What is microwave? Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave.

In a broad sense, the frequency range of microwave is 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In microwave communication, the frequency range generally is from 3 GHz to 30 GHz. According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave can be considered as plane wave. The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal components along the propagation direction. The electric field and magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction. Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave or TEM for short. What is digital microwave communication? Digital microwave communication is a way of transmitting digital information in atmosphere on microwave or radio frequency (RF). It adopts the digital modulation scheme. The baseband signal is processed in the Intermediate Frequency (IF) unit. Then the signal is converted into the microwave frequency band through frequency conversion. What frequency bands are commonly used in digital microwave communication? According to ITU-R Recommendations, the common frequency bands include 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G. Higher or lower bands may also be employed along with the development of technologies but the application is rare. Different bands are applied to different fields. What concepts are involved in microwave frequency setting? The concepts include central frequency; transmit/receive spacing, channel spacing and protection spacing. What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are the most frequently-used? The frequently-used modulation modes are ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. The most frequentlyused are PSK and QAM. What types is microwave equipment classified into? Microwave equipment may be classified in different ways. By system, it may fall into digital microwave equipment and analog microwave equipment. At present, the latter is already washed out and seldom used. By capacity, it may fall into microwave equipment of small and medium capacity and microwave equipment of large capacity. Small and medium capacity refers to 2 16 E1s or 34M, and large capacity refers to STM-0, STM-1 and 2 x STM-1.

By structure, it may fall into trunk microwave equipment, split-mount microwave equipment and all outdoor microwave equipment. What units does the split-mount microwave equipment have? And what are their functions? The split-mount microwave equipment is composed of four parts: Antenna, ODU, IF cable and IDU. Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal gain, thus enlarging the transmission distance. ODU: Implements RF processing to realize IF/RF conversion of signals. IF cable: Transmits IF signals and IDU/ODU communication signals and also supplies power to ODUs. IDU: Performs access, grooming, multiplexing/demultiplexing and modulation/demodulation of services. How to adjust antennas? The objective of antenna adjustment is to align the main lobe of the local antenna to the main lobe of the opposite antenna. First fix the opposite antenna and then adjust the local antenna in the elevation or leveling direction. During elevation or leveling adjustment, use a multimeter to test RSSI at the receiving end and find at least three maximum values with the middle value being the biggest. The peak point of the voltage wave indicates the main lobe position in the elevation or leveling direction. Large-scope adjustment is unnecessary. Perform fine adjustment on the antenna to the peak voltage point. The elevation and leveling adjustment methods are the same. When antennas are poorly aligned, only a small voltage may be detected in one direction. In this case, perform coarse adjustment on the antennas at both ends, so that the antennas are roughly aligned. The antennas at both ends that are well aligned will face a little bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost, reflection interference will be avoided. What are the key specifications of antennas? Antenna gain, half-power angle, cross polarization decoupling, immunity, etc. What are the key specifications of ODU transmitters and receivers?

Key specifications of transmitters: Operating frequency band, output power, local oscillator frequency stability, transmit frequency spectrum frame, etc. Key specifications of receivers: Operating frequency band, output power, local oscillator frequency stability, noise figure, passband, selectivity, AGC range, etc. Can you describe the entire signal flow of microwave transmission? We may take the process of microwave transmission from the transmit end to the receive end to describe the signal flow of microwave transmission: In the transmit end, the service access unit completes the access of the digital baseband signal, then the signal forms the microwave frame at the multiplexing unit, the microwave frame signal is modulated at the modulation unit into the IF signal, and the IF signal is sent to the ODU. After the ODU implements frequency mixing of the IF signal with the local transmit oscillator, the IF signal enters the sideband filter to become the RF signal. The converted RF signal is then amplified via the power amplifier and finally sent out via the antenna. In the receive end, the antenna transmits the RF signal upon receipt of it to the ODU. The ODU first implements filtering to filter out some interference signals and then implements low-noise preamplification to improve the level of the received weak RF signal. The amplified signal undergoes frequency mixing with the local receive oscillator, and is then filtered to become the IF signal. The IF signal is then amplified and sent to the IDU. The IDU first demodulates the IF signal to get the digital baseband signal. Till now, the signal is still a complete microwave frame structure. The digital baseband signal is then sent to the multiplexing unit, where overheads and service signals are separated. The overheads are sent to the control unit and the service signals are sent to the cross-connect unit for service dispatching. What are the networking modes frequently used for digital microwave? The frequently-used networking modes include ring network, point-to-point chain network, hub network and add/drop network. What are the types of digital microwave stations? Digital microwave stations are classified into pivotal stations, add/drop relay stations, terminal stations, and relay stations. Pivotal station: A station located in the backbone link to communicate with other stations in various directions. Add/drop station: A station located in the middle of the link to add/drop tributaries and communicate with the two stations in two directions of the backbone link.

Terminal station: A station located at either end of the link or at the endpoint of a tributary link. Relay station: A station located in the middle of the link without adding/dropping voice channels. What are the types of relay stations? Relay stations fall into passive relay stations and active relay stations. There are two types of passive relay stations: Back-to-back antenna and plane reflector. Active relay stations include regenerator stations, IF repeaters and RF repeaters. What are the major applications of digital microwave? Digital microwave is mainly used for complementary networks to optical networks (the last mile access), BTS backhaul transmission, redundancy backup of important links, VIP customer access, emergency communications (large conferences, disaster relief, etc.) and special transmission conditions (rivers, lakes, islands, etc.). What factors can affect microwave propagation? Answer: The factors include terrain, atmosphere and climate. What types of fading exist in microwave propagation? Answer: Fading may fall into many types by different classification methods. By the mechanism of fading, fading may fall into duct type fading, k-type fading, scintillation fading, rain fading, absorption fading and free space propagation fading. By fading time, fading may fall into fast fading and slow fading. By received level, fading may fall into up fading and down fading. By the influence of fading on signals, fading may fall into frequency selective fading and flat fading. What are the two categories of anti-fading technologies? Answer: Equipment-level countermeasures and system-level countermeasures. The equipment-level countermeasures include adaptive equalization, automatic transmit power control (ATPC) and forward error correction (FEC). The system-level countermeasures include the diversity receiving technology. What protection modes are available for microwave?

Answer: 1+1 FD, 1+1 SD, 1+1 FD+SD, N+1 FD, etc. What are the requirements for microwave communication? Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of diffraction, the normal communication can be realized only in the line-of-sight transmission without obstacles. In microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, so only the antenna in the accurate direction can realize the communication. The only way to implement long-haul communication is to use the antenna of a greater diameter or increase the transmit power of the antenna. What is the goal of microwave design? In common geographical conditions, it is recommended that there be no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 4/3. When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or the desert area, it is recommended that there be no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone if K is equal to 1. What extra factors should be taken into consideration for microwave planning? Many factors should be considered in microwave planning. First, select the appropriate frequency band and channel configuration scheme according to the surrounding electromagnetic environment. Then select the appropriate links and sites. Generally, we should select the links with a small ground reflection factor. The selected sites should facilitate site construction and maintenance and ensure the line-of-sight communication between sites. Moreover, determine the appropriate clearance according to the K value and ground reflection factor, and then determine the mounting height and diameter of the antennas. Finally, calculate if the circuit indices, e.g. received level and link interruption rate, satisfy the requirements according to the local climate conditions. Add protection if necessary when the indices do not satisfy the requirements. Can you tell us the procedure for designing a microwave transmission line? Four steps: Step 1: Determine the circuit route according to the engineering map. Step 2: Select the site of the microwave station. Step 3: Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain. Step 4: Calculate the parameters for site construction.