiu
b bo trn. Bn cnh bao th apatit ny l tp hp mt s cc bao th c kch thc nh hn,
cng c dng lng tr su phng v b gm mn nhiu, phn b khng nh hng trong tinh
th. Vi nhng c im nh trn c th nhn nh rng, cc bao th apatit va l bao tin
sinh va l bao th ng sinh.
361

Hnh 12. Bao th apatit, phng i 25X

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
a
.
u
)
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
966
Apatite

Gin ph raman ca apatit
- Cc bao th kh -lng gp kh ph bin, cc bao th kh - lng ny c kch thc t
vi chc m n trn 100 m, khng mu, c hng sp xp chy dc theo chiu di ca tinh
th ch. V mu sc, chng thng khng mu nn khng lm gi m nhiu trong sut ca
turmalin.
- Cc bao th dng "trichites", thng c gi l cc bao th dng bi tc. Cc bao th
ny thng l tp hp ca cc bao th hai pha v a pha, cha cc dung th tn d ca
pegmatit, c kt tinh ng thi vi tinh th turmalin ch. i khi chng tp hp thnh tng
m nh dng vn tay.
362

nh 13. bao th dng "trichites" trong turmalin hng m Khai Trung
- i khi gp bao th rn chnh l tinh th turmalin th h trc. Nhng bao th
turmalin ny c hnh kim di v mnh phn b khng nh hng trong tinh th ch.

4. Kt lun
Qua kt qu nghin cu cho php kt lun:
Turmalin khu vc Khai trung c nhiu mu sc, trong c nhiu mu p nh mu
hng, mu lc, mu lam Mc d c nhiu mu p nhng turmalin khu vc nghin cu
c trong sut t thp n cao, c nhiu khe nt, vt v, hay dng hang hc, cc vt kha
dc b mt tinh th. Chnh v vy, turmalin khu vc ny mi t mc bn qu. Ty
thuc vo kch thc turmalin c ch tc v s dng vo cc mc ch khc nhau sao cho
hp l v c hiu qu. Nhng vin p ng c cc tiu chun v mu sc, tinh khit,
kch thc v cn nng c ch tc thnh trang sc nh mt nhn, mt dy chuyn, vng
tai, hoa tai rt c gi tr trn th trng. Nhng loi c kch thc nh v cht lng thp hn
c dng lm tranh qu, cc m ngh lu nim.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Ngy Tuyt Nhung,V Thu Hng, 1996. Turmalin Lc Yn v c im ngc hc. Tp
ch a cht, A/237. H Ni.
[2]. Ngy Tuyt Nhung v nnk, 2005. c im thnh phn khong vt ca pegmatite cha
qu vng Lc Yn. Hi ngh a cht.
[3]. Nguy Tuyet Nhung et al, 2003. Gem minerals in Luc Yen marble. The 2
nd
International
Workshop on Geo an material Scienc on Gem minerals of Vietnam. Ha Noi.
363
[4]. Ng Vn Nghim, 1993.Bo co a cht tm kim nh gi mu vng Minh Tin -
Lc Yn- Yn Bi.
[5]. Nguyn Kinh Quc v nnk, 1995. Ngun gc, quy lut phn b v nh gi tim nng
qu, k thut Vit Nam. ti KT-01-09.

SUMMARY
Some gemological features of tuormaline
in Khai Trung area, Luc Yen, Yen Bai
Pham Thi Thanh Hien, Nguyen Khac Du, Pham Nhu Sang
In the Luc Yen district, Yen Bai province, tourmaline is occurred in the pegmatite
bodies and distributed in some areas such as Minh Tien, An Phu and Khai Trung. Recent
results on study of tourmaline in pegmatites at Khai Trung area have found that tuarmaline
is accociated with quart, mustcovite, albite and lepidonite, beryline, spodumenite. Tourmaline
crystals are of original system, have a variety colour such as pink, blue, green, deep brown,
etc large size, and highly transparency and therefore suitable for the making of jewelry.


364

THNH PHN PHA TRONG SN PHM S DN DNG
CA S BT TRNG
T Th Ton, Nguyn Khc Du
Trng i hc M - a cht
Tm tt : Thnh phn pha ca sn phm gm s c nh hng n cc tnh cht ca sn
phm nh tnh cht c hc , nhitNghin cu thnh phn pha bit c sn phm c
cu trc nh th n o, t thnh phn pha nh mong mun cha t nghin cu ra
c bi phi liu, cng ngh sn xut ti u.
Thnh phn pha ca cc sn phm s Bt Trng c b n t yu cu k thut. Tuy nhin, cn
phi iu chnh bi phi liu v cng ngh sn xut c sn phm c cc tnh cht tt
hn.
1. M u
Lng ngh Bt Trng thuc huyn Gia Lm thnh ph H Ni , xa xa ni ting vi
ngh lm gm s c sn phm rt a dng nh g m gia dng, gm lm th cng,
gm s trang tr . Cc sn phm c tiu th th trng trong nc v c xut khu
trn th trng th gii vi sn lng ln .
Hu ht, gm Bt Trng c sn xut theo li th cng, th hin ti nng sng to
ca ngi th lu truyn qua nhiu th h . Do tnh cht ca cc ngun nguyn liu to xng
gm v vic to hnh sn phm u lm bng tay trn bn xoay , cng vi vic s dng cc
loi men khai thc trong nc theo kinh nghim nn gm Bt Trng c nt ring l xng
y, chc v kh nng, lp men trng thng ng mu ng, c. Lng Bt Trng cng l lng
gm c cc dng men ring t loi men xanh ru cng vi nu v trng cho n men rn vi
xng gm xp c mu xm nu
lm ra gm ngi th gm phi qua cc khu chn , x l v pha ch t , to
hnh, trang tr hoa vn , ph men, v cui cng l nung sn phm. Kinh nghim truyn thng
ca dn lng gm Bt Trng l "Nht xng, nh da, th ba dc l".
Nguyn liu dng sn xut gm ca lng Bt Trng ch yu l ngun nguyn
liu st ti ch v st c nhp v t m st Trc Thn , ngoi ra cn c thm cao lanh Ph
Th, Yn Bi v mt s loi nguyn liu khc .
Cc sn phm gm s Bt Trng sau khi to hnh xong c a vo nung , loi l th
gm dng nung sn phm l l hp , l ng, l con thoi, l tuynenvi nhin liu c
s dng l than , du, gas. Loi l ch yu hin na y l l con thoi v dng nhin liu l gas ,
loi l ny khng phi l l truyn thng ca lng Bt Trng ngy xa do l gas ny p ng
c v iu kin mi trng v mt s yu t khc.
Cc sn phm gm s Bt Tr ng c trang tr hoa vn ch yu l v th cng do i
bn tay kho lo ca nhng ngi th . Cc loi men trng ln b mt ca sn phm nh
men lam, men nu, men trng ng, men rn rt c a chung.
2. C s l thuyt
Cc tnh cht ca sn phm gm s c lin quan mt thit n thnh phn pha v vi
cu trc ca vt liu sau nung . Vi cu trc ca vt liu c hiu tng qut l hnh dng , kch
thc v s lin kt gia cc tinh th , hm lng v s xen ln khng gian gia cc pha ngha
l v s ng nht mt ca vt liu . Thnh phn pha v vi cu trc li ph thuc vo thnh
phn khong, ha ca cc nguyn liu ban u , ph thuc vo thnh phn phi liu v cc
thng s k thut ca cng ngh sn xut vt liu.
Sn phm gm s thng thng cha ba pha , l pha tinh th , pha thy tinh v pha
kh. Pha tinh th thng l cc khong Mulit , cristobalit, thch anh tn d, feldspar tn d ,.
Thnh phn khong ca gm s cho ta bit s c mt ca loi khong vi hm lng ca
chng v qua chng ta c th nh gi c cht lng ca chng . T hp ca cc khong
365
cng nh hnh d ng, kch thc ca chng c nh hng ti tnh cht ca sn phm gm s .
V vy phn tch cu trc cng nh s c mt cc khong v hm lng ca chng c th
dng cc phng php sau:
- Quan st di knh hin v i phn x;
- Quan st di knh hin vi phn cc ;
- Quan st di knh hin vi in t c phng i ln ;
- Quan st di knh hin vi in t qut SEM.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu phng php khc cho ta bit cu trc ca gm s.
Ty theo loi sn phm m yu cu c tnh cht khc nhau , i vi s dn dng th yu
cu v cng c hc rt quan trng, ngoi ra cn yu cu v bn nhit , bn ha, tnh
cht thm m ca sn phm . Di y l nh hng ca mt s yu t n cht lng sn
phm.
nh hng ca l xp n bn c hc
a s sn phm gm s u c mt xp nht nh , cc l xp lm gim din tch mt
ct ngang chu ti trng c hc, c ngha l xp l ni tp trung ng sut ph hy vt liu .
Quan h gia bn c hc v lng l xp c xc nh theo cng thc ca
Ryshkewitch nh sau:
=
o
e
-nX

trong :
o
- bn c hc ca vt liu khng cha l xp;
n- hng s, dao ng t 4-7;
X- xp tng, % th tch.
Cng thc cho thy khi xp vt liu khong 10% th bn c hc vt liu gim
xung gn hai ln so vi vt liu khng c l xp .
nh hng ca pha thy tinh v pha tinh th n bn c hc
Cc nghin cu cho thy pha thy tinh c bn c hc thp hn pha tinh th v d ,
mdul n hi E ca pha tinh th mulit : (1,1-1,5).10
6
kG/cm
2
; thch anh: 0,9. 10
6
kG/cm
2
; pha
thy tinh : 0,7.10
6
kG/cm
2
.
Khi lng pha thy tinh trong vt liu cng cao th bn c hc ca vt liu cng
thp. Mt khc, pha thy tinh c vai tr lin kt cc ht tinh th trong vt liu gm s , nu
hm lng pha tinh th trong vt liu qu thp khng vai tr lin kt th xp s tng ln
v bn c hc ca vt liu li gim xung .
nh hng ca kch thc v hnh dng cc ht ca pha tinh th n bn c
hc:
Quan h gi a kch thc ht pha tinh th v bn thc t ca gm c din t
bng biu thc: = k.d
-g

trong : k - h s Knudsen; d-kch thc ht; g-hng s, i vi gm g=0,75
Biu thc trn cho thy, bn c ca gm tng ln khi kch thc ht gim xung .
Hnh dng cc ht c nh hng n bn c hc ca gm , cc tinh th to vi nhau
thnh nhng kt ht , hoc c dng hnh kim phn b an xen vi nhau v nm u trong nn
thy tinh lm cho bn c hc tng ln.
nh hng ca cu trc gm s n trng v trong ca s
S lng v kch thc cc l xp , s lng v hnh dng , kch thc cc ht thch
anh tn d cng nh cc tinh th mu lit u c nh hng n trng . Vi hm lng ln v
kch thc nh, cc thnh phn cu trc ny u lm tng trng ca s ln.
trong ca s cng ph thuc vo cu trc v thnh phn pha ca s . Trong s
thng thng cha mt lng l xp kn vi kch thc b . Chnh lch chit sut gia khng
kh trong l xp kn v pha thy tinh l kh ln to iu kin cho s tn x v phn x tia sng
bi thnh l xp lm gim m nh xuyn nh sng ca s. S c lng l xp kn t lm tng
trong ca s. Chnh lch chit sut ca pha thy tinh v cc ht thch anh tn d v cc
366
tinh th mulit nh th trong ca s tng ln v lng pha th y tinh tng cng lm tng
trong ca s.
nh hng ca xp n bn nhit
Ngoi cc yu t nu trn xp cng nh hng n bn nhit ca gm s ,
xp v cc vt nt t vi cng tng th bn nhit cng tng.
3.Kt qu nghin cu thnh phn pha sn phm s dn dng ca s Bt Trng
Qua kt qu nghin cu thnh phn pha trn mu s dn dng c ly i din t cc
c s sn xut gm s ca Bt Trng bng phng ph p thch hc mu lt mng (phn tch
knh hin vi phn cc ) cho thy cc mu c thnh phn pha tng i ng nht gia sn
phm trong mt xng sn xut hay l gia cc xng sn xut . Mu s dn dng thuc loi
gm tinh vi thnh phn pha chnh gm c tinh th thch anh , tinh th mulit , mt t tinh th
cristobalite, khong vt st tn d v feldspar tn d . Mu s c kin trc na t hnh , ht
nh, di y l c tnh chnh ca 3 pha:
- Pha tinh th:

nh chp qua 1 nicon mu 2

1Gi hnh feldspar c cha tinh th mulit , 2 -Tinh th thch anh, 3- Nn thy tinh
Thch anh dng ht mo m , hnh gc cnh r nt hoc trn , kch thc t 1 m n
20 m; di 1nicon khng mu, ni thp; di 2nicon c mu giao thoa sng trng bc 1,
tt ln sng phn b u trong mu.
Gi hnh ht feldspar trong 1nicon thng thy tng m khng r ng bin gii
hoc thy r ng bin gii , mu thng trong sut , trong 2 nicon cc vng ny thy hon
ton ti, thm ch cn ti hn l vng vy quanh .

nh chp qua 1 nicon

nh chp qua 2 nicon mu

1
2
3
1
2

nh chp qua 1 nicon mu

3
367
Mulit dng kim que , kch thc t 5-10 m nm thnh tng m , cm trong vt ch t
st hoc trong ht feldspar ; di 1nicon khng mu, di 2nicon c mu giao thoa sng trng
bc 1.
- Pha thy tinh nm len li gia cc ht tinh th thch anh v cc ht tinh th khc
di 1nicon thng c mu khng c ng nht , i khi pht hin nhng nt hi xm en ,
trong 2nicon thng ti v i khi thy hi sng ch yu do hiu ng lng chit ca mulit
gy nn
Bt kh c kch thc rt b c vi m trong 1 nicon thng c dng hnh t rn c mu
trong sut, trong 2nicon thy bt kh ti hon ton.
Ngoi ra trong cu trc cn ln 1 vi tinh th l nh wolastonit
Hm lng cc pha c th hin bng 1 nh sau:
Bng 1. Hm lng pha ca sn phm s dn dng Bt Trng.
S hiu
mu
Thnh
phn pha
BT1 BT2 BT3 BT4 BT5 BT6
Tinh th
mulit
4-5% 4-5% 4-5% 5-6% 4-5% 5-6%
Tinh th
thch anh
10-15% 10-12% 12-15% 12-15% 12-15% 10-12%
Pha thy
tinh
80-82% 80-85% 80-85% 78-82% 80-82% 80-83%
Pha kh 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Pha khc 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
4. Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy trong cc sn phm s Bt Trng ca cc c s sn xut
c thnh phn pha tng i ging nhau , lng pha kh tng i nh , lng pha thy t inh
cao, lng tinh th mulit thp so vi l thuyt , ng nht cu trc tng i tt , cc pha
phn b u trong nhau, kch thc ht tinh th cng loi tng i ng u , kch thc ht
mulit nh.
tng cc c tnh tt ca sn phm ln nh tng hm lng milit n hm lng l
thuyt, tng kch thc tinh th mulit , tinh th mulit kt tinh hon chnh , gim lng pha
thy tinh c th tng nhit nung sn phm ln cao hoc tm bi p hi liu c kt khi tt
hn. Nhng tng nhit nung sn phm ko theo tng lng nhin liu , m gi thnh nhin
liu cao dn n gi thnh sn phm cao nn kh cnh tranh trn th trng . Vic thay i bi
phi liu d ng cc nguyn liu sn xut sn c trong nc tm ra bi phi liu ti u l
vic thc hin c tnh kh thi hn .
gim gi thnh , nng cao cht lng sn phm cn nghin cu thm bi phi liu
ti u dng cc nguyn liu trong nc da vo iu kin sn xut c th Bt Trng .
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Phan Huy L, Nguyn nh Chin, Nguyn Quang Ngc, 2000, gm Bt Trng, nxb khoa
hc v x hi.
[2]. Hunh c Minh, Nguyn Thnh ng, 2009, Cng ngh gm s, NXB khoa hc v k
thut H Ni.
[3]. Hunh c Minh, 2006, Khong vt silicat , nxb khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
[4]. Sacm Experimental center. From technology through machinery to kiln for Sacmi tile,
1986.

368
SUMMARY
Battrang ceramics microstructure
Ta Thi Toan,Nguyen Khac Du
Ceramic microstructure decides the characteristics of the products such as strength,
heat resistence Researches on microstructure in order to define the microstructure if it is
satisfied the requirement that form the basis for creating the best manufacturing technology
and material complexion.
The microstructure of Bat Trang ceramics are basically satisfy the technical
requirement. However, the manufacturing technology and material complexion need to be
modified to get better quality products.


Bao Cao HNKH Truong Mo

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HI NGH KHOA HC LN TH 20

Bng 1. Tng hp gi tr cc ch tiu ca lp 2 xc nh t kt qu TN PMT

= (hnh 2.a); Khi ng sut hu hiu t

cho ht chn khng nh hng ca ti

+ ) ). i vi t yu, sc khng ct khng thot nc c

/ngy(hoc nm) theo u ngi.

sau n c vn chuyn vo i dng nh sng ngi. HCO

tin hnh lin kt chng vi gi thit chng c quan

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