Nigantu

WHPLiMElTARt GOfT
Q &) (P CXX) 5T ,5
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Seo&fc ^8 5?^? *S^5?S5cSx>
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sjco .
^
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)^
name. Agastya wrote voluminously both in
Tamil and Sanskrit. ;?
"It is said that the language of the mountain-

eers of EajMahal abounds in terms identified
with Tamil and Telugu. What is more singular,
the names by which the ivory, apes, peacocks,
conveyed by Solomon's ships of Tarshish were
known, are the same with those still used in
Tamil, seeming to imply that the traders visited
Ceylon or India aud obtained with these novel -
ties their Tamil names Danta, Kapi and Togai
as found in the Hebrew Bible.
The Tamil is not a vulgar dialect. Before the

principal basis of the English had a written
character itwas a highly polished language.
Its name signifies sweetness and it is not
without its claim to euphonic charms and
- " 5J
3sS'3o(5" s^S Q" ^"cS Dravidian Oompara - linked sweetness . ... Unlike several of the
JC3
8 vernaculars of India, it is not as some have
tivo Grammar fir sjto ^^^^ "The Tamil
supposed, a daughter Sanskrit.
of the
Its
is undoubtedly the oldest, richest not only in character but in
language alphabet differs
and most highly organised of the Dravidian sound and is more limited. Its grammar, though
??
languages .
conformed to the Sanskrit, as far as the genius
-
" of the language would allow is still very diffe
C3-. Sff-^r8 es&cS<& ssj&a |S?^
v-
co ro rent. It has no article, no relative pronoun,
"In the sixth or seventh century no dual number, no operative mood. Ife differs
tho head of a colony of holy in its numerals, in 'many nouns, verbs and ad-
boforo Christ, at
we Agastya called
find tho celebrated
verbs and in technical terms in grammar. In
iiHiioLittH,
the declension of its nouns, the conjugation of
tho Kaljhor of Tamil He ia said to have learned
it from Skanda, the second son of Siva. We its verbs and the arrangement of its sentences,
Tamil more resembles the Latin."
arc not to suppose that he formed the
it
The and
alphabet. vforte '*(&&(>&&) /if
book are 'Original Tamil; and show

(tfbrSS),
that such existed before there were any innova- 31 sStf&seo j 21
tions from Sanskrit,' which Agastya himself
-
cummtmoud. He formed the first Tamil gram
rnur. It contained 12,000 sutras. All is now
-
lost except soino fragments preserved by Thol The Tamil, the
grammar which bears his own
kappiyau in a
of all the Dravidians
most cultivated ab-intra
if
with the Sanskrit altogather,
can dispense
but flourish
need be and not only stand alone,
its aid."
a* &c&or?
(63)
-<*>***'>** i^>a 3S;u **{&"jw S7S
as,
bas
es co
tf&sSefcfl* s*rf^ s,^ô
S'c6o2S6i$>t6â
manage, we find that the portals of our literary
language were firmly closed against these alien
words and admittance was stoutly refused. The
spoken language on the other hand ... began
to admit them freely into its fold ... ... ... a
difference which has today 'widened into a gulf
of almost impassable breadth ... ... when
Again,
after many centuries ... we find the same state
of affairs : the literary language is obstinately
"The Tamil has cartainly been greatly as ever refusing admission to
foreign words and
enriched from the Sanskrit and has harrowed the spoken dialect is freely adapting itself to the
from it some letters-, rather, however, as a new environment. The question now is How :
convenience than necessity. There is no reason are we to make up the differ noe between the
or rejecting this aid, within proper bounds. spoken and the written language? There are
By it the language has become copious, as only two courses open one is to make the;
before. It was precise, philosophical and energe language weave out of its own bowels new
tie ..." (Bhavanandam Filial. Tamil Dictionary) compounds that would convey the new ideas
Vocabulary now claiming expression in our language and
the other is to import unhesitatingly the ready -
made words from other languages " e^D
"We have to consider those phases of our (5?& COP
language that call for speedy reform; and the

first of these that demands our foremost at ten -
tipn is the vocabulary of our language. Though

it is now difficult to decide what the character so)
of the vocabulary of primitive Tamil was in

those prehistoric times when the light of Sans -
krit civilisation had not reached it, we have
reasons to think that it indicated a life which,
though not highly civilised, was surely
far from being savage. Later on when the
whole of Southern India was swept over by a
wave which had begun
of Sanskritic civilisation,
to enliven every nook and corner of the land,
the Tamil language very wisely and discreetly
bent its head to the overwhelming force of the
new influence and allowed itself to be streng - "
about 200
Today Urdu words and
thoned and vivifijd and improved by it. But half as many English words await admis -
long after, when our country was invaded sion into the Tamil language. A carefull analysis
and occupied by tho Mussalmans from the of few of these given below will show
clearly
North and the land was flooded by a flux of that all of them are highly indispensable to us
new words relating to the Judicical and revenue and it is not possible to carry on
any decent
administration of the country which these con - onversation or transact any daily business
querord had the privilege to overhaul and without them. Of words relating
(1) to Law
we have: cutchery, vakil, gamin, asal etc,,
from Urdu sources; and judge, magistrate, Tamil Composition Committee

to
appeal, etc,, from English: (2) relating
1925 &* 06So^. "
Resolved that the
Report
*
Bevenue: * tahsil, mwnsif sircar etc., from
ro
t
of foreign words be allowed Tamil

in
Urdu; and collector, clerk, etc., from English ; borrowing
..... Note -
In this resolution borrowing from
(3) relating
to Arts and civilizasion rail, :
from English, " Sanskrit is not looked upon as borrowing from a

ticket, station, motor etc-, "
foreign source. 3*D
'cSitfSio fiddle, funnel
rice
'
Coromandal phonological
methods'
JfceSov).... even these words
SoSi-^sS^saooSa
have had to pass through the process of pho-
nological changes, we should, therefore, take
the loan words as we find them used by the

people, as they
are modified in the current of
our language wherein their pricking points

are worn off, their angularities removed and
their surface is polished,"
F }
f
snScp&Kc?!
sôddfo*
270
I960 e3S~ )
20
B
a a S
Stffl*osS
.
(J. ^r. SCO
.
(. S5T. 165
assya*^*. __ ^^ i-v*
^'
tfsfc
00
Kannada -
English
(Preface to the
First Edition p. 28)
"Kumarila Bhatta who lived about 800

(C?atftfoSSb A. D., says in his Tantravarttika (see Dr. A. G.
Burnell in the Boiiibay Indian Antiquary, No.
It is now considered (as re-
'
for October, 1872)

I. "I.
gards) words which are not known to the
âSf CQ* Journal inhabitants of Ajyavarta, if they have a meaning
of Oriental Eesearch I a*. known to the M lech a, is that to be accepted
or not? 5
He suggests (but only to reject the
notion ) that by application it of afti'xes etc,
may be passible to convert them into Sarnskrita
words, and îves the fallowing examples; cor,

boiled rice (i, e. T com) nader., way (i. e. K. M.
uade, T.nadai) pamp snake (T. pSmbu, pavu, t

K
etc,) al a person (D. 51) she (Te.) and vir, belly
(T, vayiru, K. basiru, etc.)
Dravida terms vair

'
1
Of these five is
a*
probably vera, the body, of Samskrita Diction-

naries What Kumarila suggested had been
').
done somehow before and was done so alter -
55^ wards on the other hand there are twentyone

;
words, the so Tatsamas, which, as it

-
called
seems, are acknowledged by Pandits to have

been introduced into Samskrita from Dravida
without undergoing any alteration (s$)> 29 "ejT
r?6 "3o#S$ d&S^SP&g . They are the following:

6f
anka, angana, alta, kankana, kote,ganda,galla,gala,

Lion
goni, tala, torana, patta, bandi, bala, bila, manca,
mani, malla, male, lata, sabala. They are diffe-
rent irom the so - called Samskiita words) As a
rule, however, the Aryas in adopting a Dravidian,
word changed it considerably in order to suit
it to their tongue and whenever such a word

was imperfectly understood or negligently re-
.SS3S3^& j&ctio5
B
G5SS '
produced, the change naturally became still

<
greater. It is more than probable that Samskrita
oo
borrowed a number of words also from Dravida
tribes the dialects of which are unknown to us,
so that in such a case it becomes very difficult
53
and even impossible to trace their origin.
1258
^^ 125*0^
s$y
53*8
co
O-3>
3*8 H, C.
. (Geography of the
"ftfr- Deccan Early Hiatry of the Deccan Vol I p. 40)

HD itrS
tf. sJ
177.199)
7?
a)
JOUBNAL OF ANDHRA HISTOB1-

b.
CAL EBSBABCH SOCIETY Vol XI P. 89-99
The United Audhra kingdom must have acquired

the name of Karnafca (Kannadu) from the
original home of the Satakarnis at the foot of
the Srisaila mountain. It must have been in
this manner that the Telugu and Kannada
countries came to ohtain the common name of
Karnata. There is nothing improbable in this.
Instances of large araaa obtaining their names
from small districts and ruling families are not
unknown ......Karnata, which generally denoted
the C^narese country in the 14 th cen., became
the designation of the whole of South India
upto Kameswaram with the expansion of
?J
Vi jayanagava.
^ *.
(il. 8U.877)
o3
6 "SotfsS
(CSp. ^1. cr. o*1&>tfr-^8 Copper Plate
Ins. of Hyderabad Museum p. 2. and 4243;

'
The Tummeyanuru grant of Pulakesin II.) It is

very clear that the Chaliikya Vishaya should
have formed part of the Eayalasima districts,
inclusive of Kurnool and perhaps part of the

Mahaboob nagar dt., also. The Chalikis or
-
Ohalukyas must hame been originally the

inhabitants of the Rayalasima districts and
probably were living in the neighbourhood of
Srisaila and their homeland must have come
"
to be called as Chalukya Vishaya after them.
(p. 43)
"...the
'
l
name Televaha oil carrier may actually refer

feo the Krishuavena or the Krishna as hinted in
'
the passage i^Riu'ly^His. of the Dec p. 28)>3sSo>

8*0*3 -siotfo
. fcaa
. a 5
.
sSo
CO
BOJÔ
250
BOd&oto
1969.70
ro Q
Icoft Sio>gS5;>D.
too leoffc
sfctfo
. Ico
"SoA
05.
). 2
85
j Icootf.
8 S)^ s 1 crS! os
j eteoffc -
.
History of Orissa B. D,
Bauer ji i, s*a
216)
1051 . 61)
"The Saktisangama Tantra (a medieval work) "t> ^db. esfi> 1068
applies the name Andhradesa to the country
which stretches from Jagannath (Puri) to the
shrine of Bhramarambika ?; e>
12
es
The last mentined spot reminds one of the .
'Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li' (Bhramaragiri) of the **% rScfcfcooff* (1100. 1200) Oto

Chinese pilgrim and the Bhramarakotya man -
.dala in the Bastar state." eo^c^Sfo sjS esrt
&oS aôo^
?""
"The Saktisangama Tantra draws a disbintion

between the Andhra Country and another
land which it calls Tailanga desa. The last
mentioned, territory is placed between Srisai -
lam and the Chola country. But the distinc- cSo&S$o3 "Soft
" o cS
tion is not always maintained. Q o &> sS
dib
e&fc
11>
8 crj r .2>jcSSSw>
>
e
Ico?^
C7
.Ô
S*65
V.
8. if. SCO
^8 . Sjfix^D
0&. (i
620^ (50)
14.
so
_ 34.
1
g rt sgb *? tf {J es Coo
2 . o? i.
48
40
10.
30.
c?fiSS 0*0 C3o

tf o tf.
" so
Srcoco 18. S x, tffip, tf (to) ea,
sS sS>,
(or)
56
fir* sr tf
37. g & X & , tf tf 5! 83 (Dr. Ilakkuvanar
3. o> c, .
54
oofio'Oo.
54
- _ 16.
_ 37.
** '
If
r 2. 0> S.
S7 S3 OflJT ft
Li ,
y.'
03
rs*
31
ca
.12, e ** sj
still higher purpose, I conceive, in keeping a
language itself in its right orthodox lines, by
preventing writers and speakers, young or old
Irom moving off their road and rails in the
"
employment and usage of their vocables.
"The branch of comparative philology
relating to ths derivation of etymology of
words is said to be not yet in a satisfactory

state of advancement and it is perhaps feared
s?
that it can never be completely so. So much
.
of it at present is of an unknown, doubtful

and conjectural nature. Again all that is
given as roots does nob exactly imply anything
like the fact that one language is come from
another or that it is chronologically later or
junior. Such we believe, con not be the in -
fluenee, but all that can be thought is only

that they cognate and
are may have some
common origin or source. ?J
Eaglish Tamil
Etymological Dictionary 8*
8
ISll
ô&^bco
"The student will best enquire and

dive into the derivation of a word only after
acquainting himself with and mastering tolera-

bly well, its current living forces. The origin
of a word and the development or progress
of its sense or signification must in all cases
be of great historical value, A knowledge of
them, further, must assist the memory and
improve, strengthen and render precise the
grasp of its present force. It decidedly widens
t)he student's .
understanding and beautifully 8*^426 S'tfg
enlarges his outlook on the language. A know - n5S) Sir
ledge of the origin and composition of words

often 'enables one to understand even a new
word through his previous acquaintance in
10.1-1978"!
the case of other words, with the elements
g$be$cr&)
of which it is composed, It further serves a j
(r-W.)
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5 SSô-db,
S
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WHPLiMElTARt GOfT

23 Jf 5" tx> Q3 5" .

Seo&fc ^8 5?^? *S^5?S5cSx>

"It is said that the language of the mountain-

The Tamil is not a vulgar dialect. Before the

book are 'Original Tamil; and show

tf&sSefcfl* s*rf^ s,^^o

language that call for speedy reform; and the

tipn is the vocabulary of our language. Though

of the vocabulary of primitive Tamil was in

from Urdu sources; and judge, magistrate, Tamil Composition Committee

of foreign words be allowed Tamil

from English, " Sanskrit is not looked upon as borrowing from a

'cSitfSio fiddle, funnel

the loan words as we find them used by the

our language wherein their pricking points

First Edition p. 28)

"Kumarila Bhatta who lived about 800

for October, 1872)

may be passible to convert them into Sarnskrita

words, and ^ives the fallowing examples; cor,

uade, T.nadai) pamp snake (T. pSmbu, pavu, t

(T, vayiru, K. basiru, etc.)

Dravida terms vair

probably vera, the body, of Samskrita Diction-

done somehow before and was done so alter -

55^ wards on the other hand there are twentyone

words, the so Tatsamas, which, as it

seems, are acknowledged by Pandits to have

r?6 "3o#S$ d&S^SP&g . They are the following:

anka, angana, alta, kankana, kote,ganda,galla,gala,

it to their tongue and whenever such a word

produced, the change naturally became still

greater. It is more than probable that Samskrita

"ftfr- Deccan Early Hiatry of the Deccan Vol I p. 40)

JOUBNAL OF ANDHRA HISTOB1-

CAL EBSBABCH SOCIETY Vol XI P. 89-99

The United Audhra kingdom must have acquired

(CSp. ^1. cr. o*1&>tfr-^8 Copper Plate

Ins. of Hyderabad Museum p. 2. and 4243;

The Tummeyanuru grant of Pulakesin II.) It is

inclusive of Kurnool and perhaps part of the

Ohalukyas must hame been originally the

name Televaha oil carrier may actually refer

the passage i^Riu'ly^His. of the Dec p. 28)>3sSo>

'Po-lo-mo-lo-ki-li' (Bhramaragiri) of the **% rScfcfcooff* (1100. 1200) Oto

"The Saktisangama Tantra draws a disbintion

c?fiSS 0*0 C3o

37. g & X & , tf tf 5! 83 (Dr. Ilakkuvanar

words is said to be not yet in a satisfactory

of it at present is of an unknown, doubtful

junior. Such we believe, con not be the in -

fluenee, but all that can be thought is only

"The student will best enquire and

acquainting himself with and mastering tolera-

ledge of the origin and composition of words

^ra arotftftfrfw "Bsa^s&k.

eoeooo Xe3. ?6o*S)e>o

Soo So, Soo^eT,

doo ^8c3&xo fe^So,

. 10 02^, ^sSo? 0^1 8 ,

"Ce)o dSr-sS, "Sotf bdb\, w

:*ss"S35efc, c sr-o S), ?\, tfbC',

s5l jy. cs^ sir ?s 6 S" ,