Notes, Critical and Explanatory, on the Magical Papyri Author(s): Ernst Riess Source: The Classical Review, Vol.

10, No. 9 (Dec., 1896), pp. 409-413 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/693822 Accessed: 18/09/2008 10:15
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The

Classical
DECEMBER 1896.

Review

NOTES, CRITICAL AND EXPLANATORY, Now, when, as it seems, the remnants of ancient superstition are, at last, about to be critically edited, I think it the right moment to contribute to their study a number for a considerable of notes, which,-now time,-have accumulated among my papers. The texts which I use are: (1) Parthey, Zwei griech. Zauberpapyri, Berl. Akad. Abh. 1865 (B. 1, B. 2); (2) Dieterich, Jahrb. f. Philol. Suppl. xvi. (V); Abraxas, Leipzig 1891 (W); (3) Wessely, Griech. Zauberpapyrus, Wien. Denkschr. xxxvi.: Neue griech. Zauberpapyrus, ibid. xlii. (We. i. We. ii.). V, i. 33. A certain number of birds shall be strangled /eXpLsov ~KacrovTWv gdo~v CK a C To a T>/a avruvss GL<v>Tov aTro7rvLyrj Dt06; thus Leemans and Dieterich, whose reference to We. i. Par 40 is useless, as there the cock is to be butchered. We must read: <K a To ~rv e v>/za. For the sacrifice is offered to a wax doll representing Eros. To this the breath of the victims We must shall give life and breath. picture to ourselves the animals as strangled right before the face of the image 'Epot), so that their breath reaches it. Thus the last breath of a dying man was taken up by his next of kin with their mouths in order to continue the existence of his spirit; Tyler, Primitive Culture, i. 433; E. Rohde, Psyche 22, 1. V, iii. 27 if. might well be added to Mr. H. a. Trumbull's long list of thresholdsacrifices in his new book (The ThresholdNO. XCII. VOL. X.

ON THE MAGICAL PAPYRI.

But what is wwv8pvOos apcreviKov?

Certainly, no monstrous curiosity, but simply an egg which would hatch a male chicken (8pvis here used for fowl, as so often). It was a current belief among the ancients that long, pointed eggs contained male birds (Columella, viii. 5, 11; cp. Aristotle, ,r. g?D. yev. iii. 27). Lee7r...al Pap. ,r?/AzCa( V, 4, 3. gwetpotJ is But 7rd/z~a& mans, IredJ/reDieterich. sufficient; .for the meaning of the passage is: write on a tablet the following charm and the dream which you want to send and put this into the mouth of a cat. V, v. I read Kal ra Kp ~ a orov instead of Kpdaed: he will give thy flesh to the dogs. V, 5, 11, 12. px&-a(j crov, ? Ir? p t r o V 8 E, liv. 560), wants to read ?I<,r> ,r~pt ,oV8E a.s.f. But it is better to add another dl before ,repi 7rdvT'v.
cXovTr
7 r? pi 7tr

Covenant).

VT, CV (~.) rrvvOdrv.

Knoll

(Philol.

(cp. 32, 33:

ava7rv'eLts a(u!a 7rpoorepoPv

TO'

and identically recurring W. xvii. 30 Dieterich apparently (Abraxas 196, 2). has no explanation to offer. Yet, as far as I know, these two quotations give the earliest, if not the only mention in a Greek author of the 'stations of the moon' the nakshatras, which play so prominent a part in Indian astrology. V, 9, 4. Before 0e~ /duyroe a lacuna must be assumed to exist, as otherwise the charmsong would begin too abruptly. The words 0e~ /ytcrre 8s v'rep~p/dXkEis T']v'racrav ;vva!f,vhave been used to fill this blank.
G

V, 8, 6 f. ~rpos ap!ovTav 'rv 7r'Taqb0oyy?v <vas TpOs r&aK--rq&Ta ~'ns *(eXkvr,,

410

THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. filled every day with the ruling name by the himself. conjurer W. vii. 17 (Abr. 190, 8). Leemanshas brilliantly corrected the corrupt letters Dieterich returns to into 7repLTaT-etT(o. But even MS. the of 7rvpL 'rar7-ro sometimes nods. For what is more Homer than in an Eyepo-ts o'orp4a7os veKpOV important make the corpse walk about? And the to itself goes on with these words manuscript
7TlTovo?7Ov I T07rov

lost Butthey more properly belong to a Cp. 21 v of the &r&KXAnts. part '7r?Kahc.aodtzu w Tvf a. ra Ka la o af ov oC,0df 'cT(, before Kai the words 6's-ovva,ttvwould Here well in place. be v apreAa,3wv pi^av vraa-iOeav V, 12, 13. of name the dpT-zrc&a, tlcrav. This mystical think, only once in ancient literaoccurs, I a gloss, C. G. L. iii. 571, B,67: ture: in artemisia. passiphea(r.wraer~ea) o o8 5if.). W. i. 19fl. (Abr. 171, ' Mcovols Acye iev rrj KA,?io orK emcriS ?7ri otovtors XAye. script has:
rravrosopo/3ov
'''aKov, Kvalzov AlyvrTov

Thus Dieterich. ThemanuKX?LOI o3eA ?y?iev v-} /uover]l Kvat,u ~ 7'av7o-s opo/3Ov r]Xt(IKOv c'K~vaO'etS 7c - 0ov7-ot; is much atyvr7-t Aeyei. This order betterthan the' restored' one. Apparently Par. 45 (ibidem) awiOL': read av&r,0. must read o 8e Aeyei ev Tr KXA8i Mcovos we " Par.59 (We. i. 46). TV. The scribe did rwt rav'o opo/30v XiaKov' Kvafi o'Keva(rets ' says want to correct a wrong letter, but to What not Moses 7ovT-os Xy?i. Atyv~r-tT to the eastern partsof insert ~beforen7s: inhis Key you must prepare for it all..., On thecity or of the village or of the house. with that he means' and so on. Par.213-14 (We. i. 51). a/xqed0zF k?VKOoS we perhaps must even read accountof Kvd/Z? a oL v: thus Wessely's index under '/x. attribute dative izp as of and means, opo,80 r.taK~ writer. asnobody can dress in straps, we must to But the theconfusion of cases a o 1v. Still ~lao~vmight be exread e I'lA W. x. 15 (Abr. 176, 10). The papyrus o The the narrow linen-strips, as for meaning abbreviation plained uses the 6 66s5. inwhich mummies were wrapped. signusually means ovojua. Is it too bold to 7rl OvveAXavov Par. 215 (We. i. 50)' seehere the influence of the liebrew Dt:.Y This was the only incense per(rT-ayovtatov. the reverential substitute for the Lord's mitted forsacrifices, as we learn from Pliny name ? Certainly the book itself claims to N.H. xii. 61, where we are also informed be the keyof Mosesand shows unmistakeable that this kind was considered 'masculus.' traces of Hebrew influence. Compare also Thus we read Par. 907 (We. 67): X[fiavov p. 176, 33 a8ovale /3ao-v,AlZ /3ao'wrpL= (read apOrevLKov. What ~tV2 as p. 182, 12) 'Iad. Par. 236 (ibid.). 8egpoo' ris So. W. xiv. 43 (Abr. 178, 16). Ie?Kv~advos this means is made clear by 252-53 ~7-tdaocrei rats alr7-jrcra rvrvw/a~rd(rats (thusD. akroC(r~~eo prot e6s TLts (AXyeTO&,ofiLa).The o /e'yas O Leemans ai^crlori P) cpda~ovTo ovota TO magician, while reciting the charm, had to :rp&Tov ~ri (&Vi is only a misprint) wvevpaT. substitute the name of the god he wanted to ' I confess I do not underDieterich's atT-crej~ in the blank' indicated by7-s, which conjure stand. As oat6r]fftscan mean ' the organ of is simply equivalent to o 3etvac This sure perception,' Leemans's conjecture, I think, is example, thus, guards the es r7-v 7v-aXpedav very acceptable: draw thy breath with all Pap.) 289 (we. 51) against the (~TvaKp?iav thy organs and pronounce the first name in attempted ' emendation ' 8elva. one breath. Compare the similar command, Par. 271 ff (We. i. 51). Among the TO numerous fragments of hexameters in the Paris, 658 ff (We. i. 61) o'ov aTroS$obvS AaFyova 7rvfvyJa yJVK@. /5aa'avtgv TrRv neighbourhood of this line (e.g. TOv ~rp-ra W. iii. 35, xv. 32 (Abr. 180, 12). K Vpir, ewrovparvov 0szv opytXov 3ierovTa 261-2; ' sense T- 7r oa T' , KaXA)rov YOEov etc. But the {3ao'[.?stoveXovTa 262-3) one verse O'KrTr7pov demands KVplf KaX. K.T.X. at least has been preserved entire': KX o, 7 T rocrTr In For the sorcerer was commanded (8 if) for Iva fJoz7rpdar<a, o' spoTc. TravToKpaTop, seven days to salute the sun, naming every out crowded the papyrus the prosaic ~roas day, first, the 0?ot &poyevetscTraTOVs 7-orsooThis hexametric ?:r&Xcri, the original. zarTIKovs ,uaO&v8e, the text pro- apparently, was closed by a single line in the 7-T?TayiL?vov' ceeds, TOv KvpLov Trrs O/Ju?pa,, ?K?!VOV ?VO^X?. remarkable metre which also occurs 2543 if. That is to say, he had to salute the ruler of Tvov ~tLCyT I. _-vl__: sthe day by his name and the words KVpie rD. aKOUO'Ov fOv TOV 80t?LOVKaOt7tOT[OU'OV | TO 7rpOyfJLa ~O,7-r stand like our NN. as a blank to be 277.

read': roaov Par(isinus) 32 (We. i. 15) KV?&V ?7rlovo 7rgv0o v ?7Tr KporT-d(fv.<avecr7> W> tvAzv eRa'tvuv ?0aTtv KArjJ<iaTo<5 oTO'V ?K <wr>vpdv:make a pyre upon two bricks standing on their narrow sides from olive viz. twigs (perhaps K\tAT-ar[&ov). wood,

THE CLASSICAL Par. 286 Hf. (We. 51). This incantation, which would have deserved a place in Heim's Incantamenta magica, seems to have been metrical. Thus we read 287 the rest of a senarius: Xep~ 7rev~'a~aKTVXa and a slightly corrupted still exists complete verse, 'aA*v 290': o'K ' ppex~ioe'at wo r ev t? Par. 296 f?. (We. i. 52). It is interesting to notice that a similar group to the one described here was used by the Egyptians as a seal to brand sacrificial animals; see Plut. Is. et. Osir. 31. Par. 475 ff. (We. i. 56) read': "IkaO[ tzo
(~7 i 7r O T ? Pa.).

REVIEW.

411

But no magical meaning whatever. Wessely was utterly wrong in affixing to it the title 'Stufenjahre' or climacteric years. A comparison with Vettius Valens, an astrologer of the second century A.D., soon to be edited, shows the real meaning of the fragment. The sixth chapter in the sixth book of his av6oXoy[al treats wEpt v s EZ;
?efica sTY] p.rjva<s evvea oiaipeorcoS e/ArpaKTCov T?

Par. 484 (We. i. 57). M[pas K'\?vo-Iv kJoL ,u ?Ta8o0jvat vero Tov dapxayycXov avoT), oT7ro)s In these ~y7!L4vos AIHTHC o,pav&vflaiv. is letters either , Lvc T ) s or /zvvjTrv5 hidden. MOrV(J^, at the first glance, would seem more probable, on account of the /z6vOS. a iz velo'Oai But 477 izvO ??T&KV( (Dieterich Abr. 163, 4) and 732-3 eav 3e 0?&Ay Kal o'vv make ,uvrTr5preferable. I Ijvor'. Xpro-ao'OaL after the The words lepa& avyr} do not think it necessary to insert cdsbefore forth. Ephesium gramma must be struck out, as ovpavov. wrongly repeated. Par. 530 (We. i. 58) read': ' /zo~ fOvr6Tov Par. 1079 (ibid) we have in &viSAoXorXtyeywra crvva<^v' ievai T(U5sxpvaroei^o'iv an interesting proof of the tenacity with Tov himself the For magician apDappvyas. which superstitious beliefs again and again becomes a star 574: dtpl cruv,urXavo;s viv creep forth. For hitting 'rXyav' is the most a(rTr'p. Par. 633 fl. (We. i. 60) read orTpa<rovia, dreaded action of sprites: cp. Aristoph. Birds ?7r(re at aKTes * e C e < ~ e i (accie Pap.) 1492. From this very inclination the ~poes = souls had, at a later time, even been named auTtOv fCteOV 01'o.1V O1)V T'OvTO 7romT(s., oy?ei ~rh?KTa': Rohde, Psyche 225, 4. Cp. also &drv. The verses 662 to 705 have been well ex- Brit. Mus. 120, 240 (We. ii. 27). In the hymn to the Moon (2242 fl.), plained by Dieterich (Abr. 105) as referring to the god Mithras. But I must object to which has been partly restored by Wessely ,uzov Xp~(ceov, OS (We. i. 31) one complete senarius can be his referring the XocrXov added after his verse 25: o6X/cT,Xo~a[?, K.Govaga ovpavov 699 if. to the TTv apKTOs po Among the same group of ideas. For the hindleg of ~ao-yavcv OvFdva'pia(2267). here to membra from disiecta 2285, where is from remotest the ox antiquity the Egyptian constellation of what we call the Wessely's restoration again begins, a numWain: cp. Lepsius' Chronologie der alten ber of Greek words can be found by slight read o'Kora[v emendations. 2270 for OrKo~rer Aegypter. or oK o ? eir); 2271 for votz?^read v o t, a {V; Par. 745 (We. i. 63): for avTorv ,u is adjective formed from 2273 i v 8 a A fp c0o,yy7 read a ? o v ~ ' in a low voice. The verses 835 ff. (We. i. 65) give an !viaAAopar; ibid. txi^pa apparently is $eXastrological piece, which here is entirely out 0 e i p a = ~rSe~tpa cp. ~srTpia from 8fKT~p: Archilochos 19 Bgk.4; 2275 pwpr~ is /z p p/. of place. It is, however, very important, (TX7TI probably as it proves that these magical papyri are 2276 ei?eais'I8a[a; i~id. XVKw o Another complete senarius only somebody's inconsiderate attempt to A vK 0 r o AI T. gather a number of stray charms into a occurs 2279: aKTtvas (belonging to < K{ > larger collection (cp. Dieterich, Jahrtb. KaAAl.cr,V7vVf) v oT(OT?pa Hayya(rj (X) KVT(U. The following line, also, may perhaps be Suppl. xvi. 758). In this way our little restored thus: KXw6arf~, a of an once ~rav$oTetpa (Hymn. part fragment, apparently KV&pe. elaborate horoscope, came to be embodied Orph. 10, 16; 26, 2 Abel), SoAXtx, Par. 2604 (We. i. 109) arvpia-i ~rapov in the Parisian papyrus, albeit it possesses

Ilpoyvota KaC TVX? T'a8e 7ypdf o vn (ypa~eVTi Pap.) Ta ~'a T p o ~r a p da o T a (~'para 7rapd~oTa We.) fJvLTTpia.

T?7S
avyr<s

of the life among the planets according to a fixed interval of ten years and nine months, during which period the ruling planet was or principal factor in determining the a&>?Vs About this Saumaise wrote its events. at some length in his ' anni climacterici.' Wessely's misnomer is due to a superficial perusal of this book. Par. 1065 ff. (We. i. 71): ~ns avys a~roXvcxr's XcoXCQ coXooXw (it is an anagram) p, X'Pe1 lepa avyr? [va Kal 17 avyr} avreAOY. ' KatLepov <s Tov ~v^[rov avy~^, XPp1 Ka^*Xov O&ov. The proper order of these words was: \ l?pa a.^yr KLt Iva, atjoavo'^ (cai because the a&r6vats of the god himself and so had been given 1035 ff.) X'-X. X&pe?
areX^n

KaL a7rpadKTv Xp6wv.

That is, a distribution

G G 2

412

THE CLASSICAL REVIEW.

K o vA v O v T VOV~ a v. These Ephesia 3asr6Xos, in no way preparation of a 'Ep/zo9 grammata are good Greek.: oy c o v fEv 0 o v connected with the previous charm. This ~rv ~ o v C a (v) and together with rvx'V OEgv is brought to an end in 296, and now our KaC 8attovdV manuscript goes on, as if absolutely nothing (2602) they form one complete verse of the &iaftoeX,which has only been had intervened, with . . vov (i.e. yrivov 7r[Ove obscured by the inserted abracadabra. tv'pvav K.r.k. That is to say: the verses One verse and part of another can be 297 and following are the direct continuaadded to the Hecate hymn 2714 ff. (We. i. tion of the charm 176-205. This strange confusion is difficult to explain, unless we 114). 2775 we have to read 'Ixo~'acn.KpadTEa assume that the compiler of our manuscript KaC 'I~o sracrt For 'aI ?rw'poqbEovora. tzE3coEo'a, 'I as a name of Hecate or rather Selene left out three columns of his archetype, consisting of thirty lines each, but found out cp. Malalas in Lobeck's Aglaophamus 401/2 o; 'Apyeto' noteT: 'rAK TS 3voLa T?' his mistake after he had copied another TO a7roKcpvfov creX77vx7s 'Ix) Xyoucrtv zs Siap'tL three columns, and then simply copied the and to ~rav'poffovo'a see the numerous be- forgotten part, without giving the slightest warning of his mistake to the reader. How liefs about growth and decrescence of all things in sympathy with the waning or very improbable such an explanation is, is apparent. To me it seems that the confilling moon: Roscher, Selene, 64 ff. 184 ff.; fusion is older by at least one generation, if Pauly-Wissowa i. 39. Par. 3096 (We. i. 122). Among the not by more. The confused order within ingredients of a sacrifice occurs or-kovpov the charm itself points to a more rational solution, viz., that the original was compiled as well as Dieterich Kap8[a. Wessely from loose scraps, without much regard to this into (Abraxas 79) change a\ov'pov. their connection, and that the 'Ep/zov SaKvHowever, a sacred fish o'kovpos was found Aios found its way into the very centre of in the Nile (Wiedemann, notes on HeroIt was believed to the ' theft-charm' simply because in this, dotus ii. p. 176). be connected with the dog-star and with too, Hermes was invoked. B. M. 46, 469/70 (We. i. 138). The thunder storms; cp. Pliny H.N2.9, 58: fluviatiwhom Wessely has demon 'I3a~os MKdTvXos, lium silurus caniculae exortu sideratur et thought to find here, must give way to the alias semper fulgure sopitur. less interesting, but more intelligible words Par. 3119 $f. (We. i. 123). It is well The passage will thus aKT VAov. 38iov known that great power was attributed to read': e~paS av' (the previously described a certain order of words and letters. In this connection it is interesting to notice jasper ring) dssrov [~ov nS apto-repas coov Xe~pOS cr fikA7rovTa (that is, facing the that the aTrokvs contained in these verses MaKTvkov The ring-finger is the [3tos d-KTvkos is formed by exactly the same letters, but paln). for wearing a ring. A number of reasons in inverted order, by means of which 3103 this relation, from the 'Aegyptiorum for ff. the god had been conjured. Par. 3173 (We. i. 124). Certain reeds sapientia' are given by Macrobius vi. 13, must be cut lrpo 7ktov ava'rok~s, ~era 8vo'~as. . 8ff. of the Sun himself 1 We must add o e k Pap. Mimant 2391 (We. i. 147), vs. 258 av'y v v Vs; this word was all the more likely to read': $eVp6 /zo, Kvpie, o<Tro q>5 drop out after a C as it almost always in (o<7rp>wcrava<y>ov We.). B. M. 121, 309~ ff. (We. ii. 39) read: these papyri is only indicated by the sign (?. o',)k~V7}v Tov KVKXOV 'oV 1X[ov Kal ~'bV c^a[pzov Brit. Mus. 46 (We. i. 132 if.). This t X a p /3fdv o v . . vwv (etrepeia e e p pX papyrus throws an interesting light on the 375 Trv crerXryv,pv lelrpi\apf3dvov. cp. We.); tradition of the sorcerers' handbooks. Ibid. 332 (We. ii. 31) rbv &rmX 0 s [3pVlWith verse 176 a 'rhyme' begins abruptly, read y 0 s. vov; in which Hermes is implored to reveal a Ibid. 388 (We. ii. 33), in a charm, thief. After this, in 185, there comes <Kg . .> vetZo, another spell, to be said over bread and destined to vwork insomnia < a y p ~r > vwdrt. read cheese; these, as we hear in 300, are to be The Ephesia grammata 393 if. contain a kneaded together, and to be given to the of good Greek epithets of Aphrodite, number people suspected of the theft. But the con- who is here invoked (396 l~opgcto vhi,as, ayta fusion is not yet at an end. In 200 the 393 Ka/JrL': in this ovo6xara r'S Kwrp{$os). the preparations accompanying .rot~?o'L, i.e. We K a V o) r C< ? ~ > is hidden. probably the magical action, begins, only to be interthink of Ka/A-0i, Stob. Flo~ril.i. 41, s. might in words the 206 after rupted, however, a < es > fltotzv yr;vov, in the very middle 44, p. 288 Mein. But he was male being. &7rgOes its orgies see Wiedeand About Kanopus of the sentence. Here, in 206, begins the

THE CLASSICAL mann on Herod. ii. p. 90 f. 394 pa8ox: ibidem eparevr read probably P5o8Xcip; 395 Et~o probably 'I ~ g ~/cp. spaT ?v . ~T , and in 7r o0 c 500, then Bovf,3acTt, the same line qbaq~iErt perhaps I a t [ 7/ re . B. M. 121, 679 (We. ii. 43) iav /xev b " T?Ta p AvXvOS 7rTt. 7rpCOTOS yvO OTf Read 7r Ta p T. Compare on this omen Anthol. Pal. vi. 333: ~7077, <bAe XvXve,Tpts Ovid, Heroid. 19, 251: sternuit et Ewr'apes; lumen. Plenty of good Greek words again are hidden in the Ephesia grammata B. M. 121, 948 if. (We. ii. 51), a love charm, by the 950 E&kapor help of Aphrodite-Selene. read tXap7Trt. rTpoSia: ' ~ 'P o 8 a ? 954: : B a v tBa < o Bfe i o s (or Bav,ia?co/Belos

REVIEW.

413

knowledge has led him astray. He proposes to read P'eA.a and thinks these sprites are beings after the fashion of Gello, Empusa, and Mormo. Of course, everybody sees
that the contrast
KXaowvTa TrevJLxa'a imperi-

ously demands 7ye X w v Ta. But I want to call the attention of the reader to the fact, that these lines give us a remarkable insight into the tenacity and vividness of For every one of the popular belief. features here ascribed to the wvev'za'ra exists in modern folklore as well. The whole circle of ideas, in which we find ourselves, has, for the field of Teutonic folk-lore, been treated by Laistner in his admirable Rgtsel der Sphinx, while on the basis of a 'Hellenistic' relief O. Crusius <o#?pds T). (the Philologus L 102 Sf.) has traced B. M. 121, 986 (We. ii. 5'2). v7rorceirai TO part of these ideas through Greek religion.
The
wv/vfJ/LaT

adverbial accusative-of the ' hohnisches Lachen ' of the ' Kobold' (Grimm, ibid. no 46, 72, 74, 76, 122), and probably also of the strange sounds which caused 'Panic terror.' They make man 3vcove'pov, i.e. see Crusius cited above; or ove,p'rTovTa: attonitum; this needs no examples. ~K0a{Ly3oV, Or they cause blindness; thus Epizelos was blinded in the battle of Marathon, because gvoJa ('Xov aptOJlov 6 (3 MS.) TWv he had seen a spectre, Herod. vi. 117; (E. 0?vrTpo<v> Rohde, Psyche 171, 1). They cause furtherKVpteVOVT(DV TOV KOCTfJLOV Tr)<^.V^> ^f)(fEOV e\OVTa T'? 7rpoSTa's ^qtepas 'ov evtavrov. e seems to- more mania; this, too, is too well-known to need any illustrations, except a reference be certain; the lords of the world are the to the booklet -rep~lepfs vovaoov. But what five planets. On the other hand, it seems not improbable that after Tov KO(d/OV a line is meant by (1rotogvTa) V6roKXo~rrv Kal ev V7rV? The word V6rOK\O7rr is not is missing, although this assumption is by KaC 8[Xa v'7rvov no means necessary. The fifteen letters found in Stephanus, but surely means ' stealthy theft.' Of what . One might think of the answering to the ie Aepal rrs aavroXAsTs ?eAvrs seem to me to refer to the number ' succubus et incubus' tales. This, however, would have been expressed, if I am right, by of days d,ring which the moon is waxing, May we not think of the theft 8v(o6v?tpos. roughly speaking fifteen. But the expression avaLokY for this period certainly is very of babies and the substitution of 'changeA similar use of avaToArj, lings.' The belief exists in modern Greek singular. however, occurs in B 1, 235-6.: re av3r &trl superstition, where these unhappy beings are called 'children of the Neraids' ~ e avaTO\s ovoS VrT7, S ?eXOO'fepa Volksleben 118). That the (Schmidt, vr/s, and B 2, 80': Xpd c ro;s aVarTOLKolS. fairies like to surprise recently confined Pap. R(ainer) 1, 34 ff. (We. ii. 66, 67). women during their sleep is general belief. T K\azovTa N But they appear, also, OpKCtZ OCra (CTl 7rv?vpaTa under many disguises a) i e v a TroiovvTa TOV A y <>o,(3?pa aS.vpurov at other times. ly For this subtle and 7roLoWvTa e? ovcrovetpov r} sK0afLll3ov r} afJavpiav unexpected change the expression v6roKko~rY Kail ev vTVvZ n v7rOKA07rr)V <fp?vwv a\AAo^Uovvrfv seems to be very happily coined. Kat o[Xa VtrVoV. As a whole, Wessely's ERNSTRIESS. emendations of these lines are correct. It Norwalk, ~onn. is only in the ye~Xtoa, where misapplied

g3~ov 987 v (stands probably for -v=-~ov, the well-known later form of -iov terminations. Repetitions of the last part of words at the beginning of the next line are Tov { frequent in the papyri) OavLacrrov o ~c'Xev TOLs ~rs&'Xois. The sign no doubt is meant as 'Ep,uov and is the oldest example known to me of the modern and mediaeval symbol of the planet, the herald staff. B. M. 122, 56, 57 (We. ii. 56): eTr^ypa+e To v ToV'Ep~og. TOV no doubt is a mistake for T o o v<ofia>. B. M1. 122, 48, 49 (We. ii. 56): TOo8

K\a[ovTa

remind

one of the

numerous German legends about souls which cry and whimper for salvation (e.g. Grimmr, Sagen no. 224); the ~'vev%a'a
yeXvTa fol3epd-this

word

I take

to

be