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Ethnic relation is the nature of relationship, interaction and dealings that exis between one distinct group and the others. 2 . Explain the monogesis and polygenesis theories of the origin of man. Monogenesis theory is the theory that mankind originated with a single cancestor or ancestral couple , the
emergence from
ancestor to all human beings. Polygenesis theory is the theory that different species are descended from different ultimate main ancestors 3 Explain Charles Darwin theory of evolution Charles Darwins is the origin and evolution of homo sapiens as distinct species from other hominids, great apes and placental mammals. 4. Briefly explain the arguments aginst the theory of evlotion? The arguments against theory of evololution hv two reasons: 1.There are no proofs that human was once mammals: there are no evidence of continuity in the transformation. 2- Theories of natural selection/ survival of the fittest could not have stand the test of scientific yardstick.
5. Define and explain what what you understand by the following concepts RACE, ETHNICITY, SOCIETY and CULTURE * Race refers to a group of people who share certain physical characteristics, such as skin clour, body skeleton, head shape and hair texture. Ethnicity a term which represents social groups with a shared history, sense of identity,
geography and cultural roots which may occur despite racial difference. *Society a group of individuals which is characterized by common interests and may have distinctive culture and institutions. *Culture is complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by (members) of society 6. Explain the terms MINORITY and MAJORITY in term of POPULATION, POLITICS and RESOURCE control.
*Majority make up 57% of the population, majority live in rural areas (minority) controls on political and socio-ecomic while minority is A group numerically inferior to the rest of the population of a State, in a non-dominant position, whose members being nationals of the State - possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the populationi
7. List and explain THREE criteria of a society * Living in a group/community -small group-community -a sense of belonging -depend on each other * Endure changes -life experience -changes and adaptation in life, the ways of interaction, learning process, governance system, beliefs ets * Interact which each other -intermingle and mixed around -communicate
8.Explain the emergence of society according to Ibn Khladun? *Human society emerges through three stages in the evolution of their level: 1 .wild(savagery) 2. Rude(barbarism) and 3 .finally civilization. The three levels are differentiated according to the technological products that they produce. 9. Explain the evolution of the human family according to Morgan According to Morgan, the firts human society live as a flock of people living in promiscuous relationship in this stages there are no rules about sex. Therefore there is no clear family structure. The next state in which a group of women and brothers live together sex between brothers with sisters is allowed. The third stage, group marriage is still practiced, but a man is no longer allowed to marry his sister. The level 4, which grew out of the savage by an appreciable portion of the spous is not too strict by nature while women still reside with other people. Then growing type of family in which a woman lives her husban. The last level is the level of civilization(civilization), which has a mongamous family characteristic. 10. Why is human society necessary according to Ibn Khladun? * Because human society is necessary since the individual acting alone could acquire neither the necessary food nor
security, only the division of labour, in and through society, makes this possible 11. Explain Ibn Khalduns concept of Assabiyyah and its importance in a society * It is kind of feeling it brings cohension n society 12. Explain the different stages of the development of human society * Old sone Age : Paleolithic(400-500,000) -pre-historic era -sone for toolmaking -gained their subsistence from gathering wild animals -make caves as shelter *Middle stone Age: Mesolithic(25,000) -development of microlith tools-small stone tools,flint, chert, used as barbs on arrows, spears and other tools -used fire to cook *New stone Age: Neolithic(2,500-1,500) - the last part of the stone Age -the development of human technology plants and hunting
-manufacturing a range of tool necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops sickle blades and grinding stones potery - the rise of farming, become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun -establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited
settlements, and the use of pottery * Bronze Age -a period in human cultural development -metals were used in general use -Bronze objects such as tray, bell, etc * Iron Age(100-700 Bc) -tools and weapons whose main ingredient was iron were prominent -bels, vessels, weapons and ornaments and the sophisticated cast -settle in fertile valleys and lower slopes of hills areas 13. List and explain two types of the division of culture *Material creation/ artifacts
-human creation/invention= houses,buildings, dress, weapons, handicraft,communication tools *Mentifact/immaterial creations -beliefs, rites and ritual ideology, tables, legends social structure, language, philosophical, economic, political laws system 14. List and explain the characteristics of culture * Emergence from human behaviour/brain *created by the society -religion is not culture -interperation of religion-culture *Acuquired by men as a member of society -learning process from the society -imitate from others, take parts *The universality of culture -found in every culture -Herskovit= equipment *Change/alter by time -inside/outside, micro/macro
-fast changing culture=technology *symobolization L.A Whit= a class of symbolizing Creat/form symols and use for different purpose and meanings 15. It is generally accepted that culture do change. Therefore, Explain those things that lead to changes in culture *The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact, the original cultural things, events, dependent upon
patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.(Kottak 2007) 16.Culture do change due to inside/outside and micro/macro influence. Explain *Inside= They live inside their occun country and try to change the culture tehmselves Outside= They live outside and changed their calture there when they com back they influence the country Micro= Is individuals or family try to change the countrys culture Macro= Are a large society that changed their culture of their country
17.
Explain
what
you
understand
by
ethnocentrism,
xenocentrism and cultural relativity Ethnocentrism= Viewing other peoples and cultuers from the standard of ones own cultural assumptions, customs, and values/look down at others (superiotity complex) Xenocentrism=The preference of someone elses culture rather than of ones own (inferiority complex) Cultural relativism-Herskovist= Judgements are based on experience and experience is interpreted by each individual in term of his own enculturation. 18.Analyze the advantage and disadvantage of the theory of Cultural Relativity. *Advantage of the theory of cultural relativity It elimanates superiority. ( no culture can change another culture) *Disadvantage of the theory of cultural relativity It does not allow for universal standard 19.What ar the things that are universally found in all cultures or what are the things that make culture to be universal? *Things that make culture to be universal as Herskovi= equipment/instrument of technology, economic system, political power and family
20. List and explain four theories of ethnic relations *Diffusion is spreading/shifting of ones culture or its elements from one individual (intra-society diffusion)/society(inter-society diffusion) or place to the others. *Acculturation is the xechange of cultural features that results when groups come into continous firsthand contact, the original cultural patterns of either or both group my be altered, but the groups remain distinct.(Kottak 2007) *Assimilation is a process of integration whereby members of an etho-cultural community (such as immigrants, or ethnic minorities) are absorbed into another, generally large, community.The mnnmloss of the characteristics of the absorbed group, such as laguage, customs, ethnicity and self-
identity.(volutry or forced) * Amalgamation is the merging of two or more ethnic group and cultures into an integral whole one new ethnic and
culture/single entity. Unification of various ethnic group biologically through interracial marriage and thus creating new generation. 21.What do you understand by the concept of plurality and plural society? *Plurality in English means more than one in number/large number
*Plural society is a different sections of society living side by side but separately with in the same political unit. 22. What do you understand by constitution? Constitution is a collection of measures and guidelines for regulating the administration of a country. *Cons is a system law and basic principle that a state, a country or an organization 23. According to the constitution, a Malay is ........? *According to the constitution, a Malay is professes to be a muslim, habitually speaks the malay language, adheres to malay sustoms and who has at last one ancestor from the
malay penisula or singabore 24. Briefly explain the religions of the Malays, Chinese and Indians? *The Malay religion is Islam, they belif in Islam the official religion. Islam arrived in the Malay world since 13th centure Main celebrations: 1. Eid Fitri(Syawal 1), Eid Adha (Zulhijjah 10) 2. The Prophet Muhammads birthday ( Rabiul Awal 12) 3. Maal Hijrah ( Muharam 1) *The Chinese religion is Buddism, main followers: Chinese and Siamese (Thais)
-Chinese: Mahayana, Han Dynasty -Siamese: Hinayana, (more to saintship) Founded by Sidharta Gautama Kapilavastu State, Northern India -Adhere to: the Five Moral Precepts, the Four Noble Truth and the Eightfold Path. * Hinduism a religious tradition that originated in the Indian Buddha, prince from
subcontinent -Beliefs include Dharma (ethics/duties), Samsara ( The continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action and subsequent reaction), Moksha(liberation from samsara), and the various Yogas (paths or practies). Main celebration: deepavali, thaipusam and thaiponggal. 25. Explain the DIVIDE AND RULE policy of the British which affect and is affecting the Malaysian ethnic relations in terms of the following: ECONOMY, EDUCATION and POLITICS *Economy= when the British come divide the people or every group with its own part for exmple, British gave the malay to be villages, fisherman and farmer and chines to stay town make a trade and mining port. The indian to live Rula area, and to work as Estate labour.
part based on their language for example malay practised religious and Quranic Recitation, chinese: book, syllabus, teacher, from china and indian: Book, syllabus, teacher from india. Politics= The british divide the their policy and give them a name every group according the ethnic group but they came to gather and mark 26. Is the Malaysian constitution static or unique and dynamic? Explain *Yes , the Malaysian constitution is unique and dynamic according to current circumstances, it is changing according need to the society. 27.Explain the cultural or traditional elements in the Malaysian constitution 1.Language: The National language decided upon is the Malay language 2..Religion: Islam is the relion of the federation, but other religions may be practiced in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation, 3. Special rights: Special provision harmon under Article 153 protects the special rights of the Malays and Bumiputras
special reservation that may deem reasonable of positions in the public service scholarships, educational or business. 4. Constitutional monarchy system: The youn di-pertuan Agong is the superme head of the state provided by the costitution and the object of every citizens allegia nce and obedience. 28. What do you understand by social contract? *Social contract is the concent that human being have an agreement with their government. 29. What are the keyagreements in the Malaysian social contract? *There was comprise among the people to ensure that the country can obtain independence and development in peace 30. Explain the concept of parliamentary democracy in the Malaysian constitution * The Malaysian constitution is the separation of the administrative power into parts and a general election is hold every five years to ....... members of Dawan Rakyal the
prime minister apponted form the paty won the genral election/higher members whon won the seat for the house of representation
31. Define and explain th function(s) of the following arms of government: EXCECTUIVE, LEGISLATIVE and JUDICIARY *Executive consist of the president, vice president and the cabinet (ministers). The Executive Government is the arm of government theoretically responsible for the implementation of the laws passed by the Parliament.
*legislative: it consist of the members of parliament led by speaker of parliament The most important duty of the legislative branch is to make laws.
*Judiciary: A system of courts of law fot the adminstration of justice. The judicial branch oversees the court system it explain the meaning of the Constitution and laws passed by legislature
. 32. Explaint the concepts of SEPARATION OF POWER and CHECK AND BALANACES * Seperation of power was made to keep one single government form obtain poing complete power and dividing it into three brnches. Check and balace in our government which keeps the other in check to limit the powers of other 33. Explain all the points that come under FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES the Malaysian constitution *ARTICLE 11-12: Freedom of worship. Everyone has the right to practise religion althoug Islam is the official religion but should not disturb public peace *Personal Freedom: a person cannot have his life taken away or his freedom destroyed expet as required by the law *The law can restrict this freedom to safeguard public interest according to Article 149- internal *Economy Freedom : Protected from being turned int slaves. *Prohibits the use of force to work expect for the intent of the country * Right to own property/proper compensation required
*Freedom to form associations. 34. Explain the concept of economy development * Foundation for social development *Increase in national or per capital income-indicators of the economic development *Can use the income to provide facilities to expand the social development *Transform the many aspects of peoples life modrnization process 35. List and explain the different kinds of development concepts *Plotic physical and human resource *Culture National cultural policy *Social Material aspects * Psychology a. Basic needs such food , shelter and clothing b. Basic service facilities such as education, securitry, helth and human rights. Economy The National Developmetn policies-the support and