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-! -! -! Natural Ventilation is not new. Only 150 years ago mechanical ventilation has been introduced/used. Prior to that period, all enclosure occupied by humans were naturally ventilated.
EARLY DESIGN OF NATURAL VENTILATION -! Early designs of natural ventilation were evolved from experience (long-term experiments at full scale).
What are the challenges of Natural Ventilation in modern buildings? -! -! -! Modern buildings are more demanding Standards for health and comfort have to be met Satisfying requirements for low energy consumption and sustainability
TRADITIONAL APPROACHES
Hot Air
Stack Effect
Fresh Air
Hot Air
Fresh Air
Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation Hot Air Fresh Air Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation
Traditional Malay House strategies to attain optimal climatic control which include;
1. Allowing adequate ventilation for cooling and reduction of humidity. 2. Using of low thermal capacity building materials so that little heat is transmitted into the building. 3. Controlling direct solar radiation 4. Controlling glare from the open skies and surroundings 5. Protecting against heavy rain 6. Assuring adequate natural vegetation in the surroundings to provide a cooler microclimate
What are government buildings that using natural ventilation? -! -! -! Schools (Classroom,s workshops, canteen, etc) Mosque, surau Quarters etc.
Larger opening size = Higher airflow Greater pressure difference = Higher airflow
Wind Speed -! -! -! -! Average wind speed is low (<0.5m/s) from 8pm to 8am. Starts increasing from 8am and has average peak of 3.5m/s at 3pm. Light & Gentle Winds (1.6m/s to 5.4m/s) usually can be felt from 9am to 6pm. The wind speed is not constant. It is possible to have high wind speed and zero wind speed at any time of the day. Source: BSEEP
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Design Issues -!
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1.! Wind-Driven Cross Ventilation 2.! Single-Sided Natural Ventilation 3.! Stack Effect 4.! Atrium Ventilation 5.! Wind Tower or Wind Catcher
Area of Opening
Disadvantages -! Cross flow of used air into other occupied spaces should be avoided -! Interior design layout can be more complex to avoid ineffectiveness of air flow -! No deep planning. Depth must equivalent or less than 5 x ceiling height
By Stack Effect
Disadvantages -! No defined exit route for air -! Net driving forces may be small resulting in poor ventilation -! Depth of penetration of air restricted to 2.5 x ceiling height
3. STACK EFFECT
Disadvantages -! Each room should be individually ducted since shared ducts may result in cross contamination between zones -! Potential for reverse flow if the column of air in the stack becomes cold -! Requires a temperature differential between inside and outside
4. ATRIUM VENTILATION
Source: BSEEP
What is the difference between Stack Effect Ventilation & Atrium Ventilation?
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Wind intake at 360 degree around tower Vertical air shafts bring cool air into the building Minimum height from the highest vented floor is 7 meters. May associated with water elements to lower down the air temperature
2. WINDOW LOCATIONS
! ! ! Cross ventilation is a very effective because of the movement of air from positive pressure to negative pressure located on opposite ends of a building enclosure. Ventilation from windows on one side of a building can range from fair to poor depending on the location of the windows. It improves where there is an asymmetric placing of windows in a building enclosure.
3. FIN WALLS
! Fin walls can increase the ventilation through windows on the same side of a building by changing pressure distribution.
4. WINDOW TYPES
! The type and design of windows have great bearing on the quantity and direction of air flow. Although double hung and casement windows do not change the direction of any airstream, they block minimum of 50% of any airflow. Casement windows however whilst allowing greater air ingress can deflect airstreams in a similar way to fin walls.
7. ROOF VENTS
! Passive roof ventilators are typically used to reduce high level temperature and do facilitate stack ventilation. The size and type of ventilators can have a radical effect on the amount of air extracted. Compared to a simple vent, a wind driven turbine will increase air movement by 130% whilst a deflector can increase movement in excess of 220%.
8. FANS
In many climates, wind is not sufficiently present when required, and this is then usually augmented with fans - to form a hybrid system. The key uses for fans are: As part of a heat avoidance strategy To bring in outdoor air to cool people or cool a building at night as part of a night purging strategy. To circulate indoor air at times where indoor air is cooler than outdoor air.
Location : Penang, Malaysia Geographic Position : Latitude 50 18N, Longitude 1000 16E Climate Classification : Tropical Prevailing Wind Direction : South-southwest Average Wind Speed : 2.6 m/s (meters per second) Mean Annual Temperature : 28 oC Day/Night Temperature Difference : 8 oC
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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NATURAL VENTILATION BETWEEN TRADITIONAL HOUSES AND LOW-COST HOUSING IN MALAYSIA
Max: 0.41m/s
PROJECT 1
PROJECT 1
Q&A
Some issues arising related to natural ventilation: 1.! Sound and Air Pollution? 2.! Safety Factor? 3.! The Effectiveness of NV in Hot-Humid Climate? 4.! Between thermal comfort and cost savings, which is more important? Thank You for Listening.